ENT
ummt
Date of Publication : 30th November, 1934.
Copies may be purchased from the Secretary at 102, High Street, Southampton,
Price 12s., post free.
OF THE
Society for British Entomology
(Formerly known as ^ he Entomological Society of the South of England)
EDITOR :
F. J. KlLLINGTON, B. Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S. ASSISTANT EDITOR :
B M. Hobby, m.a., d.phil., f.r.e.s.
ft"*'*' A
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Audcent, H. : British Liriopeidae (Diptera, Nematocera) 103
Boyd, D. O., B.Sc., D.I.C. : Notes on the Variation of the Ichneumonids, Angitia cerophaga Grav., and A. fenestralis Grav. (Hym.) - - - - 135
Curtis, W. P., F.R.E.S. : A List of the Lepidoptera of
Dorset. Introduction and Part I - - - 7 185
Killington, F. J., B.Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S. : On the Life-histories of some British Hemerobiidae (Neur.)
Poulton, E. B., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.E.S.; Hobby, B. M., M.A., D.Phil., F.R.E.S.; Hemming,
F., C.B.E., B.A., F.R.E.S. ; and Edelsten, H. M., F.R.E.S. : English Names regularly used for British Lepidoptera up to the end of the Eighteenth Century, with a Biographical Account of William Jones of Chelsea - - - - . 139
Communications for the Transactions should be sent to the Editor at :
9, Bullar Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY
Vol. 1. 30th NOVEMBER, 1934. Part 2.
BRITISH LIRIOPEIDAE (DIPTERA, NEMATOCERA).
By H. Audcent.
Foreword.
In spite of the considerable bibliography, the work done on the Liriopeidae is so scanty that a description of the British species may be useful. I have to thank Mr. A. Cheetham for the loan of a male L. (F.) longicauda Tonn., Mons. A. d’Orchymont, Brussels Museum, for the loan of a female of the same species and Mons. E. Seguy, Paris Museum, for kindly confirming the nomenclature of the wing-veins. My thanks are also due to Dr. F. W. Edwards, Dr. C. P. Alexander, Herr P. Riedel and others for advice and criticism. My son, Jacques, has drawn the illus¬ trations under my guidance ; those who have done similar work will appreciate the difficulty of expressing without shading the shapes and relative positions of the parts of the complicated male genitalia of a dried insect.
Classification.
The Liriopeidae superficially resemble the genus Pales (Tipu- lidae), but they are easily distinguished by the unicolorous black mesonotum and by the lack of a discal cell in the wing. Their position in the Nematocera is probably next to the Psychodidae, genus Phlebotomus, but more work will have to be done on the male genitalia and on the larvae before their position is definitely fixed. Their nearest allies are undoubtedly the rather primitive Tanyderidae, which, at one time, were grouped with them. The Liriopeidae are divided into two subfamilies, of which one, Liriopeinae, differs from the other, Bittacomorphinae, by having, besides other differences, sixteen antennal segments in¬ stead of twenty and two forked veins at the apex of the wing instead of one. Species of Bittacomorphinae have been found only in N. America and in Japan, whereas species of Liriopeinae
104
are recorded from almost all over the world. In the Liriopeinae there is only one genus, Liriope, and this genus contains eight European species, of which seven have been recorded in Great Britain. (L. handlirschi Cziz., distinguished from the other species by its yellow pleura, is recorded only from Central Europe.)
External Morphology of the Imago.
The head (Fig. 4) is almost sessile; the fronto-clypeus is- long, forming a rostrum ; the maxillary palpi (Fig. 8) are long and slender, the last segment, which is usually curved, being longer than the preceding three together ; the labial palpi are large and fan-shaped ; the palpi are yellow ; the antennae, which are longer and more slender in the male than in the female (Figs. 6 and 7), are each composed of sixteen segments ; the two basal, segments (scape) are short, broad, usually black but may be brown to yellowish ; the other segments (flagellum) are black, the first of these is 2-3 times the length of the next one, the others are all about the same length except the apical one which is very short and easily broken off ; there are a few bristles on each segment and the whole antenna is covered with fine silvery pubescence ; the compound eyes are large, the ommatidia all of one size and unicolorous black ; the eyes are equally distant in both sexes (dichoptic) ; there are no ocelli.
The thorax (Figs. 5 and 10) is somewhat gibbous ; the pro- notum is small and is distinctly divided into two portions ; the suture dividing the mesonotum into praescutum and scutum is far back, it is U-shaped with the opening towards the head, and at the apex of each limb of the U a deep transverse groove goes down on either side of the mesonotum ; on the praescutum there are two lateral longitudinal furrows which form prolongations of the limbs of the U, the raised middle part bears a shallow median longitudinal furrow ; the surface is shining black, there are no bristles and very few fine yellow hairs ; the scutellum is small and may be black or yellow at least in part, it bears no bristles ; the pleura are shining black, devoid of bristles but may be covered with fine silvery pubescence and may bear 'a few yellow hairs especially on the pleurotergite ; the mesothoracic meron is fused with the mesepimeron to form the meropleuron and the hypopleuron is composed of the metepimerite and mete- pisternite ; the subalifer is clearly marked ; the halteres, which are yellow, are long with a triangular knob.
The leg (Fig. 9) is moderately long (20-25 mm.) and slender ; the femur, tibia and metatarsus are all long, the last four tarsal segments together are about half as long as the metatarsus ; the ungues and empodia are small ; the leg is deep yellow at the base and from the knee downwards it is more or less brown to black (the hind metatarsus of L. albimana Fabr. is usually
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whitish-yellow) ; there are two moderately long- tibial spurs ; there are no bristles ; the whole leg-, including the spurs, is covered with a fine black pubescence.
The wing (Figs, i, 2 and 3) is as long or longer than the abdomen (6-10 mm.) and rather broad; the subcostal vein (Sc)* ends in the costa at about two-thirds of the length of the wing ; the radial vein (R) has five branches, R2 forms a short trans¬ verse vein near the end of Rn the basal portion of the lower three branches (Rs) varies in length and this variation is used as a specific character ; the low median vein (MA2) has two branches and the fork formed by MA2a and M A2b is shorter than that formed by R4 and R5 ; the high cubital vein (CuAJ has two branches, the lower of which is sinuate in its apical half ; the first anal vein (iA) is suddenly curved in its apical third and reaches the margin of the wing ; traces of the upper branch of the low cubital vein (CuA2) can be seen below CuA4 and the posterior cubital (CuP) is clearly seen as a fold above iA which it follows to the bend continuing its course straight on and end¬ ing in the margin of the wing (N.B. — Liriope is one of the few genera of Diptera in which there are traces of CuP) ; the high median vein (MAJ is clearly seen as a fold (vena spuria) be¬ tween R and MA2 ; the second anal vein (2 A) is seen as a short fold beneath iA ; the positions of the posterior median veins (MPa, MPb) have been indicated in Fig. 1 but they are not visible ; the r-m and m-cu cross-veins may be in a line or not ; the veins and the membrane, especially in the apical third of the wing, are covered with fine hairs (macrotrichia) ; in some species there are brown stains of various sizes on the wing.
The abdomen is long and slender, more slender in the male than in the female ; in the male it is composed of nine segments, of which the first (basal) is very short, the second moderately long and slender, the third is more than twice the length of the second becoming gradually wider from base to apex, the next four segments are short and rather broad, the eighth is very short, the ninth forms part of the hypopygium ; in the female the ninth segment seems to be fused with the ovipositor ; the abdomen is shining black, sparsely covered with fine yellow hairs ; there may be yellow transverse bands or spots on the tergites but melanism is not uncommon. In the hypopygium (Figs. 12, 13 and 15) the black ninth tergite (epandrium) has a deep median groove and the sides are produced to form a pair of yellow digitiform processes (surgonopods) ; the black ninth sternite (hypandrium) has a short median prolongation which is turned up ; the styles (dististyles or claspers), which are yellow, form a pair of processes which vary in length, shape and secon¬ dary processes according to the species ; the coxites (basistyles),
* The nomenclature of the wing-veins is according to the Lameerian system as modified by Seguy and Vignon.
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from which the styles spring, are usually broad and yellow (coxite + style = gonopod) ; the aedeagus (Fig. 14) consists of a brown chitinous plate with a short bifid penis in the centre ; there are also two brown chitinous lateral plates (gonapophyses). In the males of some species there is an accessory sexual in¬ vagination on the fourth sternite (Fig. 32). In the female the ovipositor is yellow to brownish and this colour may extend to the apical abdominal segments ; the tergal valves (cerci) are long, arched above and straight or slightly concave below ; the sternal valves are short ; the whole ovipositor is strongly com¬ pressed.
Life-History.
The small oval, whitish-yellow, striated eggs (1 mm. x 0-25 mm.) are laid singly to the number of 500 in the mud of shallow pools. The metapneustic larva, which may reach a length of 2-7 cm. when full-grown, lives on vegetable detritus ; it is whitish-yellow, cylindrical, very slender with a long retrac¬ tile tail, of which the tip is thrust into the air for respiratory purposes ; at the base of the tail there are two short slender tracheal gills ; the head is small, hard and black ; the eye-spots are distinct ; the antennae are very short ; the mandibles are large and toothed, as is also the mentum ; the labrum is ciliated ; on the first three segments of the body there are pairs of pseudo¬ pods each of which bears a strong, hooked thorn ; on the hind border of each abdominal segment there is a ring of strong backwardly-directed setae. The pupa is shorter and thicker than the larva ; on the thorax it bears a long, slender respiratory tube and another short atrophied tube ; the segments of the body bear circles of setae as in the larva. The imagines are found among tall plants growing in marshy ground or on the banks of ponds and sluggish streams. Their flight is not rapid and never long sustained. There are usually two generations per year. The imagines often have mites as ectoparasites, and endo- parasites occasionally occur.
Some fossil Liriopeidae have been found in the Upper Oligo- cene of Bohemia and in the Florissant Miocene of Colorado. Some insects which might be ancestral forms have been found in Mecklenburg Lias.
Key to Species.
Liriope Meig. (Nonv. Class., 14 (4), 1800).
(Ptychoptera Meig., III. Mag., 2: 262 (14), 1803.)
(Ctenocerina Rond., Dipt. Ital. Prod., 1 : 187, 4, 1856.)
Genotype.: L. contaminata Linn., 1758. (By designation of Latreille, Con. Gen., 442, 1810 ; also genotype under Opinion 46 of Intern. Com. as the first species associated with the genus TAriot>e by Latreille, Hist. Nat. Ins., 3, 1802.)
107
1. Rs longer than r-m, seldom produced backwards at the
angle (Figs, i and 2) ; scutellum yellow at least in part ; pleura silvery ; sternite 4 not or only slightly modified in the male. (Subgenus Liriope Meig. s. str.) . 2.
— Rs about length of r-m, often produced backwards at
angle (Fig. 3) ; scutellum unicolorous, black or at most brownish ; pleura not silvery ; sternite 4 greatly modi¬ fied in the male. (Subgenus Paraptyclhoptera Tonn.) ... 5.
2. Rs more than four times length of r-m (Fig. 1) ; small
brown spot at base of wing . . contaminate Linn.
— Rs less than twice length of r-m (Fig. 2) ; usually no
brown spot at base of wing . . 3.
3. Wing spotted ; metatarsus of leg 3 usually whitish-yellow ;
thorax rather dull . . albimana Fabr.
— Wing clear ; metatarsus of leg 3 always dark ; thorax
shining . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4. In hypopygium the prolongation of tergite 9 has a tooth
on the inner edge and the style has a process on the inside about half-way down, anal opening visible from above (Figs. 19-22) . scmteHans Meig., o*.
— In hypopygium the prolongation of tergite 9 has no tooth
and the style has a process on the inside almost at the apex, anal opening not visible from above (Figs. 23-25) . . . . . . mis: uta Tonn., cf.
5. Abdomen unicolorous, black ; in hypopygium prolonga¬
tion of tergite 9 is 2-3 times length of tergite ; middle branch of style ends in a point (Figs. 26-28)
. . paludesa Meig.
— Abdomen with yellow bands or spots ; may be melanic ... 6.
6. In hypopygium the prolongation of tergite 9 is about as
long as the tergite ; the end of the middle branch of the style is blunt (Figs. 29-32) . lacustris Meig., 0*.
— In hypopygium the prolongation of tergite 9 is more than
three times the length of the tergite ; middle branch of style spatulate (Figs. 33,-35) ... longicauda Tonn., cf.
N.B. — The females of L. scutellaris Meig. and L. minuta Tonn. and those of L. lacustris Meig. and L. longicauda^ Tonn. are indistinguishable. Should the latter be melanic then they are indistinguishable from those of L. paludosa Meig,
Descriptions of Species.
Subgenus Linope Meig. s. str.
L. contaminata Linn. ( Syst . Nat., Ed. X, 586, 7, 1758).
(L. fuscipes Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 5: 2819, 1782).
(? L. divagor Harr. Exp. Brit. Ins., PI. 48, 10, 1782).
7- 1 1 mm. In this, as in all other species with spotted wings, the size and shape of the spots are not constant ; the smaller
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spots are often lacking and the larger ones become smaller and lighter. Normally this is the only species in which the wing has a spot near the costa further back than the base of Rs (Fig. i) ; very occasionally this spot is found in other species. Usually, besides this spot, there are on the wing three large spots (one on base of Rs, one across the middle of the wing and one across the apices of Rx and R2 reaching to the base of the fork R4+5) and three small spots (one each on apices of Sc and R3 and one on the base of the fork MA2a — MA2b). On the abdomen of the male there are more or less wide transverse yellow stripes on middle of segment 3 and bases of segments 4 and 5 ; in the female these stripes are reduced to side-spots ; there is a ten¬ dency to melanism in all species of Liriope. Femora and tibiae yellow with dark apices, all tarsi dark brown to black. In the hypopygium (Figs. 12-15) the prolongations of tergite 9 are about one and a half times the length of the tergite ; they are unbranched, slightly broader at the apex and curved towards each other with the apices touching. The styles are a little longer than these prolongations ; the lower edge of each style is straight, the upper side bears two processes, a short odontoid one at the base and a longer straight one half-way along ; the styles almost meet at the apices and are in the same plane as the prolongations of tergite 9. The aedeagus is a large brown chitinous plate, concave on the lower edge, bearing on the upper edge two teeth with a bifid penis between them. On each coxite there is a dark brown chitinous plate (gonapophysis) with straight lower edge and three short black teeth on the upper edge. All parts are more or less hairy.
This species is common and widely distributed.
L. albimana Fabr. ( Mant . Ins., 2: 323, 1787).
8-12 mm. The wing (Fig. 2) has normally three large spots (one in the centre, over the cross-veins, one over the apices of Rx and R2 extending to the base of the fork of R4+5, and one over the base of the fork MA2a — M A2b) ; these spots are often weak and the wing may even be quite clear. On the abdomen of the male there are more or less wide transverse yellow stripes on the bases of segments 4 and 5 ; in the female these stripes are reduced to side-spots. Femora yellow, darkened at apex; tibiae and tarsi dark brown to black, except the metatarsus of leg 3, which is usually whitish-yellow but not always so. In the hypopygium (Figs. 16-18) the prolongation of tergite 9 is about one and a half times the length of the tergite and bears at a little distance from the base a moderately long slender process ; the style is slightly longer and broader than the prolongation of tergite 9 ; it bears a short rounded process at its base and a long broad process about half-way along its inner side. The aedeagus is large, rounded and bears tufts of long black hairs.
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This species is perhaps the commonest of all and is widely distributed.
L. scutellaris Meig. ( Syst . Besch., 206, 1818).
(? L. nigra Fabr. Syst. Anti., 21, 2, 1805.)
(? L. lenta Harr. Exp. Brit, Ins., PI. 48, 7, 1782.)
7-10 mm. Wing clear or at most with slight infuscations on the cross-veins, on apex of Rx and on the bases of the forks. On the abdomen of the male there are faint transverse greyish stripes on the last segments, the abdomen of the female is uni- colorous black. Femora and tibiae yellow with black apices; tarsi light to dark brown. In the hypopygium (Figs. 19-22) the prolongation of tergite 9 is a little longer than the tergite, broad at the base then suddenly slender, broad part toothed on inner side and the two are usually curved so that the apices meet. The style hangs down ; it has a hatchet-shaped process about half-way and this process forms an acute angle with the style ; at the base of the style there is another slender curved process. The aedeagus resembles that of L. contaminata Linn. The anus is visible from above.
This species, though not rare, is by no means as common as the preceding species, but is widely distributed.
L. minuta Tonn. ( Ann . Soc. E\nt. Belg. , 59: 120, 1919).
6- 8 mm. The male differs from that of L. scutellaris Meig. only in size and in the structure of its hypopygium (Figs. 23-25). The prolongation of tergite 9 is shorter than the tergite ; it tapers gradually, is angularly bent and the apices cross. The style has a triangular process near the apex, a club-shaped one near the base and a short straight one at the base. The anus is not visible from above. There are no records of females caught in copula, but females, which are identical with those of L. scutellaris Meig. , have been caught at the same time and in the same place as males of L. minuta Tonn. and so are presumed to be females of this species.
This species has been recorded from Scotland, Westmorland, Yorks, Cheshire, Notts, Herts and Hants. It has been confused with L. scutellaris Meig. and will probably be found to be as widely distributed as the latter.
Subgenus Paraptychoptera Tonn. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 59:115,1919).
Subgenotype : L. ( P .) paludosa Meig. (by present designation).
L. (P.) paludosa Meig. ( Klass . Ins., 1: 82, 1804).
(? L. fasciata Scop. Ent. Cam., 321, 855, 1763.)
7- 10 mm. This and the next two species have in the male a curious auxiliary sexual invagination on the fourth sternite. On
no
this character, and on the lack of silvery pubescence on the pleura, Tonnoir proposed to erect a new genus for them. There is undoubtedly a marked resemblance in the male genitalia and in the wing venation of these three species and a marked differ¬ ence from the male genitalia and wing venation of the other species. I do not consider the differences to be of sufficient importance to warrant a new genus, but I agree with Dr. C. P. Alexander in considering them worthy of subgeneric rank. The invagination on sternite 4 (Fig. 32) affects the greater part of the sternite and is not deep ; it is roughly triangular in shape, its apex, towards sternite 3, is a gradual slope and its base is a prominent ridge ; it is edged with long fine yellow hairs ; the cavity, which is always empty and dry, is ridged at the bottom and the ridges may be hairy. The purpose of the invagination is undoubtedly to help in copulation, but the function is not understood and requires further investigation. A similar in¬ vagination is found in the males of certain Eriopterine Tipulidae (. Paratropesa and T eucholabis) .
The wing of L. paludosa Meig. (Fig. 3) has normally one large spot across the middle, another across the apices of Rx and R2 reaching to the base of the fork R4+s, and small spots on the apex of Sc, on Rt and at the base of the fork MA2a — MA2b- Abdomen unicolorous black; femora and tibiae yellow with black apices, tarsi dark brown to black. In the hypopygium (Figs. 26-28) the prolongation of tergite 9 is 2-3 times as long as the tergite ; it is unbranched, swollen at the base, then sud¬ denly slender and the apices do not touch. The style is a little longer than the prolongation of tergite 9 ; it is slender and hairy only at the tip, which is a little swollen and shaped like a foot; at the base there is a knob bearing a number of strong black spines (not hairs as in the other two species) and on the opposite side there is another long process covered with long hairs. The cavity of the invagination on sternite 4 is divided longitudinally and the basal ridge is distinctly bilobed.
This species is uncommon but is widely distributed.
L. (P.) lacustris Meig. (Syst. Besch., 6: 291, 1830).
7-10 mm. The wing has normally a large spot in the middle from the costa to the end of the cross-veins, another on the apices of Rx and R2 reaching to the fork R4+5, a small one on Rx below apex of Sc, another small one at apex of R3 and one on base of fork MA2a — MA2v In the male the abdomen has usually more or less broad transverse yellow stripes on the bases of segments 3 and 4 ; in the female the stripes are narrow or reduced to side spots or altogether lacking, in which case the female is indistinguishable from that of L. paludosa Meig. In the male the invagination on sternite 4 (Fig. 32) has an un¬ divided cavity, the basal ridge is not lobed and bears two brushes
Ill
of long- yellow hairs turned back over sternite 5. In the hypo- pygium (Figs. 29-31) the prolongation of tergite 9 is about half as long as the tergite, it tapers gradually and is unbranched. The style is slender, rounded at the apex where it bears a few hairs, the basal knob is flattened and bears only long hairs, the other process is wide and hairy. The femora are yellow with black apices, the tibiae are brown with darker apices and the tarsi are dark brown to black.
This species may be a little more common than L. paludosa Meig. and is widely distributed.
L. (P.) longicauda Tonn. (Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg., 59: 12 1, 1919).
8-12 mm. The male is identical with that of L. (P.) lacustris Meig. except for the structure of the genitalia. The cavity of the invagination on sternite 4 is divided longitudinally into two compartments in each of which there is a brush of short hairs ; the basal ridge is very prominent and concave in the middle. The prolongation of tergite 9 is unbranched, slender, more than three times the length of the tergite and twisted in the specimen examined by me. The style is long, slender and spatulate with a few hairs at the apex ; the knob is short and rounded bearing a few hairs; the other process is long, slender and hairy. (The description is made from a single specimen which could not be dissected.)
So far there are only two British records: Herefordshire (Dr. J. H. Wood), no date, specimen in British Museum ; Mickley Woods, Yorks (C. A. Cheetham), August, 1921, specimen in Mr. Cheetham’ s collection.
List of Species.
F. LIRIOPEIDAE
( PTYCHOPTERIDAE )
S. F. LIRIOPEINAE
C. LIRIOPE Meig.
(PTYCHOPTERA Meig.)
S. G. LIRIOPE S.S.
contaminata Linn. albimana Fabr. scutellaris Meig. minuta Tonn.
S. G. PARAPTYCHOPTERA Tonn.
paludosa Meig. lacustris Meig. longicauda Tonn.
I 12
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Nemocera vera, Nemocera anomala and Eremochaeta. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 37 : 417-466.
Pantel, J. 1914. Signification des ‘ glandes annexes ’ intestinales des larves des Ptychopteridae. La Cellule, 29 : 393-429.
Reaumur, R. A. F. de. 1734-42. M6moires pour Servir a l’Histoire des Insectes. Imp. Roy., Paris. 348.
Riedel, M. P. 1921. Altes und Neues von Faltenmiicken (Ptychopteridae). Ent. Jarhb., 144-148.
Rondani, C. 1856-9. Dipterologiae Italicae Prodromus. Parma, 1 : 187. ■Schiner, J. R. 1864. Fauna Austriaca, die Fliegen (Diptera). Wien, 2 : 495. Schroder, C. 1912-26. Handbuch der Entomologie. Jena. 1 : 388, Fig. 278. Scopoli, J. A. 1763. Entomologica carniolica. Vindoboniae. 321 (855).
Seguy, E. 1924. Les Insectes Parasites de 1 ’Homme et des Animaux domes- tiques. Encyl. pratique du Nat. Paris. 163.
- 1925. Description d’un nouveau Paraptychoptera. Encyl. Ent.
Diptera, 2 : 22.
- 1925. Nematoceres Piqueurs. Faune de France, 12: 7-17.
Snodgrass, R. E. 1904. The Hypopygium of the Tipulidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 30 : 179-236.
Tonnoir, A. 1919. Notes sur les Ptychopteridae. Ann. Soc . Ent. Belg., 59 : 1 15-122.
Topsent, E. 1914. Etude sur le Ptychoptera albimana Fabr. Arch. Zool.
exp. et gen., 55 (Notes et Rev., No. 5) : 81.
Verrall, G. H. 1886. List of British Tipulidae. Ent. Mon. Mag., 23 : 117.
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Vignon, P. 1927. Sur la Nervation Primitive de l’Aile des Insectes C.R. Acad. Sci., 184 : 234-6.
- 1929. Introduction a de nouvelles recherches de morphologic
comparee sur l’Aile des Insectes. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris (6), 4 : 89-123.
- 1 932. Nomenclature des veines de l’Aile chez les Dipt^res.
Encyl. Ent., Diptera, 6 : 133-143.
Vignon, P., and Seguy, E. 1929. Sur la presence de la Nervure M6diane Haute chez les Dipteres. C.R. Acad. Sci., 188 : 1699-1701.
- 1929. Sur la presence chez les Dipt&res de la
Mediane Posterieure vraie, et sur la regression que subit la Mddiane Haute chez les Syrphides. Bull. Soc. Ent. France , 14 : 227-230.
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Wesenberg-Lund, C. 1915. Insektlivet i ferske Vande. Copenhagen. 348.
Williams, I. W. 1933. External Morphology of the primitive Tanyderid Dipteron Protoplasa fitchii O.S. with notes on the other Tanyderidae. Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc., 41 : 1-35.
Wingate, W. J. 1906. Preliminary List of Durham Diptera. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland ... 2 : 64.
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Explanation of Plates.
All drawings are original. All were drawn as seen under a 2 in. objective, except the gonopods, which were drawn under a \ in. objective. The wings, antennae and leg were drawn by projection on paper from specimens mounted in gum-chloral ; the head and gonopods were drawn from potash dissections, the other drawings were made from parts in situ on the dried insect. Hairs and obscuring details have been omitted in most drawings.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1. — Wing of L. contaminata Linn. 1A. = First Anal; 2A.'= Second Anal or Axillary (shows as a fold in the dry wing); C.= Costa; CuAia and CuAib — : branches of High Cubital; CuA2= Low- Cubital ; CuP. = Posterior Cubital; H. = Humeral; M.A. x — High Median or Vena Spuria ; MA2a and MA2b = branches of Low Median; M.Pa. and M.Pb.= position of branches of Posterior Median, of which no traces are visible; m-cu. = Medio- cubital cross-vein; R, Rs. Rx, R2, R3, R x, R5 = Radial and its branches; r-m = Radio-median cross-vein; Sc. = Subcostal.
Fig. 2. — Wing of L. albimana Fabr.
Fig. 3. — Wing of L. paludosa Meig.
Fig. 4. — Head of L. contaminata Linn. An.— Scape of Antenna; E. = Eye;
F.C. = Fronto-Clypeus ; Lb. = Labrum ; L.P.= Labial Palpus; M.P. = base of Maxillary Palpus; V. = Vertex.
Fig. 5. — Side-view of Thorax of L. contaminata Linn. Ab. = Abdomen;
Apn.= Antepronotum ; Cx. = Coxa; E. = Eye; F.C. = Fronto- Clypeus; Ep, = Mesepisternum ; H. = Haltere ; Hp.= Hypopleu- ron ; Mn.= Mesonotum ; Mp. = Meropleuron ; M.P.= Maxillary Palpus; O. = Occiput; Pit. = Pleurotergite ; Ppn. = Postprono- tum ; Prs. = Praescutum ; Psn. = Postnotum ; Saf. = Subalifer ; Scl. = Scutellum ; Set. = Scutum; Sp.x = Mesothoracic Spiracle; Sp2= Metathoracic Spiracle ; Stp. = Sternopleuron ; W. = position of Wing-base.
PLATE X.
'll?,, IT HAj. %* s;c- nfk TPji- f • Hf
L. c ont am'mata L
inn
albimana Fabr.
L . paludosa. Mei
M«. S,V Tin
BRITISH LIRIOPEIDAE.
i8
PLATE XI.
Pig. 6. — Antenna of L. lacustris Meig. .
Fig. 7. — Antenna of L. scutellaris Meig. 9- Fig. 8. — Maxillary Palpus of L. lacustris Meig.
Fig. 9. — Third Leg of L. contaminata Linn. Cx. = Coxa; F. = Femur;
M.T.= Metatarsus; Sp.= Spurs; T1toT4= Tarsi; Tb= Tibia; Tr. = Trochanter.
P'ig. 10. — Dorsal view of Thorax of L. contaminata Linn. Ppn.= Post- pronotum ; Prs. = Praescutum ; Psn. = Postnotum ; Scl.= Scutellum ; Set. = Scutum; Su.= Mesonotal Suture.
Fig. 11. — Side view of Ovipositor of L. contaminata Linn. S.V.= Sternal Valve; T.V. = Tergal Valve.
(N.B. — In this, and in subsequent drawings, the abdominal tergites and sternites are numbered.)
Figs. 12-15. — Hypopygium of L. contaminata Linn. Fig. 12. — Side view.
Fig. 13. — Dorsal view. Fig. 14. — Gonopods and Aedeagus. Fig. 15. — End view. A. = Anus; Ad. = Aedeagus; C.= Coxite (Basistyle) ; G. = Gonapophysis ; P. = Prolongation of Tergite 9 (Surgonopod) ; S. = Style (Dististyle or Clasper).
(N.B. — This notation applies to all the figures on Plates XII and XIII.)
PLATE XI.
PLATE XII.
BRITISH LIRIOPEIDAE.
Figs. 16-18. — Side view, Dorsal view and Gonopod of Hypopygium of L. albimana Fabr.
Figs. 19-22. — Same of L. scutellaris Meig. Figs. 21 and 22 are different views of the same gonopod.
Figs. 23-25. — Same of L. minutci Tonn.
PLATE XIII.
Figs. 26-28. — Side view, Dorsal view and Gonopod of Hypopygium of L. paludosa Meig.
Figs. 29-31. — Same of L„ lacustris Meig. Fig. 32. — Invagination on sternite 4 of $ L. lacustris Meig.
Figs. 33-35. — Same of L. longicauda Tonn.
ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF SOME BRITISH HEMEROBIIDAE (NEUR.).
By Fredk. J. Killington, B.Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S.
(The Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford).
Four species are dealt with in the present paper, viz. Hemero¬ bius perelegans Steph., Boriomyia betidina Strpm (= nervosa Fabr.), W esmaelius quadrifasciatus Reut. and Megalomus hirtus Linn. Of these the first and last are extremely rare species, and I, wish to express my great indebtedness to Mr. K. J. Morton, who, by sending me living imagines from which I have been able to obtain eggs, has made it possible to work out their early stages. Mr. Morton has also been kind enough to send a num¬ ber of living females of B. betulina from time to time, and from the offspring of these many of the details of the life-history of this species have been obtained.
I. — Hemerobius perelegans Stephens.
Habitat and> Distribution.
Although described as long ago as 1836, this species re¬ mained practically unknown until 1931, a position undoubtedly largely due to McLachlan’s action (1868) in placing it in the synonymy of Hemerobius subnebulosus Stephens (rtow Boriomyia subnebulosa ), of which species he considered it a form. In 1931 Morton established its claim as a good species and restored it to its proper genus.*
Stephens’ original description was made from a female be¬ lieved to have been taken in the New Forest, Hants, but the occurrence of the species in this locality still needs confirmation. Apart from this one doubtful record for England, it has been obtained only in the following Scottish districts :
Argyllshire : a number taken in 1933 at Arinafad Beg (K. J. Morton). Inverness-shire : Aviemore (J. W. Yerbury ; specimen in the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford). Perth¬ shire : Rannoch (R. McLachlan, K. J. Morton). Sutherland : Loch Assynt and Lochinver (J. W. Yerbury).
H. perelegans appears to have been taken mainly from birch. Dr. Bo Tjeder informs me that he has obtained imagines from both birch and conifers in Sweden (the only country from which
* For details of the synonymy of H. perelegans see Morton (1931a).
120
the species has been recorded outside the British Isles), but Morton’s 1933 examples were captured in a locality from which conifers were absent.
Oviposition. Early Stages.
A number of egg's were obtained at the end of May, 1933, from two females kept in captivity. They were laid singly at the margins and against the mid-vein of the undersides of leaves.
Egg.
Length 0*9 mm. ; breadth 0-38 mm.
Elongate-oval, in some cases with the longitudinal axis slightly curved ; surface of attachment a little flattened. Colour when first laid cream-white. Under a high magnification the chorion is seen to be densely covered with minute raised white flecks. Micropylar projection a white rounded disc, the diameter of which is about three times the thickness.
As hatching approaches the egg becomes slightly darker, especially at the posterior end and where the pale reddish dorsal markings of the abdomen of the embryo show through the chorion ; the eyes also become visible, first as reddish and then as blackish spots. Hatching occurs six to seven days after ovi¬ position.
Larva.
The newly-emerged larva is about i*6mm. in length. At this stage the head is translucent pale cream ; antennae smoky-grey, the third segment darkest ; palpi almost colourless except the third segment, which is smoky-grey ; jaws pale, but tipped with orange-brown ; eyes black. The abdomen bears faint traces of reddish latero-dorsal markings. Legs translucent grey, tarsi blackish apically ; at the distal end of the femora a distinct transverse thickened black line.
On the second day faint orange-brown markings appear on the head and run in a curved line on either side from the eyes almost to the middle of the posterior margin (PI. XV, Fig. 1) ; orange-brown markings also develop on the pronotum. The prothoracic sclerites now show distinctly as oblique smoky-grey spots, but the meso- and metathoracic sclerites are scarcely per¬ ceptible small grey dots. The sclerites of the ninth and tenth abdominal segments are brownish, so that the apex of the abdomen appears darker than elsewhere. There is little further development of the head markings in this instar.
The first ecdysis occurs on the third to the fifth day.
The second instar larva is similar to that of the third instar except that the colours are less bright.
The second ecdysis is on the second or third day after the first.
I 2 !
Description of third instar larva (PL XVI, Fig. i).
Length when full fed about 9 mm.
Body primrose-yellow, with two latero-dorsal series of dull brownish-crimson blotches forming interrupted bands.
Somewhat resembles the larva of H. simulans, but the posterior portion of the head appears more strongly marked with dark grey, the ground colour of the body is more yellow¬ ish, the latero-dorsal markings are more extensive and redder, and the posterior subsegments of the pro- and rrieso thorax are crossed by the latter markings. From the larvae of H. humulinus and H. lutescens it may be known by its much more extensive markings, the pale median area being thus much narrower.
Head pale greyish-yellow; on each side a band of dark smoky-grey runs backwards from the eyes and expands across the posterior part of the head almost to the middle, and a median longitudinal wedge-shaped band of the same colour has its apex just before the hind margin and fades between the jaws. Palpi pale translucent grey, apical segment darker. Antennae smoky- grey, apical half darker. Eyes black.
Thorax . The latero-dorsal markings almost cover the an¬ terior subsegment of the prothorax, leaving only a thin line of pale ground colour along the anterior margin and narrow pale areas mid-dorsally and at the sides ; on the middle subsegment they become narrower and are interrupted just beyond the sclerites, being continued again across the posterior subsegment. A median dark pulsating line begins on the middle subsegment of the prothorax and extends almost the whole length of the body. On the meso- and metathorax the markings are very broad anteriorly, narrowing behind and not quite reaching the hind margins. Prothoracic sclerites crescentic-oval, shining blackish- grey, surrounded by a fine pale line ; meso- and metathoracic sclerites shining black, small and dot-like.
Legs pale smoky-grey, with the tarsi, the basal extremities of the tibiae and a broad band on the femora slightly darker grey.
Abdomen. The latero-dorsal markings of the abdomen are similar in form to those of the meso- and metathorax. On each segment are two broad brownish-crimson blotches leaving narrow areas of ground colour at the sides, the posterior margin and mid-dorsally. The blotches on segment one are smaller than those on the four or five following segments. On segment five the markings tend to fuse across the dorsum, and this fusion is more or less complete on segments six to eight. Segment nine is almost wholly covered by a dark fuscous sclerite, whilst the usual three small blackish, triangular sclerites are present on segment ten.
I 22
Laterally the abdomen is yellowish, with an interrupted series of reddish-grey subspiracular markings.
Underside of body pale yellow.
Pupation.
The cocoon is spun from five to seven days after the second ecdysis. It consists of a few irregularly placed supporting strands of white silk, within which is constructed an oval en¬ velope 4-5 mm. long and 2*5 mm. wide. The pupa is quite visible through the cocoon. Pupae obtained on the 21st June, 1933, had darkened in colour by the end of a fortnight, and it ap¬ peared that the imagines would shortly emerge as a second brood. This emergence, however, did not materialise, and after remaining alive until the 9th Nov., 1933, all of the pupae died.
days.
Summary op Life-history.
Egg stage - 6—7
First instar _____ 3 — 5 ,,
Second instar ----- 2 — 3 ,,
Third instar or prepupal stage - - 5 — 7 ,,
Prepupal stage - - - - 15 ,,
Pupal stage - ?
There is at present no record of a second brood, and imagines have been taken only in May, June and July.
II — Boriomyia hetulina Str0m.
An account of the early stages (together with figures of the larva and cocoon) is given by Strpm (1788) in his original de¬ scription of the species* ; but, although of considerable interest, his description of the larva is quite inadequate for present-day needs, and his figures somewhat crude. Withycombe (1923) states that he once took a larva of B. hetulina, but, being under the impression that he had B. subnebulosa, failed to make an adequate description ; he did, however, notice that the head markings of the larva differed from those of subnebulosa . The most complete account of the life-history yet given is that of Miles (1924), but this again gives no detailed description of the larva. In view of the statement by Miles that ‘ the larvae did
* There has been considerable doubt as to whether Strum’s description of hetulina applied only to one species, and many authors, including myself, have considered that he was probably dealing with both Hemerohius nervosa Fabr. and H. subnebulosa Steph. Since studying the larvae of both of these species, however, I feel that there can be no doubt but that he was, in fact, dealing only with the former. His figure of the larva, although rather crude, shows a definite attempt to depict the body markings, whereas he leaves the head clear of markings except for some shading at the posterior margin ; and it seems certain that, if he had had the larva of subnebulosa , he would have indicated the extensive dark pattern of its head. For this reason I no longer hesitate to place H. nervosa Fabr. in the synonymy of hetulina Str^m.
123
not cover themselves with the skins of their victims, as is the case with many other members of this genus,’ it is, perhaps, well to point out once again that the habit of carrying debris on the back is confined to the family Chrysopidae, and then only to certain species ; no Hemerobiid larva is known to have this habit, neither is the body nor are the setae suitably modified for this purpose.
Habitat and Distribution.
B. betulina occurs in deciduous woods, in hedges and in rank herbage. It has frequently been found associated with birch, alder and willow, and the larva has been swept from stinging-nettles infested with aphides. Very occasionally the imago has been beaten from conifers, but it seems unlikely that the species normally passes its life-history on these trees. It has been recorded from gardens (Handlirsch, 1886) and from orchards (Miles, 1924; Lundblad, 1926), but is much less com¬ mon in such habitats than B. subnebulosa.
It has a wide distribution in Europe, extending from Spain, Corsica and Bulgaria in the south to the Arctic Circle in the north. It has been recorded from Madeira, and in the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford, is a specimen taken in West Greenland (G. Hingston).
In the British Isles it is well distributed, but is a less com¬ mon species than B. subnebulosa in the south of England. In parts of Scotland it has been found in some numbers. It has been recorded from the following counties :
England and Wales. — Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Cornwall, Dorset, Durham, Essex, Glamorganshire, Gloucester¬ shire, Hampshire, Isle of Man, Kent, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Merionethshire, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Oxford¬ shire, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Surrey, Westmorland, Yorkshire.
Scotland. — Argyllshire, Banffshire, Edinburgh, Elgin, Inver¬ ness-shire, Perthshire, Ross, Sutherland.
Ireland. — Antrim, Armagh, Dublin, Westmeath.
OviPosiTioN. Early Stages.
Eggs are laid singly, attached by the dorsal surface, and usually placed on the undersides of leaves close to projecting veins ; they may also be laid in the serrations of leaf margins or in the grooves of leaf stalks.
Egg (PI. XIV, Fig. 5).
Length 0-7 — o-8mm. ; breadth 0-33 — 0^4 mm.
Oval, with a small flattened knob-like mieropylar projection. Chorion apparently smooth, but under a high magnification it is seen to be densely covered with minute raised granules which give the egg a reticulated appearance. When first laid the
124
colour is pale cream, the micropylar process white. As hatch¬ ing- approaches the eg-g- becomes a deep pinkish-brown, and the eyes of the embryo become visible first as reddish and then as blackish dots ; the micropylar projection, however, remains white, and around this is a pale circular patch where the raised granules are more numerous.
The egg stage lasts seven to ten days (eggs laid in June), or twelve to thirteen days (September and October).
Larva.
The newly-hatched larva is about 1*75 mm. in length. The head is shining pale ochreous tinged with pink ; eyes black ; jaws pale translucent grey, the mandibles edged externally with pale pinkish-brown ; antennae smoky-grey. On the second day the prothoracic sclerites, which at this stage are relatively large, become rather conspicuous as two greyish spots, and the sclerites of the ninth and tenth abdominal segments darken to greyish-brown. The legs are translucent pale grey, darker at the knees and the apices of the tarsi.
The first instar lasts two to three days in summer ; in the case of several larvae under observation in October, 1932, the first moult occurred six days after hatching.
In the second instar the markings resemble those of the third, but the colour pattern is less intense. In the summer brood the second moult occurs three to five days after the first ; of the autumn larvae referred to above, the length of the second instar varied from fifteen to twenty-one days.
Description of the third instar larva (PI. XVII, Fig. 2).
Length when full fed 8' — 9 mm.
The larvae of B. betulina and B. subnebulosa are similar in their general appearance, but the body of the former is more speckled and the markings of the head are confined to the pos¬ terior portion.
Head dusky-yellowish, with two broad fuscous-brown patches on the posterior half extending towards the eyes ; these mark¬ ings are separated by a narrow median line of ground colour. The median elongate wedge-shaped mark so characteristic of most Hemerobiid larvae is very indistinct in betulina. Sides of head suffused with grey ; underside translucent greyish-white. Eyes black and very conspicuous. Antennae approximately twice as long as the jaws ; the basal segment brownish, the second and third blackish, but the second somewhat paler towards the base. Two basal segments of palpi translucent grey, apical seg¬ ment dark grey. Jaws dusky-yellow, orange-brown apically.
Body cream-white to white, extensively mottled with dark reddish- or purple-brown, the largest and darkest markings being arranged as two irregular latero-dorsal bands. The an-
125
terior margin of the prothorax is cream-white. The latero-dorsal markings begin on the posterior half of the first subsegment as four more or less separated spots ; these fuse on the middle sub- segment, and show a tendency to suffuse across the dorsum. On the posterior subseg-ment are four spots, the two outer enclosing the spiracles. The prothoracic sclerites are large, oval, slightly crescentic, shining fuscous-brown plates embedded in the latero- dorsal markings.
The meso- and metathorax are broadly marked with colour, leaving small cream-white circular patches around the bases of the setae, and a narrow median cream-white band. This latter pale band runs from the prothorax to the eighth abdominal seg¬ ment, but is interrupted by lines of colour at the sutures and folds and by suffusion of the latero-dorsal bands across the dorsum of segments five to eight ; it is bisected by the usual pulsating dark line of the dorsal vessel. The meso- and meta- thoracic sclerites are small and blackish, each surrounded by a narrow pale line.
On the first eight segments of the abdomen the latero-dorsal bands are sinuous, the blotches forming them being placed obliquely ; at the sutures and folds, the bands are transversely crossed by black on segments one to five (the metathorax is often similarly marked). At the posterior margin of segments one to eight a narrow line of colour passes laterally along the suture, connecting the latero-dorsal blotches with a spiracular and subspiracular line of paler reddish-brown. The ninth seg¬ ment carries a transverse, shining, fuscous-brown sclerite which almost covers the dorsum when the larva is at rest. The tenth segment bears three small, narrowly separated, fuscous-brown sclerites.
Laterally a double row of white elongate spots runs along each side of the abdomen from segment one to eight.
Ventrally the body is greyish-white with transverse black intersegmental marks. Segments four to eight of the abdomen are often tinged with red except at the posterior margins ; seg¬ ment nine is fuscous-brown, with a narrow white mid-ventral line ; segment ten wholly fuscous-brown.
Legs translucent grey ; femora broadly shaded with darker grey, and tibiae dark grey basally ; tarsi blackish.
Length of third instar to the spinning of the cocoon four to eight days (June), six to ten days (late autumn).
Pupation.
Pupation takes place in a great variety of situations, the chief need being, apparently, a site providing some measure of protection. Galls are occasionally entered by the larva for this purpose : Fletcher (1881) records breeding an imago from a gall of Andricus terminalis Fabr. , and Handlirsch (1886) states that
126
a specimen was obtained from the gall of Cecidomyia rosciria Low. In the spring of 1932, Mr. E. E. Green, of Camberley, sent several dead hollow bracken stems containing cocoons, and these produced three B. betulina. In May and June of the same year I found a considerable number of cocoons under the loose bark of willows at Oxford; Handlirsch (1886) also found them under the loose bark of a plane tree. Lundblad (1926) records finding three thousand, seven hundred and seventy-one Hemero- biid cocoons, chiefly B. betulina, under corrugated paper bands placed round apple trees in Sweden, and a similar observation has been made in this country by Miles (1924). Finally, Cameron (1913) states that pupation occurs at the surface of light sandy soil.
