3E 5 /-

TRANSACTIONS

I

Ol-' THK

HISTORY SOCIETY

OF .

QUEENSLAND.

VOL. I

1892 - 3 - 4 .-

RKlNXKi) BY rOBK. OL'TUlhCrK' A- CO., I’F/naK'a BIGHT,

.MJJUCT'XCV.’

T::-55,

OF THE

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

i

VOL. I.

1892 - 3 - 4 :.

PRINTED BY POLE, OUTRIDGE & CO., PETRIE’S BIGHT.

MpCCCXCV,

THE NATUEAL HISTOEY SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

This Society was established at a meeting held in Brisbane
on the lith January^ 1892.

OBJECTS:

1. The cultivation of a taste for Natural History.

2. The investigation of the physical features— geology,

fauna, flora, etc.— of the surrounding country.

3. The dissemination of the knowledge acquired.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL:

1892.

President : HENRY TRYON.
Vice-President: T. P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : F. WHITTERON

R. ILLIDGE.

J. LAUTERER, M.D.

Council :

H. G. STOKES, F.G.S.
1893

A. J. TUBNEB, M.D
C. J. WILD, F.L.S.

President: HENBY TBYON.
Vice-President : A. JEFFEBIS TUBNEB, M.D,
tion- Secretary and Treasurer : E. ILLIDGE.

T. P. LUCAS, M.E.C.S., *c.
B. H. BELTON.

Council :

H. G. STOKES, F.G.S. A. J. TUBNEB.

F. WHITTEEON.

1894.

PresUlent : T. P. LUCAS, M.B.C.S., Ac.

Vice-President: C. J. WILD, F.L.S.

Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: E. ILLIDGE.

G. 6B0SS. p

A. T. 0. PBESTON. H. TBYON

F. WHITTEEON.

5U4B4

CONTENTS.

PACrE,

The Genus Antherfea, as illustrating facts opposing Darwinism, by

T. P. Lucas, M.R.C.S.E., Title - 1

The Whistling Moth, by Henry Tryon 1

Notes on Gracillaria, by A. Jefferis Turner, M.D. - - - - 4

The Bean Maggot, by Henry Tryon - 4

Chalcedony, by Henry G. Stokes, F.G.S., Title . 7

The Parasite of the Fruit Maggot, by Henry Tryon ... g

Mimicry and Protective Resemblance, by H. L. Thompson, Title - 9

Notes on some Insects whose Food-plant is the Moreton Bay Fig

f Fiem macrophylla), hy R. llliAgey Title - . . - 10

Plants observed during a visit to Stradbroke Island, by C. J. Wild,

F.L.S. - - - - 10

Birds observed during a visit to Stradbroke Island, by H. Connah - 13

Progressive Modifications of Ambulatory Legs in Animals into

other Organs, by Joseph Lautei'er, M.D., 'Title ... 14

Aluminium and the Cleveland Kaolin, by Henry G. Stokes, F.G.S. 14

Silver and its occurrence in nature as illustrated by the Rivertree

Ores, by Edgar Hall, F.C.S. 18

A New Tobacco Pest, by Henry Tryon 19

Ranatra and its Habits, by It. H. Belton 22

Insect Pests in the Store, by Henry Tryon ----- 23

Cryptolffimus Moutrouzicri or the Scale Insects’ Enemy, by Henry

Tryon 23

Cryptandra longistaminea, by C. Julian Gwyther - - - - 27

The Occurrence of the Esculent Fungus, Morcliella deliciosa, in

Queensland, by C. Julian Gwyther 27

Notes on the Spider Celsena excavata, by C. Julian Gwyther - - 29

Xylorycts or Timber Moths, by It. Illidge ----- 29

Fish Lice, by Henry Tryon ------- 34

Presidential Address, 1892 ; “ A Review of the Work of the Society

during the First Year of its Existence,” by Henry Tryon, Title 34

Botanisingon the Southern Border, by C. Julian Gwyther - - 35

Injurious Marine Animal, by Henry Tryon 39

Plant Classification, by Henry Tryon 45

Geology of the Glasshouse Mountains, by Henry G. Stokes, F.G.S. 45
On the Occurrence of a New Dendroceros in Queensland, by C. J.

Wild, F.L.S. 49

Some Gladfield Fungi, by C. Julian Gwyther 50

Insects as Fungus Hosts, by Henry Tryon 51

IV.

PAGE.

The Strawberry Disease, by Henry Tryon ..... cq

Three Undescribed Insects whose Food-plant is the Moreton Bay

Fig, and the Injuries that they Occasion, by Henry Tryon - 60

The Occurrence of the Genus Apus in Australia, by Henry Tryon - 64

A Partial Decade of the Warwick Acacias, by C. Julian Gwyther - 66

Two Species of Peziza, by C. Julian Gwyther - . . . 73

Acianthus foniicatus, a Bare Orchid, by C. Julian Gwyther - - 80

Enemies of Cereals belonging to the Genus Cecidomyia, by Henry

Tryon 31

Presidential Address, IH'.Ki: “Observations on a New Potato

Disease,” by Henry Tryon, Title 33

Notes on Recent Acquisitions— Lepidoptera, by R. Illidge - - 84

Bean and Pea Weevils, by Henry Tryon - - . . . 3Q

Hexabranchns daramulatus, by C. J. Wild, F.L.S. ... 90

Confectionery Pests, by C. J. Wild, F.L.S. . - . . . 92

The Date Palm for Queensland, by T. Morris Macknight, F.L.S. - 92

Cardwell Birds, with a Few Note!? on those of Herberton, by K.

Broadbent, Title - - . - 102

■ Australian lepidoptera— Thirty New Species, by T. P. Lucas, M.R.C.S. 103

TEANSACTIONS.

§oci£t|) cf ^tieenslanb.

THE GENUS ANTHERMA AS ILLUSTRATING
FACTS OPPOSING DARWINISM.

BY

Thomas P. Lucas, M.R.C.S.E., L.S.A. Lox., Ac., <fec.
(Read on 3rd March, 1892).

THE WHISTLING MOTH.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 7th April, 1892).

The habit of producing sound is met with in but few kinds
of lepidopterous insects, and quite rarely is this sound of the
nature of stridulation. And this being so the fact that a small,
but select, series of Buderim Mountain insects brought last
year to the Queensland Museum by Mr. W. Eiebe, contained —
as their donor pointed out— a sound-producing moth, was not
without interest. This insect was afterwards recognised by the
writer as being Hecatesia fenestrata, Boisduval (Fam. Zygse-
nidfe), from acquaintance with the figures of this and the allied
species H. thyridion, Feisthamel, in Appendix F. (by Adam
White) to Sir George Grey’s “Journals of Two Expeditions of
Discovery in North-west and West Australia.” It would appear
that even prior to 1841, the date of publication of this work,

BY HENRY TRYON.

S

under side of the terminal joints horny and devoid of cilia.
These striking as they would do in flight at the will of the-
insect against the transverse ribs of the transparent space cause
the whizzing and characteristic sound that so attracted me, and
which is doubtless intended as a call of love to the individual of
the weaker sex, who sits enthroned in the branches listening
with delight to the noisy homage of her many lovers.” In con-
clusion, what appears likely to prove a new species of Hecatesia
was recently brought under my notice by Mr. E. Grieve. In
November, 1891, Mr and Mrs. Grieve repeatedly both heard and
saw generally in the early morning what they describe as a
“ whistling moth.” This was in dry level timbered country,
the prevailing trees being Casuarina and Scribbly Gum, at Broad-
water, near Brisbane. Concerning this moth, my informants
relate that “ it had a quick and jerky flight, and that individual
examples, thougii perhaps not in every instance, gave forth
during flight a sibilant legato whistle. The solitary example
secured by Mr. Grieve formed the object of a pencil sketch by
him. It proves to be a female, and is remarkable for having but
one white transverse band on the forewings ; the large orange
spot on the hind wings is, too, without the usual excavations.
Strange to relate, as H. Edwards has pointed out, the geographi-
cal distribution of the species of this genus is peculiar. Of the
five recorded species four are Australian and one inhabits
Mexico.

— Mr. E. Illidge, at a meeting of the Society, held on
5th May, 1892, exhibited specimens of a small brown noctuid
named Beressa natalis, Walker, remarking that though a com-
mon insect the habit to which he was about to allude did not
appear to have been previously recorded. The moth was a
small brown insect with a wing expansion of nearly eight-
tenths of an inch, and the male had a small round tympanum-like
clear depressioii in the middle of the forewing. Sound was
produced, by the male only, whilst it was in flight, and though
slight was distinctly audible. The insect whilst emitting it was
observed to keep up a hovering motion over or around one spot
where probably its consort was at rest.

2

THE WHISTLING MOTH.

the special noise emitted by Hecatesia fenestrata had been
noticed, and the special mechanism connected with its production
pointed out ; although this fact has escaped the notice of more
recent writers on entomological subjects, not excepting Hagen,
untd that keen observer, the late Henry Edwards, visited Aus-
tralia in 1889, and afterwards recorded, in “ Insect Life,” vol.
ii., his personal observations. The remarks H. Edwards makes
are of such interest that no apology is needed for their being

incorporated in this note. He writes concerning H. fenestrata :

During my residence in Australia I was collecting insects in
the Plenty Ranges, about twenty miles from Melbourne, and in
the burning heat of midday sun had sat down to rest and pin
my cajitures under the shade of a thick acacia tree. I was
astonished, and almost startled, at a peculiar sound apparently
very near me, which was unlike anything I had ever heard, and
which I at first thought was the voice of some unfamiliar bird.

I listened attentively, looking in the direction of the noise, but
could see nothing. I took up my net and walked up the opening
in the woods, the sound still continuing, and greatly exciting my
curiosity. It was very loud and distinct, and not unlike ‘ Whiz
whiz ’ repeated by the mouth with the teeth closed. I had pro-
ceeded about thirty yards when the noise suddenly stopped. I
sat down and waited, thinking I should again hear it and be
able to trace it to its source. I was not disappointed, for in a
few minutes it again appeared, and this time quite close to me.

looked very carefully, and in an opening, buzzing about with a
swaying lateral motion, were two or three insects, which at
first sight I took to be some species of Hymenoptera. I gave
a sweep with my net and made a capture, which was .soon within
my collecting bottle. My heart beat violently, as I found that
I had taken a lovely black and orange moth such as I had never
e 01 e seen. The structure by which the insect is enabled to
produce the singular and striking sound is the thickening of the
costal membrane about the apical third, behind which and

ve Mv ^erve, this space being trans-

orthoptera bundles of eggs in some species of

ot piolonged club, pointed at the extreme end, and with the

4

THE BEAN MAGGOT.

NOTES ON GRACILLAEIA

BY

A. Jefferis Turner, M.D,, Lond.

(Eead on 5th May, 1892).

— The substance of this memoir {vide “ Queenslander,'’
14th May, 1892) amplified with descriptions of several new
species, was communicated subsequently to the Royal Society of
South Australia {vide “ Traris. Roy, 8oc, of South Australia^' voL
xviii, pp. 120-138, 1894.— En.]

THE BEAN MAGGOT.

BY

Henry Tryon,

(Read on 5th May, 1892).

The living insects before you are small, black, two- winged
flies which are provisionally named Oscinis phaseoli. My
attention was first directed to this insect from having reared it
some four years since from bean plants, the victims of a diseased
condition, received from Bulimba. Since then evidence has come
to hand that it is especially injurious to leguminous vegetables not
only about Brisbane, but also in the Sherwood, Tingalpa, and
other fostncts ; in fact it bids fair to minimise the yield of such
desirable plants as the French heans, and possibly also of the
horse ^ams. As a typical instance of its depredations a case
reported by Mr. J. W. A. Campbell, a gardener to Sir S. w!

riffith, may be cited. This observer states that the Ne^ro
beans, the Belle Don or butter beans, the Governor Denison

this pest at New Farm during the last four years, and recently

^HnCrfr'^'h ^b ’ successive crops— from Decem-

ber onwaids-have been completely destroyed by it.

BY HENRY TRYON.

5

The injury under notice is occasioned by the fly whilst the
latter is in the maggot condition, but the plant supports the
insect during every phase of its existence, its transformations
being undergone within its tissues. Beans affected by this
redoubtable pest present the following features : — The plants
affected — and the injury may be evinced when they are less than
a fortnight old— fail to make the amount of growth which they
do when in a healthy state. They are altogether stunted, and
oftentimes break off level with the ground. They may also
flower, but if any pods are borne these are few in number, are
very much twisted, swollen in different parts, and do not exhibit
the usual crispness in fracture. From the point where the roots
originate to where the plant emerges from the ground there is
almost complete decay, and immediately above this the stem is
irregularly swollen, becoming less so in passing upwards to the
extremity of the branches. The epidermis covering the swollen
part is generally fissured, especially near the ground, and these
fissures in favourable seasons may emit adventitious roots,
which, how^yef, seldom reach the soil. It is also light-brown
or browniSi white in colour, and separable, presenting the
appearance of being injured through instant contact with some
blistering or corrosive liquid. If the plant has been for some
time subjected to the attacks of the bean-maggot aU its branches,
and even the peduncles of its flowers as well as its leaf stalks,
are similarly injured, each part presenting, however, to a certain
extent, special features. The branches, besides being thickened,
are usually shortened, and more or less contorted, so also are
the leaf stalks, and both may break off through being decayed
I at their point of insertion. On removing a portion of the
' epidermis in any part affected the pest will be brought to light,
maggots of small dimensions — or their pupfe — ^being everywhere
met with.

The maggot is a translucent, yellowish, elongate, cylindrical,
twelve-jointed grub, obtuse at each extremity, and rather
broader towards the head ; it measures to lines in length.

The puparium is a parallel- sided object rounded at each end
and about 1 line in length. If the injury is of long continu-
ance it will be observed, in exploring the plant from the base

c

THE BEAN MAGGOT.

upwards, that the empty pupa cases, the pupa;, and the maggots
are successively met with. Nearly a hundred individuals in
■different stages of growth maybe detected in a single bean-plant,
though but lOin. or less in extreme height.

The fly, which is quite a small though conspicuous insect,
with its wings directed obliquely backwards, is black, but its eyes
present beautiful copper-coloured and green reflections, and its
wings have an opalescent glimmer when viewed in certain posi-
tions. It deposits its eggs in the first instance upon or within
the tissue of the bean plant when the latter is still quite young,
perhaps even before the first true leaves liave expanded ; and
the injury is then inflicted in the stem immediately above the
surface of the ground, the maggots feeding both upwards and
downwards, just beneath the epidermis. Having attained their
full dimensions they pupate in situ: and the flies as they emerge
deposit their eggs higher upon the plant at the insertion of a
stem leaf or flower-stalk, the maggots of the second generation
still feeding upwards, just beneath the skin. The pest is assist-
ed in its progress through the plant-tissue by a large and stout
hook-shaped toothed apparatus in front of the mouth, and by
rows of sharp papilla just behind the head, and at the joints
separating each body segment. As a rule the maggots are not
met with within the central hollow of the stem itself, except
when they can gain access to it, for pupating, either at the dead
portion at the “collar” of the plant, or where a decayed spot
occurs through the falling-off' of a branch. The pupge, however,
generally occur, as do the maggots, just beneath the epidermis.
The maggot attains its full size within a few days, and the fly
emerges from its chrysalis (puparium) after the lapse of ten days
— or less, if the weather is warm.

The technical description of the pest in its different phases
IS postponed, but the symptoms of its presence and the facts of
its life history are enlarged upon, since it is by these that its
presence may be recognised, and so steps be taken for its extir-
pation. Probably it will everywhere prove equally destructive
at first to dwarf French beans, and to these especially, with a
possible tendency to attack the horse gram. It has been sug-
gested that this Oscinis, as being partial to leguminous plants,

BY HENRY TRYON.

7

will devastate the lucerne paddocks, but there is some reason to
think that this will not be the case. It is more than probable
that it is a native insect, although the attempt to detect its
presence in indigenous Leguminosje has hitherto failed. How
far it approaches in character the American Oscinis trifolii,
also a small, rather robust, black fly, cannot at present be ascer-
tained, since F. M. Webster, formerly of La Fayette, who first
discovered it in 1886, has not yet published a sufficiently detailed
description.

The diet of the pest being restricted, it is recommended that
whenever the presence of the latter is detected the entire grow-
ing crop should be destroyed, and the ground occupied by it
planted for a time with other vegetables. By this means it is
hoped that the Oscinis may be locally stamped out. It is,
however, interesting to record that at present it is preyed upon
by two different kinds of minute hymenopterous insects. These
are exhibited under the microscope, and there are also on view
the living insect and its parasites, as well as drawings illustrating
the ovipositor of the female fly, and the mouth -hook, and curious
pedunculated spiracles of the maggot.

[Mr. R. IiiLiDGE, during the discussion which this paper
elicited, informed the meeting that he had met with the bean-
maggot in his garden at Bulimba, and believed he had got rid
of it by adopting a procedure similar to that recommended. — Ed.]

CHALCEDONY.

BY

Henry G. Stokes, F.G.S.

(Read on 5th May, 1892 : vide “ Queenslander,'' 14th May, 1892).

8

THE PARASITE OF THE FRUIT MAGGOT,

THE PARASITE OF THE FRUIT MAGGOT.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 5th May, 1892).

The fruit maggot of Queensland— the larval form of a small
wasp-hke fly, a species of Tephritis— is one of the worst pests
which the orchardist has to contend with in any part of the
world. It is probable that at present it is responsible for the
destruction of considerably more than half of the frait grown in
the southern part of the colony, excluding the consideration of
bananas, grapes, and perhaps oranges, which fruits it does not
attack to any large extent. We may meet with it plentifully in
our apples, pears, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums,
guavas, Brazilian cherries, pomegranates, and to a less extent in
persimmons and the citraceous fruits. Such an extended notice
of It has already been given in my “ Insect and Fungus Pests ”
Me pp. 54-74) that no occasion exists for further dealing with
It this evening, except to mention one fact— namely, that it is
now being kept in check by an insect which is parasitic upon it. Liv-
ing examples of the adult Tephritis audits parasite are before you.

During my investigation into the life history of the fruit
maggot it more than once happened that small hymenopterous
msects belonging to the family Braconid® were observed wending
their way with peculiar characteristic flight-not rapid, but jerky
with quick and continuous vibration of the wings-amongst the
boughs of trees the fruit of which had been observed to be » mag-
gotty and above such of the crop as had faUen to the ground
Ever and anon the tiny insect would alight on a fruit as if to

L tb^Wt I’"'*® the fact of its parasitism

bevond^ a’ early suspected, couldnot be placed

come of Tser- 1 in the

urse of a series of experiments undertaken for the purpose of

estmg the operation of a new insecticidal agent, had occasion

magHl'°“V™'‘ Brazilian cherries infested by fruit

out togetC wTt/^ hymenopterous insects having hatched
together with the msects sought, Mr. Strachan consulted me

BY HENRY TRYON.

9

with a view to learn whether they had arisen from the fruit as-
vegetable feeders or whether they were parasitic upon the maggots.
Having seen similar insects previously under the circumstances
above mentioned, and knowing the habits of the Braconidse, I
inclined to the latter opinion. Quite recently, while temporarily
residing in the Tingalpa district, I met with the hymenopteron
as before, but in much larger numbers, about a fruit-laden guava-
tree, and I decided thereupon to finally settle the question of its
parasitism. With this object in view a number of the puparia
and some maggots of the fruit fly were exhumed from the soil
beneath the guava tree, and these having been kept under
suitable conditions, but without the presence of any foreign
material, gave birth to the mature forms of the pest, and amongst
them specimens of the parasite, such as you behold in its living
state. The latter, as already remarked, is a member of the
Braconid^, and probably a species of Opius. It is a yellow
glossy insect, with conspicuous black eyes. It measures about
two lines in length, and has the wings, which expand to five
lines, faint smoke-coloured, with pink reflections in certain lights.
The antennae are longer than the body and dark-coloured. The
male is rather smaller than the female, which has a short black
ovipositor. In repose the wings are placed backwards over the
body, and the antenna directed outwards from it, either forwards
or backwards. In countries in which economic entomology is-
regarded with the attention which is justly due to it, such a
parasite as this would be artificially propagated, and so cared for
that the ill-effects due to the operation of so baneful an insect
pest as is the fruit fly would be considerably lessened.

MIMICEY AND PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE.

BY

H. Lambert Thompson.

(Read on 5th May, 1892 : vide “ Queenslander, " 14th May, 1892).

10

PLANTS OBSERVED ON STRADBROKE ISLAND,

t

NOTES ON SOME INSECTS WHOSE FOOD-PLANT IS
THE MOEETON BAY FIG {FICUS 2IACROPHYLLA),

BY

E. Illidge.

(Read on 11th June, 1892). ,

[Owing to an emergency the manuscript of this paper was lost from the possession of
its author and cannot therefore be repi’oduced.]

PLANTS OBSEEVED DUEING A VISIT TO STEAD-
BEOKE ISLAND.

BY

•c. J. Wild, F.L.S.

(Head on 11th June, 1892).

A SINGLE afternoon’s work in midwinter (May) does not, it
would seem, promise much worthy of remark ; however, speci-
mens of 160 flowering plants were secured. Fortunately in
examining these I have had the co-operation of our president, Mr.
H. Tryon, who, as some of you are aware, examined the flora of
the locality during a visit in August, 1882. The large swamp
immediately to the south of the settlement in the first instance
engaged my attention. On the borders of this was found the pink-
flowered rutaceous, Boronia ledifolia, and more or less included
within its borders the leguminous shrub Aotus lanigera, with its
branches densely covered with linear leaves and with sub-terminal
large axillary yellow flowers. Also two shrubs belonging to the
same natural order, Leguminosa;— namely, Pultemea myrtoides,
with itsorangeflowersindenseterminalheads, and Bossiaiahetero-
phylla— a flat-stemmed plant with few leaves, sohtary yeUow
flowers and large flattened stipitate seed pod. Myrtaceous plants
were represented here by the paper-bark tea-tree, Melaleuca leu-
codendron, which was in full flower, much to the joy of numerous
parrots, leather-heads, and other honey-eating birds ; the crimson
bottle-brush Calhstemon lanceolatus ; Myrtus tenuifolia ; Agonis
scortechimana ; the purple-flowered Melastoma malabathricum ;

BY C. J. WILD, F.L.S.

11

Epacris micropliylla, with soiiiewliat fastigate branches, cordate
acuminate leaves, and terminal bunches of wlilte axillary flowers ;
the broad-leaved Banksia (B. latifolia). The following amongst
other herbaceous plants were also found in this situation,
namely : — Andrastma salicifolia (not, however, in flower) ; three
of those interesting insectivorous plants, the Sundews — namely,
Brosera burmanni, with its rosette ol radical spathiilate leaves ;
D. binata, with its divided or twice dichotomous leaves, and D.
peltata, with its numerous orbicular stem-leaves. An example
of these insectivorous plants, which capture their living food
material by means of snfall utricles (bladders) — namely, the
Utricularife (Fara. Lentibulariese), was also met with growing in
the mud — merely a slender hair-like erect stem, with a few purple
flowers, probably U. uliginosa. There was also obtained here
the white-flowered fragile Mitrasacme indica ; Stylidium debile,
with its mechanically irritable flower column ; Lobelia anceps ;
the amaryllid Hannodorum tenuifolium ; 'Kyris operculata, with
its yellow flower forming a terminal head ; Commelyna cyanea ;
Eriocaulon, with grass-like leaves and white flowers compacted
into a rounded knob. In the same swamp were also gathered
examples of numerous species of rushes (Juncacete), Cyperacese,
including the handsome Cyperus lucidus and Restiacese including
Restio tetraphyllus with its curious contorted foliage. The
swamp-loving grasses were represented by Paspalum distichum,
Leersia hexandra, with its six stamens ; Isch^mum muticum,
and others. Club-mosses by Lycopodium laterale or a close
ally, and Selaginella uliginosa. Finally, amongst ferns were
Gleichenia dicarpa, Lindsica dimorpha, a large Aspidium, seeming
to be equally related to both A. molle and A. unitum and
Bleclmum serrulatum.

At the foot of the hills running north and south, with an
aspect towards Moretoii Bay, were secured Hibbertia linearis,
Elieocarpus cyaneus, a handsome shrub with conspicuous cobalt-
blue somewhat large fruits ; Zieria Ifevigata ; the so-called native
hop plant — Dodoiiica triquetra ; the leguminous bush Gompho-
lohium virgatum, with trifoliate leaves and conspicuous somewhat
large yellow flowers, also a second species (G. pinnatum) of the
same genus, not in flower ; Acacia juniperina, a low shrub with
aeicular foliage ; the native raspberry, Rubus parvifolius ; the

12

PLANTS OBSERVED ON STRADBROKE ISLAND.

myrtaceous plants Leptospermum microphyllum, with its copious
foliage of tiny leaves and conspicuous though small white
flowers ; Leptospermum stellatum ; the epacrids Leucopogon
lanceolatus, L. leptospermoides, and L. ericoides — the first
mentioned a most superb shrub, its whole outer surface covered
with little spikes of white blossoms, lending it a most effective
appearance. Here also were two species of Persoonia — namely,
P. cornifolia and P. linearis — both with yellow flowers, but the
former with broad lanceolate leaves, whilst the latter had linear
ones. In addition to these two Prot8ace£e was a third species
of the same order, Lomatia silaifolia, a low shrub with thrice
pinnate light green leaves and large racemes of wax-like white
flowers. This plant, which is one of the choicest of our wild
flowers, might with other Stradbroke Island plants worthily
find a place in our gardens ; preserved in the Hortus Siccus of
the botanist its inflorescence unfortunately assumes a black
colouration ; no lover of flowers can, however, having once seen
it growing, forget its most handsome appearance. To proceed,
here again were met with Pimelea linifolia and Wikstrcemia
indica ; also the handsome euphorbiaceous shrub with its white
flowers and bright green linear leaves, Eicinocarpus pinifolius.
There were also two plants in which the true leaves were almost
absent or represented by very diminutive organs of this kind —
namely, the euphorbiad Ampera spartioides and Choretrum
candollei (Fam. Santalace®). Ascending the wood-clad hills,
there was little undergrowth in the sandy soil, but here and
there on the flanks and on the summit were bushes of the
yellow flowered leguminous shrub, Dillwynia ericifolia, and in
the latter situation Conospermum taxifolium, a linear, small
leaved proteaceous plant, bearing at other seasons dense spikes of
white flowers. Two species of Loranthus occur parasitically
upon the trees. Of the latter many different kinds were noticed,
though botanical specimens of all were not secured. The island
in fact IS well wooded, although the trees are usually of small
growth. Hibiscus tiliaceus, Vitex trifoliata, the usual
mangroves of temperate Australia, and others grow near the sea
shore, and away from it are met with two species at least, of
eucalyptus, two honeysuckles— Banksia ^rnula and B.
mtegrifolia, Exocarpus cupressiformis, the oak— Casuarina

BY C. J. WILD, F.L.S.

13

suberosa, and the Cyprus pine — Callitris robusta ; and in
addition to these are the previously-mentioned tea trees —
Melaleuca leucodendron and Callistemon — both affecting damp
low-lying spots. Amongst herbaceous plants growing away
from the swamps specimens were secured of the blue-flowered
lonidium, I. filiforme, the leguminous climbers Hardenbergia
monophylla and Glycine tabacina ; Trachymene procumbens,
Oalotis cuneifolia, Helichrysum bracteatum, and H. apiculatum,
Velleia spathulata, the strange-looking fern Schizsea dichotoma.
On the immediate seaboard were found the large convolvulus,
Convolvulus pes-capi*a3, the legume Canavallia obtusifolia, and
the blue-flowered lobelia, Dampiera stricta. Amongst natural-
ised plants, or indigenous species growing as weeds, the following
were collected — ^namely, Alalvastrum tricuspidatum, Sida
rhombifolia, Geranium, sp. (scented variety), Oxalis corniculata,
or sour grass ; Gnaiflialium luteo-album, Bidens pilosa, or
“ cobblers’ pegs ” (Bailey) ; Galinsoga parviflora, the annual
mercury ; Tagetes glandulifera, the stinking Rodgers ; Vittandia,
sp. ; Sonchus oleraceus, sow thistle ; Wahlenbergia gracilis, the
Australian harebell ; Asclepias curassavica, the cotton weed ;
Solanum nigrum, the night-shade ; Verbena bonariensis ;
Lantana camara ; Chenopodium ambrosioides, the Mexican tea ;
Euphorbia pilulifera, the asthma spurge ; Ricinus communis,
the castor oil plant. Time would not admit of the pasturage
being critically examined ; tlie abundance of the introduced
buffalo grass in the paddocks was, however, remarked, also the
presence of Paspalum indicuin and Cynodon dactylon, both
, predominant species.

