cpt ahs ih itane: eT oh eh trast » te. § iets 435 Sate 8 Rest we a bears . comens ae Wh Sather . aA at chong ney Nailed y Ve asta Ais! BtahS oe ts a eo a iss is i : te ees vey : na) ois Liiccat th i gf aes LE HY yeas s es - ‘ ' \ My ery a : , te gl : 3 beh ‘ : i ' ‘ ‘ b) ‘ é : i : Pe gs on t i 1 ; ; ‘ ig ne : i / , : ony 4 ty ‘i . . : Ke seats is ; 1 a a tee we Vitae are sith ‘ i Meat : ; : . e (eve eens ae 7 ca . : 5 . , i aa » - p : 7 P) ne d ' . P . ‘ 5 ‘ or “ . 7 4 ge : J \ ‘ ‘ 4) ri soe r : 4 ee . 7 i ‘ y om io Dt qh tbe 4 2 Anebh eF : i ; 2 Bey ai aay te ‘. - euyinetait 4 an ’ i : , . ate is) let aha é ‘ A saat petal agar ' , t i fr i ; : ; : ; ‘ “ tate ; ’ 4a F - a sie w bigness Loge ie SRO Wee OO | ABR A ; ses Eien ue bedatare a ibe aunts Hels faecn ge aca Monsen | Beta t « o a > ca jean ny fare angen ie. LAAT pe0 st rawnasecemyy rd 11K Ge ane fd aedales ue ind vie en se we ye “ . Si ; ms : ; ie aly athe Cage Tes diet te, rhage se ayer ; H Mase BM Atas'e Jeiceett rari r ” Reukists Ve AUS in pbiory se ot , etn “re Piety io kan nT) ead) ae Be rai t fee es a A aye i Ag 8 AR 4 He Preps 5 ae sie tm Pritt sev hae Fay ’ sett ate iA Ti esee ver, a elke Wl 7 7) Pe argv ees peat Ly “ iit se ay By ie ad Ys cata 7 ir: ae ; ae Beuecetts on ‘= * 4 : ‘ toe ‘ i the Vat don i hate eye Ws i sta i i ; fe f e sieved tare ¢ ie ppd - te ais? ; % por) eased S re: o ‘ reat seb tte yl t Henge pA sii 34 ae 3 ‘ ! = C p ‘ / Pha bas sik 4 she et bendy ‘5 f rs je t H eas rey OMe ee Ree nde wi ‘ i y rari: ‘ TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE QF ST. LOUIS VOL. XII. JANUARY 1902 TO DECEMBER 1902. PUBLISHED UNDER DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. ST. LOUIS: aq NIXON-JONES PRINTING CO. ) S$ \? i ~ F) Shel ee ee ee ee ee, CONTENTS. PAGE EM SO SOMO sins pidecnvesdecccnsuesdiankeaakaeneevaneonucanteaie iii List or Mempers. Revised to December 31, 1902............... Vv 1. Patrons. 2. ActivE MremBERs. History oF THE ACADEMY (Abstract) ...............scsccceccccesceeveee xiii Recorp. January 1 to December 31, 1902................cccesseeees xvii Papers PousiisHep. January 1 to December 31, 1902: 1, ALeExanDEeR S. Cuessin. — On the true potential of the force of gravity.— Issued January 29, 1902.......... 1 2. K. K. Mackenzie anp B. F. Busu. — The Lespedezas of Missouri. — Plates I.-IV.—Issued March 19, BO Hey hiker aehadeiad suiensden veeschee.dn eK vabeshoves Cacenesucael 11 3. ALEXANDER §. Cuessin.— On the motion of gyro- scopes. — Issued May 13, 1902...... ‘aoe dae vebabiawne penned 21 4. J. B. S. Norton. — Notes on some plants of the Southwestern United States. — Plates V.—VIII. — MUMMY DABS EGG DIOS. i svcinccscarnedcccssscesensesenes dpne 35 5. C. F. Baker. —A revision of the Elephantopeae. — I. — Plate IX. — Issued May 20, 1902..............064. 43 6. B. F. Busp. — The North American species of Chaero- phyllum.— The North American species of Tri- odia. — Plates X.—XI.—Issued June 9, 1902....... 57 7. K. K, Mackenzie anv B. F. Busu. — New plants from Missouri. — Plates XII.-—XVII.—Issued June 9, SG a ida Vi Madan tadiyedaee snaceetn nce seenandeneeae Shae 79 8. J. B. S. Norton. —Sclerotinia fructigena. — Plates XVIII.-XXI.—Issued August 25, 1902.............. 91 9. AtexanpeR S. Cuessin.— On some relations between Bessel functions of the first and of the second kind. —Issued November 24, 1902........ adeee een whden 99 10. Tirte-pace, prefatory matter and index of Vol. XII. — Record, January 1 to December 31, 1902. — Issued February 9, 1903. EE ME eee cs ews vagbiac ad Mb sauecantbannacmaunamaunles se 109 MES MMI OCU UU a Liaw veemupusavabta tGabnaenme ndryakeapee 110 TE MMe Uist) salyiay vevons oceedsed ansdabeeauaiaapnetess eden en 111 Busine ne ME M BERS. 1. PATRONS. Harrison, Edwin.. LD aivale' abavalv-asions 3747 Westminster pl. 2. ACTIVE MEMBERS. PI CRUNOB Ls Us lusscscppoeden sae ce Park and Vandeventer avs. ~ Alleman, Gellert*..............:000+5 Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. TERRE MONE cdaseve-veventesspseasseacoep-0000 LOCUSt St. Andrews, William Edward*........ Taylorville, Ill. Bain, Robert Edward Mather......900 Locust st. Bailey, Liberty Hyde™*............... Ithaca, N. Y. Baker, Carl Fuller*...............0. Stanford University, Calif. Bey DAVIE CO. .o.ccccvessesecsvenbvnce 27 William st., New York City. ATE Sndacavane eave vhdedene se-ee2715 Locust st. Bartlett, George M..........s.sesece 215 Pine st. SD. ols) Biases ccsonsatneseny pcoseenes 2810 Olive st. Baumgarten, Gustav............06 --.5227 Washington av. Bean, Tarleton Hoffman*........... Administration bldg. , World’s Fair. Becktold, William B...............+.. 212 Pine st. Bernays, A. C....... Spkbene tua ehamdodos 3623 Laclede av. Biebinger, Frederick W.............. 1421S. 11th st. Bixby, William Keeney............. 18 Portland pl. _ Boeckeler, William L..........0..00+ 4441 Laclede av. Bolton, Benjamin Meade............ 4160 McPherson ay. Boogher, John H......................4034 Delmar boul. Brannon, Melvin A.*..........0..+00 University, N. Dak. Brennan, Martin S..............sse0 1414 O’Fallon st. Brimmer, George G........ Ws taboos 6900 Michigan av. Brookings, Robert S..............s06+ 5125 Lindell av. MID SIMTIOL Sc siscusseves vocccssanees 2212 DeKalb st. EMENIELOUY BEL y Asepeacecdsosce -snesevavge .8526 Pine st. SEL CODE Peis svschses vpecvne ....209 N. Garrison av. Budgett, Sidney Payne............... 1806 Locust st. URN WU ALLIAITE 55500 sasasc0h cess cecess .-1756 Missouri av. INS Fi CAs daaivavivavecssecssancaps. University Club. * Non-resident. vi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Busch, Adolphus. 0.2 0.550.:..cecesees 1 Busch pl. Basch, Aug. A... sce rescoscsccrenseres Busch pl. Bush, Benjamin Franklin*.......... Courtney, Mo. RPRLVErt, BiANCY ss essseves cece sbisnay State University, Columbia, Mo. Carpenter, George O..........00 ---.- Russell and Compton ays. Carter, Howard™..........cccccsecsees Webster Groves, Mo. Carver, George Washington*...... Tuskegee, Ala. Chaplin, Winfield S............csses000 3636 West Pine boul. Kmianpell, Wi. Goss scscrsasteusnceedy 3810 Westminster pl. linse, Fh. O...3isesconenecaventhseunbuaes Oriel bldg. Chauvenet, Louis.........s0.0sessecees 5501 Chamberlain ay. Chessin, Alexander &................. Washington University. Chouteau, | Pierre. to) si cccce oes yenn sss 912 Security bldg. Chouteau, Mrs. Pierre...... sAwasinun 912 Security bldg. Compton, Po Cass sesesseleapeanse yeoyca 4156 Washington boul. Comstock, T. Griswold............... 3401 Washington av. Conklin, Harry Bi. 9 icicc ev. od enee Joplin, Mo. Cramer, Gas paviinss oii siessassupv cane ns ¢/, G. Cramer Dry Plate Co. Crandall, George C.......00ssseseeeee 4287 Olive st. Crunden, Frederick Morgan........ Public Library. Curtis, William S......................9t- Louis Law School. Cushman, Allerton S.*............... Bryn Mawr, Pa. Dams, James Bii.ccsis.ecsicedes esese 2353 Albion pl. Dameron, Edward Caswell*........ Clarksville, Mo. POU VIG, (Oks IN va docnstvweunsacevas|saceiuees 56 Vandeventer pl. TPRVIG | COURTS icin ivie (asters snsiers »++.421 Olive st. Diehm, Ferdinand..............essee0 1834 Kennett pl. DOGG, Samuel Mises... .ievcccehctan 415 Locust st. Douglas, Archer W..............00.s045 °/, Simmons Hardware Co. DPRKS, TAOOITO Biss essices desc nssieswsy 64 Vandeventer pl. Duenckel, Frederick William....... 2912 Ellendale av. APOE Se MEL cls see ssueyuncrane -202 Hitt st., Columbia, Mo. RUBOLG, TOUT YS oi osspyn cuss vertanaed 1001 Collinsville av., East St. Louis, Ill. Eimbeck, August F.*...........04 --eNew Haven, Mo. Eliot, Edward C..............csssseeees 5468 Maple ay. ely RODE Wo vesicuvusucusvvancssvens 2685 Locust st. Engler, Edmund Arthur*...........11 Boynton st., Worcester, Mass. Engman, Martin F............... .«+.-2608 Locust st. ROE, OGIO Ps srevvocess suscdons 608 Olive st. a ee ee eee ee ee ee Members. Espenschied, Charles................ 3500 Washington ay. Euston, Alexander.............sseee0- 3730 Lindell boul. Evers, Edward......ccsccccsecee cscees 1861 N. Market st. Ewing, Arthur E......................6024 West Cabanne pl. Favor, Ernest Howard *...... ..... Box 842, Columbia, Mo. Fernald, Robert Heywood.......... Washington University. Fischel, Washington E............... 2647 Washington av. Forhes, Stephen A.*..............006 Urbana, Ill. BRNO POND Bos ice ec dooce sy sceeae 2223 Louisiana st., Little Rock, Ark. Forster, Marquard...............-c000 2317 S. 18th st. Francis, David R..................+-..4421 Maryland av. French, George Hazen*............. Carbondale, Ill. Frerichs, Frederick W............... 4608 S. Broadway. Frick, John Henry*.................. Warrenton, Mo. SMO NELO ‘db octsccrecsenedecce: aseceses 3066 Hawthorne boul. Fry, Frank R.........cccsecessseessseees 3133 Pine st. Funkhouser, Robert Monroe....... 3534 Olive st. Gazzam, James Breading............ 514 Security bldg. Gecks, Frank......... Radeab hod baphacars 3453 Magnolia av. MG RE! Pisce sd svcosonugsascoussaees 4320 Cook av. Glasgow, Frank A......... .2..se00-+ 3894 Washington boul. Glasgow, William C................4. 2847 Washington av. ENE WEOCOT sd iceucececcanccnescansesss 129 Market st. Goldstein, Max A......scc.cececeeeses 3858 Westminster pl. Goodman, Charles H.............0006. 3329 Washington av. Graham, Benjamin B................. 5145 Lindell boul. Graves, William W..........ccsseseees 1943 N. 11th st. Graves, Willis Nelson........,.....+. 2813 Lafayette av. RRR y MECLVIN: Liscccccccesececcasesconee 3756 Lindell boul. MEE MODs due ecdeusddudiessas bAseecevese 3839 Russell av. Greeley, Arthur W..............ss000 Washington University. IRS OUR ab ini yedesksdseisnsosscecse 2670 Washington ay. Gregory, Elisha Hall................. 3525 Lucas av. Gregory, Elisha H., Jr.*............ Medical Dept., Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. RAPIMGON, JOGEDD: vccssccsccecssscesense 4546 Laclede av. Gundelach, Chas. H..............+... 3900 Westminster pl. MEREMOY) DATES. 255.0; cho csccc sc eees vee ‘Tower Grove and Magnolia avs. Guy, William Evans..................4380 Westminster pl. vii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Haarstick, Henry C................Main and Walnut sts. Habermaas, Albert.........:sscesceees 3109 S. Jefferson ay. Hambach, Gustav f........seececesees 1319 Lami st. Hardaway, W. A... scocecseceeees 2922 Locust st. Hartmann, Rudolph............s..++ 2020 Victor st. Held, George A..cccccce sees. sepeeeee International Bank. PROMBKGC, AY Ali. nc eledsdeasusinsbac cosas 1504 St. Louis av. Herzog, William......s.siscsassecnnce 3644 Botanical av. Hirschberg, Francis D............++. 8818 Lindell boul. Hitchcock, Albert Spear*........... U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Hitchcock, George C..... ...cececeees 3877 Washington av. Holman, M.. Tov .sses: sei beads inte 3744 Finney av. Holmes, Joseph A..........seseeeseses Mines Dept. La. Purch. Exposit’n. Holzinger, John Michael*.......... 207 W. King st., Winona, Minn. Homan, George.......+.seccccccee: ous 323 Odd Fellows’ bldg. Hough, “Werwiels oiciieccesssses os iee's Circuit Court, Room 1. Hughes, Charles Hamilton.......... 8860 West Pine boul. Huiskamp, John E...........s.ceeeeeee 5554 Cabanne av. Hume, H. Harold? iro... 0 assis sconce Lake City, Fla. Hunicke, Henry August...........04 3532 Victor st. Plearéer,: Jae iia) peesecdechesice Gveae 2346 S. 10th st. Hyatt, Robert: Fissews rod sence devcreees U. S. Weather Bureau. Ives, Halsey Cooley............ ‘.++..-Museum of Fine Arts. DODUMON, ab. Rocka, suaaipid santas temapyens 4244 Washington boul. Johnson, Reno De O.*.......... .«--Desloge, Mo. Jones, Breckinridge ..........sese00ee 4010 Lindell boul. Heiser, Mdward Hise... sc ses.y.cchies Washington University. Keyes, Charles R.*...........ssssceee State School of Mines, Socorro, New Mexico. Kinealy, John H.* ........0...2...css0e 1108 Pemberton bldg., Boston, Mass. Bing, Goodman. ses sdchevisssivacsvates 78 Vandeventer pl. +" Kirchner, Walter C. G............. (.1211 N. Grand av. Kline, George R.......00...sseesseeees 215 Pine st. Kodis, Theodore™.............sesscees Schadow, Kowno, Russia. Krall, George Warren....... hpdiQale Manual Training School. + Elected a life-member January 3, 1882. See Ses Te ey a nS ee a Members. Lackland, Rufus J.................605 1623 Locust st. Langsdorf, Alexander S......... .... Washington University. Leavitt, Sherman..............s0ceeee Washington University. Lefevre, George®..i.ccicccceces sess State University, Columbia, Mo. Leighton, George Bridge............ 808 Garrison av. . Letterman, George W.*............. Allenton, Mo. MEER, POMEL S00 ceevaiesdsateniaseds 5305 Virginia av. Loeb, Hanau Wollf.................05 3559 Olive st. Ludwig, Charles V. F................ 1509 Chouteau av. Lumelius, J. George...............+4+ 1225 St. Ange av. _ Lyon, Hartwell Nelles................3910 Russell av. Mack, Charles Jacob......... ........118 N. Broadway. Mallinckrodt, Edward........ sidesion 26 Vandeventer pl. Markham, George Dickson......... 4961 Berlin av. Marx, Christian William*.......... University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Maserang, Joseph, Jr...........00... Washington and Leffingwell avs. RN OAS: O59 ook i.e ud oth as siete Berea, Ky. Matthews, Leonard.............. ..... 300 N. 4th st. Meier, Theodore G......-- ....ssee0 3938 Washington boul. Merrell, Albert...............0.00cseees 3814 Washington boul. MNOE, VOUT Bove. csicnedoseiies cecssneee 1739 Pennsylvania av. Michel, Eugene H............... .++.-2721 §. King’s Highway. SL RSMGTION EP cpvcsccetescebdsvacsses 1751 Missouri av. Monell, Joseph T.*..........4...s0000 Flat River, Mo. Monroe, Lee Ernest*................. Eureka, Mo. MEET OS PEODETE. ..0csccebiocveceeesisoeee 61 Vandeventer pl. Morton, Isaac W..........cccsccesees ¢/, Simmons Hardware Co. Mudd, Harvey G.............seseceees 2604 Locust st. Muegge, Aug. H........... Bhs dukes sas Grand av. and Hickory st. Mueller, Ambrose*..............ssee Webster Groves, Mo. Bagel, Charles. .........00....ssee00s. 3969 Washington boul. PEGS, PUD sess inden sacs csvccciee se -seeee209 N. 2d st. RMON \AUWOIN™ caves iscphes ovevescseees Laramie, Wyom. Niedringhaus, George W............ 3745 Lindell boul. Nipher, Francis E.............sess008. Washington University. BLY a. EPA ISG ss ce cseeceee sesnbesce College Park, Md. Oglevee, Christopher Stoner *......Lincoln, Ill. Olshausen, Ernest P...... sdoubisn gies 1115 Rutger st. Olshausen, George R.*........2..s00+ Armour Institute, Chicago, Ill. x Trans. Acad. S O’Reilly, Andrew J O’ Reilly, Robert J Outten, W. B Overstolz, Herman Peewee terest as eeeeseseeessses weee stereos reseetaee Palmer, Ernest Jesse* Pammel, Louis Hermann* Pantaleoni, Guido Parker, George Ward Parsons, Charles Pauls, Gustavus Pettus, W. H. H Pfeiffer, Egmont Pike, Sherman B Pitzman, Julius Poats, Thomas Grayson* Post, Martin Hayward Preetorius, Enmil...............sese00. Prewitt, Theodore F Primm, Alexander T., Jr Pulsifer, William Fs? 2.0.3.8. 060.55 aeeeesesersseee eA eeesecaceseers Cee e eee see eeraresesee eeeeeeeorese eee eseresseeeee seeear eer ereseeee QOnaintance, A. Toa cees seeds sock ee Randall, John E Ravold, Amand Reverchon, Julien* Richter, Phil. George Rieloff, F. C Robert, Edward Scott Robertson, Charles* Roever, William Henry* Rogers, Herbert F BRO OUP Es © sss sicebhoaash as iebene Rosenwald, Lucian* Ruf, Frank A Runge, Edward C..............c.re0 Russell, Coiton*...... SSC Biba Coad ie Peewee eee renee a eeneeeen Pe eeeeeceeeser a eeeeteee Pere eecersreereesnee se eeeeseseeeeeese SOROS Heese reser eeesiaerseses eh eeeeseeeresene SO ee eres teeters esee Peete meer seers erenes See ee essere eereee Ryan, Frank K COR COT ee eee ee ee eeeeeee Sander, Enno Sargent, Charles Sprague* ee ee eesreseeeseereceees see ee tees eeteroeuees Seeeereesesesssossoseee ee eesereessscerseseeees eee eee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee a) ct. of St. Louts. 326 City Hall. 3411 Pine st. Mo. Pacific Hospital. 100 N. Broadway. 2804 Pine st. St. Louis Altenheim. 4373 Westminster pl. 4247 Castleman ay. 5881 Cates av. 1900 S. Compton av. Clemson College, S. C. 53871 Waterman av. .°/, Westliche Post. 4917 Berlin av. e/, J. Kennard & Sons. The Grafton, Washington, D. 'C. Experiment, Ga. 1910 Olive st. 2806 Morgan st. Box 229, Dallas, Texas. 2424S. 18th st. 3837 W. Pine boul. 1105 Union Trust bldg. Carlinville, Il. Cambridge, Mass. ¢/, Provident Chemical Works. Tropical Laboratory, Miami, Fla. Las Vegas, New Mex. 5863 Cabanne av. Supt. Insane Asylum. 325 S. Bunker Hill av., Los Angeles, Calif. 2725 Lawton av. 2807 Lawton av. Jamaica Plain, Mass. Members. xi Schmalz, Leopold.............seseseeee 2824 Shenandoah av. GOON. CSCO T ihics sh sen kbd eneeeice ces Mt. Carmel, Ill. von Schrenk, Hermann............... Mo. Botanical Garden. BOUTOSTS, SOND. 6... sc cess secesssoensese 1730 Missouri av. Schrowang, Ott0o............ssecesseres Holland bidg. MONWAD, DIdNCY F...... cece esee sete 2602 Locust st. Schwarz, Frank..:............0cesesess 1520 Lafayette av. Schwarz, Henry.................+-+++..1723 Chouteau av. BON WOZEL, PAUI® ..006..60650. ceveee. Columbia, Me. SE PROBE: Ci csisnnsegaccss sconces ..64 Vandeventer pl. _ See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson*...Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. Selby, Augustine Dawson*......... Wooster, O. Senseney, E. M........6 sosseees .++e+.2829 Washington av. Sheldon, Walter L.............sese00- 4065 Delmar av. Mmepley, John F.......cssccscscneseeess 60 Vandeventer pl. Shoemaker, William Alfred......... 4386 Westminster pl. RN IG. Chisdhccdaaciscedadues sees 9th and Spruce sts. SR WE APRIL Se cabods sodscaseascess 9th and Spruce sts. Sluder, Greenfield..........ceecseeeees 2647 Washington av. Smith, Arthur George™...........+66. 422 N. Dubuque st., Iowa City, Ia. Smith, D. S. H................0+0++++--3646 Washington boul. EIN RE WIID: Zive cn cncsednecpesencsesssc 87 Vandeventer pl. EEL PRPC. Or... a ccecessweseeeee Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Soldan, F. Louis.......................-d604 Flad av. Spiegelhalter, Joseph................. 2166 Lafayette av. NMP AT IMAI Big 5 ods sis chico en) ssw eses 258 Broadway, New York City. SER Sib icssdesssceccdepeassese oe 3556 Lindell boul. Stedman, John Moore™*.............. -State University, Columbia, Mo. Stevens, Charles D................000 1749 S. Grand av. Stevens, Wyandotte James......... 4043 Juniata st. Stocker, George J......sesseesseneeees 2833 S. King’s Highway. Stone, Charles H.....:.........csse00e. 5562 Clemens av. IS WUMUM Cirasspaoess ces sncnsostie 3516 Franklin ay. Stuart, James Lyall....... Res daueyded -5346 Maple ay. Sutter, Ott0.............sececssseeseseed030 Bell av. Taussig, Albert E...........0000se0e0 2647 Washington ay. Taussig, William........s.--seeeeee 3447 Lafayette av. Teichmann, William C............++. 1141 Market st. Terry, Robert James......-+......+++ 2726 Washington av. Thacher, Arthur........ecceeesecoeeees 4304 Washington boul. Thiele, Albert ...........seeceee CiNeaaesh 2746 Park av. xii Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. Thilly, Franks... 5. ccs cissscsdeosacnee TO CATIOB oo oo iii0hid sce bas shes Thomas, John R...........0000. pt? Thomson, Wm. H., Jr........0-.+- Thurman, John 6.......... lo dvenheis Timmerman, Arthur H............. Tittmann, Harold H............ ««. Trelease, William. ........ sss. Tyler, Elza Edward™.............++ Tyrrell, Warren Ayres..........++ Updegraff, Milton*.............0.... Valld, Fires Fics ies tevownsedcncas eu VanOrnum, John Lane............. . Vickroy, Wilhelm Rees...... siete von Schrader, George F........ ... von Schrader, Otto U......... abe Warren, William Homer ....... “ty Watts, Millard F............... yy! WV OLlOr SUBLET wdds oo Whekdbatcees ees Westgate, John Minton*........... WV ROGIOT, FI. YA soins ioseeeedececdesces Whelpley, Henry Milton.......... Whitaker, Edwards...............06. Whitten, John Charles*............. Widmann, Otto........... Wilson, Edward Allen.............. Winkelmeyer, Christopher......... Winslow, Arthur®........c..cccesceeee Wislizenus, Frederick A........... Witt, Thomas D.*........... Zahorsky, JObN........0.ccscescecees ..601 Hitt st., Columbia, Mo. 239 Hazel st., Ithaca, N. Y. -.420 N. 4th st. 8805 Lindell boul. --416 Lincoln Trust bldg. --2633 Park ay. ..3726 Washington boul. .-Mo. Botanical Garden. .-State University, Columbia, Mo. - --3620a Folsom av. 12 Goldsborough Row, Annapolis, Md. ..8303 Washington av. --Washington University. 2901 Rauschenbach ay. ..Wainwright bldg. 3749 Westminster pl. --1806 Locust st. --.4362 Morgan st. . -University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. -.-6023 Ellis av., Chicago, Il. --3124 Locust st. ..2342 Albion pl. ..300 N. 4th st. Columbia, Mo. -.-«.5105 Morgan st. .0745 W. Pine st. -.3540 Lawton av. 104 W. 9th st., Kansas City, Mo. 3628 Cleveland av. veseeeceeeeeushville, Tl. Wr Od: Obadiah Me. civscesicestes Woodward, Calvin Milton......... 3016 Caroline st. Washington University. --1460 S. Grand av. ee ge a ee THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF ST. LOUIS. ORGANIZATION. The Academy of Science of St. Louis was organized on the 10th of March, 1856, in the hall of the Board of Public Schools. Dr. George Engelmann was the first President. CHARTER. On the 17th of January following, a charter incorporating the Academy was signed and approved, and this was accepted by vote of the Academy on the 9th of February, 1857. OBJECTS. The act of incorporation declares the object of the Academy to be the advancement of science and the establishment in St. Louis of a museum and library for the illustration and study of its various branches, and provides that the members shall acquire no individual property in the real estate, cabinets, library, or other of its effects, their interests being unsufruc- tuary merely. The constitution as adopted at the organization meeting and amended at various times subsequently, provides for hold- ing meetings for the consideration and discussion of scientific subjects ; taking measures to procure original papers upon such subjects; the publication of transactions; the establishment and maintenance of a cabinet of objects illustrative of the sev- eral departments of science, and a library of works relating to the same; and the establishment of relations with other scien- tific institutions. To encourage and promote special investi- gation in any branch of science, the formation of special sections under the charter is provided for. MEMBERSHIP. Members are classified as active members, corresponding members, honorary members and patrons. Active member- xiv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ship is limited to persons interested in science, though they need not of necessity be engaged in scientific work, and they alone conduct the affairs of the Academy, under its constitu- tion. Persons not living in the city or county of St. Louis who are disposed to further the objects of the Academy by original researches, contributions of specimens, or otherwise, are eligi- ble as corresponding members. Persons not living in the city or county of St. Louis are eligible as honorary members by virtue of their attainments in science. Any person conveying tothe Academy the sum of one thousand dollars or its equiva- lent becomes eligible as a patron. Under the by-laws, resident active members pay an initiation fee of five dollars and annual dues of six dollars. Non-resi- dent active members pay the same initiation fee, but annual dues of three dollars only. Patrons, and honorary and corre- sponding members, are exempt from the payment of dues. Each patron and active member not in arrears is entitled to one copy of each publication of the Academy issued after his election. Since the organization of the Academy, 945 persons have been elected to active membership, of whom, at the present time, 293 are carried on the list. One patron, Mr. Edwin Harrison, has been elected. The list of corresponding mem- bers (Vol. X. p. xii) includes 205 names, among which are the names of 102 persons known to be deceased. OFFICERS AND MANAGEMENT. The officers, who-are chosen from the active members, con- sist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Recording and Cor- responding Secretaries, Treasurer, Librarian, three Curators, and two Directors. The general business management of the Academy is vested in a Council composed of the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Recording Secretary, the Treas- urer, the Librarian and the two Directors. The office of President has been filled by the following well-known citizens of St. Louis, nearly all of whom have been eminent in some line of scientific work: George Engel- mann, Benjamin F. Shumard, Adolphus Wislizenus, Hiram A. Prout, John B. Johnson, James B. Eads, William T. Harris, Abstract of History. Xv Charles V. Riley, Francis E. Nipher, Henry S. Pritchett, John Green, Melvin L. Gray, Edmund A. Engler, Robert Moore, and Henry W. Eliot. MEETINGS. The regular meetings of the Academy are held at its rooms, 1600 Locust Street, at 8 o’clock, on the first and third Mon- day evenings of each month, a recess being taken between the meeting on the first Monday in June and the meeting on _ the third Monday in October. These meetings, to which interested persons are always welcome, are devoted in part to the reading of technical papers designed for publication in the Academy’s Transactions, and in part to the presentation of more popular abstracts of recent investigation or progress. From time to time public lectures, calculated to interest a larger audience, are provided for in some suitable hall. The following dates for regular meetings for the year 1903 have been fixed by the Council:— Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April.| May. | June. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. 5 2 2 6 4 1 2 7 19 16 16 20 18 cae 16 21 LIBRARY. After its organization, the Academy met in Pope’s Medical College, where a creditable beginning had been made toward the formation of a museum and library, until May, 1869, when the building and museum were destroyed by fire, the library being saved. The library now contains 14,491 books and 11,017 pamphlets, and is open during certain hours of the day for consultation by members and persons engaged in scientific work. PUBLICATIONS AND EXCHANGES. Twelve thick octavo volumes of Transactions have been published since the organization of the Academy, and widely xvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. distributed. Two quarto publications have also been issued, one from the Archaeological section, being a contribution to the archaeology of Missouri, and the other a report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party of 1889. ‘The Academy now stands in exchange rela- tions with 569 institutions or organizations of aims similar to its own. MUSEUM. Since the loss of its first museum, in 1869, the Academy has lacked adequate room for the arrangement of a public museum, and, although small museum accessions have been received and cared for, its main effort of necessity has been concentrated on the holding of meetings, the formation of a library, the publication of worthy scientific matter, and the maintenance of relations with other scientific bodies. December 31, 1902. RECORD. From JANuARY 1, 1902, to DecemBer 31, 1902. MEETING oF JANUARY 6, 1902. Vice-President Smith in the chair; about forty persons present. The Council reported that the Academy had lost two mem- ~ bers by the death of Judge George A. Madill and Mr. William McMillan, that the resignation of Messrs. C. T. Whittier, J. A. Conzelman and Ludwig Bremer had been accepted, and that the names of Messrs. A. I. Jacobs, E. W. Lazell, J. W. Lee and J. A. Seddon had been removed from the list of members. The nominating committee reported that one hundred and twenty-nine ballots had been counted, and the following officers for 1902 were declared duly elected : — SATEEN CAR ae eee Henry W. Eliot. First Vice-President. ...... D. 8. H. Smith. Second Vice-President..... William E. Guy. Recording Secretary....... William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary. ..Ernest P. Olshausen. RON os Ais winnie Sais Enno Sander. EEE ET er G. Hambach. MRM ec PL uous! so Valea e's G. Hambach, Julius Hurter, Hermann von Schrenk. Sy ES a a Amand Ravold, Mr. Eliot, the President-elect, Adolf Alt. on taking the chair, spoke happily of his interest in the work of the Academy and his hope to further it to the extent of his power. The Librarian submitted his annual report. The Treasurer submitted his annual report* showing in- * Transactions 113 xl. xviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. vested funds to the amount of $6,500.00, and a balance of $555.25 carried forward to the year 1902.