The cocoon consists of an outer network of very fine white silk, with a more closely woven, elongate-oval envelope, measur¬ ing 6-5 mm. by 2-5 mm. within ; the pupa can be seen quite easily through the two coverings.
The prepupal stage lasts about a week in summer, but in the case of larvae spinning in October and November pupation does not occur until the following March or April ; much, how¬ ever, depends on temperature. The pupal stage varies from ten to fourteen days in summer, and in early spring (overwintered prepupae) from thirteen to eighteen days ; but these periods may be prolonged by a cold spell.
The pupa is not remarkable in any way. Several days before' emergence the eyes and wings darken, and the final exit is made through an irregular opening cut in one end of the cocoon.
Checks.
The following parasites have been recorded from this species: Anacharis ensifera Wlk., A. eucharioides Dalm. (Miles, 1924) ; At. typica Wlk. (in Germany, Handlirsch, 1886) ; Aegilips fumi- pennis West. (Miles, 1924) ; Homocidus sp. and Hemiteles sp. (Killington, 1933).
Summary of Life-history.
The figures in the first column refer to a spring brood (May- June) ; those in the second to an overwintering1 brood.
Egg stage - First instar - Second instar
Third instar to prepupal stage Prepupal stage -
7 — 10 days.
2— 3 »
3 5 > r
4 — 8 ,,
6 — 8 ,,
Pupal stage -
- 10 — 14
12 — 13 days.
6 „
15— 21 >»
6 — 10 ,,
6 — 7 months.
13 — 18 days.
There appear to be at least three broods in the year in the south of England, but these are not well defined, and there is
127
much overlapping ; in Scotland it would seem that there are only two broods and that these have a clear gap between them. Imagines occur from early April to late October.
III.- — Wesmaeiius quadrifasciatus Reut.
Habitat and Distribution.
W. quadrifasciatus is always associated with conifers. Larch is undoubtedly a favoured tree, and where this occurs the species, may sometimes be taken in large numbers. In May, 1932, over two hundred larvae and pupae were obtained from the lower branches of about a dozen larch trees in a clearing in Tubney Wood, Berks. It also occurs on spruce and Scots pine.
The species is widely distributed in Europe, but does not appear to be generally common. It occurs from the Pyrenees in the west to Hungary in the east, and extends northwards to Scandinavia and Scotland.
In the British Isles it is widely spread in England and Scot¬ land, but it has not yet been recorded from Ireland. I have found it abundant in certain larch plantations in Berkshire and Hampshire, but usually it appears to be somewhat uncommon, occurring in small numbers. It has been noted from the follow¬ ing counties :
England and Wales. — Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cumber¬ land, Derbyshire, Dorset, Durham, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Merionethshire, Nottinghamshire, Somerset, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Surrey, Yorkshire.
Scotland. — Edinburgh, Inverness-shire, Ross.
OviPOSiTioN. Early Stages.
The eggs are laid singly and placed in crevices of the bark of twigs, or between the scales at the base of the needles. The elongate lobes of the ninth sternite of the female are inserted into these positions and the egg is placed almost out of sight, so that only the anterior micropylar end is visible.
Egg (PI. XIV, Fig. 4).
Length 1 mm. ; breadth 0-45 — 0-5 mm.
The egg is elongate-oval, but not quite symmetrical, the ventral (upper) surface being more convex than the dorsal, while the posterior end is slightly broader than the anterior. The micropylar projection is very large, rounded and conspicuous, and remains pure white throughout embryonic development. The chorion is covered with minute glassy papillae. When first laid the egg is pale cream, but in a day or two darkens, becoming dark brown, with the exception of the micropylar projection, by the end of the first week.
128
Eggs laid in mid-August, 1932, remained in this condition until the early spring of 1933, so that both species of W esmaelius are alike in overwintering in the egg stage ; this is the only British genus in which this is known to occur.
Larva.
The first instar larva has not been seen, the eggs obtained having- been damaged in an attempt to photograph them just before hatching.
Second instar larvae were obtained in mid-April, 1933, and apart from a generally paler coloration did not differ from third instar larvae.
Description of third instar larva (PI. XVI, Fig. 2).
Length when full fed 91 — 10 mm.
Head almost entirely blackish-brown ; body cream-white with two' irregular deep chocolate-brown latero-dorsal bands. Very similar to the larva of W. concinnus , but differs from it in having the anterior subsegments of the abdomen pale laterally.
Head with a very dark blackish-brown, wedge-shaped median band arising just before the middle of the posterior margin and broadening to the anterior margin between the jaws. Sides of head behind the eyes broadly blackish-brown ; on the back of the head these lateral markings expand, but leave a narrow pale space behind the apex of the median mark. Behind the antennal bases and between the median and lateral markings are two small rather indistinct wedges of blackish-brown. All of these markings are separated from one another by narrow lines of dusky yellow. Jaws blackish, tinged apically with orange-brown. Palpi reaching almost to the tips of the jaws, translucent grey, the distal segment darker. Antennae a little longer than the jaws, blackish. Underside of head pale cream, marked at the sides with blackish-brown.
Thorax. Prothorax pale cream-white with two more or less regular and subparallel chocolate-brown latero-dorsal bands running the whole length of the two anterior subsegments ; in the middle subsegment, embedded in the bands, are two shining black, elongate-oval and slightly crescentic sclerites, narrowly edged internally with cream-white. Posterior spiracular sub- segment almost wholly cream-white.
The latero-dorsal bands are represented on the large sub- segments of the meso- and metathorax by two large irregularly triangular blotches, their apices directed backwards. Laterad to each blotch, and usually connected to it anteriorly and pos¬ teriorly to enclose an elongate spot of ground colour, is a narrow curved line of paler brown. Embedded in the latero- dorsal markings of each segment is a pair of small, round, black sclerites, narrowly edged with cream-white.
129
The thorax is often marked with brown around the bases of the coxae.
A dark median pulsating line, the dorsal vessel, begins on the prothorax or on the mesothorax and is continued along the body to the eighth abdominal segment.
Legs blackish-grey, femora pale apically.
Abdomen cream-white with a pair of large latero-dorsal blotches on each of the first eight segments ; the pale ground colour of the median area expands laterally on the posterior por¬ tion of each of these segments and may completely isolate the blotches of one segment from those of the next. On the anterior subsegments the latero-dorsal blotches do not run solidly down the sides as in W„ concinnus . Segment nine with a dark fus¬ cous transverse sclerite, and segment ten with three smaller tri¬ angular fuscous sclerites, two placed laterally and the third pos¬ teriorly. A longitudinal brown line runs through the spiracles, and below this is a subspiracular line, the two often transversely connected by brown colouring along the sutures and folds, form¬ ing two lateral series of cream-white spots.
Ventrally the abdomen is greyish-white, tinged faintly with reddish-brown, or there may be pale reddish-brown transverse bands on the anterior portions of segments one to eight.
Length of third instar to the spinning of the cocoon, five to eight days.
Pupation.
The cocoon (PI. XV, Fig. 3) resembles that of IV . concinnus . There are two distinct envelopes of coarse yellowish silk : the outer is loosely spun with a wide mesh, and its form and size varies according to the position of the cocoon ; the inner is oval, more closely woven, and measures about 6 mm. by 3-5 mm. The pupa or prepupa is easily visible through both coverings.
Many cocoons were found on larch in 1932 and 1933, and these were spun in the following situations :
(a) In the centre of needle clusters. This was the most usual
position. *
( b ) On slender twigs at the bases of the scaly excrescences from which the needles arise ; usually some of the needles were incorporated in the outer envelope.
(c) More rarely in crevices of bark and in the forks of twigs.
In the two latter positions two, three or four cocoons were
frequently in contact. The toughness of the silk of these struc¬ tures is evidently sufficient protection against wind and rain, for although so exposed to weather, cocoons of previous years were often found, still intact and recognisable.
The prepupal stage lasts from five to seven days.
The pupa is typical (PI. XV, Fig. 4).
Emergence of the imago takes place ten to fourteen days after pupation.
i3o
Checks.
Two parasites, both Ichneumons, have been recorded from this species, viz. Hemiteles rubripes Thoms, and H. wesmaeUi- cida Rom. (Killing-ton, 1933, 1934).
Summary of, Life-history.
Egg- stage - - 7 — 8 months.
First instar ----- ?
Second instar ?
(Larvae in this stage taken in April.).
Third instar to prepupal stage - 5 — 8 days.
Prepupal stage - 5 — 7 ,,
Pupal stage ----- 10 — 14 ,,
There is only one brood in the year, the imagines occurring from May to August.
IV. — Megalomus hirtus Linnaeus.
Habitat and Distribution.
M. hirtus is found in low herbage. ]. J. F. X. King (1917) took a short series by sweeping along cliffs, and more recently K. J. Morton (1931 b) has obtained it in some numbers by sweep¬ ing- grass, thyme, wood-sage and other low plants on rock masses at the foot of cliffs and in similar situations ; the majority of Mr. Morton’s specimens were taken from wood-sage.
The exact distribution abroad is uncertain, as the different species of Megcdomus do not appear to be well understood. It is, however, decidedly uncommon. Stitz (? 1927) states that it occurs from Spain to Scandinavia and Finland ; McLachlan re¬ cords it from the Tyrol, Germany and Switzerland ; while I possess examples from the Pyrenees and the Basses Alpes in France.
In Britain the species is extremely rare and has been noted only from Exeter, Devon (Parfitt, 1879), and one or two locali¬ ties on the east coast of Scotland. Parfitt’ s record needs con¬ firmation. In Scotland a few specimens have been taken at Muchalls, Kincardineshire (J. W. H. Trail, J. J. F. X. King) ; one at Duddingston, near Edinburgh (J. C. Dale) ; a number in several localities in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh (K. J. Morton).
Oviposition. Early Stages.
From three females kindly sent to me by Mr. Morton early in June, 1933, some thirty eggs were obtained. When received all the females had the abdomen greatly distended with eggs. They were placed in large glass tubes with a variety of plants infested with aphides, but did not begin to oviposit until the end of a fortnight. Eggs were laid sing'ly, mainly on the undersides, of the leaves of wood-sage, but occasionally on the uppersides.
i3i
and on the leaf-stalks, the dorsal surface attached to the leaf 01 stalk.
Egg (PI. XIV, Fig-. 3).
The eg-g-s vary slightly both in size and shape. Of thirty eggs measured, the smallest was o-8i mm. in length and 0-45 mm. in breadth, the largest 0-91 mm. in length and 0-45 mm. in breadth.
Oval, the length being approximately twice the greatest breadth. Colour cream-white with a tinge of pale biscuit-brown. Under a low magnification the chorion appears smooth ; but is seen to be covered with closely placed raised granules when examined with a higher power. The micropylar projection is a white, flattened, round disc, slightly depressed in the centre.
On the tenth or eleventh day the embryonic eyes are visible through the chorion as two clusters of orange-brown spots near the micropyle. Before hatching the eye-spots turn blackish, and the upturned portion of the abdomen can be seen ; at this stage the egg is pinkish-brown.
Hatching occurs on the seventeenth or eighteenth day after oviposition.
Larva.
The larva of this species differs from all other known larvae in markings, in the form of the antennae and palpi, in the ap¬ parent absence of latero-dorsal prothoracic sclerites, and, in the later stages, in the greater number of body setae. These charac¬ ters are discussed in the description of the third instar larva.
In the newly-emerged larva (PI. XV, Fig. 2) the dorsal sur¬ face of the head is almost entirely smoky-grey. A pale, almost colourless Y-shaped line runs from the middle of the posterior margin, its arms curving towards the lateral prominences from which the antennae arise ; at their anterior ends, between these prominences, the arms of the Y are connected by a slightly curved transverse pale line so that a median, shield-shaped, dark area is marked off. The sides of the head and the portion before the transverse line are darker than the median area. Jaws of a translucent grey, orange-brown apically. Antennae pale smoky- grey. Eyes blackish and rather prominent. Palpi translucent pale grey, the two basal segments narrowly annulated with blackish.
The body is a pale biscuit colour, the abdomen very faintly marked latero-dorsally with brown ; ninth segment with a pale grey transverse dorsal sclerite ; tenth with three dark grey dorsal sclerites, two placed laterally and one apically.
Legs grey ; the tarsi, as in other first instar Hemerobiid larvae, with two simple curved claws and an elongate trumpet¬ shaped em podium.
132
On the second day the jaws become smoky-grey except at the apex, the antennae darken, and the body is dark in the region of the mid-gut due to the food-contents. The sclerites of the ninth and tenth abdominal segments also darken.
The first moult occurs seven to nine days after hatching.
At first the second instar larva closely resembles that of the first instar. The mid-gut region is still the darkest part of the body, but on segments five to eight of the abdomen there are transverse greyish-brown markings which are most distinct near the posterior margins of the segments. Towards the end of the instar the gut contents show less plainly and the colour pattern of the third instar develops.
The second moult takes place on the ninth day after the first.
Description of third instar larva (PI. XVII, Fig. i).
Length when full fed about 9 mm.
The head is almost wholly dark fuscous, the body dull reddish-brown with a narrow cream longitudinal median band along the dorsum and less noticeable small cream latero-dorsal markings ; the posterior half of the body is more decidedly reddish (less greyish) than the anterior half. When the larva is at rest the head is usually strongly retracted into the prothorax so that only the anterior margin is visible.
Head broad, rounded anteriorly, scarcely narrowed posteri¬ orly. Dorsum fuscous, somewhat darker at the sides behind the eyes ; a median, elongate, shield-shaped area is marked off as in the first instar ; behind the eyes there is a small pale mark. Eyes black, rather prominent. Antennae longer than the head, blackish, the three segments very different in form ; basal seg¬ ment short, stout and cylindrical ; second segment elongate, more slender than the first and about five times as long, taper¬ ing slightly towards the apex ; third segment scarcely longer than the first, but very slender, bearing at its apex several minute outstanding hairs and a terminal bristle as long as the segment (PI. XIV, Fig. ia). Palpi with the two basal segments very short and annulated with blackish ; distal segment trans¬ lucent pale grey, very long and swollen, fusiform, the apex pointed and projecting beyond the tips of the jaws (PI. XIV, Fig. ib). Jaws stout, shorter than the head, grey, with the apices orange-brown.
Thorax. When the larva is at rest the first subsegment of the prothorax appears almost wholly dull reddish-brown, usually with a narrow cream space at the centre, but when fully ex¬ tended the anterior portion of the subsegment is seen to be cream and shows conspicuously pale behind the dark head. The large middle subsegment of the prothorax is largely reddish- brown, with the anterior margin, a median longitudinal band and latero-dorsal markings cream. The posterior, spiracle-bearing
133
subsegment is broadly reddish-brown latero-dorsally,. cream at the centre and at the sides. The prothoracic sclerites, which are a conspicuous feature of other Hemerobiid larvae, are not visible in M. hirtus.
Meso- and metathorax similarly marked, with two rather large blackish-brown latero-dorsal blotches on the anterior por¬ tion of the segment and two smaller spots near the sclerites. Each of these two segments bears a pair of very small black sclerites.
Legs translucent smoky-grey, with transverse black thicken¬ ings at the joints ; tibiae somewhat darker basally ; tarsi, as in other genera, with two simple curved claws and a small pad¬ like empodium.
Abdomen with the markings of the first eight segments simi¬ lar to those of the metathorax, but the latero-dorsal markings become paler and more reddish towards the eighth segment. Laterally on each of the first four or five segments a cream line curves from the posterior margin towards the spiracle, and may run into a small pale spot which surrounds the spiracle. From the fourth to the eighth segment the colour is more suffused, the pale areas being thus less apparent. The ninth segment bears a dark grey transverse sclerite, and the tenth three blackish sclerites as in the first instar. Below the spiracles the abdomen is broadly marked with reddish-brown, with a varying amount of black at the sutures. Both the thorax and abdomen are more abundantly provided with setae than in other genera.
Underside of the body cream, suffused laterally with pale reddish-brown on the thorax, and transversely shaded with the same colour on the abdomen ; segments five to nine may be al¬ most wholly reddish-brown. Segment ten carries a black median ventral sclerite.
Pupation.
The cocoori is spun seventeen to nineteen days after the second moult. All the larvae kept in captivity have spun between the corks and the sides of the glass tubes in which they were confined, first constructing an open framework of supporting- strands from glass to cork and then, within this, spinning an oval envelope 6-5 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. The silk used is white and very fine, the network very open, and the whole struc¬ ture is the flimsiest cocoon known to me.
The prepupal stage lasts seven to nine days.
The pupal markings resemble those of the larva, although the thorax is much paler, the wing-cases pale cream, the palpi, antennae and legs colourless. Strong, internally lobed jaws are present, and the third and fourth abdominal segments are each provided with two pairs of chitinised dorsal hooks. A few days before metamorphosis the wing-cases darken and finally appear
i34
blackish, and the body colour of the imago becomes visible. The pupa escapes from the cocoon through an irregular hole 'cut in one end.
The pupal stage lasts from thirteen to fifteen days (second brood). About half of the larvae under observation, however, had not pupated by November, 1933, and were apparently going to overwinter before spinning ; unfortunately these died during the winter. The second brood may thus be only a partial one.
Summary of Life-history.
Second brood (eggs laid in June).
Egg stage -
First instar -
Second instar -
Third instar to prepupal stage
Prepupal stage
Pupal stage -
References.
17 — 18 days. 7— 9 »,
9 »
'7— 19 »
7— 9 >» x3— J5 i>
Cameron, A. E. 1913. General survey of the insect fauna of the soil within a limited area near Manchester : a consideration of the rela¬ tionships between soil insects and the physical conditions of their habitat. Journ. Econ. Biol., 8 : 159-204.
Fletcher, J. E. 1881. Additions to the Casual Inhabitants of Galls. Ento¬ mologist, 14 : 21.
Handlirsch, A. 1886. Die Metamorphose zweier Arten der Gattung Anacharis Dalm. Verhl. fc.-fe. zool.-bot . Gesell. Wien, 36 : 235—237. Killington, F. J. 1933. The parasites of Neuroptera with special reference to those attacking British species. Trans. Ent. Soc. S. Eng., 8 (2): 84-91.
- 1934. Hymenopterous parasites bred from Hemerobiidae (Neur.)
in 1933. Journ. Soc. Brit. Ent., 1 (1) : 6-7.
King, J. J. F. X. 1917. Occurrence of Megalomus hirtus L. in Kincardine¬ shire. Ent. Mon. Mag., 53 : 87.
Lundblad, O. 1926. Nagra forsok med fangstgordlar mot applevecklaren ( Carpocapsa [ Laspeyresia , Cydia ] pomonella L.). Medd. Centralanst. forsoks. jordbruks., no. 298 [Ent. avdel. no. 48]. McLachlan, R. 1868. A Monograph of the British Neuroptera-Planipennia.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868: 145-224.
Miles, H. W. 1924. On the Life-history of Boriomyia ( Hemerobius ) nervosa Fab. (Planipennia, Hemerobiidae). Bull . Ent. Res., 14 (3): 249-250.
Morton, K. J. 1931a. Hemerobius perelegans Stephens : a good species. Entomologist, 64 : 197— 201.
- 1931^- Megalomus hirtus Linn, at Edinburgh. Ent. Mon.
Mag., 64 : 233-234.
Parfitt, E. 1879. The Fauna of Devon. Neuroptera. Rep. and Trans.
Devonshire Assoc. Adv. Sci., Lit., and Art, 11 : 403-407. Stephens, J. F. 1836. Illus. Brit. Ent., Mand., 6.
Stitz, H. ? 1927. Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, 6 (1). Netzfliigler.
Str^m, H. 1788. Nogle Insect-Larver med deres Forvandlinger. Nye Sami.
Kong. Norske Vid. Selsk. Skr., 2 : 375-400.
WiTHYCOMBF., C. L. 1923. Notes on the biology of some British Neuroptera (Planipennia). Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922 : 501-594.
PLATE XIV.
Fig. i. — Megalomus hirtus Linn. A — Antenna of second instar larva;
B — palpus of second instar larva. Fig. 2. — Wesmaelius quadnfasciatus Reut. A— Antenna of third instar larva ; B — basal portion of second segment of same, more enlarged, to show thickenings. Fig. 3. — Egg of Megalomus hirtus Linn. Fig. 4. — Egg of Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus Reut. Fig. 5. — Egg of Boriomyia betulina Str^m.
[Figs. 1 and 2, F. J. Killington del. Figs. 3 and 5 from photographs by L. A. Clinkard, Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. F'ig. 4 from a photo¬ graph by W. H. Pratt, Nottingham.]
PLATE XV.
F. J. Killington del.
Ftg. i. — Hemerohius perelegans Steph. Head of first instar larva about to undergo ecdysis. The head has moved backwards within the old skin and the black eyes are seen to be behind their previous coverings. Fig. 2. — Megalomus hirtus Linn. First instar larva, first day.
Fig. 3. — Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus Reut. Cocoon in cluster of larch leaves. Fig. 4. — W esmaelius quadrifasciatus Reut. Pupa.
Fig. 5. — Wesmaelius quadrifasciatus Reut. Dorsal hooks on abdomen of pupa.
1
PLATE XVI.
F. J. Killington del.
Fm. i. — Third instar larva of Hetnerobius perelegans Steph.
Fig. 2. — Third instar larva of W esmaelius quadrifasciatus Reut.
■
-
PLATE XVII
F. J. Killington del.
Fig. i. — Third instar larva of Megaloinus hirtus Linn.
Fig. 2. — Third instar larva of Boriomyia betulina Strain.
i35
NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF THE ICHNEUMONIDS, ANGITIA CEROPHAGA GRAY., & A. FENESTRALIS gray. (HYM.).
By D. O. Boyd, B.Sc., D.I.C.
(Dept, of Entomology, Reading University.)
Several species of the genus Angitia (subfam. Ophioninae) are well known to be variable, not only in taxonomically unim¬ portant characters, but also in those which some authors have used to separate species.
For the present study two batches of insects, bred in 1932 and 1933 from Plutella maculipennis Curt. (Lep., Plutellidae) on cabbage at the Imperial College Field Station, were used. The commoner species was A. cerophaga, of which 125 females and 134 males were obtained. There were 17 females and 9 males of A. fenestralis . The males of these species are only separable with difficulty.
I am much indebted to Mr. J. F. Perkins for pointing out how the two species may be separated. Dr. O'. W. Richards kindly supplied the bred material. My thanks are also due to Prof. J. W. Munro for extending to me the laboratory facilities of the Imperial College Field Station, and to Mr. W. E. H. Hodson for laboratory facilities.
The Separation of the Females.
A. cerophaga.
1. Recurrent nerve received be¬ yond the centre of the areolet (PI. XVIII, Fig. 1).
2. Ovipositor shorter. (Length of ovipositor palps about 0-85 mm.)
3. Fore coxae mainly yellow¬ ish.
4. Pterostigma more or less darkened ; at any rate with dark margins on all sides.
A. fenestralis.
1. Recurrent nerve received at, or before, the centre of the areolet (PI. XVIII, Fig. 2).
2. Ovipositor longer. (Length of ovipositor palps about 1-25 mm.)
3. Fore coxae entirely, or mainly, black.
4. Pterostigma pale whitish yellow, even the costal mar¬ gin hardly darkened.
In the males of both species the fore coxae are much more largely yellow than in the females. Some males with the areolet character of A. fenestralis have the fore coxae only blackened proximally. Such specimens have a paler pterostigma than the
136
males of A. cerophaga. In the males of that species the ptero- stigma is quite often brownish and always has at any rate narrow dark margins.
Method of Study.
Each individual was examined, and the condition of the following characters tabulated : — 1 , The shape of the areolet. 2, The size and position of the fenestrae in the disco-cubital and recurrent nerves. 3, The number of segments in the antennae. 4, The colour of the legs. 5, The colour of the abdomen.
The following statements refer to females of A. cerophaga unless otherwise indicated.
. 7 Variation encountered.
1. 1 he Areolet.
The shape varies considerably, particularly as regards the length of the areolar petiole. The following classes could be recognised, though intergrading :
(a) Areolet almost pentagonal (PI. XVIII, Fig. 3).
A . cerophaga females None.
A. cerophaga males* 1 (0-77% of specimens).
A. fenestralis females None.
A . fenestralis males None.
(b) Areolet sesile (PI. XVIII, A. cerophaga females A . cerophaga males* A. fenestralis females A . fenestralis males
Fig- 4)-
10 (4*69% of specimens). 22 (16-79% °f specimens). 2 (11-77% °f specimens). 7 (22-27% specimens).
(c) Areolet petiolate (PI. XVIII, Figs. 1 and 2).
A. cerophaga females 113 (95*31% of specimens).
A. cerophaga males* 108 (82-44% of specimens).
A. fenestralis females 15 (88-23% of specimens).
A . fenestralis males 7 (77-78% of specimens).
Among the females of A . cerophaga two abnormal specimens were encountered (and were not included in the figures above). One had the right areolet petiolate and in the left wing no closed areolet — an extreme form of the petiolate type (PI. XVIII, Fig. 5). The other had the right areolet petiolate and the left sessile.
Three abnormal specimens occurred among the males of A. cerophaga (and were also' excluded from the above figures). Two of these had the areolet of the right wing petiolate and the left
* Specimens marked thus are almost certainly A. cerophaga. Certain individuals, however, show rather indefinite characters, although on the whole they appear closer to A. cerophaga than to A. fenestralis.
i37
sessile. The third had the right areolet sessile and the left almost pentagonal.
The separation of A. cerophaga from A. fenestralis by means of the areolet can only be attempted when the latter is more or less normally developed.
2. The Fenestrae.
These are the small unpigmented regions occurring in the disco-cubital and recurrent nerves (PL XVIII, Figs, i and 2). It is possible that they indicate where the wing was folded in the pupa. In both species the fenestrae are variable in length and in the distance separating them from the nearest point of the areolet.
3. The Antennae.
Variation in the number of segments encountered is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. — A. cerophaga.
|
Number of |
Female |
specimens. |
Male |
specimens.* |
|
segments. |
Number. |
Percentage. |
Number. |
Percentage. |
|
24 |
5 |
4-32% |
1 |
0.80% |
|
25 |
69 |
59-47% |
8 |
6-45% |
|
26 |
42 |
36.21% |
59 |
47-58% |
|
27 |
— |
— |
49 |
39- 52% |
|
28 29 |
_ |
_ _ |
7 |
5-65% |
|
Table 2. — A. fenestralis . |
||||
|
Number of |
Female |
specimens. |
Male |
specimens. |
|
segments. |
Number. |
Percentage. |
Number. |
Percentage. |
|
24 25 |
9 |
33-34% |
— ■ |
— |
|
26 |
16 |
59-25% |
— |
— |
|
27 |
2 |
/•41 /o |
1 |
10.00% |
|
28 |
— |
— |
5 |
50.00% |
|
29 |
— |
— |
4 |
40.00% |
Note : — In Table 2 the number of specimens examined was in¬ creased from 26 to 37, by the addition of figures relating to the
* See footnote to p. 136.
number of antennal segments in i male and 10 females bred in 1934, from the same host and locality. These figures were re¬ cently received from Dr. O. W. Richards, and included in the table to increase its significance.
4. The Legs.
The most important variation in the leg colour occurs in the fore and mid-coxae, and is best seen in Table 3.
|
Table |
3* |
||
|
Species and sex. |
Fore coxae. |
Mid coxae. |
Hind coxae. |
|
A. cerophaga |
Always almost entirely |
Darkened proximally — 30 |
Always |
|
males. |
yellow. |
(22*55%). Entirely yel¬ low— 103 (77*45%)- |
entirely dark. |
|
A. cerophaga |
Darkened proximally — |
Darkened proximally — |
Always |
|
females. |
72 (57*59%)* Entirely yellow — ss (42.41%). (Rarely darkened for more than the proximal half. Actually only two were marked in this way.) |
104 (83.20%). Entirely dark — 21 (16.80%). (Rarely less than the proximal half dark.) |
entirely dark. |
|
A. fenestralis |
Entirely yellow — 7 |
Always darkened proxim¬ |
Always |
|
males. |
(77*78%). Darkened proximally — 2 (22.27%). (Never darkened for more than the proximal quar¬ ter.) |
ally. |
entirely dark. |
|
A. fenestralis |
Darkened proximally — 7 |
Always entirely dark. |
Always |
|
females. |
(41.18%). Entirely dark — 10 (58.82%). (Never darkened for less than the proximal three-quarters.) |
entirely dark. |
Note. — The figures for A. fenestralis in this table are not so reliable as those for A. cerophaga, as the number of specimens of the former species available was small.
The colouring of the other parts of the legs does not show significant variation. It is usually constant, except for slight variations in the depth and extent of the markings on the first trochanters (of all legs), femora, and tibiae.
5. The Abdomen.
The abdomen is black. On the second tergite there occur two relatively unpigmented areas, in dried specimens often ap¬ pearing as reddish marks. Sometimes this pale area is divided by a black streak. This is one of the ventral sclerites brought close to the dorsal surface of the abdomen in the course of drying.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. i. — Right wing of A. cerophaga Grav.
Fig. 2. — Right wing of A. jenestralis Grav.
Fig. 3. — Areolet from left wing of A . cerophaga Grav. Fig. 4. — Areolet from right wing of A. cerophaga Grav. Fig. 5. — Areolet from left wing of A . cerophaga Grav.
Notation. — (A) Pterostigma. (B) Petiole. (C) Areolet. (D) Fenestrae.
(E) Disco-cubital nerve (Schmiedeknecht). (F) Second recurrent nerve (Schmiedeknecht).
:39
ENGLISH NAMES REGULARLY USED FOR BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, WITH A BIO¬ GRAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF WILLIAM JONES OF CHELSEA.
By Prof. Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc., F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., Hon. Life Pres. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., Fellow of Jesus Col¬ lege, Oxford; Dr. B. M. Hobby, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.E.S., Junior Research Fellow of The Queen’s College, Oxford; Francis Hemming, C.B.E., B.A., Hon. Treas. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., Corpus Christi College, Oxford; and H. M. Edelsten, F.R.E.S.
PAGE
I. William Jones of Chelsea. By E. B. Poulton - - 139
II. William Jones as a student of British Lepidoptera. By
B. M. Hobby and E. B. Poulton - 149
III. Notes 1 — 16 on the scientific equivalents to the names
used for British Rhopalocera by A. H. Haworth in his ‘ Prodromus’ and ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica.’ By Francis Hemming - - - - - -155
IV. Notes i6a — 50011 the scientific equivalents to the names
used for British Heterocera by A. H. Haworth in his ‘ Prodromus’ and ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica.’ By FI. M. Edelsten - - - - - - -158
V. English names used for British Rhopalocera by A. H.
Haworth and William Jones, with their scientific equivalents. By Francis Hemming - 164
VI. English names used for British Heterocera by A. H.
Haworth and William Jones, with their scientific equivalents. By H. M. Edelsten - 168
I. WILLIAM JONES OF CHELSEA.
By E. B. Poulton.
A brief but excellent account of the life of this great and insufficiently appreciated naturalist (PI. XIX) was published, eleven years after his death in 1818, by Thomas Faulkner, in the second edition of his historical and topographical description
140
of Chelsea.1. Inasmuch as this work may not be readily access¬ ible to many readers, I venture to reprint the whole passage : —
‘William Jones, Esq., aged 83. 2
‘ This gentleman, who resided at No. 10, in Manor Street, had retired to Chelsea, after having realized a handsome fortune as a wine merchant in London. His learning and abilities were of the most superior order ; he was eminently skilled in the Hebrew and Greek languages, and possessed a happy talent of poetical composition. But it is in the character of a naturalist that he must be principally regarded, Mr. Jones having painted from nature about fifteen hundred species of butterflies, in the most masterly and elegant manner, and not only painted but arranged and characterised them in the Latin language in the Linnean manner ; and to these he added about five hundred more from the works of Cramer, Esper, and others. These drawings were so much admired by the celebrated Fabricius, that during his journies to England and his examinations of the Entomo¬ logical cabinets of London, he described from the above- mentioned drawings a great many ; and in the last journey alone, above two hundred new species, which he named, de¬ scribed, and published, and which drawings were the original authority for the same. These paintings still exist with his heir, in four [six] quarto volumes. He further collected, personally, about eight hundred species of British Lepidoptera ,, in the
1 T. Faulkner, 1829, ‘ An historical and topographical description of Chelsea, and its environs ; interspersed with biographical anecdotes of illustrious and eminent persons who have resided in Chelsea during the three preceding centuries,’ 2nd Edn., London, 2 : 84, 85.
The silhouette on PI. XIX is reproduced (enlarged to rather over i|) from the original" presented to the Hope Dept, by Dr. F. D. Drewitt. The follow¬ ing printed advertisement fixed to the back of the frame records the name of the artist.
‘ LIKENESSES Taken, in Miniature, profile and finished, on Glass, with Gold Ground. Also Coats of Arms, Crests, Cyphers, Writing, or any Sort of Device, wrought in the above Manner, by a Method entirely new. Persons having Likenesses, in Shade, of their deceased Friends, may have them re¬ duced, and emblematically represented in a curious Manner. Large Shades reduced within the Compass to be worn in a Ring, or Bracelet, finished in an elegant Manner on Ivory, or Paper and Profiles accurately copied, by T. RIDER, No. 8, Charles-Street, Covent-Garden. ’
2 Dr. F. D. Drewitt has kindly ascertained from St. Luke’s Vestry, London, S.W.3, that William Jones was buried in the Churchyard on 1 April, 1818, and that his age is recorded as 68 — a wide divergence from Faulkner’s statement. The Churchyard is now a playground with the tomb¬ stones arranged in rows. Most of the inscriptions have perished and no further information could be derived from this source.
The following addresses appear on letters from Jones’ friends and (the last two) in the 1792-1818 lists of the Linnean Society : — Grange Walk, Bermondsey, Southwark (1786-8) ; Great Cheyne Row (1789-94) ; Manor Street (1796-1818). I have not found any other mention of L. Sloane Street, recorded in St. Luke’s Register.
41
vicinity of London, which was one of the best collections of the day ; and in point of neatness, arrangement, and excellence of condition, yielded to none. No small praise is due to Mr. Jones for having, by his instruction, produced one of the most able and skilful entomologists of the present age, who has expressed his gratitude to his master in the glowing language of affection and esteem.3 He painted in oil very successfully, which the various pictures that adorned his house abundantly testified. In his manners, he was amiable, mild, fluent, and instructive, emin¬ ently just and pious, and in the latter part of his life favoured the doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg.’
A very interesting brief record of William Jones’ life and interests is given4 by his collateral descendant, Dr. F. Dawtrey D'rewitt, D.M., F.R.C.P., of Christ Church, Oxford, who pre¬ sented the precious six volumes of ‘Jones’ leones,’ his collec¬ tion, and many valuable manuscript notebooks to Oxford Uni¬ versity ; also some of the materials with which the beautiful and enduring work was done, as explained in a note on p. 89 of ‘ The Apothecaries’ Garden ’ : ‘ The water-colour drawings, known to entomologists as “Jones’ leones,” have not faded — some of the half-used cakes of colour have Chinese stamps on them, showing their origin.’ Referring to these paints, my kind friend the author wrote : ‘If J . W. M. Turner had used them instead of more modern ones possibly his grand water-colour drawings would not have faded.’
The generous donor has also presented to Oxford the originals of three letters written to William Jones by his friend Sir J. E. Smith, the founder of the Linnean Society. In the above-mentioned work Dr. Drewitt has published a large part of these letters and of Jones’ replies which appear in the cor¬ respondence of Sir J. E. Smith.5 Somewhat fuller quotations, printed below, reproduce nearly the whole of every passage
3 ‘ These public testimonials of my gratitude, however, are in a more especial manner due to my much esteemed and very able preceptor in the science of entomology, W. Jones, F.L.S., to whom my best thanks, and best wishes, are but a feeble and inadequate return for the extensive sum of instruction which has emanated from that respected friend towards his edified and grateful pupil. — Haworth, Lep. Brit, prefat., p. 30.’ Many other references to his ‘ tutor in Entomology,’ ‘ friend and Tutor,’ or * respected tutor,’ appear in the body of the work (pp. 57, 91, 198, 201, 264, 269, 300, 353). 'Specimens in Jones’ collection are quoted as ‘ In Musaeo D. [Domini] Jones’ (pp. 468, etc.), and ‘In Museo amicissimi mei D. Jones’ (p. 119).
4 1928, ‘ The Romance of the Apothecaries’ Garden at Chelsea,’ 3rd Edn., Cambridge : 89-91, 101-6.
5 1832, ‘ Memoir and correspondence of the late Sir James Edward Smith, M.D. Edited by Lady Smith,’ London, 1, 2. William Jones is described in this work as ‘ An excellent entomologist, well known in the scientific world, though, like other men of superior genius, modest and retiring from the observation he so well deserved.’ (Vol. I, p. 174, n.)
I42
referring- to the proposed Society in the letters which passed between the two friends, beginning with J. E. Smith’s letter, dated 8 Sept., 1786, from Paris : —
‘ I have had a letter from Mr. Marsham.6 . . . He is very anxious about the success of our new society, which however I think had better be kept quite in embryo at present ; I have every day more reason to think it likely to become very respect¬ able, and have it constantly in view : I rely on you to be one of its chief supports : in the mean time I wish you would minute down any thing that comes into your mind respecting it, that we may all lay our heads together, and not do anything* unwisely or hastily.’
William Jones replied on September 20 : — ‘ Mr. M[arsham], as you say, 1 find very anxious about the success of the new society.’ Then follows a long paragraph advising caution, and ending : ‘ I have been united in societies of various kinds, and have been heartily vexed and dissatisfied. Omit it a few years : at the end of the first weigh every objection, and demur a little, and I think that afterwards the spirit of procrastination will in¬ crease ; yet I would not have the thought wholly laid aside. We may enjoy every satisfaction from each other’s information and company, as we might have done in society, and this by a breakfast to our select friends, once a quarter, either by you, or alternately as agreed. By this will be discoverable the probable success of such a society ; and if it ever matures, let it come forth. Even the idea of associating should be foreign to our first purposes, and only meet as select friends. Under this view we raise no envious spirit against us from the present existing society ; and prevent in future that acrimony which, I am sorry to say, exists too much amongst ingenious7 people. In short, I am horribly afraid of a wasp’s nest. St. Paul’s advice to Timothy was a good one, even in common life : “ Lay hands suddenly on no man.” ’ (Lady Smith, loc. cit., 1: 175.)
Mr. S. Savage, Assistant Secretary of the Linnean Society, kindly informs me that ‘ “ the present existing society ” was un¬ doubtedly the Society for Promoting Natural History, which the Linnean Society really grew out of, since our three Founders, Sir J. E. Smith, Goodenough and Marsham, belonged to both. The Linnean was founded in 1788, but the earlier society
6 T. Marsham became Secretary of the Linnean Society and signed the receipt of William Jones’ subscription (p. 143) for the Treasurer. The use of the word ‘ respectable ’ is an interesting example of its earlier and more exalted meaning. For another instance see p. 143.
7 Dr. Drewitt suggests in ‘ The Apothecaries’ Garden ’ that * the old meaning may be rendered as interested in intellectual or scientific pursuits ’ (p. 103, n). For another example see William Jones’ letter on p. 143.
H3
lingered on until 1822, leaving its books, a small amount of in¬ vested capital, and the ivory gavel (still used by the President) to its successor.’
J. E. Smith, writing from Rome, 19 Feb., 1787, thanks William Jones for his ‘ observations on my project of a new society,’ and continues : — 4 I shall endeavour to profit by your greater experience and judgement in such matters, although I myself have had some experience in societies, and some trouble, yet I think on the whole more pleasure and advantage. I cannot help flattering myself that such an association as we have thought of would be useful and respectable in the world and consequently agreeable to the members of it ; and conversations which I have had in the course of my journey, with no small share of the scientific people of Europe, have confirmed me in my opinion that a society for the cultivation of Nad histy strictly, is much wanted, and would be ably supported ; where then can it be fixed with such advantages as in London, amid the first collections and libraries, and indeed amid the best natural¬ ists that I have known or heard of? I have already engaged many very desirable persons to join us whenever we think pro¬ per to bring the scheme forward ; in the mean time allow me to advise with you at least, and if you approve of the thing when it has acquired something like a shape, I hope you will not refuse your assistance in augendo amabilem scientiam /
This was followed by a letter of 9 Apr., 1787, addressed by Jones to Milan, and after a few opening lines, continuing : — ‘ I feel in myself too much ignorance when with the ingenious and scientific, to conceive myself entitled to it [the scheme]. This, and an indolence of mind that frequently accompanies me, seem to throw obstructions where otherwise my ambition might tempt me. To cultivate your esteem, I shall be always proud of com¬ municating the little I know, and I am afraid so little, though all, that I shall hardly merit it ; . . .’ (Lady Smith, loc. cit., 1: 224.)
J. E. Smith replied 7 July, 1787, from Genoa : — ‘ Am glad I have satisfied you for the present about the Linnn Society ; so we need say no more about that matter till we meet, when you shall give your assistance to that project of mine in any manner or degree you please ; at least I rely on your counsel.’
The Linnean Society was founded in 1788, and William Jones’ receipt for ten guineas 4 in lieu of all annual subscrip¬ tions,’ dated 26 Nov., 1791, is included in the manuscript pre¬ sented to Oxford University by Dr. F. D. Drewitt.
The following extract from a letter in the possession of the Linnean Society, and endorsed by J. E. Smith ‘ Mr. Jones, June 29, 1793,’ leads to the conclusion that the friend who wrote
*44
thus to the founder was not altogether pleased with the new Society : —
‘ I am happy to find our friend Marsham more profitably em¬ ployed than attending the Linnaean Society — When they altered the hours they never could expect my Company and I am so well reconciled to it as to make up my Mind that all hours shall be the same to me — but why do you call them horrid hours — you say in excuse you did not vote for them but they had your Sanction and Approbation — but altering the hours I think is not the only oversight I have seen in the Society but I have done on that subject lest I may incur the Censure of Prejudice.’
The change of the hour of meeting from 6.0 p.m. to 7.0 p.m. was made on 17 April, 1792. 8
The only published scientific paper written by William Jones appeared in the Linnean Society’s Transactions for 1794 (see p. 145). Here, following Linnaeus, he writes of 1 Papilios ’ as equivalent to ‘ Butterflies,’ and in this paper summarises the results of his long and careful work upon all known species — the material illustrated in the ‘ leones ’ — in a new classification based on wing venation. The following reference to the paper
8 ‘ From the foundation, there were two kinds of meetings, the General Meetings open to all members and to visitors, held on the first Tuesday of every month, and the Fellows’ Meetings, open to Fellows only (= present Council Meetings), held on the third Tuesday of every month. Both sets of meetings were held in the evening at six, which hour was changed oh 17 April, 1792, to seven. At first these Meetings went on all the year, but on 17 February, 1789, it was resolved to adjourn on the third Tuesday in July to the first Tuesday in October in every year.
‘ I might add that the Society continued to meet on Tuesdays till 1857, when it moved into Old Burlington House (now the Offices of the Royal Academy), and changed its Meeting Day to Thursday because the Royal Society and the Chemical Society met on that day. In those years tea was provided simultaneously for the three Societies occupying old Burlington House.’
Mr. Savage has very kindly given me, in addition to the information contained in the two paragraphs printed above, the following records of attendances at Meetings of the Society : —
Fellows’ Meetings : — William Jones was present on 20 December, 1791, and 20 March, 1792. [He was elected F.L.S. on 15 November, 1791.]
General Meetings : — On 5 July, 1791, is recorded ‘ Mr. Jones, Visitor.’
On 4 October, 1791. ‘ The President read a paper from Mr. Wm. Jones on the production of Fairy Rings.’
6 December, 1791. ‘ Mr. Jones attending signed the Rules having pre¬ viously paid his admission and full composition.’
6 March and 3 July, 1792. Wm. Jones present.
24 May, 1802. (First Anniversary Meeting under the Charter.) Wm. Jones present, and signed his name in the Roll and Charter Book with many other Fellows who attended that Meeting.
From 1806 onwards, the full attendances are not recorded : ' and others ' is merely added to a few of the names of Fellows attending.
H5
is quoted from a letter in the Linnean Society. The second para¬ graph is included as throwing light on the beliefs and customs of the day. It is addressed to the President, as ‘ Doctr. Smith, Great Marlbro’ Street.’
' Chelsea ,. 15th ]amy ijgj.