BIRDS OBSERVED DURING A VISIT TO
STRADBROKE ISLAND.

BY

H. CONNAH.

(Read on 2nd June, 1892).

— This paper related to the birds — but few in number
and variety — met with by the author on the occasion of an
excursion on the part of the Society made in May, 1892 : vkle
Queenslander,” 11th June, 1892. — Ed,]

14

ALUMINIUM AND THE CLEVELAND KAOLIN.

PROGRESSIVE MODIFICATIONS OF AMBULATORY i
LEGS IN ANIMALS INT'O OTHER ORGANS. j ,

BY

Joseph Lautekeb, M.D,

(Read on 16th June, 1892). j

^ [A'oig. — The substance of this paper was communicated on ;
8th April, 1893, to the Eoyal Society of Queensland: vide “ Proc}^
Boy. Soc. vol. x, pp. 19-20. — Ed.] \

ALUMINIUM AND THE CLEVELAND KAOLIN. *

BY

Henry G. Stokes, F.G.S.

(Read on 7tli July, 1892).

Several letters having of late appeared in the daily papers ''
bearing on the discovery of a supposed valuable clay in the','
Cleveland district, termed by some of the writers thereof alumina,^
and by others kaolin, containing aluminium ; and as apparently’
a good deal of misunderstanding appears to exist concerning the^
importance or otherwise of this discovery the accompanying facts"
are submitted in the hope that they may serve to remove it. i

I

Now, this difference of opinion to which allusion is madejl
relates to the value of the so-called kaolin as a source of the earth \ i
alumina and so of the metal aluminium ; also on its value as a '
china clay.

It is convenient at the outset to consider what alumina is. !
This mineral, then, is an oxide of the element aluminium, and
is in fact the only oxide of that metal known. In nature it |
occurs in two states or conditions— when it may («) be •
anhydrous or [b) contain water of constitution ; and (2) in a !
comhmed state. As illustrations of the former of these modes of |
occurrence we have the mineral corundum and its varieties— ■]
ruby, sapphire, — which is an anhydrous oxide ; whilst as j

BY HENKY G. STOKES, F.G.S.

15

the best-known instance of the hydrated oxide we have the so-
called mineral bauxite. As examples again of alumina in a
combined state we have the mineral spinel, of which again
there are several varieties, which is the oxide of aluminium
combined with the oxide of magnesium ; and kryolite, the
fluoride of aluminium and sodium. By far the best illustration
of this last mode of occurrence is, however, the hydrous silicate
of alumina-clay, which enters so largely into the composition of
clayey-slates, 'shales, i^nd earths, and of this the Cleveland
mineral is an example. The hydrous silicate of alumina, or
clay, when occurring in an approximately pure condition, is
termed kaolin ; usually, however, it exists in a more or less im-
pure state, the impurity consisting of sand, carbonate of lime,
oxides of iron, and the alkalies ; whilst in many cases more or
less carbonaceous matter is present.

Passing in review these different combinations under
which alumina is met with, as possible sources of the metal
aluminium, we may at once eliminate the clays and kaolins,
since it has nowdiere been found practicable to utilise hydrous
silicate of alumina for its manufacture, owing to the great diffi-
culty and consequent expense of liberating the alumina from
the silica with which it is chemically combined. Incidentally,

I too, it may be here pointed out that in published analyses of
I clays giving alumina as occurring in a certain percentage, this
should be regarded as being chemically combined with more or
less of the silica which is represented in the same tabulation,
since as above stated alumina does not exist in a free state in
them. Again we may pass over the different gems illustrating
the occurrence of alumina, either free or combined, already
mentioned. In short, aluminium is at present derived from t-wo
sources only — namely, the above-mentioned minerals, kryolite
and bauxite, neither of which, as far as can be ascertained, are
yet known to occur in these colonies.

In the case of the former of these, i.e,, kryolite, the double
ffuoride of aluminium and sodium, which was until quite
recently extensively employed as a source of aluminium, it may
be pointed out that the impurities which it contains (princi-
pally iron and silicon compounds), and a limited supply, have

16

ALUMINIUM AND THE CLEVELAND KAOLIN.

of late years detracted from its successful use. This mineral
occurs most extensively at Evigtock, in West Greenland, and is
shipped in quantity to Europe and the United States, where it
is used for making aluminium, soda, soda and alumina salts,
and — in Pennsylvania — for the manfacture of a white glass
resembling porcelain in appearance. In April of the present
year the powdered kryolite was quoted in the rnarket at £20 per
ton for small quantities, a price which would of course be much
reduced for pai*cels in bulk of unassorted mineral {vide
“ Entfineerin^j and 2iininf( JoiirnaL”)

Bauxite — a name derived from Beaux, near Arles, in
France, where large deposits of the mineral occur — is then the sub-
stance whence aluminium is now principally derived. In addi-
tion to the above-mentioned locality in France it is now known
that there are vast deposits of it in Ireland, and that it also
exists in considerable quantities in the States of the American
Union — North Carolina and Georgia. The grey shale, quoted
by John D. Hennessy in the Courier^ 27th June, 1892, as being
sold on the Continent of Europe at £2 17s. per ton, is probably
the popular name in commercial circles for bauxite. It contains
no less than from 60 to 80 per cent, of its weight of alumina,
almost the whole of which is free when its water of constitution is
not taken into consideration. The following is the average compo-
sition of the mineral as shown by chemical analysis : — Alumina,
64*24 ; silica, 6*29 ; oxide of iron, 2*40 ; lime, 0*55 ; magnesia,
0*38 ; soda, 0*20 ; potash, 0*46 ; water, 25*74 ; total, 100*26.

In the manufacture of aluminium from bauxite, the
alumina is first separated chemically from iron, silica, and other
impurities. It is then washed, dried, and calcined at a red heat
for a considerable time. There are several methods available
for treating the alumina for aluminium. The Pittsburg Reduc-
ing Company reduce the metal from the prepared oxide (alumina)
by electrolysis, the aluminium being held in solution by a
molten fluoride bath, which is itself not decomposed by the
electric current.

The Cleveland deposits being, as we have seen, of no value
as sources for either alumina or aluminium, it remains to con-

BY HENRY G. STOKES, F.G.S.

17

eider whether they correspond in character to the best descrip-
tions of clays such as kaolin or china-clay, premising that in so
much as there is a superabundance of clay suitable for both
pottery and bricks in the immediate neighbourhood of Brisbane,
the discovery of additional deposits of this class is of little or
no commercial interest.

In estimating the suitability of a clay for the manufacture
of china, the following factors have to be regarded ; — First, as
to its composition, what quantity of silicate of alumina does it
contain, and to what extent are impurities associated with this
silicate ? Secondly, the nature of the treatment required to
eliminate these impurities? Thirdly, the amount of clay of
uniform quality available? For these are the questions which
have to determine its employment as a commercial success or
otherwise.

In the case of what is known under the different names of
kaolin, china clay, porcelain clay, or Cornish clay, we have a
hydrous silicate of alumina with certain impurities, which
when the latter are removed has the following average pei'cent-
age composition, namely: — Silica, 47*2; alumina, 31*1; and
water, 18*7 ; that is, regarding the silica as wholly combined a
clay containing 67*33 per cent, of silicate of alumina, and 11 per
cent, of free silica. The abovementioned impurities, which
comprise small quantities of lime, iron, alkalies, and (quartz)
sand, are almost entirely removable by a simple process to which
the clay is submitted before being placed on the market or con-
verted into chinaware. In fact it is found that the preparation
of the clay for the market involves an expenditure of only 17s.
per ton and that it is sold at prices ranging up to 85s. per ton.

The Cleveland clay, in the light of the Aldershot analysis,
quoted in the correspondence to which allusion has already been
made, contains by analysis 56*60 per cent, of silica and 33*02
per cent, of alumina, that is, regarding again the alumina as
, wholly combined, 71*4 per cent of silicate of alumina and 18*22
I per cent of free silica. Judging from samples which have come
^ to hand the Cleveland clay also lacks uniformity in its physical
' characters, such as colour, texture, &c., a condition of things
' indicative of a variability also in chemical composition. In fact

18

ALUMINITTM AND THE CLEVELAND KAOLIN.

it seems more nearly to resemble a pottery than it does a china
clay.

Pottery clay, as is well known, varies exceedingly in com-
position both in the amount of silicate of alumina and in that of
free silica and other impurities which it contains. Analysis
showing samples to yield from 44 to 58 per cent of silica, 23 to
24 per cent of alumina, 1 to 7 per cent of oxide of iron, and 10
to 15 per cent of water.

[Note , — As a result of the false importance assigned to these^
clay beds, applications had even been made to the authorities
for prospecting areas ; the community is therefore indebted to
the author for dispelling the illusions which had arisen regarding!
them. — E d.]

SILVER AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN NATURE AS ILLUS-
TRATED BY THE RIVERTREE ORES.

BY

Edgar Hall, F.C.S.

(Read on 4th August, 1892 : vide “ Queenslander,'^ 20th August, 1892).

A NEW TOBACCO PEST.

BY

Henky Tryon.

(Read on 4th August, 1892).

When in 1889 attention was drawn by me to those diseases
—due to the attacks of insects — which affect our potatoes, the
existence of a formidable pest in our midst — the caterpillar of a
small moth named Lita solanella — was for the first time brought
under notice. In my “ Report on Insect and Fungus Pests ”
(pages 175 to 181) this insect, as it appears in the different
phases of its existence, is fully described, and its habits as well
as the nature and extent of its ravages are dwelt upon. It is
there stated that this potato grub was reported as occurring in
Tasmania as eax’ly as 1865, though still prior to this it had
manifested its presence in New Zealand. Soon after 1870 it
was noticed in one locality in New South Wales as doing
considerable damage to potatoes grown there, and by 1881— or
earlier still — it had' displayed its destructive propensities in
South Australia. In the meanwhile, however, it had found its
way to Algeria, in 1874, proving very injurious to the potatoes
in that remote locality. In 1889 an extensive literary research
had failed to reveal any mention of the existence of this pest
either in America or on the continent of Europe. However,
with regard to the former region Albert Koebele, of the Entomo-
logical Branch of the United States Agricultural Department,
during a recent visit informed me that by aid of the description
of the pest in the above report he had been able to identify it
with a potato enemy which he had recently detected as occurring
in California amongst shipments of this esculent. When it first
appeared in this colony cannot, perhaps, now be ascertained.
Concerning the extent of the ravages which it occasions it may
be mentioned that Boisduval, in writing of its occurrence in
Algiers, remarks that during a single season three-fourths of the
potato crop was destroyed by this pest, and Otto Tepper, when
in 1881 alluding to his Adelaide experiences, states that as far

20

A NEW TOBACCO PEST.

m bis continued observations went, the insect was causing in its
caterpillar or grub condition tbe destruction of hundreds of tons
of potatoes every year, and that during late years he had scarcely
been able to get half-a-dozen pounds without finding a consider-
able percentage more or less affected by it. But it is not neces-
sary to go beyond the colony of Queensland for evidence of the
immense loss which the potato grub occasions. In the early
part of the present year the potatoes which arrived from the
Southern markets were to a large extent worm-eaten or ahready
rotten, as every housewife must needs have observed — and here
also, the pest was in evidence. As already pointed out by me,
this formidable pest is not only conveyed from place to place in
the tuber itself, but is also transmitted whilst still adherent to
the sacks or other receptacles which have contained affected
potatoes.

At first its attention here was confined to the contents of
the storeroom, and even as late as 1889 no instance of itg
attacking the growing crop in Queensland had come under my
notice, though it was suspected to be enacting this role ; but it
had been already ascertained that wherever it occurred here it
soon visited such of the tubers as had been unearthed. How-
ever, in December of the following year — 1890 — on visiting a
cultivation in the district of Moggill, near Brisbane, a patch of
still growing plants was found to be affected by the presence of
the pest, and, in fact, was in rapid process of destruction. An
important trait in the habit of the insect which has not been
remarked by any previous writer was observed on the occasion of
this visit. It being noticed that the larva of the moth was not
confining its attention to the tubers but was also mining in the
tissue of the leaves, on which it occasioned a brown spotted
appearance. This interesting feature in the habits of Lita solan-
ella was not, however, observed with surprise, since an example
of the perfect insect had been previously reared by me in a
potato leaf forwarded from Toowoomba. The chief interest,
however, in this communication resides in what is to follow.

Insects are better judges of botanical affinities between
plants than are, in many instances, ourselves. The cabbage
worm, Plutella cruciferarum, which we know too well, recognises

BY HENRY TRYON.

21

the close relationship which exists between the plant from which
it derives its name, and the wild mustard, and is ecjually partial
to both ; the caterpillars of our commoner species of Papilio
similarly recognise the fact that the Chinese box-leafed Atalanta,
the introduced orange and its allies, and the native species of
Citrus, though to our observation so different in appearance^
have close affinities— as pronounced by botanists who have
placed them in the same rutaceous tribe, Aurantise— and are
found feeding upon all these plants. In the case of Lita solanella,
the pest under consideration, it has been observed by me that it
has now become inimical to the growth of the tobacco plant as
well as to that of the potato, both— so unlike in their habit-
being members of the same natural order, Solanacefe. Shortly
after the visit to the growing potatoes already alluded to advice
was sought as to the best method for contending with a pest
which defied repeated efforts to raise to maturity tobacco in the
same Moggill district ; and the damaged young plants submitted,
in illustration of the nature of the ravages of the assailant com-
plained of, were found to have their leaves extensively mined by
tiny caterpillars, which— by use of the breeding cage— were de-
monstrated to be those of the potato grub. It was also found
that caterpillars reared from eggs laid by the same generation of
moths so obtained, fed indifferently upon the potato and tobacco.
Having made this discovery, and in view of the commercial rela-
tions which obtain between Brisbane and the remote districts
(“ worm-eaten ” potatoes having been seen by me on their arrival
at a small centre of population where also potatoes are grown,
thirty-five miles distant by dray road from Dalby, and in the
same month of December), the transmission of this pest to the
well-known tobacco-growing district of Texas, and its establish-
ment there was not altogether an unexpected event. And such
event was brought to my notice in November, 1891. when advice
' was sought as to the best method for contending with the in-
' cursion of an interesting Peronospora* which had been discovered
' by me in 1889 as the cause of an also formidable disease of the
■ young tobacco plant now known as “blue mould.*’ Amongst
j the leaves forwarded from Texas on this occasion, and exhibiting

' • Vide leaflet issued by Department of Agriculture entitled “ Tobacco

Disease,” 19th June, 1890.

22

A NEW TDBACCO PEST.

this plant parasite, there were two mined — as in the case of the
Moggill plants — ^by the caterpillar of the potato grub. These
were bright green with large pale brown, translucent, sharply-
defined patches, bounded by curved lines. Near one edge of the
leaf, which was infolded, tiny black particles of “ frass ” vrere
observable. Feeding in the tissue intervening between the two
surfaces of the leaves^ themselves were the tiny caterpillars — one
in each leaf.

"Whether the caterpillar of Lita solanella will thrive also on
other solanaceous plants than the potato and the tobacco — to
which it has been shown to be so partial — has not yet been
ascertained. If, however, the common “blackberry” of our
colonial youth — the nightshade, Solanum nigrum — will support
it, so generally distributed is this weed of cultivation that the
chances of persistence of the pest in any district are by no means
small. When once it is in a cultivation it is doubtful whether
it will be found practicable to effectively employ any deterrents
to ward off its attacks. Feeding as it does beneath the surface
of the tobacco leaf, and thus protected, the application of any of
the usual insecticides when once it has manifested its presence
will prove futile. Generations of the insects also quickly succeed
one another. It behoves every one, therefore, who would stay
its attacks to destroy at once all plants affected, that its propa-
gation may be checked. If not too late in the day it is also
recommended that no potato be introduced from outside to a
tobacco-growing district. Certainly not potatoes which in their
tissues harbour the pest.

RANATRA AND ITS HABITS.

BY

R. H. Relton.

"Science Gossip," 1879, for a papei
on subject whereof that under above title was a transcript).

BY HENRY TRTON.

23

INSECT PESTS IN THE STORE.

BY

Henry Tryon;

(Bead on 18th August, 1892: vide ** Queoislander,** 27th August, 1892).

[Note , — This paper related to Anobium paniceum, Sitophilus
oryzse, Gnathocerus cornuta, Tenebrioides mauritanicus, &c.,
found feeding upon Rice paper. — En.]

CRYPTOL^MUS MONTROUZIERI, OR THE SCALE
INSECTS’ ENEMY.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Bead on 1st September, 1892).

The trunks of the handsome bunya trees growing along the
river banks of our Botanical Gardens are at present conspicuously
marked by snow-white spots and blotches. On examination this
will be found to be due to the presence of small active six-footed
grubs, resembling what all horticulturists recognise as “mealy
bugs,” measuring about Jin. in length, and covered above with
six rows of contiguous opaq^ue white mealy appendages, which
being of the nature of secreted matter are easily removable.
Clusters of those grubs, in crannies in the bark, in a quiescent
condition, will also be encountered, and amongst them some
similarly clothed pupte. Creeping slowly amongst the scales of
the trunk surface will also be noticed small oval beetles, measur-
ing about Jin. in length and Jin. in breadth, having the head,
the corselet, the extremity of the wing covers, and the under
surface in part, red ; whilst the greater portion of the wing
covers above and the thorax beneath is black. The whole
surface is also finely punctured, and thickly clothed with close
greyish pubescence. Transferring our observations to the foliage
jof the bunya, it will be noticed that these snow-white grubs and
the less conspicuous beetles, are wandering amongst it also ; and
further examination will reveal the fact that their attention

24

CRYPTOL^MUS MONTROUZIERI.

is being occupied by a species of coccus — or cochineal insect—
with which the trees are badly infested. This coccus (named
Dactylopius auricariae) will be recognised on the under surfeces
of the leaves as presenting the appearance of small grains of
sulphur, for so it appears in its early condition of life. And on
the stems themselves, often heaped together in vast numbers,
will be found small tumid black bodies with a raised yellow central
dorsal stripe, a similarly coloured one on either side, and a massive
mauve-coloured heap at one extremity. These bodies, which
are examples of the adult coccus, are easily injured, and
then stain any body which may come in contact with them 8
decided purple. The mauve-coloured heap referred to is the
ovisac and its contents. In fact the relationship w'hich subsists
between the beetle and the white grub on the one hand and the
Dactylopius auricariee on the other, is that of a carnivorous insect
and its prey. The discovery of this interesting connection to
published by me in July, 1889, in my report on ** Insect and
Fungus Pests ’■ (page 16), when dealing with the discrimination
between friends and foes amongst insects, being made known in
these words : “ It is, however, for destroying our scale insects

that the Coccinellidse (ladybirds) are here most highly useful.
To mention but a single instance, that of a smaU black beetle,
reddened at each extremity, belonging to the group Scymnites
and named Cryptol^mus. The larva of this is a small actm
grub, measuring m length, covered above with six rows of
contiguous, elongated, white mealy, secreted appendages. Quite

n • u bunyas and other auricaraceous trees growing
about Brisbane have been infested by a coccus insect-ai

tail StbT™'’ T

«s it flour bad been dusted 1*“™^

Both in its adult an.! i . . i and there upon them.

ooccid insects, and as T ra“l° a™ ‘‘l

^-uetion. This .iendi, intt S"bertbrlt.

BY HENRY TRYON.

25

■which is met -with on various native trees, especially acacias, and
also on the citraceous and other economic plants of our gardens.
These also it visits for the purpose of ridding them, or at least
checking the increase, of the various scale insects, especially
those belonging to the Lecanidai ■which infest the trees, and these
pests it literaUy mows down to the surface of the leaf, so great
being its voracity. That such an obvious fact should have
escaped observation, much less comment, seems scarcely credible,
and yet it is so. Further than this, wherever the writer has
been, either at Toowoomba or Brisbane, the larva of this insect
has been regarded as the mealy bug (another coccid unhappdy
becoming now too prevalent about Brisbane), and, under a mis-
taken idea, destroyed by those who make a practice of kiUing
destructive insect-visitants to their crops.” The same msect is
again alluded to on page 135 of the same report.

The importance of this discovery to the agricultural interest,
though lost sight of here, has been fully recognised in other
countries, as may be concluded from the remarks which are to
follow. The Hon. Ellwood Cooper, President of the State Board
of Agriculture of California, in the course of his opening address
to the Thirteenth State Fruit-growers’ Convention, after quoting
largely from my report on insect and fungus pests as far as it
related to “parasites and predaceous insects,” and readmg,
amongst other extracts from it, the one cited concerning Cryp-
tol»mus, concluded, “ I will not copy further, but the numerous
parasites and predaceous insects described in the work ought tO'
impress upon our minds the importance of an immediate investi-
gation, even if only a semblance of fact should be credited to the
report' I urge, therefore, that we memoriahse Congress for an
adequate appropriation to defray the necessary expenses of a
specialist to go to Australia and adjacent islands to mvestigate
these reported predaceous insects.” We next learn that the
Californian State Legislature, as a result of such memorial,
appropriated $5000 for sending some one to Austraha for the
purpose of searching for beneficial insects, and placed this sum
at the disposal of the United States Government, which in turn
transferred it to the State Department of Agriculture with a view
to effecting the object desired. Accordingly, Albert Koebele, an
officer in the Entomological Branch of the department, whose

26

CRYPTOLiEMtJS MONTROUZIERI.

special aptitude for the work had already been abundantly
displayed, left America for Australia in August, 1891. In the
course of the travels which his mission involved, Mr. Koebele
twice visited this part of the colony, and procured in addition to
other insects, the utility of which had already been made known
by me, numerous examples also of the insect with ■which this
note is especially concerned. And it is gratifying to learn, by
latest advices from Washington, that Mr. Koebele’s visit has been
so far successful, that living examples of Cry^tolsBmus montrou*
zieri have been transferred from Australia to America for the
behoof of fruit-growers there. In conclusion the early history of

this insect may be here alluded to, as it also is not without
interest. The beetle, then, was first collected in Australia by

the celebrated naturalist-missionary, Pierre Montrouzier in the
“Fifties,” and shortly afterwards described by Mulsant in the
8rd volume of his “ Opusules Entomologiques ” (p. 140), under
the name which it now bears— namely, Cryptoltemus, from two
Greek words signifying hidden scythe, in allusion

CEYPTANDRA LONGISTAMINEA.

By

C. Julian Gwyther.

(Read on 20th October, 1892).

[This paper related to the characters of a pretty heath-like
rhamnaceous plant having -white tubular flowers, described in
the “ Flora Australiensis ” (vol. i., pp. 443), and more recently
by the Colonial Botanist (Botany Bulletin, No. 4). The plant
had been found flowering during the months of August and
September on the Mary vale Bun, in the parish of Gladfield
Warwick, where it occurred upon the dry elevated ridges of the
range amongst basaltic rocks, growing to a maximum height of
three feet, being densely shrubby, and forming circular masses,
extending from two to three feet, with occasional much longer
offsets. The banks of the Condamine River was the only pre-
vious habitat from which it had been recorded, and there it had
been collected by the late C. H. Hartmann. Abstract—
vide “ Queenslander,^’ 29th October, 1892.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE ESCULENT FUNGUS,
MOECHELLA DELICIOSA, IN QUEENSLAND.

BY

C. Julian Gwyther.

(Read on 20th October, 1892).

This interesting fungus was found on the 18th September,
1892, growing on damp loamy soil amongst the rotting bark of a
eucalypt, on the bank of a tributary of Freestone Creek, War-
wick, draining the southern slopes of Mount Dumaresq. and the
adjacent hiUs, and known as Charley’s Gully. A dried specimen
forwarded to Mr. F. M. Bailey, Colonial Botanist, was determined
by him as being Morchella deliciosa, one of the four species of
morells occurring in Victoria, their only, until now, recorded

28

MORCHEIiLA DRLICIOSA.

Australian habitat. There were but half-a-dozen individual
fungi in the cluster noticed, nor could further examples be dis-
covered. The largest specimen examined was about 2m high
with a width of pileus or head of IJin. The latter is irregularly
conical and reticulate on the outer surface, being furnished with
different sized cells, which are generally hexagonal in outline.
Those at the summit are small or obsolete, whilst towards the
base of the pileus they enlarge. They are from two to three
lines broad, by from three to five or six lines long (high), and
from two to three lines deep. The colour of the pileus is dark-
slate-grey inside the cells, with the projecting veins of the latter
of a much lighter hue, and these in some individuals are also
slightly granulated, as apparently in process of ejecting the
spores. The pileus thus taken as a whole very much resembles
some old honeycomb or wasp nest. The stalk, or that which is
designated as such, does not separate from the pileus as in
Agarics, but is fused with it so as to form one piece. It is white,
about Im. bug, measuring from the base of the pileus to the
gijund eylindrical hollow or sulcate, cottony inside, and enlarges

afol fcelMb 1

.rdi..ry rfible (Ag.ri.„ «' *

do.d':snr;L"rr jrr “f •

resembles our species but tbA fi ’ evidently mucl)

E«„p„„ xir

Th. ™ra Morohdla i, derivedZn

fungus— worc/i^^-Enghsh “ m n ,, G-erman name for the

grow more commonly than rIc ^ Europe it is said to

run ; hence atVne Sme t^^^^^^ a fira

stopped from burning the forest p ^®™an peasants had to ha
mcreasing the supply. ’ ^ P^^^^ure they resorted to for

BY JULIAN GWYTHER.

29

The Morell, as is well-known, is one of the most popular of
esculent fungi. It may readily be dried by hanging in a current
of air ; and, as it loses none of its flavour in undergoing this
change, it serves well for flavouring soups, &e., when in this
condition, especially if fresh morells or other fungi are not
available. It also makes excellent, ketchup, and also, when
fresh, forms a delicious dish, especially if stuffed prior to cook-
ing with minced white meat. In Cashmere as well as Europe,
where the morell also grows in profusion, it is extensively
gathered and held in high repute.

NOTES ON THE SPIDER CEL.ENA EXCAVATA.

BY

C. Julian Gwyther.

(Read on 17th November, 1892).

XYLORYCTS, OR TIMBER MOTHS.

BY

R. Illidge.

(Read on 15th December, 1892),

The moths of the family Xyloryctidse were known to me
many years ago, and the curious habits of the larvas formed the
subject of frequent investigations, but not until the present year
did I prosecute any active search for them. This season I have
been eminently successful, as the exhibit illustrating these
remarks will prove. Many of you I have no doubt have noticed
the strange webs mixed with dejectamenta, little bits of bark,
and woody matter, which serve to hide the entrance to their
burrows or tunnels in the stems and branches of young trees.
The caterpillars form these tunnels, and so cover them, I believe,
to protect themselves from external foes, such as birds (they are
certainly not protection against theichneumonidse, for these insects
destroy them wholesale), for being fat, naked grubs with only a few
slight hairs, they no doubt would form a delicious morsel. In

30

XYLORYCTS OR TIMBER MOTHS.

support of this latter opinion we have the fact that the aboriginals in
former days sought out these larvie, cut them out of their holes, and
ate them on the spot, as we would an oyster. These caterpillars
are all nocturnal in their habits, and, as far as my researches show,
only leave their chamber in the stem during nighttime, when they
hurriedly bite off a leaf and retire bearing it off with them. It is a
curious sight to watch them dragging off' the leaf and entering the
hole backwards (which they do with considerable celerity if at all
disturbed), raising at the same time the covering which conceals
the entrance to their burrow with their hinder extremity, and
pulling the leaf after them. The leaf is now secured with a few
silken threads, and the insect feeds on it at its leisure without
fear of being snapped up by some outside enemy. Some of the
species, however, do not appear to feed on the leaves, but devout
the soft bark round the entrances to their burrows, spinning the
web-coyenng for some distance, and indeed extending it as they
exhaust the food supply in the immediate neighbourhood of the
hole. There IS one species at present known which makes ue
burrow or tunnel, but simply spins its covering on the tree stem
and feeds ou the soft bark underneath, and when changing to
the pupa state forms a cocoon of silk and bits of bark and exL
mentitious matter mixed. (Itbaro o ■ ■ , “ ®

galleries amongst the leaves and twmg whhst San

the cones and seed-heads of plant an 1

states that T. laetiorella resid6s\-, hir. i\%nck

it spins a cocoon. I have reared r, ^ l^ark-feeder and that
them as stated by him, though it i

ment is correct, for I know Xvlnr '^^likely that his state-

to reside in a tunnel in stems ^’^teotactella occasionally

usually spinning galleries amongst twltl
formmg a cocoon. The laro-ev ^ leaves, and finally

larger and more characteristic species

As the larvi®

of the family are all, however tunnel u
grow bigger they extend the tunZl

form the chief impediment to J seems to

as the wood dries up when cut a young state*

their mandibles, hence they eithe”^,!— becomes too hard foi

ave several times succeeded in Iminel or leave it'

chamber along the interior angle of

® ® tbe box in which they hav'O

BY K. ILLIDGE.