* A letter from Mrs. William Bouton was read, offering on behalf of herself and other contributors to a purchase fund, to present to the Academy a collection of 633 butterflies mounted on Den- ton tablets, and the containing cases, on condition that the collection be held as an educational exhibit for the benefit of the public, and in all feasible ways kept open to public in- spection, and the following resolution was adopted: — _ Resolved, That The Academy of Science of St. Louis gratefully accepts the gift as proposed by Mrs. Bouton, and agrees to hold the collection as an educational exhibit for the benefit of the public, andin all feasible ways to keep it open to public inspection, The following papers were presented by title: — K. K. Mackenzie and B. F. Bush, new species of pa from Missouri. B. F. Bush, Revision of the North American species of Triodia. Professor A. S. Chessin exhibited a gyroscope and ex- plained how an accurately constructed and rapidly rotated gyroscope might be made to indicate the position of the meridian plane, the direction of the polar axis of the earth and the latitude of the place of observation, thus serving the purpose of the mariner’s compass, but more accurately because of the fact that the compass indicates the magnetic and not the true pole. The following formulae pertaining to the subject were furnished : — A+ 0+ Ay) mn | At Ce Cw cos xr : Ca Fg ey where 7’ and 7’ are the durations of a complete oscillation of the gyroscope when its axis is made to remain in the hori- zontal and the meridian planes respectively; @ and © the angular velocities of rotation of the earth and the gyroscope respectively; A, Ai, de and C, Ci, C2 the equatorial and the axial moments of inertia of the gyroscope and the Record. xix two rings on which it is mounted. From these formulae the latitude (X) of the place of observation is derived, Py namely: cos’ = 72° Professor F. E. Nipher made afurthur statement concern- ing his results in the attempt to produce ether waves by the explosion of dynamite. He had obtained some results which seemed to show that magnetic effects could thus be produced. ‘¢ There is apparently no doubt that great solar outbursts like the one which Professor C. A. Young saw at Sherman in 1872,* produce enormous distortions of the ether. Why should it not be possible to reproduce this result? It goes without saying that large sun-spots may be slowly formed, without such ether disturbance, and certainly we can hardly expect to reproduce solar velocities. But terrestrial explo- sions do yield tremors and sound vibrations, and these lead to great experimental difficulties. The nickel-silver coherer can be operated by the sound waves from a tuning fork. The coherer can be either opened or closed by sound waves, when the coherer is properly placed in a magnetic field. The same result may be produced by changes in the magnetic field, due to the slow approach of a horse-shoe magnet. After the coherer circuit has been closed by a spark, the slow approach of a horse-shoe magnet will often open the circuit, precisely as it does when the coherer has been closed by the magnet held in a position of reversed polarity. When the magnet fails to open the coherer circuit, the cause is either a too rapid approach, which causes the coherer to close by a rever- sal of magnetic polarity, or by a wrong presentation of the magnet which confirms the condition produced by the spark discharge. The conditions under which experiments are made as yet, with the jarring due to the street traffic and the explosions, and the changing magnetic field due to the electric cars, have proven to be a source of some perplexity. It throws some doubt upon the results reached. There, how- ever, seems to be a residual effect which cannot thus be ac- counted for, and it may be due to an ether displacement.’’ * The Sun, p. 156. xx Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louts. MEETING oF JANUARY 20, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, nineteen persons present. Dr. George Richter addressed the Academy on the physi- cal and chemical properties of gelatin, which he described as a spongy substance differing materially from other solids. The manner of manufacture of gelatin and its chemical and physical characters were described in detail, and considerable attention was given to the rate of absorption and evaporation of water by gelatin and the phenomenon of its apparent solution in water. A new hygrometer was exhibited and described, the action of which was based upon the water absorption of gelatin. One person was proposed for active membership. MEETING oF Frsruary 3, 1902. President Eliot inthe chair, nineteen persons present. Mr. Trelease presented, with the aid of lantern illustrations, some of the principal results of his recent studies of Yuccas and their allies. One person was proposed for active membership. MEETING OF FreBRuUARY 17, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-nine persons present. Dr. Gellert Alleman addressed the Academy on the chem- ical constitution and the manufacture of Portland cements. The growth of the cement industry was treated, the various steps of development being shown by lantern slides illustrating past and present types of machinery employed in its manu- facture. Several slides were shown giving tabulated results of a number of analyses of different commercial Portland cements. Mr. Charles Espenschied read a letter from Mr. Seymour Carter, of Hastings, Minnesota, in which was described a method of Professor Anderson of Columbia University, New Pane ee _ <> aed — eee ee Record. xxi York, by which it was claimed that cereals could be directly transformed to food-stuffs. The process consists of inclos- ing the cereal to be treated in a hermetically sealed vessel and subjecting it to a temperature of about 450° F. for a certain time, and immediately thereafter opening the vessel, when it is found that the grains expand to six or eight times their normal size. The inventor claims that the process does not alter the composition of the cereal. Samples of several cereals treated in this manner were shown. _ A written motion to amend Section 1 of Article V. of the Constitution by the addition of the words ‘* and the Librarian ”’ near the end of said article was submitted by Dr. Alt, seconded by Dr. Smith. Under the Constitution, action on this was deferred until the second following meeting of the Academy. Messrs. Wm. L. Boeckeler and John F. Meyer, of St. Louis, were elected to active membership. Two persons were proposed for active membership. Mretine oF Marcu 3, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-eight persons present. The Council reported that the resignation of Professor H. F. Roberts had been accepted. Mr. L. T. Genung gave a general discussion of the Lepi- doptera, their structural characteristics, habits, and adapta- tions. He exhibited some of the more striking specimens of the Denton collection of butterflies, recently presented to The Academy of Science, and discussed the meaning of the various colors. | A paper by Mr. C. F. Baker, entitled A revision of the Elephantopeae, I., was presented by title. Mr. Willi Brown and Dr. F. C. Rieloff were elected to active membership. Two persons were proposed for active membership. Meeting oF Marcu 17, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, sixteen persons present. A letter from Mr. W. W. Robinet, of Robinet, Tennessee, xxii Trans. Acad. Scr. of St. Louis. was read by the President, in which the writer presented to the Academy asmall collection of fossils. Dr. E. R. Buckley addressed the Academy on the work being done by the State Bureau of Geology and Mines, giving a brief review of the work done by the Bureau in the past, since its creation in 1839, and an outline of the plans for the future. Meeting or Aprit 7, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-eight persons present. Professor A. S. Langsdorf addressed the Academy on the subject of electric waves, illustrating his remarks by experi- ments, including some of the phenomena of self-induction, absorption, reflection, and resonance. Dr. H. von Schrenk exhibited a sample of the impregnated wooden paving blocks used on some of the streets of London and Paris. Mr. Frank Schwarz and Professor Frank Gecks were elected to active membership. MEETING OF ApRIL 21, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, nine persons present. The Council reported the resignation of Dr. C. M. Jackson and Dr. E. W. Oelfcken. The Council reported that a ballot on the amendment of the Constitution had been canvassed, and that one hundred and one ballots had been cast; 97 for and 4 against the adoption of the amendment, so that the amendment had been carried, Article V, Section I, of the Constitution, as amended, now reading : — Section 1. The President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Recording Sec- retary, the Treasurer, the Librarian, and the two Directors, shall constitute the Council of the Academy. Mr. Arthur Thacher delivered an interesting address on the present and the probable future of the Missouri mining indus- try, with particular reference to lead. One person was proposed for active membership. SS ee ee a ey a ne pune ee ae Absiract of History. xxiii Meetine or May 5, 1902. President Eliot in the chair. There being no quorum pres- ent, the Academy adjourned. MeEeEtTiIne or May 19, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, fifteen persons present. The Council reported that exchange relations had been established with the University of Montana, the University of Colorado and the State Historical Society of Columbia, Mo. Professor C. M. Woodward gave, in abstract, the results reached by him in a study of the stresses in a rotating disk. Mr. Egmont Pfeifer, of St. Louis, was elected to active membership. Four persons were proposed for active membership. MEETING OF JUNE 2, 1902. Dr. John Green in the chair, seventeen persons present. Professor A. S. Langsdorf described the factory tests that are made of electrical machinery, illustrating the subject by lan- tern diagrams, showing the circuits employed for the various tests, and by pictures of the machinery as set up for testing in the factory. Mr. H. A. Wheeler spoke of the occurrence, near Hematite, Mo., some forty miles below St. Louis, of a number of granite boulders, some of them showing the polishing action of ice; and accounted for their occurrence at this point, or some fifty miles beyond the southern limit of the termi- nal moraine, by the theory that they had been carried there on cakes of ice during the Loess period. Mr. Wheeler and Professor Nipher discussed a recent news paper account of the alleged finding of a meteorite that was recently seen to fall in St. Louis, and agreed that the sup- posed meteorite, which both of them had examined, was merely a pyrite concretion from the coal measures, of the type xxiv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. called ‘* sulphur-balls’’ or ‘* nigger-heads,’’ which had probably been raked out from the grate-bars of the adjoining factory and passed off on its discoverer as a meteorite. Messrs. Tarleton H. Bean, Jos. A. Holmes, Geo. Richter, and Edward Allen Wilson of St. Louis, were elected to active membership. The following biographical sketch of the late Dr. A. Litton, one of the first members of the Academy, by Dr. G. C. Broadhead, was presented by Dr. Hambach : — ABRAM LITTON, M. D. Dr. Abram Litton, the son of Joseph and Kate Warren Litton, was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 20, 1814, being next to the youngest of nine chil- dren. He died in St. Louis on September 22, 1901, at 2:45 P. M. aged 87 years, 4 months and 2 days, and in the house he had built 53 years before and in which he had lived ever since. His health had been very feeble for two years. The father and mother of Abram Litton came to America about 1817. The family resided for awhile at Pittsburg, then came to Nashville, Tenn., where the older Litton and his wife resided during the remainder of their lives. Abram was educated in a private school in Nashville and for part of the time attended a school kept by a Mrs. Sterns. He then lived with his older sister, Mrs. Margaret Bostick at Franklin, Tenn., where he attended a School taught by Bishop Otey. In 1829 he entered the Junior Class of the University of Nashville, graduating in 1831, at the age of 17. He then studied another year with Dr. Lindsay. He then went to Paris, Tenn., and taught school. Then he taught two years at Jackson, Tenn. In 1835, four years after graduation, he was offered the professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Nashville University. This he ac- cepted, remaining there three years. He then resigned his position in order to go to Europe and perfect himself in chemistry. He stayed a few weeks in London, then went to Paris, in July, 1840, and attended chemical lectures for about a year, but the laboratory not suiting, he decided to go to Germany. He walked through Switzerland to Heidelberg but stayed there only a short time. He then went down the Rhine to Bonn, and six months after leaving Paris he settled down at Giessen, to work with Liebig, with whom he stayed six months. From Giessen he went to Berlin to work with Rosa in his Laboratory, Liebig having given him letters of recommendation. After six months he took a vacation in Switzerland. He then studied about a year with Wohler in Gdttingen. He returned to America and married Julia Alice Manning in Nashville. He soon after came to St. Louis and in 1842 took the position as Professor of Chemistry in St. Louis Medical College. Here he procured his honorary degree of M.D. The first year he taught in the school with no salary, the Record. XXV next year a small salary, then increased to $1,000. Here he continued to lecture for 49 years. One summer he lectured at Kemper College near St. Louis. He also gave a course of lectures at the Sacred Heart Convent. In 1849 he went to the State University at Columbia for a summer session, but being tendered a position as chemist to Belchers’ Sugar Refinery, he re- turned to St. Louis. When Washington University was formed Dr. Litton accepted the Chair of Chemistry, without salary for the first year, then a small salary for part of his time so that he could continue his other work in the St. Louis Medical College. During the first summer vacation he went East for the purpose of exam- ining eastern laboratories so as the better to direct the building and fitting up of the University laboratories. To do this he borrowed the money, pay- ing it back from his next year’s salary. He continued at Washington University for 35 years, resigning in 1891. During all this time he lectured both at Washington University and at the Medical school. About 1850 he was for a while engaged in the Geological Survey of Wis- consin and Minnesota conducted by David Dale Owen. In this connection, I would say that David Dale Owen had charge of the Sur- vey and with him as principal assistant was Dr. Joseph G. Norwood. Other heads of sub-corps were J. Evans, B. F. Shumard, B.C. Macy, C. Whittlesey, A. Litton, and Richard Owen: other assistants were G. Warren, H. Pratten, F. B. Meek and J. Beal. Dr. Abram Litton was the last one left of these pioneer geologists. In 1854 Dr. Litton, in the employ of the Missouri State Geological Survey, made an examination of the lead region of Southeast Missouri, which was published in the Geological Survey Report for 1855, occupying 94 pages of the volume. This was the first careful report made of that region, and was & very complete and carefally made report. In his early life Dr. Litton’s desire was to become a doctor and not a pro- fessor. Hestudied medicine while teaching in Paris, Tenn., and afterwards took a Doctor’s degree. He practiced for six months in Potosi and then concluded that it was not his vocation, and gave it up. In 1871 he went to Europe for instruments and self-improvement. Dr. Litton was always interested in microscopy and physics and his amusement was to work with the spectroscope, the barometer, electric battery, etc. He accumulated a large and fine chemical and scientific library which, in 1899, he gave to the Missouri State University. This library in- cluded from 1,000 to 2,000 volumes, some of the volumes being very rare and expensive. They were in the English, French and German languages. He gave a fine collection of rocks to the St. Louis High School, an insti- tution which he was very much interested in, and he served one year as Superintendent of St. Louis Public Schools. He had two sons, one a prominent lawyer, Joseph Norwood Litton, the other a good physician, Charles Manning Litton. Both died of consumption at the age of 33, and within three years ofeach other. He left one daughter, Alice M., his sole heir and executrix of his will and estate. Dr. Litton was twice married, his second wife being related to the first. His second wife was cousin to the first, and James Manuing, the first hus- band of the second Mrs. Litton, was the brother of the first Mrs. Litton. xxvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Dr. Litton left some valuable scientific apparatus, worth probably several thousand dollars. His daughter has since donated this to the Missouri State University. The Faculty of the University passed appropriate resolutions on the death of Dr. Litton, referring to his scientific ability and his value as a teacher, and extending sympathy to his daughter in her bereavement. At a meeting of the Alumni of Washington University, the St. Louis Med- ical School and other institutions of St. Louis, held in Memorial Hall, St. Louis, at Nineteenth and Locust streets, April 19th, 1895, special reference was made to Dr. Litton by Dr. Henry H. Mudd, from which I extract the following appropriate passages. This was six years before the death of Dr. Litton. Dr. Mudd says: * Dr. Abram Litton is still with us — simple-minded as a child, but stern as ever in his unflinching demand for the truth. On May ‘15, 1843, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy ia the Medical Department of the St. Louis University. This was afterwards known as Pope’s but now is the Medical Department of Washington Uni- versity. His salary was $300, later increased to $600 and finally to $1,000. _ Besides this and work on the Missouri Geological Survey, he was also chemist to the Belchers’ Sugar Refinery. He attended to this for a while, but concluding that they were paying him too much he resigned it. He was so modest that his merits were not known so well at home as abroad, and when Judge Treat asked Professor Horsford of Harvard for a chemist for Washington University, he said, ‘Why not Litton of St. Louis?’ In 1857 he was appointed to the Professorship in Washington University, which he held until 1892, for thirty-five years. Later, when he traveled in the East in the interest of the University, he refunded the money which had been advanced to him to pay the expenses incurred. Where is there another who would show such unselfishness.” Dr. Mudd further says: ‘* He in- fused into his teachings such a demand for accurate thinking and precise work as to call forth the best efforts of thoughtful students. A student of nature, he has sought nature’s truths in the crucible, found the story of the sun in the spectroscope and wrung from the stars the mystery of the night. His whole life has been laboriously given to the accumulation of hard facts. Each one was stored away for future use, and became a part of the man. Fact upon fact until truth shines forth from every day in the mosaic of his life. There is not a black spot in the whole pyramid of truth which was thus erected from the daily labor of a long and industrious life. He was loyal to his friends, loyal to his own ideals, loyal to his trusts, loyal to every purpose which he consented to serve.’ Such are the deserved tributes offered by Dr. Mudd to the noble character of Dr. A. Litton. Dr. Litton delivered many useful and instructive lectures, but the pub- lished list is small. The following I give: — 1. An Introductory Lecture to the course of Chemistry and Pharmacy in the St. Louis University — by A. Litton, Professor of Chemistry and Phar- macy, 1844. 2. Address to the graduates of the Medical Department of St. Louis Uni- versity, 18 pages, St. Louis, 1851. 8. Belcher and Bro. Artesian Well, 7 pages and plate. Transactions of St. Louis Academy of Science, 1857, a Record. XXVii 4, Preliminary Report of some of the principal mines in Franklin, Jeffer- son, Washington, St. Frangois and Madison Counties, Missouri, by A. Litton, chemist, 94 pages, included in Part II. of 2d Geological Report by G. C. Swallow, State Geologist, 1855. MEETING OF OcToBER 20, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, seventeen persons present. On behalf of A. S. Horwitz, J. J. Singer and G. L. Rosen- berg, the President presented to the museum of the Academy a collection of fossil leaf prints from the Green River forma- tion at Florissant, Colo., for which the thanks of the Academy were ordered extended. A paper by Professor A. S. Chessin, On some relations between Bessel functions of the first and of the second kind, was presented by title and referred to the Council. Professor Trelease exhibited photographs showing the vari- ations in the ring or collar of Lepioia naucinoides and a series of lantern slides illustrating autumnal coloring of foliage. Five persons were proposed for active membership. MEETING OF NOVEMBER 3, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, eighteen persons present. The Council reported that exchange relations had been es- tablished with the Institut Botanique, Bucarest, Musées Techeque-Slavs, Caslav, and Botanisches Centralblatt, Leiden. Mr. G. G. Hedgecock gave an illustrated account of the sugar beet industry in the United States and some of the dif- ficulties attending it, tracing the development of the industry and reviewing some of the field and factory obstacles that it had been necessary to overcome, and speaking particularly of the fungous diseases of the crop. Messrs. B. M. Duggar, of Columbia, Mo., August Kimbeck, of New Haven, Mo., and Charles H. Gundelach, A. A. Hen- ske and Frank Ryan, of St. Louis, were elected to active mem- bership. One person was proposed for active membership. xxviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. MEETING OF NOVEMBER 17, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, eleven persons present. Dr. M. A. Goldstein delivered an address on the uses of the tuning fork as a means of medical diagnosis. Dr. George J. Engelmann gave a brief but interesting account of the history of the Western Academy of Sciences, organized by Dr. George Engelmann and Dr. Wislizenus in 1836, and ten- dered to the Academy the record book showing the proceed- ings of that organization from its beginning until it ceased to exist. He also tendered for such uses as the Academy might elect, a skeleton specimen which was prepared by Dr. Wisli- zenus and which formerly was the property of the Western Academy of Sciences. Professor A. W. Greeley, of St. Louis, was elected to active membership. . Merertine oF DecEeMBER 1, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-five persons present. The Council reported the resignation of Messrs. B. C. Ad- kins, G. F. Durant and A. Q. Kennett. Dr. Adolf Alt delivered an address on the development of the eye, illustrated with colored drawings and stereopticon views made from microscopic sections prepared and photo- graphed by him. Two persons were proposed for active membership. In accordance with the by-laws of the Academy, a commit- tee — which consisted of Messrs. Evers, Hunicke and Langs- dorf — was elected to nominate officers for the year 1903. Meretine oF DecemMBER 15, 1902. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-three persons present. The nominating committee reported the following list of candidates for the year 1903: — ith Record. xxix President. ...02 sseesesecccesvceeeeHentry W. Eliot. First Vice-President .............D. S. H. Smith. Second Vice-President ........... Wn. K. Bixby. Recording Secretary.............. William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary ..... .--.Ernest P. Olshausen. SD PORBUTON ys 4 wiaie's s'0/s.0)4:0,01s.arelawe a sheiere's Enno Sander. VU BONN dich sta toioles cinta’ slo's ss -+---G@. Hambach. Curators ...cccc senses cccccecccens G. Hambach, Julius Hurter, A. H. Timmerman. Directors ...-..0+s++seee0++++++-eF. E. Nipher, Adolf Alt. No nominations other than those by the committee were offered. A paper by C. F. Baker, entitled A revision of American Siphonaptera, together with a complete list and_bibliog- raphy of the whole group, was presented by title and re- ferred to the Council. Dr. C. B. Curtis delivered an illustrated address on color photography, outlining the theory of color vision and the va- rious ways in which a given color sensation may be produced, and describing various processes by which the natural colors of objects can be reproduced by photographic means. Messrs. Robert H. Fernald and Frank A. Ruf, of St. Louis, were elected to active membership. Two persons were proposed for active membership. Reports OF OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1902. SUBMITTED JANUARY 5, 1903. The president, Mr. Henry W. Eliot, addressed the Academy as follows : — It is customary at this, the annual meeting of members of the St. Louis Academy of Science, for the retiring officers to give an account of their stewardship. In accordance with this custom, I have to report that, while the Academy has not made as material progress as I had hoped, we still xxx Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. have reason to congratulate ourselves upon the season’s work. Notwith- standing losses by death and resignations, the list of active members shows a net gain of six for the year. The average attendance at meetings has been good, though somewhat less than in 1901. The number of publications has been above the average, and their char- acter has been equal to any in the past, The financial condition of the Academy is good. All the notes issued in payment of the Yandell collection have been met at maturity. There re- mains but one, to be paid in 1904. Collections have been prompt, and the number of uncollected dues has been decreased. The Library has been thoroughly sorted and catalogued. I regret to report the death of one member, Hon. Henry Hitchcock, for many years associated with this society, whose loss is a grievous one and much to be deplored. The records of the Academy tell us that its history has been similar to that of other scientific institutions. The same difficulties have been en- countered and overcome, and the same obstacles present themselves to bar active progress. The work of the Academy is not as thoroughly appreci- ated by our fellow-citizens as it should be. We have reached a period where it is necessary to go forward, or we will inevitably go backward. The time is soon coming, if not already at hand, when we shall be obliged to seek new quarters. The pressing need of the Academy is a home of its own. The advantages of quarters under our own control are so evident as to make discussion unnecessary. We have no place for our valuable and growing library. Its uses are therefore much curtailed. We have the nucleus of an excellent museum, but it is packed in boxes and stored in various parts of the city. The beautiful collection of butterflies, presented by Mrs. Bouton a year ago, is scarcely known to our members. All of our property isexposed to the danger of loss by fire. We need a home of our own to give us a dignified standing in this com- munity; to compel our people to recognize fully the invaluable service rendered so freely and unselfishly to the scientific world. It should no longer be said that the St. Louis Academy of Science is better known abroad than in its own city. I therefore call upon every member of this society to take this need seriously to himself. In due season Volume XII of Trans- actions will be mailed to you, and will serve as excellent material for Missionary work. The following table contains details of interest: — Academy membership at date — January 1, 1903 .........- oe a\s.0's 0's cael a OE Elections for year 1902......... Mado aie «19 Losses for the year...ccceeesee seavece 13 By Geaths cecccerviccsvecse 1 Resignations ............. 12 p Net gain for the year... 6 The active members are classified as follows: — Eyre 1 Be ONES ENE RS Te ae SADLY eye oh olela ith OR REMADE scab en bees a bieleeWeaian keine eis Kis 41229 IGN ePORIN ONES asc\cicicb'sieve Welesiaicicieinah eae 70 7 ee ee ee a ee Record. Xxxi Number of meetings held in 1902........... 15 Average attendance.. 21 és ce oe sé “ce ROOT icGies hh ta 16 “cc ee 28 Total attendance, 1902...... Ae eM ie - 314 uy re TOO Died sine aie ice alae 448 Number of papers published, 1902......... ot LO By resident members..... 3 By non-resident members. 7 The average for the preceding four years is 9.75. The character of the publications has been as follotys: — e Average for four years 1902. (1898-1901.)* ETIMITIRCNC Tes 8s aia ci s'e'v ie» 0 4's.0'0cele -- 30r30% 38.50 or 36% Botanical .......-0. ee seeeeeeeceessee TOL 70% 3.25 ** 333% Zoological and Anatomical........... oO 1.75 * 18% Geological and Paleontological........ 0 1.52 ** 123% EMPTOR) AULNOPEs 5.¢h'o oi si0'seieeeccieisics cas 5 8.25 MUMMUAING Son'as ba csceveanes: 2 8.75 Non-resident...... a ne | 4.50 The treasurer reported as follows : — RECEIPTS. Balance from MEER E ald Gk oalata aiblia kik de'e.e!cece area eee ww eee $555 25 Interest on invested MONneY....