‘ If you mean by my Paper on the Papiliones that which treats of a clearer division of that Genus — I answer tis with you — I never saw it since the Evening you approved of its being Printed — -when you have found it do me the favour to read it over least [ ? lest] partial to my own Brat I have (wrote non¬ sense and) not discovered its deformity.
‘ I am sincerely sorry for your Indisposition but if you will take Dr. Jones’s9 advice you may prevent another by avoiding the Evening Air. — I find no remedy like keeping within as snug as a Snail in its shell during the cold raw damp weather.’
Williams Jones’ classification of butterflies was quickly recognised as a most significant advance. Thus J. E. Smith wrote in 1797 of Jones’ knowledge of the group as ‘ perhaps unequalled ’ (see p. 149), and A. H. Haworth, in the Preface to ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica ’ (1803), although considering Yates’ system as an improvement, continues : — ‘ This alteration, how¬ ever, I have not adopted, because the whole Genus Papilio has undergone a complete revision and arrangement, derived from the anatomy of the wings, since the death of Yates, by my very able and much respected friend W. Jones ; in the 1st [2nd] vol. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society r (p. xvii).
My friend Dr. Karl Jordan, F.R.S., has very kindly written the following appreciation of William Jones’ paper : —
‘VIII. A new Arrangement of Papilios, in a Letter to the; President.10 By Mr. William Jones, f.l,.s.
Read July 5, 1791.
‘A comparison of “more than 1,000 species in the various •cabinets in London and 400 more figured in various publica¬ tions ” convinced W. Jones that the definitions characterising the divisions of the genus Papilio in Linnaeus, “ Syst. Nat.,” were too loose and that in consequence a number of species had been placed in the wrong divisions. The discovery of “ anatomical characters ” which “with certainty distinguish each family from others ” enabled Jones to supplement the Linnaean classification of the Butterflies by more precise definitions. The “ anatomi¬ cal,” or as we should say, morphological distinctions were dis¬ covered by Jones in the wing-neuration — -a remarkable step
9 Doubtless a humourous reference to the writer himself.
10 1794, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond 2 : 63-9, tab. VIII.
xq.6
forward. Neither Linnaeus nor contemporary authors had taken notice of these differences, so obvious in the better kind of figures published before and at his time. When drawing butter¬ flies, Jones was not working merely mechanically, but was evi¬ dently also thinking. He found that all the Equites (our “ Swallowtails ”) had four veins branching off from the posterior side of the cell of the forewing instead of the three “ visible in any other family,” and that there was, in the centre of the hind¬ wing of the Equites, Heliconii11 and Danai, a “ connecting nerve ’ ’ which was absent in the Nymphales and Plebeii (in which he was not quite correct). Accordingly he placed Parnassius apollo, P. mnemosyne, Zerynthia ruminal, Papilio dissimilis, and others among the Equites, removing them from the Heliconii and Nymphales where Linnaeus had erroneously put them, and ob¬ served that Caligo teucer, Morpho menelaus, M. nestor, etc., belonged to the Danai and Nymphales and not to the Equites. The “ Cramerian Argonauts,” 12 selected by Cramer from the Linnaean Equites Achivi, were recognised by Jones as being true Nymphales ; but there were other species among the Papilios, such as the Uraniid moths leilus and orontes, placed with the Equites by Linnaeus, and the Castniid moths licus, syphax, cochrus, etc. , classified by Fabricius as Danai, which Jones could not fit into any of the five main divisions of Papilio. For these he accordingly proposed a new division of Papilio called Romani. Jones perceived that these species stood out from among the butterflies, but it did not occur to him that they were in reality moths. At the end of the letter there is a succinct table of the families of Papilio illustrated by a plate. The figures on this plate show distinctly that in some families the males have two pairs of walking legs, in others three pairs ; but Jones did not make use of this difference, on which Rosel, for instance, laid great stress.’
In the following letter William Jones makes humorous refer-
11 ‘ The Heliconii of Linnaeus included Heliconiinae, Parnassius, Tenaris , Stalachtis (Riodinidae), some Acraeinae and Ithomiinae.
6 His Danai — the Pieridae, Danainae, some Satyrinae and Brassolinae.
‘ His Nymphales — the Nymphalinae, Satyrinae and a few species of other families and subfamilies, such as Papilio dissimilis, panope and clytia, and Nemeobius lucina.
‘ His Plebeii included two sections : Rurales (Lycaenidae) and Urbicolae (Hesperiidae).
‘ His Equites Achivi included Swallowtails other than the Equites Tro¬ jan! ( Pharmacophagus or Aristolochia Swallowtails), but also Morphos, Caligos, with large Castniid and Uraniid moths.’
12 ‘ By the “ Cramerian Argonauts ” Jones referred to the tailed Nym- phalids — Char axes, Cyrestis, Anaea, Megalura , etc., separated by C. Stoll in 1782 as Argonautes in his essay on the classification of Lepidoptera. C. Stoll, 1782, ‘ Essai d’un Ordre Systematique des Insects a Ailes Farineuses. Lepidopterae ’ (in P. Cramer, ‘ Papillons Exotiques,’ Amsterdam,, 4 : 1-29, issued with part 34).
147
ence to the gift of the two folio volumes of J. Abbot and J. E. Smith’s ‘ The Natural History of the rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia,’ London, 1797, presented by the editor J. E. Smith.
9 Sept., 1*797 Referring to the ‘magnificent present’ which he had with some difficulty obtained from the bookseller, he wrote : — ‘ I took it under my arm, but soon found it sufficiently weighty. Did you ever see a caricature of a three-pounder going up Hampstead Hill to dinner? — a man oppressed with his own weight, yet surmounting all difficulties that he might enjoy the pleasures of the table. So I laboured abundantly with my load, in expectation of high gratification from the contents when I should get home, — and truly I was not disappointed ; but I dis¬ claim all merit, unless you maintain that such is due to every one that stands sponsor to a child, if such child should turn out a worthy member of society. No, Sir, the merit is yours ; the demerit attaches to the engraver and colourer, for there are some faults ; but upon the whole it has the three great requisites to a modern publication, — good letter, good paper, and showy plates. ’ After expressing his ‘ grateful acknowledgements ’ for the ‘ genteel manner ’ in which he had been noticed in the volume, he makes this criticism : — ‘ You are certainly wrong in naming the fly Argiolus, Tab. 15. I have both male and female among my drawings without a name. Argiolus is certainly dif¬ ferent.’ (Lady Smith, loc. cit., 1: 446-7.)
The Lycaenid, beautifully represented, together with its food- plant, on Plate 15 of Vol. I, is determined as ‘ Papilio argiolus. Little blue Argus butterfly,’ on the opposite page 29, f Linn. S'yst Nat. 790 ’ being given as the reference. The following statement is made in the concluding paragraph : — ‘ That this is certainly no other than the Argiolus of Linnaeus, an English in¬ sect, appears from his own cabinet. We do not answer for its name in other writers, and therefore have not hazarded any synonyms. Nothing is more pernicious than the too usual way of copying synonyms upon trust without examination, by which we so frequently find not only errors of judgment propagated from one author to another, but also errors of the press ; by these last such indolent plagiaries are sure to be detected.’
Being unable to visit either London or Oxford at the time, I have relied upon the kind friends mentioned below. Mr. N. D. Riley writes from the British Museum (Nat. Hist.): — ‘The butterfly figured on Plate 15 of “Abbot & Smith,’’ Vol. I, is now known as Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus Bdv. & Lee. The figures in our copy of the book are badly discoloured, so I can¬ not say to which of the many named varieties the specimens figured belong. Some people, as you know, regard pseudargiolus as nonspecific with the palaearctic Lycaenopsis argiolus. Un¬ doubtedly it is very close, but in my opinion distinct.’
148
Dr. B. M. Hobby and Commander Walker kindly examined the ‘ leones ’ and found ‘ on Plate XLII, Vol. V, four figures shewing upper- and underside of both male and female of a Lycaenid of the argiolus group. The figure of the male upper- side appears to be unfinished, but it agrees with fig. i of Plate Lycaena II [Plate 50 in MS.] in W. H. Edwards, 1884, “ The Butterflies of North America,” Boston, i.e. pseudargiolus , <3*. The figure of the female upperside corresponds very well with more than one (cf. figs. 2, 4, 6, 17) of the figures of pseudargi¬ olus females in the same work, but the two undersides figured are more like those of our own argiolus with the bluish tint somewhat exaggerated. Jones’ figures are without any particu¬ lars, except “Drury” indicating that they were copied from Drury’s figures or specimens.’ Commander Walker and Dr. Hobby were satisfied that these unnamed figures in the ‘ leones ’ are the ones about which Jones wrote to J. E. Smith. They also examined the Radcliffe Library copy of ‘ Abbot and Smith ’ and agreed ‘ that the figures of argiolus are pseudargiolus Boisd. et Leconte nec argiolus Linn., as pointed out by W. F. Kirby, 1871, “A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,” Lon¬ don : 371.’
Dr. Hobby has also found that argiolus itself is figured on Plate LX, of Vol. V of the ‘ leones.’ Above the figures are the words: ‘Linnaeus No. 234 Argiolus Jones.’ The figures in¬ clude the male upperside, female underside, and female upper- side. Beneath are these words adopted from Linnaeus : ‘ Alis ecaudatis: Supra cseruleis margine nigris: subtus cserulescentibus punctis nigris dispersis. — habitat in Europa. Similis philiasi — , sed minor : subtus puncta pauciora dissita absque ocellis nigris.’
Dr. Hobby writes that ‘ The uppersides of Jones’ figures of argiolus are darker than his figures of pseudargiolus ; the female upperside is without the dark costal band, the dark spot about half way along the anterior margin, and the whitish patch on the forewing. The upperside of the female hindwing has smaller marginal spots. The spots on the underside of the hindwing are smaller and blacker, and the marginal row of spots is replaced by a fine blue line. The painting of the male upperside is finished, and has the venation indicated by black lines. The outer margin of the forewing has a fine black line, narrower than in pseudargiolus /
We are led to the conclusion that Jones was right in correct¬ ing J. E. Smith’s determination, but that the difference between these two well-known forms, the European argiolus and the North American pseudargiolus, is perhaps not quite so wide as he supposed. It is indeed possible that the opinion of some naturalists that the two are geographical races of a single species may be generally accepted.
1 49
The ‘ grateful acknowledgements ’ expressed in Jones’ letter of 9 Sept., 1797 (p. 147), referred to the following words on p. iii of the Editor’s Preface : — ‘In the genus of Papilio the editor has derived great assistance from his accurate and liberal friend, Mr. Jones, of Chelsea, whose knowledge of that tribe is perhaps unequalled, and whose drawings are themselves the original au¬ thority for many of Professor Fabricius’s recently published Papiliones, which were actually described from thence alone.’
In the following letter William Jones refers to Fabricius’s work upon the ‘ leones.’
Aug., ij8j, to /. E. Smith in Paris : — ‘ Fabricius is in Lon¬ don, and much wishes to see you, but will certainly leave us before your return ; he is going through my drawings, to cor¬ rect, amend, and add to a Mantissa13 that he has now in hand ; yet I have more than he will be able to accomplish in the time he has limited to stay. I am sorry you are from home for your own sake; he is a man that must please; — open, free, easy, candid, unaffected; in short, I like him, and think you must.’ (Lady Smith, loc. cit., 1: 264.)
William Jones’ kindly words about this illustrious naturalist form an appropriate conclusion to these few records, which it is hoped will help to show the greatness of the writer himself.
II. WILLIAM JONES AS A STUDENT OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.
By B. M. Hobby and E. B. Poulton.
In an account of ‘ The Society of Entomologists of London,’ 1780-1782, 14 attention was directed to ‘ the general, indeed well- nigh exclusive use of English names for British Lepidoptera up to the closing decades of the eighteenth century,’ as clearly proved by William Jones’ two notebooks containing respectively the manuscript Proceedings and Diary of this ancient Society ; and by his other extremely interesting manuscript notebooks on British Lepidoptera, together with his copy of Haworth’s ‘ Pro- dromus ’ containing the English names written by William Jones and printed in this memoir. The ‘ Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum,’ by a Fellow of the Linnean Society, 1802, is as stated in the above-quoted paper (p. 98), ‘known to have been written by A. H. Haworth, who . . . Dr. Drewitt wrote, “ lived in Chelsea and was a great friend and admirer of William Jones, as may be inferred from the preface of his ‘ Lepidoptera
13 * Mantissa ’ is defined in the ‘ Oxford English Dictionary ’ as ‘ An addition of comparatively small importance esp. to a literary effort or discourse ’ (p. 261).
14 E. B. Poulton, 1933, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 8 : 97-104.
i5o
Britannica ’ (1803), the work in which he admits the authorship and also that he was the founder of the Aurelian Society.” ’
The ‘ Prodromus ’ and all the notebooks referred to above were presented to Oxford University by Dr. F. Dawtry Drewitt, D.M., F.R.C.P. , of Christ Church, Oxford, the generous donor of the priceless ‘ Jones’ leones ’ briefly described in the ‘ Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology, 1925.’ 15
William Jones’ copy of the ‘ Prodromus ’ is provided with interleaves ruled by him for the addition of manuscript num¬ bers, names and notes, thus brought into correspondence with the opposite printed pages. The interleaves opposite Tortrix, Tinea, and Alucita (pp. 31-39) are unruled for the addition of names and without MS., but a few numbers in pencil and two corrections of spelling in ink appear among the printed pages. The system adopted up to the beginning of Tortrix was in¬ completely carried out in the Addenda, where pencilled names and notes were written on printed pages 3 and 5, two names being rewritten in ink on one interleaf (opposite p. 3), which it¬ self also bears faint pencil manuscript. The printed names of the ‘ Prodromus ’ were also* occasionally underlined, corrected or supplemented in manuscript, as explained in notes 21, 24, 34, and on pp. 162-163. An index in Jones’ beautiful handwriting and printed script occupies all but one side of the three blank pages following the Addenda. It concludes with a list, giving the number under each group, of ‘ The Amount of Lepidoptera in this Catalogue.’
The study of the manuscript notebooks yields a great deal of information about the localities and methods of the early British entomologists and also raises some fascinating ques¬ tions. Thus, in one notebook — that which contains the extracts from Drury’s journal — William Jones had recorded as the method of taking the Emperor Moth — ‘ Symboling. ’ The prob¬ able meaning was tested by turning to his suggestion for the ‘Great Egger,’ where ‘ Symboling’ was also given, and it be¬ came clear that he had written the word as a rendering of the, to him, unfamiliar ‘ sembling.’ The ‘ Oxford English Diction¬ ary ’ under ‘ semble ’ quotes ‘ 1870 Hardwicke’s Sci. Gossip 153, a group [of moths] the females of many of which are noted for the peculiar property they possess of collecting, or, as the old entomologists named it, “sembling,” the males from long dis¬ tances.’ A much earlier instance is given by Haworth on p. 82 of his ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica’ (1803), where, under ‘ The large
15 1929, Hope Reports, 1915-29, 15 (No. 25) : 17, 18. One of the manu¬ script notebooks, containing extracts from Drury’s Journals is referred to in 1933, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond, 8 : 97, and, with others, in ‘ The Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology, 1932-33,’ pp. 18, 19, to appear in a future volume of Hope Reports.
Eg-g-ar,’ he describes the behaviour of the males at considerable length, and adds, ‘ The Aurelians call such a wedding- as the above, a sembling ( assembling ) match ! and never succeed with any but a virg-in female ! ’ (p. 82).
The extracts from Drury’s journals for 1764-66 contain many fascinating- records of captures and favourite localities. ‘Enfield Chace,’ or ‘the Chase,’ are often mentioned, and the relation between this and other spots visited in a collecting ex¬ pedition appears in the entry for 20 May, 1765 : — ‘ On the Chace and thro Usage wood, Southgate, Bedstile Wood Tottenham Wood to Hornsey — being on my return from Enfield to Lon¬ don.’16
The importance of Hornsey, which enters into the English names of various moths, is also evident in the entry for Aug. 5 of the same year: — ‘Went to the Horns at Hornsey serching for Water Insects and found a very great Plenty more than usual in the Spring a variety superior to anything I expected and what has opend a scene of wonder I before had no idea of.’
We cannot resist the temptation to quote a few more entries in Drury’s journal for 1764 : —
March 29. — ‘Took many Orange Underwings in Hanging Wood a Confirmation that they are found at more places than
16 Mr. O. J. Janson, F.R.E.S., has very kindly written the following account of the present condition of the localities here mentioned by Drury : —
‘ Enfield Chace is now mostly built over and Enfield West Tube Station is about the old centre ; it extends south and west to Southgate, Chase Side, and Chase Road. There is or was a few weeks back, a large pond or lake in Arnos Grove, Southgate, near the Southgate end of Bounds Green Rd. ; this is marked on an old map of 1827 as Betys Style (?Bedstile) ; the Wood S.W. is Holleck Wood and the N.E. half is Cullands Wood, now Arnos Grove. The latter is rapidly being built over and the lake is not likely to exist long now. It should be a good or likely spot, but is on private property. Part of Cullands Wood is now Broomfield Park and includes the lakes, which might produce something for the collector.
‘ Usage Wood is Ussage (1827), since Osage and Ossidge. It belonged to Sir T. Lipton until his death, but has now been sold for building. A foot¬ path leads across it to the Church.
‘ The Horns must I think be the New River Reservoirs now, near the Station, where a large piece of water with some old Carp in it was drained a year or so ago. Fishing permits are granted free for the New River which runs through this area and there may still be some of the old water left, or in the adjacent Conservative Club grounds. It was recently reported in the Press that flood water had killed a great many fish in Grovelands Park lake, a very deep piece of water covering part of the Chase about half a mile north of Broomfield Park. Winchmore Hill Woods were cut up for building some fifteen years ago, but up to this time good insects and plants could be found and the wood ant nested there ; now the Grovelands Park is all that is left.
‘ Hornsey Wood has been Finsbury Park for over 50 years ; Tottenham Woods would be the Lea Valley and parts of Epping Forest fringing thereon and these are practically the only collecting grounds left round here that are worthy of a visit.’
152
Hornsey NB the best way to take this fly is on a Day windy but not boisterous chuse a part of the wood cleard of the under¬ growth — let one beat with one stroke of a club the body of a young arbeal or alder left singly by the woodmen whilst another stands with a net under the wind to take them the moment they %•’
June 9. — ‘ Warnham in Sussex Swallowtails very plentiful in that Country the first brood being nearly past on the 12th caught one on Leigh hill but very ragged on the 13 in St Leonards forrest took a Beetle a Scarabeus he’d never seen before.’
July 1. — ‘ On the Chace Yellow Shoulder Stripe some wasted some Good Black veind white Butterfly plentiful and fine.’
July 9. — ‘At Coombe found the purple Emperor plentiful some fine and some wasted the best time to take this fly is about 1 2 oClock they fly freely about the Oak never lower 20 or 30 feet from the Ground — they are bold and will suffer you easily to put a net over them being seldom frightened.’
July 22. — ‘ On the Chace ... A very remarkable large Mag- pye (in the Eveng) without any blk spots on it scarcely an Extraordinary odd Fly.’
There appears to be little doubt that the last note records the capture of the var. lacticolor or a form closely resembling it.
An interesting problem arose in connection with a manu¬ script notebook purchased by the Hon. Charles N. Rothschild in Germany, given to Dr. F. D. Drewitt in 1913, and presented by him to Oxford University in 1931. 17 It contains a list of British Lepidoptera, giving in columns a great deal of informa¬ tion about the life-histories and localities. It is so> precisely similar in many of the details to one of William Jones’ note¬ books that one had obviously been copied from the other. At first sight it appeared impossible to gain any information about the date at which either had been written. With a wealth of data concerning the months of appearance, etc. , it seemed that no year was ever mentioned. Finally, however, ‘No. 107. Hebrew Character ’ was given the date ‘ 28 Feb. 1779’ in Jones’ notebook and in the other ‘took one the 28th Feb. 1779 at Charlton.’ This suggested that the latter was the original, but further evidence pointed even more strongly in the other direc¬ tion. Jones gives the name of ‘36. Wood white’ as ‘ Sinapis,’ but the ‘ n ’ is so formed that it might easily be mistaken for an ‘ r,’ and the word appears in the other book as ‘ Sirapis.’ It seems probable that the copy was made by or for a friend who had given the date in 1779 to Jones and added the locality to his own book. There are other interesting differences which would
17 1933, Hope Reports, 1929-1933, 19 (No. 16): 20, 21.
i53
occupy too much space to describe, but we think it is reasonable to suppose that while Jones’ notebook was copied by or for another entomologist, the two friends kept in touch and made subsequent additions or alterations, sometimes indicated by a less formal style of handwriting. That Jones helped his friends in this way is proved by a list of moths, with English and Linnaean names, food, how best procured, etc., now in the Linnean Society. The manuscript belonged to Sir J. E. Smith and was inscribed by him : ‘ Copied from a Ms. of Mr. Wm. Jones — ’Chelsea.’ It will be interesting to compare this list, which is not in the handwriting of either naturalist, with Jones’ notebooks at Oxford. We have only just known of this copy, and owe the information to the kindness of Mr. S. Savage, Assistant Secretary of the Linnean Society.
We have indicated a few examples out of the wealth of in¬ teresting data recorded in these notebooks and have mentioned two of the problems which presented themselves in the course of our study. Without occupying any more space, we feel sure that it will be realised that William Jones was a most careful and accurate, as well as an enthusiastic, student of the British Lepidoptera and that we may feel confidence in the old English names employed by him. These names appear again and again in the notebooks, as well as in the beautiful print-like script added to his copy of Haworth’s ‘ Prodromus,’ which itself pub¬ lished only the scientific names as known to the author. How¬ ever, in the year 1803 Haworth began the publication in Lon¬ don of the ‘Lepidoptera Britannica,’ continuing to issue parts for twenty-five years, although there is some uncertainty about the date of the last to appear.18 Haworth in the Preface to this work makes ample acknowledgment of the help he owed to his friend (see p. 141, n. 3).
The English names, omitted by Haworth from the ‘ Prodro¬ mus,’ are printed in his ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica,’ the principles on which they were chosen being explained in the Preface, pp. xxv, xxvi. The first part of the passage is quoted by Mr. Hem¬ ming on pp. 155-156, while the remainder is reproduced below: —
18 F. J. Griffin (1932, ‘ A note on Haworth’s “ Lepidoptera Britannica ” etc., 1803-1828,’ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 9 : 531-2) gives the dates of publication as follows: — Part I, pp. xxvi+ 1-136, 1803; Part II, pp. 137- 376, 1809; Part III, pp. 377 — 512, 1811 ; Part IV, pp. 512-609, 1828. The re-issue of page 512 ‘ has a variation of spelling in the name Erminea evonyme [1st issue], it being later spelled evonymi [2nd issue]. Apparently the earlier page is more often preserved, since on its reverse is a page of text, whilst the reverse of the 2nd issue is no more than a half-title to “ Pars IV.” ... It would, moreover, appear that these pages — 512 to 536 — must date earlier than 1828, but until conclusive evidence is forthcoming I prefer to assume that the “ legal ” date is as stated on the wrapper to Part IV.’
I54
r Miller was formerly, and is still, in some parts of England, a common term for any large Moth. In Westmoreland the larger Moths are often called Bustards and Owls. In Sussex Owls. In Yorkshire, and the neighbourhood of London, Moths only ; or Hawk-Moths , or Clear-winged Moths, if they belong to the g*enus Sphinx. Small Moths in Lincolnshire and York¬ shire, when they fly into burning- candles, which they very fre¬ quently do, are called Soles. The term Moth 19 is the only one in general acceptation throughout England, for our noctural Lepidoptera, as that of Butterfly, or Fly, is for our diurnal species ; all the other appellations being strictly provincial, and frequently unknown in the next county to that in which they are used.’
The ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica ’ contains the names of many of the smaller moths passed over by William Jones in his copy of the ‘Prodromus.’ These are omitted from our list, which is restricted to Jones’ manuscript and to those names in the ‘ Lep. Brit.’ which shew the agreement and difference between the two naturalists.
Twenty interesting examples of English names written in the ‘ Prodromus ’ by William Jones are printed, together with the equivalents20 to the corresponding scientific names deter¬ mined by Mr. W. H. T. Tams, on p. 103 of 1933, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., Lond., 8, where on the following page the hope was expressed that the complete list might be published in the near future. And now that this hope is fulfilled we have ventured in this introduction (pp. 149-150) to quote freely from the brief paper in which the subject was brought forward. Although, when the words were written, there seemed to be very little chance of publication within a reasonable time, it soon appeared that a peculiarly appropriate medium might become available in the pages of the Transactions of the ‘ Entomological Society of the South of England ’ under its new name, ‘ Society for British Entomology.’
19 ‘ Moths are divided into several generical heads by our English Aurelians. My Zygcence they call Burnet s or Foresters ; my Hepiali they term Swifts ; my Noctuce are called Full-bodies ; and my Bombyces, Feathered Full-bodies ; because the male antennae are pectinated ; my Phalcence are denominated Slender-bodies ; my Geornetrce , Feathered Slender - bodies ; and the Larvae of both the last are distinguished from all other Larvae , by the expressive appellation of Loopers ; my Pyralides they separate into families, the names of which will be given when I come to the Genus Pyralis : all the remaining Moths (except my Alucitae, which are very properly called Plumes) pass under the comprehensive denomination of Small-Moths, or Tinece. These definitions appear to be sufficiently apt ; but that of Looper is perfectly typical of the geometrical motion, which is so conspicuous in all the Larvce of my Geornetrce and PhalcencE.'
20 Two of these determinations have been corrected by Mr. H. M. Edelsten and Mr. Tams in the present paper (Notes 37, 44, on pp. 161, 162).
i55
When the preparation of this paper was begun we soon realised that, the ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica ’ being rare and in many cases inaccessible, it was obviously desirable to include all such data as would shew, clearly and fully, the relation between the two lists of English names — those in the manuscript of William Jones and those published by A. H. Haworth. This meant a considerable addition to the skilled investigation neces¬ sary for determining the equivalents to the scientific names given by Haworth as corresponding to Jones’ and his own Eng¬ lish names. We feel confident that these difficulties have been overcome and that the labours of our friends, including Mr. W. H. T. Tams and Mr. F. J. Killington, who have often helped in the work, have produced a paper of great historic in¬ terest and lasting value. B M H EBP
III. NOTES i— 16 ON THE SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS TO THE NAMES USED FOR BRITISH RHOPALO- CERA BY A. H. HAWORTH IN HIS ‘ PRODROMUS ’ AND ‘LEPIDOPTERA BRITANNICA.’
By Francis Hemming.
At the request of Professor E. B. Poulton, I have supplied the modern equivalents to the scientific names used for the Rhopalocera by Haworth in his ‘ Prodromus ’ and ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica.’
The generic names employed call for no comment here, for the grounds on which they have been adopted are fully explained in Part 2 of ‘The Generic Names of British Insects,’ published 23 Feb., 1934, by the Royal Entomological Society of London.
It is interesting to note that there is a considerable diverg¬ ence between the English names recorded in William Jones’ MS. and those employed for the same species by Haworth him¬ self in 1803 in his ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica,’ the latter being far more like those now in use. Haworth’s own attitude to the Eng¬ lish names of the period was defined on p. xxv of the preface to that work as follows : —
‘ The English names of the British Lepidoptera, as far as they are unobjectionable, and have been used by Ray, Petiver, Harris, Wilks, Berkenhout, Donovan, and others ; I have care¬ fully preserved in parentheses immediately following the Latin names ; and to all the other species I have added the names which have been assigned them by the Aurelian Society. These names may be thought frivolous and uninteresting by many ; but there are others who will probably be of a different opinion. The sanction of the great and pious Ray is alone sufficient to
156
rescue anything- which he adopted, from the charges of trivi¬ ality. Some of the English appellations, it is true, are highly fanciful, not to say absurd, and lead to no information : such for instance as The Miller of Mansfield, etc. All of this cast, except in the Genus Papilio [i.e. — in the whole of the Rhopalo- cera as understood to-day], I have rejected.’
As regards the specific and subspecific names and some of the English names employed, I think it desirable to add a few brief notes. These are indicated by the addition of numbers, corresponding with those in the following list, to certain names in the first, second and fourth columns of the tabular statement on pp. 164-167.
1. This and similar additions printed in italics are in the ordinary handwriting of W. Jones — not the print-like script of his English names and numbers.
la. Unusual spelling or lettering of the ‘ Lep. Brit.,’ ‘ Pro¬ dromus,’ and of William Jones’ manuscript additions to the latter has been carefully retained. A few examples are indicated in the tables.
2. The English equivalents were not added by William Jones to the following names given by Haworth in the ‘ Prodromus ’ : P. podalirius , edusa alba, hero, typhon, charlotta,, hyacinthus and paniscus.
3. Two of the species given by Haworth in the ‘ Prodromus,’ viz. P. podalirius and P. virgaureae, are not British species.
4. For the correct name of the species often wrongly known as Coenonympha tiphon (Rott., 1775) see my note on page 21 in ‘ The Generic Names of British Insects ’ (Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. , 23 Feb., 1934). The identity of the insects called hero and typhon by Haworth can be established by reference to that author’s ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica.’ His hero, for which he gave ‘ Habitat in comitatu Lancastriense prope Manchester uliginosis,’ is the dark race from Lancashire and Westmorland, usually known as philoxenus Esp. [1780]. His typhon, for which he gave the locality ‘ Comitatus Eboracensis,’ is the so-called Middle English form of this species. It was named polydama by Haworth (1803, * Lep. Brit.’: 16), and it is probably desirable that it should be known by that name, at least until the characters of the type race, tullia Muller, from Denmark, and of tiphon Rott., the race from Germany, have been definitely established.
5. At the time of the publication of the ‘Prodromus,’ char¬ lotta Haworth was a no men nudum, but in 1803 it was validated in his ‘ Lep. Brit.’ (p. 32). The original specimen of this aberra¬ tion was taken at Bedford.
J5 7
6. The name Papilio diclynna given in the ‘ Prodromus ’ is a mis-print for Papilio dictynna Esp., 1777, a name of an allied but distinct species that was erroneously applied to Melitaea athalia (Rott., 1775) by Haworth in this work and by one or two' earlier British authors.
7. Haworth’s mcegera and the commonly used megaera are both mis-spellings of the name megera Linn.
8. It should be noted that the first publication of the name dispar Haw. is in the ‘ Prodromus ’ published in 1802, and not, as is usually stated, in Haworth’s ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica ’ published in 1803. In the ‘ Prodromus,’ Haworth stated (in a footnote on page 3) that he proposed this name for the insect called hippothoe by Lewin and Donovan, which was not the species so named by Linnaeus. He added that it had recently been discovered in England by himself and his friends W. and F. Skrimshire ; and that it had been previously taken in Wales by the celebrated botanist Hudson. In the ‘ Lep. Brit.’ (p. 40) he amplified this statement by saying that it was in the fens of Cambridgeshire that he had discovered dispar. He added that Donovan was mistaken in affirming that this species had ever been taken in Scotland.
9. The reasons for suppressing the name thetis Rott. are given in my note on page 29 of ‘ The Generic Names of British Insects.’
10. The name Papilio hyacinthus was given by J. W. Lewin {1795, ‘The Papilios of Great Britain,’ London, pi. 37) to an in¬ significant aberration of Polyommatus icarus (Rott., 1775). The name is invalid, as it is a homonym of Papilio hyacinthus Cram., 177 5. It does not need replacing, as so unimportant an aberra¬ tion should not be g'iven a separate name.
11. The reasons for suppressing the name medon Hufn. are given in my note on page 28 of ‘ The Generic Names of British Insects.’
12. The reasons for suppressing the name sylvanus Esp. are given in my note on page 39 of the work cited above.
13. The need for substituting the name sylvestris Poda, 1761, for flava Brunnich, 1763, is explained in my note on page 38 of the work cited above.
14. On page 37 of my recent paper referred to above I used the generic name Syrichtus Boisd. [1834] for this species. I have since shown (1934, Entomologist, 67: 112-3) that it should be referred to the genus Pyrgus Hiibner [1823], of which it was selected as the type by Westwood in 1841.
158
15. The name Papilio lavaterae was given by Fabricius (1787, ‘ Mantissa Ins..,’ 2: 91) to the well-known white-streaked aber¬ ration of Pyrgus malvae (Linn.). The name is invalid, as it is a homonym of Papilio lavatherae Esp., 1783, the species now known as Car char odus lavatherae (Esp.). The valid name for this aberration of malvae Linn, is tar as Bergstr., 1783.
16. In his MS. list, Jones included two species, chryseis and ligea, neither of which was included by Haworth in the ‘ Pro¬ dromus.’ The first-named was, however, given by Haworth in his ‘ Lep. Brit.’ (p. 41).
(a) Lycaena hippothoe (Linn., 1761).
There is no reason to suppose that this was ever a British species, though it was accepted as such as late as the time of Stephens, who called it the ‘ Dark-underwinged Copper ’ (J. F. Stephens, 1829, ‘A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects,’ London, 2 : 22). Its reputed localities were Epping (from which place Dr. Leach is said to have received five specimens in several successive years) and Ashdown Forest.
( b ) Erebia ligea (Linn., 1758).
There are no authentic records of the capture of this species in Great Britain, though it would not be surprising if it really had been taken in Scotland. Its reputed localities are the Isle of Arran (where it is said to have been taken by Sir Patrick Walker and Mr. Alexander Macleay) and the Isle of Mull.
F.H.
IV. NOTES 1 6a — 50 ON THE SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS TO THE NAMES USED FOR BRITISH HETEROCERA BY A. H. HAWORTH IN HIS ‘PRODROMUS’ AND ‘LEPIDOPTERA BRITANNICA.’
By H. M. Edelsten.
The scientific names of the Geometrid moths in the fourth column of the list (pp. 168-184) — the ‘ More Recent Equivalents’ — are those given by L. B. Prout in A. Seitz (1912, ‘The Macrolepidoptera of the World,’ Stuttgart, 5) ; for the remain¬ ing moths, R. South (1908, ‘ Moths of the British Islands,’ London, 1, 2) and J. H. Leech (1886, ‘ British Pyralides,’ London) have been followed, but as the. nomenclature of the British insects is now under revision, a great many of the names will probably be altered. The identification of all must be taken with a certain amount of reserve, as Haworth in the ‘ Lepi- doptera Britannica ’ does not always quote the reference num¬ bers from, the ‘ Prodromus ’ ; also some of Jones’ English names
159
do not agree with those in the ‘ Lepidoptera Britannica.’ In the many difficulties which arose in the course of the work I have received the kindest help from Mr. W. H. T. Tams.
The notes in the following list refer to certain names in the tabular statement on pp. 168-184.
16a. William Jones’ observation quoted by Haworth in ‘ Lep. Brit.’ (p. 57) is an interesting early record of this now well- known sound : — -
‘ My tutor in Entomology once had a male and a female of S. Atropos brought him alive in the winged state; both which, when he had occasion to destroy them, uttered plaintive sounds, which he compared to the squeaking of a mouse.’ For references on sound-production in this species see H. N. Moseley (1872, ‘ On the sound made by the Death’s Head Moth, “ Acherontia atropos, ” ’ Nature, 6: 151-3) and J. W. Tutt (1904, ‘A natural history of the British Lepidoptera,’ London, 4: 444-53)-
17. Nos. 8 and 10 represent Lineata and Celerio of the ‘ Pro- dromus,’ respectively, names left blank by W. Jones. Beyond this point, blanks will be indicated by the missing numbers only.
18. The word ‘ Hornet ’ is represented by ‘ Do ’ in the script. Similarly among the Rhopalocera many repeated names are in¬ dicated by a dotted line. Such names are here printed in full.
18a. Under perfuscus ‘ Lep. Brit.’ 100: 27 gives the follow¬ ing references: — fB. Torva Hub. Schmet. 7.27.? — B. perfuscus Prod. Lep. Brit. — B. camelina Harris Eng. Ins. t. 13.5.’ Hiiffi* ner’s Fig. 27 is the tritophus of Schiff and Harris’ figure is also tritophus. It is as well to mention that in the British Museum and Hope Department copies of Hiibner’s PI. 7, Fig. ‘ 27 ’ of the legend should be 29, and Fig. ‘ 29 ’ should be 27. Com¬ mander Walker suggests that as N. tritophus was not recorded as British before 1842 (c/. South, op. cit., 1: 72-3), Haworth may have been referring to the dark form of N. dromedarius which occurred in the north of England and Ireland.
19. Added in print-like script by W. Jones.
20. The ‘ Ermines ’ have been wrongly named for years through a mistake by Esper. The ‘Buff Ermine’ is S. lutea Hufn. The ‘ White Ermine ’ is S. lubricipeda Linn.
21. Underlined by W. Jones, also the following to which he gave no English names — 9:48 Fuscus, 10:69 Grammicus, 15:90 Ligustrina, 21:17 Pantaria? and in Addenda, 3A:2 Occultina, 5 a: 8 Sylvata, 5A:2 Tridactyla, 6a: 3 Tetradactyla.
22. ‘ Beautiful yellow Underwing ’ is Anarta myrtilli Linn.
i6o
23. The ‘ Water Betony,’ 167:21 of ‘ Lep. Brit./ is scrophu- larice Hiibn.
24. Spelling- corrected by W. Jones, as here indicated by name in italics.
25. The ‘ Straw-coloured Footman ’ is L. griseola ab. flava ; lutarella of the ‘ Lep. Brit.’ (Lutarina of ‘ Prodromus ’) is an ab. of C. mesomelia Hiibn.
28. In ‘ Lep. Brit.’ G. mellonella is ‘ The Honey-comb Moth,’ and Achroea grisella Fab. is ‘ The Honey-Moth.’
27. Cannot trace Leucogona M. or Tenuina B. in ‘ Lep. Brit.’ Sherborne, in ‘ Index Animalium, ’ p. 6419, says of the latter ‘ nomen nudum.’ Jones also added M to his manuscript names for 15:76, 18:143, 18:147, and 18:154, in the ‘ Prodromus. ’ We are unable to explain this addition, but observe that all five, including Leucogona, differ, by their classical derivation, from nearly the whole of his other names.
28. Gracilina B. of the ‘ Prodromus ’ 14:53 is ‘ The Slender¬ bodied ’ of the ‘Lep. Brit.’; Noctua retasa Fab. of the ‘Lep. Brit.’ 251:269 is ‘The double Kidney.’ A footnote (§§) on p. 3 of the Addenda of the ‘ Prodromus ’ reads : ‘ Gracillina, in priore pagina apud Pseudo-pyralides, lege Chrysoglossoidina. ’ Jones struck out the last two words and wrote above, in pencil, * est Vetulina H.’
29. The Phalaena Tortrix prasinana Linn., (‘ Faun. Suec., ’ 1306), given as the same species as Tortrix quercana Hiibn. (‘ Schmet. Tort.’ 25:159), in ‘ Lep. Brit.,’ is Hylophila . prasinana Linn. (‘ The small Green-silver-lines’ of ‘ Lep. Brit.’). Haworth’s synonym is mistaken in ‘ Prodromus ’ and ‘ Lep. Brit.’
30. The following paragraph is quoted from the Postscript of ‘Lep. Brit,’ p. 589: ‘To conclude, it may be added, that Bombyx dominula and Bombyx fuliginosa of authors, have been casually omitted above, although not uncommon English species. But these, together with a great many newer discoveries of Lepidopterous Insects inhabiting Great Britain, will be duly de¬ scribed in their proper places, and with an improved nomencla¬ ture, should the Public require another edition of Lepidoptera Britannica /
31. J. Curtis (1823-40, ‘ British Entomology,’ Systematic Edn. , London, 5: fol. 495, pi. 76) states that ‘This charming moth is no less esteemed for its rarity than for its lovely colours ; the specimens in Mr. Stephens’s cabinet, as well as those in the British Museum, are from Windsor ; and it has been taken by the late Mr. Jones in his garden at Chelsea. Its favourite food is the larkspur. . . .’ Quotations from this account are given by J. Duncan (1836, ‘ British Moths, Sphinxes, etc.,’ in Sir W. Jar-
i6i
dine’s ‘The Naturalist’s Library,’ ist Edn., Edinburgh, Entom¬ ology, 4 : 237) and by F. D. Drewitt (1928, ‘ The Romance of the Apothecaries’ Garden at Chelsea,’ 3rd Edn., Cambridge : 91 n.), but one of Jones’ MS. notebooks records that the moth was ‘ bred 22 June 95 in my garden.’
32. The synonymy of these Plusias is rather involved in the ‘ Lep. Brit.’
33. It is impossible to determine whether psi or tridens or both species are intended.
35'. ‘ B ’ added by W. Jones to Ranunculina and erased from Grandina (see p. 163). He also added ‘ D ’ to Straminina , for which he gave no English name.
35. Nos. 118:66, 222:179 and 224:184 in the ‘Lep. Brit.’ refer to the same insect — Agrotis vestigialis Hufn.
36. See 48.
37. This was inadvertently identified in 1933, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 8(2) : 103, as Thalera fimbrialis Scop., ( thy- miaria J being a synonym of both species. Cf. ibid., 9 (3 May,
1934)-
38. Carpinaria 22:40 in ‘ Prodromus ’ appears to be a synonym for 22:45 (Fuscantaria, B.), for which no English name is given by Jones.
38a. ‘ Lep. Brit. ’ 294:63 under Tiliaria refers to r Geometra A Iniaria Hub. Schunet. Geom. 5. 26,’ which is E. autumnaria of Werneburg (teste L. B. Prout). Commander Walker suggests that Haworth may be referring to a form of E. alniaria which resembled Hiibner’s figure. E. autumnaria ‘ was first definitely ascertained to occur in Britain in 1855, but it had been reported as British at a much earlier date, and was figured by Wood in 1839’ (cf. South, op. cit., 2: 270).
39. Both 308:102 and 309:103 of ‘ Lep. Brit.’ are Cidaria spadicearia Schiff.
40. W. Jones has here written the English name or note in pencil. The entries opposite 27:50, 27:62, 27:66 and 28:68 are near the centre of the page, so that a blank space is left for the insertion of the name in its usual place.
41. Jones was perhaps mistaken in applying the name ‘ Tissue Likeness ’ to P. transfer sata (rhamnata). He may have been misled because the next name in the ‘ Prodromus ’ is ‘ The Tissue ’ (T. dubitata). ‘ Tissue Likeness ’ would be an appro¬ priate name for the ‘ Scarce Tissue ’ ( Calocalpe cervinalis).
41a. Jones inadvertently crossed the ‘ 1 ’ instead of the ‘ t ’ in his print-like script of Bulstrode. The vertical strokes are unmis¬ takable and correct. The ‘ Lep. Brit.’ states that this species
‘ has sometimes been called the Bullstrode [sic] Carpet ’ (p. 329). Bulstrode Park, Bucks, was the seat of the Duchess of Port¬ land, to whom the ‘ Lep. Brit.’ refers (p. 264) as ‘that great patroness of Natural History.’ The same passage indicates that William Jones was acquainted with her collection.
42. The ‘ Chimney Sweeper’s Boy ’ was erroneously sup¬ posed to refer to the same species as the ‘ Chimney Sweeper * in 1933, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 8 (2): 103. The former is a Psychid moth (‘ Lep. Brit.,’ p. 473), as is pointed out in the Proceedings of 3 May, 1934. A recently studied notebook pos¬ sessed by William Jones contains these entries : ‘ 275, Chimney Sweeper : Chaerophyllata : beginning of June : in woods.’ Also ‘ 276, Chimney Sweeper’s Boy : Atra : 4th week in May : tread up in grassfields.’
43. No. 68, the seven succeeding numbers, and a few others elsewhere were omitted by W. Jones, as indicated by square brackets.
44. Inadvertently identified in 1933, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 8(2) : 103,, as Schistostege decussata Schiff. , decussata being a synonym of Eupithecia venosata Fab. Cf. ibid., 9: 3 May, 1934.
45. ‘The small Tabby’ of ‘Lep. Brit.’ 372: 20 is Aglossa cuprealis Hiibn.
46. ‘ The clay Fanfoot ’ of ‘ Lep. Brit.’ 369:12 is Herminia derivalis Hiibn.
47. ‘A ’ in this and the succeeding references in this column indicates the separately paged Addenda of the ‘Prodromus.’
48. At the foot of page 3 of the Addenda, Jones wrote, in pencil, f Dilutina est Geminoidina 162 . . .’ and f Chenopodina est Infraina 136.’ The full references to the ‘ Prodromus ’ are 19: 162 and 18: 136 respectively.