31

been placed, and so reared them without affecting the normal
size of the imago. It is therefore necessary for success in secur-
ing the perfect insects to obtain their caterpillars when full-fed
or nearly so, or else when they have already passed to the
chrysalis state. They seal themselves in the burrow when about
to change, and some of them do this very artfully. One or two
species spur out a spout-like web of silk and bits of bark mixed,
which looks like a little piece of dead or decaymg stick ; another
species spins a web flush with the bark and so exactly like it
that it is almost impossible for it to be distinguished. Others
again simply spin a strong web inside and across the opening
of the tunnel, whilst some content themselves with only
partially closing the hole with a curved piece of brown horn-like
substance, the nature of which is unknown to me, and occasion-
ally the opening is quite unprotected. Just before pupation
takes place the external covering is usually torn away, and a
very careful search is then necessary to secure examples. They
remain in the pupa state for a very variable period, some emerg-
ing in a fortnight or three weeks and others after as many
months. As a rule the trees are not seriously damaged by their
burrows, though odd branches become sickly and die. The
large Maroga unixmnctana, however, is an exception, for it feeds
on the bark and frequently eats completely round the stem, thus
ringbarking the tree. Dogwood and wattle trees may often be
found quite dead above from this cause. On the moth emerging
the hole soon commences to close up and no external trace of it
is left after a little time, except perhaps a slight scar which also
in course of time disappears. The abovemeiitioned M. unipunc-
tana is said to be very destructive in Victoria to fruit trees, but I
have not noticed its appearance here in such trees, possibly
because my experience is limited to my own garden. I have,
however, noted a large species amongst leguminous trees in the
Botanic Gardens, one of which, in front of the curator’s house,,
has been utterly destroyed by them. The pup® of the species
of Xyloryctid® are usually cylindrical, conical ac the hinder
extremity and rather flattened towards the head, with one
notable exception. In the insect affording it the chrysalis has
a strange bifurcated projection in front, which appears to be for
the purpose of cutting, auger-like, a way through the very thick

32

XYLOEYCTS OR TIMBER MOTHS.

and strong web which the larva spins in front of its tunnel
before changing to the chrysalis. Though many of the insects
are quite common in the larval state, yet the moths are of
great rarity and are seldom seen even by experienced ento-
mologists. Securely as they appear to be hidden in these
tunnels, yet they have enemies in various ichneumons with long
ovipositors, which find them out and deposit their eggs in their
bodies, thus fortunately preventing them from becoming too
plentiful. The larva of a beetle belonging to the Cleridff,
Natalis sp., also preys upon them, and finally changes to the
perfect state in the gallery lately occupied by the caterpillar of
the Xyloryct moth.

Protective resemblance has evidently much to do with the
explanation of the different colours and patterns displayed by
many of the moths. For example the close similarity in
colour between Uzucha humeralis and the bark of the spotted
gum and between Cryptophaga nubila and that of the teatree
IS very obvious, and becomes significant when we remember
that the trees mentioned are the food plants of these moths.
At the same time other Xyloryctidm, C. epadelpha, seem to

be coloured m a manner specially suitable for rendering them
conspicuous. °

LIST OF AUSTRALIAN XYLOEYCTID^.

Compiled pbom Writings op E. Hetrick, BA PES-nTiT
F.E.S. ; .ND Dr. T. P. ut’J. ’

An asterisk (♦) prefixed to a name denotes the ee
Vicinity of Brisban:

2. hypoxantha, iomer.

i-iLosTiBES.— 3. • stigmatias, Meur d •

Lucas. ' * cnchidias, Meyr. 5. tecta,

Cryptophaga.— 6. aglaodes, Lower. 7 -

Lower. 9. • nubila, Lucas, lo • ochrolenca,

bescens, Lewin. 12. albicosta,

14 . irrorata, Lewin. 15 . Paltenaea:, Lewin.

Walk. 17. russata, Bull ig Ju 16. balteata,

, 20. ■ i '“““‘"f*; s.„. 19. ,9b,.

22. lunda, Meyr. 23 • epadelpha, Meur .

l^yr. 25. hierLtiB,X. 26 24. leucadelpha,

^^eyr. 28. dolerastia, a/IV ocf ° 27. • sarcinota,

s.moer. 33. monoleuea. Lower.-] 32. platypedimela,

BY K. ILLIDGE.

3a

Maroga. — 34. * unipunctana, Don. 35. setiotricha, Wleyr. 36. * mythica^
Me%jr. 37. * undosa, Lucas.

CoMPsoTOENA. — 38. oligarchica, Meyr.

Catoeyctis. — 39. * tricrena, Meyr. 40. * eugramma, Meyr. 41. * sub'
parallela, Walk. 42. * subnexella, Walk. 43. * nonolinea, Lucas.
44. * mediolinea, Lucas. 45. polysticha, Lower.

Phthoneeodes. — 46. scotarcha, Meyr. 47. (P. ?) leucomerata, Lotver.

Ceypsichaeis. — 48. * neoeosma, Meyr.

Lichenaula. — 49. * undulatella, Walk. 50. arisema, Meyr. 51. calli'
grapha, Meyr. 52. * lichenea, 3Ieyr. 53. laniata, Meyr.
54. mochlias, Meyr. 55. choriodes, Meyr. 56. tuberculata^
Meyr. 57. musica, Meyr. 58. lithina, Meyr. 59. monosema^
Lower. 60. selenophora, Loicer. 61. * oxygona, Lucas.

Notosaea. — 62. nephelotis, Meyr.

Cleearcha. — 63. agana, Meyr. 64. dryinopa, Meyr. 65. grammatistis^
Meyr.

Plectophlla. — 66. * electella, Walk. 67. discalis, Walk. 68. placocosma^
Lower.

Tymbophoea. — 69. * peltastis, Meyr.

Xyloeycta. — 70. * porphyrinella, Walk. 71. * epigranima, Meyr.

72. * flavicosta, Lucas. 73. leucophanes, Lower. 74. cliionop-
tera, Lower. 75. * tinctoria, Lucas. 76. * stercorata, Lucas.

77. ophiogramma, Meijr. 78. synaula, Meyr. 79. * strigata^
Lewin. 80. orectis, Meyr. 81. cosmopis, Meyr. 82. * argentella,
Walk. 83. * luteotactella, Walk. 84. * spilonota, Scott.

J [85. homoleuca, Lower. 86. sigmoiDhora, Lojcer.]

Teleckates. — 87. * laetiorella, Walk. 88. bipunctella, Walk. 89. placi-
della, Walk, 90. parabolella, Walk. 91. melauula, Meyr.
92. calligramma, Meyr. 93. luicracma, Meyr. 94. * lieliomacula^
Lower.

Chalaeotoxa. — 95. craspedota, Meyr. 96. insincera, Meyr. 97. melito-
leuca, Meyr. 98. melipnoa, Meyr. 99. intabescens, Meyr.

Scieropepla. — 100, oxyptera, Meyr. 101. polyxesta, Meyr. 102. reversella^
Walk. 103. typhicola, Meyr. 104. rhuata, 3Ieyr. 105. liophanes,
Meyr. 106. aerates, Meyr. 107. silvicola, Meyr. 108. serina,
Meyr.

Peocometis. — 109. lipara, Meyr. 110. hylonoma, Meyr. 111. bisulcata,
Meyr. 112. monocalama, Meyr. 113. genialis, Meyr, 114. diplo-
centra, Meyr. 115. (P. ?) orthosema. Lower.

Hypertkicha. — 116. ephelota, Meyr.

Phylomictis. — 117. maligna, Meyr. 118. monochroma, Lower.

Agriophara. — 119. * confertella, Walk. 120. * gravis, Meyr. 121. horri-
dula, Meyr. 122. capnodes, Meyr. 123. atratella, Walk
124. Cinderella, Newvi. 125. * cineresa, Dos. 126. diminuta^
Dos. 127. axesta, Meyr. 123. * faseifera, Meyr. 129. leucosta.
Lower. 130. leptosemela, Lower. [131. cremnopis. Lower.]

+ [Note. — The species enclosed in brackets appear to have been missed by the author.

They are desciriied in the Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, Volume

XVIII. for 1893-4.-ED.]

D

Si

FISH LICE : BY HENRY TRYON.

LIST OF PLANTS SERVING AS FOOD FOR THE XYLORYCTiD.l!:

WITH INDICATIONS OP THE PAHTICUDAR INSECTS WHICH AFFECT EACH.

Eucalyptus eugenioides, 72; E. corymbosa, 20,23, 72; E.maculata, 1,71;
Eucalyptus sp., 27, 71, 87. Tristania conferta, 21 ; T. suaveolens, 10. Eugenia
myrtifolia, smithii, 13. Exocarpus cupiessiformis ?, 70. Melaleuca leuca-
dendi’on, 9. Daphnandra, 37. Jacksonia, 34, 49. Acacia, 11, 34. Casua-
rina (common), 14, 39, 40, 41, 43. Eljeocarpus grandis, 30. Elieocarpufi
obovatus, 76. Banksia integrifolia, 1.5, 72, 79. 83, 84. Cassia;, Grevillea
robusta, and other plants, 34.

FISH LICE.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 12th January, 1893).

Members of the

coTst axiftl ? niet with ^pon the Queensland

coast, and then- respective habits and modifications. Some indi-
cation was also aflorded of the particular kinds nf « i i
they occurred— Ed.] ^ ^ ^ ^ whereupoD

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, 1892.

by

Henry Tryon,

• January. 1893).

■A EEVIEW OF THE WOEK OF THE

yeae op its existence^™^^^

BOTANISING ON THE SOUTHEEN BOEDER.

BY

C. Julian Gwyther.

(Read on 16th March, 1893).

A resident of Killarney having long talked of the beautiful
vegetation he had viewed when travelling along the mountain
horse-tracks to the heads of the Condamine, Koreelah Creek,
and back by Spring Creek, inspired me with a wish to
examine the flora of the district; which, being out of the way of
most “weed collectors” — as science-despising people are apt to
dub followers of the goddess of nature, I fancied w'ould probably
yield up something new to science. However, I am disappointed
in this respect in tlie phanerogamic collection I have made,
though many plants were not to be despised for they presented
greater variation than they do in the immediate Warwick district.
I may mention that through F, M. Bailey’s (Colonial Botanist)
kindness I have been able to locate most or all of those collected,
though some specimens of the lower orders of cryptogamic flora
have been submitted to European specialists, the results of
whose scrutiny it will be interesting to know. A year or two
ago Mr. Bailey made a visit to the Killarney district, and,
examining the plants in the immediate vicinity, wrote two
interesting papers on the subject to the Qiteemhouhr, I am
not aware tliat he penetrated more than eight miles from the
township, so that some of the members of our Society may be
interested in the change in the larger area collected over. On
travelling up the bed of the main stream the noticeable vegetation
is almost entirely conflned to timber trees, such as the scribbly,
white, or swamp gum (E. hajmastoma) a very large though
useless tree growing chiefly on its banks ; the yellow-jacket (E.
ochrophloia), whose light crown of foliage shows plainly against
the dark straight hoop-pine (A. cunninghami), seen high up on
the mountain sides; and the swamp oak (Casuarina glauca, var.)

86

BOTANISING ON THE SOUTHEKN BOEDER.

Few herbs or shrubs of distinction meet the eye, amongst
the exceptions being Eclipta platyglossa, whose trailing stems
and small yellow flowers occur in all damp gullies, and a beauti-
ful red and purple blotched orchid (Dipodium punctatum) which
grows erect in the tall blady rushes of the creek bank. Swain-
sona fraseri, with membraneous foliage and light bluish flowers,
was also very noticeable, together with Aneilema gramineum,
resembling the fringed violet minus the fringe. After a few miles
rough travelling there is a change in the soil formation to such a
rufous tint that one might fancy he were entering “ Eedmud.sky '
—naturally also the vegetation is slightly different. Casuariiia
torulosa, the forest oak, Banksia integrifolia in fruit, the Brisbane
box Tristania conferta, and the black wattles— Acacia implesa
and longifoha, were all also very common. As we approach the
boiler in every gully is a trickling stream with brackens (Pteris

’ Ifi reddened over

Creek arriving at the head of Koreelab

into Xew s'Tw "f tributaries wending their waf

into .Aew South ^\ ales, I found Myriophyllum variaTfoliiun the

foiist7aks'Sr'’r'^ Haloragis tetragyna ; and here upon the
loiest oaks giew Lorantlius lonffiflornq nnc i ^

with pinkish-white flowers. A preTt7nfo k 1 ^i^^^tletoes.
was conspicuous, as were also the gLutfTvv le"''’"?

(G. hederacea), the large fcetid flowered Sbbe C i
only now ripening its fruit, the little shrub Hfobertfo M 7 ^
with its small and pleasantly scented velloi fl
than three lines in diainetei^; Cassia fnim ^nore

almost as sen.sitive as those of Mimosa

bears ; a species of shrubliv * P^^ica, whose name it

that dediLted

flower nor fruit ; and a dwarf P va neither

habit, about 4ft. high, the leaves nn!cft ^ gregarious

silky oak (G. robusta). Now sun ^ /^ader than the common

road we pass over to the Coiidaiiiinr?!'”^
heavily-timbered scrub, the trad 1 enter a dense,

horses to force their way throud. w ‘1^'’

collect, but manage to find and seen- liardly time to

cyaneus, a shrub known in all “f Eh-eocarpuS

only 3,„.u f„i, ; .

l^eath, Trochocarp^

BY C. JULIAN GWYTHEE.

37

laurina, with beautiful small white flowei’s in racemes, and
wheel-like fruit ; Lynoum glandulosum, with large orange-
yellow bilobed fruit ; the handsome shrubby, prickly-leaved
legume, Oxylobium trilobatum, with small, oblong, convex
pods, bursting at the apex ; a form of Prostanthera ovalifolia ;
a labiate, Bacularia monostachya (the Kentia monostachya of
Bailey’s Synopsis) ; and the pretty walking-stick palm which was
very abundant in both flower and fruit. The trunks of the
larger timber trees, such as the species of Ficus, Cedrela, and
Eucalyptus, were festooned with the climbing ferns, Polypodium
tenellum and P. scandens ; while acres of ground were covered with
a coarse form of Blechnum cartilagineum up to the horses’ girths.
Here on the rocks by a clear rivulet was the pretty little filmy
fern Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, in fructification ; there,
were met with close at hand the mosses Rhizogoniiim
spiniforme, Leucobryum candidum, Meteorium amblyacis,
H^^pnodendron arcuatum, and H. curvato-comosum, Dicra-
num dicarpum, Porotrichum vagum, Fabronia brachydonta and
the pretty hepatic, Noteroclada c.onflueus ; and on a tree (Eugenia
.smithii, which, by the way, had ripe “ lily-pillies ” on at the time)
was the large lichen, Bticta camarae and a beautiful species as
yet undetermined, golden-green with black apothecia ; and at
its base that large moss, Dawsonia polytrichoides, resembling
when fresh a young fir-tree. Crossing the watershed to
the head of Spring Creek — a Condamiiie feeder — the first tree-
fern (Dicksonia youngiin), comes into view, soon to be followed
with as beautiful a prospect as one can imagine, thousands and
thousands of these ferns lining the banks of the creek for three
miles from its source downwards, and so closely packed as to
impede anyone travelling through them. In front and stretch-
ing away to Killarney down the mountain slopes, are immense
■tracts of timber-land yielding the mahogany, black-jacket,
messmate, tallow-wood, blue gum, silky oak, hoop pine,
red cedar, and many other timbers supplied by the Killarney
mills to the various markets. In the numerous creeks and gullies
from here to Killarney were seen the elderberry-leaved Panax ;
Verreaux’s croton, both in flower and fruit ; the myrtle-leaved
Eugenia ; and Eupomatia laurina, an anonaceous plant, the petals
•of which fall off by circumscissile dehiscence in the form of a

88

BOTANISING OX THE SOUTHERN BORDER.

cap or calyptra. The bases of the falls were thickly carpeted
with the urticas, Elatostemma reticulatimi in flower— -with its
queer lop-sided leaf, and a large-leaved form of Australiiia
pusilla, the leaves being twice the size of those mentioned in

Gaudichaud’s diagnosis. Leptospermum flavescens, a myrtaceous
plant, \vas hei'e also in ripe fruit, together with Ehretia acuminata,
with its large panicles of small berries ; the twining convolvulus,
Polymeria marginata, was also in flower and fruit ; as was hIso
the ver} large trailer, Cocculus moorei, having its leaves over a fool
long and nearly as broad, while the flower sprays are barely two
inches long. The ferns, Aspidium aculeatum and Davalia dubia.
were growing with Polypodium aspidioides by the running water-
together with the pretty prismatic rush, Juncus prismatocarpus.
and Chloris truncata, a star grass. It would hardly do to leave
IS without mentiomiig the various tree, rock, uiul terrestrial
orchids seen on Spring Creek. Of the first were two Bul-

S! ’ 15. exiguu.ii, the latter*
minute species, with ilowers scarcely visible • and Lioari^

While on the scrub soil occun-ed

veratrifolia, in full bloom bavins tl Calaiitlie

2 feet to 8 feet high lir,'' ‘

It IS one of out most lioiidsome oi-chida *'* ''“I’-"'"*®

[Note.— The papers referred to «« K •

“ ’> (1891), are entitled

and are to be found in the Nnv^. i at Killarney,"

issues of tlmt jomm.l. Befe™ “■> Nwember iU

senes of articles by C. J. Gwytliei — ^ should also be made to s
printed in “ Qwenshmder ” L., ‘/^otanising near Warwick, '

’ ■-'®'^^"ary- April, 1892 — Ed ]

INJURIOUS MARINE ANIMAL.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Presented 2nd February, 1893).

The Townsville Bulktin of the 17th January, 1885, records-
the death of a boy named Kiernan, who, it is stated,
succumbed within five or six minutes from the time that
attention was attracted by his screams, from having whilst
bathing come into contact “ with some marine monster.” When
first noticed, he was covered with a substance somewhat
resembling cobwebs,” and his right side “ was marked with
purple weals, as if he had been beaten severely with a sharp thong.”
This incident was, it would appear, not a solitary one, for (to
quote my authority), “ the circumstances of this case show
that it is a repetition of the one which occurred some short
time back at Ross Island.” On the 26th January, and on the
23rd February, 1885, the same journal also published further
instances of the very serious consequences resulting from contact
with some marine animal to bathers in the sea there, the
patients being reported as having seared lines upon their skins,,
and exhibiting pronounced constitutional disturbances.

Being persuaded that the matter required investigation, that
the medical practitioner might liave something on which to base
his treatment, should the m^gency of the symptoms arising in
future cases demand his intervention, opportunity for prosecuting
the needful inquiry has been long looked for. Recently a bather
at Cleveland, as we have been informed by the local press, has
had still another of these painful encounters, with what in his
case has been styled an “ electric eel,” and this circumstance,
affording the occasion desired, has prompted these remarks.

Mr. H. Moar, the afflicted party in this case, informs me
that, whilst resident at Cleveland, Moreton Bay, he was
bathing, at about six o’clock on the morning of 15th January,
in an enclosure, the walls of which — somewhat out of

40

INJURIOUS MARINE ANIMAL.

stakes driven into the ground,

repair — were formed of
and that he was standing splashing, with his arms level with
the water. Suddenly he felt a shock, and experienced a sharp,
burning sensation on one arm, and being thus directed to the latter
noticed a long attenuated grayish-black slimy object tvdned in a
serpentine manner nearly around it. One end of this body was
free, and the other passed continuously without alteration of

form into the water. With two fingers connected with the

other arm he then detached it, letting it fall back into its native
element. Feeling now increased pain, and sickness coming
over him, Mr. Moar hastened fi’oni the water to the bathing-
house close at hand. This he regained, but before he could
fasten a single garment about him he found that his fingers
were failing, and the sickly sensation becoming more pro-
nounced, and being in great pain, he immediately left it to seek
assistance. But he liad not gone more than 30 feet from the
door before he had to cling to a railing, as pain was now passing
down his back, and he felt that he was “ going fast.” A faint
cry, which was all that he could utter, brought Mr. W. Eowney
and his companions, who happened to be close at hand, to his
assistance. By this time the pain and loss of power had
passed from his back to his legs, so that he became perfectly
helpless, being unable even to prostrate himself, much less
move. He was now placed on the ground, and experienced a
succession of shocks (which he likened to repeated heavy
discharges from an electric battery) passing from his body down
lus egs to his feet, and was in snch agonising pain that he
could not bear to be touched. Being carried to his temporary
residence and placed in bed, he suffered in a similar manner tiU
nearly noon, when he commenced to feel better The same
sensations were experienced for some rio v, ®
dtoinished iu mlensil,. Whm JeTl fv’’”*

phologr.ph Mhibiled (kindly tnrni.hed by Poui c“ P T

It measured about 18 inches in length Tf ^ i

conspicuous, and there was some^ 1

presented all the appearance of a surface'burn

the injury is a man of good nhv«m ? subject of

temperate habits, and not one likeW health, and

of fear. y o be influenced by a sense

BY HENRY TRYON.

41

The Press descriptions relating to Mr. Moar’s experience
and the facts which had now been elicited at once suggested the
probability of the long simple tentacles of one of the Siphono-
phora, as for example, Physalia, the well-known Portuguese
Man-of-War, being instrumental in producing the injury
referred to, and this view regarding its origin, was further
supported by the characters presented by the lesion produced,
which was in the form of a long, narrow, gradually tapering,
tortuous and obscurely transversely barred. These tentacles are
essentially long, vigorous, muscular, extensile tubules, which, as
Hieckel informs us, may have a length of a yard or more when
-contracted, but wliicli may be extended at the will of their
possessor to a length of sometimes twenty yards. They serve
the purpose of capturing instruments, and offensive or defensive
weapons, and may readily get detached. And the mechanism
to which they owe their capabilities in these respects
reside in special organs, the possession of which has led the
Portuguese Man-of-War to be referred to as “dangerously
poisonous.” Viewing one side of this fishing tentacle we find it
.almost continuously occupied and embraced by reniform bodies,
the outer wall of each of which contains a cushion or battery,
composed largely of urticating cells of microscopic dimensions.
These peculiar tissue cells (cnidoblasts) have external projections
(cnidocils), and contain specially formed capsules or sacs. These
'Ca23sules, which bear the name of thread-cells (nematocysts),
present the following structural characters : — The cell 2)i’oper
consists of two membranes, and is open at one pole, where there
is a relatively long hollow ingrowth in the form of a tube which
has its axial portion continued in an exceedingly slender filament,
which, being many times the length of the sac which includes
it, is normally coiled up. The sac also contains an homogeneous
fluid, which is said to be of a highly irritant nature. These
nettle cells — as R. von Lendenfeld relates — are connected by a
granular peduncle, which is really a nerve fibre, with a sub-
jacent layer of nerve ganglia. And when the above projection
(cnidocil) comes or is brought into contact with a foreign body,
a stimulus is conveyed to the external network of muscular
fibres forming the outer membrane of the urticating cell, the
latter contracts, and by a sudden discharge the tube and slender

42

INJURIOUS MARINE ANIMAL.

filament — being first everted — is projected outwards, batbed
■with the fluid contents of the cell which has enclosed it. and
adheres to the object that has occasioned its activity.

A professional friend, the veteran Dr. George Dennett, of
Sydney, furnishes the following graphic account of the effects
due to contact with Physalia, which, as it supports my contention,
may now be profitably introduced. “ Having captured,” he
writes (“ Wanderings/’ vol. i., page Ih London, 1H34 ), ‘‘ a very
fine specimen of this animal — namely, the Portuguese Man*of-
War, on a former voyage, and being aware of the pungent pro-
perty residing in the tentacubu, L was desirous of trying its
effects on myself, for the purpose of ascertaining from i^ersonal
experience ihe constitutional irritative effects resulting from it.
On taking hold of the animal it raided its tentacuhe, and stung
me on the second and ring fingers. The sensation was similar
at first to that produced by the nettle : but before a few minutes
had elapsed, a violent acliing pain succeeded, affecting more
severely the joints of the fingers, the stinging sensation at the
same time continuing at the part first touched by the acrid fiuicl.
On cold water being applied, with the intention of vemoviu" or
lessening the pain, it was found ratlier to increase than diminish
the effects. The irritation resulting from the poisonous fluid
emitted by the animal extended upwards, increasing in extent
and severity (apparently acting along the course of the nerves)
and in the space of a quarter of an hour the effect in the forearm
(more particularly felt at the inner part) was very violent, au,l
at the elbow jonit still more so. It may be worthy of remark

affected the pain always-increased,
o 1 t le Xct r T uiuch heightened

also much accelerated ami a^u niat u/l l^t f f,/'" T
whole surface. The pain extendm^to He ! / felt over its

on the pectoral muscle becoming attacked hv' the slnirpamful

muscle, and it proved very distressh attacks that

remained. The continuance ' of the'^Uin™®^
nearly half-an-liour after which it //i i'/®

after effects were felt /I/!!,!* gfadually abated, but tin

ffui-ing the remainder of the ’day in

BY HENRY TRION.

4a

slight degree of numbness and increased temperature of the
arm. About two hours after I had been stung I perceived that
a vesicle had arisen on the spot. ’

This, with the exception of some observations of Tilesius,
quoted by Cuvier, is the only record of a precise observation met
with by me, although the evil reputation of Physalia has reached
my ears more than once in startling narrative. One of our
members, however, Mr. H, G. Btobes, was once injured by a
marine animal, which he is satisfied beyond the shadow of a doubt
was a Portuguese Man-of-Vvar. This event, since it relates to
a Queensland experience, may be not inappropriately described.
He was bathing at Pialba in 1885, and the facts he relates (he
has not read any of the Press accounts of the Cleveland adven-
ture), regarding his encounter I’ender it again highly probable
that the same kind of animal — ij', a Physalia — ’that assailed him
was the one concerned in Mr. Moar’s case also. The parts of
the body implicated were the left arm to across the chest. The
mark produced was at first grayish-white, and this colour, after
passing to fieiy red, became blue. It was persistent for some
days. The following symptoms Avere those experienced. Firstly,
a sudden shock, then an intense burning pain — in tbe parts
“ stung ” — such as is produced by contact of a hot iron with the
skin, nausea Avith inclination to vomit, chattering of the teeth,
sliooting pains at the elboAV, inability to use tbe affected arm,
and a general loss of power, which for some hours rendered all
work quite impracticable. A lad, the son of a Pialba hotel-
keeper, was also “ stung ” Avbilst bathing from the same sea
beach four or five days subsequent to tbe above eA^ent. Being
by himself, tbe lad’s cries attracted attention, and he was found
on the shore in great agony, and unable to either Avalk or stand.
Being carried to his home he in due course recovered, but a
mark, similar to tlie one resulting from the accident in Mr.
Stokes’s case, remained on his skin for some days.

As has been already remarked in reference to Physalia, on
the explosion of tbe urticating cells the tubes and their long attenu-
ated filaments adhere to the body, which by contact has occasioned
their discharge. It is reasonable, therefore, to expect to be able to
detect vestiges of them on tbe injured skin whenever it is a Portu-

44

INJURIOUS MARINE ANIMAL.

guese Man-of-War that has occasioned the lesion ; also to infer
contact with Physalia as accounting for an injury of doubtful
origin on detecting those microsopic objects on the skin, if other
circumstances accord with such an explanation.