-....e see ceeeceeee aowe's 496 60 DMMMNIORMIND OUOB) o...0csccccs cccccccccsceseccccccesce 1,466 00 ISONEIOUGS Go o.c.e seco, ¥0ed Crevinc vececceesiiece 79 65 Contributions, for Yandell collection............-+++- 105 00 ———— $2,702 50 EXPENDITURES. Mees dees ee ee) $500 00 Publication of Transactions, ........-.eceeeee rece cece 787 24 Mailing Transactions and library expense...... coseece ‘ 643 57 EE MMMOMBRR OSCR Oy ances nene poscteocon secenca 133 60 Payment, account Yandell collection.........s+eeeeeee 280 00 ME RO TOUR galiecsicc cecevecesecedigee sagasbavecs 358 09 ——— $2,702 50 INVESTED FUND. Invested On SeCUrity.... 1.0. see cece cece cceccccccecees 96,500 00 The Librarian reported that during the year exchanges had been received to the number of 327 volumes and 667 pam- * In which annual volumes have been issued. It was fonorted that during the your the Transactions of the. Academy had been distributed to 569 societies or institutions chiefly by way of exchange —an addition of 8 as comps with the preceding year; and attention was called to the that the exchange list has now grown to such prop that only 132 reserve copies remain after the Biches bution has been effected. ON THE TRUE POTENTIAL OF THE FORCE OF GRAVITY.* ALEXANDER S. CHESSIN. 1. Assuming that the form of the earth is that of a solid spheroid covered by an ellipsoidal liquid mass of uniform density, that the density of the spheroid varies from center to surface but is constant in each one of the concentric layers, and that the liquid mass is in a state of equilibrium, Laplace arrives at the following expression for the potential of the force of attraction exercised by the earth on an external par- ticle of unit mass: + R OS where & denotes the total mass of the earth, R the distance of the particle from the center of the earth, ad the ratio of the centrifugal force to the force of attraction on the equator, ah the oblateness of the earth, a the mean value of its ra- dius, and, finally, «= cos @, @ being the angle of the radius vector of the particle with the axis of rotation of the earth. ** According to the most probable hypotheses,’’ says La- 5 place,t ‘+ the oblateness of the spheroid is less than Z Ody '0s These assumptions are the more probable because they be- come necessary in the case when the spheroid had originally © * Presented, and read by title, before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, December 2, 1901. ¢ Laplace, Oeuvres complétes. t. II. Livre III. p. 103. aN t Ibid. p. 101. (1) i 2 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. been fluid.’? In the case of a homogeneous ellipsoid of 5 revolution, ai would be equal to 4 7? and the expression of the potential U would become Hy dga(-#)} 1 In general, ah — 9 a will differ but little from : ah.’ Tfoe then, we put t 1 (1) NV =— 3 Ma? (5 ap—ah), we shall have | MN (2) U= 5 + pes (1— 3p’). 2. Let us take a rectangular system of axes, as follows: Z along the axis of rotation of the earth in the northward direction, X and Y through the center ((C) of the earth in the plane of the equator and invariably fixed in it. Then uw aie z will be equal to R and MN 3Nz2? (3) C= BCMA) ee R= Vet Pr?. 3. We will now transform our system of codrdinate axes. The new origin (QO) will be taken at an external point on or near the surface of the earth in the meridian plane ZCX; the axes Of and O€¢in this plane, namely, Of in the direc- tion of the mean* force of gravity at O¢, and O€ in the * that is, on the assumption that the forces of attraction by the sun and the moon are neglected. Se ee aa a ne el a ee ee Chessin — On the True Potential of the Force of Gravity. 3 southward direction perpendicular to O¢; finally, the axis On parallel to CY, eastward. Then, denoting by 6 the dis- tance of O from the center of the earth, A the latitude of the point O, and @ the angle of the radius vector CO with the plane of the equator, the formulas of transformation will be: @ = 6 cos 6+ é sin \— € cos dA, (4) beam! 5 z—86 sin 0—écos vr — CE sin X. ? : Paneer a Sark Tig ss 4. The expressions of the partial derivations da? dy? de”? as obtained from (3), readily yield the derivatives of the same function with regard to &, 7, ¢ Namely, aU M 3N 15 N2 } (5), T--|ete — FF losin +b 6 6N OW gi oo Fee sin 8 cos A — Fos & cos® A — Hs ¢ sin A cos A, IU M 3N 15N2 oo Ret Re — rsd (5), an sea 5 aU |M 3N 15Nz ( )s 3G = ay Ba oo er (8 cos e—¢) 6N 6N 6 + Re 5 sin @ sin — ps & sin » cos n— 9% Coin 2, where (6) e=ra—84, (7) R= //%-+ p*?+ 28(Esine — cose), (8) p= VY#H+77+2, 4 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. and z2?, in function of &, &, 8, 6, X, is derived from the third one of the formulas (4). o0 aU OU 5. The derivatives BE? On? DE will now be expressed in function of M, N, «, », 6, &, 7, € All terms whose ratios to “af are small quantities of order higher than the first power of the oblateness of the earth will be neglected. It should be observed that e and na are small quantities of the order of the oblateness. In regard toe this fact is well known. To be convinced of it in regard to f one only needs to divide both sides of (1) by 6. Then v1) Gea and since represents the approximate value of the accel- eration of the force of gravity at O, that is, se = 9”,78 and a 5 differs little from unity, it is clear that N is a small of quantity of the order of ; ap —ah, that is, of the oblate-— ness of the earth. If, then, we put M. (9), @=— wy sine 3NV + —y [sin 24—3(1-+ sin ?2) sin € +9 sin » cos A sin 7c], | 3M 12V . (9). b6=— “gs, sin e + —y— sin 2A, Chessin — On the True Potential of the Force of Gravity. 5 Co) es a 008 € 3N ; + or [1— 3sin?A-+ 4sin 2A sine + gt 11+ 23sin?\) sin *e], Me OW SEN (9), 2d= ae oo ee + sy «sin *X, M 3N 15N CF )s: Re’ = ny ear + —35— sin -r, 2M 12N 36N (9)e 2f= er ee 5 sin 7A, we shall have * (10, Spa 42a +f, IU (10)2 on =2en, F) — (10)s oe =e +f E+ 0E, and, therefore, (11) U=ak + b& + cf + dé + en? + 0. It may be well to note that the coefficients d, e, f satisfy the condition (12) dt+te+f=0 in accordance with Laplace’s equation A,U = 0. 6. A particle moving on the surface of the earth is subject not only to the attraction by the terrestrial mass, but also to the attractions by the sun and the moon. This latter influ- ence is exercised in part directly, in part indirectly through the medium of the tides, the liquid mass, which covers the 6 Trans. Acad. Sei. of St. Louis. solid spheroid of the earth and which we have heretofore assumed to be in a state of equilibrium, being really in motion. The direct influence here referred to gives rise to a force ®, which is the resultant of 1) the forces of attraction of the particle by the sun and the moon and 2) the forces equal but opposite in direction to the forces of attraction by the sun and the moon of a mass equal to that of the given particle and placed in the center of the earth. The indirect influence of the sun and the moon through the medium of the tides gives rise to another, also very small, force ®,,. Let ® be the resultant of these forces ®, and ®,. It will, of course, vary with the time, but for a comparatively small interval of time, as in the case of experiments and observa- tions on the surface of the earth we may assume the force ®, as well as its projections ® g ? D gon the codrdinate axes, to be constant.* . A rough computation will enable the reader to see that the forces ® g ?. ® ¢ are small quantities of the M order of 3¢- To obtain the exact values of the components of the solar and lunar attraction it is necessary to resort to the rigorous methods of Celestial Mechanics. We will assume that these components have been actually computed for a given epoch é. Then these computed values, which we will denote by sf Ps Py» may be substituted for the forces i 2 ® ¢ during the comparatively small interval of time under consideration.. 7. The differential equations which express that a con- strained particle is in a state of equilibrium relatively to the earth can now be written as follows: * In this we follow the example of Puiseux. See his paper entitled ‘De Véquilibre et du mouvement des corps pésants en ayant égard aux variations de diréction et d’intensité de la pésanteur.”’ Annales de l’Keole Normale. 2¢ Série. t. I. 1872. p. 23. Chessin — On the True Potential of the Force of Gravity 7 ) { 18), 0=5¢ + Tek Ry + w* § cos @ sin X + o* sin X (€ sind —é cos 2d), a0 (138 yb oe Pmt F, + wn, P) (13 ,0= 35 + Ps, + Ri, — a8 cos 8 cos X + o cos X (f cos A — & sin A), . Ry, fi Ry being the components of the reaction of the constraints to which the particle is subjected, and @ the angular velocity of rotation of the earth. At the point O, where =» =—€=0, the equations (13) reduce to O=a+ fi, + wd cos @ sin A, O=c+ R,— 5 cos 6 cos X, if we assume, at the same time, that ® — 0, that is, ® Neg ®= Py, =0O. But, then, the axis Of would coincide with the direction of the mean * force of gravity at O. If, there- fore, we denote by g the value of the mean acceleration of the force of gravity at that point we shall have Ry sisted = 0 and Lip=—g. Hence, a = — 6 cos 6 sin A, (14) c=g + cos 0 cos 2X. 8. Introducing these expressions of a and c into equations (13) and putting for the sake of brevity B=b—o’ sin X cos A, (15) ! 2D =2d + o’ sin? Xv, 2H = 2e + o’, 2F = 2f + w* cos 7A, * See foot-note, § 3. 8 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. we arrive at the following formulas: —R,=©® fiz =P, + 2DE + BE, iy fi, =P, + 2£n, Now, it is obvious that — R PM fi, —R ¢ are exactly the components of the érue force of gravity at the point (&, , €). If, then, we denote by V the true potential of the force of gravity, we shall have (16) Vago +O, E+ n+ ,6+ DE + En + FO+ BE. 9. In conclusion let us have a glance at the relative value of the several coefficients entering formula (16). As already remarked, the order of magnitude of tt Pin ® f is that of the principal terms in the expressions of the coefficients D, M EH, F, that is, of the order of 53 The coefficient B and the secondary terms in the expressions of D, #, F are of the M order of the product of 5; by the oblateness of the earth.* Hence, if the components of the solar and lunar attraction are not taken into account when computing the forces of gravity at a point on the surface of the earth, it is needless to preserve any but the first term in the expression (16) of the potential, which, then, reduces to the familiar form * In the units here selected the approximate values of oe a @? are: Pa 5¢ = 0-000 0015 , N 55 = 0. 000 000 001 5 , w* = 0. 000 000 0058, It may, also, be noted that, approximately, €= 0.0084 sin 2X and s sine =0. 000 000 005 sin 2, Chessin — On the True Potential of the Force of Gravity. 9 (17) V'=g6. This discussion, also, shows that it is absurd to retain terms of the order of ? in treating the motion of a body relatively to the Earth if the force of gravity is assumed to be constant in magnitude and direction, 7. e. if formula (17) is taken to represent the potential of this force. Yet the delusion that by retaining terms of the order of w? they have reached more accurate results is still to be found among authors who dis- cuss the motion of a body relatively to the earth, taking into account the latter’s rotation about its axis. Issued January 29,1902. re ok can i ais 1s Sy) THE LESPEDEZAS OF MISSOURI.* K. K. MackEenzIx anv B. F. Busn. Various species of Lespedezas abound in the State of Mis- souri, especially in rocky woods in the Ozark Mountain region, in the southern and eastern portions. Observations in the field of the various forms which occur here have convinced the writers that there are several undescribed species in the State, and this has led to a more extended study of the speci- mens preserved in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden, and of those in the herbarium of Mr. K. K. Mac- _kenzie. The result of this study is embodied in the following notes. We beg to acknowledge our indebtedness to Professor Wm. Trelease for the loan of the entire Missouri collection of this genus in his care, and for other courtesies extended. As an aid to the recognition of the species occurring in Missouri, the following key is offered: — Annual; calyx-lobes broad. 1. L. striata. Perennials; flowers yellow; calyx-lobes narrow. Peduncles exceeding the leaves. 2. L. hirta. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. ‘ Leaves glabrate above. Leaflets oblong. 3. L. capitata. Leaflets linear-oblong. 4. L. capitata longifolia. Leaves sericeous above. 5. L. capitata sericea. Perennials; flowers purplish; calyx-lobes narrow. Peduncles exceeding the leaves. Plants prostrate and widely spreading. Glabrate or nearly so. 6. L. repens. Strongly pubescent. 7. L. procumbens. Plants strongly bushy-branched, from erect to slightly procumbent. Flowers strongly paniculate, on pedicels often 6 mm. long; larger leaflets 18 mm. long, or longer. 8. L. violacea. Flowers scarcely paniculate, on pedicels about 1.5 mm. long; leaflets much smaller, rarely 18 mm. long. 9. L. violacea prairea. * Presented and read by title before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, December 16, 1901. (11) + i Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plants strictly erect or ascending, the few branches ascending. Pods included or little exserted. 10. L. Manniana. Pods much exserted. Pods obtusish, strongly pubescent. 1l. L. Nuttallii. Pods long acute, slightly pubescent. 12. L. acuticarpa. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Pods much exserted. Leaflets linear or linear-oblong, Glabrate or appressed-pubescent. 13. L. Virginica. Strongly pubescent. 14, L. neglecta. Leaflets oblong, oval or wider. Glabrate or appressed-pubescent. 15. L. frutescens. Downy-pubescent. 16. L. Stuvei, Pods included or little exserted. 17. L. simulata. 1. Lespepreza striata (Thunb.) H. & A. Bot. Beechey. 262. 1841. Abundantly introduced throughout the Ozark Mountain region in sterile fields and woods, and rarely extending as far north as Kansas City. Probably not of this genus, as the ovate calyx lobes and annual habit are clearly at variance with those characters in our other species. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Bismarck, Sept. 10, 1893. — Bush, 273, Campbell, Aug. 3, 1895. — Bush, Dunklin Co., Oct. 21, 1892. — Bush, 215, Sheffield, Sept. 5, 1895; 247, Aug. 5, 1896. — Bush, Shannon Co., Sept. 12, 1888; July 12, 1891; July 23, 1891. — Mackenzie, 210, Dodson, Sept. 18, 1895. — Trelease, 222, Iron Mountain, Aug. 17, 1897.— Trelease, 321, Pilot Knob, Aug. 18, 1897.— Russell, Pilot Knob, Sept., 1897.— Dewart, 33, Poplar Bluff, Aug. 7, 1892; Aug. 14, 1892. 2. LESPEDEZA HIRTA (L.) Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 207. 1824. Abundant in dry rocky woods throughout the Ozark Moun- tain region, but not seen from other portions of the State. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Shannon Co., Oct. 21, 1893. — Bush, Bis- marck, Sept. 10, 1893. — Bush, 35, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896; 50, Sept. 28, 1896. — Mackenzie, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896; Sept. 28, 1896, a slender decumbent form. — Eggert, St. Louis Co., Sept. 4, 1891. — Trelease, 227, Carter Co., Sept. 27, 1897. — Russell, Piedmont, Sept., 1897. — Blankinship, Oregon Co., Aug. 18, 1888. — Engelmann, Pilot Knob, Sept. 5, 1859. — Engel- mann, Meramec Hills, Nov., 1845. 3. LespepDEzA CAPITATA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 71. 1803. Apparently common throughout the State in dry open woods and on dry prairies. Mackenzie and Bush — Lespedezas of Missouri. 13 SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, McDonald Co., July 24, 1893. — Bush, 230, Raytown, Sept. 19, 1897.— Bush, Shannon Co., Oct. 21, 1893.— Bush, Newton Co., Aug. 29, 1893. — Mackenzie, Swope Park, Jackson Co., Aug. 23, 1896. — Mackenzie, Jones’ Creek, Jackson Co., Sept. 19, 1897. — Weller, Springfield, Aug. 6, 1887.— Eggert, St. Louis Co., Sept. 21, 1877. 4, LESPEDEZA CAPITATA LONGIFOLIA (DC.) T. & G. FI. N. A. 1: 368. 1840. A long narrow-leaved form of the last of very rare occur- rence in the State. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Mackenzie, 723, Dodson, Aug. 26, 1895. 5. LESPEDEZA CAPITATA SERICEA H. & A. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 23. 1835. : A silvery-leaved, usually quite distinct form of quite fre- quent occurrence on dry prairies and in open rocky woods. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Malden, Sept. 12, 1893. — Bush, Jackson Co., Sept. 22, 1893. — Trelease, 225, Pilot Knob, Sept. 18, 1897. — Trelease, 226, Clarksville, Oct. 10, 1897. — Mackenzie, 522, Lone Jack, Sept. 24, 1901. 6. LespeDEzA REPENS (L.) Bart. Prod. Fl. Phil. 2: 77. 1818. This species is only occasionally found in the Ozark Moun- tain region in the State, in dry rocky woods. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Malden, Aug. 12, 1893, in part. — Bush, Shannon Co., July 16, 1891; July 21, 1891. 7. LESPEDEZA PROCUMBENS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 70, 1803. In similar situations to the last, but apparently much more common in the State. Probably intergrades with LZ. repens, but is usually quite distinct. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, 40, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. — Bush, Campbell, Sept. 16, 1893.— Bush, Greene Co., Sept. 4, 1893. — Bush, Mal- den, Aug. 12, 1893, in part. — Bush, McDonald Co., Sept. 1, 1893. — Bush, Shannon Co., June 28, 1888. — Mackenzie, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. — Russell, Piedmont, Sept., 1897. — Russell, Pilot Knob, Sept. 20, 1898. 8. LesPEeDEzA vioLackA (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 318. 1807. Probably not uncommon in rocky woods in the State, but not very often collected. 14 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Jackson Co., Aug. 81, 1891, in part. — Mackenzie; 448, Swope Park, Jackson Co., Sept. 13, 1901; 219, Aug. 7, 1895. — Mackenzie, 208; Westport, Oct. 5, 1895, an entirely apetalous form; Aug. 31, 1891, an entirely apetalous form. — Engelmann, St. Louis Co. 9. LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA PRAIREA DN. var. Pl. I.f. 1, 2. An ascending or somewhat spreading, much branched perennial, glabrous below, short appressed-hairy above; branches spreading, and much interwoven; leaflets obovate to obcordate, 6-18 mm. long, 4—9 mm. wide, mucronate, and obtuse or retuse at the apex, rounded below, smooth above, appressed-pubescent beneath ; petiolules villous, 1 mm. long; rachis (2-6 mm. long) and petiole (2-12 mm. long) ap- pressed-hairy; stipules linear-subulate, 4 mm. long; flowers subcapitate, not paniculate, 2-6 together, on peduncles less than 2 mm. long, but the inflorescence exceeding the leaves ; often two peduncles arise from the same leaf axis; flowers on pedicels 1-2 mm. long, rarely a little longer ; calyx 3 mm. long, appressed-hairy, the teeth lanceolate-subulate or nar- rower, about the length of the tube and much shorter than the corolla; corolla purplish, 6-8 mm. long, the keei notice- ably longer than the wings and standard; non-petaliferous flowers in short-pedunculate or subsessile clusters; pods sub- sessile or very short-stiped in the calyx, orbicular-oval, 3-4 mm. long, acute, strongly reticulate-veined, short appressed- hairy or subglabrous, much exceeding the calyx. Differs from the specific form in being smaller throughout, in its non-paniculate inflorescence, and in its much shorter pedicels. It is the common form in this State, and is inter- mediate between the species and LZ. repens. Its non-procum- bent character at once distinguishes it from both Z. repens and L. procumbens. Further study will probably prove that it is entitled to specific rank. It is very common on dry prairies, where L. violacea is never found, whence the name given it. Type locality, Lee’s Summit, Missouri; collected by Bush, No. 93, and Mackenzie, Sept. 2, 1895; type in herb. Mis- souri Botanical Garden, and in herb. K. K. Mackenzie. OE OS ee ee ee ee ee eee ee eee ee Mackenzie and Bush — Lespedezas of Missouri. 15 SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Type specimens as cited under type locality. — Bush, Dunklin Co., Oct. 26, 1892. — Bush, Bismarck, Sept. 10, 1892. — Bush, Jackson Co., Aug. 31, 1891, in part. - Mackenzie, Lee’s Summit, Sept. 9, 1901.— Thompson, Pacific, Sept. 19, 1898. — Fritchey, Bridgeton, Sept. 29, 1859. — Russell, Piedmont, Sept., 1899.— Dewart, Spring Park, Aug. 8, 1892. Somewhat approaching the specific form are the following: Bush, Dunklin Co., Oct. 21, 1892.—Blankinship, Greene Co., July 17, 1888. — Glatfelter, Pilot Knob, Aug. 20, 1895. A plant with strongly pubescent stems and foliage as in L. procumbens, but apparently ascending and bushy- branched as in L. violacea prairea, has been twice collected in the State, but the specimens are too few to enable us to definitely dispose of them. The specimens referred to are the following: Bush, McDonald Co., July 31, . 1895. — Trelease, 223, Carter Co., Sept. 9, 1897. 10. LespepEzA MANNIANA 2. sp. ee TT. f. 1. Perennial, 4-9 dm. tall, suberect, strongly pubescent above, glabrate below; branches erect-ascending; leaflets oblong, subcuneate, 1-4 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, obtuse and mucro- nate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, somewhat ap- pressed-pubescent above, especially near the mid-vein, densely appressed-pubescent beneath; petiolules densely hairy; petioles (2-20 mm. long) and rachis less so; petaliferous flowers in short racemes, on peduncles 12-24 mm. long, ex- ceeding the leaves, the racemes often clustered near the summit of the stem, 6-12 flowered ; flowers short-pedicelled ; calyx strongly long-pubescent, the tube 2 mm. long, the long acuminate subulate teeth 4-6 mm. long, and often ex- ceeding the corolla; corolla purplish, 5-6 mm. long, the keel usually not exceeding the wings and standard; non-petalif- erous flowers in nearly sessile clusters; pods oval, acute, somewhat pubescent, from shorter than and included in the calyx, to slightly exserted. Most closely related to Z. Nuttallit Darl., and to L. acu- ticarpa (infra), but easily distinguished by its long sepals and nearly included pod. Named in honor of Rev. Cameron Mann, now Bishop of North Dakota, an ardent lover of nature and a skilled botanist, with whom the writers have spent many pleasant days in the field. It is very common in open post oak land and in limestone barrens south of Kansas City. 16 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Type locality, Swope Park, Jackson County, Missouri; collected by K. K. Mackenzie, Aug. 23, 1896; type in herb. K. K. Mackenzie, duplicate in herb. Missouri Botanical Garden. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Type specimens as cited under type locality. — Mackenzie, same locality, Sept. 13, 1896. — Mackenzie, Red Bridge, Sept. 18, 1901. — Bush, 333, Raytown, 1897. — Bush, Jones’ Creek, Jackson Co., Aug. 31, 1891. 11. Lespepeza Norrauiiu Darl. FI. Cest. ed. 2, 420. 1837. Apparently arare species in Missouri, at least it is not often collected. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Wright Co., Sept. 18, 1885. —- Engelmann, Pilot Knob, Sept. 8, 1859. — Trelease, 224, Aurora Spring, Sept. 17, 1897. 12. LESPEDEZA ACUTICARPA D. sp. Pl, III. f.1, 2. Erect or suberect perennial, 2.5-5 dm. tall, not bushy- branched, but growing in clumps; branches erect-ascending ; stems in same plant varying from nearly glabrate to woolly- hairy; leaflets 8-28 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, oblong-elliptic, glabrate above, appressed-pubescent beneath ; petiolules 1 mm. long, villous; leaf-rachis (2-6 mm. long) and petiole (2-20 mm. long) appressed-pubescent; stipules subulate; flowers in short few-flowered (6 or less) spikes, on peduncles 1—4 mm. long, the inflorescences much exceeding the leaves ; flower pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; flowers purplish, 6-8 mm. long, the keel somewhat exceeding the wings; calyx 2 mm. long, its long subulate teeth 3 mm. long, short appressed -pubescent ; pod 6 mm. long, distinctly short-stiped, subglabrate or spar- ingly pubescent, ovate, twice the length of the sepals, strongly acute or almost acuminate, usually tipped by the long per- sistent style; non-petaliferous flowers sessile. Not very common in open post oak woods and limestone barrens. Distinguished from ZL. Nuttallit Darl. by its nar- rower leaves, fewer flowers, and large acuminate, less hairy pod. L. Manniana differs in its very long hairy sepals, and nearly included scarcely pointed pod. Mackenzie and Bush — Lespedezas of Missouri 17 Type locality, Swope Park, Jackson County, Missouri; collected by K. K. Mackenzie, No. 449, Sept. 13, 1901; type specimens in herb. K. K. Mackenzie, duplicate in herb. Missouri Botanical Garden. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Type specimens as cited under type locality. — Bush, 67, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. — Mackenzie, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. 13. Lespepeza Virernica (L.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12: 64. 1893. In dry rocky woods. Apparently the most common species of Lespedeza in the State, judging from the collections. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Bush, Jackson Co., Sept. 21, 1891; Sept. 29, 1891. — Bush, McDonald Co., Sept. 1, 1891.— Bush, Bismarck, Sept. 10, 1893; Bush, Jasper Co., Aug. 16, 1893.— Bush, Shannon Co., Sept. 12, 1893; July 24, 1891; Oct. 21, 1893.— Bush, Howell Co., Aug. 12, 1892, — Bush, Dunklin Co., Oct. 26, 1892.— Bush, Newton Co., Aug. 29, 1893. — Bush, 95, Independence, Sept. 1, 1895.— Bush, Greene Co., Sept. 21, 1893. — Blankinship, Greene Co., Aug. 23, 1888; Aug. 27, 1888. — Mackenzie, 441, Swope Park, Jackson Co., Sept. 13, 1901. — Mackenzie, Lee’s Summit, Aug. 6, 1899. — Mackenzie, 948, Dodson, Aug. 26, 1895. — Thompson, Pacific, Sept. 19, 1898. — Glatfelter, Pilot Knob, Aug. 20, 1895. — Russell, Pilot Knob, Sept., 1897. Dewart, Meramec Highlands, July 4, 1892. — Trelease, 229, Einstein Mine, Aug. 18, 1897. — Eggert, Forest Park, St. Louis, Oct., 1893, 14, LespepDEzA NEGLECTA (Britton). Lespedeza Stuvei neglecta Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 206, 1894. What appears to be this species occurs in the southeastern part of the State. To us it seems more closely related to L. Virginica than to LZ. Stuvei, and appears to bear the same relation to that species that Z. Stuvet bears to L. frutescens. It is well worthy of specific rank. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Engelmann, Pilot Knob, Sept. 8, 1859. 15. Lespepeza FRuTESCENS (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 205. 1894. Found in rocky woods throughout the Ozark Mountain region in Missouri, but usually does not occur in such abun- dance as some of the other species. 18 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Bush, Shannon Co., Sept. 12, 1888.— Bush, McDonald Co., Sept. 1, 1893.— Bush, 53, Eagle Rock, Sept. 18, 1896. — Mackenzie, Eagle Rock, Sept. 18, 1896. — Dewart, Poplar Bluff, Aug. 14, 1892. — Letterman, Poplar Bluff, Aug. 15, 1895. — Russell, Pilot Knob, Sept., 1897. — Trelease, 228, Indian Hill, Dunklin Co., Sept. 28, 1897. 16. LesPepreza Stuver Nutt. Gen. 2: 107. 1818. A common species in dry rocky woods throughout the Ozark Mountain region in the State. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Bush, McDonald Co., Sept. 1, 1893. — Bush, Campbell, Sept. 12, 1893. — Bush, Malden, Sept. 12, 1893. — Bush, Shannon Co., Oct. 21, 1893. — Bush, Newton Co., Aug. 29, 1893. — Bush, Jasper Co., Aug. 16, 1893. — Bush, 42, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. — Mackenzie, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896; Sept. 28, 1896, an entirely apetalous form. 17. LeSPEDEZA SIMULATA D. sp. PL IV. f.2) 2. An erect perennial, 6-9 dm. tall, glabrate to strongly rather short-pubescent, the rather few branches appressed- ascending; leaflets oblong-linear to oblong-elliptic, rounded at both ends, but strongly mucronate at the apex, 12-30 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, appressed silvery-pubescent on both sides, especially beneath ; petioles glabrate or pubescent, less than 12 mm. long, the leaf rachis about the same length, or a little shorter; petiolules villous, 1 mm. long: stipules sub- ulate, glabrate or hairy, 2-6 mm. long; petaliferous flowers in dense capitate spikes, the spikes sessile or on peduncles much shorter than the leaves; flowers on pedicels about 2 mm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long, the purple carolla usually somewhat exceeding the long calyx-lobes, but sometimes almost included; calyx strongly hairy, 5-6 mm. long, the long acuminate sepals about twice the length of the tube; pod oval, acute or acutish, 4.5-5 mm. long, strongly pubes- cent, included or very slightly exserted; non-petaliferous flowers in sessile axillary clusters. This species is most closely related to L. Manniana, but is at once distinguished by having the flowering peduncles shorter than the leaves, while in L. Manniana they are much longer. The included pod and long sepals distinguish it from all the other purplish-flowered species, but make faded dried Mackenzie and Bush — Lespedezas of Missouri. 