49. The English name or note was added in pencil by W. Jones to the printed page of the ‘ Prodromus ’ and not to the interleaf. Only the interleaves to pages 3 and 4 of the Addenda are ruled for the addition of MS. names (see also p. 150).
50. W. Jones has here written the name and note in pencil. The note begins on the interleaf and continues on the left hand margin of the printed page. The name ‘ Chestnut ’ is added to the right hand margin of the printed page.
Notes 1-50 should be supplemented by the following informa¬ tion. Both interleaves and printed pages of Jones’ copy of the ‘ Prodromus ’ contain many faint pencil numbers of which the meaning cannot now be made out, and so are omitted. Against Eborina 13:38 is the letter ‘ F,’ and opposite Pullina 19: 173 are
the letters ‘ LT,’ both additions being- in pencil. Tripunctata, F. 34:68, is corrected, in ink, to Tripunctana ; Interragatiana, D. 32:23, to Interrogatiana ; Bipunctadactyla, V., Addenda 6:7, to Bipunctidactyla. Traces of erasures occur at intervals through the volume.
The first column of the following lists reproduces the British names, written in his beautiful print-like script by William Jones, together with occasional additions or comments in his ordinary handwriting. These are indicated by italics. Some of them were evidently added at a later date to fill in names left vacant when the print-like script was written. This column fol¬ lows the original precisely, except that words indicated by repe¬ tition marks are here printed in full.
The relatively few italicised names in the third column are thus printed in the 4 Prodromus. ’ The few corrections or addi¬ tions, also indicated by italics, were made in MS. by William Jones. The letters which follow certain names in this column are explained by Haworth in the Preface, as follows : ‘ All the names in this catalogue occur with their synonyms in the several works of Linnaeus, Fabricius, Villers, Hubner, Panzer, Lewin, Donovan, Curtis, and the Transactions of the Linnaean Society ; except a few which it was thought proper to insert to elucidate the sections, marked with the initial of this country, B.’
A manuscript note by the late J. H. Durrant in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) copy of the ‘Prodromus’ states that ‘ B = sp.n.’
H.M.E
1. ENGLISH NAMES USED FOR BRITISH RHOPALOCERA BY A. H. HAWORTH AND WILLIAM JONES, WITH THEIR SCIENTIFIC EQUIVALENTS. BY FRANCIS HEMMING.
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36 Peacock . The Peacock 17 : 20 . 103: 36 . Nymphalis io ( Linn., 1758).
37 Painted Lady ... The painted Lady 20: 22 ... Cardui 3 137 ... Vanessa cardui (Linn., 1758).
38 Grayline . The Grayling 21 : 23 . Semele 3 : 38 ... Eumenis semele (Linn., 1758).
39 Wall ,.. ... The Wall 22 : 25 . Maegera 3 : 39 ... 7. Par.arge megera (Linn., 1767).
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28 Pale ... ... ... The pale Prominent 96 : 20 ... Palpinus 8 : 28 ... Pterostoma palpina Linn.
29 Herald . The Herald 98 : 23 . . Libatrus 8 : 29 ... Scoliopteryx libatrix Linn
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[3 Copper Underwing ... The copper Underwing 163 : 11 Pyramidina 12 : 13 . Amphipyra pyramided Linn.
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61 Marvel de jour Carpet The green Carpet 304 : 92 ... Pectinitaria 23 : 61 . Cidaria pectinitaria Knoch.
62 Winter Moth ... The Winter Moth 305 : 93 ... Brumaria 23 : 62 ... Operophtera brumata Linn.
63 Spring Usher ... The early Moth 305 : 94 ... Primaria, B. 23 : 63 Theria rupicapraria Schiff.
64 March Moth ... ... The March moth 306 : 97 ... Cineraria, B. 23 : 64 Alsophila aescularia Schiff.
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PLATE XIX.
ijlllilli ifililli ; . ,i' lllii El III I till; ; E iE IliSlililp
T. Rider pinx .
WILLIAM JONES OF CHELSEA.
A LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF DORSET.
INTRODUCTION AND PART I.
BY
W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S.
INTRODUCTION.
It is now many years since any comprehensive list of the Lepidoptera of Dorset has appeared.
I had always hoped that the late Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S., would have published such a list, as he had for many years been collecting- data for this purpose, and he did as a matter of fact prepare a very emasculated list for the projected Victoria County History of Dorset, but as far as I can make out that list never was published. Through the generosity of Mrs. Bankes, the material that Mr. E. R. Bankes had amassed has been placed in my hands, and I have sifted it and collated it. Without this invaluable material my task would have been an exceedingly difficult one. This work has occupied much of my leisure since the early part of 1929, and as it is a task that can never in the nature of things be finished, I have decided to publish it as far as I have got with it, and to add to and amend it by something in the nature of quinquennial or decennial supplements. Many published records are, I know, omitted, but they can be picked up at any time ; the bulk of the following records are unpublished. It is a real loss to science that two such workers as Bankes and Richardson should have passed away without publishing in their own way a county list for Dorset. It is not any assumption of pretended modesty on my part, but a plain statement of incontrovertible fact, that I am infinitely less well equipped to deal with the subject than either of these men. The only group on which my knowledge is equal to or greater than the knowledge either of them possessed is the Noctuidae. From the Pyralidae downward my knowledge is so partial that I feel some timidity in dealing with these families.
This introduction is not intended to take the place of the stereotyped ‘ Preface.’ Whether I shall ever write a preface I do not know, since that depends on the question whether, when my work has been published, I think sufficient facts have been collated as to distribution to justify any attempt to explain the distribution.
There is, however, in most recording work an unfortunate divorce between the sciences of entomology, botany and geology. I direct particular attention to this, because I feel convinced that ecology is the means by which we shall ultimately deter¬ mine the causes of the apparently capricious distribution of insect life. Another thing that I wish to draw attention to is that so many collectors fail to record the commoner species. This in my view is a mistake. I believe that it was the late Dr. Staudinger who remarked that, looking at the list of Palaearctic Lepidoptera, one would imagine that the family Aegeriadae were a larger factor in the Lepidopterous landscape than the genus Pieris, which as everyone knows is the reverse of the fact. In my view a really full and accurately localized list of some of the commoner species would throw more light on distributional problems than a pretentious list of rare casuals and good cap¬ tures, which so often forms the average local list. In accord¬ ance with that view, therefore, I have added localities for common insects where I had the material at hand, save where the consensus of opinion in favour of general and unlocalized abundance is such that a list would mean an exhaustive gazetteer of the county.
Assistance;.
I propose to acknowledge this at the end of my work, as I shall then know all the contributors whom I have to thank.
Assessment of Rarity.
This is a matter into which the personal equation enters to such a degree that it is bound to be a somewhat uncertain quantity. I have given C. W. Dale’s estimates, Bankes’, and my own. The last two frequently agree, but occasionally they differ widely. Dale used two' expressions which I consider to be so imprecise as to be useless : ‘ Widely distributed,’ ‘ Generally distributed.’ Bankes used ‘Well distributed.’ The last is the best term, but all three are vague and give no quantitative idea of distribution. They have the additional objection of being an ipse dixit without evidence, and even as industrious a worker as Bankes had no knowledge of some parts of the county, and as far as Dale is concerned I am certain in some cases his assess¬ ments were vague guesses. ‘ Common everywhere ’ is another objectionable expression, since we have no records of any insect ‘ everywhere ’ in the county. To use it is to guess and not to record facts. ‘ Common at every worked locality ’ is the only proper way to express this. Dale’s ‘ Rare ’ is applied in a very slipshod style : it may mean infrequent in individuals, or ex¬ tremely local, or of casual occurrence.
Synonymy.
I have followed the nomenclature of the second edition of Edward Mey rick’s Handbook of British Lepidoptera (1927). Probably every worker disagrees with some part of it, but every worker has perforce to admit that it is the only work in exist¬ ence that gives a complete survey of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles which is either up-to-date or reasonably reliable.
Where Edward Meyrick has split what was formerly re¬ garded as one species into two, I have followed him if the material before me enabled me to do so. Where he has in other cases joined what were formerly regarded as two species into one, I have not followed him if the material at my disposal en¬ abled me to keep the records separate, on the ground that if at a later date separation be again made, the records can be correctly referred without research which may then be nearly impossible. Such a proceeding may not be taken to be any expression of my personal views on the propriety or otherwise of a separation or of a joinder.
I have as far as possible avoided synonymical discussion except where such discussion tended to explain or justify my allocation of a record to any particular species.
Colour Standards.
The standards used are Ridgway Color Standards and Nomen¬ clature (Washington, 1912) and Winsor and Newton Specimen Tints [no date].
Arrangement of Localities.
Dale divided his county, as J. C. Mansel-Pleydell had divided it in the ‘ Flora of Dorsetshire ’ (Ed. II, .1895), according to watersheds. I am unconvinced of the value of this method since it brings into one area such diverse habitats as the region round Blandford and the region round Kinson.
Bankes adopted a division by compass-points which is equally unsatisfactory.
I have listed the localities alphabetically. This has the merit of ease of reference and no other merit.
Faunistic division will be suggested if on the facts recorded I perceive anything which would justify such a division.
Localities.
Many collectors decline to give close records for fear of com¬ mercial destruction of rare insects, or from less praiseworthy motives. Many collectors do not understand the real value of exact localization and are content with' very general geographical
1 88
determinations. The kind of thing that I mean is the typomap as explained by Professor Balfour-Brown e (1931, Ent. Mon. Mag., 67 : 183), which is a little better than no locality, but for exact work is nearly useless. The absurdity of treating Dorset as a single entity is particularly obvious if one takes a glance at a geological map. Other collectors ignore administrative divisions to an extent that renders it impossible to place their records. This has caused much confusion on the eastern bound¬ ary, many Hants records being referable to Dorset and vice versa. Of course administrative divisions are artificial, but so far no satisfactory divisions have been made based on natural features, and our knowledge at present hardly warrants any such attempts.
Bloxworth : Many of the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge’s records for Bloxworth relate to Bere Wood and to Winterborne Thompson, and sometimes even to Morden Park and Morden Bog, the latter being in Bloxworth parish. One usually has to be content with Bloxworth, but I am able sometimes to specify the precise locality. There is no natural boundary between Blox¬ worth Woods and Bere Wood, but the latter contains geological features the former does not possess.
Brownsea Island : Is practically terra incognita, but from what I could see of it is not likely to produce much.
~ Hazelbury Plucknett : This very rich locality, which is worked by A. R. Hayward, is on the borders of Somerset and Dorset. It is sometimes impossible to say which county one is in when working there, but having seen the locality I think I may safely say that there is no physical difference of note be¬ tween the Somerset and Dorset portions.
Iford : Near Bovington, should not be confused with Iford on the Stour.
Knighton : East Knighton is in Winfrith parish. West Knighton Heath and Wood are near Warmwell. These are the Knightons of Dale’s records.
Kniton : Is near Canford.
Mapperton Near Beaminster, should not be confused with Mapperton near Aimer.
Merley Wood : Between Winfrith and Lulworth, should not be confused with Merley Wood near Wimborne.
Poole Heath : This locality, frequently referred to by J. C. Dale and C. W. Dale, is now Branksome Park, an almost com¬ pletely civilized and built-on area.
Preston : Of F.H.H.’s records is Preston-cum-Sutton Poyntz, and not Tarrant Preston.
189
Purbeck : This locality is strictly bounded by Bindon Brook, but frequently I am able to fix exact localization in Purbeck, which is so far from being- homogeneous that it runs from blown sand and recent alluvium as far down the Jurassic Beds as the Kimmeridge Clay. Probably no other place in the world displays such a wide range of rock in such a limited area.
Studland : This locality covers sand-dunes, heather, London Clay and chalk down, and consequently records under it present a curious concomitance of species which does not really exist.
Wimborne : The late Paymaster - in - Chief Gervase F. Mathew, whose name is inseparably connected with Leucania favicolor Barr, and Adkinia graphodactyla Tutt, made many records under Wimborne. From my own knowledge I infer that he has included Broadstone and Ferndown under Wimborne. This is unfortunate, since these places, though very close to Wimborne, are faunistically distinct.
The records give the impression that east Dorset is richer than west, south than north, but it must be remembered that those collectors who have amassed considerable collections are unevenly distributed :
North-west
West
South
South-east
North-east
Dale.
Hayward.
Richardson.
Bond, Bankes, Blanchard, Cambridge, Curtis, Digby.
Fisher.
Bankes and Cambridge collected regularly at Portland.
It will be seen that the west is sparsely represented, the true north and centre not represented at all.
The continuous ‘ improvement ’ and ‘ development ’ of the county and the advance of ‘ civilization ’ are effacing insect life throughout the county, as they are destroying its beauty. Let us hope that man is really the fittest to survive and not merely the cruellest destructive agency, and that his works are more beautiful than the forest and heath he destroys to make room for them.
Names of Collectors,.
A list of initials is given, but Dale = C. W. Dale, Bankes = E. R. Bankes, Richardson = N. M. Richardson, Cambridge = O. Pickard-Cambridge. Ex cathedra statements in the first person singular are attributable to me.
Names of Authors.
For the sake of uniformity I have followed Meyrick, though other abbreviations are known and used.
Authorities'.
The previous publications that I have any knowledge of are ‘ The Lepidoptera of Dorset,’ by C. W. Dale (two editions, 1886 and 1891 ; I have referred to the 2nd edition) ; ‘ List of Macro- lepidoptera of Sherborne,’ C. F. Benthall and F. O. Pickard Cambridge, ‘ Sherborne School Field Society*,’ (1879) ; ‘ The Lepidoptera of Portland,’ C. W. Dale, ‘ I, The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club Transactions,’ p. 53 (1877) ; ‘ The History of Glanville’s Wootton,’ C. W. Dale (1878) ; ‘ The Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck,’ by E. R. Bankes and C. R. Digby, VI, D.F.C., pp. 128-177; First Supplement, by E. R. Bankes alone, X, D.F.C., pp. 197-213; Second Supple¬ ment, by N. M. Richardson, XXXVI, D.F.C., p. 44; ‘A List of Portland Lepidoptera,’ N. M. Richardson, XVII, D.F.C., pp. 146-191. I have sometimes added references, but it is not to be assumed that all the information I have given will neces¬ sarily be found in the publications referred to.
H.L.A. - E.N.B. -
E. R.B. - A.U.B. - S.C.S.B. - P.M.B. -
F. O.B. - A.W.P.-C.
C.E.O.C. -
E. H.C. -
F. O.P.-C.
O. P.-C. - W.P.C. - C.R.D. - C.W.D. -
E. R.D. -
J.C.D. - J.D. - -
R.P.D. - A.B.F. -
F. H.F. - A.F.G. -
G. C.G. - A.R.H. - F.H.H. -
H. C.H. -
P. H. - -
List of Initials.
H. Leslie Andrewes, m.s.b.e.
Ebenezer Newell Blanchard.
Eustace Ralph Bankes, m.a. , f.e.s.
A. U. Battley.
Sidney C. Scarsdale Brown, l.d.s., r.c.s., m.s.b.e. Percy May Bright, f.r.e.s., m.s.b.e.
Frederick O. Bond.
Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge, m.a., d.litt., F.Rj.E. S., M.S.B.E.
Charles E. Owen Carter.
Eustace Harker Curtis, f.a.i.
Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, b.a., f.z.s. The Rev. Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, m.a., f.r.s. Wilfrid Parkinson Curtis, f.r.e.s., m.s.b.e.
Thq Rev. Charles R. Digby.
Charles W. Dale.
Edward R. Dale.
James Charles Dale.
James Douglas.
R. P. Demuth, m.s.b.e.
A. B. Farn.
The Rev. Frank Hugh Fisher, m.a.
A. F. Griffiths.
The Rev. G. C. Greene.
Arthur R. Hayward, f.r.e.s.
F. H. Haines, l.r.c.p. , m.r.c.s. , d.p.h., m.s.b.e. H. C. Huggins, m.s.b.e.
P. Helps.
I9I
W.G.H. -
F. J.K. -
S. W.K. -
C.L. - -
W.D.L. -
G. F.M. -
B. G.N. - E.B.N. -
C. E.P. -
T. P. - -
A.G.B.R. - J.G.R. - J.H.R. - N.M.R. -
E. H.T. - P.H.Th. - P.H.Tz. - PI.W.V. -
F. W.
J.H.W. - J.J.W. -
William G. Hooker.
Frederick J. Killington, b.sc., a.l.s. , f.r.e.s.,,
M. Si.Bi.E.
S. W. Kemp.
Sir Christopher Lighton.
W. D. Lang, f.r.s., d.sc., f.r.g.s. Paymaster-in-Chief Gervase F. Mathew, f.e. s. Basil G. Nevison.
Edward B. Nevison.
Colonel Chas. E. Partridge.
Thomas Parmiter.
Archibald G. Bloomfield Russell, M.v.o.
J. G. Ross.
Colonel John H. Randall.
Nelson M. Richardson, b,.a., f.e.s.
The Rev. E. H. Todd.
P. Haig Thomas.
Percy H. Tautz.
H. W. Vivian.
Frederick Whitehead.
The Rev. J. H. Ward.
Commander James J. Walker, m.a,., r.n. , F.L,.s.r
F.R.E.S., M.S.B.E.
PUBLICATIONS.
D.F.C. = Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club Transactions . L.P. ; L.P.I ; L.P.II = The Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck, by E. R. Bankes and Rev. C. R. Digby, VI, D.F.C., pp. 128-177. First Supple¬ ment thereto by E. R. Bankes, X, D.F.C., pp. 197-213. Second Supple¬ ment thereto by N. M. Richardson, XXXVI, D.F.C. , p. 44. The pagination used is that of the separata of these papers.
Ent. Mon. Mag. = The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine .
Ent. Rec. = The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation.
Workers.
The principal workers in the county have been : —
Eustace Ralph Bankes, who resided most of his life in Corfe Castle and submitted the Isle of Purbeck to an intensive investi¬ gation. His work amongst the Microlepidoptera has probably never been surpassed by any single worker. He had a consider¬ able knowledge of the coast line as well, but not of the big central valley of Dorset. Mrs. Bankes has presented his magni¬ ficent collection to the nation.
Octavius Pickard-Gambridge, of Blox worth, although his reputation as an arachnologist transcends his reputation as an entomologist, was an entomologist of no mean capacity ; he (with assistance from his sons) mainly worked the district around Bloxworth where he resided. The collection passed into the
possession of A. W. Pickard-Cambridg-e, who' pursues the science of entomology, but does not work in Dorset.
Nelson M. Richardson, who resided at first in Portland and then at Monte Video, Chickerell, very thoroughly worked the Isle of Portland and the environs of Chickerell and part of Chesil Beach. He, like Bankes, had a deep and accurate knowledge of the Microlepidoptera. His collection has been presented by his widow to the Dorset County Museum.
J. C. Dale, whose work in the early part of the last century has made ‘ Glanvilles Wootton ’ a famous place, and whose collection, after much rearrangement by his son, has passed into the Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford.
The Rev. Frank H. Fisher, of Cranborne, was an enthusi¬ astic and successful collector, but he made no pretensions to being a scientist. I was a very intimate friend of his up to the day of his untimely death ; I knew his collection and localities. His diary is in my possession. The collection was dispersed at Stevens’ Auction Rooms, but I was able to give Bankes the opportunity of examining it prior to dispatching it to London. My assessments of Fisher’s captures are according to knowledge. He is the only collector who, to my knowledge, systematically wTorked the north-east corner of the county.
Ebenezer Newell Blanchard, of Poole, was a fine field worker and amassed a very complete collection of Macrolepidoptera, now in the Bournemouth Natural Science Society’s Museum. Unfortunately, like so many of the older collectors, he kept no data tickets. Bankes and I went through his collection with him at a time when his memory was not reliable, and we had per¬ force to reject most of his records.
C. W. Dale, the son of J. C. Dale, who for many years con¬ tinued to collect at Glanville’s Wootton.
A. R. Hayward, of Misterton, who is the only collector who has done much work in the extreme west, and whose assistance in this work will be obvious. He has paid special attention to the Tortricina.
W. Parkinson Curtis, who worked east Dorset from 1890 to 1931, and who hopes to continue to do so.
The Rev. C. R. Digby, who was Rector of Studland for many years, whose diaries are in the library of Mr. H. J. Turner, and whose collection was dispersed at his death.
F. O. Bond, whose collection was dispersed at his death.
Treatment of Records.
It is the fashion at present to reject records, especially of the Early Fathers, where the record does not fit with the ex¬ perience or preconceived notions of the writer and to presume
193
error either of identity or locality or origin, or of all three. The appearance of insects in any locality and their disappearance from it is so erratic, and the countryside undergoes such changes due in part to altered methods of agriculture, absence or pre¬ sence of game preserves and such like causes, that acceptance or rejection of records should not be based upon the empirical ideas of the author. One cannot deduce from known facts that Polia solidaginis Hiibn., which is a northern insect, has occurred in Dorset, but such is the fact. One cannot deduce from known facts that the Greenshank ( Totanus canescens) has bred in Dor¬ set, notwithstanding that it is alleged not to breed south of the Cheviots, but it has in fact done so and there was a sufficient reason for this unusual occurrence.
I have therefore inserted records, however apparently un¬ usual, unless there was proved error or the observer was known to be unreliable. Pursuant to this view, I have never accepted Dale where I could get any other authority, since Dale was notoriously careless in identification and transcription of records and was exceedingly fond of adding embellishments of his own to recorded statements without distinguishing what was original and what his addition. I happen to know how many of the errors arose, and they arose in a way which would never have trapped a less careless person. I have also inserted erroneous records with their corrections ; this practice I have found neces¬ sary because without it there is nothing to shew why a record is dropped, and a subsequent writer may resuscitate a record known to me to be erroneous. Dr. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge writes me : ‘ I do not think it is in the least safe to trust to Dale’s reports about Bloxworth. I went over all my father’s collection with him while his memory was good, and have a note of everything about which he was certain, and very often Dale is definitely wrong.’ To this I might add that I knew O.P.-C. nearly all my life, and his memory was phenomenally accurate as to detail. Bankes adopted two practices in the MS. list he compiled which were, I know, adopted by him solely to econo¬ mize space and not because he approved of them. This MS. list for the ‘ Victoria County History of Dorset ’ was, as he told me, compressed at the dictation of the general editor to a point at which he doubted the value of it at all.
The practices were : ‘ Where no localities are given it means they are too numerous to mention and the insects may be con¬ sidered as pretty generally distributed.’ ‘Where an insect has been taken in the same locality by more than one observer I have thought it sufficient to enter the name of the captor who first took it.’
Being under no compulsion of a non-entomological editor, I kave been able to ignore both practices, the first for reasons already given, the second because confirmation is always desir-
194
able and it shews the continuance of an insect at its recorded station.
Intra-territorial parts of other counties are included in Dor¬ set. Extra-territorial parts of Dorset are ignored. There are certainly many omissions and some blunders, but to make a per¬ fect list is beyond human capacity, and my leisure is limited. I shall be only too glad to receive information of any errors of omission or commission and to publish the emendations as op¬ portunity arises.
PART i.
PHYLUM CARADRININA.
FAMILY ARCTIADAE.
Lithosia complana Linn. ; Meyr. , p. 33, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Scarce ’ (Dale). ‘ Usually uncommon ’ (Bankes). Very local (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, a few (O.P.-C.) ; Canford Cliffs, at light common (R.P.D.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cran- borne, frequent (F.H.F.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) ; Luscombe Bottom, flying commonly at dusk(H.C.H.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) (G.C.G.), fairly common at ragwort blossom (W.P.C.) ; Sandbanks, Poole (W.P.C.) ; Studland (C.R.D., L.P. I.3) (P.H.Tz.) (W.P.C.) ; Verwood (F.H.F.).
It will be noted that almost the whole of these localities are around Poole Harbour.
Lithosia lurideola Zinck. ; Meyr., p. 34, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes common’ (Bankes). On the whole this species is common in Dorset, though I have never taken more than 6 in a night (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, plentiful (F.H.F.); Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Poole, not uncommon at ragwort (W.P.C.) ; Portland, common (C.W.D., 1 D.F.C., 54); Purbeck, occasionally (T.P.), not un¬ common (L.P. 7) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, fairly com¬ mon (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Lithosia depressa Esp. ; Meyr., p. 34, No. 4.
Lithosia deplana Dale, p. 8.
‘ Scarce’ (Dale). This seems to accord with the experience of all reliable observers except in regard to Purbeck (W.P.C.).
i95
Bloxworth, scarce (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, common at light (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, at light fairly frequently (F.H.F.); Glan- ville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Poole Heath (Dale Z.c.), I have never seen the insect in the Poole area in any stage (W.P.C.) ; Studland, scarce (E.R.B.) (C.R.D.) (L.P. 1. 3) ; Swanage, not common (A.G.B.R.).
ab. unicolor Bankes.
Corfe Castle (E.R.B.).
Lithosia griseola Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 34, No. 5 ; Dale, p. 8.
Meyrick l.c. sinks flava Haw. as a synonym and gives no indication that the name represents a distinct form, which being on present information limited to Britain, should in my opinion be treated as a geographical race and not as an aberration.
Meyrick states the range of colour to be light grey to whitish- ochreous. I have never seen a truly graded series. In my ex¬ perience there are 3 distinct forms, (a) griseola Hiibn., grey fore¬ wings, grey hindwings with a yellow tone ; ( b ) servula Wlk., grey hindwings pronouncedly suffused with yellow, grey forewings with a yellowish tone (I have not seen true servula from Dor¬ set but have 3 specimens approaching it) ; ( c ) flava Haw., plain yellow of a warm buff rather than ochreous. Ochre has a greenish tinge.
Forma typica.
Bere Regis (H.L.A.); Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Canford (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.), common (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Holme (F.H.H.); Morden (W.P.C.); Parkstone (W.P.C.); Purbeck, abundant (T.P.); Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Studland (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, not common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
var. flava Haw. ; slramineola Dbl., Dale, p. 8.
‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes). I find this form is nearly 50 per cent, of the total population in localities with which I am familiar (W.P.C.).
Abbotsbury (A.W.P.-C.) ; Badbury Rings (W.P.C.); Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Holme, commoner than forma typica (F.H.H.) ; Kimmeridge Coppice, abundant (T.P.) (L.P. 7) ; Morden (W.P.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) ; common at ragwort (W.P.C.); Studland (P.H.T.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Swanage, not common (A.G.B.R.) ; Wimborne (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith (F. H. H. ) .
196
[ Lithosia caniola Hiibn. This species, though not so far recorded, should in my opinion occur in the western coast districts. ]
Lithosia sororcula Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 35, No. 7.
Lithosia aureola Dale, p. 8.
‘ Scarce ’ (Dale).
Buzbury Camp, not uncommon (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Cran- borne, not uncommon (F.H.F.); Glanville’s Wootton, in 1901 (C.W.D.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.) ; Kingston, Purbeck, two in 1933 (A.G.B.R.) ; Purbeck, Wadmore Quag, in the fir plantations (E.R.B.) ; Sherborne (teste E.R.B.); Studland, one (E.R.B.), scarce (L.P. 7).
Oeonistis quadra Linn. ; Meyr., p. 35.
Gnophrm quadra Dale, p. 8.
‘Rare’ (Dale). ‘Found locally and sparingly in the north and east ’ (Bankes). So far scarce that one may work for years without taking it (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, one young larva in 1929 (W.P.C.) ; Blox- worth, two only in 1879 and one in 1880 (O.P.-C.); Canford Cliffs, at light, cf and 9 (rare) (R.P.D.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (Martin Wood), one larva which did not mature (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (DaleZ.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael, one bred from pupa found at foot of a beech tree (J.H.W.); Kimmeridge, one, 25 July, 1873 (T.P.) ; Purbeck, Wadmore Quag (E.R.B.), widely distributed but always scarce (L.P. 7) ; Sherborne, one in July, 1880, by C. F. Benthall (1880, Ento¬ mologist, 13: 310) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; West Parley (Dale l.c.) ; Wimborne ( teste E.R.B.).
Gnophria rubricollis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 36; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes). An insect of most uncertain appearance (W.P.C.). ‘Common in appropriate localities’ (F.H.H.).
Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.); Bere Wood, larvae not un¬ common sometimes (W.P.C.) ; Canford Bottom, near Poole, infrequent (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (P.H.) ; Cranborne, one (F.H.F.), larvae frequent (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Creech Grange (P.H.Th.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Haymoor Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.) ; Hooke Park, where the insect was flying in hundreds in early June, 1917 (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, Wadmore Quag and Wood- house Plantations (E.R.B.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) (L.P. 7) ; Upper Bockhampton Woods (F.H.H.) ; Warmwell (F.H.H.); West Knighton Wood (F.H.H.) ; Yellowham Woods (F.H.H.).
197
Gybosia mesomelia Linn. ; Meyr., p. 36; Dale, p. 8.
‘ In damp places widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon locally on the heaths ’ (Bankes). I have rarely taken it away from the heath area, never away from a wet area ; I might almost say no such area of any extent will fail to produce it, but that it will not be found on downland or on calcareous forma¬ tions (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, fairly common (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, occasion- ally (O.P.-C.) ; Canford (W.P.C.) ; Canford Bottom (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; East Howe (W.P.C.) ; Haymoor Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.); Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.); Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.) ; Lilliput (W.P.C.) ; Morden Park (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Morden, fairly common (H.L.A.) (W.P.C.) (F.H.H.) (A.G.B.R.); Parkstone, abundant (R.P.D.) ; Poole (W.P.C.); Studland Heath (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.) (L.P. 7) (A.G.B.R.) ;
Turner’s Puddle (W.P.C.) ; Verwood (W.P.C.).
Setina irrorella Linn. ; Meyr., p. 37; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Lulworth (O.P.-C.).
Miltochrista senex Hiibn. ; Meyr, p. 37, No. 1.
Nudaria senex Dale, p. 8.
‘ In boggy places rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Common very locally y (Bankes). I agree with Bankes (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, fairly common locally (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, in the swampy places between the Purbeck Hills and Poole Har¬ bour (E.R.B.); Morden Decov (W.P.C.); Savage’s, Purbeck (E.R.B.); Studland (E.R.B.) (C.R.D.) (W.P.C.) (L.P. 7) ; Tad- noll Marsh, near Winfrith (F.H.H.) ; Wimborne (G.F.M.). ab. fumosa Bankes.
Morden Decoy (W.P.C.); Studland (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.).
Miltochirista miniata Forst. ; Meyr., p. 38, No. 2.
Calligenia miniata Dale, p. 8.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes locally abundant * (Bankes). I have never seen it abundantly, but it is a frequent capture at seasonable times, and I suspect it is obtainable nearly everywhere. I have only seen one Dorset aberration, and that was a specimen with the centre of the forewings a warm buff, the post-median black zigzags obsolete and the marginal black markings much attenuated. It does not, however, agree with the French ab. crocea Bignault. A.G.B.R. has one very near (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Regis, common (H.L.A.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cran- borne, plentiful (F.H.F.); Canford (W.P.C.); Dunyeat’s Hill
ig8
JW.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge Cop¬ pice (T.P.) ; Morden (H.L.A.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C. ), commonly (R.P.D.); Poole Harbour, eastern shores (E.R.B.); Purbeck, amongst old sallow and thorn hedges (E.R.B.), widely dis¬ tributed and not uncommon (L.P.7); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Studland (W.P.C.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), fairly commonly at light (A.G.B.R.).
Nudaria mundana Linn. ; Meyr., p. 38; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). I know of no> sufficient evi¬ dence to justify this statement (W.P.C.). ‘ Common ’ (Bankes). I have rarely seen this insect and never commonly. Bankes lived in a stone and calcareous area. I lived in a siliceous area. I suspect this is the true explanation (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, common (E.R.B.); Cranborne, one (F.H.F.); Kimmeridge, common (T.P.) ; Morden Bog, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Portland, common (C.W.D.) (1 D.F.C., 54) ; Purbeck, generally distributed and rather common (E.R.B.) (L.P.7); Swanage, occasionally (W.P.C.), on the other hand, it was taken abund¬ antly for several evenings along one dry ditch at Swanage by a Mr. Jackson whose initials I have forgotten (W.P.C.), fairly common (A.G.B.R.).
Tyria jacobaeae Linn. ; Meyr., p. 39; Dale, p. 9.
‘ Widely distributed and locally common ’ (Dale). ‘ Rare in Purbeck ’ (T.P.). I cannot accept this estimate, since Bankes says ‘ abundant everywhere amongst ragwort,’ which accords with my experience (W.P.C.). ‘ In 1932 the larva was so abund¬ ant in west Dorset that large areas of ragwort were eaten down to within a few inches of the ground ’ (A.R.H.). There is almost no part of the county where it does not occur, though it does not seem to like wet places nor the sea cliffs. It does not seem to vary in Dorset (W.P.C.). ‘Common wherever ragwort grows’ (F.H.H.).
Abbott’s Wootton (W.D.L.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Blox- worth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.); Bridport (W.P.C.); Canford (W.P.C.); Canford Bottom (W.P.C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Coll Wood (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, swarms (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.) ; Hodd Hill (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge (T.P.) ; Morden (F.H.H.) ; Oaker’s Wood, Moreton (W.P.C.) ; Portland, occasionally common (C.W.D. , 1 D.F.C., 54); Poole (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.) (L.P.7); Saint Gabriel’s (W.D.L.); Sixpenny Handley (W.P.C.) ; Swyre Head (A.G.B.R.) ; Verwood, common (F.H.F.).
199
Utetheisa pulchella Linn. ; Meyr., p. 39.
Deiopeia pulchella Dale, p. 8.
The status of this insect is that of an occasional immigrant (W.P.C.).
Charmouth, one taken. in October, 1876, sold at sale of G. P. Shearwood’s collection at Stevens’ Auction Rooms in November, 1891 ; Corfe Castle, one by W. Brinkley in 1874 or 1875 (E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Fleet, one in May, 1892, by Jardine ; Godlingstone, one in June, 1893, by G. P. Robinson (in collection of E.R.B. in British Museum) ; Poole, one in August or September, 1871, by Hiley (1872, Entomologist , 5 : 444) ; Swanage, one by H. Stafford Gustard on 1st September, 1871 (1872, Entomologist, 5 : 413) ; six, by Gerald P. Robinson, who told E.R.B. he took all six in one day near Anvil Point in September, 1871, and could have taken more (not being a collector, he gave them to G. P. Shearwood : when G. P. Shearwood’s collection was sold, it was assumed that the Swanage label applied to the one specimen and not to the whole six) ; Upton, near Poole, one about 1885 by Miss D. Bengough (in coll. E.R.B. in B.M.) ; Wareham (North Bestwall), one by Howard Lacey previous to 1881 (1881, Entomologist, 14: 227) (in coll. A.W.P.-C.); West Lulworth, two by A. F. Buxton, nth Sept., 1871 (1872, Entomologist, 5 : 413) ; Weymouth, one in early June, 1892 (A. Forsyth, 1892, Ent. Rec., 3 : 161) ; Wyke Regis, one in May, 1892, by Jardine.
Coscmia criferutn Linn.; Meyr., p. 40, No. 1.
At one time locally common, now local and retrogressive (W.P.C.).
Bere Heath, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, rare (CXP.-C.). [Blandford has been recorded, but this is erroneous. O.P.-C. told me that it was due to the fact that F. O'. Bond and he used to send specimens taken on Bloxworth Heath to correspondents. The post town of Bloxworth was then Blandford, some 10 miles away ; the recipients of the packages jumped to the unwarranted conclusion that the postmark was reliable evidence of locality, and so the insects were recorded as from Blandford, a totally distinct locality in everyway] . Branksome Park, Poole (E.N.B.), no longer reliable owing to improvements (W.P.C.) ; Canford Cliffs, at gas lamps occasionally (R.P.D.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Goathorn Heath (E.R.B.); Morden Heath, fairly common (W.P.C.) (A.R.H.) (H.L.A.); Parkstone, at light (S.C.S.B.) ; Parkstone Golf Links (W.P.C.) ; Parley Heath (DaleZ.c.) ; Poole Heath, sometimes common (E.H.T.) ; Poole Harbour, heathland around, locally common (R.P.D.) ; Studland Heath (W.P.C), rare (L.P. 7) (A.G. B.R.) ; Verwood, Ashley Heath, at one time common, but disastrous fires in 1926 have, I fear, wiped the species out here (W.P.C.).
200
Meyrick gives Erica as a food-plant. Whilst the insect is strictly a heath insect, I have never seen the larva feeding on heather, but usually on Aira caespitosa and lichen, nor will it eat heather in captivity. The only form found in Dorset is the subspecies bivittata South ( — anglesa Oberthiir). The northern localities do not produce the very black and white specimens to be found in the southern localities. The Hampshire records ‘ near Ringwood ’ almost wholly relate to Dorsetshire, the errors being based on geographical ignorance or carelessness, or both (W.P.C.).
Phragmatobia fuliginosa Linn. ; Meyr., p. 41 ; Dale, p. 9.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Local, but widely distributed in north and east Dorset ’ (Bankes). Not common (W.P.C.). ‘ Locally com¬
mon and usually double brooded’ (F.H.H.).
Affpuddle, several in 1853 (O.P.-C.) ; Blandford (Dale l.c.) ; Bere Regis (H.L.A.); Bloxworth, one (O.P.-C.); Branksome, common (W.G.H.) [I know this assessment is wrong (W.P.C.)] (G. E. J. Crallan) (W.P.C.) ; Caundle’s Holt (Dale l.c.); Cran- borne, one (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.); Hodd Hill (A.G.B.R.) ; Kimmeridge (Dale l.c.); Morden (FI.L.A.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.), not common (R.P.D.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) (W.P.C.); Rempstone
(E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Ringstead (F.H.H.) ; Studland (C.R.D.), but scarce (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, fairly common at light (A.G.B.R.) ; Tadnoll, near Winfrith (F.H.H.) ; West Parley (Dale l.c.); Wimborne (E.R.B.).
ab. fervida Stgr.
Bere Regis (H.L.A., teste W.P.C.). var. borealis Stgr.
Swanage (W.P.C.). The small specimens from the heath district are usually much closer to borealis Stgr. than they are to forma typica (W.P.C.).
Diacrisia mendica Clerck; Meyr., p. 41, No. 1.
Spilosoma mendica Dale, p. 9.
‘ Scarce but widely distributed ’ (Dale). Bankes agrees, as I do, with the qualification that damp woodlands are preferred. Having regard to the extreme ease with which this species can be bred from the egg, its scarcity in the field seems to be ex¬ plicable only on the basis that its habits are not well understood, or that it is subjected to diminution by special enemies. The marked sexual dimorphism has been explained as a mimetic resemblance in the $ sex to Diacrisia menthastri Esp. (sc. the White Ermine), so that the existence of special enemies seems to be the probable explanation. It is elementary that a Batesian
201
mimic is usually much less abundant than its model (W.P.C.). ‘ Fairly common in bushy and grassy places ’ (F.H.H.).
Affpuddle, sparingly (O.P.-C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Blox¬ worth, sparingly (O.P.-C.) ; Bridport (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth, Sea Lane and in the wood on Stonebarrow (W.D.L.) ; Coombe Wood (F.H.H.) ; Cranborne, several (W.P.C.) ; Haymoor Bottom, near Poole, frequent (W.P.C.) ; Iford (F.H.H.) ; Kimmeridge, com¬ mon (T.P.) (L.P. 7) ; Poole, one (W.P.C.) ; Swanage (S.C.S.B.), in fair numbers in 1933 at light (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Diacrisia urticae Esp. ; Meyr., p. 42, No. 2.
Spilosoma urticae Dale, p. 9.
‘Rare’ (Dale). ‘Widely distributed but scarce’ (Bankes). ‘ Not uncommon in marshy places ’ (F.H.H.).
Bere Regis, not uncommonly (H.L.A.) ; [Bloxworth (Dale La), A.W.P.-C. says no record of O.P.-C. nor himself, and this is probably Dale’s muddle] ; Cranborne, one in 1898 (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Kimmeridge, one in 1870 (T.P.) (L.P. 7), and since, but I do not know name of captor (W.P.C.) ; Middlemarsh (Dale Lq.) ; Parley, common (S.C.S.B.) ; Sherborne (Dale La) ; Stoborough (J.J.W.) ; Tadnoll (F.H.H.) ; Wimborne (Dale l.c.).
H.L.A. obtained a number of specimens in his light trap at Bere Regis which have every appearance of being a wild hybrid between this species and menthastri Esp. (the White Ermine) (W.P.C.).
Diacrisia menthastri Esp. ; Meyr., p. 42, No. 3.
Spilosoma menthastri Dale, p. 9.
The White Ermine. This species should be luhricipeda L. , which name is usually applied to lutea Hufn. Practically every¬ where throughout the county, town and countryside alike, where any collecting has been attempted (W.P.C.). ‘Common’ (F.H.H.).
Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bere Wood, very abundant (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Buzbury, common (W.P.C.); Canford (W.P.C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cran¬ borne (W.P.C.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.); Parkstone (W.P.C.); Poole (W.P.C.); Portland (F.J.K.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Radipole (A.W.P.-C.) ; Swanage, abundant (A.G.B.R.).
Diacrisia luhricipeda Linn. ; Meyr., p. 42, No. 4.
Spilosoma* luhricipeda . Dale, p. 9.
The Buff Ermine. This is the species which should stand as lutea Hufn., not as luhricipeda L. Common apparently through¬ out the county, frequently being sufficiently numerous in gardens to be troublesome (W.P.C.). ‘ Uniformly common ’ (F.H.H.).
202
Bere Wood, very abundant (W.P.C.); Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.) ; Kinson (W.P.C.) ; Organford (W.P.C.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.) ; Portland (F.J.K.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Swanage, common (A.G.B.R.).
Diacrisia russula Linn. ; Meyr., p. 42, No. 5.
N emeophila russula Dale, p. 9.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon ’ (Bankes). I should not call it a common insect. It comes fairly freely to light very late at night ; the <3* sex is more abundant on the heath area than off it (W.P.C.). ‘ Common’ (F.H.H.).
Bloxworth Heath, occasionally (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) ; Bere Regis (H.L.A.); Blandford, one (W.P.C.); Canford (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (L.P. 7) ; Dunyeats Hill (W.P.C.); Glanville’s Wootton, scarce (Dale l.c.) ; Hay moor Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.); Lewesdon Hill (W.P.C.); Morden Heath (W.P.C.); Morden Park (O.P.-C.) ; Moreton (F.H.H.); Norden Heath (E.R.B.) ; Parkstone Golf Links (W.P.C.), rarely (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole (W.P.C.); Studland Heath (E.R.B.) (L.P. 7) ; Swyre (W.P.C.) ; Verwood, fairly common (F.H.F.) ; West Knighton (F.H.H.); West Whiteway, common (T.P.) (L.P. 7) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Arctia plantaginis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 43, No. 1.
N emeophila plantaginis Dale, p. 9.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is incorrect ; it is locally quite common, but is very local and seems to be limited to the Cretaceous de¬ posits, or nearly so (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.), commonly (S.C.S.B.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Folke, one by Miss Froome (Dale l.c.) ; Hodd Hill (Dale l.c.) (A.R.H.), where it was formerly abundant, but since the Ramparts were fenced and cattle and horses grazed in the camp is being rapidly stamped out (W.P.C.). Poole (Dale l.c,.), I have never seen a Poole specimen, and the locus is un¬ suitable. I have lived in Poole and collected round it for over 40 years (W.P.C.). Powerstock, on the Gault (W.P.C.); Sher¬ borne, one (J.D.).
ab. et var. Siospita Schiff.
Cranborne, one (F.H.F.).
Arctia vsSSica Linn. ; Meyr., p. 43, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 9.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). He also says the same of Arctia caja L. ; the word needs qualification ; villica is at least 50 per cent, less abundant than caja (W.P.C.).
203
Bere Wood, occasionally (W.P.C.) ; Blandford (W.P.C.); Bloxworth, occasionally (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Buzbury
(S.C.S.B.) ; Coombe Wood (F.H.H.); Charmouth, fairly fre¬ quently (W.D.L.) ; Chideock (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.) ; East Burton (F.H.H.); Ferndown (W.P.C.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.) ; King’s Barrow (E.R.B.) ; Morden (F.H.H.) ; Poole (W.P.C.); Portland, com¬ mon (C.W.D.) (i D.F.C., 54), common near the Verne Fort (F.J.K.) ; Purbeck, common (L.P.7); Ringstead (F.H.H.) ; Sandbanks, formerly common (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.); Studland (E.R.B.); St. Gabriel’s (W.D.L.); Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Arctia caja Linn. ; Meyr., p. 44, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 9.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I agree, but it has a special liking for gardens and allotments where groundsel and purple dead nettle grow freely, as also for sea-cliffs (W.P.C.).