Mr. Moar was therefore asked to permit the removal of
portions of the injured skin, though there was little hope of
success attending its examination since a few days had elapsed
since the accident, the injured part had been anointed with
turpentine and also with ammonia besides having been washed,
n had also been brought into contact with his shirt sleeve,
owever after careful examination with an objective of high

a par ticle of epidermis of the characteristic extremely fine thread
weight dur/°°^'^ Physalia, and thus to add to my opinion the
Tst it t Tif I may conclude

Sne recold f • T P^bability, those from time to

al not bv , ^ Portuguese Man-of-War,

the lelli “electric eel,” or ”.sea monster,” ani

bathing in front of Shorndiffe in about

felfc a sharp i^ain on hi^ viho f when one

- it. He sLuted out l"

of jelly fish, blue in colour .\s Pp i ®

thin tail nearly a yard long Jp 1 bll d^^‘® "

down across the breast. The body bl^ off J
he flung It away. Both gentle, t,pp V ^ i

and here the tail ivas reived. It aio |

the place where the body had stuck of blue jelly;

2Jm. by Ijiia. This came up into a'T i“'
place touched by the tail also rose . i , every

They at once hastily put on some f 1 ^ I

they were staying, where the blue ^o where

minutes for about an hour For v, ^PPhed every few

• J^oi nearly two hours the person

BY HENKY TRYON.

45

stung suffered great pain, and in the early stage real agony.
Although the blue took away all the pain there is still a raised
cord at each spot the tail touched.” — H.T.]

PLANT CLASSIFICATION.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 20th April, 1893).

[This was an exposition of the system of classification
applied^ by Baron F. von Mueller to Australian plianerogamic
vegetation as the outcome of his own investigation and in accord-
ance with the views of the leading European continental
botanists, special attention being drawn to his distribution of
the orders embraced in Monochlamydem, amongst those to which
the} were naturally allied, instead of maintaining them separately
as an artificial group of plants.— Ed.] Vide “ Queenslander "
29tli April, 1898.

GEOLOGY OF THE GLASSHOUSE MOUNTAINS.

BY

Henry G. Stokes, F.G.S.

(Read on 18th May, 1893).

Briefly to allude to what is already known concerning the
Glasshouse Mountains, it may be remarked that the literature
relating to the geology of this district is somewhat meam-e
and conflicting. The following extract, bearing on the subie°ct
taken from a letter of Ludwig Leichhardt’s, dated 4th
Seplemb., 1843 Arch,, Station, Bnnj. Bnoja, .ppe,„
Cooksland . ‘ Last Saturday I returned from a three davs^
trip to the Glass Houses. . . . h' h ^

Beriwah-is about 1,000 feet high, and Is composed of a'r!^

entirely different from the surro unding mountains. I have seen
* “ Cooksland” : 1^

46

GEOLOGY OF THE GLASSHOUSE MOUNTAINS.

similar mountain features in the neighbourhood ol Clermont
Ferrand in the Auvergne, and geologists have called these
rocks domite, because of its affecting generally the form of a
dome. This domite belongs to the trachytic group. It is
rather an earthy paste with some scattered crystals of feldspar.”

In August, 1854, Mr. Stutchburyf gave a somewhat detailed
account of these hills, ascribing their origin to local metamorpli-
ism induced in the sandstone rocks of the district by some
deep-seated foci of heat, &c., subsequent denudation having
carried away the imaltered material while it could not ahect the
indurated portions to the same extent, and which were there-
fore left undecomposed. They are regarded by the Hon. A. C.
Gregory;|: as “eruptive porphyries,” and by the Eev. J. E.
Tenison-Woods§ as “ prismatic basalt.”

The ground traversed between the railway line and McGregor’s
accommodation house consists of low sandy ridges, tea-tree fiats,
and open forest country, rising gradually towards the Gympie
road, where several outcrops of a fragmental volcanic rock are
noticeable. Proceeding still further west, the scenery changes as
the level country is left behind ; numerous steep ridges and
escarpments of sandstone, with gullies on each side and covered
by timber of large dimensions, run toward and parallel to
the range until the basalt spurs of the Taylor are met with. In
these gullies sandstones and shales outcrop, and numerous
fragments, of silicified wood lie scattered about the surface of
the ridges. The sedimentary rocks which are thus illustrated
belong to the Ipswich beds, and probably rest unconformably
on the schists which appear at the foot of the range to the
south. An extensive view of the surrounding country may be
obtained from the top of Beerwah, the highest and most
westerly of the Glassliouse Mountains. Looking south, between
the basalt range and the coast, the comparatively level country
presents an unbroken line of horizon, except where the isolated
peaks of the Glasshouses lying in that direction have broken
t hrough the sandstone ; this plain, stretching some thirty-five or

-Fourteenth Beport— in Legislative Council

t N.S.W. Geol. Survey-
Papers, N.S.W., Sept., 1854.

islJa^e Burnett,”

s Proc. Roy. Soc., N.S.W.’-Vol'. XXII., 1888, Hates 19 and 20.

Bi

BY HENRY G. STOKES, F.G.S.

47

fortymiles soutliwarJ, is seen to gradually close in towards thecoast
near Brisbane. The Glasshouse Mountains, nine in number,
.are contained within an area of about eight square miles. A line,
four miles in length, drawn due west from the railway station,
passes through Ngungun, Coonowrin (1,170 feet), and Beerwah
(1,760 feet), and these are about equidistant from one another.
Tunbubudla (1,020 feet) is situated four and a-quarter miles to
the south of Coonowrin, and three and a-half miles further
south from it is Mikeleebumulgrai. Eeturning to Ngungun,
two and a-half miles south of it, lies Tibrogargan and Ewan ; two
miles to the south of these hills, Beerburrum.

They have an average elevation of 1,000 feet above sea
level, Beerwah being 1,760 feet and Ewan 560 feet above
“McGregor’s.” They also lie in two parallel lines to the
eoast, and possess many features in common. When ^dewed
from a distance Coonowrin presents the appearance of a
truncated cone resting on a dome-shaped base, the apex slightly
overhanging to the west. The truncated portion rises abruptly
■on three sides showing columnar cliffs, the columns inclining
inwards in places towards its summit. Its north-west flank is,
however, not so steep, and here a succession of small ledges
appear to offer a reasonable prospect of success to anyone who
may be tempted to try the ascent. On the south-west flank of
the mountain a recent landslip exposes a section illustrating
the manner in which the igneous rock has pierced and involved
the sedimentary rocks resting at its base, proving that the
volcanic eruptions of this locality are more recent than the
Ipswich beds.

Ewan resembles a Japanese fan sloping towards the range,
the handle consisting of a long narrow ridge with precipitous
sides, ending in a perpendicular escarpment in the opposite
direction, some 560 feet above the plain. The others were not
visited during our trip, but they appear from a distance to be ot
the same type as those already described. There is reason lor
concluding also that they are not only connected with each
other but are in reality offshoots from the great eruptive
trachytes of the Main Dividing Eange, so prominent a leature
in the southern portion of the Moreton district. n

48

GEOLOGY OF THE GLASSHOUSE MOUNTAINS.

may presume that this isolated group of hills represents the site
of ancient volcanoes which burst through fissures in the sand-
stone and shales of the Jurassic period, and the solid plugs of
trachyte which filled the throats of the original cones alone
remain as evidences of their former greatness. The loose
accumulations of ejected materials that we may assume at
one time existed on their flanks have been stripped oft' and
swept away during ages of denudation, only the more compact
fragmental material being left at their base. Thus the ridges
in the vicinity of Coonowrin and Tibberogargan, two of the
principal elevations composing the Glasshouse ]\Iountains,
consist mainly of solid trachj^te and trachyte-breccia, with
fragments of coarse sandstone and grit strewn about the
surface. The rock generally is a light coloured, rough and
porous, but fine-grained variety of trachyte, rich in sanidin,
with numerous needles and prisms of hornblende, plagioclase,
some biotite and porphyritic blebs of quartz.

The sides of Beerwah and Coonowrin present very beautiful
examples of columnar structure. Both vertical and inclined
columns are present, and these are mostly hexagonal and do
not a]Dpear to exceed 2 feet in diameter. As the rock also
weathers unevenly in places, shallow cavernous hollows are
thus formed in the more exposed sides of the mountains.
Wherever conditions have been favourable for the accumulation
of rock debris and soil, vegetation is abundant; but there are
many quite naked rock exposures and escarpments. From these
remarks it may be affirmed that this recent examination supports
the conclusion respecting the nature and origin of these remark
Jle landmarks in southern Queensland previously arrived at by
the ill-fated Ludwig Leichhardt.

ON THE OCCUERENCE OF A NEW DENDROOEROS
IN QUEENSLAND.

BY

C. J. Wild, F.L.S.

(Read on 6th July, 1893).

Dendroceros is the name applied to one of the most interest-
ing genera of Hepaticie or Scale Mosses. The species hitherto
met with have a somewhat remarkable range of occurrence,
having been recorded from the great South American Cordillera,
the island of St. Vincent and from Queensland ; in fact,
that now under consideration more nearly approaches
an Andean fonn— D. foliatus, Spruce, than any other. These
Scale Mosses seem only to have been found towards the
summits of mountains, and unlike their allies the different
species of Anthoeeros, Lunularia, Marchantia, &c., are strictly
ai'boreal, growing upon the trunks of trees, usually towards their
bases, Dendi-oceros muelleri and the present species are the sole
Australian representatives of the genus, and the former of these
has been collected only upon Mt. Bellenden-Ker where it was
procured by Messrs. Froggatt and Sayer in 1886. As s

Bendroceros subtropicus, mild, this has been found upon Mt.
Tambourine and hitherto nowhere else. The following is a

technical description of it : —

Dendroceros subtropicus, sp, noiy Fronds deep green,
<mspitose-procumbent, 15 lines, ascending, pinnate y ramo
Costa weU-defined, narrow, of several layers of cells, pagina
broad, deeply cleft into broadly Rnear lobes, imbricate and sinuate-
crispate. Cells roundish hexagonal chlorophyllose, wa » nc
Moncecious; female flower situate at the base of the furcations
surrounded by large crispate lobes. Capsule bivalyed ^

lines long ; involucre about half the length, inear, cy in ^ ,
green, columella filiform persistent. Spores small, round reen,
granulate •05mm. Elaters smooth flat and twisted in a loose

spiral 'OX 007mm.

50

A NEW DENDROCEROS IN QrTEENSLAND.

Tills species differs from D. crispatus in having a more
exserted capsule, and the frond broader and more deeply
lobed, and from D. Muelleri by the slender columella by
the roundish quadrate cells of the capsule and the smooth
exterior of the latter — the cells in D. Muelleri being linear oblong
and those situated on the exterior of the apex swollen and
bulged out. On the other hand it more nearly approaches
D. foliatus, from which species it differs in w’anting the broad
pale costa and having a more abbreviated capsule.

SOME GLADFIELD FUNGI.

BY

C. Julian Gw'yther.

(Read on 6th July, 1893).

[This, which was accompanied by pencil sketches, was an
account of the fungi which had been found by the author at
Gladfield, in the vicinity of Warwick, during the preceding few
weeks. It comprised a reference to no less than 148 species-
the majority of which were briefly described. As at present it is
found impracticable to reproduce the illustrations referred to the
publication of the paper, which in their absence would lose very
much of its interest, is postponed. Ed.]

INSECTS AS FUNGUS HOSTS.

RY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 20th July, 1803).

UuEiNG tlie last three months there has been more than one
instance reported of caterpillars occurring in formidable numbers
and doing extensive damage to growing crops, and it must have
been thought by many that if even a small proportion of these
arrived at the imago or perfect condition, and eggs were in turn
produced, and so eventually a greatly augumented host of larv®,
the prospects of those who were dependent on the products of
the soil for their livelihood would be gloomy indeed. It happens,
however, that these caterpillars have terrible enemies to contend
with, before whose onslaught they at times almost wholly
succumb.

As a case in point it may be mentioned that quite recently
numerous large ichneumon flies with red bodies and steel-blue
wings, belongmg to the genus Pimpla, might have been seen
tln-oughout the day in Musgrave Park, South Brisbane, passing
rapidly to and fro just above the surface of the grass growing in
the low-lying situations there, and ever and anon suddenly
alighting and creeping amongst the herbage. Even at m^ i a
they were still at their posts, remaining— three or four together-
stationary on the grass stems. The curious observer might
further have noticed that they were m quest of fat, naked,
striped grubs— the cateqiillars of a noctuid moth— which in
turn were present in such numbers as completely to keep the
growth of the herbage in check, and that whenever one of these
was discovered by the ichneumon, the latter pierced it wit i a
formidable ovipositor, that it might yield food for a future pro-
geny. So numerous indeed were these ichneumons that it
seemed unlikely that any caterpillars would escape their attacks,
notwithstanding the latter lay quiet and concealed till daikness
supervened, w'lien their depredations would commence.

52

INSECTS AN FUNGUS HOSTS.

In addition to such enemies as that mentioned, caterpillars
and indeed other insects as well — have to contend with a mucb
more potent agent in accomplishing their destruction. You will
remember that one of the finest rural industries of France was
ruined for some years by reason of a malady that decimated
the caterpillars yielding the silk of commerce, and how% after
five consecutive years of laborious investigation, the renowned
Pasteur arrived at the knowledge of a practical means for check-
ing the evil and preventing its occurrence in the future. On
reference to his “Etudes sur la Maladie des Vers k Soie,” you
will find that this destruction of the silkworms of the south of
France was occasioned especially by two diseases, “ la pebrine"
and “ la fiacherie,” the one determined by the presence of a
psorosperm and the other by that of a schi:5omycete or bacterium
—both low forms of fungi, and giving rise to these two special
diseases, which are hereditary as well as communicable,
bimilarly at an earlier date another silkworm disease, “ I’efflores-
cence,” had been shown by Davaine and Robin to be due to au
entomogenous fungus named then— by Balsam — Botrvtis
Eassiana, and afteiwards Isaria destructor.

Silkworms are not the only caterpillars thus affected
nor are the latter and insects generally subject to funru'
diseases only, when reared under artilicial condition;
This last mentioned fungus, Isaria destructor, was earl
found o be coimnunicable and to occasion disease i
insects belonging to quite different genera aurl « i

than does the silkworm, and afterxlvi \ ^

whilst living in the open even under natural i
caterpillars and almost all other insects
liable to disease due to the gi-owth of nar r ^

them. To such an extent S tTiis so

have been written dealim^ with fnn ’■ ’ memoir

such, for example, as N. G^avV- ? r
known to form the bases of Punfrn^rl Insects that ar

tomopthoreie of the United States ” Tbaxter’s “ Eii

Insectorum Morbis qui I'-i'^^silstschik’s “ R

work publish^ oij" b 1..

Society of New Russia. ^ of tlie Naturalists

liY HENRY TRYON,

5S

In Australia the subject seems to have been almost wholly
neglected, though a few fungi, subsisting upon living insects,
have certainly been systematically determined and described.
There are three species of Cordyceps — C. Guniiii, C. Hawkesii,
and C. entoinorrhiza — giving rise to "wliat ai’e known as vege-
table caterpillars.” Two species ol Isaria — I. cicadjn and I.
suffructicosa — the former, as its name implies, from the cicada,
and the latter parasitic on a living hairy caterpillar , two
species of Microcera, which live on Scale Insects— one of which
it was my privilege to introduce to science ; an undescnbed
fungus already noticed by myself as having the Black Scale for
its host; and, finally, the well-known parasite of the house-fly,
formerly known as Sporendonema musci or Empusa niusci, but-
now regarded as the terrestrial form of Saprolegnia ferox..
of these, however, except the last mentioned, may be regarded
as virulent enemies of the species of the insects which Biey
affect, although the species of Microcera are highly prejudicial
to those particular kinds of insects which thej affect.

The well-known vegetable caterpillars before you (two from
'^ew Zealand and two— involving, vine-feeding lunvk-mot i.
iaterpillars-from New Houth Wales) illustrate what is implied
)y parasitism by Cordyceps. Here a larva of ordinary soft
consistence has been brought into contact wit i or eco
:nfectea by a special fungus-spore which has germinated within
it, and in the course of continuous vegetative growth lias
wmpleielv replaced the original a,nimal tissue by a toiig i n e
Jompaet “substance, which when examined by aid ot
microscope will be found to he composed of intricately luteilac i
tubular bodies or hyplue-the elementary tissue of ^ ’

The caterpillar when in this condition, is hard, but
being then easily broken across. Frequently growth does no
proceed beyond this stage, but lurder condihom

reproductive organs are formed, a stout sta i o =
inches in lieiglh arising just behind the head.
be simple or bifurcate, and terminate m " ^ "
subclavate head, which will be found to be
rough at the sites of little pores, vhioh

peritbecia, which contain elongated vesic es-the asci, m each

which are eight jointed filiform bodies, the spores.

54

INSECTS AS FUNGUS HOSTS.

As an example of a beetle-larva affected by a related fungus,
there is the accompanying specimen for which I am indebted to
Mr. I' . Gore, of Yandilla. Here we have one of the redoubtable
white grubs,” which sugar-planters know so well — the earlj
condition of some scarabseid beetle, in a mummified condition with
two contorted bodies, one simple and the other branched,
springing like large horns one on either side from just behind
the head.

As for the house-fly and its disease. You may almo.st a

any time notice an example of this familiar insect adherent t

the window-pane, surrounded by a pale gray cloud made up c

minute particles. Whilst at a slightly anterior date the fl;

Itself will exhibit little pale-coloured tufts which have oozed on

from between the rings of the abdomen. These tufts oi

microscopic examination will be found to be composed of slende

tubular vesicles, or ” flocci,” which adhere to one another, ead

numerous spore-like bodies, which are in fac

endowed^' liberated in a suitable niediuiii-

chlks th motility. It is this fungu.s whid

ltd whicr""Tri‘'‘‘ to an extent little suspected

nototlv tr™'® artificially cultivates

checkiim tl ’^‘th these domestic pests, but also for

of about -0 ' credited with the destruction

01 about oO per cent, of our soft fruits.

considered ^ tungus-parasitism may be profitably

noctuid inoth-a specTs tri h *

that tbe lettuce had proved pdrontuslorim^

which had been found upon this , “^^“’‘^"^lycaterpiUar
or in a moribund condition TT.ff already dead

when examined were with one °*'*^nnately these caterpillars

.1 fc.,, .na h JSe ■ boS SJfT; i" "
the one .flbrfing ll,e ^eoKo . ' “

by uT0gal.r gt,,i,h („ti, oompletely coveted

sugg^estive of brain convolutions appearance

to be composed of hyphfe ' were found

—which supported irregularis instances branched

ovoid bodies, or conidia.

BY HENRY TRION.

55

This fungus, found under the conditions mentioned, was with
little doubt a species of Entoniopthora, closely related to E.
plusiie, a fungus which Professor Giard detected in 1888
I destroying the caterpillar of the silver Y moth, which in turn
had been found devastating Helds of lucerne and trefoil. In fact
there can be little doubt but that all the caterpillars noticed upon
the lettuce, as well as many others unobserved, had succumbed to
I the same virulent fungus disease. The green caterphlar of
I Plusia verticillata, one of the greatest pests of the tionst, has
I been met with by me on move than one occasion here, hanging
! by its abdominal prolegs dead, discoloured, and full of fluid
material, having perished from a similar cause.

These instances mentioned may be regarded as illustrations

of fungus insect-parasites belongini

to four different classes

iLUigLis mst5Ci'pata..-5ii-co — --

the Cordyceps of the “ vegetable caterpillar,” representing one
of the Spheriacere ; the fungus of the beetle-larva, the Hyphomy-
cete*; that of the house-tly, the Saprolegni® ; and that of the
caterpillar from the lettuce, the Entomopthoreie or Empusete.
They agree— as do perhaps all the disease-producing fungi
with the exception of bacteria^in the fact that each occurs m
two or more different forms, though in the case of most ot these
referred to, the different phases have not separately been made
known. These are distinguished essentially by the condition ot
their reproductive organs and the character of their spores. The
Cordyceps of the “vegetable caterpillar” may be regarded as
the ascigerous condition of an Isaria, the latter a fungus in
which the spores consist not of jointed thread-like bodies, but o
more or less globose ones-hc., conidia-terminating clubs, or
llocci. In the case of the muscardine of the silkworin, as w
have seen, it is, on the other hand, the Isaria or comdiferous
form, and not the cordyceps one, which is so J’"®

fungus of the house-fly is the imperfect terrestrial ® ®

Saprolegniaferox(A«t.ha plant uocS

phytically upon dead insects in water. That of the noct

Innsus, wl.ich, beu-lng other oh«»elers, .s Imorvn .s l.iiichra ■
This ..somplion b, the

tlie esse ot these meed-infesting tong., .nflaenee.l l.j eondmon.

56

INSECTS AS FUNGUS HOSTS.

Oft envilonment, the natiu’e of wliicli has in many cases yet to
be investigated or even discovered, but that these conditions are
not exclusively climatic in their nature has been definitely
ascertained. Taking the case of these fungi, which may be con-
sidered as species of Entoinopthora, or close allie.s, it has been
ascertained that the two forms may occur on the same insect
simultaneously, and this is true of fungi of this genus oecurrinc
m 111, sect hosts belonging to such distinct categories as do cater-
pihars and grasshoppers. Again, in the case of others the
different phases make their appearance at different times of the
year. - urther, what is still more remarkable, one form seems
oocasiona lly to be i-estricted to a particular geogi-aphical .one.

renZ.'H mentioned that Krassilstscliik

wonns ’ T Entomopthora which destrovs the » ciit-

of the wheat-Agrotis segetum— at Odessa always

occurs in the conidial form

according to Cohn it i.s met with

•j . . * bU L^Oxl

the widely separated

e^ion to Minch his investigations relate. Thomdi a-ain the two
forms may be confined to the same kind nf t«o

rarely that quite different insects may smte 1
And what is more remarkable still^H respective hosts.

(E. callipliorm), as Professor Giard \iarLformed^"‘°“°^’''^“'
m a fly. which lias only been met occurring

the phase in wliioli resting-spores occur “

seut special peculiarities ivliich are evietlv r
Avlheli hitherto has been found exclu^vel
of frogs and lizards, which are know n to^I
files of the same genus C’alliphora— rh.. *0 the

mg the resting-spores of the fly p-u-asite ^ contain-

m an incipient stage of <^rowth ^ A ■ -f organs

these conidia and restin»-sDove« '' * might have been inferred
two phases in the Wu^SowH ^Earacteristic of the
morpliological charactm-s are their distinct

as living objects. The former i? V m®rent m their behaviour
logical conditions which they .five readily ; the patlio-

facihty through their ao-enev “tn ii “ communicated with
selves quickly pensi,. ° 0 n the but they tlieiu-

liave their vitality persistent but restiiig-spores

when ke “uiite “"’“‘.I' S.mLt.

jpareiitly suitable conditions

BY HENUY TIIYON.

57

as regards warmth and moisture for a lengthened period, and
from the foregoing observation relating to the hjiitoniopthoia of
the fly— it has been suggested that the intervention of quite
another substance — serving as host — is needed for continuous
development, and that many of these insect parasites have phases
of existence, one as saprophytes and the other as insect-haunting
plants ; or, in other words, that their parasitism is merely
facultative.

The communicability of a fungus disease, due to the
presence of an Entomopthora in its conidia-bearing condition,
from insect to insect, has been mentioned, and it remains to
state that, in the light of recorded observation, the same is
possible in tflie case of those dependent on the presence of
other entomogenous fungi, especially such as belong to the
group IsariiC, which, as has been remarked, represents
the coiiidial condition of the ascigerous Cordyceps or ior-
rubima— illustrated by the vegetable caterpillars on exhi i-
tion. And it is interesting to recall the fact that the expieinnen s
which demonstrated this communicability were undertaken with
a view to the discovery whether or not these fungus eiiennes o
insects might he used as remedial agents in content ing wi i
some of tlie more intractable pests with which the agmculturis
has to contend ; savants reflecting that, whereas such fungi weie
certainly inimical to the growth or even continued existence of
certain Indn.stries, and especially to that of silk on tnre and so
should be held in check ; there were, on the other hand, a i .
of insects which, by their depredations, largely militated agam
the success of other enterprises, especially the ones
agriculture, and that it would be largely to ^

con<.rned with such ^r^its ii th^^tu^i m^d
made available in figlitmg them.

.cienfel, MeKoI.nikoff,

ta.,,. a..t..ctor »1»" ‘Bo “,'*“0 8‘ *

beelk. Anisophi. u ‘l o ™ h ol

transferred from gi’ub to giub, co ^ and so

this fungus apart irom its contending with

arming himself with a poweiM ^ where the Isaria

this destructive beetle in the man} o

58

INSECTS AS FUNdUS HOSTS.

fungus did not already oecur. This savant then, aided hy
€ienkowsky, as early as 187.9, accomplished the result at wiiick
he had aimed, employing as a nutrient medium a fluid composed
of the iermented juice of the maize. A correspondent. Professor
Alfred Giard, Charge d’Cours in connection with the Faculty of
Science at the Sorbonne, to whom I am indebted for much of
the information contained in this paper, about the same time
experimented with entomogenous fungi, belonging to the class
Entomopthora, but was not, however, able to cultivate them
■artificially apart from the insects on which they were naturally
met with, or to which they had been communicated. He wa.s,
however, subsequently successful with Isaria densa, which lives
on the rrr ldanr, another destructive scarabmid larva ; and this
ungus which was thus found to be capable of being artificially
ultivated, was also discovered to be available for the direct
insects t'venty-four different kinds of other

theseWn^ instance of the utilisation of

state Board of Agriculture with ’tlm

..dl-l....... Chi..5/7.r(BK.l L r' ““

fungus (Entomoptliora or Empusa) a^lvm/ i
coccus), and a fungus rei^arded^m an L Z
of which may be found co-existiim on Tnchoderma— all

Mr. Snow's experiments, specimems of thrc^™! individual. In
fungus disease, were confined with ^bouT

number of healthy ones from the field for f

the resulting sick insects, which bv

infested, were liberated in fields wherem the T®

and by this means the latter was kent

almost stamped out. And so e-euAvon ^ if not

results accruing that Mr. Forbes ^ wore the good

intimated that no less than sevente’einm JT. * 1 '“® writing,

diseased ChincJi bugs had been m applications for

that the malady had been intrn^8 ^^'^oi'O'tory, and

Nebraska, Indiana, Ohio, and MimieToU. Missouri,

BY henry TRYON.

59

111 introducing the subject of fungus parasites, mention was
made of the diseases in silkworms due to bacteiia, or the lo\sest
■class of these organisms, and it may be remai’ked in conclusion
that bacteria seem equally available with, if not more so t lan,
these higher forms as aids in contending with insect pests o
vegetation. Micrococcus occasioning a virulent affection in le
cabbage white butterfly of Europe and America has been on^
since isolated, but investigations with a view to determii e
efficacy for the purpose mentioned have scarcely procee e
yet beyond the experimental stage, and at the - ^ °

Brefeld better results have attended the employment o t e
coiiidial form of the Empusa peculiar to the caterpillar o
insect. Perhaps, however, the most recent .

direction is that conducted by Mr. F. W. Malley Assrs ant
Entomologist to the United States Department of ’

with a view to discover whether the germs often
the notorious “ Boll AVorm ’’-Heliothris armiger^a
insect, might not he utilised as a so-called reme ^ u

yet his investigations have not led to any very prac ^

but amongst other conclusions at which he arrived,
that from production by artificial means of ^ " “”in

germ in one species of insect, it did not to

all cases the same germ could in like manner
originate a disease in a closely related species, mu
more distantly related. In the case of .actor a of Bus Boll

w«,„, to »ha, lu. ' iHlf only “■>

that their parasitism m relation to g,,bstaiices

that they were otherwise saprophytic, or i for arriving at

a successful issue, it was necessary m faculta-

with a f 'environment which

S^rrrp^dt^^g disease. The ^^i-t 1 ^.

perhaps been pursued tar enough thjs evem It P

sufficient has been stated to show that the

,of insects is a matter not altogether devoid of mterest.

THE STEAWBEKRY DISEASE.

BY

Hexky Tryox.

(Read on 5th October, 1808).

-This paper related to the features presented by a special
strawberry disease of not infrequent occurrence in Southern
Queensland, occasioned by the attacks of a funpfus parasite,
.bph^rella fragari^e, the morphological characters of which were
also dilated uiion,~(Ah,stn(ct). Vhh “ QuemsUniderr 21st October,

THREE UNDESCRIBED INSECTS WHOSE FOOD-PLANT
b THE MOEETON BAY F'lG AND THE
INJUEIES WHICH THEY OCCASION.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 19th October, 1893).

SojtE three month since our lion, secretirv Itr.. w Tn vi„.

same plant. ” l^armful to the

some examples of the species of nnf - i * characterised

or shade purposes in different iiaw^ ?
especially so the Moreton Bay fioLpie”! ^nd

dark-brown opaque more or macropliylla. Large

of a Hscid glutinous substance

surfaces of the leaves the f’ ^PPeared on the under
’ at and around these spots.