19 specimens greatly resemble some of the yellow-flowered species, whence the specific name. But here the presence of apeta- lous flowers at once furnishes a clue for its identification. The species is found in southwestern Missouri and adjacent Indian Territory in the Ozark Mountain region, in dry rocky open woods, and on high rocky mounds and prairies. Type locality, Newton County, Missouri; collected by B. F. Bush, Aug. 25, 1893; type in herb. Missouri Botani- cal Garden, duplicate in herb. K. K. Mackenzie. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Missouri: Type specimens as cited under type locality. — Bush, 61, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. — Mackenzie, Eagle Rock, Sept. 28, 1896. Indian Territory: Bush, 7312, Sapulpa, Creek Nation, Sept. 29, 1895. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Puatss I.-IV. Plate I. — Lespedeza violacea prairea. 1, fruit, x 2. 2, flower, < 2. Plate Il. — Lespedeza Manniana. 1, fruit, x 2. Plate III. — Lespedeza acuticarpa. 1, fruit, x 2. 2, flower, x 2. Plate IV. — Lespedeza simulata. 1, fruit, <2. 2, calyx-lobes, X 2. Issued March 19, 1902. PLATE I, 5 3 3 > wo 5 3 4 a M 2 S i 3} mM A < Ss} 4 a 4 Pe a ass Es ~~ = \) y +N y, YD 4 <\ GET. LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA PRAIREA. < ae” . piles, 4 ae ~_ eas beter ie 0 trp. ‘ ; . | | = { : . 4 - ’ ht : ras : : | Phas; eis . “4-3 7 if : ie | . <8 F r : : “a - : 5 ‘ ; s re ee 4 . 3 ie ? 7 : . NS. * PLATE II. Re ee ene eee ele Re TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF St. LOUIS, VOL. XII. LESPEDEZA MANNIANA. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. Louis, VoL. XII. PLATE III. LESPEDEZA ACUTICARPA. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE IV. LESPEDEZA SIMULATA, ON THE MOTION OF GYROSCOPES.* ALEXANDER S. CHESSIN. The gyroscopes used to demonstrate the interesting phe- nomena connected with rapid rotary motion are, in many cases, so constructed that the subsidiary parts of the apparatus are apt to greatly influence the character of the motion. Yet, these subsidiary parts are never taken into account in mathe- matical investigations because of the difficulties involved. I have in mind, especially, the gyroscope of Foucault and the polytrope of Sire. Inthe theory of these instruments, it has been customary to neglect the mass of the subsidiary parts of the apparatus. It is the purpose of this paper to show how the character of the motion of a gyroscope may be determined without neglecting the mass of any part of the whole appar- ratus. Sire’s polytrope was invented to demonstrate the influence of the earth’s rotation on spinning tops. It is, in principle, a Foucault gyroscope mounted on a metallic circle: which rep- resents a meridian of the earth and may be revolved about a diameter, thus producing an effect similar to that of the earth’s rotation on the top. The polytrope of Sire, as dem- onstrating such effects, has a certain advantage over Fou- cault’s instrument, because the metallic circle may be revolved with any velocity we please while, of course, experiments with a Foucault gyroscope are necessarily restricted by the actual angular velocity of the earth’s rotation. This is not the place to describe either of the above men- tioned apparatus. A schematic figure will suffice to under- stand the derivation of our formulas. * Presented and read by title before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 21, 1902, (21) 22 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. THE POLYTROPE OF SIRE. As already mentioned, the polytrope consists of two essential parts: (1) a large metallic circle ( C,) representing an earthly Fic. 1. meridian and (2) a _ Foucault gyroscope mounted on this cir- cle in such a manner that it may be fixed at any point of it, thus demonstrating the influence of the earth’s rotation on the gyroscope at any latitude. iy The Foucault gy- roscope consists of the torus, or gyros- cope proper ( 7’) and two circular rings (C,) and(0,). The torus rotates freely about the diameter NN’ of the circle ( C,), while the ring ( C,) itself revolves freely about the diameter PP’ of the circle (C,), the axes NN' and PP’ being per- Fic. 2. pendicular to one another. a The diameter ZZ' of the Z g circle (C,) is perpendicular D i to PP’ and may be fixed in any direction we please rel- (Cs) ‘ atively to the meridian \ circle (C,). hs 2 The origin of the axes ? * wae eC XYZ is taken in the center of gravity (O) of the gy- roscope. This codrdinate system is fixed with regard E to the meridian circle (C,) which revolves about its ver- in, — ee ee i Chessin — On the Motion of Gyroscopes. 23 tical diameter DH with a constant angular velocity o. The direction OO is that of the positive axis of rotation of (C,). The axis X is the projection of O© on a plane per- pendicular to ZZ’; OF is a fixed line in the equatorial plane of the torus. The angles 0, ¢, » are Euler’s angles defining the relative position of the body with regard to the moving coérdinate system XYZ. The axis QQ’ is per- pendicular to PP’ and NN’. The angles which OP, OQ and OW form respectively with OO will be denoted by ¥, 7, ard y,; the principal central moments of inertia of the torus (including its physical axis) about OP, OQ and ON by A, A and C respectively ; A,, A,, C,, and A,, A,, C, will indicate the principal central moments of inertia of the ring (C,) about OP’, ON, OQ and of the ring (C,) about OP’, OZ, Oq. If, then, 7’ denote the kinetic energy of absolute rotary motion of the gyroscope about the point (0), we shall have (1) 27=a(0 +o cos y)? + b(¢' sin 0 + @ cos ¥,)? + C (v’ + ¢' cos + wcos ,)? + ¢ w cos? ¥ +d(¢' +osinpz)?. where »u is the angle of OO with X, and ‘ au Ata, b3A+0.—4, ee Voss AO, d= 4 +4, cos y = cosx cos CB yeessee cos y, = sin « sin @ — cos » cos @ sin d cos 7, = sin « cos 0 + cos uw sin @ sin ¢. The differential equations of motion are given by the formula djaT, oT (4) aay) = ay qe = 9, , v. We obtain immediately two integrals, namely (5) wv’ + ¢' cos 9+ cosy, =1, 24 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. (6) a0?+(d+bsin? 0) $?+ C(y' + ¢' cos 0)? = 2h +? [(a+ c) cos? y + bcos? y, + C cos*y,] the latter being the integral of kinetic energy. The relation between the angle w and the latitude (2) of the point (O) is expressed by the formula (7) sin X = cos a sin w + sin a cosy cos B. a being the angle of the axis Z with the line ( Of) passing through (QO) and the center of the ring (C3), and 8 the angle of the planes XZ and ZOC. Suppose, now, that the axis ZZ’ be made parallel to OO and the mounting of the gyroscope then fixed in this position. In this case wp = and, therefore, cos y= 0, “cos y, = sin 8, cos y, = cos 8, (8) 27=a0'*+5b (¢'+o)*sin? 6 +d(¢'+o)? + C[w'+(¢' +) cos 0]?. We can, now, obtain a new integral, namely, (9) (d+6sin?@)(¢’+o)+C [v’+(¢'+) cos 0] cos? =7, while the integrals (5) and (6) take the form (10) vr’ + (6' +) cos? =l, (11) 207+ (d +6 sin’ 0) b'?#+C (v'+¢' cos @)? = 2h + wo (b sin? 6+ C cos? 0) With the help of equation (10) the integrals (9) and (11) may be presented thus: (9)’ (d+ 6 sin?@) (¢' +) + Cl, cos 0=1, Chessin — On the Motion of Gyroscopes. 25 1, — Cl, cos @)? d+6sin? 6 (11)’ Grins where we have put (12) 1, = 2h— Cl? + 201, — do? From (11)’ we find 7] i Vd+bsin?6 dé (13) ‘=+Va V1,(d + 0 sin? 0) — (1,— Cl, cos 0)? % Formula (13) shows that ¢ is expressed in function of @ by a quadrature which involves, in general, hyperelliptic integ- rals. This is the reason why in the treatment of the present problem it has been customary to neglect the mass of the rings (O,) and (C,) of the gyroscope. In fact, if we put A, = A, = 0, = C,=0, we shall have d= 0, 7 sin 0d0 t=+Vadb V bl, sin? 6 — (1, — Cl, cos 6)?’ 8, and the integration may be performed with the aid of circular functions. But it is not at all necessary to perform the inte- gration in order to get an idea of the character of the motion in the general case, as we will now proceed to show. Let us put A= 02+, 8=71,[(6+d)A—d,], (14) _ Cll, — 2 aot (Cela th & m= A ’ A ° 26 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Then, by formula (13) Ap VYd+bsin?6 dé ot oa A / (cos @—m) (n —cos 0) (15) from which we see at once that mS cosO, = and <1. FO elon Equation (15) becomes \ ae Vd+b6sin?@ dé one A 7/(cos 6 — cos) (n— cos @) and shows that the axis of the torus oscillates about ZZ’, the amplitude of these oscillations being 2n. If we put Chessin — On the Motion of Gyroscopes. 27 n sh Vda+ bsin?6 dé NA V’ (cos @— cos 7) (n — cos @) (17) and remark that n Vd+bsin?é dé V (cos 8 — cos n) (n — cos @) 0 Vd-+bsin?é@ dé V (cos 8 — cos n) (n—cos 0) ~f] we find that the oscillations of the axis of the torus are iso- chronic and that the period of a complete oscillation is 4r. B. n=1. Equation (15) becomes Vd+bsin?6@ dé aio sin 3 V cos 8 — cos 7 and shows that the axis of the torus approaches assymptotically Zo the position OZ. In fact, after the moment of maximum deviation (y) from ZZ’, where the sign of 9’ changes, this sign remains unchanged throughout the motion, and if r, de- note the time required for the passing of the'axis of the torus from the position of maximum deviation (7) to the position OZ, we find that Po ceded a ” a Vd+bsin?6 dé ad dé %1= Noa r ss De T> na sin 9V cos 0 — cos 7 sin - sin, #.€.7T,=0. 28 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. C.n1. It should be observed that if 0,,=0 the case A) alone is possible. In fact, if 0,,.= 0, since m = —1, we have d (1,— Cl, cos %)? d+bsintg, ~~ (at Ch), from which it is clear that 7, and 7, must have different signs, and, therefore, n < 1. ee eS a ee ~ oe - +, = . tan 2. = — ios tag, a ee ee ee ee Chessin — On the Motion of Gyroscopes. 29 A. Ifn< 1 The axis of the torus oscillates about ZZ’. These oscillations are isochronic and their amplitude is 2n, where n, = cos*n. The period of a complete oscillation is 4r, and Ne a | Vvad+bsin? 6 dé T = NA Gi whe V n—cosé (20) Bp If 'n s 1, the axis of the torus assymptotically approaches the position OZ' (where 0 = rr). Case ITI. m<—1 Let us put — m = s, sothats > 1. Then a AP Vad+bsin?@ dé a= NA V (8 + cos 8) (n — cos 8) A. If n < 1, the axis of the torus performs isochronic oscil- lations about ZZ’. The amplitude of these oscillations is 2n, where n, = cos! n, and the period of a complete oscillation is 4r,, having put 1s a V d+ bsin? 6 dé 21 =A 0, ¢. e. the rotation of the torus appears from left to right to an observer standing along the axis OW with his feet at O, this axis forming an acute angle with the negative axis of the earth (7. e. its northward direction), then 7, = 6,<». If, on the contrary, W’) < 0, @. e. the direction of rotation of the torus is opposite to the one just described, then 7=0,>%n,. Hence, the axis of the torus oscillates between the positions 0 = 0,and 0 =n or n,, never passing through ZZ’ (which is parallel to the axis of the earth). The period of a complete oscillation is 27,, where 7 TR) fe Vd+bsin?é dé (27) 2 rN . V (cos 6 — cos 7) (cos 7, — cos @) 7 1 Of the three cases of motion when the nutation is = 0, only one is possible in Foucault’s gyroscope, namely the one deter- Chessin — On the Motion of Gyroscopes. 33 mined by the condition sin 6, =0,7.e. 9@=Oor7. Hence, the axis of the torus can be in equilibrium only if it is parallel to the axis of the earth. Indeed, this fact can be readily ascertained by the ordinary rules of mechanics. Moreover, it is clear, that one of the two positions 0, = 0 or 7, inwhich the positive axis of the torus is parallel to the positive axis of the earth, is the position of stable equilibrium, while the other position is that of unstable equilib- rium; i.e. if ¥', > 0, then 6, = wis the position of stable equilibrium and @, = 0 the position of unstable equilibrium, while for ¥’, < Othe position 6, = 0 is that of stable equilib- rium and 6, = 7 one of uiistabts equilibrium. The motion is completely determined by the equation (26) and the following formulas giving the angles ¢ and y. t — Cl, cos @ wea She a dt, t (1, — Cl, cos) cos 0 wae oe d+ bsin?O ph 0 It should be observed that 26 20 a cos 7, — cosy = G = Z (at bein 0) [A (d+ 4) —bi?] i. @. gy difference cos 7, — cos” is a quantity of the order of a The angular velocity of rotation of the earth (@) 0 being very small and y’, by hypothesis, very great, the oscil- lations of the axis of the torus (and of the ring (C,) with it) will be exceedingly small. The same is true with regard to 84 7 dean Acad. Sei. ma St. Louis. the period (27, ) of these oscillations. It should ? served that $’ is of the order of , i. e. the | motion is extremely slow. Finally, as w differs fro a quantity of the order of , the angular velocity of r of the tore about its axis will remain very nearly const Tessie May 13,1902. NOTES ON SOME PLANTS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES.* J. B. S. Norton. In connection with my work in the herbarium of the ~ Missouri Botanical Garden during the past two years, a num- ber of things which seemed worthy of publication came to my notice concerning the plants of the Southwest. The preparation for publication of the notes collected has been somewhat delayed by my removal to Maryland in August, 1901, and some of the species have already been published by MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, Showing extent of botanical exploration. others. Mr. B.F. Bush and myself have worked up together the new species collected by him in Texas and southwestern Missouri. Some of these will be published by him in another paper. The accompanying map shows the comparative thorough- ness with which the United States has been worked for * Presented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 21, 1902. , (35) 36 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. botanical collections; the shading showing approximately where collections have been made, and the density of it in- dicating the number and extent of collections. The botanical centers of the country of course show up as spots of denser shading. The map is made up from lists of specimens found in our large herbaria of several large genera of wide distri- bution, species of which it would seem probable would be found in all parts of the United States. It will be seen that several regions of the west still need exploration. There is also a comparatively blank space along the eastern side of the Mississippi River. Portions of Arizona and Colorado have been well worked, and others are almost unknown. It may be that certain parts of the arid regions show blank on the map because of comparative dearth of species, northwestern Texas and part of Nevada for example. Most of the prairie region has been well explored, due to the energetic work in State botanical surveys. There is a region extending from South Central Missouri through Arkansas and Indian Territory to northern Texas which is not perfectly covered by any of our manuals, which has recently furnished many new species and others will, with more exploration, no doubt be found. These are not mere transition forms between the Eastern and Texan or Western floras, but distinct species peculiar to this limited area which is somewhat characterized by the Ozark Mountains which may have isolated and preserved these peculiar forms. The Middle Western States like Missouri and Arkansas would no doubt furnish a greater harvest for the ‘ species makers’’ of recent years if they could be worked over as thoroughly as some of the Eastern States by persons of such tastes. It is desirable as an aid to the study of geographical dis- tribution, variation and the formation of species, that every distinguishable form, especially when they may also be geo- graphically differentiated, should be published. However, in these studies, no effort has been made to discover new forms, although some have come to light simply in the determination of the plants in certain collections. A study of the slightly variant forms of some widely dis- Norton — Plants of the Southwestern United States. 37 tributed species in the desert regions of the Southwest seems to indicate that the isolation of mountain regions, affording favorable growth for certain species by intervening deserts where the same species cannot grow, offers a condition com- parable with the differentiation of forms in insular floras. This seems to me to be especially true with some mountain species of Euphorbia, which I have examined, in which the means of dissemination is limited, most of the isolated moun- tains of Arizona and New Mexico having their peculiar vari- ation not occurring elsewhere. CYPERUS LONGISPICATUS N. sp. Perennial; 1 to 2m. high; leaves several dm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad; peduncle naked, surmounted by an involucre of several leaves, the larges as much as 1 m. long, 1 cm. or more wide, prominently veined, rough margined; umbel of 5 to 10 rays, some very short, others 15 cm. long, compound, with 2 to 5 spikes 1 to 3 cm. long; spikelets slightly flattened, 2 to 4 em. long, 20- to 40-flowered, spreading, falling away from the axis and breaking up; scales concave or slightly keeled toward the apex, imbricated, ovate, short pointed, light yellowish-brown with a prominent green stripe on the back and two distinct nerves between this and the broad membranous margin, persistent on the swollen joints of the rachis, the membranous margins of which almost inclose the obpyramidal, 3-angled, light brown, pointed achenes ; stamens 3; achenes 1 mm. long, the apex obtuse with a mucron which bears the 3-cleft style. — Plate V. Type collected by B. F. Bush at San Antonio, Texas, 1900, no. 1248. Common in water, conspicuous from its large size and the great length of the spikelets. Dirnyrea Wisiizen1 Engelm. The range of this interesting crucifer is extended eastward by specimens collected in western Oklahoma by Mark White, in 1899. 38 . Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ARGEMONE PINNATIFIDA D. sp. Low, 3 dm. high, scarcely branched; leayes of the inflo- rescence small, thus giving a somewhat pedunculate appear- ance; spines few on stems and leaves, more abundant on the calyx; leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes deeply incised- dentate, the lobes and teeth spreading and not ascending as in related species; flowers rather small. I have seen two specimens of this species, both from Texas. They are: Heller, Corpus Christi, no. 1378, 1894; Jermy, Gillespie Co., no. 218. Linum LEWISII PRATENSE 0. var. Less than 3 dm. high, wide spreading, diffusely branched with many sinuous branches, the main stem short; leaves crowded, narrowly linear, somewhat fleshy, 5 to 15 mm. long, 1mm. wide; flowers small, whitish; capsule large, very obtuse. — Saline plains, Kansas to Texas. — Plate VI. Type collected in Kearney Co., Kansas, Aug. 27, 1897, no. 1078, A. S. Hitchcock, in herb. M. B. G. Other speci-. mens seen are: Hitchcock, Medicine Lodge, Kan., 1892, Sherman Co., Kan., 1892, Cloud Co., Kan., 1892; Carleton, Cheyenne Co., Kan., no. 192; Mark White, Grant Co., Okla., no. 196, 1899; P. J. White, Woods Co., Okla., no. 46, 1900; Bush, Catoosa, I. T., no. 1155; Hall, Dallas, Texas, no. 69, 1872. Transition forms occur from Texas to Arizona, for example: Toumey, Flagstaff, 1894; Wright, no. 69, W. Tex., 1849; Wislizenus, Rock Creek, N. M., no. 487, 1846; Fendler, N. M., no. 92, 1847. The typical LZ. Lewisit Pursh, with tall, slightly branched stems, large blue flowers, larger, more lanceolate leaves and “more pointed capsules, is found in the more mountainous parts of the Western States. PLANTAGO RHODOSPERMA Decaisne, DC. Prodromus 18: 722. 1852. (?). P. Virginica longifolia Gray, Synop. Flora 2'; 392. 1878. ; The Texan plants referred to the above name were easily recognized by Mr. Bush as distinct from any recognized species of the United States, and they seem to be very easily Norton — Plants of the Southwestern United States. 39 placed with this Texan species of Decaisne. P. purpurascens Nutt. and P. occidentalis, Dec. may be much more easily re- ferred to P. Virginica L. It is more likely that the plants referred to P. Virginica longifolia by Dr. Gray belong with P. rhodosperma than do the plants referred to it by him as synonyms. The following brief description is drawn from the plants mentioned below. The type is in DeCandolle’s herbarium (see Prodromus l. c.). Leaves entire to dentate with large blunt salient teeth; spikes several, 5 to 7 mm. thick, 12 to20 cm. long; peduncles 5 to7 cm. long, much shorter than the leaves ; bracts as long as the calyx, rather rigid and projecting; flowers crowded, erect, the petals rather rigid, closed together, forming a point over the ripened fruit, not much longer than the tube; seeds flattish, with an indistinct border, red, 2mm. long.—Plate VII. The species may be readily distinguished by the large dense spike, pointed corolla and large red seeds, they being twice the length of the yellowish-brown seeds of P. Virginica. . Specimens have been examined as follows: Bush, Colum- bia, Texas, no. 107, 1900: Mearns, Ft. Clark, Texas, no. 1448, 1895; Ball, Alexandria, La., no. 552; Waugh, Oklahoma, no. 172; Palmer, Indian Territory, no. 213, 1868 ; Pringle, Tucson, Arizona, no. 15957 ; Bush, Columbia, Texas, no. 123. VERBENA PoLysTacHya HBK. This species,. reported in Gray’s Synoptical Flora from California and Arizona as rare, is not at all uncommon from California to Florida. It has been confused with V. urticae- folial. Inthe latter the sepals are but little longer than the ripened nutlets, giving the fruit a blunt appearance, while in V. polystachya they are enough longer than the fruit to make it appear pointed. This in addition to the thicker, smaller, less pointed, rougher leaves, and more dense spikes, easily distinguishes this tropical species. The following are repre- sentative specimens of V. polystachya: — Pollard, Scranton, Miss., no. 1191, 1896; Nash, Eustis, Fla., no. 1248, 1894; Curtiss, Jacksonville, Fla., no. 5111, 1894; Palmer, Biscayne Bay, Fla., no. 397, 1894; Hitchcock, Meyers, Fla., no. 40 Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. 269, 1900, with leaves more like V. urticaefolia; Tracy, South Pass, La., no. 22, 1900. Specimens are also common in West Indian collections. A specimen collected by Ball at Alexandria, La., no. 556, is a good example of V. urticae- folia from the Southern States. SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM Michx. Two rather distinct forms have been placed under this name in the Middle West, besides the many variations from Texas found in herbaria, most of which could probably be placed more properly with some of the Texan species now recognized. One form is a large plant with glabrous and glaucous stem or with a few hairs on the upper part, and large glabrous or scabrous leaves. This is well represented by many collections from Central Kansas. It is possible that this is the variety Jaeve of Torrey and Gray, and if so should stand as a good variety under that name if not as a species. The other form is smaller with smaller leaves, and has the stem and leaves covered with a short, dense, staring pubes- cence, which appears quite different from the longer scat- tering appressed hairs found on other forms. This occurs eastward and is well represented by the following specimens: Hitchcock, Olathe, Kan., 1892; Fink, Fayette Co., Iowa, no. 535, 1894; Wolf, Center, IIl., no. 28, 1881. BRAUNERIA PARADOXA D. Sp. Stem glabrous or slightly scabrous or hispid, 3 to 8 dm. high ; lower leaves narrowly lanceolate, 12 to 25 mm. wide, about 2 to 3 dm. long including the petiole which is some- times 15 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so, entire; the 3 to 5 distinct nerves yellow, translucent; upper leaves smaller and wider in proportion, nearly sessile ; peduncle 2 to 3 dm. long, comparatively slender, striated, somewhat pubescent at the apex; heads 2.5 cm. wide, 3 cm. high, dark brown; rays bright yellow, drooping or spreading, 4 to 6 cm. long. Com- mon in prairie and barrens in Southwest Missouri. — Plate VIll. The type is from Swan, Mo., collected by B. F. Bush, June 10, 1898, no. 155. Also collected by Mr. Bush at Norton — Plants of the Sonthwestern United States. 41 Nichols Junction, Mo., 1898, no. 42, and Eagle Rock, Mo., 1897, no. 76, and in Texas by F. Lindheimer, Flora Texana exsiccata, 94, Fasc. 1, 1843. HapLorsTHEs Greeeu Gray. The range of this species is extended into Oklahoma from New Mexico by specimens collected by Mark White in Grant County, in 1899. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PuatTes V-VIII. Plate V.— Cyperus longispicatus. Habit, one-half natural size. 2, Por- tion of spikelet showing scales, with a joint of the rachis at base inclosing an achene, < 6. Plate VI. — Linum Lewisii pratense. Habit, one-half natural size, Plate VII. — Plantago rhodosperma. 1, Habit, one-half natural size. 2, Flower and seed, x 6. 3, Flower and seed of P. Virginica, x 6. Plate VIII. — Brauneria paradoxa. Habit, one-half natural size. Issued May 14,1902. ; ti ‘ {on ‘ f ‘ resis 1 i ha i | : Pi \ ; y at y R's * 4 ad Wai ; . t| j ‘ { x { a 4 ’ iF i j Fs ' Dy 4, ‘ i ; tk ‘ ; 4 i } ‘ ata) \ } ~ > 7 . ‘ | : , ‘ y si } 1 ; ‘ a : . i . mi be 4s ‘ , 5 TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VoL. XII. PLATE V. CYPERUS LONGISPICATUS. os ie el ED TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF. ST. Louts, VoL. XII. PLATE VI, Aw . WS - LINUM LEWISII PRATENSE. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF St. Louris, VoL. XII. PLATE VII. PLANTAGO ERYTHROSPERMA. PLATE VIII. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. Se eis BRAUNERIA PARADOXA. " i bef = A REVISION OF THE ELEPHANTOPEAE. —I.* C. F. Baker. Several years ago, while collecting in Alabama with Prof. Earle, the writer became convinced after numerous compari- sons and observations in the field, that the three names Carolinianus, tomeniosus, and nudatus with the very brief descriptions accompanying them in the manuals, did not at all represent the true status of the genus Hlephantopus in the South. While at St. Louis, through the kindness of Dr. Trelease, an examination was made of the literature and of all the material at the Shaw Garden. Later, through the kindness of Dr. Robinson and Dr. Rose, the material of the Gray Herbarium and of the National Herbarium was also studied. Unfortunately the studies were not finished at that time, departure for the field preventing, but Dr. Trelease, with his usual hearty desire to place facilities in the hands of students, kindly forwarded the Shaw Garden material to Stanford University where this paper was prepared in Prof. Dudley’s laboratory and various favors from the latter are here acknowledged. These opportunities were wholly unexpected or arrange- ments would have been made for carrying out, in Alabama, a series of very important and necessary experiments, throwing light on many points which must remain obscure until such work is done. The range of variability in the flowers should be studied with a large quantity of fresh material at hand. No one thing of greater value could be done than the pro- duction and study of authentic hybrids between each two of the three species. Some most interesting surprises are likely to result from this. Seeds from a single parent plant (of which seeds the parentage is sure) should be raised under * Presented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, March 3, 1902. (43) 44 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. widely varying ecological conditions and the progeny care- fully compared with each other and with the parent plants. It may be remarked here that such work in Experimental Ecology should have been gotten under way by our Gardens long ago. When this work shall have become codperative it will yield results of wonderful import in systematic botany. A few years of it will give us more positive knowledge of plant forms than hundreds of years of herbarium study. Evidence drawn from the latter must remain circumstantial and opinionative. The experimental work would exercise a profound influence in the elucidation of such groups as Viola, Aster, Antennaria, Apocynum, Senecio, Nemophila, Esch- scholtzia, Sisyrinchium, and the Hlephantopeae. The study of the North American Hlephantopae has led into an examination of those of our tropics and finally into a study of the whole group. The notes presented here are distinctly preliminary and tentative. If they shall call marked atten- tion to the group and the great necessity for the especial attention of field workers to it, the principal object of these first notes on the group (as a whole) to be published in English, will have been accomplished. The studies will be continued as more and better material accumulates. Those plants grouped under the Hlephantopeae differ from the Vernonieae and Hupatorieae in having the few-flowered (two to four) anthodia small, sessile, and gathered into com- pact terminal or lateral glomerulae. In 1737 Linnaeus described the genus Flephantouull of which scaber must be taken as the type. In 1792, Rohr fol- lowed with the genus Pseudelephantopus, using spicatus as its type. Later writers seem to have disregarded Pseud- elephantopus, for Cassini founded Distreptus, and La Llaye, Matamoria, on the same type. There seems to be no ques- tion as to theapplication of the unwieldly name Pseudelephan- topus to our well-known plant. Lessing, in 1829, described Elephantosis, basing it on guadriflora, which afterwards he determined as synonymous with angustifolius. Spirochaeta Turezaninow, appeared in 1851 with Funckii as its type. This plant seems never to have been recognized except by its describer. The name Huelephantopus was first used as of sec- Baker — A Revision of the Elephantopeae. — J. 45 tional value by Endlicher in 1836. It is the typical section of the old genus and synonymous with Hlephantopus Linnaeus (sens. strict.). In 1847, Schultz Bipontinus separated the section Micropappus for the very interesting species of the same name. These generic and sectional names have met with varying treatment at the hands of botanical writers. In 1817 Cassini recognized Elephantopus and Distreptus. In 1829 Lessing re- duced Pseudelephantopus to the later Distreptus and described Elephantosis. In 1836 De Candolle recognized Hlephantopus, Elephantosis and Distreptus. In the same year Endlicher used Huelephantopus, Elephantosis and Pseudelephantopus as sections of the old genus, reducing Distreptus and Matamoria to synonyms of Pseudelephantopus. In 1830, Sprengel men- tions Matamoria as a synonym of Elephantopus. In 1843 Walpers practically followed Endlicher. In 1847 Dietrich places all the species under Hlephantopus, mentioning Hle- phantopsis and Distreptus as synonyms. In the same year Schultz Bipontinus rearranged the species, using the follow- ing names for sections of the old genus LHlephantopus: Huelephantopus, Micropappus, Elephantosis, Elephantopsis, and Pseudelephantopus ( = Distreptus). In 1873 Bentham: and Hooker discussed Matamoria as a synonym of Elephan- topus, ELlephantosis as of sectional value, and Spirochaeta with Pseudelephantopus as equivalent to Disireptus, which is given sectional value. Finally, in the Index Kewensis, and in Engler and Prantl, all of these names are thrown together without remark under Hlephantopus. The groups given generic value in this paper, with their types and type localities, are as follows: — . Elephantopus L. — scaber L. — East Indies. . Spirochaeta Turcz. — Funckii Turcz. — Venezuela. . Elephantosis Less. — angustifolius Sw. — Jamaica. . Pseudelephantopus Rohr.