Abbott’s Wootton (W.D.L.) ; Bloxworth, common (A.W.P.-C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.) ; I ford (F.H.H.); Portland, common (C.W.D.) (1 D.F.C., 53) (F.J.K.) ; Purbeck, common (L.P. 7); Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage, not common (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Callimorpha dominula Linn. ; Meyr., p. 44, No. 2; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Wet woods locally common ’ (Dale). Not according to the records confined to wet woods nor from the habits of the insect would one expect it to be (W.P.C.). ‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes).
Affpuddle (E.H.C.); Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, com¬ mon in wettish places (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford, not common (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (DaleZ.c.) ; Hyde, near Bere Regis, locally common (P.H.Th.); Morden Bog (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Moreton (F.H.H.); Tadnoll (F.H.H.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
FAMILY NOLID AE.
Roeselaa confusafis H. Schaff. ; Meyr., p. 46, No. 2.
Nola confusalis Dale, p. 8.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Well distributed but not com¬ mon ’ (Bankes). In my experience occurs rarely as single speci¬ mens, and as to distribution a list of localities would be more convincing than the above estimates (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, scarce (O.P.-C.) ; Buzbury (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P.7); Grange (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.); Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.); Parkstone, about two a season (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) (L.P. 7) ;
204
West Whiteway, three on 23rd May, 1872 (T.P.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Nola CUCUliatella Linn. ; Meyr. , p. 46; Dale, p. 8.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). I think he is right and the insect verges on being common (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (L.P. 7) ; Cranborne, scarce (F.H.F.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett, larva fairly common (A.R.H.); Morden (F.H.H.); Parkstone, commonly (S.C.S.B.); Poole, not uncommon (W.P.C.) ; Studland Rectory, at light (C.R.D.) (L.P. 7) ; Swanage, one at light (A.G.B.R.) (E.B.N.) ; Weymouth, i89o(A.W.P.-C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.) .
Uraba strigula Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 47, No. 1.
Nola strigula Dale, p. 8.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I think it must be, as I have worked both the recorded localities very frequently without seeing it (W.P.C. ).
[Bloxworth (O.P.-C. teste Dale); A.W.P.-C. says no record by O.P.-C. ; possibly a mistake of Dale’s] ; Cranborne, one
(F.H.F.).
Uraba albula Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 47, No. 2.
Weymouth, one at light in 1904 (N.M.R.) (1904, Ent. Mon . Mag., *40 : 21 1).
FAMILY HY LOPHILIDAE.
Earias chlorana Linn. ; Meyr., p. 48 ; Dale, p. 7.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). ‘Local and uncommon’ (Bankes). I think it is local and wants working for (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (E.H.C.) ; Corfe Castle, one in 1907 (E.R.B.); Lytchett Minster (W.P.C.); Studland (C.R.D.) (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 31).
Hylophila bicolorana Fuessl. ; Meyr., p. 49.
Halophila quercana Dale, p. 7.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Local and uncommon ’ (Bankes).
Bere Wood, not common (W.P.C.) (O. P.-C.) ; Cranborne, scarce (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Grange, Pur- beck, one in 1908 (P.H.Th.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett, not common (A.R.H.) ; Middlemarsh (Dale l.c.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Halias prasinana Linn. ; Meyr., p. 49.
Halophila prasinana Dale, p. 7.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). I think he is right, and it is not uncommon. Probably every woodland of mixed hardwoods produces it (W.P.C.).
205
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Can- ford (W.P.C.); Broadwinsor (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.) (F.H.F.); East Howe (W.P.C.); Haymoor Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.); Hazelbury Plucknett (A.R.H.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Sarrothripus revayana Scop. ; Meyr., p. 50.
Sarrothripus undulanus Dale, p. 7.
‘Widely distributed’ (Dale). ‘Locally common’ (Bankes). My experience agrees with neither (W.P.C.).
Blox worth, sparingly (O.P.-C.) ; Bere Wood, occasionally (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (P.H.) (L.P.31) ; Cranborne, one (F.H.F.) ; Creech Grange (F.W.) ; Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Plucknett, fairly frequent (A.R.H.) ; Hamworthy, several (W.P.C.); Poole, one (W.P.C.); Studland (C.R.D.) (L.P. 31) ; Swanage, one at light (A.G.B.R.).
forma degeneranus Hiibn.
Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.). [Note. — W. Fassnidge, who has some considerable experi¬ ence of degeneranus Hiibn. on the continent, expresses the opinion that the true sallow-feeding degeneranus Hiibn. is not conspecific with revayana Scop, nor with the form of revayana which is called degeneranus by British entomologists. His view is that the matter needs very careful investigation. ]
forma ramosanus Dup.
Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.).
FAMILY CARADR1NIDAE.
Sub-family I. Caradrinides.
Acronycta leporina Linn. ; Meyr., p. 54, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 13.
‘ Widely distributed but scarce and local ’ (Bankes). Not common, but seems more prevalent on small birches in the heather-birch area than elsewhere (W.P.C.).
Branksome, two in 1903 (E.H.T.) ; Bloxworth, one 5th Aug. , 1862 (O.P.-C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.); Chickerell, one in 1891 (C.W.D.) ; Corfe Castle, two bred in 1902 and others taken since (E.R.B.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy, one larva in 1901 which emerged as an imago in 1903 (W.P.C.) ; Hazelbury Park, June, 1925 (A.R.H.) ; Morden, larvae fairly frequent on birch (H.L.A.) ; Owermoigne (F.H.H.) ; Parkstone, larvae sparingly on birch (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.) ; Poole, three larvae in Aug.-Sept. , 1900, on Populus balsamifera, two of
206
which emerged 14th and 24th May, 1902 ; two further larvae in 1906 (W.P.C.) ; Stoborough, two in 1908 (P.H.Th.) ; Studland, one in July, 1891 or 1892 (L. W. Bristowe), one larva in Sept., 1930 (W.P.C. ), two larvae at Littlesea (S.C.S.B.) ; Wimborne, one larva in 1907 (G.F.M.) (E.R.B.).
Acronycta aceris Linn. ; Meyr., p. 55, No. 2; Dale, p. 13.
‘Rare’ (Dale). This is not so, the insect is of frequent occurrence without being common. The paucity of records is, I am satisfied, due to want of work, since the larva is of frequent occurrence on horse-chestnut in Bournemouth. It must be remem¬ bered, however, that sycamore is not a common woodland tree, but that it is, with horse-chestnut, another food-plant becoming a regular feature in towns, and the larva may be frequently ob¬ tained (W.P.C.). Bankes considered it an east Dorset insect.
Bloxworth, a few only (O'.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, two(E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge, two (T.P.) (L.P. 18); Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C. S.B.); Poole (E.N.B.), frequently (W.P.C.); Studland, one in 1909 (P.H.Th.); Swanage, two (J. Baiss) ; Wimborne, one in 1806 (J.C.D.), one in 1907 (G.F.M.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.) ; Upper Bockhampton (F.H.H.).
Acronycta alni Linn. ; Meyr., p. 55, No. 3.
Jocheaera alni Dale, p. 13.
‘ Scarce and local ’ (Bankes). My experience is that it is very rare (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, one at sugar, May, 1933 (S.C.S.B.); Blox¬ worth, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Blandford, larvae occasionally met with (Dale l.c.), Bankes comments ‘very occasionally’; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gravel Hill, between Poole and Wimborne, one larva which was parasitized (W.P.C.) ; Hazelbury Park, one larva in Aug., 1915 (A.R.H.); Lyme Regis (Dale l.c.) ; Middle- marsh (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone, one larva (S.C.S.B.); Wimborne (E.R.B.).
Acronycta tridens Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 56, No. 5.
Triaena tridens Dale, p. 13.
The difficulty of differentiating this species from A. psi L. is very great. Most of the records are unreliable except those of larvae. The genitalia, which afford a satisfactory means of differentiation, have not been used as a test in these records. In the absence of time for examination of genitalia for my own records, where imagines were captured I have relied on the rosier tinge as belonging to tridens and not to psi, and the character given by Hampson (Cat. Lep. Phal., 8: 97) that the dagger mark is carried right through the cilia in tridens, while it is disconnected from the dark mark in the cilia in psi.
207
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Local and scarce ’ (Bankes). I agree
(W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, one larva (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, occasional larvae (O.P.-C.); Can ford Bottom, near Poole, bred from larva (more than one) (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, one larva and imagines (W.P.C.), two (F.H.F.); [Corfe Castle. I am in some doubt about this locality. Dale l.c. recorded it. E.R.B. deleted the entry from his copy of Dale and from his Purbeck notebook. He, however, left an insertion in his own handwriting standing, yet he omitted the Purbeck locality from his MS. list for the Vic¬ toria County History, and in his own copy of L.P.i has written,
‘ I imagined that some specimens I had taken were tridens, but now identify them all as psi * — how, he does not state, and I suspect the correction is at least as likely to be erroneous as the original entry] ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Hazelbury Park, one in 1922 (not bred nor the genitalia examined) (A.R.H.) ; Swanage, several (W.P.C.), two, one a melanic <3* (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Acronycta psi Linn. ; Meyr. , p. 56, No. 6.
Triaena psi Dale, p. 13.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ I consider it fairly com¬ mon ’ (Bankes). A high proportion of my records are bred speci¬ mens (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, fairly common, a good many bred (O.P.-C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bridport (W.P.C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Can- ford (W.P.C.); Canford Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle, not rare (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park, not uncommon (A.R.H.) ; Parkstone, common (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, not uncommon (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (T.P.) (W.P.C.) (L.P. 18) ; Swan- age, not common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Acronycta megacephala Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 57, No. 7.
Apatela megacephala Dale, p. 13.
‘Rare’ (Dale), which it most certainly is not (W.P.C.). ‘ Well distributed and locally common ’ (Bankes). I believe larvae may be obtained from practically every poplar of any age in the county (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, one (O.P.-C.), a few (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood, one (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 18) ; Cranborne, common (W.P.C.) (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Kimmeridge (T.P.) (L.P. 18); Morden (F.H.H.); Poole (E.N.B.) (W.P.C.); Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Spettisbury (W.P.C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 18); Swanage (W.P.C.) (S. W. Kempe) ; Winfrith
(F.H.H.).
208
Acronycta ligustri Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 57, No. 8.
Craniophora ligustri Dale, p. 13.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Widely distributed but more or less un¬ common ’ (Bankes). Very local, but very locally not uncommon (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, one (S.C.S.B.) ; Bere Wood, a few (W.P.C.), a good many in July, 1856 (O'. P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, occasionally not uncommon (O.P.-C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 18) ; Cran¬ borne, fairly common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (DaleZ.c.); Holwell (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, occasionally (E.N.B.), but not for many years (W. P.C.); Wimborne (E.R.B.).
ab. sundevalli Lampr. = olivacea Tutt.
Cranborne, one (W.P.C.) ; if memory is not too untrust¬ worthy, F.H.F. also got several of this form at odd times (W.P.C.).
Acronycta rumicis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 57, No. 9; Dale, p. 13.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). This may be and possibly is so, although I have never yet taken it in the county (W.P.C.). ‘ Not common ’ (Bankes).
Bere Wood, July, 1856, and occasionally since (O.P.-C.) (A. W. P.-C.) ; Bere Regis, in some numbers (H.L.A.) ; Char- mouth, larva in Sea Lane (W.D.L.) ; Hazelbury Park, fairly common (A.R.H.) ; Purbeck, not uncommon (E.R.B.) (L.P. 18) ; Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, not rare (T.P.).
[ Acronycta auricoma Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 58, No. 10.
E.N.B. stated that he used to take it sparingly at Poole. E.R.B. rejects this for want of evidence, and I think rightly so.]
Diphtera orion Esp. ; Meyr., p. 59.
Very rare ; seems to be entirely confined to the north-east of the county (W.P.C. ).
Cranborne, one June 10th, and one June 19th, 1905 (F.H.F.), one larva (W.P.C.).
[Bryophila algae Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 60, No. 1.
Recorded for Swanage in Swanage and its History, John Brave, 1890. Bankes says the record is erroneous, and since he himself compiled the list, he should know. I have little doubt it was a slip for muralis Forst. (W.P.C.).]
Bryophila muralis Forst. ; Meyr., p. 60, No. 2.
Bryophila glandifera Dale, p. 13.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say locally sometimes fairly com¬ mon, but the class of old stone wall suitable to the species is rather decreasing, although old cool brick walls suit it, and it
209
will also occasionally take to old hardwood posts (W.P.C.). ‘ Not uncommon on the coast, but I only have three inland records ’ (Bankes).
Bloxworth, two (O.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.) ; Corfe Castle, one in 1907 (E.R.B.) ; Kimmeridge, one in 1870, and one in 1873 (T.P.) ; Poole (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.) (1897, Entomologist, 30: 274), common (E.N.B.). I agree it was com¬ mon on the walls of the old stone house at E.N.B.’s lime-kiln at Longfleet, Poole. These walls were made of Lyme Regis Lias and were much overgrown with lichen. Unfortunately modern im¬ provements have destroyed this picturesque old building entirely (W.P.C.) ; Portland, commonly (F .J.K.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage, one (E.R.B.) — he has recorded one on a wall, but this must have been a casual capture and not the result of systematic search, or he would have got many; E.H.C. and W.P.C. both obtained larvae commonly and bred the insect, as well as taking imagines (W.P.C.) (F.J.K.) (A.G.B.R.). Wey¬ mouth (E.R.B.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Tutt (1891, Brit. Noct., 1: 9; 1892, 4: 83-88) gives a number of colour variations. The form regarded by Tutt as typical is not common in Dorset. I have one from Swanage and three from Poole.
impar Warren I have not seen from Dorset, though I have a single specimen from Poole approximating closely to it.
par Hiibner is in my opinion the most frequent. I have it from Poole and Swanage in numbers.
viridis Tutt is rarer according to my experience, and I only have it from Poole.
obscura Tutt or what I take to be this form is quite usual at both Poole and Swanage. The rich olivaceous or ochraceous form called aurolichenea Oberthiir (Culot, 1909, Noct. etGeom., 1 : 24, fig. 10) has occurred to me in Devon, but not yet in Dorset.
Bryophila perla Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 60, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 12.
‘ Generally distributed, scarce at Glanville’s Wootton ’ (Dale). ‘Generally common’ (Bankes). I find it commonly in the east end of the county. It is distinctly a town insect. It would be interesting to have some further western records. I rather fancy that the type of stone used for walls in the west end of the county weathers too rapidly for a good growth of lichen. On the other hand, perla will flourish on any old brick wall and seems to stand the heat of the bricks better than muralis (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth, on house walls (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.); Organford (W.P.C.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.);
210
Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), not uncommon (E.R.B.) (L.P. 18) ; Portland (F.J.K.) ; Parkstone, common (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Rempstone Heath (F.H.H.) ; Swanage, common (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
ab. flavescens Tutt.
Cranborne, one (F.H.F.) ; Poole, two (W.P.C.). Whilst one often meets specimens with some yellowish scaling, true flavescens is in my view rare in Dorset ; I have seen specimens approaching suffusa Tutt but not really reaching it (W.P.C.).
Stilbia anomaia Haw. ; Meyr., p. 61 ; Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Occurs sparingly ’ (Bankes). I should say local but not very scarce. I fancy it could be obtained in fair numbers if one worked for it (W.P.C.).
Alderholt, fairly commonly (F.H.F.) ; Bloxworth, scarce (E.R.B.) (O.P.-C.) ; Lyme Regis, Raymond’s Hill (R.P.D.); Morden Heath (W.P.C.) (H.L. A.) ; Poole, occasionally (E.N. B.), Branksome Park (W.G.H.) (G.C.G.) ; Stoborough Heath (Dale l.c.), the captures were made by C.W.D. ipse, and he recorded them as ‘ Wareham Heath,’ which is not the correct place name for the locality where he took them (W.P.C.) (L.P. 26) ; Stud- land (F. Whitehead) (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.) (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage (A.U.B.).
[ Aco'smetia caliginosa Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 61 ; Dale, p. 15.
‘ Rare; Bloxworth by O.P.-C. in 1854’ (Dale). O.P.-C., on the other hand, says he has never taken the insect in Bloxworth and has never heard of anyone who has. A.W.P.-C. says his father’s series came from Brockenhurst. Neither E.R.B. nor I know of any authentic record. I much fear this initial and un- forgiveable blunder on the part of Dale has been copied by many authors and is probably the basis of Meyrick’s statement that the insect occurs in Dorset. I enquired on this head of Mr. Meyrick, who tells me that he has not taken the insect in Dorset himself and has no records from his correspondents, and thinks my surmise is correct (W.P.C.).]
Amphipyra pyramidea Linn. ; Meyr., p. 62, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 22.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). This is quite erroneous (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth and Bere Wood, sometimes common (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Creech Grange, Pur¬ beck, common in 1909 (P.H.Tz.); Glanville’s Wootton, 21st Sept., 1824, and 9th August, 1881 (Dale l.c.). It is difficult to believe that this insect is so unusual at this locality as to call for recorded dates (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael, abundant (J.H.W.); Hazelbury Park, common (A.R.H.) ; Haymoor Bot-
2 II
tom, near Poole, a few (W.P.C.) ; Plodd Hill (S.C.S.B.) ; Muston Down (A.G.B.R.) ; Parley (S.C.S.B.); Poole (E.N.B.) ; Sher¬ borne (Dale l.c.) ; Sherford Bridge, near Wareham, frequent (H.L.A.) (W.P.C.) ; Studland, sparingly (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage (A.G.B.R.) ; Tyneham, one (T.P.) (L.P. 25) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Amphspyra tragopogonis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 62, No. 2 ; Dale, p 22.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I am very doubtful if this is really cor¬ rect. I should like to qualify the statement with “ but not on the geological horizons younger than the Reading Beds,” but I am not in possession of quite enough information to make this qualification without reserve. I know it to be excessively abund¬ ant on the Northern Downs and by no means common at Poole (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Blox worth, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park, common (A.R.H.) ; Poole, a few only (E.H.C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), fairly common (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, abundant (F.H.H.).
Ochria ochracea Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 63.
Gortyna flavago Dale, p. 22.
‘Rare’ (Dale). ‘ Distributed but rather uncommon ’ (Bankes). I should say everywhere where Cnicus palustns grows, and the larvae and pupae can be obtained in large numbers (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, not uncommon (O.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth, Hogchester (K. G. Blair) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, one (F.H.F.); Dunyeat’s Hill, plentiful (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hazelbury Park, larva once in stem of Arctium lappa (A.R.H.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Organford (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone, one at light (W.P.C.) ; Poole, occasionally (W.P.C.) ; Studland (A.G.B.R.) ; Swanage, two at light (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
The typical form is less prevalent than the deep orange flavago Esper. (W.P.C.).
Luperinai testacea Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 63, No. I ; Dale, p. 14.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes).
I should say excessively abundant. I do not remember collect¬ ing in any locality at a suitable time without encountering the insect. Whilst the insect is sufficiently variable in Dorset to be quite interesting, I have not seen any specimens which could be reasonably confused with any of its congeners. The tone is usually brownish and sometimes a cold grey, but never the silvery grey of baxteri (W.P.C.).
212
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge, com¬ mon (T.P.); Morden (W.P.C.); Parkstone (W.P.C.), common (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) ; Portland (O.P.-C.) ; Purbeck, com¬ mon at light (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Swanage, common (A.G. B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
A.G.B.R. has taken at his home at Durlston a number of sooty specimens of testacea, much like lutulenta in appearance.
Luperina Dumerili Dup. ; Meyr., p. 64, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 14.
Portland, one in 1858 and three in 1859 by William Farren ; two in 1858 by Mr. Sealey. These passed into the collection of F. O. Bond and formed the basis of Dale’s record. One passed into E.R.B.’s collection and is now at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
Spodoptera exigua Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 64.
Laphygma, exigua Dale, p. 15.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). The status of this insect as far as Dorset is concerned is, I am satisfied, that of a casual immigrant which occasionally as in 1906, manages to get a brood or two through and then disappears again. It is a member of a genus all of which are great wanderers (W.P.C.).
Branksome, one Sept., 1906 (E. P. Reynolds), two, Sept. 14th, 1906 (S. T. Thorne, 1906, Entomologist, 39: 235-236) ; Chesil Beach, two- June 6th, 1879 (O. P.-C.) ; Kinson, one at rag¬ wort blossom, July 29th, 1906 (W. G. Hooker) ; Poole and dis¬ trict, about 50 specimens by T. Hartley, W. G. Hooker, W. Jones, S. T. Thorne and W. J. Ogden ; from ova obtained from these specimens many were bred (1907, Entomologist, 40: 65) ; Portland, by Mr. Harding; Sandbanks, a few in 1928 (R.P.D.) ; Studland, one on Sept, .nth, 1879 (C.W.D.).
Rusina tenebrosa Hiibn.; Meyr., p. 65; Dale, p. 16.
‘ Locally common at times ’ (Bankes). I should say common in the woodlands (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, common (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (A.W. P.-C.) ; Buzbury, common (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, very common (F.H.F.); Creech Grange (P.H.Th.) ; Corfe Castle (Dale Lc.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (C.W.D.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Hazel- bury Park, common (A.R.H.); Organford (W.P.C.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21) ; Stud- land, even on the sand dunes (W.P.C.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.).
Coenobia rufa Haw. ; Meyr., p. 65 ; Dale, p. 13.
Locally not uncommon (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford
213
(W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, plentiful (E.R.B.); Dunyeat’s Hill j between Poole and Wimborne (W.P.C.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) ; Stud- land, plentiful (E.R.B.) (W.P.C. et aliis) (L.P. 19) ; Wareham (E.R.B.); Wimborne, not uncommon (G.F.M.).
Nonagria geminipuncta Haw. ; Meyr., p. 66, No. 1.
Organford, near Wareham, plentiful (W.P.C.) ; Poole, fresh¬ water lake in public park (W.P.C.) ; Studland, larva and pupa in 1887 (E.R.B.) ; Swanage coast in 1895 (E.B.N.) (E.R.B.) ; Wareham, plentiful (E.R.B.).
The above can hardly be regarded as giving a reliable view of the distribution. I venture to think that the insect will be obtained in every well-established reed-bed if worked for (W.P.C.).
Nonagria sparganii Esp. ; Meyr., p. 67, No. 5.
Studland, pupae not bred out (W.P.C.); imagines in Aug., 1934 (A.G.B.R.) (H.L.A.).
Nonagria typhae Thunb. ; Meyr., p. 67, No. 6.
In my opinion, to be obtained in any place where either Typha latifolia or Typha angustifolia have been established for any length of time (W.P.C.).
Corfe Castle, common (E.R.B.) ; Grange, Purbeck (P.H.Th.) ; Organford, near Wareham, plentiful (W.P.C.) ; Rempstone, commonlv (A.G.B.R.); Studland, common (W.P.C.); Swanage coast (B.G.N.) (E.B.N.) (E.R.B.).
Senta maritima Tausch. ; Meyr., p. 67.
Studland, one at light on August nth, 1909 (P.H.Tz.); an¬ other near Littlesea on Sept. 1st, 1933 (Harold King).
Panemeria tenebrata Scop. ; Meyr., p. 68.
Heliodes arbuti Dale, p.21.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). Oddly enough I have only obtained it in the western part of the county, and that not com¬ monly (W.P.C.).
Bridport (W.P.C.) ; Broadwinsor (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25) ; Dottery (W.P.C.) ; Lewesdon Hill (W.P.C.) (A.R.H.) ; Morden (H.L.A.); Whitchurch Canonicorum (W.D.L.).
Monocles venustula Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 68.
One at light at Swanage, August 28th, 1933 (A.G.B.R.). I have seen this specimen and agree with the determination (W.P.C.).
214
Caradrina pyralina View. ; Meyr., p. 70, No. 1.
Cosmia pyralina Dale, p. 19.
‘ Very rare ’ (Dale).
Glanville’s Wootton, August 26th, 1846, and August 24th, 1855 (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, sparingly (E.N.B.) ; Branksome, one in August, 1906 (E. P. Reynolds).
Caradrina diffinis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 71, No. 2.
Cosmia.diffinis Dale, p. f9- ‘Rare’ (Dale).
[Bloxworth (Dale l.c.). Of doubtful authority; there is no record by O.P.-C.] ; Charmouth (Dale l.c.); Cranborne, one {F.H.F.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.); Poole (E.N.B.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Caradrina affinis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 71, No. 3.
Cosmia affinis Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Usually uncommon ’ (Bankes). I have found it commonly wherever I have beaten Ulmus campestris and Ulmus montana for larvae. It has a marked preference in the larval stages for the former as a food-plant (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (W.P.C.), a few bred (O.P.-C.); Branksome (E. P. Reynolds); Charmouth, one (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Cranborne, plenti¬ ful (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.); Pamphill (W.P.C.) ; Parley, commonly (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) (W.P.C.); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) (P.H.Tz) (L.P. 23) ; Swanage (W.P.C.).
Caradrina trapezma Linn. ; Meyr., p. 71, No. 4.
Cosmia trapezina Dale, p. 19.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally abundant ’ (Bankes). I do not think that it is anything like as abundant as it used to be. It is one of the few moths that is partial to visiting the blossom of sweet chestnut (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood, very abundant (E. H.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant in the 8o’s and 90’s (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Canford Bottom (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.); Gus- sage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.); Poole, abundant (E.H.C.); Purbeck, common (T.P.) (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Swan- age, not very common, 1930-33 (A.G. B.R.); Winfrith, very common (F. H.H.).
215
Caradrina subtusa Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 71, No. 5.
T'ethea subtusa Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Bloxworth (O.P.-C.), rare (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle, bred from larva on poplar (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Parley, flying commonly over ditches near the surface of the water (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) ; Swanage, one at light (A.G.B.R.).
Caradrina retusa Linn. ; Meyr., p. 72, No. 6.
Tethea retusa Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Bloxworth (O.P.-C. teste E.R.B.), A.W.P.-C. says the only specimen in O.P.-C. ’s collection was one given to O.P.-C. by E.R.B. ; Glanville’s Wootton (DaleZ.c.) ; Poole (E.N.B.). I have never seen it in the Poole area myself (W.P.C.).
Caradrina umbrai Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 72, No. 9.
Heliothis marginata Dale, p. 21.
Bloxworth, but scarce (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) ; Burning Cliff (Dale l.c.) ; Corfe Castle, a few larvae on rest harrow in 1906 (E.R.B.); Cranborne, infrequently (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Preston (Dale l.c.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), very doubtful (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, not rare (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Swanage, Punfield Cove, larvae on rest harrow not rare (E.R.B.), common at Durlston in 1932 but scarce in 1933 (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, one (T.P.).
It will be observed that the Poole record is the only one from from a purely siliceous soil, which makes it very dubious indeed. There is no Ononis round Poole (W.P.C.).
Caradrina mieacea Esp. ; Meyr., p. 73, No. 10.
Hydro ecia micacea Dale, p. 14.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Widely distributed but rather uncommon ’ (Bankes). Of regular local occurrence (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (Dale l.c.) [no record by O.P.-C. and no1 Blox¬ worth specimen in his collection] ; Cranborne, fairly common (F.H.F.); Glanville’s Wootton, last on August 8th, 1870 (Dale l.c.), but it can hardly be extinct there ! (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Moreton (F.H.H.); Parkstone, at light Sept., 1930 (W.P.C.); Poole (E.N.B.), in fair numbers at ragwort on the shores of Poole Harbour (W.P.C.); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Swanage, two (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.); Wool, common (F.H.H.).
Caradrina lutosai Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 73, No. 12.
Nona gria lutosa Dale, p. 14.
‘ Well but sparingly distributed ’ (Bankes). A. H. Sperring of Portsmouth, however, has investigated the habits of the in-
2l6
sect and these may account for the sparseness of the records. He tells me it is obtainable just at dusk sitting amongst reeds, but disappears in about an hour and then cannot be found, and it rarely flies. I have only seen it flying very late indeed (u p.m.), and then only very few, so it is apparently easy to over¬ look (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (Dale l.c.) [no record by O.P.-C., no specimen in his collection with a data ticket] ; Charmouth (Dale l.c.) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one specimen (Dale l.c.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), very occasionally (W.P.C.) ; Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; [Studland (Dale l.c.), E.R.B. has deleted this from his copy of Dale, but the locality is suit¬ able] ; Swanage, a few (E.R.B.), one at light, several at sugar (A.G.B.R.).
Caradrina fulva Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 74, No. 14.
Tapinostola fulva Dale, p. 13.
‘ Widely distributed but not recorded from Purbeck ’ (Dale). The latter statement has been rendered untenable by subse¬ quent records ; the former statement wants serious qualification, since the habits of this species render it peculiarly local. Bankes regards the species as widely distributed but scarce (W.P.C. ).
Bloxworth, scarce (O.P.-C.), not scarce in my experience (W.P.C.); Buckland Newton, Pop Mallard Wood (A.G.B.R.); Break Hill Wood, Canford (E.H.C.); Corfe Castle, scarce (E.R.B.); Glanville’s Wootton, rare (J.C.D.) (C.W.D.) ; Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.) ; Kniton, near Canford, locally not uncommon (W.P.C.) ; Morden Bog, plentiful (A.W.P.-C.) ; Poole, occasion¬ ally (W.P.C.) ; Studland, scarce (P.H.Tz.) (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Swanage, one at light (A.G.B.R.); Wimborne (G.F.M.) ; Win- frith (F.H.H.).
The variation is considerable, and without dealing with Tutt’s forms (1891, Brit. Noct., 2: 44) at length, I have ob¬ tained at Studland ffluxa Tr. and ab. pallida St., at Hamworthy ab. concolor Tutt [nee Gn.), whilst one of the Canford speci¬ mens is a dull sooty, greyish-ochreous entirely unlike any of Tutt’s colour variations.
Caradrina Bondi Knaggs; Meyr., p. 75, No. 20.
Tapinostola bondii Dale, p. 14.
‘ Rare and local ’ (Dale).
Charmouth in 1884 (A. B. Farn). ‘ Near Charmouth, beyond a limekiln on the cliff on the east side of the little River Char ’ (Dale MS. per F. O'. Morris, 1887, The Naturalist, 2: 88) ; Lyme Regis in July, 1863 (P. Wormald), abundantly in 1880 and 1881 and since (Herbert Goss. F.E.S.), in 1874 (W. H. Tugwell,
217
1874, Entomologist, 7 : 205, 292) ; Portland, one on July 9th, 1888 (Mrs. N. M. Richardson) ; Stonebarrow, Black Ven, and the fields by the sea (W.D.L.).
Acosmetia morrisii Dale, the white variety of arcuosa Haw. referred to by Dale, is teste E.R.B. this species ; contra J. J.W. , 1909, Ent. Mon. Mag., 45: 179.
Caradrina arcuosa Haw. ; Meyr., p. 75, No. 21.
Miana arcuosa Dale, p. 15.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale), ‘ and occasionally taken ’ (Bankes). If Dale means, that it may turn up in any odd place occasionally, it does not do so ; if he means the localities for it are scattered, I agree (W.P.C.).
As to Dale’s white variety morrisii, vide ante under bondi Knaggs, and confer Tutt, 1892, Brit. Noct., 4: 99-100.
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, rather sparingly (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, occasionally but regularly (E.R.B.) ; Creech Grange (P.H.Th.) ; Cranborne, one (F.H.F.) ; Dunyeat’s Hill, between Poole and Wimborne, three or four of an evening at light under favourable conditions (W.P.C.) ; Morden Park, common in 1887 (A.W.P.-C.) ; Parley (S.C.S.B.) ; Studland, one (A.G.B.R.).
Caradrina quadripunctata. Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 76, No. 23.
Caradrina cubicularis Dale, p. 15.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘Common’ (Bankes). This is one of the ‘ common ’ insects that I have always experienced great difficulty in obtaining (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth Heath, rare (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford., a curious specimen with a complete dark margin to the four wings (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Parkstone, not common (S.C.S.B.); Poole (W.P.C.); Portland (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Purbeck, beaten commonly from haystacks (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Swanage (W.P.C.), fairly commonly, but much infested with red acari (A.G. B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Caradrina morpheas Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 76, No. 24; Dale, p. 15.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common ’ (Bankes). I agree (W.P.C.).
Cranborne, fairly abundant (F.H.F.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.); Purbeck, abundant (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Swanage (W.P.C.); Studland (W.P.C.); West Whiteway, one (T.P.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
2l8
Caradrina alsines Brahm. ; Meyr., p. 76, No. 25; Dale, p. 15.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon locally ’ (Bankes). I know, however, that E.R.B. regarded this as one of the rarer Cara- drinas, using the generic term in its old sense and not in the extended sense in which Meyrick uses it. Bankes took much care in checking the identity as he regarded taraxaci Hiibn. as the commoner species, though my own series of alsines is much more extended than my series of taraxaci . Most of the following records are founded on insects checked by Bankes (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.); Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.); Bloxworth, not scarce (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.); Creech, Purbeck (F.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Lilliput (W.P.C.); Poole (W.P.C.); Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Swanage (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.); Wimborne (W.P.C.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
A.G.B.R. has a very odd pale and almost unicolorous female.
Caradrina taraxaci Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 76, No. 26.
Caradrina blanda Dale, p. 15.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common, especially on the coast ’ (Bankes). I feel, however, that the confusion of this species with alsines Brahm. is so frequent that a good num¬ ber of both from all available localities submitted to an intensive examination and dissection is really necessary to determine the true distribution (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) ; Coombe Wood (F.H.H.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P.20) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Portland (O.P.-C.); Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P.20); Swanage (W.P.C.), a few (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Caradrina amfoigua Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 77, No. 27.
Locally common in some seasons but subject to great fluc¬ tuation in number (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, one in 1908 (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, abundantly (F.H.F.); Hamworthy, not uncommon (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.); Lilliput (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.), fairly commonly at light (R.P.D.) ; Poole, not uncommon (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Stud- land, one in Sept., 1896 (F.W.), sometimes common (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, one in 1892 (P.M.B.), several in Sept., 1901 (A.U.B.), not uncommon in July, 1907 (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) (A.G.B.R.).
Caradrina trigrammica Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 77, No. 28.
Grammesia trilinea Dale, p. 15.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common some years ’ (Bankes).
219
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth (W.P.C.), scarce (O.P.-C.) ; Buzbury, abundant (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Gravel Hill, between Poole and Wimborne (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Hazelbury Park, common some years (A.R.H.) ; Hodd Hill (S.C.S.B.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.), commonly (S.C.S.B.); Poole, not uncommon (W.P.C.); Purbeck, abundant (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.) (L.P. 20) ; Swanage, not uncommon (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, com¬ mon (T.P.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
ab. bilinea Hubn.
Bloxworth, sometimes not uncommon (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) (L.P. 20) ; Swanage, not uncommon (W.P.C.), two (A.G.B.R.).
CaradHna matyra Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 77, No. 29.
Cerigo cytherea Dale, p. 14.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes). I agree with Bankes (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, rather common at scabious flowers (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R. B.) ; Cran¬ borne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.); Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.); Hodd Hill, abundant (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); Lilliput (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Lulworth (C.W.D.) ; Poole, com¬ mon (W.P.C.); Portland (J.J.W.), common August, 1888 (A.W.P.-C.) ; Purbeck, not uncommon (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Sand¬ banks (W.P.C.): Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage (W.P.C.), abundant (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth (Rev. W. Claxton) ; Wim¬ borne (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Prodenia litura Fabr. = littoralis Bdv.
On 4th February, 1914, Mr. B. H. Smith showed specimens bred from larvae found at Weymouth in imported bananas (1914, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.: i). The insect has a wide range in tl^p tropics and is always a possible importation.
Mania maura: Linn. ; Meyr., p. 78; Dale, p. 22.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes). According to my experience very local and with a marked pre¬ ference for the neighbourhood of water (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, scarce (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Branksome, in that part of the Bournemouth Pleasure Gardens within the porough of Poole, rather common (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.); Parkstone, regularly but scarce (W.F-C.), fairly fre¬ quent at sugar (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, regularly bu^ scarce (E.H.C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25) ; W/uiborne St. Giles (J.H.W.) ; Winfrith, very common (F.H.H)-
220
Hadena meticulosa Linn. ; Meyr., p. 80, No. i.
Phloxophora meticulosa Dale, p. 20.
‘Common’ (Dale). ‘Often abundant’ (Bankes). It is, I consider, a common flower garden pest and has a great liking for Gladiolus of the primulinus group, Anemone of the japonica group, and Aloysio-, the lemon-scented verbena. The larva is practically polyphagous, and any rare or difficult speciality is certain to be attacked. In 1931 and 1932, in my experience, rare (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Bloxworth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, very abundant (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael, very abundant (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (E.H.C.) ; Hodd Hill (W.P.C.); Poole, very abundant (W.P.C.) ; Portland (F.J.K.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) (L.P.23) ; Winfrith, abundant (F.H.H.).
Hadena lucipara Linn. ; Meyr., p. 81, No. 2.
Euplexia lucipara Dale, p. 20.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). I have taken it in every wood¬ land I have worked (W.P.C. ).
Bere Wood, plentiful (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Bloxworth, plentiful (O.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne district, generally common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Organford (W.P.C.); Parkstone, common (S.C.S.B.); Poole, a few (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, generally distributed (E.R.B.) (L.P.23) ; Studland, amongst ferns (E.R.B.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), not common (A.G.B.R.); West Whiteway, common (T.P.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Hadena scabriuscula Linn. ; Meyr., p. 81, No. 4.
Dipterygia scabriuscula Dale, p. 14.
‘Rare’ (Dale). ‘Locally abundant’ (Bankes). I should say local but frequent (W.P.C.).
Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood (O.P.-C.), common in 1856, less so in my time (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Henbury (W.P.C.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Knighton Heath (O.P.-C.) ; Parley Heath (Dale Z.c.) ; Parkstone, a few (SG.S.B.) (W.P.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), abundant (E.H.C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Swanage (W.P.C.); Wimborne (W.P.C.).
Hadena gemii\a Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 82, No. 6.
Apamea gemirit,, Dale, p. 15.
‘ Common ’ (Bale). Bankes agrees ; so do I (W.P.C.).
1 he following Eye records I am unable to refer to any colour form for want of in%mation (W.P.C.).
221
Bloxworth and Bere Wood, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Hazel- bury Park (A.R.H.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) ; Swanage (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, common (T. P.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
(a) gemma Hiibn. typica. This form as strictly defined does not seem to occur in Dorset, but I have two very near it and very near a specimen from Cumberland. Culot (1913, Noct. et Geom., 1: pi. 30, fig. 1) figures a form as gemina typica which I think Tutt would class as intermedia- grisea, but taking the tone of the figure as typical the darkest Dorset specimens are warmer in tone and more variegated than that figure (W.P.C.).
Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.).
( b ) rufescens Tutt, 1891, Brit. Noct., 1: 89. This is far the most abundant form of the species in Dorset. Occasional speci¬ mens of it have the wing as far as the postmedial line very strongly coloured, and the space between postmedial and sub¬ terminal lines stands out as very pale (W.P.C.).
(c) remissa Tr. This is a scarce form in my experience (W.P.C.).
Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.) ; Studland, one (E.R.B.) ; Swan- age, one (W.P.C. ), one (A.G.B.R.).
( d ) intermedia-gnsea Tutt l.c. This colour form which occurred to me commonly on the Cots wo Ids in a grey stone area, seems scarce in Dorset (W.P.C.).
Sandbanks, one (W.P.C.).
(e) intermedia-mfa Tutt l.c. A fairly common form (W.P.C.).
Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.) ; Swanage
(W.P.C.).
Hadena polyodon Linn. ; Meyr., p. 82, No. 7.
Xylophasia polyodon Dale, p. 14.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). ‘ Often abundant ’ (Bankes). I have never been anywhere in the county at a suitable time without coming across this insect. It shows little variation in Dorset according to my experience. It is noticeable, however, that the hindwings shew a more marked variation than the forewings. Some are practically unicolorous except for a pale basal area and the discoidal barely discernible, and all gradations exist to a pale hind wing with a well-marked crescentic discoidal and a wide dark terminal band, some even exhibiting in addition a well-marked postmedial band followed by a pale band before the dark terminal band (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.); Bere Wood (W.P.C.), abundant (A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford (W.P.C.) ; Charmo'uth(W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.); East Howe (W.P.C.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Parkstone (W.P.C.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.) (L. P. 19); Swanage
222
(A.G.B.R.); Weymouth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.).
Tutt (1891, Brit Noct., 1: 73) gives a rather vague descrip¬ tion of obscura Tutt, and states it occurs ( inter alia ) at Portland.
I have three specimens from Swanage which would appear to be referable to this form, and A.G.B.R. has an exceedingly nice example also from Swanage. I take this form to be walnut brown, because the northern forms I possess are sepia, and 1 think are covered by Tutt’s brunnea.
Haderaa lithoxylea Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 83, No. 9.
Xylophasia lithoxylea Dale, p. 14.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). ‘ Often abundant ’ (Bankes). I agree. The variation exhibited is of the slightest (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Hazelbury Park, common (A.R.H.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), not very common (A.G.B.R.) ; Win- frith (F.H.H.).
Hadena sublustris Esp. ; Meyr., p. 83, No. 10.
Xylophasia sublustris Dale, p. 14.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). Local, but locally not uncommon (Bankes and W.P.C.).
Corfe Castle, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Cranborne, Hand- ley and Bottlebush Downs, Martin Wood, common (W.P.C.) (F.H.F.) ; Portland (Dale Z.c.) ; Swanage, Ballard Down, a few (W.P.C.), Durlston, fair numbers in 1932 and 1933 (A.G.B.R.).
Hadena rurea Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 83, No. 11.
Xylophasia rurea Dale, p. 14.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon as a rule ’ (Bankes). I fear that this insect and hepatica Hiibn. are fre¬ quently confused ; some specimens are undoubtedly difficult to allocate without examination of the genitalia. It has mainly occurred to me in single specimens (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Bloxworth (O.P.-C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. I.4); Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.) ; Hazel¬ bury Park (A.R.H.) ; Hooke Park, one (W.P.C.) ; Hamworthy, one (W.P.C.) ; Higher Kingcombe, one (W.P.C.) ; Kingston Purbeck, four (A.G.B.R.); Poole (W.P.C.); Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, one (W.P.C.), two (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Two of A.G. B.R.’s specimens from Kingston are the form comhusta Esp.
223
Hadena scoiopacma Esp. ; Meyr., p. 84, No. 13.
Xylophasia scolopacina Dale, p. 14.
[Bloxworth (Dale l.c.). This record was founded on speci¬ mens which O. P.-C. says were not Dorset specimens at all] ; Bridport, three by J. Clarke in July, 1897 (1897, Ent. Rec., 9: 334).
Hadena hepatica Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 84, No. 14.
Xylophasia hepatica Dale, p. 14.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Rather common generally ’ (Bankes).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood and Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A. W. P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19); Cran- borne, fairly common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.) ; Kimmeridge, one in 1871 (T.P.) (L.P. 19); Poole, one (W.P.C.) ; Punfield Cove and Bal¬ lard Down, fairly commonly (W.P.C.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.).
Both the form characterea Hubn. and epomidion Haw. (see Tutt (1891, Brit. Noct., 1: 81) occur in all the localities I know, and appear to be approximately equally abundant.
Hadena abjecta Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 85, No. 16.
Mamestra abjecta Dale, p. 15.
‘Rare’ (Dale). This seems to be so and it is very local (W.P.C.).
Chesil Beach, not uncommonly (E.R.B.) ; Hamworthy, one,. August 2nd, 1901 (E.H.C.), one, July 12th, 1908, and three since (W.P.C.) ; Weymouth (Dale l.c.). This probably means. Lodmoor (W.P.C.).
Hadena sordida Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 85, No. 17.
Mamestra anceps Dale, p. 1 5.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon generally ’ (Bankes). In my view local but locally frequent (W.P.C.).
Btoxworth (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, tolerably common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.) ; Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Swanage (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, one (T.P.) (L.P. 20).
Hadena basilinea Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 85, No. 18.
Apamea basilinea Dale, p. 15.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I am disposed to agree that this is so except in the heath area. I am not satisfied that the distribu¬ tion is at all regular, but it is difficult with an insect which is unattractive and yet easily procured to get proper records. Everyone says ‘ Only basilinea/ and there the matter ends (W.P.C.).
22 4
Cranborne (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Preston, com¬ mon (A.W.P.-C.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (L.P. 20) ; Portland, in coll. W.P.C. ( captor incog.)’, Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), fair numbers (A. G. B. R.) ; Weymouth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Hadena ochroleuca Esp. ; Meyr., p. 86, No. 19.
Eremobia ochroleuca Dale, p. 19.
‘Rare’ (Dale).