BY HENRY TRYON.

61

has become brown and dead, and the leaves themselves have
eventually dropped off whilst still green. Sometimes but one of
these bodies is present on a leaf ; oftentimes,^ however, five
or six ; and as for size they vary from Jiii. to 2in. across. So
prevalent is the afteetion that in many eases trees have been
completely denuded of their foliage. Some of them have,
however, been fortunately able to develop terminal shoots and so
commence afresh their vegetative growth ; others, too debilitate
through loss of their assimilative organs to do so, have emitted
frah lateral offsets, which in turn have either become covered
with a curious dwarfed foliage or have even also perishe . n
many trees, as a consequence, the symmetry of form has been
permanently affected ; in all, the growth has been serious y

retarded.

This mjury is due to the attacks of a small transparent
four-winged snout-hearing jumping insect referable to the order
Homoptera and the genus Psylla, measuring obouttwo lines m
length. Its inimical relation to the fig tree, on winch
subsists, will be seen from the following particulars concerning

its life history.

The eggs are laid side by side, in groups of from to ^
hundred-or even more, on the under surface of the lea . ihey
are small oval dull-brown objects, having

and a beak-like downwardly-directed f

which is the point of attachment. wing o

.e nuinbm ^

—e^by them, the eggs

■ 1 1 .„-,v amnimt to some thousanas.

present on a single leat inaj dinouiii

1 1 jn.l.iTKT the e>'" splits open along the dorsal keel, and

In I'^tching tl e e P ,,tive

tlm young reddish-yellow insect, rounded

in front and / 3,„^ented portion. The former, in

smooth trom a po.-.teiio . ^ eye-spots.

addition to the six legs, portion is afforded

Tl,. «“ »»

1:,:::"“ .vo™ — o'

62

UNDESCKIBED INSECTS.

tinuously a relatively thick ultimately opaque and white thread.
As, too, the insects when in this larval state, though active, dc
not move far from one another, these threads soon interlace, and
thus the leaf appears to have white glistening objects scattered
over its ^-een surface. The insects now soon insert their
probosces uito the leaf-tissue, after which event they probably
move but little. They now, too, elaborate from the milky plant-
juice and excrete an extremely viscid and tenacious sub.stance
which, however, does not adhere to their own bodies since these
are covered by this time with a mealy secretion. This glutinous
substance becomes blended with the foregoing threads and forms
a compact low canopy beneath which the insects, arisincr from
each groqp— or conjoined groups— of eggs feed. It, moreover,
day-by-day, becomes more extensive, elevated, and darker. The
insects after several ecdeses, or changes of the skin, eventually
cease feeding and become active pupm. In this pupal condition
they resemble the larvm but possess conspicuous wing-cases as
an aditional feature. The pupm after a while erawfout from
beneath their covering and may be found scattered all around it,
usually viithin a distance of half-an-inch. And from them the
perfect or vsnnged insects emerge through a longitudinal opening

behind the head. It now resembles a miniature cicada airhas”

.1. ,v,ng, pl„eaperp.„dio„l„lj along ,1,, , 1 ^

.aland, ag ao.n. d..t.„ca beyond it. hindn.oat extraLky ' “h
head 13 very broad and bent 1

protuberant lateral eyes. It has a sto i the large

ten-jointed antenna;. These have the'^' J°“tted proboscis and
y.li.w,b.l .,a in oU.., ^paairill -'‘l ff'

thorax supports two blunt tubercles ’ti ^
jointad. Tba laga yalloy, and U.iien-iL,,' d
pair have at their extremity six littl • ^ hindmost

insect in leaping. On the Ipnaf v 4.^ which assist the

apiing. I™..L ™ppo;i.tte

j , , <^liiickl\ alights again.

It would seem that as the eggs ar. f ,
might readily be destroyed bv ^

It happens, howev er, that their insecticides,

impervious, so that kerosene emnl= ^

them with little or no appreciable eC”

I he adult insects are,

BY HENRY TRYON.

6a

liowevGr, readily destroyed, but owing to theii’ restless disposition
can with difficulty be reached. Fortunately, however, the larva
is pursued by a small bright metallic hymenopterous insect with
lance-shaped hind body and short ovispositor . This parasite lays its
egg within or upon the young Psylla. At the present time the eggs
of the Psylla upon the leaves of our IMoreton Bay figs are in
process of hatching, and it is an interesting sight to notice these
little friendly insects moving stealthily amongst the destructive
larvfe with wings folded back depositing their eggs one by one
in them, the latter as yet for a short time unprotected by their

glutinous secretions.

2, The second injurious insect is a beetle which when adult
ardls a round hole in the young shoot just below the terminal
bud and feeds its way upwards through the centre of the wood.
Growth is consequently retarded, and the shoot breaks oft.
Neither this injury nor the insect which occasions it seems ever
to have been remarked. The latter belongs to a family of very
notorious timber-destroying insects— namely, the Scolytidee ;
and may probably prove to belong to an undescribed genus allied
to Phloetribus. It is a very stout, short, parallel-sided, dark
purplish-brown beetle, having an obscure light-coloured band
widely bounding the thorax behind. It measures a ou -(,111. in
length. It is probably equally destructive m its larval con-
dition, but its early stages have not as yet been obseiwed.

3. A third destructive insect from the Moreton Bay hg also-

belongs to the order of beetles. It is a remarkable inember of
the Anthribidie related to Montrouzier’s genus Proscopoihinus,
hitherto found only in New Caledonia. A curious feature 111 it
is the excessive length of the antenn* m the ^

organs measuring five times the length oi t^e I l a^

, 1 u*4. POllSldGYRiblc dlstRIlCGS. UnllK©’

also the strange habit of leaping consiuciau

11 , 1 • 1*1 iq durin" its larval condition that it

the last-mentioned insect, it is ciuriiic.

from pieces of recentl} ^eal w Psylla, it is

from trees which were pie^ouslj ,,,

believed that the beetles No doubt,

destruction of the branches 1 ^f the tree

however, they determine the c
which but for their attacks would recove

THE OCCUERENCE OF THE GENUS APUS IN
AUSTRALIA.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 19th October, 1893).

Although three species of an allied genus of entomostracou
(Lepidurus) were known as existing in Australia, the genus,
represented by the specimens exhibited, was an addition
to its recorded fauna. Apus was in appearance a minia-
ture king crab (Limulus). The Australian species measured
2m. in length ; and, when viewed from above, presented the
following features First, there was a large oval convex shield
or buckler, which sloped away on each side from a median ridge.
This had the fore border rounded and bent under, whilst the
hind one presented a broad and deep excavation, the .sides of
which were finely serrate. Beyond this shield the gradually
tapermg segmented hindbody extended some distance, terminat-
ing m two long jointed stiff filaments or styles. At about a
ourt ot the length behind the fore border was a transverse
^•oove, in fr-ont of which were two compound eyes. This con-
spicuous shield was only attached to the body, which it covered,
from the transverse groove forwards. On the under surface of
the crustacean the antenme, or feelers, and mouth organs were
observable, and behind these no less than sixty pairs of foliaceous,
or eaf-hke, appendages, packed side by side, of each of which
a Hndidar body or branchia, denotive of the re.spiratory function

tmtaHs ^ appendages

towards the forepart of the body were somewhat leg-like in

cmnnuterth f n present. It had been

ruXreLwfi ■ '^°“«tituting the head and body

intXnH Progagated commonly without the

P tsX^^ --ely met even in

spots wheie the animal was exceedino-lv i.r.

rpo-arflPfl no dDundant. It was also

iCj^diaea as illustrating a very old

to tho ,o.si,

BY HENRY TRYON.

65

Great Britain, figured in the Transactions of the Palseonto-
graphical Society, one was at once struck with the general con-
formity between the figures representing the different species of
Ceratiocaris and the specinrens exhibited. But they were giants
in those days. The number, twenty-six, given as that of the
segments comprising the head and body , was two in excess o
the number for the corresponding parts in the generality ot
hiing crustaceans, yet many Crustacea of the cretaceous an
earher geological formations exhibited this gi-eater numerical
development of their segments. Again, though Apus, and its
aUy Lepidurus, greatly differed in appearance from the other
members of tlieir class, yet they strangely recaUed t le oea
condition of the common crab, or that phase exhibite imme i
ately on hatching from the egg, which according to the principles
of evolution represented an ancestral form of that fami ar crus
tacean. The very general distribution of the species o p
over the earth’s surface was, too, what might have been expected
of an animal which had come into existence len ime w
young. The Society was indebted to ‘Dr. T. D. ^ ^

opportunity of exhibiting the specimens. These la eei p
cured by Mr. G. Drew, at Wompali, in the south-western co
of the colony, where this crustacean was found plentifully fre-
quenting the clay pans. Abstract. H.T.

Note.-Mv. Lower, in commentiug upon the sul^ecL
referred to au allied form found not uncommonly m the neign-
bourbood of Adelaide, and which was Lepidurus an a

a figure representing wdiich had been exlii i e y •
Dr.I.P.Lcs dso described a <=™f* ““ *

Murray district, and sought an explanation o le ac
forms of life appeared suddenly after rain in spots which had

been previously baked hard by the sun. En.

PARTIAL DECADE OP THE WARWICK ACACIAS.

BY

C. Julian Gwyther.

(Read on December 7th, 1893).

^ In dealing with the “ Wattles ” of the Warwick district one
finds few that could be worked commercially as a profitable
venture, only one out of J. H. Maiden’s seven valuable tan-bark
producers, namely, Acacia decurrens var. mollis. Wild., growing
naturally in the locality, and though this occurs in very fair
quantities in some portions within easy reach of a market, tlie
available supply is gradually being diminished, and in lieu of further
plantations, which as yet there are no signaof, must very soon
a together, especially when we remember that acres
are felled and burnt off the land, as an encumbering valueless
quantity in the eyes of selectors. Large natural plantations of
ns valuable tree are now standing bare and leafless on the
Mam Range slopes only 20 or 25 miles from Warwick, stripped
ren W likelihood of these waste lands being

of stonv hxmdveds of acres

2 aiX to Warwick of no possible use

with 0 T ’"i

in half a 1 ’

found 11 thfri T i-emaining varieties

found 111 the district may be classed as secondary or useless

from a commercial point of view. The numhpr of o ^ • i

±n mp io 1-1 Ml 1 ^ numoei of species known

to me IS nine, which will be mven in i •

BhiIpv’q ‘‘ • »» 1 t-Re Older observed m

miiey s hjnopsis and Maiden’s pamphlet on Wot^i i

Wattle rtioh Ltle, I dXSw e„,. ,

*ion «g.fdi.g .ffetlc, otb.r f„ts '

“ Acacia ” of Willdenow belongs to the ^ ^ -^r*

of tlie leguminous or beaii-beainn<. iLiilv of
and in it tlie flower beads are grouped [n-5 f

w.„.« v.riX:s :

«vception ot No. 9, are supplied with

BY JULIAN GWYTHER.

67

rudimentary leaves, in reality merely laterally liattene ea
stalks, termed phyllodes. A. pycnantha, Benth, a Sout i ns ra
lian species, is the Acacia par excellence, as a tannic ^ au
producer, but it is not indigenous to Queensland. Next in
scale is A. decurrens, Willd— No. 9 in the following list

List of Species Reviewed in the following Papek.

of Secondary Quality.

1. Acacia armata. R. Br.

2. A. salicina (var varians). Lindl.

3. AainUolia. Willd

4. A. decora. Reichb. . .

5. A. implexa. Benth. . .

6. A. melanoxylon. R. Br.

7. A, longifolia (var. fiovibunda). Willd.

8. A. Cunninghamii. Hook. . .

9. A. decurrens (var. mollis). Willd. . .

Useless

of Secondary Quality.

7 ?

of First Quality.

.1. E. B,.. belongs to ‘1>«

or acacias with single- veined phyllodia, an is
irub, known to most as the “Kangaroo ^horn

■ub, known to most as me *

found almost everywhere in Australia on b o
idges such us occur at Maryvale and
ttains more than 1 ‘2ft. here, and owing to “

towth, about 2in. or less in diameter and is laie y
met condition. The bark is smooth, very thin, f

nd grey, usually marked with lighter bands, and ^
J*;,. eent'o, ooiE ».! .« P- “”‘"b
mcing one of its uselessness. It is a , , as a

in. long or thereabouts, which have brought ^ ^

.edge iilant. In November this shrub is m ^
egume about 2in. long by two or three lines
long the stems horn between

kyllo^. The SeptLiLr. As tin; form

.omm^ally, little oi J ^ than its share of

rihs is the only spinescent form knoivn here
Stantholpe.

68

PARTIAL DECADE OE THE WARWICK ACACIAS.

2. A. salicina, Lindl., or the Willow-like Acacia.
The variety represented, only one tree of which I have
observed round here, is “ variaini,^* This was about
lolt. high, pendulous in its manner of growth and 3iu.
through the butt. The bark, wdiich is green and smooth
on the young stems, is, when old, dark brown, brittle, rough
with longitudinal striations and is transversely furrowed as to
appear tessellated ; the wood when young is white and brittle in
the heart, but tougher just beneath the bark, showing fibrous
structure. The young stems are angular, somewhat helicoid, the
young shoots light green ; phyllodia alternate, from 5 to 8 or 9
inches long J to Ain. wide, linear, lanceolate, tapering at both
ends ; the petiole short, thickened and twisted so as to bring the
upper leaf margin against the stem, one central nerve rather
promment with hidden oblique secondary ones towards the nerved
margins, bearing from two to as many as five glands on the upper
one ; glands sometimes circular, sometimes horse-shoe shaped
and sessile ; the margin raised somewhat and almost toothed to
support the gland.

In consistency the phyllode is thick, green, fleshy, brittle,
and glandularly dotted. Panicles from 2in. to a foot in length.

ower leads large A to fin. across, light yellow, solitary, lateral
aiicl axillary in terminal, somewhat pendulous, leafy panicles.
Flowers usually about 20-merous ; sessile, a minute membranous
bract between each ; calyx, enclosing the base of the corolla, of
about 0 minute, almost invisible, green teeth at summit, tlie
length ; corolla tube of 5 minute green teeth,
ot hall a line each, connected at the base into a tube two lines
ono, receptacle ovate, pitted and marked with black,
stamens connected in a bundle round the ovary, composed of
whitish capil ary filaments 4 to G lines long and often

fhv^l iiT and muc-h contracted

nelt! e , “i-e small, yellow, two-celled,

mentous X ’ lila-

fillmei ts rn T i ‘he staminal

f r immh f'n ^^ells, placed rather laterally

at the summit of the ovary which in its turn is one line long

HV JULIAN GWYTHER.

69

pitted. LeguiiiG singly, or in twos or threes, 4in long by five or
six lines broad and as much as three thick, sometimes con-
stricted between the seeds and usually inflated or thickened over
them, there being five or six or more to each pod, which,
when green, is brittle, very thick and fleshy, and well sup-
plied with a sticky extremely bitter juice, probably containing
saponin. The dry pods are brown and woody, with a rough
outer membrane ; the bean, when full grown, but still unripe, is
a glossy white, ovate, placed longitudinally in the pod, and is
attached to, at first, a filiform colourless funicle, somewhat
flexuose, but becoming finally a dark orange-red folded two or
three times and clasping the entire base of the seed.

In length it is four or live lines long by three wide and
thick. This species is known under the various local names o
“Native Willow,” “C'ooba” or “Koubah” of N.S.W., Baku
of Rockhampton ; and Motberuuiba. Its full dimensions m
N.S.W. are from 20 to iO feet high and 18in. diameter ; m a
mature tree the bark is usually flaky, hard, and very rugge u
not fibrous ; from f to lin. thick and compact, it is altogether a
very promising dry country bark with an acid percentage o .
to 15 and 33 of extract, and as a secondary bark would be well
worth conserving. The blacks understand the value of its hart
as they preserve wallaby and other skins by its agency,
only specimen seen in the district grew in loose, loamy scrub
soil; flowering in March, with full grown green
October. Bailey says of the seeds that they are o upue
funicle extending up one side.

8. /unVb//., Willd., or the Flax-leaved Acacia, is one of

the commonest species of the Downs, though more^ specially
observable on the hilly and scrubby country. i ^^^+T^-nnali
beautifully shrubby tree 25 feet high and 8 or

.s«v.ih soil inaboutfive years, me

immense qonntity of foilnge S,””,;,,.! to

weighted down by a shower of ,
the tree, causing it to spin, apart. It rs very
a full-srzed tree has not been damaged m ars way

When in full bloom in .July or always flo^s^w^^^^^

a year, though tire midwinter crop does not mature y

70

PARTIAL DECADE OF THE WARWICK ACACIAS.

quantity y and wiiat does mature is apt to be worked upon bjaii
insect and galled), the tree is an object of indescribable beauty
being one graceful feathezy golden mass, the bloom so closely
coveiiug the entire branches as to preclude all signs of leaf
foliage. The bark, as noticed on our trees, has a reddish-grey
tinge, is thin and fibrous, and externally isgenei’ally smooth, not
flaky. An Enoggera sample analysed in 1891 yielded only 11
per cent, of tannic acid, with 28 per cent, of extract. In scrubby
land the plant only attains to a few feet and of such dimensions as
be of no use unless for extract, should it pay to send to market.
The phyllodia of the plant are barely two inches long, tapering
inuchat the base, the tips also are very pointed, oije nerved,
about three hues wide, margins sometimes ciliate, with a gland
above the base. The whole inflorescence forms large leafy
panicles covering the entire ends of the branches for two or
iree feet, and is formed of short racemes (two or three
inches) with numerous alternate flower-heads, each con-
mmg teen or twenty buds though sometimes much
ess; at the base of each flower-head is a minute
langular bract, the back and summit of which coii-
in a tuft of 8 or 4-celled hairs. The staminal
filaments are very flexuose, each bearing rather large, two-celled
an heis, thelobes of which are slightly hollowed in the front, and

lovelv^f ' ^ g'olden pollen grains present truly

mLCi °rir '”'f •• ■' »

manelious. Examine a hundvpri ^ „

rnawplimic^ r? ■ , ux cue “ squares

"‘-“P" the slide l„d .11 .»

tat bv “ T “ 2 .0 2>„..

ote® ‘ ““SO “‘1 i, ver/fab

the seeds are°glossy and^Xced’l'lo^”' turning a red-brown;
with a thickened inSe orattt?^

a Saliv’ci ” bnf 1 This is one of the

-ns' ■■ « .. G».-

4.

the dense massts^oTt?oL°'ser rae'm

cemes on the ends of the

BY JULIAN GWYTHER.

71

brandies, is an insignificant and useless member of the family
only attaining a few feet, and that on the summits of scrubby
mountains and in dogwood country. Gladfield, Killariiey^
Mount Sturt, and the immediate vicinity of Warwick — where it
may be seen flowering on the roadside as stunted bushes of
three or four feet, are the principal habitats of this form. It
very much resembles a small A. /ini foliar but the phyllodia are
scant, slightly larger, and abruptly miicronate by the projection
of the single rib ; the gland is also below the middle. The bark is
smooth, and often dark coloured on the young branches owing
to the presence of a scale insect resembling that infesting the
native aurantiaceous plants of this district. The short closely
set racemes of dark yellow flower-heads, form dense cylindrical
panicles from six inches to a foot in length, with the young leaves
prqjecting beyond ; the flower head is about 4 or 5 lines across
with sinuous stamens and square anthers, pollen grains rather
larger than those of /I. more irregularin outline, andsome-

what quadrangular, the geometric markings clearer andmore trans-
parent. I do not fancy this species has been tested as a tannm
producer, nor do I think any value could be attached to it.
Apart horn the fact that it never attains any size, the bark is
thin and fibrous; it is doubtful, even when cut and worked
up with the smaller portions of A. lini/olia, if it would pay, when
growing naturally on stony waste land.

5. A. mplc.nu Bentham, is, next to the common -Black
.^attle,” the species more generally seen at Gladfield, Freestone,
illarney, Canning Downs, in fact, all round Warwick, and is
istinguished from A. hmglfolia by its erect and graceful shape,
)mewhat pendulous and falcate phyllodia and redder ar^.
oes not seem to have received any separate trivial name, but
as been incorporated by non-botanists with aU other resembling
^'pes as the “Black Wattle.^ The tree grows, m the scrub
)ils of l\rount Dumaresq, very quickly, those six years old being
Oft. high and 8 in. through, very erect and tough, retaining the
rincipal trunk to the summit, rarely if ever
amaged in its young stage. An analysed sample of the bark
•om New South Wales only yielded 8 per cent, of ^

nd 20-54 per cent, of extract, while a Queensland specimen

72

PARTIAL DECADE OF THE WARWICK ACACIAS.

gave double the amount of acid and 38-ol of extract, and that
only from a tree din. in diameter. It also affects Victoria.
In seedlings the first true leaves are bi-pinnate— as in most of
the phyllodmous species— with winged petioles and numerous
pimiffi up to thirty; pinme oblong, mucron ate, and 1 -nerved;
young phyllodia often reddish tipped, linear lanceolate and afoot
long. The bark is from a quarter to half an inch thick, fibrous;
w en joung, led and smooth ; red brown, deeply and irregularly
turrowed, when mature; the sap is very free in October, and the
inner aik sticky and bitter owing to the iiresence of saponin.
Ihe phyllodia are mostly falcate, (Jin. long by iin. broad,
apering at both ends, prominently 8-nerved, with numerous
parallel and reticulating veinlets. Tlie flower heads are pale
yellow, globular, about 3 or 4 lines across, few, in loose leafy
panic es (nn. broad and long ; legumes two, four, or six in a
cluster on a common pedicel lin. long, each 4 to 6 in. long by
3 lines broad, ending in a spur, and contracted, between the
eds, which are from seven to twelve in number ; seeds oval,

wliitc, ultimately coloured funicle,
Mded four times at the end of the seed, not passing beneath
0 enclosing the seed m any way, and five lines long. In seed

January at Killarney and Spring Creek.

acaci!'nf'tr‘^^"”''''f''"’ literally, the “black wooded”

kroTn I T f ™ Australia, has extended its

It Iht of Q'^eensland to

at the it e f! T omitted

several local

fanief hi U'anslation of its specific

mttle •’ f “ Hickory “ and “Silver

VVattle. In Bentham-s “ Flora Aiistraliensis,” ii., 888 it is

TT” - Ta^nani’a whem it

holrv thi fiaTf’ ? 7'’ ^ •^'^tiots minutely

noaiy, the smaller branches antnilar i -n

sh.p.,, ‘4 "

common varieties, 4 to 1 in broad •
narrowed towards the base, coriaceous^

nerves, with numerous anastomosing veiL '’^Sdunde°'f 4

BY JULIAN (iWYTIIE'R.

78

bearing each a dense j'lobiilar head of thirty to tifty or moie flowers,
mostly 5-inerous, and often so closely packed in this head that
the calyces adhere ; calyx more than hall as long as the coiolla,
thin and shortly toothed. Petals connate above the middle.
Pod elong*dted, flat, often curved into a circle, 8 or 4 lines bioa ,
with thickened nerve-like margins. Seeds nearly oibicular,
funicle very long, dilated and coloured from the base, very
fiexuose, more or less encircling the seed, in double folds. The
timber of this tree is highly valuable and should not by any
means be sacrifleed for tlie bark, as this can only be classed
amongst those of secondary value for tannin extraction. A
sample of the bark of this tree from the vicinity of Braidwood,
N.S.W., yielded J. H. Maiden 11*12 per cent of tannic acid mid
20-63 of extract. This, apparently from an old tree, was of a
dirty brown colour, with wliite patches, giving the w lo e ■
silvery appearance. It has irregular vertical fissures, and this
circumstance, with the small longitudinal cracks, causes
outer bark to be rapidly detached in small flakes. The inner
bark or bast is strong and would form an excellent coarse tying
material for local use. (*!• H. Maiden in pait.)

Ean

I found several trees of this species on the top of the

- • • and Cunningham’s Crap on

i"e.

between Spicer’s Peal

Jt5J. O * W

laiiuary 1st., 1892.‘ The plant from winch the specimens were
lathered was situate by the old Ipswich road-side, on t m range,
md was a tree between 20 and SO feet high, sprea m^, ^
laving a diameter of IB in* at 8 feet from the groun .

.ark In every way corresponds with Mr. Maiden’s sample as
.efore described. Sot supposing the tree to be any other than
.ueof the many - black wattles” so common on the range,
lid not gather abundant specimens.

7. J. lonni/oli,,, Wilkl. The typical
nhabit the Warwick district, but is represente y ^

%nb,mda. It is by far the commonest wattle of tl^e Mcmiiy,

. 1 4 -iiinlv and sin^lv growing to laige

remg scattered 18 to 24 in.

trees with a branch spread of thi Y - « . ^

ihrough the butt. More Greek watersheds, in

noticeable on the Killarney ant i o where burnt

to»brig.lo«palol.» o.. ,on,l> tod,

74

PARTIAL DECADE OF THE WARWICK ACACIAS.

off. The general size is, in tliree or four j'ears, 20 feet liigli anil
4 or 6 in through, and as it suckers from the surface roots very
vigorously, soon forms dense plantations in which nothing else
can tegetate. The roots are extremely tough and are covered
v, ith a yellowish hark, and when cut and brought close to the sur-
face soon push out a crowd of suckers from betiveeu tlie bark and
■Rood at the severed end ; and were they required for propagation
this •Rould be a simple and most effective manner of repro-
duction ; but no one should wish to utilise this variety when A.
decm-rens or A. pycnaiitha would thrive in the soil and climate.
It is the “ Black Wattle ” ot Queensland often called here
“ Brigalow.” In N.S.W. it receives the names “ Golden Wattle,”
ickoiy and “White Sallow- or Sally” indiscriminately.
It IS a very secondary tannin producer— a New South Wales
specimen only yielding Irom 2 to G per cent, with about 14 per
cent, of extract , the bark is very fibrous and when passed
hrough die mill appears as chopped grass. The other Queens-
an \aiiety, Hophont, also yields a small supply of tannic acid,
IS used 111 preparing only light skins, and is valued at about
dOs. a ton in Queensland. The branches are very slightly
flattened the. young shoots reddish, with alternate phyllodia
4-8 in. long, straight or falcate, incurved only at the tip,
apering giadually at both ends, darli green, with a small dark
g and near the base on the upper margin. When 4 or 6 in.
ong they are usually from h to over an inch wide. Sometimes,
loweter, on young plants they reach 8 ins. in length and less

Pi'iflcipal nerves and numerous
laiallel closely branched secondary ones. Flowers yellow on
y mdncal spikes, one to three together in the axils of the
leaves forming a somewhat leafy panicle of catkins, each catkin

lines ^ sessile, 2 or 8

clothed interrupted along the rachis which is

£ TT ’ filaments

7out al r ” -sorted,

BY JULIAN GWYTHER.

75

white liaii-s. The legumes at first are straight, linear, 3 to
6 in. by 2 or 3 lines, ending in a beak and com ex o\er t e
seeds, constricted between, then becoming tortuous, untU fina y
they form a curled and matted ball the size of a man a fist, o
a red-brown colour, and when freshly split o}jen are a brio
yellow inside. The seeds are fe^v for the length of the po ,

distant, 2| lines long, black and shining, and somewhat depresse

towards the detached end ; attached by a red funicle, thic enec
into a cup-shaped aril nearly the size of the seed. In ower
in March.

The fruit of young trees is often, if not as

a r

'ule,

abortivi

re, owing to the action of a gall insect, which,
Vig its eggs in the racliis or common flower stem,
causes it to swell to 4 lines thick and fill to repletion with an
acrid, bitter sap, probably containing saponin. In a month oi
SO these bodies swell still more, curl up, and assume fantas ic m
or less globular shapes, 1 to 3 inches across, brittle, an
green outside, white within; if opened,
cavities are noticeable, inhabited by a snia w n e _
which eventually changes into the pupal^ state, and latt y
emerges as an imago — a small w^asp-hke jet ac mse ’
male, Mender and active, the female extremely obese
sluggish. In the early winter months these emerge, a u ^
ll.e g.ll d.,- b,o.v„ «d .tolvelW. 8*

S iL iing -vben Ml I” ” bt

4,g„st, September, .ml Oetober the le«e. of “““j ‘

epeelee .re Meeted will. . .m.ll golder, yellow l.rv.,

li e ...ter me.obr.ne., oa.smg the le.f o

tho.gl. with . togoid br...d . «ll.m.lely .hr. m»et tom.

blackish brown.