— spicatus Sw. — Guiana. . Elephantopsis Sch. Bip. — biflora Less. — Brazil. . Micropappus (Sch. Bip.) — micropappus Less. — Brazil. aor DN 46 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The synonymic list is as follows : — 1. Elephantopus L. 1737. = Euelephantopus Endl. 1836 (Sect.). 2. Spirochaeta Turcz. 1851, 3. Elephantosis Less. 1829. 4, Pseudelephantopus Rohr. 1792. = Distreptus Cass. 1817. = Matamoria La Llave 1824. 5. Elephantopsis Sch. Bip. 1847. 6. Micropappus (Sch. Bip.) 1847. These names represent natural and well-marked groups in what would otherwise be a large, unwieldy, very heterogen- eous assemblage of species. Even if the names are discarded we will still divide the group along the same lines. No attempt has ever been made to divide the group in any other way, and these names have been repeatedly used to designate the sec- tions. These groups are as clearly differentiated as dozens of other so-called genera in the Compositae, as for in- stance Liatris and Trilisa, Gutierrezia and Amphiachyris, Heterotheca and Chrysopsis, Brachychaeta and Solidago, Coreopsis and Bidens, etc. Viewed in the light of a com- parative study of the other genera, it is quite impossible, for instance, that the species tomentosus, spicatus, and an- gustifolius should be congeneric. Botanists have apparently thrown these genera together more often through a lack of knowledge, than because of any additional evidence. This seems especially evident in the case of Spirochaeta. With the other genera separated, Hlephantopus L. (sens. strict.) remains a compact, homogeneous group of species, closely related and evidently congeneric. In addition, and finally, the retention of these names would be a matter of great convenience in many respects. TABLE OF GENERA OF THE ELEPHANTOPEAE. A. Heads four-flowered. B. Pappus in one series, with distinct chaffy paleae. C. Stem not stoloniferous; glomeruli subtended by specialized leafy bracts; inflorescence terminal or subracemose; pappus of 5 to 10 straight setae, the paleae rarely united. Elephantopus. CC. Stem stoloniferous; glomeruli subtended by simple reduced leaves; inflorescence spicate; pappus of about 4 to 6 spirally twisted setae. Spirochaeta. Baker — A Revision of the Elephantopeae. — I. 47 BB. Pappus in two series, together of always more than 5 setae; inflorescence spicate; glomeruli subtended by simple reduced leaves. C. Pappus homogeneous, of numerous straight setae having en- tire, scarcely distinct paleae. D. Pappus several times length of achene. Elephantosis, DD. Pappus only about a third the length of achene. Micropappus. CC. Pappus heterogeneous; of comparatively few setae with strongly lacerate paleae; the two long sub opposite setae plicate near upper extremity. Pseudelephantopus. AA. Heads two-flowered; pappus in outer series short, in inner longer, twisted, and deciduous. Elephantopsis. Genus ELEPHANTOPUS Linn. Gen. ed. 1. 249. 1737. In the study of the species of this genus the starting-point must be the exact determination of the type species — scader. In Hort. Cliff., among the aggregate of forms there men- tioned, the locality Jamaica is given. But in the Linnaean description of 1753, its habitat is given simply as ‘* in Indiis,”’ while Willdenow particularizes in ‘‘ India orientali.’’ Speci- mens occur in the American herbaria from India, the Philip- pines and Formosa. The plant in its native regions is low and roughly haired with usually very long narrow oblanceolate, rather obtuse, radical leaves, merely rough scabrous above, sparingly rough hairy below. The glomeruli resemble those of our tomentosus, the heads being about as long, but the achenes are smaller, the pappus shorter, and the paleae with much longer thicker pubescence. It seem probable that scabver, like Pseudelephantopus spicatus, has become widely dissemi- nated in the tropics. Some specimens from the Isthmus of Panama may prove to be this, though nothing like it has been seen from elsewhere. The species tomentosus so far as the herbarium material examined goes, does not occur outside of the Eastern United States. In the earlier days there seems to have been no question of the distinctness of tomentosus. In 1829 Lessing considered it distinct, but De Candolle in 1836, and Dietrich in 1847 do not even mention it. In 1847 Schultz Bipontinus properly reserves scaber for the old world form, but combines all the 48 Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. American forms under tomentosus. Grisebach in Fl. British West Indies, considered scaber as represented in America, with mollis and Carolinianus as distinct from it. Baker in Fl. Bras. places both mollis and tomentosus under seaber. Hemsley in Biol. Cent. Amer. Bot. unites tomentosus, Martii, mollis and Carolinianus under scaber. This last must be considered as an extreme theoretical view. So far as the not inconsiderable material in American herbaria is concerned they are abundantly distinct with the possible exception of Martit. Gray paved the way to a more critical separation of the forms by the description of nudatus. But with nudatus must be accepted several other forms in the United States and numerous others in the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, Africa and the Far East. The relationships of some of our common forms are provisionally indicated herein, but anything approaching this will be, for most of the forms, absolutely impossible at present. It seems to the author wholly immaterial at this juncture as to whether the names represent good ‘‘species’’ or not. They represent wonderfully distinct plant forms which must in any event be recognjzed, no matter to what grade of relationship » they may eventually be assigned. It seems as if we would arrive at some clear and comprehensive view of the genus much sooner by means of clearly defined segregates than by shuffling off all responsibility in Hemsley’s roomy aggregate. More and more attention is being given our tropical flora, so that many of the doubtful points will soon be cleared up. SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES. These species, all of which occur east of the Rocky Moun- tains, may be listed as follows :— 1. Carolinianus Willd. (= flexuosus Raf.). Var. violaceus (Sch. Bip.). 2. tomentosus, L. (=Carolinianus var. simplex Nutt.) Var. nudicaulis (Poir.). (= nudicaulis Ell.). 8. elatus Bertol. 4, nudatus Gray. 4 a 2 y ay Fr: i ¢ . , Baker — A Revision of the Elephantopeae. — I. 49 They may be separated as follows: — A. Stems leafy, lower cauline leaves like radical; paleae of pappus long triangular, gradually narrowed into the setae; vestiture of compara- tively few loosely spreading hairs. Carolinianus. AA, Stems scapiform, with a rosette of leaves at the base; cauline leaves differing widely from radical. B. Paleae of pappus long triangular, narrowing gradually into setae; plant distinctly pubescent. C. Pappus much longer than achene; glomeruli pubescent, but not densely canescent villose; heads long (10-12 mm.) with inner bracts of involucre acuminate; stems usually little branched above. tomentosus. CC. Pappus usually about as long or shorter than achene; glomeruli densely canescent villose in typical forms; heads shorter (6-8 mm.) with inner bracts of involucre obtuse submucronate; stem usually much branched above. elatus. BB. Paleae of pappus short and broad, suddenly narrowed into the setae; plant nearly naked. nudatus. 1. ELepsHanropus Caro.inianus Willd. Sp. Pl. 8: 2390. 1804. This is the commonest and most easily recognized species in North America. The variety violaceus (Sch. Bip.) with purple pappus is not uncommon from Missouri to Louisiana and Alabama. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS TOMENTOSUS Linn. Sp. Pl. 814. 1753. As the type of this species, is taken that form having short ovate or elliptical radical leaves. Canby’s No. 62 (1898) from Alabama and Pollard’s No. 1048 (1896) from Missis- sippi may be taken as very typical examples, though it is common from New Jersey to Texas. There is, however, a very great amount of variation in the vestiture and in the form of the floral and radical leaves. In some the radical leaves are very much narrowed proximally and it seems prob- able that the name nudicaulis Poir. applies to such varieties. Kearney’s No. 738 (1897) from Tennessee and Heller’s No. 77 (1890) from Pennsylvania well illustrate this form. The name nudicaulis Ell. apparently applies to the same thing. It was at first supposed these were the same as elatus Bertol., but for nudicaulis the involucral bracts are spoken of as 50 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. longer than in Carolinianus while in elatus they are dis- tinctly shorter. 3. ELEPHANTOPUS ELATUS Bertol. Misc. Bot. 11: 21. 1851. This very striking form from the Southern States has occasioned no little trouble. Dr. Robinson kindly furnished a transcription of the original description and a tracing of the plate. Here is referred the tall, heavily clothed, much branched form with radical leaves narrowed at base, and with short heads and pappus, as is beautifully illustrated by speci- mens of Chapman’s, and by Rolf’s No. 657, both from Florida. It apparently occurs throughout the Southern States east of the Mississippi and is somewhat variable. In the short heads it resembles nudatus. In its leaf forms it © resembles var. nudicaulis of tomentosus. In its vestiture and length of pappus it is distinct from either. Some of the forms under consideration may be hybrids, though only actual experimentation can give us any direct evidence. There seems to be no reason why the name edatus is not avail- able here. 4. ELEPHANTOPUS NUDATUS Gray. Proc, Am. Acad. 15: 47. 1880. Dr. Gray separated this species on the very short and broad paleae of the pappus, and the character of the vestiture. It occurs from Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. It is most typical in the Northeast, while towards the Southwest some very puzzling forms occur, though whether these are due to extreme variability within the species or to hybridiza- tion is impossible to say. With Prof. Earle, the author distributed some of these very peculiar forms from the Her- barium of the Ala. Biol. Survey. The above species may be compared as to length of achene and pappus by the following table prepared by averaging in millimeters a number of measurements taken from fairly typical specimens. Baker — A Revision of the Elephantopeae. — I. 51 LENGTH OF | LENGTH OF ELEPHANTOPUS. ACHENE, PAPPUS. MPA MSME IANS, sla ale ele a dala) dalle daeteccdeaeenaws 4, 5. MRI MTLL CALLS. 51 jal dar a\e: 4s eg a Wejel Wolo Gia G were Wa ersiola's 4.3 6.8 NREINL Ud aa) al Vs ce aida! ar adie ale tase bia oh 6 Oe wR ase we ale e 3.75 3.75 MECUIER Sie a aid ula Gt vi dia aiaatheard oa dieas e€ect etendalca $3.2 5. The last three of these species seem usually to possess a hibernating winter rosette which the first does not have, ‘though this calls for more extended observation. SPECIES OF MEXICO. In the literature at hand five species are credited to Mexico: glaber Sesse & Mog., litoralis Sesse & Moc., ceunetfolius Fourn., Colimensis Sesse & Mog. and mollis HBK. The glaber of Sesse and Mogino seems to belong among some of the spicate forms. Neither /itoralis, Coli- mensis or cuneifolius have been recognized among material at hand. The descriptions do not mention several most im- portant characters. Forms of mollis apparently occur in this region, as illustrated by specimens of Dr. Palmer’s col- lecting. More material and from type localities will readily clear up the whole matter. It may be here mentioned that a complete specimen suitable for study must include both flowers and fruit. Specimens in our herbaria usually lack good material of the former and too often of the latter. It seems likely that our Carolinianus extends to Mexico and may have been redescribed there, and similarly tomentosus, also. SPECIES OF THE WEST INDIES. Moilis has been reported from Porto Rico, Jamaica and other islands. Forms similar to our Carolinianus occur in Cuba and Jamaica, but the material examined is scarcely sufficient for definite determination. In Cuba occurs the very interesting and very distinct pratensis of Wright. It is a small plant as represented in our herbaria, low, the leaves cauline and lanceolate, the stems slender and usually numerous 52 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. from a woody base, and the floral leaves glandular punctate and greatly produced at tips. This last character separates it from all other species of the tribe... The sericeus of Graham © is described from ‘‘ West Indies,’’ though not noticed since its description. SPECIES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. In the study of these species attention must first be centered on the exact determination of mollis. Dr. Gray followed Grisebach, who knew it well, in considering it a distinct and well-marked species, and our herbarium material amply sup- ports this view. It seems to be entirely distinct from either scaber or tomentosus, which have the stem scapiform and the pappus paleae long and acuminate, gradually narrowed into the setae, while in mollis the stem is leafy without a rosette of leaves at base, and the pappus paleae are of the nudatts type —short and broad and suddenly narrowed into the setae. One of the most characteristic things about mollis is its vestiture. In general the plant is rather thickly clothed with rough hairs, but the lower surface of the leaves is soft tomentose or almost villose, its feeling to the touch being very characteristic. Bang’s No.497 of the Plantae Bolivianae seems to be a typical example, though it was distributed as scaber, which it is totally unlike. Rusby’s No. 1105 from Bolivia is near mollis but apparently not that —certainly not scaber for which it was distributed. Morong’s No. 258 from Paraguay is likewise neither mollis nor scaber, but apparently an inter- esting new thing. It seems likely that Martii represents a variety of mollis, as it is closer to it in many respects. One of the most distinct of all the South American forms is hirtiflorus, which has a scapiform stem and most remark- able pappus, the limbs being flattened, not only at base but throughout their length, making it distinct in this regard from all other Hlephantopeae. The whole plant is villose throughout —even to the corollas. The heads are of un- usual length and the floral leaves are unmodified, which is unusual for species of this habitus. Likewise the coalesced and consequently coroniform paleae of vaginatus separates that species distinctly from all others. Baker — A Revision of the Elephantopeae. — I. 53 The species, most of which are little known, or as to our herbaria, entirely unknown, may be listed as follows: — . elongatus Hook. — Brazil. . hirtiforus DC. — Brazil. . Martii Grah. — Brazil. . mollis HBK.— Widely distributed. . palustris Gardn. — Brazil. - paniculatus Mart.— Brazil. . racemosus Gardn. — Brazil. . Riedelit Sch. Bip. — Brazil. . riparius Gardn. — Brazil. 10. scaber L. — Isthmus of Panama? 11. vaginatus Gardn. — Brazil. 12. virgatus Desv. — Guiana. On the Isthmus of Panama also occur forms which are ap- parently undescribed, as for instance, Fendler’s No. 163, as well as many others from other regions. CON dark wd SPECIES OF AFRICA. Only two species appear to be reported from Africa; scaber L. and senegalensis ( Klatt.) O. & H., both representing dis- tinct and well-marked forms. Herbarium material, however, indicates the existence of several other species in Africa. SPECIES OF THE FAR EAST. Here we find the original home of scaber. Besides India, it apparently occurs in Ceylon, Formosa, and many of the Malasian and Australasian islands. In the Flora Filip., Blanco describes serratus and dubius. We are likely to know more of these soon. Two species have also been described from Java — sinuatus Zoll. & Mor. and ciliatus Zoll. & Mor. Genus Sprrocwaeta Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. — 24!: 166. 1851. This clearly separable genus, well described and founded on remarkably good characters, unique in the tribe, has either been wholly neglected or thrown in with Hlephantopus, appa- rently because the single species did not have in the original description a separate characterization. But this cannot be held as a vital deficiency, when incorporated with the generic definition is a perfectly clear diagnosis of the species. This 54 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. same thing has been done many times in other instances in both botany and zoology, and has heen held as filling the requirements. The species was described from Colombia. This plant has been collected a number of times since its description, and always labeled in our herbaria, ‘* Hlephant- opus spicatus’’ with which it has scarcely anything in com- mon excepting the spicate arrangement of the glomeruli. Indeed in the Bernhardi herbarium is a single sheet bearing a slip of Spirochaeta and another of Pseudelephantopus side by side under the same label. These specimens probably came from somewhere along the northeast coast of South America. Rusby’s No. 1109 and Bang’s No. 357, both from Bolivia, belong to this genus and apparently to this species, S. Funckii, though both were distributed as #. spicatus, without question or remark. The freely rooting runners at base of stem are quite pecu- liar to this form, while the pappus clearly distinguishes it. This latter is in one series with the paleae minute and lacer- ate and the setae spirally twisted toward their tips. These setae are very brittle and easily broken off, so that an at- tempt to remove them entire should be made with care. Genus Evernantosis Lessing, Linnaea. 4: 322. 1829. This genus, distinct by its pappus of numerous straight setae in two series, contains the common and variable West Indian #. angustifolius ( Willd.) Less., and also several other species, but one of which, guadriflora Less., has ever been described. The latter was originally described from Brazil. Neither Bang’s No. 344 from Bolivia nor Morong’s No. 313, from Paraguay, appears to be angustifolius, though both were distributed as such. Far more material will be necessary to any satisfactory arrangement of the species. Lessing regarded the nudiflorus of Willdenow from Jamaica and San Domingo as distinct from angustifolius. Genus PsEUDELEPHANTOPUS Rohr, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. Kobenh. 2: 214. 1792. All of the forms of this genus examined, present the same peculiar structure of pappus which marks them as widely dis- Baker — A Revision of the Hiephantopeae. — I. 55 tinct from any other portion of the group. . Two of the setae are longer and stouter than the rest and plicate in the upper third. The chaffy paleae are very lacerate, the lacerations long, frequently becoming short setae. From the descrip- tions, crispus Cass., and spiralis Less., apparently do not belong in this genus. As a well recognized species, we have the very common tropical spicatus, first described from Ja- maica, enormously variable and now introduced into the Far East. The miscellaneous series of specimens that have been picked up here and there, show this species to be composed _ of a number of very distinct and interesting forms. In no case in the Elephantopeae is there such need for the collection of large suites of specimens at every possible point. Kuntze in the Revis. Gen. Plant. 1:335, recognizes two varieties, but this does not begin to enumerate the forms which exist, and hence which we must recognize. Perhaps the glabder of Sesse and Mogino is one of the many forms. Some speci- mens have the achene thickly haired, others thinly; in some the achene is about 6 mm. long, in others 7.5; in some the smaller setae of the pappus are but 5 or 6 in number, in others they are numerous; in some the floral leaves are shorter than the glomeruli, in others they are longer; and these characters occur in most confusing combination. Wide variations in vestiture and foliage commonly occur. Whether any of these be of specific value can only be ascertained by the examination of far more material. Genus Exepnanropsis Sch. Bip. Linnaea. 20:515. 1847. This genus is represented only by the single species biflora Sch. Bip. from Brazil. Genus Microparrus Sch. Bip. Linnaea. 20: 515. 1847. Represented only by the unique M. micropappus Sch. Bip. from Brazil. Sue ev Ne a ij 56 Sa HAAN ici, Sei FS. Loni. era EXPLANATION. OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE Ix. | Fig. A. — Elephantopus Carolinianus. —B. Rennvehobe,| Punckit, Elephantopus scaber. —D. Elephantosis angustifolius. dor hirtiflorus. —F. Elephantopus mollis. — G. Pitaheléphontopia All drawn to same scale; see measurements of Z. Carolinianus. Issued May 20, 1902. PLATE IX. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. Louris, VoL. XII. a = Seas <<< 3 OS ee ee ACHENES oF ELEPHANTOPEAE, THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHAERO- PHYLLUM.* B. F. Busu. ' Any one looking over a large collection of specimens of this genus, will at once be struck by the remarkable confu- sion of the species, such very different species as C. Tex- anum, C. Tainturiert, C. procumbens, and C. dasycarpum, being labeled C. procumbens or C. Tainturieri indiscrimi- nately. All of this tends to show that the species of this genus have never been clearly understood, and it is my inten- tion in the present paper to show that the species are readily distinguishable by good permanent characters. My attention was first drawn to this genus by some plants collected on my journeys to Texas in 1899 and 1900, which were so noticeably different from the supposedly same species of Missouri, that I began an investigation, which resulted in the conclusion that there was an unnamed species in Eastern Texas. Early in last year I had the pleasure of receiving Dr. Rose’s splendid monograph of the North American Umbelliferae, in which I found he had described Chaerophyllum Texanum, the unnamed species that I had under consideration. Having already done some work on the genus, I still con- tinued to observe the species in the field during last year, and also studied the plants in the herbarium, and now present the results in this paper. The conclusions I have come to are somewhat at variance with the disposition of the species by Dr. Rose in the mono- graph of the North American Umbelliferae, but Dr. Rose himself in this work differs very much from Dr. Gray, Dr. Chapman and Prof. Britton in the acceptation of species in this genus, giving specific rank to C. Tatnturieri and estab- lishing one more new variety, C. Tainturiert Floridanum, * Presented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 21, 1902. (57) 58 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. besides recognizing C. procumbens Shortii and C. Taintu- viert dasycarpum. Dr. Gray at first recognized only C. procumbens and C’. procumbens Shortii. Dr. Chapman rec- ognized C. procumbens and C. Tainturieri, the first being C. Tainturiert and the last being smooth Tainturiert and Dr. Rose’s CU. Tainturiert Floridanum. Dr. Britton in the Ilus- trated Flora recognized two species and one variety, C. pro- cumbens, C. procumbens Shortii, and C’. Tainturieri, the last largely made up of C. Texanum. To my mind it is much better to consider these varieties as good species, especially as each exhibits individual characters that are very stable. After several years of field observation and herbarium work, it is with no little confidence that I present the fol- lowing : ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. Leaves coarsely divided. Northern species. Fruit beaked, smooth, ribs narrow. l. C. procumbens. Fruit beakless, pubescent, ribs narrow. 2. C. Shortii. Leaves finely divided. Southern species. Fruit beakless, smooth, ribs broad. 3. C. Texanum. Fruit beaked, pubescent, ribs broad. 4. C. dasycarpum. Fruit beaked, smooth. Ribs thicker than the intervals. 5. C. Tainturieri. Ribs narrower than the intervals. Base of fruit broad, obtuse. 6. C. Floridanum,. Base of fruit narrow, acute. 7. C. reflexum. 1. CHAEROPHYLLUM PROCUMBENS (L.) Crantz, Class. Umb. 11 RCORs Scandix procumbens L. Sp. Pl. 1: 257. 1753. From glabrous to very pubescent; stems weak, spreading or procumbent, or rarely erect, 2-5 dm. high ; umbels sessile or peduncled, few-rayed; rays 1-5 cm. long; fruiting umbels open, of 2 to 4 fruits on weak and usually spreading pedicels 4-9 mm. long; fruit narrowly oblong, about 8 mm. long, glabrous, narrowed and commonly beaked at the apex; ribs filiform, much narrower than the broad intervals; styles very short; seed face deeply sulcate. Rich, shaded ground along streams, April and May. Type locality: ‘* Virginia; ’’ collected by Gronovius, No. 147. Bush — North American Species of Chaerophyllum. 59 Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Delaware, Illinois, Indian Territory, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. This species is very variable as to pubescence, some plants being nearly or quite smooth, and others pubescent to a marked degree. Fully 30 per cent. of all the specimens ex- amined were very pubescent, the remainder being smooth or smoothish. This variability of pubescence has been the cause of much confusion, as very pubescent plants of this species have been placed with C. Tainturieri, and smooth or smoothish plants of C. Tainturieri, under this species. The species has a more northerly range than any other of the genus, reaching its southerly limit in Northern Alabama and Missis- sippi, the specimens upon which Dr. Chapman based his C. procumbens being clearly referable to C. Tainturieri. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — ILLINOIS: Proviso, Agnes Chase, May 17, 1900; American Bottom, Engelmann, 734, 1842; same locality, Geyer. — INDIAN TERRITORY: Limestone Gap, Butler, 1875.— Lowa: Moscow Lake, Reppert, 599, May 8, 1894; Decatur County, Fitzpatrick, May 8, 1897; Marshalltown, Pammel, 323, May 8, 1897. ——- Kansas: Leavenworth County, Hitchcock, 699, 1896; Turner, Mackenzie, April 26, 1896. — Missourr: Greene County, Blankinship, May 5, 1888; same locality, Weller, April 20, 1889; same locality, Shepard, April 18, 1879; Independence, Bush, 149, May 23, 1894; Courtney, Bush, 78, April 19, 1896; Jackson County, Bush, April 30, 1888; Jefferson City, Krause, May 9, 1869; St. Louis, Liiders; same locality, Engelmann, 1833.— New Jerszy: Camden, Parker, 1866.—NkEw YorK: Ithaca, collector not given, May 8, 1880. — Omro: Cincinnati, Lloyd, April 26, 1890; same locality, B. Frank, April, 1835; Norwalk, Stair, May 3, 1894, PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, M. C. Lea, 1843; same locality, Redfield, 2540, May 24, 1872; same locality, Beyrich, in Bernhardi Herba- rium. — TENNESSEE: No locality, Buckley. 2. CHarropHyLLuM Snort (T. & G.) B. F. Bush. Chaerophyllum procumbens Shortu T. & G. Fl. 1: 637. 1840. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, erect or decumbent, branched, pubes- cent or nearly smooth; fruit broadly oblong to ovate, about: 6 mm. long, obtuse and blunt at the apex, not at all beaked,. pubescent; ribs narrow, much narrower than the intervals. Moist rich ground in woods, April and May. Type locality: ‘‘Kentucky;’’ collected by Dr. Short. 60 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — OHIO: Cincinnati, Lloyd, 1888. 3. CHAEROPHYLLUM TExanumM C. & R. Mon. N. A. Umb. 59. 1900. An erect tall plant, 2-6 dm. high, usually quite smooth above the first fork, even the petioles smooth, or sometimes the lowest ones ciliolate; fruiting umbels more dense, of 8 to 15 fruits; fruit oblong, smaller and not beaked, tapering to a blunt point, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous; ribs very promi- nent, much wider than the intervals, nearly twice as wide and almost obliterating them; fruit with base about as wide as middle; involucres spreading. Dry, rocky barrens and prairies. May. Type locality: near Houston, Texas; collected by Dr. J. NV. Rose, No. 4178, May 6, 1899; type in U. S. Nat. Herbarium. Lower Sonoran area. Kansas, Missouri and Texas. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Kansas: Cherokee County, Hitchcock, 1085, May 7, 1897.— Missouri: Glen Allen, Russeli, May 20, 1898; Lee’s Summit, Mackenzie, 57, May 22, 1898; same locality, Mackenzie, May 28, 1899. Shef- fleld, Mackenzie, May 16, 1897. — Texas: Columbia, Bush, 184, 1899. 4. CHAEFROPHYLLUM . DASYCARPUM Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. 1: 638. 1840. Chaerophyllum procumbens dasycarpum (Nutt.) C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 12 2 160. 1887, Chaerophyllum Tainturieri dasycarpum (Nutt.) Watson, Bibl. Index. 416. 1878. Stems 2-6 dm. high, erect, much branched, very pubescent; fruit very pubescent, with a beak about one-fourth as long as the body; ribs broad, from one-third to a little over one-half as wide as the intervals. Low rich ground in fields and woods. Abundant in some places. March to September. Type locality not given; collected by Nuttall; type in Gray Herbarium. Lower Sonoran and Louisianian areas. Mississippi and Texas. A Bush — North American Species of Chaerophyllum. 61 SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— MISSISSIPPI: Biloxi, Tracy, 4469, 1898.— AMERICA Boreali: Bernhardi Herbarium. —Txrxas: Columbia, Bush, 6, 1899; same locality, Bush, 112, 328, 463,1900; Hempstead, Hall, 260, 1872,inpart. This © has two specimens, the smaller whole plant is C. dasycarpum, the other is a branch of a nearly smooth larger plant of C. Tainturieri; Dallas, Rever- chon, 2618, 1901; New Braunfels, Lindheimer, 616, 1848; Brazos Bottom, Lindheimer,1839; Crab Apple, Jermy; Enchanted Rock, Jermy; Neuces Bay, Heller, 1521, 1894; no locality given, Lindheimer, 1847. 5. CHAEROPHYLLUM TaInTuRIERI Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:47. 1835. Chaerophylium procumbens Tainturieri C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 123160. 1887. An erect tall plant, commonly pubescent, sometimes smooth or smoothish but with the foliage always more or less pubescent or puberulous, fruiting umbels more compact, of 6 to 8 fruits, either sessile or the outer on short stout erect or somewhat spreading pedicels sometimes reaching 6 mm. in length ; fruitlinear-oblong, 6-7 mm. long, with a distinct beak, glabrous, the beak about one-third the length of the body, the base obtuse and as wide as the widest part of the fruit; ribs very prominent, about as wide as the intervals or broader, but not obiiterating them ; styles longer than inC. procumbens ; seed face less deeply sulcate; involucres spreading. Sandy soil at mostly low elevations. March to June. Type locality: ‘*N. Orl.’’ (New Orleans) ; collected by M. Tainturier. Carolinian, Louisianian and Lower Sonoran areas. Ala- bama, Arkansas, Florida, Indian Territory, Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, Missouri, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. SPECIMENS EXAMINED, — ALABAMA: Auburn, Lee and Baker, May 16, 1897. — ARKANSAS: Little Mamelle Bottom, Engelmann, 1837. — FLORIDA: Jacksonville, Curtiss, 1039, in part, April. This sheet contains two plants, the smaller pubescent plant is C. Tainturieri and the larger smooth plant is C. Floridanum. A sheet of the same No. 1039, in the Redfield Herbarium, has two small pubescent plants of C. Tainturieri and one large nearly smooth plant of @. Flori- danum; Apalachicola, Chapman, three plants on one sheet, two evi- dently of same collection, and one of another later collection, in Chapman Herbarium; no locality, but presumably Apalachicola, Chapman, in Buck- ley Herbarium; no locality, but presumably Apalachicola, Chapman, in Parker Herbarium.— INDIAN TERRITORY: Sapulpa, Bush, 1020, May 29, 1895; same locality, Bush, 1083, May 13, 1895.— Louisrana: Lake Ponchartrain, Lindheimer, 1839; Baton Rouge, Dodson, 1896; New Orleans, Joor, April 1887, in Joor Herbarium. — MississiPPi: Starkville, Tracy, 1350, April 9, 1892. — 62 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. MissouRI: Dunklin County, Eggert, May 6, 1893. — TENNESSEE: Nashville, Hubbard, 1039, 1880; Dandridge, Buckley, April, 1842, in part. This sheet contains two plants, the larger is C. Tainturieri, the smaller is Carum Carui. ~ Texas: Dallas County, Reverchon, 2619, 1901; Mill Creek, Lindheimer, March, 1844, in Buckley Herbarium; no locality given, Lindheimer, 1844; Columbia, Bush, 80, 1900; Hempstead, Hall, 260, June 12, 1872, inpart. This sheet contains two plants, the large smoothish plant is C. Tainturieri, the smaller one is C. dasycarpuwm; same locality, Hall, 261, June 8, 1872, in the Redfield Herbarium. 6. CHAEROPHYLLUM FLoripanum (C.& R.) B. F. Bush. Chaerophyllum Tainturieri FloridanumC. & R. Mon. N. A. Umb. 60. 1900. An erect nearly smooth or somewhat pubescent plant 2-6 dm. tall; fruit with a beak one-fourth or one-fifth the length of the body; ribs about one-half as wide as the intervals; fruit glabrous, oblong, the base about as broad as the middle; involucres spreading. Low, sandy ground. March and April. Type locality: shell banks, Sister Islands, St. John’s River, Florida; collected by A. H. Curtiss, No. 1040, March, 1880; type in the U. S. Nat. Herbarium, duplicate in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium. Louisianian area. Florida and South Carolina. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: — FLoripa: Shell banks, Sister Islands, St. John’s River, Curtiss, 1040, March, 1880, in part. This sheet has a small pubescent plant, and a branch of a larger nearly smooth plant; the branch is C. Floridanum, and the whole plant is C. Tainturieri. A sheet of this same No. 1040 in the Redfield Herbarium has two small pubescent plants of C. Tainturieri, and one branch of a larger nearly smooth plant of C. Florida- num; Jacksonville, Curtiss, 1039, April, in part. This sheet also contains two plants, the larger smoother plantis C. Floridanum, and the smaller pubescent plant is (. Tainturieri. A sheet of this same No. 1039 in the Redfield Herbarium has one large nearly smooth plant of C. Floridanum, and two smaller pubescent plants of C. Tainturieri; Jacksonville, Curtiss, April 1893, in part. This sheet also bears two different species, there being one large and one very small nearly glabrous plant of C. Floridanum, and one small pubescent plant of C. Tainturieri. 7. CHAEROPHYLLAM REFLEXUM D. sp. An erect slender plant, 2-4 dm. high, commonly quite smooth above the first fork, the lower petioles sometimes ciliolate; fruit 6-8 mm. long, with a beak about one-third the length of the body, tapering to an acute base, broadest in the middle; ribs about one-half as wide as the intervals ; i elt Bush — North American Species of Chaerophyllum. 63 involucres strongly reflexed in fruit. Open rocky woods ; uncommon. May and June. Type locality: Eagle Rock, Barry County, Missouri; col- lected by B. F. Bush, No. 62, June 18, 1897; type in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium, duplicates in U. S. Nat. Herbarium, and in Herbarium K. K. Mackenzie. Lower Sonoran area. Missouri. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— The type specimens are the only ones seen. Issued June 9, 1902. THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF TRIODIA.* B. F. Busu. While studying some specimens of Triodia collected in Texas, I was led to examine more closely the species of this genus, and through the kindness of Prof. Wm. Trelease was enabled to study the specimens preserved in the Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. I now present the results of my observations, which are somewhat at variance with the commonly accepted interpre- tation of the species. The species have been described under no less than five generic names, four of which must be considered as syn- onyms, one of which must stand for the genus, and these five generic names are: Sieglingia Bernh., Triodia R. Br., Tricuspis Beauv., Uralepis Nutt., and Windsoria Nutt., given in the order of their publication. The first name was originally applied to some Old World forms, which are now generally conceded to be distinct from the North American species under consideration; the second name, Triodia, was given to the genus by Robert Brown in 1810, and appears to me to be the only tenable name for the genus, as the third name Tvicuspis, given to the genus by P. Beauvois in 1812, is doubly barred by being a later name, and by being a homonym of the Tricuspis of Persoon, 1807, a genus in the Tiliaceae. Both of Nuttall’s names are of a later date, and are therefore not tenable. The following arrangement shows the result of my con- clusions: — Triopia R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hall.1: 182. 1810. Sieglingia O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2; 789. 1891, and authors, not Bernh. Syst. Verg. Pfl. Erf. 40, 1800. * Presented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, January 6, 1902. (64) Bush — North American Species of Triodia. 65 Tricuspis Beauv. Agrost. 77, 1812, not Tricuspis Pers. 1807, a genus in Tiliaceae. Uralepis Nutt. Gen. 1: 61. 1818. Windsoria Nutt. Gen. 1;70. 1818. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II, 5: 147. 1837. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Spikelets subcompressed, oblong, in a rather dense spikelike panicle. Panicle elongated, spikelets about 5 mm. long. Lower scales much longer than the lower flowers. 1. T. stricta. Lower scales about as long as the lower flowers. 2. T. albescens. -Panicle short, oblong, spikelets about 10 mm. long. 3. T. congesta. Spikelets compressed, crowded in short subcapitate panicles on the simple nearly naked culms, bleaching white at maturity. Flowering scale entire or merely mucronate. 4. T. pilosa. Flowering scale deeply cleft at apex; awns from sinus exceeding the lobes. Flowering scale lance-ovate; lobes subacute. 5. T. grandiflora. Flowering scale linear-oblong; lobes obtuse. 6. T. Nealleyi. Spikelets compressed, panicle verticillate, short, leafy. Flowering scales 4-6 mm. long. 7. T. pulchelia. Flowering scales 2-3 mm. long. 8. T. pulchella parviflora. Spikelets compressed, panicle open, branches spreading. Flowering scales entire or emarginate, sometimes mucronate. Spikelets 6-12 mm. long; lower scales about one-half as long as the adjacent flowering scales. 9. T. Texana. Spikelets 5-7 mm. long; lower scales nearly equaling or slightly exceeding the adjacent flowering scales. Plant mostly smooth. 10. T. eragrostoides. Plant scabrous throughout. ll. 7. eragrostoides scabra. Flowering scales somewhat 3-toothed, the nerves all slightly excurrent. Panicle narrow, pedicels stout. 12. T. Langloisii. Panicle open, pedicels slender. Sheaths pilose. 13. T. Drummondii. Sheaths smooth. Spikelets broad. 14, T. Elliottii. Spikelets narrow. Plant pale, panicle branches spreading with tufts of white hairs in axils of the panicle. 15. T. Chapmani. Plant purplish, panicle branches upright. 16. T. seslerioides. Spikelets terete, panicle narrowly linear. Lower scales both l-nerved. 17. T. mutica. Second lower scale 3-5 nerved. 18. 7. elongata. 1. TRIODIA STRICTA (Natt. ) Benth. ex Vasey, Gr. U. S. 35. 1883. Windsoria stricta Nutt. Gen. 70, 1818. Tricuspis stricta (Nutt.) Munro, A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat, Sci. 1862 : 335. 1863. Tricuspis stricta Nutt. fide Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 28. 1900. 66 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Tricuspis stricta (Nutt.) Thurb. Ms. name. Sieglingia stricta (Nutt.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, a little compressed. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or more, flat, long-acuminate, smooth beneath, scabrous above; spike-like panicle 1.25-3 dm. in length, the branches appressed, the lower 2.5-5 dm. long; spike- lets 4-10- flowered, 4-6 mm. long; lower scales usually about two-thirds as long as the spikelets, rarely extending beyond the flowering scales, acute, glabrous ; flowering scale ovate, the nerves pilose for more than half their length, the middle and often the lateral excurrent as short tips. Low prairies and marshes; common. July to October. Perennial. Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Alabamaand Mississippi to Louisiana, Arkansas, Kansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Texas and Arizona. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— ALABAMA: Wilcox County, S. B. Buckley, 1878.— MississipPi: Starkville, Kearney, 81, 1896.— Lours1ana: Lake Charles, Tracy, 3964, 1897; same locality, K. K. Mackenzie, 448, 1898; Feliciana, Car- penter. — ARKANSAS: Fayetteville, Harvey, 73. —INDIAN TERRITORY: Tulsa, Creek Nation, Bush, 795, 1894; Sapulpa, Creek Nation, Bush, 144, 1895. — Kansas: Crawford County, Hitchcock, 917, 1896.— Texas: Texarkana, Heller, 4248, 1898; Dallas County, Reverchon, 12365; Columbia, Brazoria County, Bush, 1668, 1900; Houston, Lindheimer, 1840. — OxLanoma: Still- water, Waugh, 60, 1893. 2. Trropia ALBEsceNS (Munro) Benth. ex Vasey, Gr. U. S. 35. 1883. Tricuspis albescens Munro, A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 335, name only. 1863. Sieglingia albescens (Munro) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Rhombolytrum albescens (Munro) Nash in Britton, Man. Nor. States & Can. 129. 1901. Culms 3-5 dm. tall, tufted, the sterile shoots one-half as long as the culm or more. Leaves smooth beneath, roughish above, acuminate, 6.25-27.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, panicle dense and contracted, white, 6.25-12.5 cm. long, 6-18 mm. broad, its branches erect or ascending, 2.5 cm. or less long ; spikelets 7-11-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the lower scales white, I-nerved, about equal; flowering scales about 3 mm. long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, the ee a ee ee ———— a ee Bush — North American Species of Triodia. 67 midnerve excurrent in a short scabrous point. Dry prairies and barrens; not common. September and October. Per- ennial. . Louisianian and Lower Sonoran areas. Kansas to Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Kansas: Kiowa County, Hitchcock, 916, 1896.— Texas: San Antonio, Bexar County, Nealley, 64, 1892; Crab Apple, Gillespie County, Jermy, 17; Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Glatfelter, 1898; San _ Antonio, Bexar County, Bush, 1250, 1900; Marion, Guadalupe County, Hall, 1872; Dallas County, Bush, 1171, 1900; no locality given, Lindheimer, 737, 1847. 8. Triopia cone@estTa (Dewey) B. F. Bush. Sieglingia congesta Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2; 538. 1894. Tricuspis congesta (Dewey) Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 28. 1900. Culms 4-8 dm. tall, from a perennial rootstock. Nodes and throats of striate sheaths usually purple; leaves 5-15 cm. long; panicle 5-8 cm. long; rays single, 1-3 cm. long, crowded with sessile spikelets; spikelets 10—-15-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, turgid; lower scales slightly shorter than the adjacent flowers, 1-nerved; flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, ovate- oblong, obtuse, mucronate, the lateral nerves slightly or not at all excurrent, pubescent on the nerves near the base ; palet one-fourth shorter than the flowering scale, the keels promi- nently arcuate near the base. Plains and rocky barrens; not common. September to October. Perennial.—Plate X. Lower Sonoran area. Texas. Type locality: ‘* Corpus Christi, Texas; ’ Nealley. collected by SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Corsicana, Navarro County, Reverchon, 2558; Dallas County, Reverchon, 121, 1879; Corpus Christi, Nealley, 24, 1891, 1893; Guadalupe, Wright; Comanche Peak, Hood County, Reverchon, 3456, September. July. 4. Triopi pitosa (Buckley) B. F. Bush. Uralepis pilosa Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 94. 1863. Tricuspis acuminata Munro, A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 335, name only. 1863. Triodia acuminata (Munro) Benth. ex Vasey, Gr. U. S. 35. 1883. Sieglingia acuminata (Munro) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 23 789. 1891. 68 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Sieglingia pilosa (Buckley) Nash, Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 8, append. 504. 1898. Tricuspis pilosa (Buckley) Heller, Cat. N. A. Pl. 28. 1900. Culms 6.25-—30 cm. tall, tufted, the sterile shoots 1 dm. tall or less. Sheaths smooth, a tuft of hairs on each side of the apex, much shorter than the internodes; leaves strict or curved, thick, linear, obtuse, l-nerved, the margins white, serrulate, 3.75 cm. long or less, less than 2 mm. wide, folded, at least when dry, pubescent with long hairs, especially be- neath ; panicle almost raceme-like, long-exserted, 1.25-3.75 cm. long; spikelets 3-10, crowded, 8-12-flowered; lower scales acuminate, l-nerved; flowering scales 6.-6.5 mm. long, acuminate, 3-nerved, the midnerve generally excurrent as a short tip, all the nerves pilose, the lateral at the top and bottom, the midnerve below the middle. Dry prairies and barrens ; common southwestward. April toOctober. Peren- nial. Upper and Lower Sonoran areas. Kansas and Colorado to Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Kansas: Gove County, Hitchcock, 914, 1896; Gray County, Hitchcock, 1897.— CoLorapo: Cafion City, Shear, 982, 1896.— OKLAHOMA: Gloss Mountains, Mark White, 165, 1899.—Trxas: Dallas County, Reverchon, 1112, 1900; same locality, Bush, 631, 1900; Kerrville, Kerr County, Miller, 1637; Gillespie County, Jermy, 55; Santa Anna, Cole- man County, and Chenate Mountains, Presidio County, Nealley, 817; Sar Antonio, Bush, 331, 1901.— New Mexico: Lincoln County, Josephine Skehan, 34, 1898; no locality given, Fendler, 738, 915, 1847. — MExIco: Monterey, Trelease, 1900; Diaz, Pringle, 8306, 1900. 5. -TRIODIA GRANDIFLORA Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1:59. 1890. Sieglingia avenacea grandiflora (Vasey) Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23 538, 1894. Sieglingia grandiflora (Vasey) Beal, Gr. N. A. 23 471. 1886. Tricuspis grandiflora (Vasey) Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 28, 1900. Culms 2-3 dm. tall; leaves narrow, rigid, plane or condupli- cate, 5-10 cm. long, lower with the sheaths softly pubescent; panicle oblong, dense, 3-5 cm. long, branches appressed; spikelets 6-8 flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lower scales unequal, Bush — North American Species of Triodia. 69 lanceolate, the upper one 8 mm. long, 1-nerved, the lower one rather shorter, 3-nerved; flowering scales 7-8 mm. long, acute, apex 2-lobed, lobes acute, the fissure less than 2 mm. long, the awn about 2 mm. long, the lateral nerves densely ciliate the entire length, and the midrib below; palet narrow, a third as long as its scale, pubescent on the nerves, abruptly acute. Rarein highplains. Augustto October. Perennial. Lower Sonoran area. Texas to Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico. Type locality: ‘‘ Chenate Mountains, Presidio County, ‘Texas; ’’ collected by Nealley. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— MExico: Chihuahua, Pringle, 406, 1885. —Ca- denas, Pringle, 3930, 1891.— Texas: Chenate Mountains, Presidio County, Nealley, 823; Cibolo Cafion, Nealley, 154, 1892; Western Texas, Wright, 751. 6. Triop1a Neawueyi Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club. 15: 45. 1888. Sieglingia Nealleyi (Vasey) Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 588. 1894. Tricuspis Nealleyi (Vasey) Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 28. 1900. Culms 3-5 dm. tall, slender. Leaves short, blunt pointed, strongly keeled; panicle lance-oblong, 3-5 cm. long; spikelets 5-8 flowered, 6-8 mm. long; first empty scale nearly equal- ing and second slightly exceeding the lower flowers; flowering scales linear-oblong, deeply cleft, the lobes obtuse, promi- nently pubescent ; palet about one-half as long as the flower- ing scale. Rare in mountain cajions. August to October. Perennial.—Plate XI. Lower Sonoran area. Texas. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Texas : Chenate Mountains, Presidio County, Nealley, 825; Sierra Blanca, Presidio County, Nealley, 2305. 1893. 7. Triopra putcHeya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 155. ¢. 47.1815. Tricuspis pulchella (H. B. K.) Torr. Pac. R. Rept. 156. 1857. Uralepis pulchella (H. B. K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 108. 1829. Sieglingia pulchella (H. B. K.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Culms 1 dm. tall, fasciculately branched from a stolonifer- ous base. Leaves 1-3 cm. long, fasciculate, involute ; pan- icles short, leafy, verticillate; spikelets 5-10 flowered, 5-8 mm. long, white; flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, prominently 70 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. pubescent, oblong, cleft to the middle. Dry sandy mesas; common southwestward. July to October. Perennial. Lower Sonoran area. Texas to New Mexico, Utah, Ne- vada, Arizona, California, Mexico and Colorado. Type locality: ‘* In subfrigidis, siccis, apricis regni Mexi- cana inter Guanaxuato, Mina de Belgrado et Cubilente, alt. 1050 hexap.’’ SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — TExas : Chenate Mountains, Presidio County, Nealley, 826; Sierra Blanca, Nealley, 1893.— CoLorapbo: San Juan, Brandegee, 1208, 1875.— New Mexico: Las Cruces, Wooton, 457, 1897; nolocality given, Wright, 2059, Parry, 1867.— UTauH: No locality given, Parry, 260, 1874.— ARIZONA: Cienega, Rothrock, 575, 1874; Tucson, Touwmey, 89, 1894; no locality given, Pringle, 540, 1882.— CaLIrorNIA: Los Angeles, Palmer, 500, 652 and 1359.— Mexico: No locality given, Schaffner; Durango, Palmer, 740, 1896. 8. TRIODIA PULCHELLA PARVIFLORA Vasey, Gr. U. S. 66. — 1885. Sieglingia. pulchella parviflora (Vasey). Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2:5388. 1894. Culms 1 dm. tall, slender, fasciculately branched from a stoloniferous base. Leaves .5~1.5 cm. long, fasciculate, in- volute; panicles very slender, leafy, verticillate; spikelets 3-4-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, white; flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, pubescent, oblong, cleft to the middle. Dry sandy mesas. August to October. Perennial. Lower Sonoran area. Texas and Arizona to California. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— CALIFORNIA: San Diego County, Orcutt, 1487, 1888. ; 9. Triop1a Texana (Thurb.) Benth. ex Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18 : 180. 1883. Tricuspis Texana Thurb. S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18:180. 1883. Sieglingia Texana (Thurb.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. Culms 3-5 dm. tall, slender, leafy. Leaves 2-3 dm. long, often exceeding the panicle; spikelets 6-10-flowered, 6-12 mm. long; lower scales unequal, about one-half as long as the adjacent flowers; flowering scales broadly ovate or ro- tund; palet broadly ovate or almost hastate lobed at the base, Pe ee 2 cle _, Bush — North American Species of Triodia. 71 one-third shorter than the flowering scale. Mountains and hills; common. August to October. Perennial. Lower Sonoran area. Louisiana and Texas to Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED — TEXxas: San Diego, Nealley, 65,1892; Point Ysa- bel, Cameron County, Nealley, 829; Laredo, Mackenzie, 103, 1900; San An- tonio, Bush, 810, 811, 1901.—Mxrxico: Monterey, Pringle, 1970, 1888; Monclova, Palmer, 1371, 1880. —-Nrzw Mexico: No locality given, Wright, 776, 777 and 2055. 10. TriopiA BRAGROSTOIDES V. & S. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 58. 1890. Sieglingia eragrostoides (V. & S.) Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2+ 539. 1894. Tricuspis eragrostoides (V. & 8.) Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 29. 1900. Culms 6-9 dm. tall, leafy ; sheaths longer than the inter- nodes, roughish; ligule short, ciliate toothed; leaves 2-3 dm. long, flat, scabrous, acuminate; panicle large and spread- ing, 3 dm. long, the branches slender, rather distant, single or in twos, the lower ones 12.5-15 cm. long, lax-flowered; spikelets 5—9-flowered, 5 mm. long, short-pediceled, alternate, and mostly single; lower scales nearly equal, lanceolate- acuminate, l-nerved; flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, 3- nerved, oblong, obtuse, emarginate, short-cuspidate, the lateral nerves and midrib pubescent below; palet one-fourth shorter than the flowering scale, obtuse and denticulate. Sandy soil; common. August to October. Perennial. Louisianian area. Florida and Texas to New Mexico and Mexico. Type locality : «* Florida, Blodgett, Texas, Buckley, Nealley, Reverchon.’’ SPECIMENS EXAMINED,— MEXICO: Monterey, Pringle, 1972, 1888.—Trxas: No locality given, Nealley, 822, Reverchon.— New Mexico: No locality given, Wright, 426, 478 and 2054. 11. TRIODIA ERAGROSTOIDES SCABRA (Vasey) B. F. Bush. Sieglingia eragrostoides scabra Vasey, Beal, Gr. N. A. 2: 65. 1896. Plant scabrous throughout; lower blades broader. Louisianian area. Texas. Type locality : ** San Diego, Duval County, Texas.’’ 72 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Texas: San Diego, Duval County, Nealley, 96. 1892. 12. Trrop1a Laneuorsit (Nash) B. F. Bush. Tricuspis Langloisii Nash, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Bull. 1 293. 1899. Culms 5-15 dm. tall, erect, tufted, round; basal leaves crowded, equitant and shining: culm leaves two or three; sheaths coarsely striate, much shorter than the intervals, often pilose at the apex; ligule a ring of copious silvery hairs about 1 mm. long; blades erect or ascending, flat, sometimes folded when dry, glaucous and minutely pubescent - on the upper surface, long acuminate, the basal 2-4 dm. long and 2-5.5 mm. wide, the lower culm leaves 7-15 cm. long, and 2-3.5 mm. broad, the upper blade much smaller, 2 em. or less long; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long, about 2 cm. broad, its triangular branches arranged singly, rarely in pairs, erect or nearly so, the larger 6-10 cm. long and usually sub- divided ; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, oval when mature, appressed to the branches, on stout pedicels about 1 mm. long; scales six to eight, the outer empty two acute, l-nerved, or the second rarely 3-nerved, the lower half with ascending hairs about 5 mm. long, the callus pilose, the lower scales about 4 mm. long, and 2.25 mm. wide when spread out ; palet as long as or a little shorter than the scale, 2-nerved, the nerves ciliate and about equally curved at the base and the apex, hence the internerve is elliptic or nearly so, about 1.6 mm. wide. Pine- woods and clearings. Perennial. Louisianian area. Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana. Type locality: ‘* Slidell, Louisiana, in pine-woods clear- ings; collected by A. B. Langlois; type in Herbarium of Geo. V. Nash.”’ | SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— FLORIDA: No locality given, Chapman, several collections. — Mississippi: Biloxi, Tracy, 1891; same locality, Tracy, 1897; same locality, Kearney, 208, 1896; Waynesboro, Kearney, 114, 1896; Bayou Porto, Tracy, 3869, 1897. — Lours1ana : Slidell, Langlois, 1891. 13. Triop1a Drummonpir (8S. & K.) B. F. Bush. Tricuspis Drummondii §. & K. Bull. U. 8. Agrost. 4:37. 1897. Culms 12-16 dm. tall, slender, erect, from strong, scaly rootstocks. Radical leaves 24-48 cm. long; nodes 2-4, dark Bush — North American Species of Triodia. 73 purple; sheaths of the basal leaves crowded, somewhat com- pressed, closely imbricated, sparsely to densely pilose with long white hairs; upper leaf sheath shorter than the inter- nodes, glabrous or pilose at the throat ; ligule a dense fringe of very short white hairs; blades of the radical leaves about 5 mm. wide, alternate, acuminate, and involute toward the apex, shortly pilose below near the apex; uppermost cauline leaf 4 cm. long or less; panicle 18-24 cm. long, contracted, somewhat drooping, simple, the appressed rays solitary, the lowermost 2.5-5 cm. long, slightly glandular, but not villose, in the axils; spikelets commonly 3-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lower scales ovate-acute, 1-nerved, whitish or purplish, except the prominent nerve, 4—5 mm. long, subequal; first flowering scale 5-6 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, trifid, 3-nerved, the nerves extending into short, awn-like teeth, the central one equaling or a little exceeding the narrow obtuse lobes of the scale, nerves ciliate in the lower half with rather long, erect white hairs; palet slightly shorter or a little longer than the scale, oblanceolate, obtuse, minutely ciliate along the keels to- wards the apex. Dry soil in low pine barrens. July to October. Perennial. Louisianian area. South Carolina and Georgia to Florida and Mississippi. Type locality: ‘* Jacksonville, Fla., Drummond; Aiken, S. Carolina, Ravenel; Bilowi, Miss., Kearney, 324. 