Blandford, E.R.B. has W.P.C. as his authority. This is, 1 am certain, a capture by J. H. Fowler verified by me and passed to E.R.B. for recording- (W.P.C.). [Bloxworth (Dale l.c.). Of doubtful authority; there is no record by O.P.-C.] ; Parkstone (Dale l.c.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) (G.C.G.) (E.R.B. also has W.P.C., but see remark under Blandford) ; Portland, two1 in 1888 and two in 1889 (C.E.P.) ; Preston, two or three in the daytime on thistle heads, Aug. 10th, 1886 (J.J.W.); Weymouth, in 1871 (A. F. Buxton, 1871, Entomologist, 5: 459) ; Worth Maltravers, one in 1889 (E.R.B.); Winfrith, not uncommon on Centaurea on the •chalk, especially between Winfrith and Coombe Wood (F.H.H.).
Hadena ophiogramma Esp. ; Meyr., p. 86, No. 21.
Poole (E.N.B.). E.R.B. rejected this record, but I think E.R.B. was over cautious. The ornamental silver striped grass Phalaris arundinacea to which this species is so partial was much cultivated in Blanchard’s early days, though rather out of fashion in modern gardens (W.P.C.).
Hadena leucostigma Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 87, No. 23.
Morden (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); Studland, one on Aug. 29th, 1909 (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, one, the large pale, reddish, pretty East Anglian form (A.G.B.R.).
Hadena unanimis Treitsch. ; Meyr., p. 87, No. 24.
Apamea unanimis Dale, p. 15.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
[Bloxworth (Dale l.c.), was investigated by E.R.B. and re¬ jected by him] ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) (E.H.C.); Sherborne (Dale l.c.).
Hadena didyma Esp. ; Meyr., p. 88, No. 25.
Apamea oculea , Dale, p. 15.
‘Common’ (Dale). ‘Often abundant’ (Bankes). To which I would add and extremely variable (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.) «(O.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Chesil Beach, abundant
225
(W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (T.P.), larva common feeding in stems of Iris joetidissima (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), common (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth (A.W.P.-C.) ; Win- frith, abundant and variable (F.H.H.).
The nomino-typical form is on the whole most abundant. I have it from Hamworthy, Poole, Swanage, Bere Wood and Parkstone.
ab. rava Haw. forms only a small percentage. I have always taken this form when I have seen it, but even so my Dorset examples are under one dozen. I have it from Poole, Parkstone, Sandbanks, Hamworthy, Morden, Bere Wood and Swanage, but more specimens from Bere Wood than from any other station.
The black forms lugens Haw., iugeiis-flava Tutt, alfoistigma Tutt and leueosttgma Esp. are nearly as frequent as secalas L. typica.
The richly coloured didyma Esp. on the other hand is rare ; my own short series of 113 specimens, hardly two of which are alike, only contains four of this form, and I have seen nothing approaching the French struma e form.
The four species which here follow in Meyrick are usually placed under Hydraecia and are, as Meyrick states, best recog¬ nised by their genitalia. I have not examined the genitalia in detail in any of the records given below, so that the records can only be regarded as approximately reliable. It may be observed that there are no records of crinanensis Burrows nor lucens Freyer; both these species seem to have a southern limit at Lancashire, but it may well be that their recognition in southern England is merely a question of detailed investigation being wanted. As to the other two species, viz. ilictitans Bork. and paludis Tutt, the former is an insect of the woods, the down- land and inland country, the latter an insect of the dunes and the salterns and estaurine marshes. The former comes freely to light ; the latter does not. The former is an insect with a sprightly, erratic, and rather puzzling flight ; the latter has a more direct and much heavier flight and comes to ragwort very freely, whilst nictitans is not a common visitor to ragwort. The difference in the reniform referred to by Meyrick is, in my opinion, inconstant.
Hadena paludis Tutt; Meyr. , p. 88, No. 28.
‘ Plentiful at Poole, scarce in Purbeck, rare in Portland ’ (Bankes).
22b
Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Morden Bog (W.P.C.) ; Poole, com¬ mon in the salt marshes round the harbour (W.P.C.) ; Portland, one in 1892 (N.M.R.) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Studland, not uncommon (W.P.C.).
Hadena nictitans Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 88, No. 29.
Hydraecia nictitans Dale, p. 14.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally but not generally common ’ (Bankes). Dale’s assessment is erroneous, and I agree with Bankes except that I should have assessed it as rare in the littoral districts and common inland, specially so in damp woodlands (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, at scabious flowers (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth,. especially at onion blossom (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, rare (F.H.F.); Dunyeat’s Hill, between Poole and Wimborne, common (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Morden, frequent at light (W.P.C.) ; Portland (Dale Z.c.); Purbeck, generally distributed (L.P. 19); Studland (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage, at light, not common (A.G.B.R.) ; West White¬ way (T.P.) ; Winfrith neighbourhood, common (F.H.H.).
Portland and Studland both require confirmation based on genitalia ; my present conviction is that these two records relate to paludis Tutt. This is the more firmly my opinion since I find that Dale’s record for Studland is based on an MS. note of Bankes, ‘On ragwort flowers.’ At Studland ‘on ragwort’ makes the odds very heavy in favour of paludis (W.P.C.).
Hadena literosa Haw. ; Meyr., p. 89, No. 32.
Miana literosa Dale, p. 15.
Not very common and the further one gets from the sea the scarcer it becomes (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (J. C. Dale MS., p. 150) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, four only (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Lyme Regis (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.), a few (S.C.S.B.); Poole (E.N.B.) (W.P.C.); Portland (Dale Z.c.); Studland (W.P.C.) (L.P. 20) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), Punfield Cove, larva in the stems, of Iris joetidissima (E.R.B.), abundant (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 20) ; Wimborne (W.P.C.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
[ab. subrosea Warren which I have from the north and east of England does not seem to occur in Dorset (W.P.C.).]
Hadena hicoloria Vill. ; Meyr., p. 90, No. 33.
Miana ; furuhcula Dale, p. 15.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common ’ (Bankes). I have obtained it everywhere in the county where I have collected at a suitable time (W.P.C.).
227
Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Gus- sage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Parkstone (S. C. S. B.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.); Portland, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Swanage (E.R.B.), pretty common (A.G.B.R.) ; Studland (W.P.C.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Hadena strigilis Clerck; Meyr., p. 90, No. 34.
Miana strigilis Dale, p. 15.
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth (A.W.P.-C.) ; Buzbury (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, abun¬ dant (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hazelbury Park (A.R.H.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Lulworth (F.H.H.) ; Park- stone, a few (S.C.S.B.); Poole, common (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), fairly common (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth (A.W.P.-C.); Wool (F.H.H.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
The above scanty records are due to the general view that this species is too common to record.
The nomino-typical form seems common.
Besides many peculiar aberrations that have not so far as I know received a name, I have taken the following : — -aethiops Haw., not common; unicolor Tutt, not common and only at Swanage; intermedia Hormuz, commonly ; praeduncuSa Hiibn., not commonly; aerata Esp. , not commonly; virgata Tutt, com¬ monly; fasciata Tutt, one only; latriinciila Hiibn., moderately common.
No genitalia have been examined ; since strigilis and latrun- cula definitely differ in genitalia a new set of records based on a genital examination is needed (W.P.C.).
Hadena fasesnncuSa Haw. ; Meyr., p. 90, No. 35.
Miana fasciuncula Dale, p. 15.
‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes). In open grassy places (W.P.C.).
‘ In damp places. Very variable in Dorset ’ (F.H.H.).
Bloxworth, usually common, abundant in 1891 (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; East Burton (F.H.H.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale Z.c.) ; Iford (F.H.H.); Poole, common (W.P.C.); Portland (E.R.B.); Purbeck, com¬ mon (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20); Spettisbury, common (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); Swanage (W.P.C.), not so common as the other Mianas (A.G.B.R.).
I have some difficulty in following Tutt’s description of the colour variations of this species (1891, Brit. Noct., 1: 102), but upon the assumption that the ‘ hoary grey ’ of his ab. pallida is meant to convey the dull greenish-ochreous colour found in some specimens then this is the more prevalent form in Dorset
228
according- to my experience forming practically seventy-five per cent, of my captures, which however are not numerous. A.G. B.R. has only taken the red form at Swanage (W.P.C.).
Sub-family 2. Agrotides.
This sub-family contains some of the most difficult of the whole of the Noctuidae. Our knowledge is still very incomplete as to many species, and the mode of differentiation and value of such differentiation are in many cases doubtful and the specific identity of the English forms with the European forms which are referred to under the same name mainly given by continental authors is not to my mind at all satisfactorily established. This is particularly so with Euxoa obelisca Schiff. I have never yet seen a British specimen which agreed with the true continental obelisca in vital characters. However, I have retained the records as recorded and given my own views ; perhaps this will direct the attention of British collectors tO' the fact that there are still many Noctuae which are truly species inquirendae. Breeding from ova seems to be the only likely method of solving the problems, but in addition to this it should be remembered by British collectors that a knowledge of the continental forms and allied species is eminently desirable as a basis for sound taxo¬ nomic work. British entomology has, I fear, suffered much from the auction-room values placed upon British-caught specimens.
Heliothis armigera Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 91, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 21.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). In this country the status of this insect is that of an occasional immigrant. The record under Poole throws some light on this (W.P.C.).
Glanville’s Wootton, on July 22nd, 1871 (C.W.D.); Knowle Hill, Buckland Newton, on July 30th, 1826 (J.C.D.); Lytchett Maltravers, on Sept. 10th, 1894 (E.R.B.) ; Piddlehinton, on August 5th, 1826 (J.C.D.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), one Sept. 9th, 1899, bred from larva imported from Portugal with tomatoes (W.P.C.) ; Portland, in 1885 (J-J-W.).
Heliothis peltigera Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 92, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 21.
In my opinion this species is dependent on immigration and cannot maintain a continuous foothold in Dorset. It may receive its immigrants either direct from the continent or along the coast from south Devon, where the species does appear to be able to maintain itself (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, one flying at rhododendron, and one at Ajuga reptans on June 4th, 1906 (W.P.C.) ; [Bloxworth. This is an error of Dale’s making] ; Branksome, eight taken on May 30th, 1906, and many others seen between 8.15 and 8.45 p.m. (W. G.
229
Hooker, 1906, Entomologist, 39 : 162, 189), two on July 5th, 1906, one on Aug. 3rd, 1906 (W. G. Hooker), two in June, 1906, and one in Sept., 1906 (E. P. Reynolds) ; Cranborne, one Sept. 8th, 1906 (F.H.F.); Poole (E.N.B.); Portland (J.J.W.), one in 1888 (C.E.P.) (R.P.D.), the cliff facing West Bay (F.J.K.); Rempstone Heath, one June 18th, 1888 (C.R.D.); Swanage, Punfield Cove in 1884 (E.R.B.), coast, many bred from larvae in 1904 (E.B.N.) (E.R.B.), and again in 1906 (E.R.B.), two (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 24) ; Wimborne, one at heather blossom August 10th, 1906 (G.F.M.) ; Winfrith, one on January 20 th, 1918, at light in study (F.H.H.). Attention is drawn to the extraordinary date of capture of the last record, which seems best accounted for by an unusually early emergence. The speci¬ men is not a bad one (W.P.C.).
Heliothls dipsacea Linn. ; Meyr. , p. 92, No. 4; Dale, p. 21.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
This is not correct ; it is an insect of frequent and regular occurrence in the heath area, but it does not in Dorset seem to affect the flowering meadows and waste places where legu¬ minous-plants grow as it does on the Continent, where a sain¬ foin or lucerne field may be full of the insects. Some of the Dorsetshire specimens cannot be distinguished superficially from the alleged species Heliothis maritima Graslin, see 1932, Journal Ent. Soc. S. Engl., 1: 23 (W.P.C.).
Alderholt, fairly common (F.H.F.); Bloxworth, sometimes common, O.P.-C. took on Bloxworth Heath forty specimens in 1852, forty-two in 1853 and 144 in 1855; Canford Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (Dale l.c.) ; Grange, Purbeck, one in 1909 (P.H.Th.); Morden Heath (A.G.B.R.); Poole Heath (E.N.B.), not uncommon (E.H.T.) (W. G. Hooker); Parley Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone Golf Links, larvae (W.P.C.), imagine (S.C.S.B.); Studland (E.N.B.) (P.H.Tz.); Verwood, fairly common (F.H.F.).
Euxoa segetum Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 94, No. 1.
Agrotis segetum Dale, p. 16.
‘Common’ (Dale). ‘Often abundant’ (Bankes). I have found it at every station where I have worked and it has a marked partiality for cultivated areas (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.); Bere Reg'is (H.L.A.); Chickerell (A. W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, very common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (L.P. 21); Swanage (W.P.C.), common (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, especially abundant in gardens (F.H.H.); Winterbourne Abbas (W.P.C.).
230
I have the following- named forms in my collection taken in the county : —
ab. pallida Stgr., Swanage (1927, Ent. Rec.} 39:139) ;
ab. catenate Haw. ; ab. pectinate Haw. ; ab. spinning Haw. ; ab. nigricorais Villiers ; ab. snbatratus Haw. ; ab. fuseosa Esp. ; ab. moniieus Haw.
Also several unnamed forms including one closely resembling specimens from Cyprus in the British Museum and described in 1927, Ent. Rec., 39: 139 (W.P.C.).
Euxoai vestigialis Rott. ; Meyr., p. 94, No. 2.
Agrotis valligera Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say habitat restricted but locally common, although it is an insect which is being rapidly wiped out in the county by ‘improvements’ (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth Heath, one <3% a pale form, on July 22nd, 1897 (O.P.-C.); Chesil Beach (Dale l.c.) ; Grange, Purbeck, one at light in 1909 (P.H.Th.) ; Morden Heath, occasionally (H.L.A.) (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone, at one and a half miles from the coast (S.C.S.B.); Poole (W.P.C.) ; Sandbanks, common (E.N.B.), rapidly diminishing (W.P.C.) ; Studland, one in 1883 (E.R.B.), one (C.R.D.), a few in 1907 (F. Pennington), common in August and early September (W.P.C.) (P. H.Tz.) (H.L.A.). I have worked Studland off and on since 1894 and this species has always been plentiful there (W.P.C.).
I have obtained in the county the following forms : one very near ab. aSfoidsoro Petersen ; one very near ab. rngra Tutt ; ab. sagraata Bdv. ; ab. lineolata Tutt ; ab. sagittiferus Haw. ; ab. tragosialis Esp. ; and a beautiful form with a large and brilliant red-brown basal patch. This last being rare. A.G.B.R. has a <3* most beautifully suffused rosy, with costa marked with crimson ; this was taken by him at Studland (W.P.C.).
Euxoa corticea Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 94, No. 3.
Agrotis corticea Dale, p. 16.
‘Common’ (Dale). ‘More or less common generally’ (Bankes). Neither estimate can be accepted; it is an insect with a special range within which it is frequently abundant, but in the siliceous areas in the county it is often entirely absent. The forma typica is rare ; I only have one specimen of it taken at Bere Regis (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, fairly common (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, ‘ but I do not remember it being at all common ’ (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, and adjacent downland common (W.P.C.) (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Parkstone, several (S.C.S.B.); Port¬ land, common (R.P.D.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21) ; Swanage, fairly common (W.P.C.), not common on the Anvil Point side of the bay (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, fairly common (F.H.H.).
231
I have obtained in the county the following- forms : — ab. i, Hampson (1903, Cat. Lep. PhaL, 4: 172); oBawigerus Haw.;
irrorata-pallida Tutt ; wirgata-palBida Tutt ; arrorata-fusca Tutt ; sub-fusca Haw. ; brunnea Tutt; obscura Freyer, one only from Swanage (W.P.C.).
Euxoa cinerea Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 95, No. 4.
Agrotis cinerea Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Has occurred sparingly in certain localities ’ (Bankes). It is to be noted that only the geographical race tephrma Stgr. occurs in Dorset. I have never seen forma typica and I expect I have seen more Dorsetshire cinerea than any other person. Consequently the undernoted aberrations must be understood to be aberrations of tephrina Stgr. (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (S.C.S.B.); Cranborne, plentiful at times (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Creech Grange, one in 1909 (P.H.Th.). [Poole (E.N.B.). Bankes admitted this record. I reject it; I am certain it is erroneous (W.P.C.).] Portland (C.E.P.) ; Studland, one at light (C.R.D.) (L.P. 21) ; Swanage, sparingly on Ballard Down (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; and on the Durlston side of the bay (A.G.B.R.).
It is noteworthy that the above localities are all either Cre¬ taceous or Portlandian Jurassic, an additional reason for reject¬ ing Poole, which is Bagshot and Drift and entirely devoid of calcium.
My Dorset specimens fall into the following forms : paSBida Tutt; wargata Tutt, much the most usual; brunnea Tutt, three only ; eximsa Oberthiir, of which I have six, one being the ex¬ treme development of this form (W.P.C.) .
Euxoa puta Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 94, No. 5.
Agrotis puta Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Distributed and locally common ’ (Bankes). I have found it commonly enough wherever I collected in the county, except in the actual woodland — it seems to prefer open country. It is normally double-brooded in Dorset. It is to be noted that the true puta Hiibn. is a rare European form. The form occurring in Dorset is usually radius Haw., never puta s.s. (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, but not commonly (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (Dale MS., p. 146) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.); Corfe Castle, scarce (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21) ; Cranborne, very common (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Morden (H.L.A.) ; Parkstone, common (S.C.S.B.); Poole dis¬ trict (W.P.C.) ; Portland (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Swanage (W.P.C.), common
232
(A.G.B.R.) (L.P.21); Studland (W.P.C.) ; Wareham (E.R.B.) ; Weymouth (J.J.W.) ; Wimborne (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
In addition to radius Haw. my I^orset specimens fall into the following color forms : lignosa Godr, the most frequent ; renitens Hiibn. ; ohscura Tutt ; nigra Tutt. These forms appear indif¬ ferently in Gen. I and Gen. II (W.P.C.).
Euxoa exclamationis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 95, No. 6.
Agrotis exclamationis Dale, p. 16.
‘Common’ (Dale). ‘Often abundant’ (Bankes), which ac¬ cords with my experience (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Buzbury (S.C.S.B.); Chesil Beach (W.P.C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.); Cranborne, very common (F.H.F.); East Lulworth, abundant (F.H.H.); Gussage St. Michael, abundant (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Organ- ford (W.P.C.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Purbeck, .abundant (T.P.) (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.) (L.P.21); Pun- field Cove (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith, abundant (F.H.H.) ; Swanage, abundant (A.G.B.R.).
I have seen several of the radiate forms from Cranborne taken by F.H.F. and I have one from Punfield Cove; also Fisher took at Cranborne one extremely pale one (W.P.C.).
Euxoa trux Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 96, No. 7.
Agrotis lunigera Dale, p. 16.
It is to be observed that Dorset only produces the race Sllltigera Stph. The variation within the race is considerable, but it never loses its character ; one never sees anything approach¬ ing true trux or such forms as terranea (W.P.C.).
‘ Rare ’ (Diale). ‘ Locally common on the coast ’ (Bankes). I have often seen it in great abundance (W.P.C.).
Portland, abundantly by several collectors (E.R.B.) (N.M.R.) (R.P.D.), in 1888 et seq. (A.W.P.-C.) ; Studland, sparingly by C.R.D. and others ( teste E.R.B.) (L.P.21); Swanage, Ballard Down, abundantly (W.P.C.) and by other collectors ( teste E.R.B.), Anvil Point side scarce (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 21).
My Dorset specimens exhibit the following variations : the orbicular quite annular ; orbicular with a central dot ; orbicular without a central dot, with a general grey ground powdered yellowish which seems to be the nomino-typical form of Stephens ; ab. pallida Tutt ; ab. wirgata Tutt ; ab. ©fescura Tutt ; and ab. rufescens Tutt ; this last seems very rare in Dorset. I must have examined many thousands of specimens at one time or an¬ other, and have only taken one rufescens in Dorset ; as Euxoa has always interested me very much I have kept a sharp look out for forms (W.P.C.).
233
Euxoa obelisca Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 96, No. 8.
With regard to this species I am at present uncertain what the insect is that passes under this name in Britain. Most of the specimens recorded below were identified by Bankes. Bankes identified obelisca at a time when my knowledge of the species was less extended than it now is. I think that either the insect called obelisca by British collectors is a form of tritici L. or else of spinifera Gn., though it may possibly be entitled to specific rank. Hampson (1903, Cat. Lep. Phal., 4) rejects the species for Britain, as does Warren (in Seitz, 1909, Macrolep. of World , 3), whilst the late Dr. A. Corti (in Seitz, 1931, Macrolep. of World, Suppk, 3) thinks that possibly what passes in Britain as obelisca may in fact be obelisca Schiff, but this expert refrains from a positive committal.
The antennae are stated by Meyrick, Z.c., to be ‘ acutely den¬ tate.’ Hampson says they are ‘ bipectinate with long branches with terminal cilia except the last third.’ All I have examined from Britain seem to be serrate-fasciculate like tritici, whilst the few continental specimens I have had an opportunity of examining closely agree with Hampson’s description. W. H. T. Tams and I submitted all Bankes’ series to a careful examina¬ tion, and the antennae do not agree with continental obelisca but with tritici. It is also to be observed that the majority of insects standing under this label in British collections are 9 9 about which there is usually some doubt unless taken in com¬ pany with o* d* • E- obelisca Schiff as understood on the Con¬ tinent has ample wings. As captured in Britain it has narrow wings with costa and dorsum nearly parallel for the distal two- thirds. Finally the specimens attributed to obelisca Schiff by continental authorities have the underside light and clear, the discoidal lunules well marked and subterminal line pronounced. The British specimens like tritici have a dusky disc to the fore¬ wings, the discoidals hardly perceptible and the subterminal difficult to make out. Accordingly the records below must be regarded as subject to grave doubt'.
I had at first decided to reject them altogether, but on con¬ sideration thought that this might lead to misunderstanding and that it was therefore better to insert them with the foregoing caution as to the status of obelisca as a British species.
Hamworthy (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Studland, sparingly (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.), one on Aug. 16th, 1933 (Harold King).
Euxoa cursoria Hiifn. ; Meyr., p. 96, No. 9.
Agrotis cursoria Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Chesil Beach (Mr. Bentley and Prof. Henslow) ; Portland Undercliff, below Pennsylvania Castle (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.);
234
Studland (C.R.D.) (Bankes has an MS. note in his copy of L.P., ‘ identity very doubtful,’ see L.P. 1. 5) ; Weymouth (prob¬ ably the ridge towards Preston), J. R. Ridley, two in July, 1886, at arbutus blossom by A.W.P.-C., who adds after having read my note below : ‘ I think these are true curs or ia. J At one time I considered that I got cursoria at Studland, and I now know I did not, but I got a form of tritici. I regard cursoria as now understood as being a northerly rather than a southerly insect. I should have rejected the above records but for the fact that in October, 1932, I acquired six specimens bred from Wey¬ mouth larvae by J. H. Ridley which superficially seem correctly assigned to this species. I have not yet had any opportunity of dissecting them to make quite certain. Everyone who is well acquainted with this species and Euxoa tritici knows they run very close, and both produce forms that are almost if not quite indistinguishable without the closest investigation from Lyco- photia ripae Hiibn.
Euxoa nigricans Linn. ; Meyr., p. 97, No. 10.
A gratis nigricans Dale, p. 16.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). I am not disposed to agree, and I regard it as an insect of frequent occurrence on and near the coast, but like tritici Linn, getting progressively scarcer as one goes inland. Note the fact that F.H.F. in all his years of collecting at Cranborne, and he was most assiduous with the sugar-pot as well as running two light-traps, only got three at Cranborne whilst I have taken ten times that number in a single evening in a field of ragwort blossom on the shores of Poole Harbour (W.P.C.).
Cranborne, three only (F. H. F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J. H. W.) ; Hamworthy (W. P. C.) ; Poole, fairly common (W.P.C.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.); Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
My Dorset specimens range under the following forms : ab. pallida Tutt, not common ; ab. rufa Tutt, one only ; ab. obelascata Haw., not common; ab. cpadrata Tutt; ab. dulbia Haw. ; ab. ursina Godt ; ab. fumata Warr ; ab. fuiigiuea Godt. This last is not developed to the degree of blackness that the continental specimens are. It will be observed that many of the named forms which are frequent enough in East Anglia do not appear in the above list (W.P.C.).
Euxoa tritici Linn. ; Meyr., p. 97, No. 11.
Agrotis tritici Dale, p. 16.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Widely distributed and com¬ mon on coast sand hills ’ (Bankes). I should add ‘ and on heaths, but getting markedly scarcer as one recedes from the coast until on the downland it is distinctly rare.’
236
I have kept aquilina Hiibn. under a separate heading and I believe the records under this heading have reference only to this form, the status of which is unsettled. As is well known the Early Fathers regarded it as a species, and made many un¬ successful attempts to differentiate it from tritici. No such attempt was really successful, partly because it was not realised that aquilina Hiibn. does not equal aquilina. Godt. I am in agreement with Tutt that these names apply to different forms. Although I should regard aquilina Godt. as the form of aquilina Hiibn. with the concolorous costa.
Pierce has pointed out that the genitalia as far as he has had the material before him afford no sure guide. On the other hand the late Dr. A. Corti, who has probably given more, atten¬ tion to this group than anyone else, considers aquilina Hiibn. is a good species, and as far as I am able to follow him he limits the name to the large form which runs on almost parallel lines with the small brown forms of tritici of the detorta Ev. facies- As Fassnidge has pointed out to me, this large brown aquilina Hiibn. is not coextensive in range with tritici L., and it is this form I have put under aquilina Hiibn., and I regard albilinea Haw., the type of which, is in the British Museum and open to examination, as a form of aquilina Hiibn. and not of tritici Linn. , considering it to be a pale costa form of aquilina Hiibn. In truth the series of this species available for examination in a private collection is as a rule inadequate and the museums appear to be as badly placed. The British Museum has about three rows where it ought to have about ten drawers full at the least. Un¬ fortunately the strong difference of opinion as to the value of naming forms, and even of the study of them, is so pronounced that it is sometimes allowed scope in cutting down museum series to such attenuated dimensions that the student who does think there is something to be gained in this way finds himself hampered by lack of material for comparison. This protean species and its allies have so far defied the seeker after precise order, and the taxonomic value of many of the so-called species on the Continent is open to grave doubt as it appears to be possible to match many of them in a series of what British col¬ lectors would unhesitatingly refer to tritici L.
Bloxworth Heath, regularly but hardly common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P.21) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Kimmeridge (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21) ; Morden Bog, scarce (W.P.C.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Studland (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 21) ; Swanage (A.G.B.R.).
Amongst my Dorset specimens are examples which seem to fall under the following names : obsoleta Tutt, one only ; puncta- obsoleta Tutt, one only ; caerulea Tutt, one of the commoner forms ; Gosta-csaerulea Tutt, two only ; minor-oaerulea Tutt,
236
two only; eruta Hiibn., one of the commoner forms; ab. Vitta Tutt nec Hiibn., four specimens — 'in my opinion the form of tritici referred by Tutt to vitta Hiibn. is not nonspecific with vitta, as it is taken in the Alps of Europe ; ab. pallida Tutt, three specimens; ab. sagittifera Steph., two; fusca Tutt, which sometimes runs rather close to nigricans ab. marshallana W estw., is one of the commoner forms ; siliginis Tutt nec Guenee is also rather common, whilst I have one specimen of tritici which agrees exactly with siliginis Guenee so labelled by Guenee him¬ self ex Oberthiir collection now in the British Museum ; and also one specimen which agrees with siliginis as determined by Sir G. F. Hampson and as figured by Culot, 1911, Noct . et Geom. d’ Europe, 1 : pi. 13, fig. 3 ; costa-fusca Tutt, a rare form ; sordida Tutt nec Haw. Haworth’s sordida is a form of nigricans L. ; tritici typica , not very common ; detorta Ev. ; valligera Haw., cuneigera Steph., venosa Steph., or a form very near it; nigrofusca Esp. ; gypaetina Tutt nec Guenee (Guenee’s gypae- tina is a Poros agrotis), a rather common form; nigra Tutt; ocellina Steph. nec Schiff. (Stephens regarded his form of tritici as nonspecific with Lycophotia ocellina Schiff., a Pyrenean and Alpine Mountain species) ; costa-nigra Tutt; a form agree¬ ing with Boisduval, 1832-1841, leones, pi. 77, fig. 2; a form agreeing almost exactly with Euxoa varia Alpheraky, an Asiatic form which Hamp. , op. cit., p. 293, sinks to tritici L. ; as with nigricans I have never obtained in Dorset the ruddy forms that occur in East Anglia (W.P.C.).
Euxoa aquilina Hiibn.
See remarks under tritici L.
Bloxworth (O.P.-C. sed quaere ; this appears in Bankes’ notes, but A. W.P.-C. says there is no specimen in the O.P.-C. collection certainly referable here) ; Cranborne, one (F.H.F. ; note that neither Fisher nor I obtained tritici L. at Cranborne) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.); Parley Heath (J.C.D.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.); Studland (P.H.Tz.).
I have 6 specimens which agree well with the type of albilinea Haw. in the British Museum ; one aquilina Godt. nec Hiibn. ; three tritici Godt. ( = fiotilis Hiibn. teste Tutt, contra Hampson) ; all of which I think are referable here (W.P.C.).
Agrotis ypsilon Rott. ; Meyr., p. 98, No. 1.
Agrotis suffusa Dale, p. 16.
‘ Generally distributed’ (Dale). ‘ Generally common’ (Bankes). I agree with both (W.P.C.).
Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (A. W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, very common (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle, plentiful at sugar (E.R.B.) ; Gussage
237
St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Hodd Hill (S.C.S.B.) ; Kimmeridge, common (T.P.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P.21); Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanag-e, common (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth, abundant (A. W.P.-C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
I have one specimen taken at Poole in which the entire colour is bleached, giving it a similar appearance to that of Euxoa segetum Schiff. ab. pallida Stgr. (W.P.C.).
Agrotis ripae Hiibn. ; Meyr. , p. 98, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 16.
Tutt, Brit. Noct. , Vol. II, p. 67 et seq.
‘Rare’ (Dale). I cannot agree that an insect of which I have more than once taken 60 in three hours is anything but common, but it is excessively local (W.P.C.).
Chesil Beach (E.R.B.) (N.M.R.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Portland (Dale l.c., which probably means Chesil Beach. W.P.C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.), abundant (W.P.C.) (L.P. 21).
All those specimens I have from Studland — and I do not possess any from Portland or Chesil Beach — are pallid in the extreme ; the markings are usually brown and very rarely rufous. Not more than 10 per cent, exhibit rufous markings and not more than one per cent, is distinctly reddish, forming a marked contrast to the Christchurch Head, Hants, specimens, where rufous colouring is prevalent, and a still more marked contrast to the Devonshire specimens, where strong rufous ab. desiliii Pier, is the rule. As a result the extreme form of ab. weissesiberraii Fuessl. (Culot, 1910, Noct. et Geom., 1 : pi. 11, fig. ii) forms over 10 per cent, of the specimens captured and a considerable part of the population runs very close to ab. deser- torum Bdv. , the type of which is figured by Culot l.c., fig. 12. It may be remarked that Hamp. (1905, Cat. Lep. Phal., 4: 528), has described ab. weissenbornii and ab. desiliii in terms which, if they convey anything at all, convey the reverse of what should be conveyed, since the salient characters given are not justified by the original diagnoses and seem to have been bor¬ rowed from the opposite form ; in addition the orthography of the names has been amended in such a way as to obscure their derivation.
ab. obotritica Schmidt (not obotrictica as Tutt has it) is recorded by Tutt from Portland, but is correctly stated by Tutt to be a transitional form to weiss enbornii Fuessl. Whilst I have no true desiliii Pier., at least three of my Studland speci¬ mens seem to be the subform albicosta Tutt. If Hubner’s Schmetterlinge, fig. 70 2, is the nomino- typical form, I have no Dorsetshire examples anything like as dark ; the vast majority fall under the form nebulosa Steph. (1829, Illus. Haust., pi. 22, fig. 1), the type of which came from Barnstaple, where the
238
specimens are usually not so red as the south Devon specimens nor as white as the Dorsetshire ones.
Agrotis praecox Linn. ; Meyr., p. 98, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale) . ‘ Apparently not uncommon in some years ’
(Bankes). I should call it scarce and local ; whilst I practically never fail to secure at least one specimen in an evening’s work when the species is out, I have never exceeded four (W.P.C.).
Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.) ; Sandbanks (W.G.H.) (P.M.B.) (W.P.C.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) (W.G.H.) (W.P.C.) (H.L.A. et aliis) (L.P.21) ; Swanage (C.R.D.) (E.B.N.) (L.P. 21).
The Dorsetshire specimens compare favourably for size and brilliance with those from other localities (W.P.C.).
Agrotis saucia Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 99, No. 4; Dale, p. 16; Tutt, Vol. II, p. 5.
‘ Distributed and occasionally abundant ’ (Bankes). In my localities I have found it quite commonly (W.P.C;).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Corfe Castle, abundant in some years (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (C.W.D.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge, common (T.P.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) ; Port¬ land (Dale Z.Cw), sometimes abundant (R.P.D.) ; Purbeck, some¬ times abundant (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, common (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth, common in 1886 (A.W.P.-C.).
Taking- Tutt’s colour forms, margaritosa Haw. grey clouded with ashy and the stigmata indistinct. I have never yet seen a specimen which complies with this diagnosis, although the form figured by Culot (1911, Noct. et Geom., 1: pi. 14, fig. 14) as margaritosa occurs in Dorset. It is to be observed, however^ that Culot’ s figure does not agree with Haworth’s diagnosis, nor does Staud. (1901, Cat. Pal. Lep., 1 : 152, No. 1402 (a-)) agree with Haworth’s. Evidently Culot was misled by Staudinger ' plus minus, etc., lutea griseo mixtis / Forma riigracosta Tutt, I have two examples from Hamworthy — it appears to be very rare in Dor¬ set- — one also in A.G.B.R. ’s collection; OChrea-COSta Tutt, on the other hand, is fairly common and is the form figured by Culot, pi. 14, supra. The nomino-typical form I have not ob¬ tained in Dorset. The form rsifa Tutt, which I take to include all the red and reddish-vinous forms which are at most slightly greyish on the dorsum, is a prevalent form, as also is a dark vinous form which seems to form a transition from i*yfa Tutt to majuscuila Haw., the black form, of which I have only obtained one, which is characteristically a 9 • It is noteworthy that the 9 9 of this species, puta Hubn. and segetum Schiff. all tend to be much darker than the cfcf • Forma majuscula Haw., judging
239
by what my correspondents send me, seems fairly abundant on the Portuguese coast, which however is materially warmer than Dorset. Forma brunnea Tutt is rare; I have only taken one specimen. Taken as a whole the Dorset specimens seem paler and clearer in colour than the continental ones and with the margin of the hindwings of a warmer tone, more Vandyke brown and less sepia, agreeing in that respect with the American examples in my collection (W.P.C.).
Agrotis striguia Thunb. ; Meyr., p. 99, No. 5.
Agrotis porphyrea Dale, p. 16.
‘ Common on the heaths ’ (Dale). I agree, and have some¬ times swept the larvae in hundreds (W.P.C.).
Blox worth, abundant (W.P.C.) (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Canford Bottom (W.P.C.) ; East Howe (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one (Dale l.c.) ; Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.) ; Morden (F.H.H.), Morden Park (A.W.P.-C.) (CXP.-C.), Morden Bog (W.P.C.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.); Parkstone, very common (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); Portland, one at the lighthouse (J .J.W.) ; Purbeck, common on the heaths (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21); Studland (W.P.C.); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Swanage, occasionally at light (A.G.B.R.) ; Turner’s Puddle (W.P.C.) ; Verwood (F.H.F.) ; West Whiteway, common (T.P.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
This species does not seem to indulge in Dorset in its northern habit of flying in the afternoon sun. I cannot see that there is much variation in the Dorsetshire specimens. All those I have seen do not reach any of the distinctions given by Tutt, 1892, Brit. Noct., 2: 89, though it is possible to trace an incipi¬ ent tendency toward the named forms. I have, however, one specimen from Studland which closely resembles the type of ir.armorea Graslin figured by Culot, 1909, Nod. et Geom., 1 : pi- 3, %• 5-
Agrotis (ucernea Linn. ; Meyr., p. 100, No. 8; Dale, p. 16.
Portland (N.M.R.), not common (R.P.D.), common in some seasons (A.W.P.-C.) ; [Poole (E.N.B.). E.R.B. has accepted this ; I prefer to reject it till confirmed. Poole is too geologic¬ ally recent (W.P.C.)] ; Swanage, by Sir Christopher Lighten, circa 1845 (L.P. 21), where the name is given as ‘ Frederick.’
Craphiphora plecta Linn. ; Meyr., p. 102, No. 2.
Nodua pleda Dale, p. 17.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes common’ (Bankes). I think Bankes is right, but for want of records am doubtful if Dale is (W.P.C.).
240
Bere Wood and Bloxworth, fairly common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Buzbury Camp (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.), who records a fresh specimen at sallow bloom on April 16th, 1881 (L.P. 21) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Hodd Hill, common (W.P.C.) ; Morden (W.P.C.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) (E.H.C.); Poole, not uncommon (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (T.P.), it is commoner in Purbeck than in any other of the Dorset localities under my initials (W.P.C.) (L.P. 21) ; Swanage (W.P.C.) ; Win- frith, common (F.H.H.).
Culot (1910, Noct. et Geom ., 1 : 55) says ab. anderssoni Lampa ‘ d’un violet presque noir.’ Although I have seen dark Dorset specimens of a violet tinge, nothing approaching ‘ presque noir ’ has come within my purview. My specimens all run from light mahogany red or madder brown to Mars violet, and nothing darker, nor have I seen any without the orbicular developed. I think therefore the Dorset specimens may all be said to belong to the nomino-typical form (W.P.C.).
Graphiphora agathma Dup. ; Meyr., p. 102, No. 3.
Agrotis agathina Dale, p. 16.
I should assess this insect as not uncommon locally (W.P.C.). Alderholt, frequent (F.H.F.) ; Bere Wood, one in 1851, not Bloxworth as recorded by Dale (O.P.-C.) ; Branksome, commonly at light (Sidney T. Thorne, 1906, Entomologist, 39 : 235-6) ; Lyme Regis, Raymond’s Hill (R.P.D.) ; Parley Heath (DaleLc.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, on the heaths common in the larval stage but difficult to rear (W.P.C.) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Stud- land (W.P.C.) (R.P.D.) ; Stoborough Heath, recorded as Ware- ham (Dale l.c.) (L.P. 21).
Graphiphora augur Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 103, No. 4; Dale, p. 17.
Apparently rare (W.P.C.).
Glanville’s Wootton, June 30th, 1851 (J.C.D.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Graphiphora simulans Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 103, No. 5.
Agrotis pyrophila Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). I am happy to say I have received records of recent captures, SO' this insect is still obtainable (W.P.C.).
Charmouth (Dale l.c.) ; Lewell (Dale/.c.) ; Portland, very local and uncommon (R.P.D.), rare 1888-1895 (A.W.P.-C.) ; Studland, one taken and another missed 1883 (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21).
Tutt (1892, Brit. Noct., 2 : 80) refers the Portland speci¬ mens to the form pyrophila Hubn. on account of their yellow ground, and mentions two extremely yellow specimens taken by Lieut. C. W. Brown in Portland in 1890 (W.P.C.).
241
Graphiphora obscura Brahm ; Mevr., p. 103, No. 6.
Cranborne, one specimen labelled Cranborne but without date of capture, in coll. F.H.F. ; identity checked by E.R.B. An isolated capture of which no satisfactory explanation can be suggested.
Bankes in his early days referred a Studland capture to this species, but later corrected it to simulans Hufn. Up to the time of writing I have not traced a printed record, but in case this error received currency, here is the correction based on Bankes’ own notes.
Newman states (1869, British Moths: 336) ‘ In Dorsetshire by Mr. Dale.’ This must be erroneous, since C. W. Dale does not record it, and if his father had taken it he was almost cer¬ tain to have recorded it ; moreover Bankes nowhere mentions this recorded capture by J. C. Dale. I suspect that the specimen was really simulans Hufn., and that may account for Bankes’ early error, as he had access to the Dale collection and would rely on the labelling in his early days till he discovered his errors (W.P.C.).
*
Graphiphora castanea Esp. ; Meyr., p. 104, No. 7.
Noctua neglecta Dale, p. 17.
The negiecta Hiibn. form is the only one I have seen from Dorset, and the average run of the specimens is much smaller than those I have from the south of France (W.P.C.) .
Bloxworth and BereWood, occasionally (O.P.-C.)(A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford Bottom, a few at sugar (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, two (F.H.F.), evidently wanderers; Cranborne is not at all a likely place for the species (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one speci- mon (Dale l.c.) ; Lyme Regis, Raymond’s Hill, common (R.P.D.) ; Morden Bog, fairly common (W.P.C.) ; Parley Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Poole Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone Golf Links, larvae common (W.P.C.); Sherborne (Dale l.c.); Studland (A.G.B.R.) ; Swan- age, one near the lighthouse (A.G.B.R.); Verwood (W.P.C.); West Whiteway, one in 1874 (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Graphiphora putris Linn. ; Meyr., p. 104, No. 8.
Axylia putris Dale, p. 14.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon ’ (Bankes). I do not call it very common (W.P.C.).
Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, fairly common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Poole (W.P.C.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Portland (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Swanage, in fair numbers at sugar (W.P.C.), fairly common (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, one in 1874 (T.P.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
242
There is some variation in the depth of ground of the wings and some in the tone of the brown in my series, but not suffi¬ ciently marked to justify any name being conferred. Tutt (1891, Brit. Noct.., 1 : 68) refers to a specimen with a dark shade reaching from the base of the reniform to the inner margin. This condition pertains in 30 per cent, of my Dorset specimens, and in my opinion is nothing more than the lower part of the ill-developed postmedial line. One of my specimens shews this most distinctly.
The small neural dots are the remains of the subterminal line, and the sagittate marks so highly developed in Euxoa, since these occupy a position which approximates to that of the post- medial in many species, no doubt led to Tutt failing to recognise that his shade was in fact the dorsal portion of the post-medial (W.P.C,).
Graphiphora c-nigrum Linn. ; Meyr., p. 105, No. 11.
Noctua c-nigrum Dale, p. 17.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Common ’ (Bankes). Of the insects grouped by Meyrick under this generic, name, only xanthographa, pro- nuba and comes exceed it in abundance. Perhaps it is a little less abundant on the heathland than off it, but geological hori¬ zon and state of cultivation do not seem material and it is con¬ stantly double brooded (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.), common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Blox worth (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Canford Heath (W.P.C.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Hodd Hill (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.) ; Portland (E.R.B.) ; Purbeck, not uncommon (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage (W.P.C.), common (A.G.B.R.) ;, Winfrith (F.H.H.).
This species varies very materially in Dorset, but I am en¬ tirely unable to agree any form I have with any of the named forms in Tutt, 1892, Brit. Noct., 2: no. Moreover no varia¬ tion that I possess is in the present state of my specimens suffi¬ ciently marked to deserve a name, and the gradation from one extreme to the other is practically complete. I see no parallelism in the variation of this species with any other, nor any variation which is entirely confined to any particular generation. Without therefore erecting types or attempting detailed description, I will merely remark that the forewings range in tone from a blue-violet black and deep raisin black to a rather warm vinace- ous-brown, or sorghum brown, occasionally with a rosy flush to them which seems usually evanescent. The large pale costal mark which absorbs the orbicular ranges from pale olive-buff to avellaneous (W.P.C.).
243
Graphiphora ditrapezium Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 105, No. 12.
Noctua ditrapezium Dale, p. 17.
‘Rare’ (Dale). To which I would add ‘excessively local’
(W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, one specimen (H.L.A.); Bere Wood (F.O.B., O.P.-C., A.W.P.-C., F.O.P.-C., W.P.C.j. Bankes notes ‘ rather commonly by W.P.C in July, 1908, but it is usually uncommon there.’ I think the real explanation is this. O.P.-C. told me that I sugared a much larger area of the wood than he and his sons did and also sugared parts of the wood they did not work much at night. If this be so, and O.P.-C. knew how much of the wood I covered, the Cambridges may have been on the fringe of the locality and I in the centre. I hold the view that this insect is restricted to the London Clay, Reading and Woolwich Beds, and these again are not much developed in the wood. I never get the insect in those parts of the wood which are more recent than those strata. After reading the foregoing A.W.P.-C. gave me details of where he got the species, and it is a confirmation of my surmise. The insect is less abundant on the Bloxworth edge of the wood than it is in the centre and north central area (W.P.C.) ; Studland, one close to Littlesea (A.G.B.R.).