• 7 •• Mnnk This “ black wattle,” named

hospital and m the Sandj i i behig rarely found

seems rather to affect dry aspects in this ^ ^ other

iotl.e vcirntyotoreeb b.„l.. — ri^SrirTg ber. the

black wattle, A,

76

PARTIAL LKCADE OF THE WARWICK ACACIAS.

height of 15 or 20 feet, diameter 4 to (Jin., and as a rule
rather sturdy in trunk for its height. The younger branches
are very iirominenbly angular and more or less striate
on the flattened areas. The tips of the young phyllodia
are reddish purple and very tender ; mature phyllodia
B to 5in. long, tapering at both ends, from J to Uin.
broad in the centre, prominently 3-nerved witli multitudinous
secondary parallel nervelets running the full length of the
phyllode often confluent before reaching the petiole proper.
Cylindrical flower spikes axillary, solitary or as many as three or
four together, obliquely erect and straight, 2.V or Bin. long and 4
lines wide ; flower ot a bright sulphur ; young buds pyriform,
packed closely to the rachis, If abortive, as often happens in
one crop of bloom of the black wattles, the cluster of spikes hang
to the tree for several weeks and turn a dull red-brown. Tlie
legumes become very flexuose, and are long and narrow, only
about U to 2^ lines broad. Jn flower in July and August,
fruiting probably in November or December, It is the “ Black
Wattle y and ‘ ‘ Dastard Myall ’ ^ of New South Wales and the ‘ ‘ Black
Wattle ” and Kowarkul of Queensland, the latter a native name.
Dr. T, h. Bancroft says “ This species is tlie only tanning wattle
which grows near Brisbane in any great abundance. ’ ’ A specimen
forwarded by him to Mr. Maiden from Deception Bay gathered
from^a tree a foot in diameter gave 12-BB per cent, of acid aud
26-05 of extract. The bark is about half an inch thick, under
the outer dark brown scaly portion, and is fibrous within-
1 am not aware that it has been utilised at the Warwick tannery,
probably the natural growth is too scarce. Another analysis at
tie Indian and Colonial Exhibition, relating to a Queensland

sample, only gives 9 per cent, of tannin and 16*15 per cent, of
extract.

9- demrrem, Willd. The last but decidedly not' the leas
ot the Partial Decade of the Warwick wattles.” This, the well
known “ Green Wattle ” of Queensland, and supplying the -reate
peicentage of bark for the purposes of tanning, is commer
cially the most valuable of “ Acacia ” barks indigenous to thi
-oa t 1 bark is supjiosed to fetch a price varying fron

11 ,, ^' Tons of this product are transported b;

bullock teams to Ipswich from a point on the Main Rang

by JULIAN GWYTHBR.

77

only 25 miles from Warwick. Large tracts of this
species may be observed close around the Warwick town-
ship, Upper Freestone Creek, portions of Killarney, and
scantily at Gladfield, Dalrymple Creek, and in fact in nearly
every

locality, though the tree is somewhat stunted on the

dry sandy ridges. Its usual dimensions here in five or

six years’ growth are 25 or BO feet high and 6 to
Sin, through. The bark is a vivid green and very smooth,
becoming dark and rugged on old boles, and usually very com-
pact, yielding a small degree of fibre. It is the second in quality
as a tannin producer, it having yielded from 15 to 36 per cent, of
acid and over 60 percent, extract. These analyses are principally
from New South Wales and Victoria bark ; the quality appears to
become mferior as we advance northwards, though perhaps the
Queensland hot dry-country barks have not been sufficiently
tested. The variety here is entirely “ ’’—the
A. molKsmm of Miieller’s “ Dichotomous Key.’’^ It has
been called by the local name “ Black Wattle in ew
South Wales and often in Victoria and Tasmania ;
usually it passes everywhere under the name of
Wattle ” or “ Silver Wattle.” Native names are “ Wat-tah,
of Cumberland and Camden, New South Wales; “ Garrong, o
portions of Victoria, and “ Warraworup,” of Coranderrk, Vicboi’ia-
It is widely distributed through the south of South Australia, ias-
Mania, Victoria, Inner Southern Queensland an mos o ex
South Wales. It has also been known in this locality as tie
"Golden Wattle,” owing probably to the clear yellow inge
assumed by it at a certain season of the year when deve oping s
young shoots. The inflorescence is a very pale yellov,
dower heads globular about 4 lines in diameter. The '

exeeedinglyfeatheryin appearance; the leaf varyingfrom i .

in. long and 2 in. or 8 in. broad, with multitudinous leaflets, is
endowed with a certain amount of sensitiveness vLen inclmd as
intheMimosmandthe mimosa-leaved ^

the district, the latter among the ranges. But ^

been written and said about this species by
who have made a study of it from a commercial PO-
that it would be mere waste of time

that directly concerned with its growth about heie. .

78

NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF PEZIZA.

the “Black Wattles” this species flowers in favourable seasons
twice a year, usually in the midwinter and midsummer months,
the ripe seed being obtainable in December and in June or July.
The flowering seasons of all Acacias, as also those of
the Eucalypts and many other trees in this district, I have
observed are very erratic, depending entirely on the preceding
rainfall ; a tree in full flower in November of a certain year
would, probably, on the next anniversary of this event have no
flower but nearly ripe fruit and flower buds just showing, I
have observed specimens of this species under notice, in full
flower in January on the banks of the Condamine Kiver, while
shrubs close at hand (of the same) were laden with ripening
legumes.

NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF PEZIZA.

BY

G. Julian Gwyther.

(Kead on 7th December, 1893).

In the warm damp months of autumn, at Gladfield,
Warwick, especially during August and September, the ordinary
“cow-droppings” which have been exposed to wind and rain
assume a yellowish tinge when vie^ved from a distance, and on
closer examination are seen to be infested with examples of
a minute yellow cup-shaped — or rather saucer-shaped — fungus
which in a few days spreads from an individually almost
invisible plant to one about 1^ lines in diameter. The second
species of the same genus of fungi may not be noticed until one
examines the mound minutely. This is of a brown wine-colour
and grows much larger, f.^., to 3 lines in w'idth. At times both
forms may be seen crowded together on the self-same “ drop-
ping,” and on other occasions one may have to search diligently
to find any specimens of the brown species at all, for this is by
far the rarest of the two. The yellow' species is very common,
scarcely a mound but that supports several thousands. The
droppings of cattle almost exclusively yield these forms, and
rarely if ever are they to be seen on those of horses.

BY .7UI.IAN GWYTHER.

79

No. 1 is smooth and yellow to lines across, slightly
saucer-sliaped or plane above and thick and fleshy below, as
deep as it is wide, usually very I'egular as to outline, being
generaUy quite circular. When sliced, and a section placed beneath
a quarter inch objective, it will be observed to be composed o
numerous asei or partially oblong sacs, usually very regularly
disposed, each containing eight oblong or oval spores,
uniseiiate and regular, or somewhat confused in arrangement
and partially hi-seriate, interspersed very sparsely with 3
jointed very small and transparent rods named paraphyses.

No, 2 h of a fleshy, wine-coloured brown, to SJ lines across,
slightly cup-shaped, though plane above and convex below, with
1 short distinct stem-root. It eventually dries dark
®Hng at the margins— which become crimped and whitish-
!tay. The plants of this species grow, in some cases, so closely
together as to become angular by mutual pressure. e
intents are gelatinous, greenish-yellow and large, com^sed o
Ispored asci. These are transparent, club-shaped, and pe raa e
the apex wlien mature for the exit of the spores. es
totter are smooth, oval, transparent, and packed o ique y ^
‘confused manner. At the bases of the asci
toe numerous paraphyses or sterile asci, soraew m s o ^
ae-eelled only. These attain about half the length of t ■

» spore-sac. These species of Peziza never germina ®

"counds until the more offensive organic matters ^

substance they affect have been thoroughly was e .

Ibe collector, therefore, need be m no fear of defiling himself m
Securing examples of either.

The drawings illustrating these fungi and
structure winch are submitted for the
nibers of the Society will serve to illustrate my statements.

A RARE WARWICK ORCHID, ACIANTHUS FORNI-

CATUS.

BY

C. Julian Gwyther.

(Read on 1st February, 1894).

[This paper related to a terrestrial orchid bearing the above
name, which had been found by the author, during April and
May of the preceding year, flowering on the dry stony ridges of
Charley’s Gully, a locality situated on the watershed between
Upper Freestone and Glengallan creeks. Here it occurred
gregariously, occupying an area of about two square chains,
attaining a height of from six to fifteen inches. Notwithstanding
the fact of the Warwick District having been carefully explored
by the author during many months for the purpose of elucidating
its flora, this little plant had been met with nowhere else than
at the above-mentioned spot. The paper also comprised a very
full description of the orchid itself and the principal structural
features alluded to were further illustrated by carefully executed
drawings. Acianthus fornicatus has been previously dealt with
from the point of view taken by the author by other writers on
Australian botany, and therefore his Note is passed over, this
reference only being made to its subject matter. — Ed.]

THE INSECT ENEMIES OF CEREALS BELONGING
TO THE GENUS CECIDOMYIA.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 5th April, 1894).

The Hessian fly (Diplosis destructor), its nature and mode of
injury, and the history of its occurrence and extent of its ravages
on the Continent of Euroile, in the United States, in Great
Britain, and in New Zealand, were first dealt with ; and then
the wheat midges (Diplosis tritici and D. aurantiaca) and other
destructive species were similarly treated of.

These insects might, it was said, be regarded as forming
two groups, the first containing the Hessian fly — the tiny mag-
gots of which injured the stems of wheat in the regions of the
joints ; and the second, including Diplosis tritici and its associate,
which confined their attention to its florets, and consequently
rendered them infertile. As a representative of the first of these
divisions, Mr. Tryon exhibited a sample of the celebrated blue
grass (Andropogon serieeus), regarded as being one of the best
fodder-grasses in Australia, evei^ stalk of which had one or more
enlongated swellings at the joints, and so was materially damaged.
These galls had been occasioned by the grubs of a mmute gnat-
like insect— Lasioptera vastatrix— specimens of which were
passed around. This was the only cecidomyid which had hither-
to been shown to be destructive to vegetation in Australia, Mr.
P. A. A. Skiise, its describer, having reported that it was very
injurious to fodder in the Parkes District of New South Wales,
where alone it had been previously met with. This pest, it was
remarked, is quite common in Brisbane and its vicinity, and
doubtless does considerable harm.

To explain the action of the wheat midge, Mr. Tryon
further exllibited a second species of Diplosis which he had
latelv found damaging the inflorescence of the broom soi^lu .

82

INSECT ENEMIES.

The following facts concerning the life liistory of this pest had,
amongst others, he added, been already elicited. The parent
insect, which is a minute red-bodied gnat-like fly, whose body
measures approximately but line in length, and which has a
wing expansion of line, alights upon one of the florets of the
spikelet of the broom sorghum about the time of its first opening
and before the anthers have shed their pollen and by means of
a needle-like retractile oi’gan — the ovipositor, which equals its
body in length, deposits one egg or more in contact with the
essential organs of the flower, the perfect florets being alone
selected for this purpose. Each female insect lays from seventy
to eighty eggs. These, which are invisible to the naked eye, are
orange-red in colour. They are cylindrical in form, but unlike
what has been observed in other related insects, are drawn out
to a long blunt point at one extremity, a feature whicli doubtless
secures them from being blown from tJieir resting place. The
tiny maggots when hatched feed upon the ovary of the flower
and hinder its further development, so that the formation of seed
is altogether checked. They are about ^ line in length when
extended, and like tlie eggs orange-red in colour. They continue
to derive nutriment from the flower until the seed which is free
Irom their attack is ripe and harvested, and even then many
liave not yet passed into the pupa or chrysalis condition. These
final translormations are undergone within the dead and often
fungus-infested floret ; thougli the maggot has occasionally
passed previously to the narrow space which intervenes between
the flowering and empty glume. Home it is thought may drop
to the ground and transloriii therein. It being impracticable to
husk either broom sorghum seed or that of other sorghums, the
pest may be easily conveyed from one district to another.
Already this insect, confined as far as is at present known to
Houthern Queensland, and believed to be a native species, is
extensively parasitised by a minute hymenopterous fly belonging
to the family Chalcidm, which closely resembles the parasite
w rich Mr. Enoch has lately sent from England to the United
States, and also to New Zealand, to assist m lessening the
depredations of the Hessian fly in these regions. Should the
present cecidomjid transfer its attention to the florets of other
cereals, such as those of the wheat, or should the wheat midge

BY HENRY TRYON.

83

become established in Australia, this parasite will be available
for a similar purpose to that subserved by the Senaiotellus nig-
ripes, as above mentioned, in the case of the Hessian fly. The
observations which led to the discovery of this broom sorghum
cecidomyid were prompted, it was added, by our Agricultural
Department, and to it, therefore, the Society was accordingly in-
indebted.

As a further instance of this class of insect pests Mr. Tryon
exhibited a cecidomyid from Alternanthera versicolor a
favourite plant for carpet work and borders of gardens.
Abstract,

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, 1893.

BY

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 10th April, 1894).

[Tins address had for its subject “ A New Potato Disease,”
and related to a malady, originated by bacteria, affecting this
esculent in the Ravensbourne, Corinda, and other districts of
Southern Queensland. The same theme formed the subject
of a Special Report to the Department of Agriculture of Queens-
land, and is alluded to in the Annual Report, 1893-4, of that
institution. — Ed.]

NOTES ON EEGENT ACQUISITIONS— LEPIDOPTEEA.

]R» IlijIdg-e*

(Bead on 7th June, 1894.)

These comprised descriptions of tlie metamorphoses and habits
ot a number of very beautiful local butterflies and moths, which
were passed around for inspection. Amongst the former insects
were two strangely different butterflies, one almost black with
cream-coloured markings, and the other tawny yellow. These
were both named Heteronympha mirifica, Buthr, and were said
to be examples of a satyrid butterfly scarce about Brisbane, and
confined to dense scrubs. The male had long been thought to
belong to a different species from its consort, and been acoord-
mgly named in 1875. by Mr. W. H. Misldn, after the late Mr.
bjhestei Diggle.s. Another butterfly was the lycienid Holoehila
Wea hn. C,..,- which was remarked as being also rare about
Brisbane being apparently confined to the hills. The most
noteuortliy insect shown was, however, one of the largest
and handsomest of the Hesperhhe or Skippers-Netrocorvne or
Casyopa beata. Of this Mr. Illidge remarks as follows This
s ipper IS only equalled in size amongst the Australian species
skippers and surpassed in beauty by Eiischemoii Bafflesi*.
first chrysalis of the rare insect are now for the

niin-ht be c ^ “cans voracious, and a tree

conneJld here and there in pairs

shZis fee/ ■ caterpillar

ta°n d Lh?”'” ^

of the Club eoiiferta mid one

noteworthv for the/ mritT especially

were examples of another m^niber/I^

or tile bplnngidie named Sesia

BY R. ILLIDGE.

Kiiigii, “The caterpillar of this liawk-motli,” it was remarked,

“ is a conspicuous object at times on our Gardenias, and being
usually of a dark fuscous colour harmonises well with that of the
stems. It is, however, occasionally green, with the same special
marldugs as when of a darker hue. This moth is noteworthy on
account of the wings being for the greater part covered with
golden-oehreous scales, which are so loosely attached that one
has merely to blow upon them and they will begin to disappear,
and it is only therefore by rearing the insect in confinement
that absolutely perfect exampiles can be secured.’ Several
interesting geometer moths were alluded to in the paper,
amongst them being the large silky- white Thalaina punchlmea
from the southern colonies, several different varieties of
Monoctenia, including a new species of the genus reared from
caterpillars feeding upon the silky oak (Grevillea robusta), and
resembling one form of M. vinaria. Of other geometrid moths
remarkable for their bright-green prevalent colours, Mr. lUidge
stated as follows “ lodis metaspila has a caterpillar which has
curious side projections, causing it to look somewhat like a bit
of jagged and broken leaf, in which respect it so closely resembles
the caterpillar of a congener, I. pieroides, and when side by side
one could not separate the two species. lodis partita is another
heautiful species, the caterpillar of which lias lately come under
observation. Tt exhibits also the side projections ; but tias,
further, the curious habit of attracting pieces ot leaves and
flowers to these appendages, lodis marias, Lucas, a t iir spec ,
of the genus, presents us with a caterpillar still more singular, i^fc

being completely hidden under a mantle composed

leaves and blossoms.” Other moths noticed were the laige
yellow and dark gray Danima banksne, whose ^

handsome sphinx-like caterpillar fed voraciously «« ^ank j
Grevillea, and other proteaceous trees ; the water-maAed, white
Bilk-like Porthesia collucens of Dr. Lucas, a -r^.

capture was ainusin-ly described; and Asura ceiMcalis a
cdpiuie was ainusiuo'j' feeds upon the camphor

hthosid, whose dark hairy cateipiUai tee 1 ^ •

laurel. Several moths having wood-feeding

to the genus Cryptophaga, were also commented upon

paper and likewise exhibited, En.

BEAN AND PEA WEEVILS.

by-

Henry Tryon.

(Read on 9th July, 1894).

Amongst the insects ordinarily known as weevils is a group
Composed of stoutly built beetles which have the snout, so
conspicuous an object in the common grain weevil, scarcely if
at all developed. These weevils, of which upwards of 400
different species have been described, and which are technically
esignated the Bruchidie, feed and undergo their transformations
wi m t le pods and fruit capsules of various plants, the beans,
peas, pulses, and leguminosje generally being specially affected
by them, though they also occur in the fruits of the Hibiscus of
the Ipomoea, &c., being especially destructive to the seeds which
ese organs contain. As a rule the members of each species
confine their attention to the seeds of a single kind of plant, but
some on the other hand have a fairly extensive dietary.

Mr. G. Masters, in his well-knowm Catalogue of Australian
Coleoptera published in 1886, includes but a smgle species of
uc lus erein. There is evidence, however, forthcoming to
prove that the family Bruchidie is by no means so scantily
represente here, and of those members occurring at Brisbane
eie aie at least three — each of extreme economic
importance—whieh now have an Australian habitat assigned
to them for the first time. These, it may be, however, remarked,
are all introduced insects, and two, it is feared, have come to
stay, and are really established in the colony.

ni f 1 eevil. First there is the bean weevil, Bruchus

Ob ectus, bay or as it is better known Bruchus fabie, of Fitch,
Kiley, and other writers. This is an ashy brown coloured

lenS from 13/lOOth to 15/lOOth of an inch in

gth, with slight indications of alternating whitish and dusky
lines on its wing-covers, and the feelers or antenme parti-coloured

BY HENRY TRYON.

87

—these organs having the four basal and terminal joints yellow.

It is the habit of the insect referred to to alight upon the green
pod of the growing bean plant and after gnawing a tiny s i
along the suture, should an opening not naturally occur there,
to deposit — ^by means of a curved telescopic ovipositor it e
groups of eggs near the point of attachment of one or more o
the contained seeds. Shortly after this event the beetle itse
dies. On hatching out the grubs, which are at this tune o
microscopic dimensions, penetrate the beans proper an ee t,
within the latter are harvested together with the seeds t la aey
infest, their detection then being a matter of no little ^

Several individuals usually occur at one time within eac i se
thus afferted. After awhile the beans attacked present sma
translucent areas on their surface, as if theii
points had been partly permeated by grease. These pace
mark the position of the more superficial burrowmgs. borne,
however, of these marks are quite circular in outline, and then
special form is thus accounted for. When the gru is u

guaws <1 eylmdrical tunnel outwards, and this eiic s imine ^

at the skin of the seed, this even being partly cut “

circular manner. The grub then makes a cell just "

outer boundary of its tunnel, and undergoes its ur ler
matious iherein. Eventually it pushes outwards the
.•hich eoufined it, and emerging as a perfect beetle lea^ n h
bean a cleanly cut hole to mark the event. If mean^ e ti^
beau has been planted the Bruchus weevh comes
ground, and can sustain rtself for a

of the voung plant, or by occasmnal visits o he blossoms o
uelglihmirlng ^owevs m^I

tlm beetle ^

outside of it, using for the purpose issuin-^ penetrate

quickly hardens on expo^ '‘Seneration after generation may

and so the m.ct —

stated that no bean is proof agams ^ Madagascar,

Brisbane it has been noticed by French

the ordinary white haricot ean, mentioned procured

bean. In the case of a samp e

BEAN AND PEA WEEVILS.

S8

in Brisbane less than 10 per c-enfc. of the beans were free from
injury from this cause. Wlieu again the damaged beans are
planted the effects due to the injury occasioned^ by die bean
weevil aie \eiy manifest, for as has been recorded by I'rofessor
E. A. Popenoe— as the outcome of investigations conducted at
tie Kansas State Experiment Station with uuiaerous Viuietiesof
t ese esculents, but 30 per cent, can survive the germinating
Stage, and of this amount hut few individual plants make
uit ler growth ow'ing to the more or less extensive damage
which the seed leaves luivo experienced. The history of our
now edge of this pest, which is very signihcant, may be briefly
referred to. It is usually regarded as being a native of North
merica. In 1831, in which year it was first described by Say,
was noticed as being associated with an indigenous American
plant belonging to the genus Astralagus, but not until 18(10, or
until the lapse of nearly thirty years, did it earn notoriety by
ecommg a destroyer of cultivated beans. Within ten years,
however, of the latter event it had become widely dispersed, and
had displayed its _ harmful propensities in nearly every State of
f Union, and soon travelled even beyond the limits

o le i ew \ orld, lor in 1875 it was even reintroduced to America
in beans displayed at the Philadelphia International Exhibition
from several foreign countries. The fact of the possibility-
^ y ac \erted to -of its increase witliin stored beans favours
journeying to all countries which are even indirectly
commercial y related to its original liorae. And thus it is not
surpusmg that It is now reported as existing in the West Indies,

P * adeiia, the Canaries, the Mediterranean basin,

eisia and finally Australia. How long it has existed here is
r^ncertam, but it was first noticed by me in Brisbane four years

in , ® is already reported to be here
in the bean crop when this is harvested.

dealf’^wPl^^-”®" Weevil.-The second of these insects to be
nisoriim 1 I^PP^isiifly the notorious pea weevil, Brucbus
Loir ® “ 1760. This Bruchus is rather

liued iT^=^P 1- S23ecies, and is also a much more gaily

L liX. TriT”

O - c ■ blotelie, on the exposed portion of the hind-holy

BY HENRY TRYON.

89

immediately beliiud the wiiig-covers features not present in the
beau weevil. As in the case of the latter insect, ]3ruchus
attacks its food plant when this is still gi owing am
pods are green, but long betore they are fully deve opec , le
being deposited superhcially on the sides of the legume, an
tiny gi-nb on hatching out mining its ^vay inwards until the see
is reached. Unlike wliat occurs in the case o£ the bean weev ,
but a single gmh occurs in eacli pea. In other respects, hoj
■ever, the life histories of the two insects are somew i.i si '
Bruclins pisorum is of European origin, and from le .
raiiean area has been spread widely by commerce, ° jt • + ^

proved a very serious pe.st in the fields and gai;dens of Unite
States. The specimens exhibited were found on P
the northern part of Queensland, and afford the on y i
yet known to me of the occurrence of this insect in
though this pea weevil is suspected as having
entire destruction of a parcel of these legumes lecen .° y/

Plantation from Brisbane, as reported to the ivi-itei by ili. W.

Gibsou, one of the proprietors. i . fhp

The Smaller Pea Weevil.-Tlie third mender o ^
Bruchidie to be noticed on this occasion as
Bruchus chinensis. This is half the

two weevils previously reteired to y -weevil

«e of .a i It. how™,. 77'“ ™

in coloui-ation. being feiTUgmone nnii ac

white upon the w,„g-eove„. It “"J™, ‘“‘■“B^lneneie in
blotches on the hmd-body above,

traversed by a longitudinal wlnte other

present pea weevil are not alike, antenme are

both in structure and colour. In on lacks this

conspicuously branched black being largely

feature but has a much palei y ^ ;«gect are doubt-
replaced by reddish brown. The hab.ts ,,,, i,

less very similar to those of its congeners,

thestorebutalsoin the held; “ '“ .eed. Like

weevil several larvie are often met ^ cosmopolitan insect,
the two preceding weevils it is now ^„^ther. It

being introduced with seed insect quite a hundred

was described by Fahricius as a European

90

HEXA3RANCHUS FLaMMULATUS.

years since. It feeds on tlie seeds of several different Legumi-
ha\ing been reported as infesting the grams, pigeon peas
(Cajanus indicus), Chinese beans, &c. The examples on exhibi-
tion were procured in a parcel of seed of the sugar pea directly
imported from Germany and in two or three varieties of cow
peas from^ the noithern part of this colony. Mr. C. J. Wild,
w en at Kamerunga in 1890, found there examples of a Bruclius,
evidently^ referable to the species imder noticer
mhabiting the seed pods of a nati\'e tree, and thus there is
evidence of its having already become naturalised m the colony.

urged that the means which are
a e 01 staying the increase of these bean and pea weevils
would If generally enforced now, be attended bv far-reaching
beneficial results. "

HEXABRANCHUS FLAMMULATUS, Q. if- G.

BY

C. J. Wild, F.L.S.

(Read on 19th July, 1894).

treasured nf M shell-less mollusc, and one of tJie living

sm Tweed Heads near our

Slutu 17 T It is a most strikingly

in lemTt], ' ° “ensures no less than 7i inches

Its ovafontlme.

lucS i r - large extent trans-

Z form d ^^‘^^"“‘l^Trilled border. The friU

‘ the body an

S eoZ r„' f ^%Ttly convex back is

Sre form 7an ’ coloration in this position takes

epidermL to be

than the elicirolin^^^kir^Tn appears of a paler hue

ciicimg fall. In front, on either side of the middle

BY C. J. WILD, F.L.S.

91

line, is a deep red, club-like, protuberant body, the tentacle r
whilst towards the hind border, disposed in a wide circle aroun
a raised orifice, is a series of eight erect, brown o jec s
resembling miniature trees. These have their main stem an
branches pure white with an axial red line along all the rami
cations. These organs are the branchise and subserve the
purpose of respiration. The mider surface of the body is occupie
by a broad, light red. muscular foot, and this has the margin
here and there puckered, and is rounded at both ends , it ex en
somewhat beyond the body proper behind. Outside ^ ® ® °

this foot the frill beneath is sprinkled with minute dots ot red,
which, being here and there more densely distribute , presen

clouded apipearance. Beyond the front border of the °°

the bluntly-conical head, almost wholly occupied beneath by two
large, red, thick, leaf-like bodies— the labise, or lips— which spiing
horizontally one on either side from a conspicuous mo
Creeping slowly along the rocky sea bottom m and out
numerous zoophytes, with its delicate frill waving and trembling
with every motion ot the surrounding tide, this obiect w
appear a thing of beauty not soon to be forgotten, and thoug
all appearances a bonne Imiclw for a voracious

fish, yet secure probably from their attack through being rende d
distasteful by a mucous secretiou-noisoine, no doubt as m tl
case of that poured forth by the allied nudibranch mollusc,
Aplysia, with which in these seas Hexabranchus is associated.

The genus Hexabranchus has recently been dealt with by
Dr. Eudolf Bergh in an article entitled “ N'^dibranchien ^

well-known “ Eeisen m Aichipei aei r

baden, 1878-1889) to eight

previously ,ariation and that even one of

individual forms exhibitin ,, individual

these eight is of

above described and on ex 1 11 Gaimard

Hexabranchus flainmiilatus f ^

(“Voyage de 1 ’ Astrolabe I ’ under the name given,

figured und deecnbed ‘ * gesigu.tion Hexabruiidraj send.

“d *'» b? “d >• S“”

wichensis in Ins \ oya^e

COXFECTfONEEY PESTS.

BY

c. J. Wild, F.L.S.

(Bear] on 4th October, 1894).

^ [This related to the beetles Khizopertha pusilla and
b}l\aiius suriiiamensis found infesting different forms of
chocolate met with in Brisbane in confectioners’ trade samples.
—Ed.]

THE DATE PALM FOR QUEENSLAND. -

BY

T. Morris AIacknight, F.L.S.

(Read on November 1st, 1894).