1896. There is also a specimen in the National Herbarium from Georgia without locality.’’ SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — MississirpP1: Manuel, Tracy, 4560, 1898.— SoutuH Carona: Aiken, Ravenel. 14. Triop1a Exv.uiotti B. F. Bush. Poa ambigua Ell. Sk. 1; 165, 1817, not Triodia ambigua, R. Br. 1810. Tricuspis ambigua (Ell.) Chapm. S. Fl. 559. 1860, not Triodia ambigua R. Br. 1810. , Triodia ambigua (Ell.) Benth. ex Vasey, Gr. U.S. 35. 1883, not Triodia ambigua R. Br. 1810. Sieglingia ambigua (Ell.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 23 789. 1891, not Triodia ambigua R. Br. 1810. Culms 4-8 dm. tall, simple. Leaves attenuate, 1-3 dm. long; panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, branches spreading; 74 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. spikelets 5-8-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, short-oblong, broadly oval when mature, usually purple; lower scales slightly shorter than the lower flowers; flowering scales broadly oblong, pubescent below the middle; palet equaling the flowering scales, ciliolate on the nerves which are more curved at the base than at the rounded and apiculate apex. Low swampy pine barrens. July to October. Perennial. Louisianian area. South Carolina and Georgia to Alabama, Florida, Texas and Arizona. Type locality: ‘* Found in the mountains of Carolina, by Dr. McBride, and in the lower country of Georgia, by Dr. Baldwin.’’ SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— FLoRIDA: Apalachicola and Quincy, Chapman; Duval County, Curtiss, 10736; Jacksonville, Curtiss, 3455, 1877,— Texas: Point Ysabel, Nealley, 819.— Louts1ana: De Quincy, Bush, 973, 1901. 15. Trrop1a CHapMANI (Small) B. F. Bush. Sieglingia Chapmani Small, Bull. Torr. Club. 22 : 365. 1895. Tricuspis Chapmani (Small) Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 28. 1900. Culms 9-15 dm. tall, mostly purple about the nodes, erect, wiry, glabrous, bright green. Lower leaves rather numer- ous, nearly erect, 4-6 dm. long, the upper few, divaricate, somewhat shorter, all firm, flat when young, soon involute and almost filiform, 7-11-ribbed, smooth and glabrous ; lower sheaths about 1 dm. long, the upper ones often 2 dm. long, all 1/3 to 1/2 shorter than the internodes; ligule a short fringe of rigid villous hairs, above which on the surface of the leaf, is a tuft of longer villous hairs; panicle averaging about 2 dm. high, viscid above, broadly ovoid, its branches rigid, filiform, divaricate, the nodes tufted with bunches of silvery-villous more or less viscid hairs; spikelets very slender, pedicelled, rather few, 7-8mm. long, tinged with purple, almost linear, about 5-flowered; empty scales lanceolate, 1-nerved, the lower one 3/4 longer than the upper; flowering scales oblong-elliptic, 5-nerved, 3-pointed by the excurrent nerves which are villous for one-half their length; palet 2-nerved, scabrous on the two nerves, slightly curved. Dry sandy pine barrens. August to October. Perennial. Louisianian area. Georgia and Florida to Alabama and Texas. Bush— North American Species of Triodta. 75 Type locality: Slopes of Currahee Mountain, near Toccoa, Georgia, and along Yellow River in Gwinnett County, in the same State; collected by J. #. Small 1894; type in Herba- rium of the New York Botanical Garden. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — FLoripa: No locality given, Chapman, various collections; Duval County, Curtiss, 3454 — Texas : Paris, Lamar County, Heller, 4222; Texarkana, Letterman, 16, 1894; Columbia, Brazoria County, Bush, 952, 1901; no locality given, Reverchon; Camp 4, Bigelow. 16. TRIODIA SESLERIOIDES (Michx.) Benth. ex Vasey, Gr. - U. S. 35. 1883. - Poa seslerioides Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1; 68. 1803. Triodia cuprea Jacq. Eclog. Gram, 2321. pl. 26. 1814. Tricuspis seslerioides (Michx.) Torr. Fl. N. & Mid. U. S. 1: 118. 1824. Sieglingia seslerioides (Michx.) Scribn. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5:48. 1894, _ Sieglingia cuprea (Jacq.) Millsp. Fl. W. Va. 471. Culms 6-15 dm. tall, erect, somewhat flattened, often viscid above. Sheaths sometimes villous at the summit, the lower short, overlapping and crowded, the upper longer, equaling or shorter than the internodes ; leaves 1-3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, attenuate into a long tip, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 1.5-4.5 dm. long, the branches finally ascending or spreading, the lower 1-2.5 dm. long, usually dividing above the middle; spikelets 4-8- flowered, 6-8 mm. long, purple; empty scales glabrous, obtuse, generally slightly 2-toothed; flowering scales oval, the nerves pilose, excurrent as short tips. Dry borders of woods and fields. July to October. Perennial. Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Maine and New York to Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Indian Ter- ritory, Illinois, Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, Texas, Louis- iana, Oklahoma, Ohio, New Jersey, Mississippi and North Carolina. Type locality: ‘* Hab. in region Illinoensi et in montosis Carolinae.’’ SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— TEXAS: Dallas County, Reverchon, 1111, 1899; Marshall, Bush, 1015, 1901.— Missouri: Eagle Rock, Barry County, Bush, 1896; Clay County, Mackenzie, 646, 1901.— Kansas; Wyandotte County, Mackenzie, 1896; Manhattan, Kellerman, 1888.— ARKANSAS: Fulton, Hemp - stead County, Bush, 1044, 1901.—InpIAN TERRITORY: Sapulpa, Creek 76 Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. Nation, Bush, 1445, 1895.—On1o: Cincinnati, Lloyd, 585, 1890.—New JERSEY: Camden, Parker, 9414, 1863.— OKLAHOMA: Stillwater, Waugh, 638, 1893.— NortTH CaroLina: Cherokee, Swain County, Beardslee & Kofoid, 1891.— TENNESSEE: Point Rock, Kearney, 957, 1857. — ILLINOIS: Augusta, Mead, 1848.— MtssissipPr: Woodville, Joor, 1888. — PENNSYLVANIA: Manayunk, Redjfield, 9415, 1870.— FLoripa: Tallahassee, Nash, 2406, 1895.— New York: Harlem, F. S. P., 1859. ; 17. Triop1a mutica (Torr.) Benth. ex Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18 : 180. 1883. Tricuspis mutica Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 43 156. 1857. Sieglingia mutica (Torr.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 23 789. 1891. Culms 3-5 dm. tall, slender, wiry. Leaves mostly invo- lute, rather rigid; panicle 1-2 dm. long, branches appressed, spikelets 5-8-flowered, 8-10 mm. long; lower scales nearly equal, shorter than the lower flowers; flowering scales oblong, entire or emarginate, prominently pubescent near the base, nearly twice as long as the palet. Dry hills and barrens. June to October. Uncommon. Perennial. Lower Sonoran area. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and Mexico. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — TEXAS: Dallas County, Reverchon, 239. — ARI- zONA: Tucson, Pringle, 13925, 1881; Fort Whipple, Palmer, 584, 1865. — Mexico: Monterey, Pringle, 1980, 1888. 18. Triopia ELoNGATA (Buckley) B. F. Bush. Uralepsis elongata Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 189. 1863. Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro, A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862 : 338, name only. 1863. Triodia trinerviglumis (Munro) Benth. ex Vasey, Gr. U. S. 35. 1883. Sieglingia trinerviglumis (Munro) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 789. 1891. ’ Sieglingia elongata (Buckley) Nash, Britt. & Brown, ll. Fl. 8. append. 504. 1898. Tricuspis elongata (Buckley) Heller, Cat. Pl. N. A. 28. 1900. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, tufted, erect, rough, the sterile shoots about one-half as long as the culms. Sheath rough, a ring of hairs at the apex; leaves rough, usually involute when dry, 7.5-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, 1.25-2.5 dm. long, 1.25 cm. wide, its branches erect, 3.75 cm. long or less; spikelets 10-12-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the empty scales scabrous, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flower- Bush — North American Species of Triodia. 77 ing scales about 6 mm. long, obtuse at the scabrous apex , 3- nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing at or below the apex, the mid-nerve usually excurrent as a short tip. Barrens and rocky prairies. Common southwestward. June to October. Perennial. Upper Sonoran area. Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado and Arizona. Type locality not ascertained. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Missouri: Eagle Rock, Barry County, Bush, 639, 1896.—Trxas: Dallas County, Reverchon, 445; same locality, Bush, 1134, 1900; same locality, Reverchon, 1109, 1900-— San Antonio, Bush, 842, 1901.— Kansas: Chautauqua County, Hitchcock, 919. 1896.—CoLoRaDO: Cafion City, Brandegee, 360, 1874. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PuatEs X.-XI. Plate X.— Triodia congesta, habit, reduced one-half, and spikelet, < 2. Plate XI.— Triodia Nealleyi, habit, reduced one-half, and spikelet, x 3. Issued June 9,1902. PLATE X. GLE Ne a, LE TTOS Y iy _ fo Kan 4 FL SOR io LA <= SS Ss ooo NS RRC ISRESS QS INR GTS ras AYN ‘\) LEEFAY a Il. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. X 2 , . < : ’ fi sf eo es = ee Oe eee Se Oe oe st ae *y TRIODIA CONGESTA. See eae aa ou . Fy rf PETS ’ ; : ‘ “5 : a > $9 2 = ~ ; = ea e . : f, ot te “ ‘ . . 7 4 » ‘ : ’ : so ~ ‘ "y ey Me f - : aad Pe 2Y Fs ¢ my ’ » S 4 . F A ‘ 4 2 oes % ¥ s, S = oe © é ' . 5 ‘ ; Uayee n = t : : ; : { : : sid “ 5 . s 4 : « 4 ~. » ‘ ’ ‘ af A ; ? < > ¢ . p 3 + 5 \ = yierelnley yl cy . . z Oran : : r ; : “y ¥ z Pe a Ms } % ae%, € ‘ ’ rhe i , » é ANS ° vey ma ; _ > p ; F. * > 4 * aA . . . i 2 . 5 : ia ae « X * P - P rn f } q : , y > 7 a j ; ? = f ThcLs i 4 r : vs Te Le ee ee ee OTe TL, Ph he ne een eg ee ee RY eae ene co. © ea ae , =a a ae a 3 pact ey AN “ 3 ay ’ ‘| ‘ TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XI. TRIODIA NEALLEYI. NEW PLANTS FROM MISSOURI.* K. K. Mackenzis& Anp B. F. Busu. A more intimate acquaintance with the plants of Missouri has convinced the writers that there are quite a number of _species that have never been described or have been mistak- enly referred to species already described. A number of these have been under consideration for several years, but owing to lack of proper material for study, or for compari- son, the results of our investigations have been held back until the present time. We now present the first paper upon the subject, hoping in a short time to be able to present the complete results of our observations. In the study of the following new species we have been very much assisted by Prof Wm. Trelease, who very kindly loaned us specimens for study of related species in the Herbarium of the Mis- souri Botanical Garden, and to whom we hereby acknowledge our indebtedness. MUHLENBERGIA POLYSTACHYA D. sp. An erect or ascending much branched glabrous perennial, 6-9 dm. high, with long scaly rootstocks; nodes enlarged ; sheaths equaling or somewhat exceeding the internodes; leaves 5-17.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide at base, gradually atten- uate, rough on both sides, especially so above, flat, or in dry- ing slightly revolute; panicles 5-10 cm. long, long exserted, the branches all appressed and ascending, two to three to-- gether, the lower branches separated, the upper contiguous. and usually much overlapping, the branches each bearing from three to about twenty-five sessile spikelets; spikelets. 2 mm. or less long, the two outer glumes short cuspidate,,. about equal and from very slightly shorter to very slightly * Presented by title before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, Janu-~ ary 6, 1902. (79) 80 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. longer than the equal and acuminate flowering glume and palet, lanceolate, scarious margined, strongly l-nerved, the short cusps minutely barbed and the upper portion of the glumes minutely serrulate; basal hairs rather copious, half of the length of the flowering glume; flowering glume lanceo- late, 3-5 nerved, the nerves scabrous, obtuse, but the middle nerves excurrent as a minute cusp. — Plate XII. Type locality : near Sibley, Jackson County, Missouri ; col- lected by H. H. Mackenzie, No. 637, October 14, 1901; type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie, duplicate in Herb. Missouri Bo- tanical Garden. Rocky ground at the foot of low wooded bluffs along the Missouri River near Sibley, Jackson County, Missouri. This species is most closely relatedto M. Mexicana(L.) Trin. It is distinguished by its long exserted densely flowered inflo- rescence, its smaller spikelets and larger and more copious basal hairs. The type specimens are the only ones known. IRIS FOLIOSA 0. sp. Perennial from stout rootstocks; stems 20-38 cm. high, glabrous, usually very flexuous; leaves green, not glaucous, 12-28 mm. wide, strongly many nerved, the lower often over 6 dm. long and much exceeding the culm, the upper short, and the uppermost one or two sometimes but 7.5 cm. long; flowers axillary on pedicels 20-28 mm. long; bracts scarious, 3.75-7.5 cm. long, reaching beyond the perianth tube and in fruit loosely inclosing the capsule; perianth tube 14-22 mm. long; perianth segments about 3.75 cm. long, spread- ing, not crested, bluish ; capsule oblong-cylindric, hexagonal, 3.75 cm. long or less, abruptly contracted at the apex and short beaked; seeds in two rows in each cell. Type locality: Little Blue Tank, Jackson County, Missouri ; collected by H. KH. Mackenzie, June 6, 1897; type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie, duplicate in Herb. Missouri Botanical Gar- den. Grows in dense masses in low open dry woods and prairies in Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. This species is distinguished from Jris hexagona Walt., a species of the Southern States, to which it has been referred by Wat- Mackenzie and Bush — New Plants from Missouri. 81 son and other American botanists, by its smaller pedicelled flowers. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— MIssouRI: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Adams, Jackson County, K. K. Mackenzie, 159, June 12, 1898; ' Greenwood, Jackson County, K. K. Mackenzie, June 11, 1899; Glendale, Jackson County, K. HK. Mackenzie, 158, June 12, 1898.— Kansas: Rosedale, Wyandotte County, K. K. Mackenzie, July 12, 1896.— Inuinots: Carlinville, Macoupin County, W. G. Andrews, June 15, 1891, March 80, 1892, August 13, 1892. PoRTULACA NEGLECTA 0. sp. Annual, of robust growth, forming broad tufts, mostly 5-10 dm. wide; stems mostly ascending, large and _ thick, sometimes 12 mm. thick; leaves large, obovate-spatulate, 25-50 mm. long, and 12-25 mm. wide at widest part, mostly retuse or obtuse at apex, thickish, but equally thick across leaf ; flowers beginning to appear about the first of August, opening in direct sunshine about 7:40 a. m., large for the section, 8-12 mm. wide; petals oblong, clear yellow, deeply cleft; sepals in bud large, ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish, carinate-winged at top; stamens numerous, from 12 to 18; style scarcely any; stigmas long, plumose, 5-or 6-parted; capsule large, 8-12 mm. long; seeds minutely, but under a lens distinctly, tuberculate, .7 mm. long, and .6 mm. wide, blackish when mature. Type locality: Courtney, Jackson County, Minbaitiek col- lected by B. F. Bush, 1148, Aug. 24, 1900; type in Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden. This species is abundant in bottoms along the Missouri River, and on rich prairies in Missouri and Kansas, and prob- ably elsewhere. It takes the place in greater part of what has been passing for P. oleracea L. in Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas, and is very likely what has been taken for P. retusa Engelm., in Minnesota, Missouri and Kansas. It is easily distinguished from P. oleracea L., by its larger size, larger and broader, thinner leaves, more numerous stamens, differ- ent time of flowering, and its upright or ascending stems. Where the two grow together, P. oleracea L. opens its flowers about 9:30 a.m. From P. retusa Engelm., it is distinguished by its thicker leaves, larger flowers, and its smaller seeds. 82 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Missouri: Type specimens as cited under type locality. — Kansas: Riley County, J. B. Norton, 1896. DELPHINIUM NORTONIANUM D0. sp. An erect biennial or short-lived perennial from a woody branched root; 7.5-15 dm. high, simple or sometimes branched, the branches erect-ascending, 1.5-4.5 dm. long, finely pubescent or canescent, becoming smoothish below, the upper part, including the long pedicels, densely glandular- pilose and viscid; leaves rather variable, from 5-10 cm. wide, repeatedly divided into linear to linear-oblong divisions; racemes long and simple, often 4—6 dm. long; pedicels erect, 1-5 cm. long; bractlets narrowly linear, borne close under the calyx on the thickened end of the pedicel; sepals deep blue, with a tuft of yellow hairs on the back near the tip, canescent at the base and along the back to the tip,.or some- times all over without, glabrous within; spur stout, about twice as long as the petals, straight or slightly curved at the tip, of the same color as the sepals, strongly ascending, densely canescent; upper petals oblique at the summit, yellow below, tipped with blue; lateral petals with long white beard on upper portion, 2-cleft, the lobes not spreading, blue below, tipped with yellow; follicles cylindric, densely canescent when young, smoothish when old, nearly 2 cm. long, rectic- ulate-veiny, cuspidate at tip; seeds 2-2.5 mm. long, brown, angular, strongly wing-margined, and strongly TUgOse-BqURr mellate.— Plate XIII. Type locality : Monteer, Jackson County, Missouri; collected by B. F. Bush, No. 377, May 24, 1900; type in Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, duplicate in Herb K. K. Mackenzie. Very common in rocky barrens in the Ozark Mountain region in Southern Missouri. This species is most closely related to D. Carolinianum Walt., but differs from that species in the larger, more strongly rugose-squamellate seeds, the strongly ascending spurs, and the loose floccose pubescence. From D. albescens Rydb. it may be distinguished by the deep blue flowers, the strongly wing-margined seeds, and the presence of the bractlets under the calyx. Named in honor of Mr. J. B. S. Norton, Mackenzie and Bush — New Plants from Missouri. 83 with whom one of the writers has been associated in the study of some interesting species. The type specimens are the only ones known. Prunus vanata (Sudw.) McK. & Bush. P. Americana 8B mollis T. & G. FI.N. A. 13407. (1840), not P. mollis Torr. Fl. (1824). P. Americana lanata Sudw. Bull. No. 14, Jan. 21, 1897. A shrub or sometimes a large tree with a maximum height of about 9 meters and a diameter of about 4 dm.; branches very thorny; bark thick; leaves ovate to lanceolate, sharply and often doubly serrate; young twigs, pedicels, and both sides of the entire calyx-lobes densely short appressed-pubescent ; leaves strongly pubescent below even at maturity, petioles biglandular near the blade; flowers white, 10-20 mm. broad, appearing in lateral sessile umbels before the leaves ; pedicels 10-18 mm. long, densely appressed-pubescent; calyx-lobes entire, densely pubescent without and within; drupe globose, red or purple, 12-18 mm. in diameter, the skin tough, with a decided bloom, the stone somewhat flattened, its ventral edge acute, the dorsal grooved. Common along rivers and bottoms from Illinois and Iowa to Missouri, Texas and Mexico. This species seems to us to differ very much from P. Ameri- cana Marsh., in its greater pubescence, its calyx-lobes pubes- cent on both sides, and in the appressed pubescent pedicels. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — MissouR!I: Fairmount Park, Jackson County, Mackenzie, 15, April 24, 1898; Dodson, Jackson County, Mackenzie, 23, May 1, 1898; same locality, Mackenzie, July 17, 1900; Independence, Jackson County, Bush, 274; June 7, 1895; St. Louis County, Hngelmann, June, 1877. — Iowa: Muscatine, Mackenzie, 362, May 13, 1893; lowa City, Hitch- cock. —ILutnois: Dupage County, Moffatt, April 26, 1896.— ARKANsaS: Prescott, Bush, 184, April 25, 1901.— Texas: Marshall, Bush, 621, Aug. 8, 1901; San Antonio, Bush, 796, Sept. 16, 1901. HyPERICUM PSEUDOMACULATOM, 2. sp. B. F. Bush. An herbaceous perennial from a woody base, erect, 4-9 em. high, more or less black-dotted. Leaves sessile, or mostly clasping by a broad cordate base, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse, or the upper mostly acute, 25-40 mm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, copiously punctate with pellucid glands, and sparingly black-dotted; cymes terminal, many-flowered 84 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. in rather loose clusters; flowers large, bright yellow, 15-30 mm. broad; sepals lanceolate, acute, very much shorter than the petals, copiously black-dotted; petals large, 12-15 mm. long, sparingly black-dotted and punctate with pellucid glands ; stamens numerous, united in 3 or 5 sets; styles 3, variable in length ; capsule not seen. — Plate XIV. Type locality: Swan, Taney County, Missouri; collected by B. F. Bush, No. 106, June 6, 1899; type in Herb. Mis- souri Botanical Garden, duplicate in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie. Rocky barrens in the Ozark Mountain region in southern Missouri, where it is abundant. This species has been taken for H. maculatum Walt., and H. perforatum L., from which two species it undoubtedly is distinct. From H. perforatum L. it differs in having larger leaves, black-dotted sepals, and punctate petals. It is readily distinguished from H. macula- tum Walt., by its larger flowers which are both white- and black-dotted, and its copiously pellucid dotted leaves. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— Missouri: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Eagle Rock, Barry County, Bush, 109, June 11, 1897. SCUTELLARIA CORDIFOLIA PILOSISSIMA ND. var. Differing from the specific form in being very strongly glandular pilose-hairy throughout, the corolla covered with short pubescence; corolla apparently not at all white.— Plate XV. Type locality: Eagle Rock, Barry County, Missouri; col- lected by B. F. Bush, No. 190, June 24, 1897; type in Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, duplicate in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie. Rocky woods in the Ozark Mountain region in Southwestern Missouri, and probably through Arkansas to Texas. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.— MIssouRI: Type specimens as cited under type locality. — Trxas: Dallas County, Reverchon, 769, 1900; same locality, Reverchon, 2531, May 2, 1901. ParysaLis MISSOURIENSIS 0D. sp. Annual, and from 2 dm. and little branched to 7 dm. tall, and 1 meter in diameter and much branched from the base; Mackenzie and Bush — New Plants from Missouri. 85 stems, petioles, and peduncles strongly viscid and clammy pubescent, the hairs conspicuously unequal in length, leaves orbicular-ovate to ovate-oblong, 1.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, from rounded and a little, to strongly oblique at hase, acute at apex, and from nearly entire to strongly undulate- dentate, more or less viscid-pubescent on both sides, especially on the veins and margin; petioles 8-60 mm. long, usually somewhat shorter than the leaves: flowers axillary on re- flexed peduncles 2-8 mm. long; calyx strongly glandular, 4 mm. long, the lobes triangular-acute, the length of the tube; ’ corolla twice the length of the calyx, 4-8 mm. broad, pure orange-yellow, without a dark eye, pubescent outside and slightly so within; stamens greenish-yellow, and shorter than . the glabrous filaments ; mature fruiting pedicels 12 mm. long; mature fruiting calyx 20-28 mm. long, not strongly angled, merely acute, reticulated, viscid-pubescent, especially on the veins, rounded or somewhat sunken at base; berry globular, very viscid, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Type locality: Red Bridge, Jackson County, Missouri ; col- lected by A. AK. Mackenzie, 485, Sept. 18, 1901; type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie. This species is common in open rocky woods around Kan- sas City, and there can be scarcely any doubt that it is native. Prof. Gray and Dr. Engelmann called it a form of P. pubes- cens L. Prof. Watson named it P. minima Roxb. (P. Lagascae R. & S.), and this latter name is also taken up by Dr. Rydberg. However, that species lacks the viscid pubes- cence so strongly developed in the Missouri plant, which makes it so disagreeable to the touch when fresh. This characteristic, in addition to the pure yellow corolla, easily distinguishes it from all our other species. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Missouri: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Swope Park, Jackson County, Mackenzie, Aug. 26, 1896; Brush Creek, Jackson County, Mackenzie, Sept. 16, 1895; Kansas City, Mackenzie, $60, June 14, 1895; Jackson County, Bush, 1023, Aug. 6, 1888; Monteer, Shannon County, Bush, Oct. 21, 1893; Eagle Rock, Barry County, Bush, 162, June 28, 1897; Swan, Taney County, Bush, 173, June 12, 1898, — Kan- Sas: Rosedale, Wyandotte County, Mackenzie, July 12, 1896; Manhattan, Riley County, Kellerman, Aug. 28, 1888. 86 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. PHYSALIS SUBGLABRATA D. sp. An erect branching perennial, 3-9 dm. tall, from a stout rootstock; stem glabrous or very nearly so below, more or less pubescent with few and scattered appressed hairs above ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 1.25-5 cm. wide, entire or slightly undulate, obtuse or somewhat acute at apex, rounded or subcordate at base, and often slightly oblique, glabrous throughout, or occasionally with a few scat- tered appressed hairs; petioles shorter than the leaves, 6-36 dm. long, glabrous, or with a few scattered appressed hairs ; pedicels strongly appressed hairy, 6-10 mm. long in flower, often twice as long in fruit; calyx 6-8 mm. long, appressed hairy, the lobes triangular and about the length of the tube; corolla yellow with a dark center, 10-14 mm. broad, and about as long; fruiting calyx angled and reticulated, de- pressed at base, 24-30 mm. long, 15-22 mm. wide, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, much inflated, the berry in the center; berry globular, 8-10 mm. broad, distinctly stiped. Type locality: Sheffield, Jackson County, Missouri; col- lected by H. H. Mackenzie, June 14, 1896; type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie. This is the most common species of Physalis around Kansas City, occurring in great abundance along railroads, in fields, sandy woods, and river bottoms. It has been re- ferred to P. Philadelphica Lam., but that species is annual, while the above proposed species is invariably perennial. It in fact appears to us much nearer P. macrophysa Rydb., and it differs from the published description of that species only in the more slender fruit, the nonglabrate flowering calyx, the noticeably appressed-pubescent pedicels, and the narrower entire leaves. It probably includes the greater part of the perennial P. Philadelphica of the Eastern United States. SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—MyrssourRI: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Brush Creek, Jackson County, Mackenzie, June 14, 1895; Lee’s Summit, Jackson County, Mackenzie, July 6, 1900; Eagle Rock, Barry County, Bush, 165, June 27, 1897; Jackson County, Bush, 263, July 31, 1893; Swan, Taney County, Bush, 448, Sept. 24, 1899; Courtney, Jackson County, Bush, 286, July 8, 1896; Independence, C. W. Tindall, June 19, 1895; Clarksville, Trelease, 504, Oct. 10, 1897; Sac Mackenzie and Bush — New Plants from Missouri. 87 River, Greene County, Trelease, 503, July 28, 1897; St. Louis County, Glatfelter, 1895.— ILLino1s: Wady Petra, V. H. Chase, Sept. 24, 1897.— Kansas: Quindaro, Wyandotte County, Mackenzie, July 11, 1897. — Iowa: Iowa City, Hitchcock, 1886. SoLIDAGO LONGIPETIOLATA nN. sp. An erect slendertufted perennial, 3-6 dm. high ; stemsclosely and finely short-canescent, but not whitened ; leaves linear-ob- lanceolate, the lower and those on sterile shoots tapering into a long petiole, the upper sessile or nearly so; lower leaves (in- cluding petiole) 5-18 cm. long, the upper gradually becoming _ shorter, 3-11 mm. wide at the widest part, the lower usually short-crenate, the upper entire, green, but appressed-pubescent on both sides, 3-nerved, the mid-nerve prominent, the lateral often obscure; leaves often bearing small leaves in their axils simulating stipules ; cyme 2.5-7.5 cm. long, rarely 15 cm. long, usually flat-topped and strongly one-sided, either bearing one long curving branch with smaller branches at base, or rarely bearing several curving branches; heads 5-—7.75 mm. high on bracteolate pedicels; ray flowers 3-9, with rays 2 mm. long; disk flowers 8-12; involucral bracts in several rows, appressed, acutish and thickened at the end; achenes strongly pubescent.