Graphiphora triangulum Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 106, No. 13.
Noctua triangulum Dale, p. 17.
‘Rare’ (Dale). ‘Sometimes common 5 (Bankes). I should say the seasonal variation never rises to abundant and never falls to infrequent (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.), fairly common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth (Dale l.c.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.); Cranborne, fairly common (F.H.F.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (C. W.D.) ; Hamworthy (E.H.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), common (W.P.C.) ; Portland (E.R.B.) ; Swan- •age (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.).
South’s statement, 1907, Moth's of British Isles, Series 1 : 223, as to Somerset, Dorset and westward is entirely erroneous ; both S.C.S.B. and W.P.C. have taken it as far west as Devon. The variation exhibited in Dorset is negligible (W.P.C.).
Grapblphora pronuba Linn. ; Meyr., p. 106, No. 14.
Triphaena pronuba Dale, p. 16.
I should say common to abundant both on cultivated and un¬ cultivated areas (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Badbury Rings (S.C.S.B.); Break Hill Wood, Can- ford (W.P.C.); Bridport (W.P.C.); Canford Bottom (W.P.C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Chesil Beach (W.P.C.); Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Ham-
244
worthy (E.H.C.) ; Hodd Hill (W.P.C.); Parkstone, a nuisance (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) (L.P.21); Poole, very common (E.H.C.) ; Studland, where I have on occasions seen the whole heath area alive with countless dozens flying (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, and in 1934 in incredible numbers (A.G.B.R.); Weymouth (W.P.C.); Win- frith, abundant (F.H.H.); Upper Bockhampton (F.H.H.).
I have but a short series of this insect notwithstanding its variability ; due no doubt to the feeling that one could always get it I am not therefore confident that its variation in the county is fully represented. Taking the table Tutt, 1892, Brit. Noct., 2 : 100, I have not got nor have I ever seen a specimen of the nomino-typical form ; ab. OChrea Tutt is not very common ; by rufa Tutt I understand those specimens which are yellow ochre or ochraceous-tawny more or less strongly vermiculated with a deeper warm ochraceous-tawny or buckthorn brown ; this form has a suggestion of a pale costa sometimes and is common ; brunnea Tutt is one of the less common forms ; innuba Tr. (as restricted by Tutt) is a common form ; I have nothing agreeing with Tutt’s other diagnoses. By far the com¬ monest form in Dorset is a wood brown form with lively and clear markings in various shades of brown with all stigmata (except claviform) and lines well developed which does not seem to agree with any of Tutt’s names. I also get a dark brown form with tegulae concolorous with wings, but with the stigmata plainly marked in a paler colour and some specimens with the lines developed but softer and clouded as if painted in water colour and then wetted. These last are rather beautiful and one of them is curious in being asymetrical, as it has a large dorsal discal area of fawn enveloping the lower half of the reniform and extending from the orbicular to the post-medial line, whilst the other wing has the area almost unicolorous dark brown (W.P.C.).
Graphiphora comes Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 106, No. 15.
Triphaena orbona Dale, p. 16.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I should say more especially so near the coast. Occasionally troublesome on rock gardens, where it eats the various cultivated cistus (H elianthemum) voraciously (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.); Poole, common (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) (L.P.21) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.).
Tutt has not made it any easier to follow his colour variations by his persistence in identifying orbona Hufn. as equalling
245
comes Hiibn. ; comes Hiibn. = comes Hufn., whilst orbona Hufn. = subsequa S.V. .according- to most authors and according- to the accepted synonymy of to-day.
The following forms have occurred to me: conmiba Hiibn., the form without discoidal lunule in the hindwing, one specimen bred; ab. attenuate Warn , not common; adsequa Tr. , I have a number of specimens near but nothing that could be said to be ‘without any distinct markings’; pallida Tutt (1889, Entomologist, 22, pi. 6, figs. 1 and 2) is not common, I only have two; g rise a Tutt, Brit. Noct 2: 96, is fairly frequent; OChrea Tutt l.c. is frequent; virgata Tutt l.c. 99 is rare; none of the dark-reddish or red-brown forms has so far come before me amongst Dorset-caught specimens (W.P.C.).
Crapfcipliora orbona Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 107, No. 16.
Triphaena subsequa Dale, p. 16.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say local, sometimes abundant. The distribution of this insect is curious ; no solution offers itself at the moment. It will be noted that whilst not by any means un¬ common in the heath and pine area of the south-east, it is well represented in the Cretaceous district of Purbeck and abundant in the Cretaceous area of the north-east of the county (W.P.C.).
Branksome Park, in considerable numbers (E.N.B.) ; Blox- worth, in the strawberry beds frequently (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.), not common at sugar (A.W.P.-C) ; Cranborne, both in the large woods and on the downs ; 15 to 20 a night is quite usual ; 180 in a single evening is the highest F.H.F. and W.P.C. ever reached (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, one (E.R.B.) ; Kimmeridge, one (T.P.) (1872, Entomologist, 5: 179) (L.P.21); Parkstone (W.P.C.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) ; Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Studland, one (C.R.D.), one (E.B.N.), sparingly (P.H.Tz.) (L.P. 21) ; Swan- age, one in 1900 (B. A. Bristowe), not uncommon in 1907 (W.PX.) (E.H.C.), one (A.G.B.R.).
Tutt Z.c., p. 93, says he has not seen anything worth calling a variety. It is evident that Tutt’s experience of the insect was limited. Save that I have never yet seen orbona without discoidal lunules in the hindwing, I can match all the varieties given under comes in orbona, and in addition I have specimens the forewings of which are dark vinaceous brown (W.P.C.).
Graphiphora brunnea Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 107, No. 17.
Noctua brunnea Dale, p. 17 ; Tutt, Brit. Noct., Vol. II, p. 1 12.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is incorrect. I think it is not putting it too high to say that the insect is by no means local saving that it does not favour heathland or actually cultivated land and is common where it occurs (W.P.C.).
246
Bere Wood, abundant (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (O'.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne and dis¬ trict, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gus¬ sage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge, a few (T.P.) (L.P. 21); Poole (E.N.B.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.); Swanage, common (W.P.C.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
The nomino-typical form is rare : var. itself era Esp. forms the vast majority of specimens. I have at most three referable to nigricans Homeyer, and only about half a dozen rufa Tutt, as my series is picked out of many hundreds seen at sugar the only conclusion is that these forms are in fact rare (W.P.C.).
Craphiphora xanthographa Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 107, No. 18.
Noctua xanthographa Dale, p. 17; Tutt, Brit. Noct., Vol. II, p. 124.
‘ Common everywhere ’ (Dale). I have found it common in every locality I have worked, but with a preference to open land rather than heavily wooded country (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, abundant (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.); Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle, com¬ mon (E.R.B.) ; Gussage St. Michael, abundant (J.H.W.) ; Ham¬ worthy (E.H.C.) ; Lulworth (P.M.B.) ; Morden (W.P.C.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (L.P. 22); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Swanage, abundant (A.G.B.R.); Studland, at light (E.R.B.); Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.b
The named colour forms are difficult to assess: cohoesa Herr.- Schaff. is not common ; the nomino-typical form is ; rufescens Tutt is scarce ; rufa Tutt is not ; obscura Tutt I have never taken at all in Dorset though I have dark specimens which appear to* me to be transitional between rufa Tutt and obscura Tutt, nor have I obtained var. nigra Tutt ; but A.G.B.R. has two obscura and one pronounced flBgra from Swanage, and a very minute d* not exceeding 26mm. (W.P.C.).
Craphsphora imibrosa Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 108, No. 19.
Noctua umbrosa Dale, p. 17.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). I think this is putting it a little high, but I have obtained but few in Dorset in forty years (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, rare (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); [Bloxworth, Dale l.c. is erroneous]; Creech Grange, three in 1909 (P.H.Th.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Plodd Hill, frequent (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.); Parley (S.C.S.B.); Portland (Dale l.c.); Spettisbury, commonly (S.C.S.B.); Stud- land, sparingly (P. H. Tz.), two only (W. P. C.) ; Swanage, sparingly (A.G.B.R.).
24 7
Graphiphora rubi View. ; Meyr., p. 108, No. 20.
Noctua rubi Dale, p. 17 ; Tutt, Brit. Noct. , Vol. II, p. 123.
‘Common’ (Dale). I have frequently found it so but much more information is required than I have at my disposal to give any idea of its distribution or relative local abundance (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W. P. C.) ; Bere Wood, rather rare (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (E.H.C.) ; Hodd Hill ,very com¬ mon (W.P.C.) ; Poole, common (E.H.C.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) (E. Hudson); Purbeck, common at ivy and light (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Studland (W.P.C.) ; West Whiteway, abundant (T.P.) ; Win- frith, common (F.H.H.) ; West Bay (E. Hudson.).
Both the nomino-typical form and var. £|uadratum Hiibn. occur, the latter being slightly the less frequent. The average size is below rather than above the minimum expanse given in the text-books (W.P.C.).
Graphiphora Dahli Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 108, No. 21.
Noctua dahlii Dale, p. 17.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I would add also very local (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Cranborne Chase, one (A.G.B.R.).
Graphiphora festiva Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 108, No. 22.
Noctua f estiva Dale, p. 17; Tutt, Brit. Noct., Vol. II, p. 118.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Often abundant ’ (Bankes). I think these form a just estimate, and it is certainly extremely abundant in the large wooded area in the north-east of the county (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.), common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Blox- worth, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Can- ford (W.P.C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Morden (W.P.C.); Poole, not uncommon (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (A.G.B.R.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, abundant (T.P.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Considering the range of variation of which this species is capable, in my view the variation in Dorset is rather small. Apart from a curious teratological specimen with a termen nearly as long as the dorsum and a quadrate apex caused by a sudden 450 bend in the costa at the post-medial line I have never seen anything very striking. I have obtained nafovirgata Tutt, mendica Fabr., ochrea-virgata Tutt, igmcola Herr.-Schaff. and pnrauslae> Esp., also a specimen with a glaucous tone to the ground but with ruddy markings (W.P.C.).
248
Craphiphora stigmatica Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 109, No. 23.
Noctna rhomboidea Dale, p. 17.
Bere Wood, rare (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford, one only (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Craphiphora glareosa Esp. ; Meyr., p. 109, No. 24.
Noctaa glareosa Dale, p. 17.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I think this is putting- it rather too high. I should say local and scarce (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, sometimes fairly common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Buckland Newton, Pop Mallard Wood, one, a very red one (A.G.B.R.) ; Hamworthy, several (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, one in 1873 (T.P.) (L.P. 21) ; Lyme Regis, Raymond’s Hill (R.P.D.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), scarce (W.P.C.); Studland, three in 1909 and others since (since I took the three one evening close together in a small area I think it is probably not uncommon there) (W.P.C.), three (A.G.B.R.); Swanage, in 1845 by Sir Chris¬ topher Lighton (L.P. 21).
Craphiphora typica Linn. ; Meyr., p. no, No. 26.
Naenia typica Dale, p. 22.
This is an insect which seems to be rare in Dorset. My experience is that it turns up in coal-houses, garden tool-sheds and such like places, but rarely when one is collecting and then only in single specimens. It seems less frequent in Dorset than in Devon, where I have not found it commonly either. It cer¬ tainly is infinitely scarcer in my experience in south-western England than it is in East Anglia (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, one (W.P.C.), rare (O.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, one (A.W.P.-C.); Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.); Charmouth (Dale l.c.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Poole, scarce (W.P.C.) (E.N.B.); Sandbanks, one (W. P. C.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage, one in 1907 (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Triphaena fimbria Linn. ; Meyr., p. in, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 17.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say strictly local and scarce. I am however by no means satisfied that it could not be obtained in some abundance in the larval stage by beating at night. The opportunities I have had of testing this idea in Bere Wood pro¬ duced several larvae in a short time, some of which emerged (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.); Corfe Castle, one in 1899 (P. Helps), one in 1901 (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Glanville’s Wootton
2 49
(Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone, larvae, imagines bred (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), several (E.H.C.); Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland, bred (C.R.D.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Swanage, several (A.G.B.R.).
So few Dorsetshire specimens have come under my notice that it would be absurd to discuss the variation in the county
(W.P.C.).
Triphaena ianthina Esp. ; Meyr., p. in, No. 2; Dale, p. 17.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I hardly agree and should prefer the expression “not infrequent.” A possible explanation of this difference of opinion may be found in the fact that this species is very abundant in Devon. Dale is about half-way from my area to Devon, and it may increase in abundance as one goes west. The variation is negligible (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common especially in the rectory garden and shrubbery (A.W.P.-C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, at light (W. P.C.), common (F. H. F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy, at blossom of ragwort (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, not rare (T.P.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); Poole, not infrequent (W.P.C.); Punfield Cove (E.R.B.); Pur- beck, generally distributed and not scarce (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21); Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.); West Bay (W.P.C.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Triphaena interjecta Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. hi, No. 3; Dale, p. 17.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). I should question this, since it has not occurred to me at times and places where it might have been expected, nor have I found it at all common (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Bloxworth Heath, not common (A.W.P.-C.); Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, a few (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy, not common (W.P.C.); Kim¬ meridge, one (T.P.); Morden (S.C.S.B.); Poole, not common (W.P.C.); Parkstone (E.H.C.); Purbeck, generally distributed, not common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 21); Studland (W.P.C.); Stud- land Heath (E.R.B.); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.), one (J. Biass) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
The variation is negligible (W.P.C.).
Triphaena baja Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 112, No. 4.
Noctua baja Dale, p. 17.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say it nearly but not quite merits this description (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.), rare (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); [Blox¬ worth, Dale l.c., doubtful ; A.W.P.-C. thinks Bere Wood in¬ tended] ; Corfe Castle, occasionally (E. R. B.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.); Cranborne Chase (A.G.B.R.); Dunyeat’s
250
Hill (S.C.S.B.); Glanville’s Wootton (D'ale l.c.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), a few (E.H.C.) ; Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Studland, fairly common in 1933 (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Triphaena rutsricosa Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 112, No. 7.
Pachnobia rubricosa Dale, p. 17; Tutt, Brit. Noct., Vol. II,
p. 130.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is not so ; the insect can, if one adopts suitable tactics, be obtained in fair numbers (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, fairly common (W.P.C.), rare (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.), the latter in view of my experience thinks tactics were at fault (W.P.C.); Chickerell (E.R.B.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Dun- yeat’s Hill, between Poole and Wimborne (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (C.W.D.) ; Gravel Hill, between Poole and Wimborne (W.P.C.) ; Hyde, near Wareham (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge, fairly common (T.P.); Poole, not common (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Port¬ land (E.R.B.); Purbeck, generally distributed (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, with fair frequency at light and sallow (A.G.B.R.).
The usual form is rufa Haw. ; the nomino-typical form is not uncommon, whilst I have obtained only one mucitia Esp. (W.P.C.).
Triphaena prassna Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 113, No. 10.
Aplecta herbida Dale, p. 20.
Alderholt, in considerable numbers and pretty regularly (F.H.F.); Bere Wood, occasionally common (O.P.-C.), infre¬ quently (W.P.C.); Charmouth (Dale l.c.) ; Corfe Castle, one at light in 1884 and another in 1886 (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.). E.R.B. has ‘occasionally rather common (F.H.F.).’ This is a misunderstanding. F.H.F. used to take it at Cran¬ borne, but the rather common only applied to his Alderholt locality (W.P.C.). Glanville’s Wootton, on July 16th, 1863 (C.W.D.) ; Swanage, one on June 10th, 1892 (C.R.D.).
Subfamily 3. Poliades.
Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 115, No. 1.
Petasia cassinea Dale, p. 12.
‘Rare’ (Dale). ‘England, rather common’ (Meyrick). My experience in Dorset coincides with Dale rather than Meyrick. Some of the records as larvae I have had to reject, as I am con¬ vinced they related to Amphipyra pyramided, which larva is, I find, often confused with this species (W.P.C.).
251
f
Bere Wood, occasional larvae(W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth(O.P.-C.) ; Charmouth, bred (W.D.L.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c .) ; Middlemarsh (Dale l.c.) ; Parley Woods, larvae (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole (E.N.B.); Studland, larvae and imagines (E.R.B.) (L.P. 17).
Aporophyla australis Boisd. ; Meyr., p. 116, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 14.
Badbury Rings, three (W.P.C.); Chesil Beach, Portland (O.P.-C.) (J .J.W.), Sept. 23rd-24th, 1886, fairly common (E.R.B.) (R.P.D.); N.W. Dorset (A.R.H.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) ; Swanage (A. B. Farn) (S. W. Kemp, 1899, Entomologist, 32: 260) (A.U.B.), not uncommonly at light and occasionally at sugar (A.G.B.R.) (E.R.B.).
Aporophyla lutuienta Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 116, No. 2.
Broomhill Bridge, between Winfrith and Moreton (F.H.H.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy, a few (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; but I have no reason to believe that the species might not be obtained regularly if worked for (W.P.C.).
Aporophyla nigra Haw. ; Meyr, p. 117, No. 3.
Epunda nigra Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say locally common, having taken it freely at sugar and ivy and very freely at the blossom of Arbutus, which seems especially attractive to the autumnal Noctuae (W.P.C.).
Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth, a few in 1894 (A.U.B.) ; Cranborne, a few (F. H.F.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Hamworthy, one in 1885 (C. A. Marriott, 1885, Ento¬ mologist, 18: 299), commonly (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.); Poole, very common (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.); Poole Heath (E.H.T.) (E.N.B.) ; Portland, one on Oct. nth, 1900 (J. J. Hyde, 1901, Entomologist, 34: 100-1) ; Swanage (A.G.B.R.); Wimborne, a few (W.P.C.).
Aporophyla lunosa Haw., ; Meyr., p. 117, No. 4.
Anchocelis lunosa Dale, p. 18.
‘Rare’ (Diale). ‘Widely distributed and locally common’ (E.R.B.). With this I agree (W.P.C.).
Chickerell (E.R.B.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.); Hamworthy, common (W.P.C.); Knighton Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone (Eva Hudson) ; Poole (E.N.B.), fairly common (W.P.C.); Portland (E.R.B.); Swanage, commonly at light (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth (A.W.P.-C.) ; Winfrith, common at ivy blossom (F.H.H.).
t
Heliophobus hispidus Gey. ; Meyrick, p. n 7; Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is not so; it is very local and some¬ times locally common (W.P.C.).
Poole (E.N.B.) in my opinion undoubtedly refers to Sand¬ banks (W.P.C.) ; Portland (O. P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.), very common (R. P. D.). This locality is the locus classicus ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.), near Bournemouth (H. B. D. Kettlewell) refers to Sandbanks .and not to Bournemouth, common (R.P.D.) ; Stud- land, plentiful (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, about 1845, Sir Christopher Lighton and since by many collectors both sides of the bay on the high ground, more commonly on the northern side, fairly common in 1933 (A.R.H.) {L.P. 20).
R.P.D. maintains that the Studland and Sandbanks speci¬ mens are lighter than the Portland ones. I do not know the latter well but can say that the specimens I know support the statement.
As to the true identity of this species being oditis Hiibn. and not hispidus Gey., see Turner (1933, The British Noctuae and their Varieties (/. W. Tutt). Suppl. Notes, Ent. Rec., 45: Suppl., 294) and Turati (1919, II. Nat. Sicil., Nos. 7-1 2), though the matter does not even now seem to be quite satisfactorily settled.
Gonistra nibiginea Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 118, No. 1.
Dasycampa rubiginea Dale, p. 18.
‘ Very rare ’ (Dale). I should say of regular occurrence but always exceedingly scarce (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, one at sallow (H.L.A.) ; Corfe Castle, occasion¬ ally at ivy (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Dunyeat’s Hill, one 5 at sallow and one o* • They paired and I got a hundred ova ; sixty larvae attained last instar and were then destroyed by ants (W.P.C.); Hamworthy, two in 1899 (E.H.C.h one in 1899 (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, one at sallow (T.P.) (L.P. 23); Hethfelton, near Wool, two or three at ivy blossom by Fred Whitehead ( teste F.H.H.); Parkstone, two in 1898, two in 1899, five in 1900 (C.E.O.C., 1900, Entomologist, 33: 249) ; Poole, taken sparingly (E.N.B.), two (W.P.C.).
Gonistra ligula Esp. ; Meyr., p. 118, No. 3.
Cerastis spadicea Dale, p. 18.
I note a tendency to confuse this species with vaccinii Linn. Although colour is not a safe guide, vaccinii is usually lighter, redder and with the transverse lines more distinct. The shape is always a safe guide. I have never seen vaccinii with a quadrate apex, but always with a regularly excurved termen rendering the apex of the forewing obtuse. I do not think the confusion has caused any error in recorded localities, as I have never yet taken ligula Esp. in a locality where vaccinii was absent, or vice versa (W.P.C.).
LABEL LIST.
F. LIRIOPEIDAE
(. PTYCHOPTERIDAE )
S. F. LIRIOPEINAE
C. URIOPE Meig.
(. PTYCHOPTERA Meig.)
S. G. LIRIOPE S.S.
contaminata Linn.
albimana Fabr.
scutellaris Meig.
minuta Tonn.
S. G. PARAPTYCHOPTERA Ton
paludosa Meig. lacustris Meig.
longicauda Tonn.
253
‘ Common at ivy blossom ’ (Dale). I should say probably common throughout the county (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, much scarcer than vaccinii (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charl¬ ton Marshall (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, but not so common as vaccinii (F.H.H.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Poole (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage, common (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith (F.H.H.); Wimborne, common (E.H.C.).
Conistra vaccinii Linn. ; Meyr., p. 1 19, No. 4.
Cerastis vaccinii Dale, p. 18.
‘ Common at ivy blossom ’ (Dale). I should think common throughout the county (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, abundant (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Charlton Marshall (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.); Parkstone
(S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Purbeck, abun¬ dant (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage, one only (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith (F.H.H.); Wimborne, common (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.).
Orthosia xerampeBinai Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 120, No. 1.
Cirroedia xerampelina Dale, p. 18.
Very rare. Ash is only locally a common tree in Dorset ; moreover I am told that this species has a preference for ash growing in wet places (W.P.C.).
Bere Regis, one (H.L.A.); Bloxworth, one Sept. 18th, 1888 (A. W.P.-C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one Sept. 26th, 1816 (J.C.D.).
Orthosia croceago Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 120, No. 2.
Hoporina croceago Dale, p. 18.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Bere Regis, one (W.P.C.) ; [Bloxworth (DaleLc.), no record by O.P.-C. or A.W.P.-C.] ; Cranborne (F.H.F.). Fisher had a bred series, but whether bred from one parent 9 or from wild larvae, or whether he got the insect regularly, I do not know (W.P.C.); Glanville’s Wootton, one Oct. 17th, 1842 (J.C.D.) ; Hamworthy, one March 23rd, 1897 (W.P.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.).
Orthosia citrago Linn. ; Meyr., p. 121, No. 3.
Xanthia citrago Dale, p. 18.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). I should say extremely local, but in one or two spots not rare. It must however be borne in mind that lime is not a common tree in woodlands in Dorset (W.P.C.).
Cranborne, Burwood, not uncommon (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale Z.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Rempstone, one only (E.R.B.).
254
Orthosia aurago Fabr. ; Meyr. , p. 121, No. 4.
Cranborne Chase (H.L.A.) ; Cranborne, fairly common (F.H.F.) ; Sherborne, one at ivy blossom, Oct. 24th, 1902 (J.D.).
Orthosia flavago Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 121, No. 5.
Xanthia silago Dale, p. 18.
Local but rather common locally, especially at blossoms of Molinia (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood and Blox worth, fairly common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, plentiful (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.), fairly common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Glan- ville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; north-west Dorset, common (A. R.H.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, abund¬ ant (E.H.C.); Studland (W.P.C.) ; Tadnoll Marsh, near Win- frith (F.H.H.) ; Wimborne (E.R.B.).
The forms flavago Fabr. and togata Esp. are almost equally abundant and together form 95 per cent, of the specimens taken. The remaining 5 per cent, are of the form ochreago Bdv. The only other variation of note that I have come across is a single specimen of the flavago form, which has the whole of the fringes dark napthalene purple (W.P.C.).
Orthosia fulvago Linn. ; Meyr., p. 12 1, No. 6.
Xanthia cerago Dale, p. 18.
* Generally common ’ (Bankes). My experience is that this species has similar habits and preferences to the preceding (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood and Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, plentiful (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.); common (F.H.F.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, abundant (E.H.C.) ; Swanage (A.G.B.R.) ; Wimborne (E.R.B.).
Variation. Of the orange-yellow forms : — virgala Tutt is not uncommon, but aurantia Tutt exceeds it in prevalence : of imperfecta Tutt I only have two from Hamworthy, and of obsoBeta Tutt one single specimen ; this form seems to be very rare in Dorset.
Of the lemon-yellow forms : — suffusa Tutt and fulvago Linn, are equally common, cerago Hiibn. much less so, whilst flaves- cens Esp. is really rare; I have two of the last-named from Hamworthy, and Bankes has noted one only at Corfe Castle. The rarity of this form in Dorset is in strong contrast to its comparative frequence at high elevations in the French Alps (W.P.C.).
Orthosia gilvago Esp. ; Meyr., p. 122, No. y.
Cranborne, one on Sept. 18th, 1907 (F.H.F.).
255
A.R.H. and W.P.C. have both made considerable effort amongst wych elm respectively in west and east Dorset, but quite without success.
Orthosia ciirceHaris Hufn. ; Meyr. , p. 122, No. 9.
Xanthia ferruginea Dale, p. 18.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘Common’ (Bankes). I agree (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, common (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, very abundant (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Cranborne, swarms (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy, common (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge (E.R.B.) (L.P. 23) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.); Studland
(E.R.B.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
The nomino-typical form is not quite as common as ab. ferruginea Esp. The form fusconervosa Peterson is rare ; I have one from Cranborne and one from Hamworthy, and from the latter locality an unnamed form with pale nervures and the markings obsolete (W.P.C.).
Orthosia helvola Linn. ; Meyr., p. 123, No. 10.
Anchocelis rufina Dale, p. 18.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). It is extremely local, but it is not by any means rare in its special localities (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood and Bloxworth, sometimes abundant (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.), extremely abundant in 1892 (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, scarce (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Cran¬ borne district, common (W.P.C.) (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Woot- ton (Dale l.c.).
ab. ochrea Esp. is a common form ; forma putlica Borkh. rather scarce; ab. Utlicolor Tutt is rare (I have two only, both from Bere Wood) ; helvoia Linn, is nearly as abundant as ochrea ; rufina Linn, is rare (I only have one from Bere Wood). In addi¬ tion I have two dull ochreous specimens with indistinct fasciae of a form which so far seems to have escaped a name ; one of these is from Cranborne and the other from Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.).
Orthosia litura Linn. ; Meyr., p. 123, No. 11.
Bere Wood, not rare (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, sometimes com¬ mon (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, not uncommon (W.P.C.) ; Glan¬ ville’s Wootton, rare (J.C.D.), subsequently taken commonly (C.W.D.) [that is assuming his handwriting has not misled me l (W.P.C.)] ; Poole (E.N.B.), not common (W.P.C.) ; Sherborne
(J-D).
2 56
The usual form is rufa Tutt; ©matrix Hiibn. is the next commonest and rufa-pallida Tutt is very rare ; my only specimen is from Bere Wood (W.P.C.).
Orthosia pistacina Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 123, No. 12.
Anchocelis pistacina Dale, p. 18.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Abundant ’ (Bankes). I should have called it common (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Blandford, common (W.P.C.) ; Blox- worth, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charlton Marshall (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, very abundant at sugar (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne and district round, common and variable (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Folly Copse, Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Herston (W.P.C.); Poole, common (W.P.C.); Pur- beck, very abundant (E.R.B.) (L.P.22); Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, common (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, very com¬ mon at ivy blossom (F.H.H.) ; Wimborne, common (W.P.C.).
The range of variation exhibited is very wide, but I have not yet worked my series out so am unable to assess the compara¬ tive abundance of the forms. A.G.B.R. says that in the Durlston district at Swanage there is a tendency for the species to pro¬ duce a certain percentage of very dark forms (W.P.C.).
Orthosia macilenta Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 123, No. 13; Dale, p. 18.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). According to my experience also fairly common (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.), common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Blox- worth, common (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, swarms (F.H.F.) ; Folly Copse, Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Lytchett Minster (W.P.C.); Poole, common (E. H.C.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck (E.R.B.) (L.P.22); Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage, fairly common, one ab. obsoleta (A.G.B.R.); Win- frith, common (E.H.C.).
The nomino-typical form is the commonest, but Straminea Tutt and obsoleta Tutt are both fairly frequent ; straminea- Obsoleta Tutt is not common. I have besides an unnamed form from Hamworthy, one only, very dark in the ground, the prae- subterminal line very red and the median fascia very strongly developed, the hindwings being dark grey, giving it an appear¬ ance somewhat resembling lota Cl. ab. subdita Warren.
A.G.B.R. also has a specimen very close to this form of lota (W.P.C.).
Orthosia lota Clerck; Meyr., p. 124, No. 1,4; Dale, p. 18.
‘ Common at ivy blossom ’ (Dale). I should add ‘ and at sugar and the flowering heads of Molinia ’ (W.P.C.).
257
Bloxworth, common (A. W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, very abundant (E.R.B.) ; Charlton Marshall (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.); Folly Copse, Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, common (T.P.); Lytchett Minster (W.P.C.); Poole, common (E.H.C.); Purbeck, abundant (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Swanage, very occasionally (A.G.B.R.) ; Spettisbury (S.C.S.B.) ; Wimborne, common (E.H.C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
The nomino-typical form is far and away the commonest, though rufa Tutt is not rare ; on the other hand, I only have two subdita Warren, one from Poole and one from Hamworthy (W.P.C.).
Orthosia fissipuncta Haw. ; Meyr., p. 124, No. 15.
Orthosia upsilon Dale, p. 18.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). It is common in those suitable places that I have been able to investigate (W.P.C.).
[Bloxworth (Dale l.c.), no' record by O.P.-C. or A. W.P.-C.] ; Ensbury near Longham, larvae common on a single willow tree (W.G.H.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.); Poole (E.N.B.); Spettisbury, larvae very common (S.C.S.B.), both on willow and poplar growing on the banks of the river Stour, insects bred (W.P.C.); Swanage (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Orthosia satellitia Linn. ; Meyr., p. 124, No. 17.
Scopelosoma satellitia Dale, p. 18.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common ’ (Bankes). I agree. It is very fond of Arbutus blossom (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) (A. W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.); Canford Bottom (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Creekmoor (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Poole, not uncommon (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, pretty common (A.G. B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Dasypolia tempi! Thunb. ; Meyr., p. 125; Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I incline to the view that owing to its habits it is overlooked, and is more common than is believed to be the case (W.P.C.).
Charmouth, in 1894 (A.U.B., 1895, Ent. Rec., 6: 58), one at light, April, 1919 (W.D.L.) ; Chickerell (N.M.R.) ; Parkstone, by Mr. Kettlewell ( teste R.P.D., Fassnidge, 1930, Additions and Corrections to List of Lep. of Hampshire and Isle of Wight, Trans. Ent. Soc. S. Engl., 6: 129); Portland, several in 1886, some on the Portland High Light and one at rest on a wall
2S8
in Castleton (J.J.W.) ; Swana^e coast, larvae found sparingly in stems' and roots of Heracleum sphondylium in July, 1895, ian<^ 11 moths bred Sept. 13th to Oct. 16th (E.B.N. and E.R.B.), one at light (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth, one in Sept., 1861 (F. Carre), one in 1890 (A.W.P.-C.).
Miselia oxyacanthae Linn. ; Meyr. , p. 126, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 20.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). Whilst I have never collected in a suit¬ able locality at a suitable time of the year without obtaining the insect, I am equally assured that it is absent from some areas. I am quite convinced that on the heath area it is localized and absent from considerable tracts (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Blandford, common (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charlton Marshall (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Moreton (F.H.H.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (T.P.) (L.P. 23) ; Studland
(E.R.B.) ; Swanage, fairly commonly in 1933 (A.G.B.R.) ; Win- frith, very common (F.H.H.).
Variation in Dorset mainly consists in the greater or lesser development of the iridiscent green scaling ; in the colour of the pale subterminal area, which varies from cream colour to being strongly suffused Mars orange. The most striking specimen I have is one with the subterminal area cream and the remainder of the wing very heavily clouded with fuscous, almost obliterat¬ ing* the markings. Although Fassnidge (1929, List . of Lep. of Hants and Isle of Wight, Trans. Ent. Soc. S. Engl., 5: 7) states that ab. capucina . Mill, has occurred he gives no localities nor details, so it is impossible to express any opinion as to why it is found in Hants and not in Dorset (W.P.C.).
Cucullea aEhsmthis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 127, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 21.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Lulworth (Dale l.c.) ; Portland : In August and September, 1886, I found the larvae of this species in large numbers in the Portland Quarries on wormwood ( Artemisia absinthium) and bred the moths at Gibraltar in the following spring (J-J.W.).
Cucullia chamomiSiae Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 128, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 21. ‘ Rare’ (Dale).
Corfe Castle, six larvae found in 1900 produced one moth in 1901 (E.R.B.); Parley Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, taken very sparingly (E.N.B.) ; Studland, six or seven larvae found in 1896 and three moths bred in 1897 (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, a larva found in 1900 produced a moth in 1901 (E.R.B.), one (A.G.B.R.).
259
Cucullia umbratica Linn. ; Meyr., p. 128, No. 4; Dale, p. 21.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common ’ (Bankes). ‘Common, especially at honeysuckle’ (F.H.H.). I have only been successful in taking- the species occasionally at flowers, especially Oenothera, and on railway embankment fences or, rarely, at light (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (O.P.-C.), fairly common (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, one only (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Poole, occasionally at flowers late at night, also at light (W.P.C.) (E.N.B.) ; Port¬ land (E.R.B.) ; Punfield Cove (W.P.C.); Studland (C.R.D.) ; Swanage (F.H.H.), not very common (A.G.B.R.) (F. O.P.-C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.) ; Wootton, near Charmouth (W.D.L.).
Russell has a 9 that is to my eye very like lactucae. W. H. T. Tams examined it specially at A.G.B.R.’s request and states that though curiously marked it is certainly umbratica (W.P.C.).
CuculEia asteris Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 128, No. 6; Dale, p. 21.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes locally common ’ (Bankes). Bloxworth (E.R.B.); larvae at times abundant (O.P.-C.); Chickerell, on Aster tripolium (N.M.R.) ; Cranborne, several on China aster (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one larva in a green¬ house (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, four larvae on China aster at Sterte House (W.P.C.) ; Wareham (E.R.B.).
Cucullia verbasci Linn. ; Meyr., p. 129, No. 7; Dale, p. 21.
‘Widely distributed’ (Dale). ‘ Often common ’ (Bankes). To which I would add ‘where it occurs.’ The distribution is not coincident with that of the recorded food-plants, and in my ex¬ perience it is absent from geological formations above the Lon¬ don Clay (see, however, Parkstone) (W.P.C.).
‘Common wherever V erhascum and Scrophularia occur’ (F.H.H. ). But this again is not correct, for I have spent many hours hunting for larvae of scrophnlariae in the valley of the Organ without getting any Cucullia larvae of any species (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (S.C.S.B.) (W.P.C.); BereWood (W.P.C.); Bloxworth, many bred (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.); Charmouth, larvae all on Scrophularia aquatica (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Lulworth (W.P.C.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.); Purbeck, common (T.P.) (L.P. 24) ;
Spettisbury (S.C.S.B.) ; West Whitewav, common (T.P.) ; Win- frith (F.H.H.) ; Wool (F.H.H.).
Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. ; Meyr., p. 129, No. 8.
Cranborne, scarce; six specimens bred from larvae in July, 1909 (F.H.F. ; identity teste E.R.B., who examined the speci¬ mens. The record may therefore be relied on).
26o
Polia exoleta Linn. ; Meyr. , p. 130, No. 1.
Calocampa exoleta Dale, p. 20.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). There is not sufficient evi¬ dence to enable any such opinion to be validly expressed. In my experience the insect is rare (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, one (E.H.C.), scarce (O.P.-C.); Blox worth, scarce (O.P.-C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, one (F.H.F.), one (W.P.C.) ; Hamworthy, three specimens (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Haymoor Bottom, Poole, one (E.H.C.) ; Kimmeridge, common (T.P.). Having regard to A.G.B.R.’s experience with vetusta noted below, and the small number of exoleta records, I incline to think T.P.’s identification was erroneous (W.P.C.); Oaker’sWood, near Moreton (O.P.-C.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.) ; Purbeck, widely distributed, occurring occasionally (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Sherford, near Wareham, a few (H.L.A.) ; Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.).
Polia vetusta Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 131, No. 2.
Calocampa vetusta Dale, p. 20.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). My remark under exoleta applies with even greater force to this species (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, occasionally (O.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, occasionally (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, occasionally at sugar (E.R.B.) ; Kimme- ridge. two or three in 1874 (T.P.) ; Purbeck, widely distributed, occurring occasionally (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Sherford, near Ware- hm, a few (H.L.A.) ; Swanage, Stillwell (E.R.B.), commonly in 1932 but as a rule fairly frequent (A.G.B.R.).
Two of A.G.B.R.’s specimens have large cinereous cloudings to the centre of the wing almost like the ground of ornithopus (W.P.C.).
Polia solidaginis Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 131, No. 3.
Winfrith Newburgh, eight specimens (Chas. Capper, seen by E.R.B. and W.P.C.).
Polia semihrunnea Haw. ; Meyr., p. 131, No. 4.
Xylina semihrunnea Dale, p. 21.
’ ‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Bere Wood, two only (O.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, one (F.W.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (DaleZ.c.); Kimmeridge, two or three (T.P.) (L.P. 24) ; Poole (E.N.B.) ; Sherford near Wareham, in 1928 in some numbers (H.L.A.); Swanage, four only, not common (A.G.B.R.).
Polia socia Rott. ; Meyr., p. 131, No. 5.
Xylina petrificata Dale, p. 21.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). I call it scarce. If by hard
26i
work I got 20 in an autumn I should consider I had done well (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, scarce (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth, spar¬ ingly (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, plentiful in some years (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24); Cranborne, frequent (F.H.F.); Dun- yeat’s Hill (W.P.C.) ; Hamworthy, a few (W.P.C.) ; Kimme- ridge, not rare (T.P.) (L.P. 24) ; Poole (E.N. B.), not common (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Sherford Bridge near Wareham, a few (H.L.A.); Swanage, one only in 1933 (A.G.B.R.).
Polia ornithopus Rott. ; Meyr., p. 132, No. 8.
Xylina rhizolitha Dale, p. 20.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ More or less common * (Bankes). It is the only Xylina of which one may be reasonably certain of a decent series in a season (W.P.C.).
Affpuddle (F.H.H.); Bere Wood, fairly common both as larva and imago (W.P.C.); Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Canford Bottom (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle, common at sugar (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.), common (F.H.H.); Hamworthy, common (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, com¬ mon (T.P.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) ; Poole, not common (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Tadnoll (F.H.H.).
Polia areola Esp. ; Meyr., p. 132, No. 9.
Xylocampa lithorhiza Dale, p. 20.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). I have found it commonly, especially on the margins of heaths on trees and posts (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Canford Bottom, common (W.P.C.); Charmouth, Black Ven, on timber hut at rest, also flying over wallflowers in garden at 8.30 p.m. (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle, fairly common (E.R.B.); Cranborne, two (F.H.F.); Hamworthy, common (W.P.C.) ; Lyme Regis, several (W.D.L.) ; Vale of Marshwood (W.D.L.) ; Misterton Hill (W.P.C.) ; Nine Barrow Down, Pur¬ beck (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (W.P.C.) (S.C.S.B.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Studland (C.R.D.), common (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, not very common (A.G.B.R.); Tadnoll Marsh, especially abundant (F.H.H.); Wareham (W.P.C.); West Whiteway, common (T.P.); Wim- borne (F.H.H.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.) ; Wood Street (F.H.H.).
Polia aprilina Linn. ; Meyr., p. 133, No. 10.
Agriopis aprilina Dale, p. 20.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes common ’ (Bankes). I have found it in considerable numbers in most of the wood¬ lands I have worked (W.P.C.).
262
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Bloxworth ■(O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Moreton (F.H.H.); Purbeck, met with occasionally (T.P.) (L.P. 23) ; Poole, not, un¬ common (W.P.C.); Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.).
[Polia chi Linn. ; Meyr., p. 133, No. 11 ; Dale, p. 19.
Dale entered this insect on the strength of specimens in O.P.-C. ’s collection which O.P.-C. told E.R.B. were never taken in the county at all. So far as I know the insect has never at any time occurred in Dorset, which view A.W.P.-C. confirms.]
Polia flavicincta Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 133, No. 12; Dale, p. 19.
4 Rare ’ (Dale). This does not seem to be accurate; it would appear occasionally to be locally abundant (W.P.C.).
Dorchester, one bred (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale, l.c.) ; Holwell (Dale l.c.) ; Lyme Regis (Professor Raphael Meldola) ; Portland (J.J.W.) (N.M.R.), not common (R.P.D.) ; Sherborne, abundant in 1903 (E.R.B.).
PoHa viminalis Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 134, No. 14.
Cleoceris viminalis Dale, p. 19.
Badbury Rings, one (S.C.S.B.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Blox¬ worth, sometimes plentiful (O.P.-C.), taken sparingly (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, frequent (F.H.F.) ; Elsington Wood (Dale l.c.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, rare (Dale l.c.) ; Grange, Purbeck, two (P.H.Th.) ; Hamworthy, one (W.P.C.); Poole (E.N.B.), one (E.H.C.) ; Sherborne (Dale Lc.) ; Studland, sparingly (C.R.D.) (P.H.Tz.) (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 23); Swanage (A.G.B.R.).
Polia lichenea Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 134, No. 15.
Epunda lichenea Dale, p. 19.
4 Rare ’ (Dale). I think local and usually uncommon is better (W.P.C.).
[Cranborne. Judging by a note by E.R.B. this locality seems to have been recorded or reported, but the note is not clear as to which. In E.R.B.’s notes on F.H.H.’s collection which I placed at his disposal for his examination prior to its disposal at Stevens’ Auction Rooms, he has specially underlined 4 No Cran¬ borne lichenea in his series.’ As at present advised, I am not prepared to accept Cranborne as a locality (W.P.C.).] Portland (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) (N.M.R.), abundant (R.P.D.) ; Swanage (Geo. Russell Wright), four (E.H.C.), larvae (E.R.B.), Sept., 1893 (A. B. Farn), commonly in a light trap and occasionally at sugar and ivy (A.G.B.R.).
A.G.B.R. shewed me a series of 48 which exhibited a fairly wide range of variation ; one male had the whole of the wing distad the reniform as pale as the hindwings (W.P.C.).
263
Polia protea Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 134, No. 16.
Hadena protea Dale, p. 30.
Bere Wood, common (W.P.C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Blox worth, common (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Bridport (Dale l.c.) ; Buckland Newton, Pop Mallard Wood (A.G.B.R.) ; Canford Bottom (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, occasionally (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (W.P.C.), common (F.H.F.); East Lulworth, com¬ mon (F.H.H.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Middlemarsh (Dale l.c.) ; N.W. Dorset, common (A.R.H.); Parkstone (S.C.S.B.); Poole (W.P.C.); Rempstone (A.G.B.R.); Sherborne (Diale l.c.) ; Sherford, near Wareham (W.P.C.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
ab. variegata Tutt.
Corfe Castle, Sept. 28th, 1892 (E.R.B.).
Folia adusta Esp. ; Meyr., p. 135, No. 17.
Hadena adusta Dale, p. 20.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Britain to the Shetlands, rather common ’ (Meyrick). I find it difficult to assess this insect. Its occurrence in Dorset is established by records of in the main isolated cap¬ tures which are difficult to connect with one another (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (Dale l.c.); Cranborne, one in 1903 (F.H.F.); Langton Long (Mr. Noble) ; Portland (Major Partridge, teste Dale) ; Poole, one in 1895, and repeated efforts at the same locality failed to produce another (W.P.C.).
[Swanage teste W.P.C. in Bankes’ MS. is wrong. I took a curious Hadena gemina Hiibn. 9 > and at first placed it as an aberrant adusta ; being dissatisfied on close examination, I sub¬ mitted it to' Bankes, and after rather lengthy consideration we placed it as an aberrant 9 H. gemina Hiibn.]
Subfamily 4. Melanchrides.
MeSiana fSarmrtea Curt. ; Meyr., p. 136.
Morden Bog, one specimen, July, 1929 (H.L.A.).