The Date Palm is an example of extraordinary fruitfulness.
Next to the cocoanut it is unquestionably the most interesting
and useful of the palm tribe. Without it the desert would be
uninhabitable. Do we not understand, then, the gratefulness
of the Arab towards a tree which can derive its nourishment
from the scorching sand, the scarcely less burning airs of
heaven, and the brackish waters beneath the soil, which^are fatal
to all other kinds of vegetation ; which retains its verdure fresh
in the glare of a pitiless sun ; which provides him with beams
and co\eimgs for his tent ; cordage for the harness of his horses
and mules ; fruit to satisfy his hunger ? What the vine is to
ae Italian, the cocoanut tree to the Polynesian, the Date
Palm IS to the Arab. And more— far more. This single tree has
peopled the desert. Without it the tribes of the Sahara would
cease to be. The wealth of an oasis is computed bv the number
01 its date trees.

having an no pretence of

sources which were availjOii«» \ collected information from all the

some time past. The results nf ihicj’pnii? 8*^®^ f'he matter his consideration for
search of s\im^ary on the compilation he submitted as a guide to those in

BY T. MORRIS MACKNIGHT, P.Ii.S.

9B

Habitat.

The habitat of the date is North Africa, Arabia, Persia,
Eg} 3 )t, Nubia, Syria, and it does not go further east than
ihe mouth of the Indus. It is indigenous in the Canary Isles ;
wanting in the south of Senegal, and it no longer appears in the
Oasis of Darfur, between the 13deg. and 15deg. of lat. ^ e
zone in which it grows w^ell in general is that betw^een 3o eg.
and 19deg. north. According to Link (Die Urwelt., I., p. ^
flowers freely in the south of Europe, as in Sicily, the
and the south of Spain; and also bears fruit there, thoug ^
not sweet. In Sicily it still growls at 1700ft, namely at erno
and Treeastagne on Etna, but it probably does not bear Iruit on
this island— (Philippi on Vegetation of Etna, “ Linn^ea,” vo . h
p. 731). It needs 5100deg. F. of heat accumulated during eig i
months for the date to ripen its fruit perfectly. ^ °

the heat be less the fruits set, but they do not grow to their u
dimensions ; they also remain bitter to the taste, anc ac ' ^

of tlie sugar and albumen, to which they owe their nu ri
properties. The requisite conditions are realised in le a lar
The mean temperature of the year there averages rom _

TGdeg., according to the locality. The heat commences in Apul,
and does not cease till October. Keith .Johnston s

Atlas ’’gives the temperature in summer and winter as Juj,

81deg.to86deg.; January, 52aeg. to Gldeg. ; mean tempera-

ure (annual), G8deg. to 7Gdeg. Biskra, _

TOvhg autriol in North AMo., i.inl.t SUeg.
not r it tret tonords the hot tropicel south. »<l “
,-„«u„h..„S 0 «th. north side. IV“"'r,‘”T8dTl Z
»,.tare of C8-5deg. “‘’t , f'* “

hennometerseUo,,, sinks in the cold f" f

..1..- freesing i>oi,tt. ...d the d.te e.n end.ue Odeg host.

, , T P fUo RA‘i is unfavourable to the pro-

The neighbourhood of the ‘ , r .i r-antral di--

1 P I The <^eneral altitude of the central ai.

luction of good dates. Uie ^

tricts of North Afnca. wheie ' level to

Date Palm also grows m some ... 1 au.l Tigris

600ft. The lower portions ot tne u

in Turkey are from sea level to GOO t. ,, i ;«

f iu-il rainfall requisite for the best dates is

™,e ot ,, ,„utie. front 10i«. !»

from 5m. to lOin. , toi tuL&

•'-O' ’

the celebrated date*

'94

THE DATE PALM FOR QUEENSLAND.

25in, Mr, A. S. White, secretary of the Royal Geographical
Society of Scotland, gives, in his work, the “ Development of
Africa, ’ 1890, a map of the rainfalls in North Africa, Arabia,
and Persia, which may be profitably referred to in this con-
nection. Although the date requires a hot, dry climate, yet its
roots must have access to moisture. And though it is essentially
a tree belonging to desert regions, yet it is confined to the oases
in the these deserts where water is found. It flourishes in rain-
less countries, but only where there is moisture in the soil,
either naturally or produced by irrigation.

IrRIG.VTION .4ND O.iSES.

The Oases of the Tableland,” writes Charles Martins in
his Du Spitzberg au Sahara,’ “ are each watered by a stream
or copious spring, and are but a short distance from the Medi-
terranean region. The oasis of El Kantara is the first (Mangin)
we met on leaving the Mediterranean region to penetrate to tlie
Sahara through a ravine called ‘ The iMouth of the Desert.’ It
is 1800ft. above sea level, and its temperature just suffices to
enable the dates to ripen. The oases of the Valleys of Erosion
•are watered by natural or artesian wells. An example is Ouargla,
situated m a profound hollow. Tlie palms are planted at the
rate of 1000 to 1100 a hectare (two acres). Outside the gardens
grow some wild date palms, which yield a smaller crop, but
whose truit is much more savoury. The Oases of the Sandy
Desert need water. 'The trees are here planted in conical cavities
hollowed by the hand of man, that their roots may strike down
to the subterranean reservoir which is to nourish them. These
cavities are 18ft., 2.5ft., or 80ft. deep. The slopes around these
hollow gardens are stayed indifterently well by a matting of palm
leaves. The wells are in the centre, and not deeper than 25ft.
These oases have a very precarious existence, as a gust of wind
may bury theni under an avalanche of sand. Every oasis is
composed, in the mam, of palms, which seem to form a con-
tinuous forest ; but m reality they are planted in rows and in
gardens separated from one another by walls of earth, which
are pierced with an aperture to admit of the entrance of the
irrigating rill into the enclosed square. The soil employed in
the construction of the walls is removed from the paths, wliich

BY T. MORRIS MACKXIOHT, F.L.S.

Oo

are consequently below the suviace, and can be employed for a

double purpose : they facilitate circulation in the oasis, and tlie

Tvatei'S, after having refreshed the gardens, discharge t emse ves
into these hollow ways.”

Soil..

Meyen,in his “ Geography of Plants,” page 2, states that a
sandy soil suits the date best ; and Sonnmi in his “ Travels in
Egypt” saw it growing in the sands as well as in the more
fertile parts. It will luxuriate even in saltish soil, and the wa er
for its irrigation may be slightly brackish. The artesian water
oftheOued Rir district in Algeria contains from 0-57 oz.

1'07 oz. of dry salt in a gallon. Brigade-surgeon Bonavia says
that on the whole it thrives best in sandy, granitic, schist c
and calcareous soils. The northern half of Arabia, winch i. c
important centre for date culture, is granitic.

Inflorescence.

The date is a dioecious tree, having the male
plant, and the female or fruiting ones on ano ler.

dowers are considerably larger than the female, ^

stamens only, and form a closed-up, lolded,

viousto the ripening of the pollen) in an -vel^pe called

spathe. “It blossoms,” says Mr. Tristram in

Great Sahara,’ “ in the mouth of March. The

L xr aiiovf calvx a thin petalous corolla much lai^e ,

borne on a very short anthers, the two

with six stamens, turmshed w o Innaitudinal

u 1 1 • n w formed of three pieces, constituting tmee

whorl of which is loimeu u i- form of a

distinct pistils, each itself, ripens,

hook. Of these ^ ^ .vith a slight epidermis

and becomes an and slightly viscous pulp, and an en-

of a yellowusb red a so 1 enveloping the nucleus,

docarp represented by a on the opposite

which IS the seed. ihe • ti.p cpvm ” Baron Mueller

side of it is a depression contaiuin,, „,ffficient for fifty females.

states that one male tree is ei^^hty to two hundred

Watts allows one or two males to .horn ei.i y

96

THE DATE PALM FOE QUEENSLAND.

Propagation.

The best trees are produced from suckers from three to four
years old, having an average weight of about Gib. Those raised
from seed are much slower in maturing, and are generally poor.
The sucker is taken from the foot of the stem of an adult tree ;
when first planted it must be watered daily for six weeks, and on
alternate days for another six weeks, after which the trees are
watered once a w^eek in summer, and every month in winter.
The nut does not commence to germinate until from six to
twelve months after planting liave elapsed, and grows very slowly
for the first twm years. The trees yield fruit in from five to six
years, and are in full bearing at from twenty to twenty-five years,
alter which they continue fruitful for about 150 years. Several
bunches of flowers are formed in a season, each producing often
as many as 200 dates. Select trees are recorded as having borne
a crop worth £2, but the average may be put down at 4s. per tree
annually, common kinds less than Is. A good date tree is
sometimes exchanged for a camel in North Africa.

Fecundation.

“ In Algeria and all over the East,” says M. Cossona,
a botanist who has studied the subject on the spot. “ towards
the mouth of^ April the tree begins to flower, and then artifi-
cial fecundation is practised extensively. The male spatlies
are opened at the time when a sort of crackling is produced under
the finger, which indicates that the pollen of the flowers in the
cluster IS sufficiently developed, yet has not escaped from the
anthers; the cluster is then divided into portions, each containing
seven, or eight, blooms. Having placed these pieces in the hood
of Ins burnous, the workman climbs to the summit of the female
tree, supporting himself by a loop of cord passed round his loins,
and at the same time round the trunk of the tree, and, liaviin^
split open the spatlm with a knife, he slips in one of the frag-
ments, vliich he interlaces with the branches of the female
c lister he fecundation of which is made certain.” Archer says
that wild plants are fecundated by bees. The Arabs even keep
the pollen from one year to another in case the male flower should
fail the succeeding season. According to Watts the pollen is
said to remain active for one or two months after its removal

BY T. MORRIS MACKNIGHT, F.L.S.

97

from the tree, so the flower is carefully kept and used as occasion
demands. Hasselquist, who travelled in Egypt, describes the
operation as follows When the spadix has female flowers
that come out of its spathe, they search on a tree that has ma e
flowers, which they know by experience, for the spadix has im
yet burst out of its spathe. This they open, take out the padix,
and cut it lengtlnvise in several pieces, but take care °
the flowers. A piece of this spadix, with male flowers, they put
lengthwise between the small branches of the spa x w iic i
female flowers, and then lay the leaf of a palm over the branches.
In this situation I yet saw the greatest part of the spadices win
bore their young fruit; hut the male flowers which were put
between were withered. The Arab also stated that unless they
in this manner wed and fecundate the date tree it bears no fruit
secondly, they always take the precaution to
unopened spathe, with male flowers, from one year to another
to be applied for this purpose in case the

miscarry or sutler damage ; thirdly, if they permit the spadix of
the male flowers to burst or come out it becomes useless fo
fecundation ; therefore the person who cultivates
be careful to hit the right time of assisting the fecundation, which

is almost the only nicety in their cultivation.

To climb trees which have no branches but at the top a

the straight and slender stem, of which cannot ^«PP^ " ^ ’
11 T- *.• a ^ort of dl'tli fastened to a lope, that they

they seat themselves and
pass round the ^^^i^tance of their feet, and

holding the cord in ^ a protuberances with

suddenly upwards so at the origin

which the stem is symmetncaiiy sxuu ,

of the branch-like totrofThrtree is readied, where,

these successive ^ , ,i,l,er in lopping oft' the

“lessor Eurnett.ysthe^ Of.

years. Haldane says seven ear

trees from suckers commence to beai nv y

bearing in ten years,
n

98

THE DATE PALM FOR QUEENSLAND.

The fig, pomegranate, and apricot, and sometimes the olive,
are grown as auxiliary crops. I would suggest also the water
melon, pumpkin, vegetable marrow, and lucerne.

Varieties.

Dr. James Eichardson in a letter in “ Hooker’s Journal
of Botany,” Vol. II, writing of the dates of Fezzan, de-
scribes forty-six varieties. Nineteen-twentieths of the inhabi-
tants of Fezzan during nine months of the year live on dates.
In Northern Arabia there are more than a hundred kinds of
dates, each of which is peculiar to a district, and has its own
special virtues. Many varieties of dates exist, differing in shape,
size, and colour of the fruit. Those of Gomera are large, and
contain no seed. The Zadie variety produces the heaviest crop,
averaging in full bearing trees SOOlbs. to the tree. Professor
Naudin states that the variety Datheres-sifia ripens its fruit early

in the season. The Deglet nour is considered the best for
keeping.

Tebatjient op Feuits.

Four or five months after the operation of fecundation has
been performed the dates begin to swell, and when they have
attained nearly their full size (about the beginning of August)
they are caiefully tied to the base of the leaves to prevent them
from being beaten and bruised by the wind. If meant to be
preserved they are gathered a little before they are ripe, but
when they are intended to be eaten fresh they are allowed to
ripen perfectly, in which state they are vei’y agreeable and
refreshing. Ripe dates cannot be kept any length of time or
conveyed to any very great distance without fermenting and
becoming acid, and therefore those whith are intended for storing
up or for beuig caiiied to a distant market are dried in the sun on
mats. They are sent in this way to Europe from the Levant
an Baibar}, Each tree is capable of yielding only a certain
number of good fruits, and on adult trees not more than twelve
bunches are left to ripen. The whole cluster of fruit is cut
before it is quite ripe, when it is put into a basket made for the
purpose, having no other opening than a hole through which
the branching extremity of the cluster projects. In this situation
the dates ripen successively.

BY T. MORRIS MACKXIGHT, F.L»S.

99

In the Hedjaz (which is the northern half of Arabia) the
new fruit, called ruteb, conies in at the end of June and lasts
two months. The people cannot therefore depend on the new
fruit alone, but during the ten months of the year when no ripe
dates can be procured principally subsist on date paste, called
adjoue, which is prepared by pressing the fruit, when fully
matured, into large baskets. “ When the dates are allowed to
remain on the tree till they are quite ripe, and have ecome
soft and of a high red colour, they are formed into a hard solid
paste or cake called adjoue. This is obtained by pressing e
ripe dates forcibly into large baskets, each containi^ a ou
2cwt. In this state,” continues Burckliardt, “ the ^edoums
export the adjoue, and in the market it is cut out o^ t e as e
and sold by the pound. During the monsoon the ships from the
Persian Gulf bring adjoue from Bussorah to Djidda for sale in
small baskets weighing about lOlb. each ; this kin is pre erre
to every other.”

The date seeds or kernels are soaked for two da,ys in water,
when they become softened, and are given to came s, cows,

sheep instead of barley. There are shops in Me ^ hpTaars
where nothing else is sold except date kernels, ^d the beggars
are continually employed in all the main streets in picking up

those that are thrown away.

The best fruit is that which is gathered just before it is ripe
md is exposed to the sun for several days to
=r.,hea d.te, which arrive to Engtod m balk are
iamaged, having ripened on the “ ^the

„me beanlM daWs in London on the •‘•to ' Jtb.ee
earn, w.j ae rtoetae. have the abort ijl.oele left “
aeain I have seen in Port Said dates, prepared somewhat
ae w.'ofien e»,thentmehope to Brisbane, jbjP'L JS.

leuppoee, the refue. of the date grove. ”

eoftles. This is ‘b*

dates of Upper Egypt and the cHmate the richer is

most delicate. The hotter an ^

the date, and near bf BonLk,

animals, as mentioned m

1886.

100

THE DATE PALJI FOR QtJEENSLAND.

Miscellaneous.

Tunis has 2,000,000 date trees ; Egypt, 4,000,000
Bussorah, in Turkey, has enormous date groves stretching along
both banks of the Euphrates for a distance of over 140 miles,
yielding 40,000 tons in good seasons.

The price in England in March, 1894, was — Bussorah,
(boxes), 9s. to 13s. 3d.* per cwt. ; Tafilet, 44s. to 50s. per cwt.

Dates contain more than half their weight in sugar, but
there is a fair amount of flesh-forming material present as well.
Dates, Avithout the stone, contain in 100 parts —

Water

Albumen

Sugar

Pectose and gum

Fat

Cellulose

Mineral matter

The pungent rigidity of the foliage protects the date from
encroachment of pasture animals ; hence it can be left Avithout
fencing or hedging.

Queensland as a Date Country.

6 -()

54

12-3

0-2

I liaAe noA^ giv^en all the general information I can find in
regard to the cultiA-ation, Ac., of the Date Palm in North Africa,
luikeA in Asia, and Aralua. It Avill be conA’enient iioaa' to see if
m Queensland similar conditions of temperature, Ac., can be
found. The part of Queensland Avhich, bearing in mind the
requirements of the plant already set forth, seems to be the
most suitable for the cultivation of the best dates is to the Avest
of Hughenden, I.ongreach, and Cliarleville, and from latitude
23deg. to the southern border of the colony. The following
remarks all refer to this area : —

TEJIPERATrjRE.

Comparing the region of Queensland which includes these
places, with Biskra, in North Africa, in latitude 34deg. Slmiii.-
at an altitude of 410ft., aa'o have

BY T. MOKRIS MACKNIGHT, F.L.S.

101

Queensland.

67-74

48-61

84-90

Biskra

68’5

50-2

89*8

Annual average temperature . .

Mean temperature, coldest month
Mean temperature, hottest month

I do not know the extreme minimum temperature at Biskra,
but the lowest in the part of Queensland above referred to is
26-4deg. at Boulia in July, 1894. My information for Queens-
land is obtained from the Meteorological Reports, which are on y

avaUable from 1st September, 1893, to 31st August 1894 1

believe this last winter was considered a very cold one throughout
the colony, and as the Date Palm can stand as low a temperatuie
as 26deg. it should be safe even at Boulia trom being killed
by frost. The latitude 'iOdeg. S. to 29deg. S. also indicates
generally the area in which the suitable temperature is to
met with.

R..ixPAi.n._In the above possible
Queensland the rainfall ranges from om. to 24m. , and in
westerly portion this reaches the minor limit, therefore §

the quahiy of the date on account of the f

air combined with the circumstance that theie is gr

also.

AnTiTunE.-Looking generally at West
rivers and creeks all run to ^ ihgh

downs between the Gulf of Carpentaria f ^

Diamantina and Thomson rivers; so that ^

gi-ound must vary from 600ft. to 1400ft. above sea lev - Bu^
fo the south-west of Boulia and Wmdorah aiM to he south
of Thargomindah and Charlevaie the altitude of ^ J

from sea level to 600ft. From the above figures
be seen where there is the least likelihood oi frost.

Som.-The geological formation in the region indicated is
mesozoic, with desert sandstone on the

the various watersheds iate'pahn prefers a sandy soil, the
downs. As apparently the V&te i aim y

conamons in this '1. W.st Quesnsl.nd

102

THE DATE PAEM FOR QUEENSLAND.

local conditions, they must be ascertained by Queenslanders-
themselves ; the object of this paper is to give to the colony the
information in regard to the date which is scattered throughout
many books and is not easily obtained, and also to suggest the
best place for initiating experiments in date cultivation in this
country.

CARDWELL BIRDS, WITH A FEW NOTES ON THOSE
OF HERBERTON.

BY

Kendal Broadbent,

(Papers 1-VI read during 1892-4).

[This series being as yet incomplete its publication is delayed. -Ed.]

AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA : THIRTY NEW
SPECIES.

By THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S., Eny.

L.SA., I.OSD., li.R.C.P. & M., Edin.. &c.

(Read 15th November, 1894).

I HAVE again to thank Mr. Meyrick for his valued assistance,
and also Messrs. lUidge and Belton for loan of specimens.

Group BOMHYCI^A.

Family BOMBYCID^.

Bombyx pinnalis, nov.sp.

^ 42 mm. Head wool-white Palpi iron-grey. Antenn®

fuscous' grey Thorax wool-white, dorsal patch posteriorly

iron-grey" Ldomen wool-white, ^--"TarroX

i.. ^ £ 4.1 caudal segment wool-white, narrowly

tinuous from thorax, cauu © • anex

bordered with black band. Forewmgs

rounded, hindmargin rounded, wool-white, with ten

distinct or s^ — ^ «
"twt hX : -a like line i costa to f inn. «m 1
a 3rd white line horder^a tTmoke colour discoidal

bLer i to i ; the wool shade

2nd and 3rd wool lines; Ciliadrab,

transverse band, and apical and

based with grey. Hindwings ,osta to f

grey at base, crossed by a orbrokL blotches (between

fuscous grey base. . i

Two specimens at light ; Brisbane.

104

AUSTRALIAN LKl’IDOPTKRA.

Bombyx FUMOSA, iiov.sp.

c3' . So mill. Head and antennye red fuscous. Palpi smoky
fuscous. Thorax iuscous black and fuscous red irrorated.
Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings, costa nearly straight; liind-
margin rounded, cofiee-fuseous with sufiused irregular zig-zag
transverse smoky fuscous lines over the Avhole wing ; a discal red
line at f obliquely to median vein ; costa smoky black, black
suffused, hindmarginal line denticulate smoky fuscous. Cilia
light fuscous grey. Hindwings ground colour as Ibrewings,
with fine scattered iron-grey scales. Cilia fuscous.

One specimen at light; Brisbane.

Bombyx Babnardi, nov.sp.

d' 2 • 35-38 mm. Head and palpi creamy white.
Antenme-stalk white, pectinations black. Thorax creamy
white, shoulders light fuscous, and gradually becoming fus-
cous posteriorly. Legs fuscous and ochreous annulate'!, with tufts
of creamy ochreous on coxre. Abdomen light fuscous, wJiiter iu 2 •
Forewings, costa straight, rounded at apex ; hindmargin gently
rounded, light fuscous with darker shadings towards base and
costa, three wool-white transverse lines, 1st from } costa, sinuous
and denticulate to within a fourth of inner margin, where it
angles obliquely as a straight line to base of wing ; 2nd from f
■costa, waved outward in first third, obliquely in second third, and
inwards in inner third to i inner margin ; 3rd a suffused line
from near apex costa to | inner margin, dotted with a series of
dark fuscous spots and two curved lines ; a white diseal spot
anteriorly to 2iid line, from costa; in some instances 1st and
2nd hues joined nearer to inner border by a white line ; in others
2nd white line is continued along costal margin to meet the 3rd
hue ; submarginal line fuscous. Cilia light fuscous. Hindwings
i^ht fuscous, becoming darker toward base and along inner
margin, submarginal line light fuscous. Cilia white, based with
light fuscous.

Collected near Launceston, Tasmania, by the late George
Barnard.

Bombyx ocularis, nov.sp,

^ . 22 mm. Head and palpi light iron-grey. Antenn®
light fuscous. Thorax light fuscous, irrorated sparsely with

BY THOMA.S P- LUCAS, M.R.C.S.

105

grey and black, with a black dorsal line. Abdomen fuscous,
irrorated with grey anteriorly, ochreous fuscous posterior y.
Forewings, costa straight, apex arched, hindmargin geii y
rounded, gi-ey irrorated with fuscous and black, and marked
with eye-like figures without the pupil, 1st close to base, m
breadth to i inner margin, in depth to within i costa,
fuscous dus'ted with black and bordered interruptedly with black
fascous, and posteriorly by a white line ; 2nd
half, bounded anteriorly by chocolate band of cell, ^

bordered with white, most conspicuously before apex,

by chocolate-lined veins ; all veins chocolatedmed;

and hindmarginal lines light fuscous. Cilia l^g^'Y“nd inlminal

with gi-ey. ffindwings light fuscous, subinarginal and marginal

lines as forewings. Cilia as forewings.

One specimen ; Brisbane.

BoMBYX MUIUSOLEXS, llOV.Sp.

^ . 32 mm. Head ochreous fascous.

Palpi fuscous-

bl„k. A„tem«B-mklrib .)..p

fuscous Thorax and abdomen, mouse colour. ° ’

s^nUy 7“* “ “ .htekl,

4«k taeou,. Hbuiwings »» fovewmg.. but not to th.okl,

wl»n fteth o»gl.t, .mBll. -a ““

.as a mouse.

Brisbane at light ; rare.

Bombyx picta, nov.sp.

. 41 mm. He»l btook, to

ton. 'dm-k Itoous, ,.ectm.ti«,.. a„k

blockish fa«ioi,8, sboiildat. tipped «i‘h tvhite. „

blockish tuscods, becoming f™'

slightly tortuous, liindimrgm J markings md btack

co'ns, tliinl, .titled, with ‘7*';” f n^ h»e .long
.pot, ; . row of rich yelve.y tok

AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA.

106

apex, and continued along costa as far as discal spot; thus
forming two irregular triangles of black spots; a white
sinuous denticulate hyaline line from apex costa to f inner mar-
gin, and there recurved to middle of second line, all black spots
and line bordered with hyaline. Cilia chocolate fuscous with
black dots at base. Hindwings chocolate 'fuscous, more thickly
scaled. Cilia as fore>\dngs.

One specimen at light ; Brisbane.

Family LIPARID^.

Darala Reltoni, nov.sp.

cT . 52 mm. Head rich fuscous, face ferrous fuscous.

Palpi ochreous fuscous. Antennfe midrib dark fuscous, pecti-
nations narrowing at base and apex smoky fuscous. Legs fus-
cous, tibne alternately annulated with ochreous fuscous. Thorax
deep fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, with ferruginous tint at base of
segments. Forewings, costa gently rounded, hindmargin oblique-
ly rounded, rich fuscous irrorated with shining silver-tipped fus-
cous scales and black scales, and giving the appearance of a tabby
cat skm, veim as channels, Uyht fereons with black linear borders, a
discal spot of ferrous bordered by a black ring beyond A median
subtemhng an indistinct fuscous line to i inner margin," a darker
smoky fuscous line parallel to hindmargin f costa to f inner

margin. Cilia tabby-grey and fuscous. Hindwings as fore-
Wings.

Mr. Belton, Charleville.

Artaxa compacta, nov.sp.

C? . 14 mm. Head, palpi and thorax ochreous fuscous.
Antenme fuscous, midrib darker fuscous. Abdomen ochreous
^scous, with a dorsal chocolate band broadening posteriorly.
Forewmgs, costa rounded, apex rounded, hindmargin gently
rounded, chocolate fuscous with a lunar fuscous ochreous patch
awng as base the middle f of inner margin, and reaching to i
from costal margin, freely interspersed with fuscous scales ; an
obscure ochreous dash at | costa, banded by a dark-chocolate
line anteriorly. Cilia chocolate. Hindwings dark-chocolate, with
a triangle of fuscous ochreous in centre, apex at base of wing

base 3 from hindmargin. Cilia fuscous, fuscous ochreous on
inner margin.

One specimen, Brisbane, at light.

BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S.

107

Family NOTODONTIDiE.

Notodonta nigkolinba, nov.sp.

5 . 50 mm. Head iron-grey, face ochreous. Palp
ochreous fuscous. Antennse ochreous. Thorax iron-grey. -
domen fuscous grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently rounded,
hindmargin rounded, iron-grey tinted with ochreous grey , ^

transverse rich velvety black lines, 1st almost straight from ,
costa to i inner margin; 2nd from f costa, sinuous ™
margin; 3rd from f costa, curved outward on ’

thence nearly straight to f inner margm; a dark
between 1st and 2nd lines ; a fuscous grey f

costa to beyond median veui, denticulate on
Cilia iron grey. Hindwings light fuscous grey, spaimg y
scattered with tuscous scales. Cilia as forewmgs.

Brisbane.

Group NOCTUINA.

Family ORTHOSIID^.

OrTHOSIA QUADRIPL.WA, nOV.Sp.

Thorax anteriorly fuscous giey, Abdomen

generally dark fuscous irrorated with black sea

dark iron-grey, fuscous

Forewings, costa straight, hmdmaigm ge y

r-

fuscous on middle third, ana d u ^ Jovtiiir sliades of

.Ho, .uw, anoi, opockw

fuscous and black, a velvety-bla . scarcely trace-

suffused tou-ard base before inner margin a

able black line at i costa lost ui ° ^ ^ black

wing bordered anteriorly by a rich ^«l^®'\.“^y„„ 3 Jeriorly
line^enticulate and finer tow.d ^ an^d

by a fine spol opposite a tri^

enclosing a rich black ku y , birds of

angular spot on costa , bindmarginal line ochreous

a lighter purple over costal ’ ^ ^^bt fuscous, veins

fuscous. Cilia dark fuscous. forewino-s Ciha as fore-

darker fuscous, bindmarginal line as forewin,,s. ^

wings.

Brisbane, at light ; rare.

108

AUSTKALIAX LEPJDOPTERA.

I'arjiily HADENID.i:.

HaI>ENA DILUCESCEUS, nOV-S]).