— Plate XVI. Type locality: Lee’s Summit, Jackson County, Missouri; collected by A. H. Mackenzie, No. 425, September 19, 1901; type in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie, duplicate in Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden. This species is common in rocky woods and barrens from Michigan and Wisconsin through Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Indian Territory to Texas. Distinguished from S. nemoralis Ait. by the very long and narrow, more entire, linear-oblanceolate leaves, its larger heads and longer rays, more imbricated involucre, with sharper scales, lower height, more simple inflorescence and much more pubescent achenes. SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — MISSOURI: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Lee’s Summit, Jackson County, Bush, 1, Oct. 6, 1883 (marked *radula 2’); Monteer, Shannon County, Bush, 1134, Oct. 23, 1901; St. Louis, Engelmann, Aug., 1842 (marked S. nemoralis 2); Eagle Rock, Barry County, Bush, 74, Sept. 21, 1896; Martin City, Jackson County, Mackenzie, 477, Sept. 18,1901. —Ixiinois: American Bottom, Harber’s, Engelmann, Aug., 1842; American Bottom, Harber’s, Engelmann, Sept., 1843 (marked 88 ; Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louts. ‘var. fol. elongatis viridibus ’’), an unusual branched form. — WISCONSIN: St. Croix, Hale, 1861 (marked ‘‘var. of nemoralis”?).—Txxas: Spring Creek, Gillespie County, G@. Jermy.— MicuigaN: Manitou Island, Lake Michigan, B. B. Brown, Sept., 1892.—INDIAN TERRITORY: Sapulpa, B. F. Bush, 247, Sept. 25, 1894.—Iowa: Clinton, Lyon County, Pammel, 44, Sept. 4, 1896; Emmet County, Cratty and Pammel, 618, Aug. 28, 1897 (young plants); Ames, Pammel, 43, Aug. 24, 1896. — Kansas: Manhattan, Norton, Aug. 7, 1892. SENECIO PSEUDO-TOMENTOSDS, Nl. Sp. Perennial, 3-4.5 dm. high, densely and persistently woolly- canescent, tufted; basal leaves semi-orbicular to ovate or ovate-oblong, 24-36 mm. long, 7-24 mm. wide, narrowed, truncate, or semi-cordate at base, obtuse, sharply and often doubly serrate, varying to crenate-serrate, more or less per- sistently woolly even above; petioles often 5 cm. long, strongly and persistently woolly; stem leaves rather distant, short- petioled or sessile, few; the lower oblong in outline, 5-7 cm. long, strongly laciniate-pinnatifid, the terminal segment much the larger, 24-36 mm. long, 24 mm. wide ; upper stem leaves lanceolate in outline; corymb 5-25-flowered; involucre 6-8 mm. high, 8-10 mm. broad, strongly tomentose, its linear- lanceolate segments acute, ina single row, with 1-3 lanceolate aristate-pointed bracts 2 mm. long at base; rays about 10, 4-6 mm. long; achenes hispidulous; pappus white. — Plate XVII. Type locality: Monteer, Shannon County, Missouri; col- lected by B. F. Bush, No. 4538, May 138, 1901; type in Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, duplicate in Herb. K. K. Mackenzie. This species is common in the rocky barrens in the Ozark Mountain region in Southern Missouri, which in spring are very wet and completely covered with herbaceous plants. The type specimens were collected in a rocky barren in Shan- non County, associated with such plants as Senecio Plattensis, Agave Virginica, Berlandiera Texana, Scutellaria Bushii, Delphinium Nortonianum, and Parthenium repens. This species belongs to the aureus group. Its persistently woolly tomentum distinguishes it from most of the Eastern United States species of the group; from S. tomentosus Michx., and 8. Plattensis Nutt., with which it might be confounded, Mackenzie and Bush — New Plants from Missouri. 89 it is readily distinguished by its small, short and broad root - leaves. The type specimens are the only ones seen. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Puatzs XII.-XVII. Plate XII. — Muhlenbergia polystachya. Habit, reduced one-half, and spikelet, < 6. Plate XIII. — Delphinium Nortonianum. Habit, reduced one-half, flower, _natural size, and seed, 5. Plate XIV. — Hypericum pseudomaculatum. Habit, reduced one-half. . Plate XIV. — Scutellaria cordifolia pilosissima. Habit, reduced one-half, ’ and flower, < 2. Plate XVI. — Solidago longipetiolata. Habit, reduced one-half, head, natural size, and ray flower, < 3. Plate XVII. — Senecio pseudo-tomentosus. Habit, reduced one-half, head, natural size, and disk flower, X 3. Issued June 9, 1902. hi TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LovIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XII. MUHLENBERGIA POLYSTACHYA, TRANS. ACAD. ScI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XIII. DELPHINIUM NORTONIANUM. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VoL. XII. PLATE XIV. HYPERICUM PSEUDOMACULATUM. ee ee eee eae ie eee ey tt eee es wee en lige Se Moy ees ¢. 7) a wong seu Sore . 1a Pel . TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XV. SCUTELLARIA CORDIFOLIA PILOSISSIMA. ; ti TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XVI. SOLIDAGO LONGIPETIOLATA. re . 5 . \ ’ = « TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XVII. GLY SENECIO PSEUDO-TOMENTOSUS. SCLEROTINIA FRUCTIGENA. J. B. S. Norton. The fungus known as Monilia fructigena has been long known as the cause of a serious disease of fruits, especially “in this country, and has been the subject of study by many investigators both from the economic and purely scientific standpoint. Among the many Experiment Station bulletins dealing with this fruit rot, may be mentioned those of Ches- ter* and Quaintance.f Dr. Erwin F. Smitht has done the most valuable work on the fungus in this country. Humphrey$ has also contributed a good paper on the life history of Monilia. Among the host of European works, the excellent and beautifully illustrated paper by Woronin{ is the most. complete. Montemartini’s || paper in the Rivista di Patologia may be referred to for a more complete bibliography. Although the ascospore stage of this fungus has not been reported by any writer, the species, from the morphology of its condia, the sclerotia formed and other peculiarities of life and structure, has been without question referred to the genus Sclerotinia, first by Schroeter, and later with more thorough work to uphold his views by Woronin, who after patient search for the apothecial stage published his paper on this subject with the view that either the apothecia had been lost from this species and also the similar Sclerotinia cinerea, or that the period of their development from the sclerotia was very long. * F, D. Chester, Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station Bul- letins 19. 1892; 29. 1895. + A. L. Quaintance, Georgia Experiment Station Balletin 50. 1900. ¢ Erwin F. Smith, Journal of Mycology 5: 123-134. 1889; 7 326-38. p/. 5-6. 2 J. E. Humphrey, Botanical Gazette 18:85. 1893. 4 M. Woronin, Mémoires de 1|’Académie impériale des sciences de St,- Pétersbourg. VIII. 10°: 1-38. pl. 1-6. 1900. | L. Montemartini, Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 8: 210-218. 1900. (91) 92 Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. The latter proposition of Woronin seems to me the correct one. I found the apothecia developing abundantly this spring in Maryland peach and plum orchards; but in every — case so far as I can judge, only from sclerotia in mummified fruits over one year old. I first noticed the disk-like apothecia on the ground in an old peach orchard in Charles County, Md., April 10th of this year. Suspecting their origin, I was delighted on digging them up to find them attached to buried peaches. A short search revealed them in large numbers wherever the ground was moist and buried ‘‘ mummy ’’ peaches had been for some time undisturbed. Two days later I found them in the young peach orchard of the Maryland Experiment Station at College Park, and also on afew buried plums. They were also found in other orchards at College Park, and a week later one par- tially developed apothecium was found in northern Frederick County and on May 8 the dried up remains of many and a few fresh ones were found in Washington County, and one single apothecium was found after long search in the mountains of Garrett County on May 9, where peaches were just then in flower. In no case have I failed to find the cups where Monilia was abundant two years ago, but where it was abun- dant last year and not the year before, I have found none. This may offer some explanation of the appearance of blos- som blight after a season when Monilia was not abundant: however the conidia alone appear able to carry the fungus over one year. | The apothecia are easily distinguished where perfectly de- veloped, if on open ground, but they are usually found covered by trash. It hardly seems possible that they could appear every year, and not have been found by some of the excellent investigators who have looked closely for them. But it is well known that many fungi, including some species of Sclerotinia mentioned by Woronin, like some flowering plants do not produce certain stages in their life history for years, while on certain other years, these appear in great abundance. I estimate from the condition in which I have found the fungus at different places that the first disks appeared at a ee Sclerotinia fructigena. 93 College Park about April 1; the last ones I observed in perfect condition there were seen on April 27. The duration of the ascospore stage is then about that of the peach flowers. The single apothecia last only two or three weeks, after that drying up so as to be found with difficulty. The apothecia arise from the familiar sclerotia in the tissues of the so-called mummy fruits beneath the soil or occasionally on the surface in moist places. Usually several arise from the under side of each fruit and appear in a ring around it at the surface of the ground, from one to twenty appearing above one fruit. The sinuous stipe is from .5-3 cm. long, depending on the length it must grow to bring the spore-bearing surface above the ground. It is from .3-1.5 mm. thick. The lower part is covered with closely adherent particles of soil entangled in a mass of slender dark-colored septate rhizoids 1 mm. or less in length. These gradually disappear upward, the upper part of the stipe being smooth. The color is dark brown below running into the lighter brown of the disk above. The body of the stipe is made up of somewhat elongated cells in the center with shorter dark-colored cells on the outside, com- posing the cortex which continues around the outside of the disk and projects at the edges somewhat beyond the hymen- ium. The subhymenium is composed of elongated inter- twined cells much like those in the center of the stipe. The stipe enlarges into the at first campanulate disk, slightly broader below the top. The disk widens out until cup-shaped and finally flat. Older ones often have the edges torn and recurved. The disk becomes again campanulate in drying up and is then darker colored. The expanded disk is from 2-15 mm. wide, usually about 5-8 mm. In its later stages it is often whitish from a deposit of spores. The line of demarcation seen in sections between the hymenium and subhymenium is composed of a dense mass of small hyphae from which the asci and paraphyses arise. These are of the usual form of the Pezizaceae and of the genus. The paraphyses are very slender and slightly en- larged at the apex. ‘The asci are 45-50 mw long and 3-4 « wide, with 8 spores in the apical half. 94 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The spores are thrown off as the disk dries up. If fresh apothecia are kept for a time in a moist atmosphere and then exposed to a dryer or blown upon by currents of air or the breath, a distinct cloud of spores can be seen discharged which ascends several centimeters high and is wafted away by the slightest air current. When held in the sunlight the in- dividual spores can apparently be seen with the naked eye. The discharge of spores can be several times repeated by additional drying, and after a rest still others may be given off. Not nearly all the spores are ejaculated, as old dry indi- viduals contain many asci intact and others with a few spores. The spores germinate in water in 6-10 hours sending out a small germ-tube or promycelium after swelling to twice their diameter. Usually this tube does not attain in water more than 30-40 win length. I have not observed the formation of sporidia such as are described by Woronin and Humphrey. The outer coat of the spore is i gunn thrown off in ger- mination. In bouillon or prune juice a much more vigorous growth takes place. A small branched mycelium is formed, which in drop cultures, which I have made, has rarely developed conidia. A few cells in some of the hyphae after long stand- ing and slow growth took on a form approximating that of the Monilia spores and in some cases a few small sporidia(?) were developed (Plate XVIII, figs. 8, 9). Beautiful and almost always pure, agar plate cultures were obtained by holding a sterile cover-glass with a drop of liquid for a moment over the discharging asci, dropping it into a tube of bouillon and then preparing the plates in the usual manner. This method was suggested to me by Dr. Erwin F. Smith, who has provided me with many facilities for making these studies. Several colonies developed in plates prepared in this way and in such large preponderance over others as to give certainty to their origin, although it must be remem- bered that Monilia conidia are apt to be plentiful in the air and contaminations of a very undesirable character result. The mycelium developed was very similar to that obtained in agar and bouillon tubes, a radiating dense layer of shining white, branched mycelium gradually growing wider to in Sclerotinia fructigena. 95 some cases, with moist and warm air, 2 cm. or more from the original spore. After a few day’s growth, most of these mycelia sent up branching hyphae into the air ina circle a _ short distance from the center. These bore in chains the characteristic yellowish-gray conidia of Monilia fructigena. After further growth, other rings of clusters of conidiophores were produced beyond the first, their production apparently depending on moisture conditions. It. remained to test inoculations of fruit and flowers with the ascospores or conidia developed from them. Some of the fresh apothecia were placed in contact with peach flowers moistened and inclosed in paper sacks and some on mutilated buds. Probably owing to dry weather no results were obtained. With cut twigs of blooming peach and plum at the same time placed under sterile jars indoors and similarly treated, in two or three days the peculiar browning of the petals seen in the Monilia blossom-blight appeared, followed by tufts of conidia. Although a great deal of blight appeared in the check cultures from Monilia spores already on the peach buds, several spots started in such places as to indicate undoubted infection from i the ascospores. Finally, after a few weeks all the flowers - __ blighted and became covered with dense masses of white ‘ hyphae often hanging down 2-3 cm. Although this may be some other mold, it appears to be connected with the Sclero- tinia. On May 12, peach petals collected the day before in Garrett Co., Md., were placed in a sterile Petri dish. On some were placed sterilized drops of water, others were touched by wet, fresh apotheca, and others with Monilia conidia from the peach flowers mentioned above. In 3 days those inoculated were blighted, turned brown, and later developed clusters of conidia. Those simply wet remained perfectly fresh and white, fy 3 weeks later. I find a very good way to study the development from the i ascospores is to cut very thin sections of the dry apothecia and place them in water or some nutrient liquid where the germination of the spores actually in the asci’can be watchedS=.— and thus the spores cannot be confused with those of other fi fungi that might be present. With such sections placed on a 96 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. slide, the hyphae can be followed out until in nutrient solu- tions after 3 or 4 days the conidia are produced. The prin- cipal difficulty is in keeping them separate from the hyphae of other molds, which are difficult to keep out. By placing thin sections of fruit on the slide near the germinating spores, the course of the hyphae can be observed into and through the fruit tissues. I have used pieces of boiled prune and apple very well in this way, but the results with a few sections of green peaches and plums were negative. On May 19 through the kindness of Mr. A. M. Ferguson of the University of Texas, I received some well developed peaches and partially ripe plums from Texas. I inoculated some of these by piercing them with a needle which had just been touched to conidia developed in plate cultures from ascospores or which held a section containing germinating ascospores. These were placed under a belljar with check cul- tures of fruits pierced with a sterile needle. Most of those inoculated developed Monilia conidia in 3 to 5 days, pre- ceded by the characteristic ‘*‘ brown rot.’’ The checks re- mained fresh for two weeks. In the damp atmosphere of the bell jar the hyphae on some of the inoculated fruits devel- oped a dense white mass over the surface of the fruit 3-8 mm. thick, much like that found on the flowers kept under jars mentioned previously. This does not have the usual ap- pearance of Monilia on rotted fruits, but since it is preceded by the usual form of conidiophores in hemispherical clusters and the long white hyphae bear similar chains of spores, I do not believe that it is anything else. My principal object has been to demonstrate the identity of Monilia fructigena and the ascus stage of the Sclerotinia which I found this spring. The cultures described and others not here referred to, I think have done this. Monilia fructi- gena Persoon must then become a synonym of Sclerotinia Sructigena (Persoon) Schroeter. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. The apothecia of a Sclerotinia were found abundantly in April, 1902, developing from sclerotia in buried mummified peaches and plums in Maryland orchards. The ascospores Sclerotinia fructigena. 97 developed coincident with the peach flowers. The ascospores were readily germinated in water, bouillon and prune juice and cultures made in agar and on sterilized dried apple and prune, from which conidia were developed not distinguishable from the Monilia associated with brown rot of fruits. In- oculations of peach and plum flowers and fruits from asco- spores or from these conidia developed in 2—4 days brown rot and clusters of Monilia conidia. Monilia fructigena, Per- soon, is then properly referred to Sclerotinia fructigena _(Persoon) Schroeter. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES XVIII-XXI. Plate XVIII. — Sclerotinia fructigena. 1, Ascus and paraphyses, < 700; 2, Spores, x 700; 3-5, Germinating spores, x 700; 6, Spores in end of ascus germinating, the lower spore natural size, the others swollen, 1,000; 7, cross section of disk of apothecium, the base of the asci shown at a, b the cortex on the outside (somewhat diagrammatic), 50; 8, 9, Mycelia from bouillon drop cultures with clamydospores(?) forming in the cells, — some sporidia(?) shown in 9, 1,000; 10, End of hypha on plate culture, shown in plate XX, < 1,000; 11, 12, Conidiophores arising from branches of mycelium produced from ascospores. The chains of conidia were drawn from those that had fallen over and the conidia separated, « 50; 18, Chains of conidia attached, < 700. Plate XIX. — Sclerotinia fructigena. UPPER FIGURE. Looking praies upon a mummy peach surrounded by apothecia, natural size. LOWER FIGURE. Apothecia attached to mummied fruits; on the left appearing through the soil; in the center detached fragment showing the stipes, natural size. Plate XX.— Mycelium of Sclerotinia fructigena, with clusters of conidia from agar plate culture developed from ascospore, X 6. Plate XXI. — Fruits inoculated with ascospores of Sclerotinia fructigena. The plum in the upper left hand corner covered with a dense mass of hyphae bearing conidia in the grey spots at the left. To the right a peach and below an apple and plum, check cultures, simply pierced by sterile needle. The other two peaches on the right inoculated like the plum at the top. The middle peach shows at the right the usual form of clusters of conidia. All natural size. Issued August 25, 1902. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF St. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XVIII. JB.5.NeoxPon def. SCLEROTINIA FRUCTIGENA. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XIX. SCLEROTINIA FRUCTIGENA. TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XX. SCLEROTINIA FRUCTIGENA, TRANS. ACAD. SCI. OF ST. LOUIS, VOL. XII. PLATE XXI. SCLEROTINIA FRUOCTIGENA. bo here ON SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN BESSEL FUNC- TIONS OF THE FIRST AND OF THE SECOND KIND.* ALEXANDER S. CHESSIN. The general solution of Bessel’s equation dy = 1 By n? Sa i+ + (1— )y=0 a dx is of the form Oe y= AJ, (x) + BE, (x), Me... se. y = Ady (x) + BI_, (2), according as 7 is, or is not, an integral number, A and B being arbitrary constants, while J, (x) and H, (x) denote Bessel functions of the first and of the second kind, the func- tions J,(“) and J_, (x) being distinct and independent when n is not an integral number. The differential equation (1) may be presented in a different form, namely 4n? — : NV a 0; or, we may say that w=yV x is the general solution of the differential equation BMPR ids sos 0 4 2 or +uf(2)=0, * Presented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, October 20, 1902. (99) 100 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 4n?— 1 RE where f (*)=1——ya—> and y is given by the formulas (2) or (2)' according as 7 is, or is not, an integral number. Now, let v be a solution of the differential equation (3), and w a solution of the differential equation 2. d (Pye rae ee = + ud(x) =0, J («) and $(x) being arbitrary functions of x. Then d*y dx? + uf(x) =0, d*w We and, therefore, d?w dy VT” Ga =(S— b)ew. But, on the other hand, : dw tv_4a dw wy 2 ” ax? i= del” de ia) hence, d + du dv HOME e N N aa” de” da) 9) and Pa OG 1) 18 yw = {(f—$) vode + Constant, We will proceed to make some applications of the last two formulas. CB Cor eas, v=VaI,(av), w=V xJ,(Rex), a im i i le al i i ee — es ee ee ee ee SS ee Chessin — On Some Relations Between Bessel Functions. 101 n being an integral number, then the function v will satisfy 4n?— 1 the equation (3) when f(x) =a? — “Ss, while the function w will be a solution of the differential equation (3)’ when 4n? —1 o(“) = mI” mae Therefore, by (4), : = (2 — B?)xJ,(ax)J,( Bx). Likewise, n still being an integral number and the func- tions f(x) and (x) being selected as above, if we take, in succession, (5), v=Vad,(ac), w=V2K,(B2); (5), v=V«cK,(ax), w=V«cK,(Pe); we obtain the formulas ett Bx) dJ,,( ax) Tse i ear a rai j = (a? — B’)aJ,(ax) KH, (Bx), (6), {? o( (ax zn) eal) E, (Ar) SEk@)) | = (a? — B*)aH,(ax) KH, (Bax). (6), ef 2(YaCar) When 2 is not an integral number we take successively (7), v=Vad,(az), w=VxdJ,(Be); (7), v=Val,(ax), w=Vxd_,(Bx); CFs v=eVaJ_,az), w= V td _,( Bx) 3 and arrive at the identities d dd, dJ,, a (8), ef e(AaCex) 3 — 4.06) SE) | cone (a? — 8? )xJ,,(aa)J,,( Ba), 102 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. (8), ge ™( Salar) Spe Foe) SE) J = (a — f*)aJ,(ax)I_,( Bx), (8). ae {2(7-x az) TO) —d_,(Be) Se va B? JaJ_ ,(ax)J_,( Bax), of which the first one is identical with (6), in form. Now, we know that, whatever be n, ad, (ax n (ye ee far) a Tae (10) sala ff ” Jy( ane) + ad, (ax), dK,,( ax n ay SARE) 22 ie (ar) —a,,,(a2), and that similar relations exist when a is replaced by £. Substituting into the identities (6) and (8) the above ex- pressions for the derivatives of Bessel functions we readily obtain the formulas: (12), ee { xf a, (Bx) Ty 43 (0%) — BI, (a0) Tn is (Ber) | \ = (a?— B?)xJ,(ax)J,( Bx) (12), a { x] aK, (Bx) F ns (ax)—BJ, (av) Kyi) (Bx) | } = (a —#)xJ,(ax) K,( Bx) (12), as (Bx) K,,,,( ax) — BE, (ax) K,,,,( Be) 1} = (a? — 6?)xKt,, (ax) HK, (8x) / when v is an integral number, and (18), Sf aLad 8x) Tusa an) — B,(a2)Tuya(Br) J} = (a! f)wJ,(ax)J,(Br), BS) Seen eee ee a SO ee ee Chessin — On Some Relations Between Bessel Functions. 103 : | (18), | # an (Be)Tua( ae) + Beq( 022) T-n (Be) | } | = (6? —a?)uJ,(ax)J_,( Bx), d (18), G4 #[ 2 a(Be)I-n.1( ae) —BI_q( 222) (Bx) |} = (a — &*)aJ_,(ax)J_,( Bx), when v is not an integral number. When a=8 the formulas just derived assume the form 0=0. This is obvious in the case of (12),, (12),, (18),, and (13),. It is, however, quite as evident in the other cases if we take into consideration the relations E (14) Inii(@) HK, (2) Yin J, (@) Ky 1(%) = when 7 is an integral number, and 2 sin nar Tx b ci) Ty(@)Ini(#) + Fn(#)In«(@) = when v is not an integral number.* To derive the relations corresponding to (12) and (13) when a= 8 we, therefore, differentiate both sides of the identities (12) and (13) with respect to a and put 8 =a in the results. We then arrive at the formulas: (16), { al J; (a) —Iya( a) Ty (ax ) | ts Qa, (as), (16), iad { oJ, (ae) K, (ax) — Jy (ae) Ky (a) | } = 2nJ,(ax) K,( ax), (16), ed { ot Ke (ax) —K,,(ax) Ky (ae) | \ = 2xK, (ax), when 7 is an integral number, and * See the treatise on Bessel functions by Gray and Mathews, p. 16. 104 Trans. Acad. Sct. of St. Louis. (17), gf LT (ae) — Ty a(an)ysa(ae)] |= 2nFe (ar), (1), ge { [Ia ae \T-a( an) + nya) Tus (an) ] } = Bird, (ar )T gla) — (17), oe{ #L 78 an) aan Fnis(a2) Tn-s(ar)] } es PoP a when 7 is not an integral number. < If, instead of applying formula (4), we had made ins Se formula (4)'; or, which amounts to the same thing, if we integrate both sides of the relations (12), (18), (16) (17), we arrive at the formulas: (18), 2 { ay Bee) Tugy(asr) — Bq (ate) Tuy (Bx) | =(#—#) j vy) Jy (Bier + Cor (18), at aK, (Bx )Ins,(ax) — BIn (ae) Hy +,(Be) } | ‘ = (a? — 6) f toy (ast) Hy (Bas) dae + Const., (18), x | ak, (Ba) Hn 4(%) — BE, (ax) Hy.,( 8x) } ¢ = (a*— f) | aK, (ax) K,, (Bx) du Const., when a + £, and (19), 2 { Jn (ar) —Jq4(a2)Tus,(ar) } = ec (ax)dx + Const., : Chessin — On Some Relations Between Bessel Functions. 105 (19), a? | Su (aor) Ky (at) — Iq a) Fens, (aer) } She 2 fon (ax) Kn (ax )du + Const., (19), { Ki (ax) — Ky_,(ax) Ky,,(ax) \ = 2f ox: (ax )dx + Const., when 8=a. Both sets of formulas (18) and (19) refer to the case of an integraln. When v is not an integral number these formulas should be replaced by the following ones : (20), 24 J, (Bx) In, ( ae) — Bly (a2r)eFn,,( 82) } = (a? — f?) | wd, (ax)In (Sx) dx + Const., (20), 2 | aJ__( Bec) Ty_,(a%) + BI (a2) I 41 (Bet) \ = (Bh? —a?) | xJ, (ax) J_,(8x)dx + Const., (20), 2% ad_y( 0) Tms3( a2) — BI-4(42)In (Ber } = eat B?) | xJ_,(ax)J_,(Bx)dx + Const., provideda +f. If 8 =a, the last relations assume the form (21), 2 { Jy (a) — Jy(az)Jues(aee) } = 2f mt (ax) da -+ Const., 106 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. (21), 2 { Jn (att )T_n( a) +I _n4,(ai) Tq, (at) \ = af et, (ax)J_,(ax)dx + Const., (21), af Jig a2) — Sn (a) I naa) } = aft, (ax )dx + Const. With the exception of formulas (18),, (19),, (20),, (20),, (21),, and (21),, the integration may be assumed between the limits 0 and 1, the only restriction on the number n being that specified above. Thus, with 8a and n being an integ- ral number, positive or negative (zero, of course, included), (22) ay (B)Tuus(@) —BIa(@)Tuis(8) = (a? — e{ xed, (ax )I, (Ba )da, (23) an (B)Insi(4) — Bdn (4) Hoss 8) = (a? — ef xd, (ax) K, (Bx )da, (24) 120) —Teletan(@) =2| 203 ea) (25) In(4) Hn (4) —Ina(4) Ansi(@) = af xed, (ax), (ax )da. Likewise, with 8a, but n not an integral number, (26) aJ_n(B)In(%) + BIn (4) I_n4i(B) = (f? — of xd, (ax )I_»(Bx)dax, oe ee ee ee ee ed iy Chessin — On Some Relations Between Bessel Functions. 107 (27) J,(a@)J_»(a) + I _n4i1(@)In4,(@) = =f wd, (ax )J_,(ax)da. Further, if n denote a positive, but not integral, number, formulas (20), and (21), yield the relations (28) adn (B)In+1(4) — Bn (@)Ins1(8) = (a? — | wed, (ax) J, (Bx) da, (29) J3(a) —Jy_(a)Iuy,(a) = 2 { wy (ace dle, in form identical with (22) and (24); while n being a nega- tive, but not integral, number, we derive from (20), and (21), the formulas (80) aJn(B)I_n41(4) — BI_n(4)I_n4i(B) = (a? — of tI _»(ax)I_»( Bx) da, 0 p 1 (31) Jo4(@) —Jina(@) Tnys()= 2 | WI y (ax)dee, which are, practically, identical with (28) and (29), since —n in (380) and (31) is a positive, but not integral, number. The integration between the limits 0 and 1 in formulas (20), and (21), when n<0, or in (20), and (21,) when n>0, is only possibleif |» | <1. Hence, formulas (28) and (29) are still valid if —l’ é cary oF a ete ' ae ¢ 2 45 . ' ‘ . . 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