3 2 . 83-85 mm. Head, xmlpi, and thorax rich black.
Antemia^ midrib fuscous black, dentations dark fuscous. Abdo-
men bronzy fuscous with fine velvety black lines across segments,
caudal appendage black. Forewings, costa straight, hindmargin
gently rounded, bronzy black with lines and patches of rich
vehet} black ; short velvety black lines along costa, an iiTegular
angulated patch near base of cell, and a 2nd near centre of wing
at ^ across submedian ; outer divisions of veins velvety black,
with a broad bar more or less suffused along posterior two-hftbs
o the wing at one-third distance from inner margin, a sinuous
light fuscous hindmarginal line. Cilia black. Hindwings
81 veiy-white, with a broad border of bronze black, narrow on

inner inaigin , hindmarginal line as Ibrewings. Cilia bronze
black.

Fernshaw and Moe, Victoria.

Family ANTHOPHILID.E.

Thalpochares flammeola, nov.sp,
c?' . 13 mm. Head, antemne and palpi chocolate fuscous,
orax leddish fuscous. Abdomen fuscous with fire colour
bands at base of segments. Forewings, costa straight, hind-
margm rounded, rich black fuscous tinted with fire colour, a fire
■CO oui and beyond middle, anterior border concaved for
en an^ ed obliquel}' to^ inner margin, posterior border convex
to anterior and forming an irregular circle coutainiug a darker
a e iscal spot, thence parallel to antei'ior border at a line
stance ; a kidney shape five colour figure obliquely beyond hind-

margmal half and almost diffused as one patch with it; one or

subraarginal fire lines, and a fire patch near apex
witn a darker shading within. Cilia fuscous and fire coloured.

hni-/i ^ I'ich fuscous black hindmarginal

fire colo^^^^^'^'^^^” ^ point at anal angle. Cilia fuscous and

Brisbane, at light.

Thalpochares ignifera, nov.sp.

A . f ^ \ nim. Head and palpi fuscous fiame colour,

■a-i'fii n Thorax cinereous fuscous. Abdomen fuscous

ow an fiame colour at base of segments. Forewings»

BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M<R.C.S.

10^

costa straight, hindmargin rounded, rich chocolate fuscous tinged
with coppery red, and marked with dots, lines and shadings of
fuscous black, dark black fuscous spots on costa, a broad median
band with anterior and posterior dark border lines, anterior 4 or
5 dentate posteriorly, posterior costal half nearly straight,
bordered by a light yellow line, forming a spot on costa, thence
broadly angled toward apex and enclosing a yellow square spot,
thence obliquely, once dentate to before f inner margin ; pos-
terior third of wing more fiery tinted, and crossed by one or two
darker or lighter lines. Cilia yellow and fuscous. Hindwmgs red
fire colour, with a dark fuscous hindborder naiTowmg before
anal angle. Cilia deep fuscous.

Brisbane, at light.

Thalpochares pectorora, nov.sp.

3 5 15-18 mm. Head and palpi light chocolate fuscous.

Antenme ‘cinereous fuscous. Thorax cinereous fuscous, tinted
with Ught lavender. Abdomen reddish fuscous. Forewmgs,
costa waved, apex acutely angled, hindmargin angled at vein 4
light cinereous fuscous, tinted with lavender co our and marked
with lines and hands of rufous fuscous, a red-brown dot at ^

ANlbU lilies UllU l U

costa, a 2nd at 4 obliquely elongated, a like one at '

costa, a zua at * — © — ,

apical and apical dots; abroad rufous fuscous band

across wing, with deep ferrous anterior border lines from i costa

obliquely and anteriorly to median, and containing an ill-c^Y

discal spot, thence to 4 inner margin; Po«‘crior boiY’ ^
larly parallel and near to hindmargin, freqiientlYenYe.^^^^^^^^^
a borfer of light lavender ; hindmargmal line "Sli

Cilia reddish fuscous. Hindwings light cinereous la^ em ei w
the broad central continuation of the sine d ol - Ye

4 or 5 transverse ferrous fuscous lines posterior ^ - j

roughly parallel with hindmargin ; hindmargmal and cilia

fore wings.

Brisbane.

Thalpochares plutoxis, nov.sp.
j 2 14-18 mm. Head, palpi, antenna?, and thorax lufous

ferrous. Abdomen ochreous ferrous,

wings, costa rounded, liiudmargm “W^T'^Y-ked whl’i yellow

ferrous tinted with aToTap“ oi’ costa, a small yellow

spots ot fire colour at ^ ^

110

AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA.

dot in centre of wing at f , liindmarginal yellow line. Cilia rufous
fuscous. Hindwiugs as forewings in colour, with an indistinct
diftused darker median line ; hindmarginal line and cilia as
forewings.

Mr. Pilcher, Rockliamptoii.

Thalpochares concinna, nov.sp.

. 12-14 mm. Head, palpi, antennas, thorax, and
abdomen light ochreous cinereous. Forewings, costa straight,
in maigin gently rounded, light ochreous cinereous, sparingly
an irrOj^ulaily shaded with darker shadings, obscure white dots
■on apical third of costa, a darker fuscous discal spot at f near
costa : in some shaded, in others with a darker border line ; an
inconspicuous denticulate sinuous dark line bordered posteriorly

r \ from A costa to f inner margin ; submarginal

light and darker denticulate lines. Cilia as wings. Hindwings
as torewmgs, with an inconspicuous darker transverse denticulate
line at « in a few specimens. Cilia as forewing.

Brisbane ; among grass.

Family EUCLIDID^E.

1 oniNA infractafinis, nov.sp.

45 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous brick-red.
^ ® ochreous tinted at base. Abdomen smoky

oiowings, costa nearly straight. Apex acute, Iiind-
mar m gently rounded, smoky fuscous with a decided chocolate

Tsfa n 7 If base, two touching

^osta, a smdl diffused white spot at i costa, a broad white band

3 ‘ 3 ?

T -jr-wu ^ i-ubia, a oroau wn

costa,

, . ^ a z i±ia

hmdmarginal band and cilia white ‘ i I

• 1 u >viiue. -tlmdwings smoky fuscous,

Throughout Mortliem Queensland.

bandefbLder band, and straight-

banded border, readily distinguish it from that species.

Family THERMESIFU).E.

Thermesia cariosa, nov.sp.

lidit ochrpnn/^ antenn?e, thorax, and abdomen

gent forewings, costa

gently rounded, hindmargm obliquely rounded, creamy ochreous

BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.E.C.S.

Ill

•with five transverse light ferrous-drab lines like TA’orm trails,
1st from ^ inner margin quickly fades into ground colour, 2nd
^ inner border to median vein, thence diftused in ground colour,
8rd from f inner border to centre of -wing, thence obliquely out-
wards for a short distance straight and then obliquely m-ward to
f costa, 4th more diffused from pinner margin, where it is often
^vided into two lines, to opposite costal angle of third line,
5tb submarginal, a black dot at i costa, a line of 3 black dots i
costa to median vein, two black dots beyond f costa, a hindinar-
ginal row darker in costal half. Cilia light fuscous, with a
narrow ochreous line. Hindwiiigs as forewings, with four worm-
like tracings ivith a small black dot between 1st and 2nd, hind-
marginal row of black dots faint. Cilia as forewings.

Brisbane at light ; rare.

Family HYP-ENID^E.

HyP. 5^NA UMERIFERA, HOV.Sp.

3 ' 2 . 18-20 mm. Head and antenme light cinereous fus-
cous. Palpi fuscous. Thorax and abdomen fuscous shot with
light purplish shade. Forewiiigs, costa straight, apex acute,
hindmargin rounded, light cinereous fuscous more or less
variable in different specimens, shaded with darker fuscous, ve
darker fuscous, in some posteriorly as fuscous bars ;
denticulate dark fuscous lines more or less parallel with hind-

margin, 1st ^ costa to

i inner margin, 2nd f costa to | inner
margin; between these is a median band of dark fuscous,
luff^sed and less distinct toward costa, and in -me specnnens a

dots across wing at i m som« i

hindmarginal fine fuscous and cinereous fiis-

fuscous based with ochreous. „ „i,.euiar

cous, with shaded discal i^-oadband at f divided

line I costa to i inner ^n. a para^^^^^_^^^

by an ochreous hne i^o tw ’ ochreous tinted

loops, hindmarginal lines as i o

with fuscous.

Brisbane ; in bogs and wet grassy places.

Hyp ENA cHALCiAS, m.ss. Meyr.

^ 9 on 25 mm. Head lavender-grey.

j 2 • ^0-25 7™ lavender-grey. Abdomen

tenuse cinereous fuscous.

112

AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA,

fuscous drab with reddish fuscous at base of segments. Fore-
wings, costa straight, apex very acute, hindmargin rounded,
light whitish lavender suffused "with grey toward costa, and as a
band on inner border, a dark fuscous triangular patch from base
along median to f ending in a darker spot with a black dot half
way to costa, a rich fuscous colour line § costa obliquely half-
way to hind border, then angled on itself obliquely to i inner
margin , behind this latter partis a broad suffused fuscous patch,
near hindmargin, banding a staircase of yellow or bronze-tinted
steps broadest at hindmargin, narrowing to a point opposite |
hindmargin ; hindmarginal line dark fuscous. Cilia lavender-
giey base with whitish lavender. Hindwings fuscous, veins
darker hiscous. Cilia fuscous varied with cinereous fuscous.

Brisbane ; rare.

Hyp.ENA INNOCUA, llOV.Sp.

2.25 mm. Head and antenme light grey. Palpi fuscous,
loiax light gie^', inclining’ to ochreous fuscous posteriorly,
bdomen ochreous fuscous. Fore wings, costa straight, apical
thn-d rounded, apex acute, hindmargin sinuous, rounded, light
ochreous fuscous, with darker fuscous scales on veins and crossed
by three sinuous denticulate outward bowed fuscous lines, the
innermost banded anteriorly and the two outer ones banded
po..teiioi y with an ochreous tine, 1st line from |. costa to ^ inner
margin, thrice dentate anteriorly ; 2nd line from | costa to |
inner margin, thrice dentate anteriorly, inner dentation dentieii-

^*^11 1 I fiom J costa to ^ inner margin, dentations
parallel wnh 2nd line, a short indistinct fuscous bar opposite
St dentation of 2nd line, a fine ochreous fuscous hindmarginal
o n'r uscous. Hindwings as forewings, 1 st line wanting;

^nd hue costa to | inner margin, darker on inner | ; 3rd line
y costa to anal angle of hindmargin. Cilia as forewings.

Brisbane ; rare. ^

JiiP.'ENA SIMPLEX, IIOV.SU,

f t Head, palpi, antenme, thorax, and abdomen

a soft awn colour fuscous. Forawing.. costa straight, apex
acute, hindmargin gently rounded, fawn colour fuscous, indi.s-
inctly niegularly shaded with darker scales, and pepper-like

haiflT ’ s' ^ ^ subtends a darker diffused

land to inner margin, a darker suf.usion on hindmargin, a

BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S.

113

double fine liindraarginal black line. Cilia light fawn tipped
with darker fuscous. Hindwings as forewings, with a discal
black dot before i and two indistinct light transverse lines at f
and f, hindmarginal double line, and cilia as forewings.

Geraldton and North Queensland.

Allied to H. umhnfera, Lucas, but lighter forewings with
fewer markings, and darker, suffused grey, hindwings.

HyP<ENA (?) MULTITRICHA, nOV.Sp.

^ J . 26-28 mm. Head and antennje light ochreous fus-
cous. Palpi ochreous, very hairy, terminal joint a light fuscous
brush of hairs. Thorax ochreous fuscous tinted with darker
fuscous. Abdomen ochreous. Forewings, costa slightly wavy,
apex angled, hindmargin sinuous, roundly angled at vein 4 light
ochreous, freely speckled, with dots and dashes of clioco a e us
cous ; an interrupted irregular band from ^ inner margin to jus
short of ^ costa where it is dift’used round a jellow me um ^
bell-shaped discal spot; a rich chocolate fuscous zigzag Imej
costa to submedian bordered posteriorly by a me o^ gi^
colour and a suffused patch of fuscous extending ^

marginal row of small chocolate fuscous dots. i la oc
Hindwings as forewings freely covered with sing e ’

and four more or less well-marked transverse sinuous
red fuscous lines, hindmarginal irregular row o os,

Moe and Fernshaw, Victoria. One specimen, Brisbane.

Hypcena (?) pRtESTANS, nov.sp. _

f . 28 ..m, vL!et tu^ous.

joint a brush of brown hairs. Antennm oc hairs

nations fuscous. Thorax violet fuscous with
Abdomen light-drab fuscous. Forewings, cos a ge _

apex acute, hindborder concave betwee^ an^le violet

extended at vein 4, thence obliquely straigh o an
fuscous, with black-scaled and lighter an ai ij^ansverse

1- ot tU, »,», with f ,n ^

four small reddish ochreous dots ^ack dots beyond

submedian in centre third, a circuito fuscous spots with

median band, a row of three deep chocolate fusco P
a dividing line of ochreous, subtended from costa

114

AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA.

five or six dots oi black along costa, liindmarginal line of black
dots. Cilia violet fuscous. Hindwings ochreous drab, suffused
with smokj-grey, and banded by three transverse dentate black
lines, hindinarginal line of black dots. Cilia ochreous drab
with patches of smoky fuscous.

One specimen at light, Brisbane.

Hypcena transita, nov.sp.

^ 2 . 18-20 mm. Head and antenna light-chocolate fus-
cous. Palpi light fuscous, terminal joint hair-like and plumed,
re-curved. Thorax light purplish-chocolate with fuscous dots.
Abdomen light fuscous, with darker dorsal dots on 1st and 2nd
segments, Avith diffused fuscous rings on hind segments. Fore-
wings, costa nearly straight, apex acute, hindmargin bowed in
middle, light-chocolate purplish fuscous, with darker fuscous
shadings and black lines and markings. A dark fuscous dot
near base close to costa, a wavy linear dark fuscous line from
i costa to 1 inner margin, preceded by suffused lines of black
and dark fuscous forming an irregular median band, a seahorse-
shaped figure from opposite ^ costa to ^ inner margin, black and
mixed fuscous, a dark suffused line from costal angle to liind-
margiii just before apex, liindmarginal line of circular dots.
Ciha fuscous. Hindwings light-purplish fuscous, with indistinct
median line and a fine dark hindinarginal line. Cilia as fore-
wings.

Ijesal^^ Walk^ Queensland geijerally. Allied to H.

Family HERMINIIAD^.

Herminia asserta, nov.sp.

1 ^ and thorax fuscous

drab. Abdomen fuscous drab. Forewings, costa straight, hind-
margin rounded, fuscous drab, irrorated with ochreous fuscous,
i fuscous, a deep-black conspicuous discal spot beyond
\ ^ oosta, a crenulate indistinct watermark and fuscous
ochreous line | costa to ■ inner margin, a 2nd like line hom
^ costa to I hindmargin, a fine hindmarginal

and two submarginal fuscous lines alternating with fuscous
ocJireous Imcs or dots. Cilia fuscous barred with ochreous fus.
cous. Hindwmgs creamy ochreous sparingly irrorated with fus-
cous grey, veins luscous, an interrupted indistinct crenulate

BY THOMAS P. LUCAS, M.R.C.S.

115

fuscous line beyond f costa to ^ inner margin, a 2nd and 3rd
darker and more distinct at to f costa to anal angle ; hind-
marginal and submarginal lines as lorewings. Cilia as fore-
wings.

Brisbane.

Madopa curvata, nov.sp.

3 ' ? . 17-21 mm. Head light and violet grey, face whiter.
Palpi grey. Antenna light fuscous. Thorax fuscous grey,
tinted with violet. Abdomen light fuscous grey. Forewmgs,
costa nearly straight, hindmargin rounded at vein 4, light grey ,
others light fuscous, tinted with violet ; a black spot on costa ^ ^ ,
subtending a smaller one and less distinct, a conspicuous ac
patch at ^ costa, prolonged as a sinuous line to ^ margin,

shaded near costa with obscure shading and a small four-ang ec
discal spot ; a black band beyond i costa, arched broadly outwar s
to enclose an elongated discoidal spot ; thence oblupue y inwarc
to 4 inner margin ; an irregular shading of spots near
parallel with hindmargin in some specimens ; hindmargmal row
of black dots. Cilia as wings. Hindwings as forewmg:, wit
an indistinct patch of shading at f near costa ^

f inner margin parallel with hindmargin and grac ua y e o
lowri .L. ,vh,re it is hanll, disoermble i
and parallel line beyond anal angle, but more / -win^s^
lighter shade ; hindmarginal row of short lines. Cilia as win,s.

Rockhampton ; Mr. Pilcher.

Madopa ligata, nov.sp.

, . 18 mm. Head, palpi, antenn. and thorax ^t c l o -
late fuscous. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewmgs
straight, hindmargin waved, rounded, light vio^e u ^ curved
reddish oclireous, a small black discal spo a 3 , . ,

attenuated line from costa just before apex

vein, hindmarginal band reddish oclireous. ^ j bordered

cons. Hindwhigs fuscous tinted with ochreous and bordered
with a suffused darker border. Cilia as forewing

One specimen ; Brisbane.

Madopa auricularia, nov.sp. fuscous.

a' ? . 19-20 mm. Head and Abdomen

Palpi chocolate fuscous. Anteiinfe g hindmargin

li 8 htpu,pM.I.,«ous. Forewiup »st«.

116

AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA.

gently rounded, purple fuscous, more or less tinted with violet
or redish ochreous ; the -whole wing is indistinctly marbled by
transverse ochreous fuscous lines and spots ; six or seven sharp-
angled black dots along costa from J to before apex ; an oblique
line of dots transversely at a broad auricular figure of suffused
black and dark fuscous ^ to |j costa and curving round to a line of
interrupted dots to ^ costa, enclosed space light ochreous or purple
fuscous, a curved sinuous double ochreous black line from costa
immediately beyond to f inner margin, an indistinct submarginal
fuscous line, a hindmarginal line of black dots. Cilia as ground
colour. Hindwings ochreous fuscous or light violet fuscous,
irrorated with darker scales, hindmarginal line of black. Cilia
as forewings.

Rockhampton and Brisbane.

Group TINEINA.

Family XYLORICTID^.

Lichenaula oxygona, nov.sp.

2 . 26 mm. Head creamy-white. Palpi creamy-white,
terminal joint smoky-grey. Antennm golden-cream. Thorax i
creamy-white, shading into grey posteriorly. Abdomen creamy
fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently rounded, hindmargin
nearly straight, rich creamy-white finely irrorated with smoky-
grey scales ; costal line ochreous, beyond costal band of ground-
colour from base nan'owing at ^ costa, and extending in a
narrow line to ^ inner margin ; a fuscous line J costa obliquely
shading into grey to median to within one-sixth of hindmargin,
Rience angled in a recurved outward line to before anal angle of
inner margin ; this line is bordered posteriorly by a line of ground-
colour which runs along veins shaded with grey to hindmargin,
these form alternate lines with grey suffused bands ; three choco-
late fuscous spots beyond on costa, the third giving off two lines, I

the first bordered posteriorly wdth white runs nearly parallel with i

hindmargin to just before anal angle of inner margin ; the second,
which is parallel, stops short at ^ hindmargin. Cilia gi'ej.
Hindwings cream-colour, shaded, excepting all borders, with
smoky-grey ; short marginal fuscous band round apex to i hind-
margin. Cilia white, grey toward apex. !

One specimen bred from the caterpillar taken in scrub near '
Brisbane by Mr. Illidge, 1893.

INDEX.

(Authors and Subjects).

Acacia

Acianthus fornicatus
Agonis

Alternantheia versicolor
Aluminium
Ampera
Andrastoea

Andropogon sericeus
Aneilema . .

Anobium paniceum
Animal, Injurious Marin
Aiitherica, The Genus
Aotus
Apus

Araucaria . .

Artaxa compacta
Asclepias . .

Aspidium , .

Asura cervicalis
Australina . .

Bacularia . .

Banksia
Bean Maggot
Bean Weevils
Beressa natalis, producin
Bidens

Birds of Cardwell
Birds of Stradbioke Island
Blechnum . .

Bombyx barnardi. .
fumosa . .
murisolens
ocularis . .
picta

pinnalis . .

Boronia

Bossia*a

Botanising on Southern
Broadbent, K.

Bruchus chinensis

,, obtectus (fabtv]

,, pisorum . .

Bulbophylla

11, bij, (5()

.. 80
. . 34

. . 10
. . 8H
.. 11
.. l*i
.. 11
. . 81
. , 30

. . 23

. . 30

I

.. 10
. . 04

. . 35

.. 100
. . 13

11, 3H
. . 85

. . 38

11 , 12

sound

11

ioider

37
, 30

4

so
3
13
102
13
, 37
104

104

105

104

105
103

10

10

35

102

80

80

88

38

.. 38

10 , 13
.. 13

. . 13

.. 13

.. 102
.. 36

12 , 35 , 36

Calanthe . .

Caliistemon
Callitris
Calotis
Canavallia
Cardwell Birds
Cassia
Casuarina . .

Casyapa beata
Cecidomyia
Cela^na excavata . .

Cereals, Enemies to
Chalcedony
Chenopodium
Chloris
Chovetrum . .

Coccirlus . .

Commelyna
Confectionery Pests
Connah, H.

Conospermum

Convolvulus

Croton . . , * • . * *

Cryptandra longistaminea^
Oryptolffimus montrouzien . •
Cryptophaga nubila, Irotective
resemblance . •

Cymothoidm
Cynodon • • •

Cyperacem

Dampiera . • ^

Danima banksim . .

Darala reltoni
Darwinism, Facts opposing
Date Palm in Queensland
Davalia
Dawsonia • •

Dendrobium **

Dendroceros subtropicus • •

Dicksonia . •

D’cranum . •

Dillwynia . • ^

Diplosis tritioi
Dipodium ..

84
81
29
81

7

13

38

12

38

11

92

13

12

13

37
27
23

32

34

13

11

13

85
106

1

92

38

37

38
49
37
37
12
81
3 6

11 .

INDEX.

PAGE

Disease, Potato

, ,

.. 83

Disease, Strawberry

. .

.. 60

Dodonsea . .

.. 11

Drosera

. , 11

Eclipta

. . 36

Elmetia

, ,

. . 38

Elseocarpus

, ,

11, 36

Elatostemma

, ,

.. 38

Epacris

, ,

. . 11

Eriocaulon,.

Eucalyptus

.

. . 35

Eugenia

.

.. 37

Euphorbia

,

. . 13

Eupoinatia

.

.. 37

Exocarpus

.

.. 12

PAGE

Hypfena simplex . .

.. 112

,, transita

.. 114

,, uinbrifera

.. Ill

Hypnodendron

.. 37

Illidge, R. . .

10, 29, 84

Injurious Marine Animal

.. 39

Insect Pests in the Store

.. 23

Insects as Fungus Hosts

. . 51

Insects whose Food Plant

is the

Moreton Bay Fig

10, 60

lodis marijp

.. 85

metaspila . .

.. 85

,, partita

.. 85

lonidium . .

.. 13

IschFemum

.. 11

Fabronia . .

.. 37

Fish Lice . .

.. 34

Fig, Insects on Moreton Bay

10, 60

Fodina infractafinis

.. 110

Fruit Maggot, Parasite of

8

Fungi, Gladfield . .

.. 50

Fungus Hosts, Insects as

.. 51

Galinsoga . .

. . 1.3

Geology of Glasshouse Mountains 45

Geranium . .

. . 13

Glasshouse Mountains, Geology of 45

Gleichenia

.. 11

Glycine

.. 13

Gnaphalium

.. 13

Gnathocerus cornuta

.. 23

Gompholobiura

.. 11

Goodenia . .

. . 36

Gracillaria

4

Grevillea . .

. . 36

Gw)-ther, C. J. 27, 29, 35, 50,

66, 78, 80

Hadena dilucescens

. . 108

Hffimodorum

. . 11

Hall, E., F.C.S. .. ii

. . 18

Haloragis . .

. . 36

Hardenbergia * . .

.. 13

Hecatesia fenestrata, producing
sound .... 1

Helichrysum

. . 13

Herminia asserta . .

. . 114

Hessian Ply

. . 81

Heterouympha mirifica . !

. . 84

Hexabranchus flammulatus

. . 90

fiibbertia , .

Hibiscus . .

J-i, ou
12

Holochila heathii. ,

. . 84

Hymeuophyllum . , 1 *

. . 37

Hypasna chalcias . . * ’

.. Ill

„ iunoeua . .

. . 112

„ multitricha

.. 113

„ proestans

.. 113

Juncaceae . .

.. 11

Juncus

.. 38

Kaolin

.. 14

Lantana

.. 13

Lauterer, J., M.D.

.. 14

Lasioptera vastatrix

.. 81

Leersia

.. 11

Lepidoptera, Rare

.. 84

,, New

.. 103

Leptospermum

12, 38

Leucobryum

.. 37

Leucopogon

.. 12

Lichenaula oxygona

.. 116

Lindsasa

.. 11

Liparis

.. 38

Lita solanella, on tobacco

.. 19

Lobelia aneeps

.. 11

Lomatia

.. 12

Loranthus . .

12, 36

Lucas, T. P., M.R.C.S. ..

1, 103

Tjycopodium

.. 11

Macknight, T. il., F.L.S.

.. 92

Madopa auricularia

.. 115

eurvata ’ . .

. . 115

„ ligata

.. 115

Maggot, Bean

4

Maggot, Parasite of the Fruit

.. 8

Malvastrum

.. 13

Marine Animal, Injurious

.. 39

iViaroga unipunctana, Destructive

to Trees

. . 31

Melaleuca . .

10, 13

Melastoma . .

Meteoriuni . .

Mimicry and Protective
blance..

Mitrasacme

Modifications in Animals
Monoctenia
Morchella deliciosa

esem-

index.

111 .

Moretoa Bay Big, Insects fee^mg
on

Moth, The Whistling
Moths, Timber . .

Myriophyllum
Myrtus

Netrocoryne beata
Noteroclada
Notodonta nigrolinea

Opius. sp., Parasite of the Fru
Maggot

Orchid, A Rare^

Orthosia quadriplana
Oscinis phaseoli . .

Oxalis

Oxylobium..

d

^anacra jopnna . .

„ lignaria . .

?anax

Paspalum . .

Pea Weevils
Persoonia . . • ♦

Pest, A New Tobacco
Pests, Confectionery
Pests in the Store, Insec
Peziza
Phloetribus
Physalia . •

Pimelea . . , • •

plant Classification
Plants of Stradbroke Isla

Southern Borde
Polymeria . .

Polypodium
Porotrichum
Porthesia collucens
Potato Disease, New
rresidential Address, 18
,, „ 1®
Proscoporhinus
prostanthera
Protective Resemble nee
Psylla fici . .

Pteris

Pulten®a . .

Ranatra and Its Habits
Relton, R. H.

Restiaceiv . .
Rhizogonium ••
Rhizopertha pusilla
Ricinocarpus
Ricinus

1 ,

1

7

60

1

29

36
10

84

37
107

8

n

107

4

13

37

84

84

37
13
86
12
19
92
23
78
63

44
12

45
10

35

38
, 38

37

85
83
34
83
63
37

,32

60

36
10

Schiztea
Selaginella . .

Sesia kingii
Sida

Silver, Occmrence of
Sitophilus oryzffi . .
Solanum . .

Sonchus

Sphierella fragaria^

Sticta . . „ • •
Stokes, H. G., B.G.S.
Stradbroke Islsnd Birds
n Blants
Strawberry Disease
Stylidium . .
Swainsona.. .

Sylvanus surinamensis
Synoum

22

22

11

37

92

12

13

11

Pi SB

. 13

. 11
. 85

, 13

. IB
. 23

. 13

. 13

. 60
. 37

14, 45
. 13

. 10
. 60
36

36
92

37

11 ,

Tagetes . . • • . • •

Tenebrioides mauritanicus
Tephritis, sp.

Thalaina punctilinea
Thalpochares conemna . .

flammeola . .
ignifera
pectorora . .
plutonis

Thermesia cariosa

Thompson, H. L.

Tobacco Pest, A New
Trachymene
Tristania . .

Trochocarpa ’• 10*93 24

Tryon,H. ■ •

Turner, A. J-, M.D.

Utricularia uliginop pVo+PPtive
Uzucha humerahs, Protective
resemblance . .

Velleia
Verbena
Yitex
Vittandia

.. 13

SSStS-ir- “

Md.‘'c"”'.‘F.L.s:' 10, *9, SO. »

.. 29

.. 11

. 13

. 23

8

. 85

. 110
. 108
. 108
. 109
. 109
.. 110
. 9

.. 19

. . 13

.. 36

.. 36

39, 45
83, 86
4

13

13

12

13

Xylorycts ..
Xyris operculata

Zieria

11

'

1