Leucania impudens Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 137, No. 2; Dale, p. 13. ‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is erroneous (W.P.C.).
[Bloxworth : Dale entered the species under Bloxworth on the strength of specimens in O.P.-C. ’s collection which O.P.-C. told E.R.B. were not Dorset specimens at all. A.W.P.-C. says all O.P.-C.’s specimens came from Brockenhurst and Cambridge¬ shire. I have not the smallest doubt that the insect can be obtained at Bloxworth, as I find it is to be met with in fair numbers in most of the marshy heathland.]
Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Creech Grange (P.H.Tz.) ; [Cran¬ borne: I have a number of specimens labelled Cranborne, F.H.F.,
264
but I do not feel satisfied about the data ; they are of Fisher’s setting- and if taken by him would probably have come from the Alderholt district] ; East Howe, common (W.P.C.) ; Morden Bog-, sufficiently common to be a nuisance (W.P.C.) (H.L.A.); Studland (C.R.D1.) (L.P. 18); Swanage, Ballard Down (W.P.C.), Durlston (A.G.B.R.); Wadmore Quag (E.R.B.).
Leucania straminea Treitsch. ; Meyr., p. 137, No. 3.
Bloxworth (O. P. C.) ; Morden, at light in fair numbers (W.P.C.) (H.L.A. and others); Studland, one at sugar, Aug. 6th, 1908 (P.H.Tz.) (A.G.B.R.).
Leucania impura Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 137, No. 4; Dale, p. 13.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ More or less common generally ’ (Bankes). I should say quite as common as pallens Linn, but seems to be single-brooded, while pallens normally is double-brooded (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, six in 1895 but none after that date (F.H.F.); Chesil Beach (S. C. S. B.) ; East Howe (W.P.C.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Morden (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Osmington, very common (F.H.H.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19); Studland (W.P.C.); Swanage (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.).
Leucania pallens Linn. ; Meyr., p. 138, No. 5; Dale, p. 13.
Meyrick sinks favicolor Barr., as synonymous, since favicolor has not yet been recorded for Dorset, although it has occurred in Hants ; there is no need to enter into the subject of possible distinction, but see 1930, Trans. Ent. Soc. S. Engl., 6: 115.
Meyrick gives 6-7 as the months for the imago ; in Dorset it is normally fully double-brooded, 6-7 and 9 and 10. The second generation is often undersized, but exhibits the same range of colour variation as Gen. I. The Gen. II is extremely partial to feeding at the flower-heads of Molinia caerulea (W.P.C.).
‘ Common ’ (Dale). ‘ Abundant ’ (Bankes).
Bere Wood and Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, common (F. H. F.) (W.P.C.); Chesil Beach (S.C. S. B.); Gussage St. Michael (J. H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, rare (T.P.) ; Morden (W.P.C.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Red- cliffe, near Preston (F.H.H.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), fairly com¬ mon (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.).
The average specimens are warm buff, and cinnamon buff, the former predominating ; GCtypai Hubn. is much scarcer than the foregoing and judging from my own experience a decided
265
rarity in the second brood, whilst I have only procured one specimen of ab. ferruginea Haw. and that is a first-brood speci¬ men from Swan, age (W.P.C.).
Aletia turca Linn. ; Meyr., p. 139, No. 1.
Leucania turca Dale, p. 13.
[Bloxworth entered by Dale on the strength of specimens in O.P.-C. ’s collection which O.P.-C. says were not taken in Dorset. Nor is there any confirmation of a capture in O.P.-C. ’s notes. A.W.P.-C.]
Poole (E.N.B.); there is no modern confirmation of this record (W.P.C.). Swanage, four on Ballard Down on July nth, 1903 (W. Edwards). The insect is evidently very local. I sugared Ballard Down nearly every night throughout July and August, 1904, and July, 1907, keeping a special look-out for turca and failed to get it (W.P.C.).
Aletia iithargyrea Esp. ; Meyr., p. 139, No. 2.
Leucania lithar gyria Dale, p. 13.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common generally ’ (Bankes). The Dorset specimens which have passed through my hands are all the ruddy type and quite unlike the pale washed-out coloured specimens of southern Europe, save for one Swanage specimen (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) (O.P.-C.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Chesil Beach (S.C.S.B.) ; Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.); Poole, common (W.P.C.); Punfield Cove (E.R.B.); Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (L.P. 19); Sandbanks (W.P.C.); Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) ; West Lulworth, specially abundant on the coast (F.H.H.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Aletia albipuncta Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 139, No. 3.
Cranborne, one in 1900 (F.H.F.); Poole, rarely (E.N.B.) ; Studland, four in 1908 (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, one at ragwort blossom in Sept., 1901 (A.U.B.), six in 1933 (A.G.B.R.).
This is a species which I think works its way into Dorset from Devon but fails to keep a foothold (W.P.C.).
Aletia littoralis Curt. ; Meyr., p. 140, No. 5.
Leucania littoralis Dale, p. 13.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally plentiful ’ (Bankes). I agree with Bankes. This is a species which is rapidly being stamped out by the erection of bungalows and bathing huts and by their inhabitants, with the aid of fires started on the dunes (W.P.C.).
266
Portland, in 1849 (O.P.-C.), olim (E.R.B.) ; Sandbanks, for¬ merly common, now much restricted (W.P.C.) ; Studland, abun¬ dant (E.R.B.) (W.P.C. et aliis) (L.P. 19).
Aletia conigera Fabr. ; Meyr. , p. 140, No. 7.
Leucania conigera Dale, p. 13.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ More or less common generally ’ (Bankes).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Lilliput (W.P.C.); Punfield Cove (E.R.B.); Purbeck, common (T.P.), not uncom¬ mon (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Poole, not common (W.P.C.) ; Portland (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), common (A. G. B. R.) ; Tadnoll Marsh (F.H.H.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Aletia vitellina Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 141, No. 8.
‘ Rare and local. Of the twenty specimens of which I have records seven were taken in 1900* and thirteen in 1908 ’ (Bankes).
Cranborne, two in Sept., 1900, and one in 1901 (F.H.F.); Hamworthy, two in Sept., 1900 (W.P.C.) ; Portland, June, 1931 (R.P.D.) ; Studland, one taken on the wing* July 12th, 1908 (Rippon), eleven at sugar and one at ragwort, Aug. 13th to 30th, 1908 (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, two in 1900 (Arthur Rose), seventeen in 1932, two in 1933 (A.G.B.R.), two in 1933 (H. C. Hayward) and others by Standen Smith on Ballard Down.
Aletia unipuncta Haw. ; Meyr., p. 141, No. 9.
Corfe Castle, one at sugar in the shrubbery, Oct. 12th, 1891 (E.R.B., 1892, Ent. Mon. Mag., 28: 48); Swanage, one at light, Oct. 3rd, 1931 ; one, Oct. 15th, 1932, at ivy (A.G.B.R.). These specimens are both in bred condition (W.P.C.).
Aletia putrescens Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 141, No. 10.
Leucania putrescens Dale, p. 13.
Meyrick l.c. gives Dorset, whether on the strength of the undermentioned record I do not know, but the insect ought to occur regularly. On the other hand, insects do not do' what one expects of them (W.P.C.).
Lulworth, one at Durdle Door, Aug. nth, 1877 (C.W.D.).
Aletia comma Linn. ; Meyr., p. 142, No. n.
Leucania comma Dale, p. 13.
‘ Not common ’ (Bankes). I used to find it commonly round Poole in my younger days, but cannot say much about recent years (W.P.C.).
267
Ballard Down (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood, June, 1890 (O.P.-C.) ; Buzbury Camp (W.P.C.) ; Chesil Beach (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.); Poole, common (W.P.C.); Portland (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.) ; Purbeck, generally distributed (E.R.B.) (L.P. 19) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, one on Oct. 14th, 193 3^ seems to be a second brood (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, two (T.P.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Monima incerta Hufn. ; Meyr. , p. 143, No. 1.
Taeniocampa instabilis Dale, p. 18.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Not common ’ (Bankes). I agree with the latter but am by no means sure I agree with the former. Fisher’s remark infra may show that the insect is not as scarce as one would suppose from the few one picks up at sallow blossom (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, 1887 and 1918, one specimen each time (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, scarce, usually only obtained by pupa digging (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Dunyeat’s Hill and Gravel Hill, between Poole and Wimborne. I have taken more at these two places than in the whole of the rest of my collecting places put together (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Haymoor Bottom, near Poole (E.H.C.) ; Lilliput (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone, a few (Eva Hudson) ; Poole, scarce (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck, not common (T.P.) (L.P. 22); Studland (E.R.B.); Swanage, one at sallow (A.G.B.R.); Win- frith (F.H.H.).
Monima gracilis Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 143, No. 3.
Taeniocampa gracilis Dale, p. 18.
‘ Occurs sparingly ’ (Bankes). I have only taken it sparingly by myself but I think it would prove to be rather more abundant if worked for in the larval stage (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, one in 1934 (W.P.C.); Bloxworth, two specimens, April, 1887 (A.W.P.-C.) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22); Dunyeat’s Hill, between Poole and Wimborne (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, common (T.P.), contrast this with E.R.B. ’s estimate of a quarter of a century later (L.P. 22) ; Parley Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, scarce (W.P.C.); Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.).
forma rufescens Cockerell. Ensbury, near Longham, one (W.G. H.) ; Bloxworth, several. I am confident that it occurs frequently in the large heath bogs (W.P.C.).
268
Monima stabilis View. ; Meyr., p. 143, No. 4.
Taeniocampa stabilis Dale, p. 18'.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I think it is the most abundant and ubiquitous species of the genus (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, abundant (W.P.C.); Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Blandford (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, common throughout the district (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); Canford Bottom (W.P.C.); Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.); Gravel Hill (W.P.C.); Parkstone (Eva Hudson) ; Poole, very common (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, abun¬ dant (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Sandbanks (W.P.C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Monima populeti Treitsch. ; Meyr., p. 144, No. 5.
Taeniocampa populeti Dale, p. 18.
‘Rare’ (Dale). I agree; its sporadic occurrence as single specimens is difficult to account for, and it does not seem to be truly endemic (W.P.C.).
[Bloxworth (Dale l.c.) ; A.W.P.-C. says: No record by O.P.-C.] ; Corfe Castle, one at sallow, May 9th, 1887 (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.).
Monima miniosa Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 144, No. 6.
T aeniocampa miniosa « Dale, p. 18.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I do not think this is true at all ; its seasonal abundance varies within wide limits, but I have seen the larvae so abundant that one got three or four with every stroke of the beating stick. On the other hand, it does seem to be very scarce in Purbeck (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (O.P.-C.), frequently common (W.P.C.) ; Blox¬ worth (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle, one at sallow, April 24th, 1886 (E.R.B.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gravel Hill (W.P.C.) ; Haymoor Bottom, common (E.H.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, one (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Middlemarsh (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, not scarce (W.P.C.).
Monima pulverulenta Esp. ; Meyr., p. 144, No. 7.
Taeniocampa cruda Dale, p. 18.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes common ’ (Bankes). I should say usually common, less so than stabilis, more so than gothica (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, abundant (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cran¬ borne, common (F.H.F.); Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.); Haymoor Bottom (E.H.C.) ; Poole (E.N. B.), abundant (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (T.P.) (L.P. 22); Studland (E.R.B.).
269
Momma munda Esp. ; Meyr. , p. 145, No. 8.
Taeniocampa munda Dale, p. 18.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Not uncommon very locally ’ (Bankes). I regard this as one of the scarcer species, but it is not rare ; it has occurred to me in practically every locality I have worked sallow blossom (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.); Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Dunyeat’s Hill (W. P.C.); Gravel Hill (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Kimmeridge, moderately common (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Poole, not very common (W.P.C.).
Monima gothica Linn. ; Meyr., p. 145, No. 9.
Taeniocampa gothica Dale, p. 18.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common ’ (Bankes).
Bere Wood, common (W.P.C.) ; Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (W.P.C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Corfe Castle, abundant (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, common (W.P.C.) ; Creekmoor (W.P.C.) ; Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.) ; Gravel Hill (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (Eva Hudson) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, abundant (T.P.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (E. R. B.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.).
The variation in the county that has come under my notice is too slight to warrant comment (W.P.C.).
Cerapteryx graminis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 145.
Charaeas graminis Dale, p. 14.
‘ Scarce’ (Dale). ‘ Scarce and local’ (Bankes). I think that speaking generally they are right, but in 1929 it was quite abun¬ dant. It is, however, an insect known to be subject to the most violent fluctuations in abundance (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, in 1929 common (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, one in 1906 (F.H.F.) ; Creech Grange, two in 1903, one in 1909 (P.H.Tz.) ; Hodd Hill (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy, one (W.P.C.) ; Knowle Hill (Dale l.c.) ; Lulworth (Diale l.c.) ; Poole, one in 1908 (W.P.C.); Portland (E.R.B.) ; Studland (P.H.Tz.); Tadnoll (F.H.H.); Weymouth, one only (O.P.-C.) ; West Whiteway, two (T.P.) (L.P. 20).
Epineuronia popularis Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 146.
Heliophobus popularis Dale, p. 14.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I should add ‘ and in favourable seasons extraordinarily abundant.’ In 1929 it came to the lamps of my car on Badbury Down in such hordes that the next morning the front of the car was seen to be smothered in scales and hair (W.P.C.).
270
Abbeycroft Down (W.P.C.) ; Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, often abundant (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (E.H.C.); Lytchett Minster, abundant (E. H. C.) ; Lilliput (E.H.C.); Morden (W.P.C.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (Eva Hudson) ; Portland, rare (E.R.B.); Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 20) ; Sand¬ banks (E.H.C.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Panolis pmipercSa Panz. ; Meyr., p. 146; Dale, p. 17.
‘ Common amongst Scots pines ’ (Bankes). With this I agree, and I think its distribution is coterminous with that of Firms sylvestris, as I have obtained the larva from this tree only (W.P.C.).
Break Hill Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) ; Brownsea Island (W.P.C.) ; Canford Bottom (W.P.C.) ; Cock Wood, Can- ford (W.P.C.) ; Dunyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.); Gravel Hill (W.P.C.); Hyde (W.P.C.); Knighton Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Morden Park (O.P.-C.) ; Newtown (W.P.C.) ; Parley Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Poole Heath (Dale l.c.) ; Poole, com¬ mon (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, common in the fir plantations (E.R.B.) (L.P. 22) ; Studland (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage, Durlston, two, one of which is the griseo-variegata form (A.G.B.R.).
Harmodia nana Rott. ; Meyr., p. 147, No. 1.
Dianthoecia conspersa Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I incline to the view that this insect could be obtained frequently on the coast, but it is notorious that the Dorset coast is exceedingly dangerous to work (W.P.C.).
Cranborne, occasionally (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one, May 25th, 1815 (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael, one in 1877 (J.H.W.); Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Powerstock (Dale l.c.) ; Sher¬ borne (Dale l.c.).
[Harmodia albimacula Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 147, No. 2, ought to occur on the western littoral and I have little doubt could be found if worked for.]
[Harmodia caesia Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 148, No. 5.
F.H.H. at one time thought he had obtained this species at Winfrith but after correspondence with me decided that the record should be withdrawn, as the specimen or specimens had been lost sight of. As the species is a regular inhabitant of the Portlandian Jurassic on the Continent, it seems reasonable to suppose it might occur.]
271
Harmodia carpophaga Bor kb, ; Meyr., p. 149, No. 7.
Dianthoecia carpophaga Dale, p. 19.
Bloxworth, a few bred in 1886 (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, com¬ mon (F.H.F.) ; Chesil Beach (W.P.C.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Parkstone, a few bred (S.C.S.B.) (det. W.P.C.) ; Swanage, a fair number (A.G.B.R.) ; West Whiteway, one (T.P.) (L.P. 23).
Harmodia capsincola Hubn. ; Meyr. , p. 149, No. 8.
Dianthoecia capsincola Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). E.R.B. has struck this out in his copy of Dale. I should say not uncommon but with a marked prefer¬ ence for limestone soils. Certainly the most abundant in Dorset of the Dianthoecias (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) (F. O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.); Chesil Beach (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one in June, 1850 (Dale l.c.); Poole (E.N.B.) (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, common (E.N.B.), this is so on the Ballard Down side but not on the Anvil Point side (A.G.B.R.) ; Studland, common (C.R.D.) (P.T.Tz.) (L.P. 23) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Harmodia cucubali Fuessl. ; Meyr., p. 149, No. 9.
Dianthoecia cucubali Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is too strong a word, but the insect is uncommon (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, one in 1851 (O.P.-C.) ; this is the foundation of Dale’s Bloxworth record (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, one (E.R.B.), one (P. Helps) ; Cranborne, a few every season (F.H.F.) ; Dun- yeat’s Hill, one (W.P.C.) ; Poole, one (W.P.C.) (E.N.B.) ; Sherborne (O. Benthall) ; Swanage, fairly commonly (A.G.B.R.) ; West Lulworth, 1892 (Col. J. F. Randall).
Melanchra cespitis Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 151, No. 1.
Luperina cespitis Dale, p. 15.
‘ Rare ’. (Dale). ‘ Very local ’ (Bankes). I rather think that this insect is overlooked because of its odd habits. I have ob¬ served it in September flying in considerable numbers about 5 o’clock p.m., Greenwich M.T., over downland in a leisurely style and yet with a sufficiently erratic flight to make it difficult to catch (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth Heath, one, Sept., 1894 (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, Handley Down, common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle, a larva in 1906 (E.R.B.) ; Portland, at light (W. Farren) (J. J. W.) ;
272
Poole (E.N.B.) ; Rempstone, two (Harold King) ; Studland, one in 1909 (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, in 1844 (Sir Christopher Lighten), fairly common in 1931, scarce since (A.G.B.R.) (L.P. 20) ; Ware- ham, one Sept. 17th, 1894 (F.O.P.-C.) ; Wimborne, one in 1907 (G.F.M.).
Melanchra reticulata Vill. ; Meyr., p. 152, No. 2.
Neuria saponariae Dale, p. 14.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Rarely plentiful ’ (Bankes). I should say locally not uncommon (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.) ; Blandford (Dale l.c.) ; Chickerell (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, not uncommon in the wood and on the Downs at sugar (W.P.C.), at light (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Ringstead (F.H.H.) ; Swanage, one in 1905 (W.P.C.) ; Weymouth (O.P.-C.).
Melanchra serena Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 152, No. 3.
Hecatera serena Dale, p. 19.
‘Rare’ (Dale). I am inclined to agree with him (W.P.C.). [Bloxworth (Dale l.c.)y ‘ No record by O.P.-C.’ (A. W.P.-C.)] ; Charmouth, one (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle, but apparently in¬ frequently (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.) ; Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.); Poole (E.N.B.), very occasionally (W.P.C.) (E.H.C.) ; Portland, common (F.J.K.) ; Stoborough, one in 1909 (P.H.Th.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.).
Melanchra chrysozona Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 152, No. 4.
Hecatera, dysodea Dale, p. 19.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Poole, many years ago by Mr. Seager (Dale l.c.). E.N.B. said he had taken it, but this could not be later than the early 1880’s. There is no recent record for the county (W.P.C.).
Melanchra trifolii Rott. ; Meyr., p. 152, No. 5.
Hadena chenopodii Dale, p. 30.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Locally common ’ (E.R.B.). I think E.R.B. is right, and although at one time I used to regard it as a very common species, of late years I have not come across it in any degree of abundance (W.P.C.).
Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Cranborne, scarce (F.H.F.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Lilliput (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone (Eva Hud¬ son) ; Poole (E.N.B.), formerly common (W.P.C.); Portland Dale l.c.) ; Studland, very common (P.H.Tz.); Swanage, not common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
1
273
l
[Melanchra recte Scotogramma] albifusa Wlk.
Hadena albifusa Grote ; Dale, p. 20.
One specimen by Major Partridge on August 15th, 1888, at light on Portland not far from the anchorage (1889, Ent. Mon. Mag., 25: 180). Specimen determined by W. F. Kirby.
E.R.B. says: ‘Mr. C. G. Barrett, who identified Major Partridge’s specimen as albifusa and would not formerly allow that it might be a variety of H. chenopodii, now treats it as certainly ia form of chenopodii in his great work the Lepidoptera of Brit. Isles. ’
Walker first described albifusa and not Grote, but it is char¬ acteristic that Dale should quote a later author and not the type description. Hampson (1905 , Cat. Lep. Phal., 5 : 28, No. 1158) sinks albifusa as a colour variation of trifolii Rott. I do not know the species well enough to criticise the propriety of this ; but if Hampson is right, the disputed point vanishes.
Melanchra dentina Esp. ; Meyr. , p. 153, No. 6.
Hadena dentina Dale, p. 20.
Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (K. G. Blair); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, plentiful throughout the district (W.P.C.) (F.H.F.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Portland (F.J.K.) (O.P.-C.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.) ; Purbeck, abundant (E.R.B.) (L. P. 24) ; Ring- stead (F.H.H.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.), not common (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith (F. H. H.).
Dorset specimens as a rule are rather pale with a warm brown tone, and not in the least like the form latenai Pier. (W.P.C.).
Melanchra contigua Vill. ; Meyr., p. 154, No. 10.
Hadena contigua Dale, p. 20.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). I agree (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Branksome, occasionally (E.H.T. and others) ; Cranborne, a few (F.H.F.) ; Parkstone, common (R.P.D.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) ; Studland, one (C.R.D.) (L.P. 24).
A. E. Burras tells me it is very fond of sitting on small fir trees on heathland (W.P.C.).
Melanchra genistae Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 154, No. 11.
Hadena genistae Dale, p. 20.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). I agree, as far as I know, Frank H. Fisher is the only person who has taken this species at all frequently in the county (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, one in 1887 (A.W.P.-C.), a few since (O.P.-C.) ; Buzbury Camp, four on June 1st, 1934 (W.P.C.); Cranborne,
274
usually scarce, occasionally not uncommon (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, one on June 3rd, 1878 (C.W.D.) ; Grange Purbeck, one (P. H.Th.) ; Morden, one (A.G.B.R.) ; Parley Heath, one on June 14th, 1854 (O.P.-C.) ; Poole, occasionally (E.N.B.), two or three in 1903 (S. Galpin) ; [Studland, the record by C.R.D. for July 3rd, 1891, was erroneous, the true identity being an aber¬ ration of Hadena gemina Hubn. teste E.R.B.] ; Swanage, one on June 16th, 1907 (W.P.C.) ; at light and sugar, infrequent (A.G.B.R.).
Melanchra thalassina Rott. ; Meyr. , p. 155, No. 12.
Hadena thalassina Dale, p. 20.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). It seems only to occur in single specimens here and there. I personally have not taken four in Dorset in 40 years (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, scarce (E.R.B.) (A. W. P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, not common (F. H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Portland (Dale he.) ; Purbeck, generally distributed (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Studland (C.R.D.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.) ; West Whiteway, one (T.P.) ; Wood Street, between Wool and East Lulworth (F.H.H.); Woodbury Hill (W.P.C.) ; Upper Bockhampton (F.H.H.).
Melanchra dissimilis Knoch. ; Meyr., p. 155, No. 13.
Hadena suasa Dale, p. 20.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is putting it too high. It seems to be rather local, particularly affecting the salterns round Poole Harbour (W.P.C.).
[ Bloxworth (Dale l.c.) There is no record by O.P.-C. teste A. W. P.-C. I think the locality is unsuitable (W.P.C.)] ; Ham¬ worthy (W.P.C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.), not very common (W.P.C.) ; Studland, frequent (F.H.F.) ; Swanage, a fair number mostly very dark, in 1933 but not previously (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith neighbourhood (F.H.H.) ; Wych, Purbeck (E.R.B.).
Melanchra oleracea Linn. ; Meyr., p. 155, No. 14.
Hadena oleracea Dale, p. 20.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common in some districts * (Bankes). In those parts of the county I know, sufficiently abundant to be a nuisance ; it is especially destructive to the flower spikes of Gladiolus and to the fronds of Osmunda regalis (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (A. W. P.-C.) (O.P.-C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Chesil Beach (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne and district, very common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H. W.) ; Ham worthy (W.P.C.) ; Kimmeridge, common (T.P.) ; Organford (W.P.C.) ; Poole dis-
275
trict, very common (W.P.C.) ; Portland (A.W.P.-C.) (O.P.-C.) ; Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Studland (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, not common (A.G.B.R.); Upper Bockhampton (F.H.H.); Winfrith, abundant (F.H.H.).
Melanchra pisi Linn. ; Meyr., p. 156, No. 15.
Hadena pisi Dale, p. 20.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Rather uncommon ’ (Bankes). I agree with E.R.B. but am not SO' satisfied about the state¬ ment Dale makes. It is odd that the insect is common on the Hants side of the Dorset border and yet in Dorset itself not common (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Bloxworth Heath, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Morden (W.P.C.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.); Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.).
Melanctira tincta Brahm. ; Meyr., p. 156, No. 17.
Aplecta tincta Dale, p. 20.
‘Rare’ (Dale).
Bloxworth, very sparingly (O.P.-C.).
Melanchra advena Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 156, No. 18.
Aplecta advena Dale, p. 20.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Bere Wood, one at sugar on July 23rd, 1856 (F. Bond). This is the foundation of Dale’s ‘Bloxworth’ record; Glanville’s Wootton, but not since 1881 (Dale Z.c.).
Melanchra nebulosa Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 157, No. 19.
Aplecta nebulosa Dale, p. 20.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Sometimes common ’ (Bankes).
Bere Wood, common, especially the larvae feeding on sallow at night (W.P.C.), and imagines at sugar (A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford Bottom (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth, Lyme Road (K. G. Blair) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 24) ; D'unyeat’s Hill (W.P.C.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Poole, not common (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.) ; Studland, one (A.G.B.R.) ; Swanage (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith neighbourhood, common
(F.H.H.).
Our Dorset specimens are usually very light in tone with a nearly ivory white ground, conspicuously so if placed against Cotswold specimens (W.P.C.).
27 6
Melanchra brassicae Linn. ; Meyr., p. 157, No. 20.
Mamestra brassicae Dale, p. 15.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). ‘ Often abundant ’ (Bankes). It is fre¬ quently an agricultural pest, especially in market gardens and fields amongst crops of cabbages, swedes and the like (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood and Bloxworth, abundant (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.); Purbeck, abundant (T.P.), common (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, not uncommon (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Melanchra persicariae Linn. ; Meyr., p. 157, No. 21.
Mamestra persicariae Dale, p. 15.
‘Rare’ (Dale). This is, I think, strictly accurate as re¬ gards open country not under cultivation. The insect is, how¬ ever, much in evidence in flower gardens at blossoms of Nepeta mussinii, and the larva is often destructive of China aster and Gladiolus. Bankes regarded it as uncommon everywhere in the county but the Poole district (W.P.C.).
[Bloxworth (Dale l.c.) There is no record by O.P.-C. teste A.W.P.-C.]; Cranborne, fairly common (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Parkstone, sometimes a garden pest (W.P.C.) ; Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
It is to be observed that I have no record from the Isle of Purbeck. This limited distribution recorded of Dorset is very interesting in view of Wm. Fassnidge’s statement that it is ‘ common everywhere ’ in the neighbouring County of Hants (Fassnidge, 1923, List Macro. Lep. Hants and I. Wight f Ent. Rec., 25: Suppl., 15).
Melanchra albicolon Hubn. ; Meyr., p. 158, No. 22.
Mamestra albicolon Dale, p. 15.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale).
Chesil Beach, common (E.R.B.) (J.J.W.); Poole (E.N.B.) (record needs recent confirmation) ; Swanage (E. D. Nevison) (L.P.I.4).
Melanchra myrtilli Linn. ; Meyr., p. 158, No. 24.
Anarta myrtilli Dale, p. 21.
I should consider this insect fairly common in the heath area, but its numbers are rapidly diminishing under the onslaughts of the builder, the golfer and the fire raiser (W.P.C.). ‘ Very
common on heaths ’ (F.H.H.).
Arne (F.H.H.); Bloxworth (W.P.C.), usually common on the heath (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford and Haymoor Bottoms
277
(W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (Dale l.c.) ; Knighton Heath (F.H.H.) ; Kniton (W.P.C.) ; Morden (F.H.H.) (W.P.C.) ; Parley Heath, not scarce (Dale l.c.) ; Poole Heath (W.P.C.) ; Parkstone Golf Links (W.P.C.) ; Puddletown Heath (F.H.H.) ; Purbeck Heaths (E.R.B.) (F.H.H.) (L.P. 25); Studland (W.P.C.); Tadnoll (F.H.H.); Upper Bockhampton (F.H.H.); Verwood, fairly common (F.H.H.) ; Winfrith Heath (F.H.H.).
FAMILY PLUSIADAE.
Subfamily i. Hypenides.
AetHia emortualis Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 162, No. 1.
E.R.B. has in his copy of Dale, ‘ Zanclognatha emortualis Schiff. is recorded from Dorsetshire in J. H. Leech’s British Pyralides, p. 3 (1886), but I have little doubt that this is a lapsus calami for “Devonshire,” and refers to J. F. Stephen’s record Ill. Haust. iv. 18 (1834), which runs, “and I possess one cap¬ tured in Devonshire.” ’
Aethia tarsipennalis Treitsch. ; Meyr., p. 162, No. 2.
Hypena tarsipennalis Dale, p. 35.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). I do not think this is correct (W.P.C.). Bloxworth, occasionally (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; North-west Dorset, one (A.R.H.) ; Parkstone, one (W.P.C.); Poole, a few (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (E.R.B.) ; Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Aethia nemoralis Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 162, No. 3.
Herminia grisealis Dale, p. 35.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). I think it is rather common (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, a few (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (O.P.-C.), fairly common (A.W.P.-C.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.) ; Kingston, Pur¬ beck (A.G.B.R.); Organford (W.P.C.); Poole, afew (W.P.C.); Parkstone (W.P.C.); Purbeck, common (T.P.) (E.R.B.) (L.P. 27) ; Trigon, near Wareham (F.H.H.).
Herminia cribralis Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 163, No. 1.
Morden Bog, scarce (W.P.C.).
Herminia barbalis Clerck. ; Meyr., p. 163, No. 2; Dale, p. 35.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This seems to be correct (W.P.C.). Bloxworth, one in 1892 (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, several
(F.H.F.) ; Studland, one (C.R.D.) (L.P. 27).
278
Contrast this with Hants : ‘ Generally distributed in woods, common ’ (Fassnidge, 1923, List Macro. Lep. Hants and I. Wight , Ent. Rec., 25: Suppl. , 24) ; and so far as my experience goes of Hants, Fassnidge is right.
Schrankia turfosalis Wocke. ; Meyr., p. 164; Dale, p. 35.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). This is wrong; it is locally common in its special habitats, viz., heath bogs (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common in the bogs (O.P.-C.) (W.P.C.)
(A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, common in the bogs (E.R.B.); Morden Decoy, common (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R. et aliis) ; Stud- land, Littlesea (E.R.B.) (C.R.D.) (W.P.C. et aliis) (L.P. 26) ; Wadmore Quag, Purbeck, common (E.R.B.).
Hypenodes costistrigalis Steph. ; Meyr., p. 165, No. 1; Dale, P- 34-
‘Rare’ (Dale). I should say frequent in suitable places (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, frequent (W.P.C.) (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Blox- worth, not rare (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne (F.H.F.) ; Cosmore Quag (DaleLc.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, June 23rd, 1929 (J.C.D.) ; Port¬ land (F.H.H.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (W.P.C. et aliis) (L.P. 26).
Hypenodes albistrigalis Haw. ; Meyr.,.p. 165, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 35.
‘Rare’ (Dale). Rare is too strong; it seems, however, to be uncommon (W.P.C.).
West Parley, July 29th, 1824 (J.C.D.) ; Studland, a few (W.P.C.); Swanage, one (A.G.B.R.).
Hypena rostralis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 166, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 34.
‘Rare’ (Dale). This statement is entirely erroneous. It is not uncommon and has a great partiality for hibernating in dwelling-houses (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, not rare (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B., L.P. 26); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Glanville’s Wootton (C.W.D.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Park- stone (W.P.C.) ; Poole, not rare (W.P.C.) ; Studland (C.R.D.) (L.P. 26) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.) ; Wimborne (W.P.C.).
Hypena proboscidalis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 166, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 34. ‘ Common ’ (Dale). I agree (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth and district, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Char- mouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, common (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Poole, common (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck, abun¬ dant (T.P.) (E.R.B.) (L.P. 26) ; Swanage, fairly common and double brooded (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
279
Hypena obsitalis Hiibn. ; Meyr. , p. 167, No. 3; Dale, p. 34.
Bloxworth, on an outhouse door at the Rectory, Sept., 1884 (O.P.C.).
F. H.H. states that he saw one in a withy bed near Winfrith, but it escaped capture. With all respect, a record of a Hypena cannot be considered satisfactory without the corpus vile, and even then one is often in the gravest difficulty, as anyone with extra-British experience will readily, even if regretfully, admit.
Aventia flexula Schiff. ; Meyr., p. 168; Dale, p. 34.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is putting it a little too high ; it is al¬ ways on the cards, but I regard it as a good capture. Judging by Mr. Alan Druitt’s experience at Christchurch it is best suited by estuarine conditions (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.) ; Bere Regis (H.L.A.) ; Bloxworth, scarce (O.P.-C.) (A. W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, occasionally (E.R.B.) (L.P.27); Cranborne, several (F.H.F.); Creech Grange, Pur- beck, one in 1909 (P.H.Th.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Sherborne (Dale he.) ; Studland, not uncommon (E.R.B.) 1(L.P. 27) ; Swanage, three (A.G.B.R.) ; Wadmore Quag, Purbeck (E.R.B.).
Subfamily 2. Catocalides.
Ophiusa pastinum Treitsch. ; Meyr., p. 168, No. 1.
Toxocampa > pastinum Dale, p. 22.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). I should say very local, but sometimes locally common (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, occasionally fairly common (O.P.-C.) ; Cranborne, Handley and Bottlebush Downs, common (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.) ; Fleet, near Weymouth, July, 1887 (E.R.B.) ; Glanville’s Woot¬ ton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Stourton Caundle (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage, in 1880 (A. F. Griffith) (L.P. 24).
Scoliopteryx libatrix Linn. ; Meyr., p. 169.
Gonoptera libatrix Dale, p. 22.
‘ Common ’ (Dale). He is probably right ; the insect seems to be uniformly dispersed over the county, and frequent but never abundant. It is, however, an insect whose habits and beauty cause it to be more frequently noticed than many com¬ moner species (W.P.C.).
Bere Wood, common after hibernation in 1934 (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (A. W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle, common (E.R.B.); Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Lytchett Minster (W.P.C.); Organford (W.P.C.); Parkstone (W.P.C.); Poole (W.P.C.);
280 -
Purbeck, common (T.P.) (L.P. 25) ; Studland (E.R.B.); Swan¬ age (W.P.C.), not very common (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.).
Catocala fraxini Linn. ; Meyr., p. 171, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 22.
A casual immigrant. How it gets to the country is a puzzle, since it is usually in beautiful order when captured.
Boveridge, near Cranborne, by Storey about 1740 (in coll. J.C.D.) ; Poole, one in 1866, a very fine specimen (E.N.B.), one at rest on an ash tree near the Pound at Longfleet about 1892, unfortunately the insect got destroyed (W.P.C.).
Catocala nupta Linn. ; Meyr., p. 172, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 23.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is putting it too high ; it is scarce as a rule, but is, I think, strictly resident (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, rare (O.P.-C.) ; Blandford (Dale l.c.) ; Buckland Newton, one in Pop Mallard Wood (A.G.B.R.) ; Corfe Castle, two specimens (E.R.B.) (L.P. 26) (up to 1885) ; Cranborne, com¬ mon (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.); Gussage St. Michael, abundant (J.H.W.) ; Holwell (Dale l.c.) ; Hodd Hill, one (S.C.S.B.) ; Kimmeridge, one (T.P.) (L.P. 26) ; Muston Down, one (A.G.B.R.); Poole (E.N.B.), occasionally, willow and poplar are much scarcer than they used to be at Poole, as Trypantus cossns L. destroyed ia great number of the roadside trees (W.P.C.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Spettisbury (S.C.S.B.) ; Swanage, two (A.G.B.R.), another seen (J. A. P. Russell) ; Sturminster (Dale l.c.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Catocala sponsa Linn. ; Meyr., p. 172, No. 3 ; Dale, p. 23.
Swanage, one on July 20th and one on July 21st, 1934, both at sugar (A.G.B.R.) ; Studland, one on July 21st, 1934, at sugar (A.G.B.R.) ; Weymouth, on a window-pane of a study in July, 1886 (A.W.P.-C.).
I released about a dozen 9 9 (taken in the New Forest) at the foot of Dunyeat’s Hill many years ago, but no opportunity has arisen of investigating whether the insect established a foot¬ hold (W.P.C.).
Catocala promissa Esp. ; Meyr., p. 172, No. 4; Dale, p. 23.
Cranborne, occasionally (F. H. F.) ; Middlemarsh, wings found, Tuly nth, 1886 (T.C.D.) ; Poole, one some vears prior to i898'(E.N.B.).
Catocala electa Borkh. ; Meyr., p. 172, No. 5.
Corfe Castle, one in a trap for wasps in the walled peach garden of the rectory (E.R.B.).
28 1
Euclidia mi Clerck. ; Meyr. , p. 174, No. 1 ; Dale, p. 23.
‘Widely distributed’ (Dale). ‘Common’ (F.H.H.). ‘Not uncommon locally ’ (Bankes). I should agree with Bankes ; it is decidedly local (W.P.C.).
Allington, near Bridport (W.P.C.) ; Ballard Down (E.R.B.) ; Bere Wood, common (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth, common (O.P.-C.) ; . Broadwinsor (W.P.C.) (A.R.H.); Bridport (W.P.C.); Char- mouth (W.D.L.); Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne, plentiful (F.H.H.); Holme (F.H.H.); Hodd Hill, common (W.P.C.); Poole, one only (W.P.C.); Portland (F.J.K.) ; Punheld Cove (E.R.B.) (W.P.C.); Purbeck, fairly common (T.P.) (L.P.26); Studland, common (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, common (W.P.C.), taken but not looked for specially (A.G.B.R.) ; Warmwell Heath (F.H.H.); Winfrith (F.H.H.); Woodbury Hill (E.H.C.).
Euclidia glyphica Linn. ; Meyr., p. 174, No. 2 ; Dale, p. 23.
Beaminster (W.P.C.) ; Bloxworth (Dale l.c. A.W.P.-C. says possibly right); Bridport (W.P.C.); Broadwinsor (W.P.C.) (A.R.H.) ; Cranborne, plentiful (F.H.F.) ; Drake North, Power- stock (W.P.C.); Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Middlemarsh (Dale l.c.) ; Powerstock (W.P.C.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; West Whiteway, common (T.P.) (L.P.26); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Erastria fasciana Linn. ; Meyr., p. 174; Dale, p. 23.
‘Rare’ (Dale). I rather incline to agree; it is scarce and local, but I fancy is to be got in most of the older woodlands with deciduous trees (W.P.C.).
[Bloxworth (DaleZ.c.). O.P.-C. and A.W.P.-C. have no record, nor have I ever seen the insect there] ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.); the notebooks only show occasional captures ; Ham worthy (W.P.C.); Haymoor Bottom, near Poole (E.H.C.) (W.P.C.); Poole (E.N.B.), one (W.P.C.) ; Rempstone (A.G.B.R.).
Eustrotia luctuosa Esp. ; Meyr., p. 175, No. 2.
Acontia luctuosa Dale, p. 23.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is too strong' a word but the insect is far from common (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings, one (W.P.C.); [Bloxworth (Dale l.c.). O. P.-C. and A.W.P.-C. confirm that this record is wrong] ; Corfe Castle, one in 1897 (E.R.B.) ; Cranborne (Dale l.c., but not by F.H.F. , verb, sap.!); Hodd Hill (A.R.H.) ; Lulworth (G. C. Green), one (O. P.-C.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) — [I disbelieve this record, see below (W.P.C.)]; Portland (Dale l.c.); Studland, Ballard Down, one (W.P.C.) ; Swanage, in 1899 (S. W. Kemp, 1899, Entomologist, 32 : 260), and not uncommonly in one field in 1906 (E.R.B.), one at light (A.G.B.R.).
282
A glance at the authentic localities shows that they are like the continental localities I know, predominantly calcareous, an additional reason for rejecting a purely siliceous locality like Poole (W.P.C.).
Eustrotia uncula Clerck. ; Meyr., p. 176, No. 4.
Hydrelia uncana Dale, p. 23.
‘ Scarce’ (Dale). Few suitable localities exist, and it is not common in these nor present in all of them (W.P.C.).
Lyme Regis (Dale l.c.) ; Morden Decoy, not common (W.P.C.); Studland, in the bogs (W.P.C.) (A.G.B.R.) (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25); Wadmore Quag, Purbeck (E.R.B.).
Eustrotia viridaria Clerck ; Meyr., p. 176, No. 5.
Phytometra aenea Dale, p. 23.
‘ Generally distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Common on heaths and down ’ (Bankes). I think its distribution will on examination be found to be coterminous with that of Polygala vulgaris, where that plant is growing in uncultivated ground (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth Heath, common (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Canford Bottom, near Poole (W.P.C.) ; Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) ; Hodd Hill (W.P.C.); Morden (F.H.H.) (A.G.B.R.) (W.P.C.); Moreton (F.H.H.) ; Norden (E.R.B.); Poole, abundant (W.P.C.) ; Purbeck Heaths and Downs (E.R.B.) (L.P. 26) ; Punfield (E.R.B.); Swanage (A.G.B.R.); Tadnoll (F.H.H.); Verwood, plentiful (F.H.F.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.); West Knighton (F.H.H.); West Whiteway, abundant (T.P.).
Eublemma ostrina Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 178, No. 1.
Micra ostrina Dale, p. 23.
From the little I know of this insect on the continent I think the paucity of Dorset records may be in part attributed to un¬ suitable methods of collecting (W.P.C.).
Swanage, Punfield Cove, one on Aug. 21st, 1880 (C.R.D.) (L.P. 25) ; Swanage, Winspit, one in 1930 (F.W.) ; Wych, Poole Harbour, one on June 8th, 1892 (E.R.B.).
The diversity of the three localities is very marked : Winspit a rocky seadown with a steep cliff facing seaward, all Lower Purbeck and Portland ; Punfield, Cretaceous, Upper Chalk Greensand and Gault, and rather wet ; Wych, a low-lying rather swampy post-Eocene alluvial tongue of land on the edge of the Harbour. There is hardly one feature in common (W.P.C.).
[ Eublemma parva Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 178, No. 2.
The specimen taken by E.R.B. at 6 p.m. on June 8th, 1892, close to the edge of the water at Wych, Poole Harbour, and
283
recorded, 1892, Ent. Mon. Mag., 28 : 308-9, Is the basis of the record under E. ostrina , ante a. Lord Rothschild examined the specimen in May, 1919, and rejected it as parva and referred it to ostrina Hiibn. — carthami Hiibn., teste J. Hartley Durrant.]
Rivula sericealss Scop. ; Meyr. , p. 179; Dale, p. 35.
4 Generally distributed ’ (Dale). 4 Usually uncommon ’ (Bankes).
Badbury Rings, in the hedges and ditches, frequent (W.P.C.) ; Blox worth, common (O.P.-C.) (A. W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.) ; Corfe Castle (E.R.B.) (L.P. 26) ; Cranborne, not common (F.H.F.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); N.W. Dorset, common (A.R.H.); Poole, a few (W.P.C.); Spettisbury (W.P.C.); Studland, in damp ditches (E.R.B.) (L.P. 26); Swanage (A.G.B.R.) (W.P.C.); Wood Street, near Wool (F.H.H.); Wootton, near Charmouth (W;D.L.).
Subfamily 3. Plusiades.
Plusia moneta Fabr. ; Meyr., p. 181, No. 1.
This once rare insect is firmly established in the gardens of at any rate eastern Dorset owing to the popularity of the Del¬ phinium. It is sufficiently abundant sometimes to be a minor pest, as the young larva has a great liking for the tips of the shoots whence the flower-buds should spring, and consequently it frequently renders a shoot blind. In my experience it prefers the cultivated hybrids to Aconitum napellus and does not like Aconitum lycoctonum nor A. pyrenaicum.
Cranborne, two at light in 1902 (F.H.F.), many larvae in the vicarage garden (F.H.F.) (W.P.C.); Poole, Parkstone and district, quite common in the larval stage, and occasionally to be taken feeding at flowers at dusk in the usual Plusia fashion (W.P.C.) ; Tarrant Rushton, one at light, July 3rd, 1893 (Rev. j. Penny, teste N.M.R.) ; Weymouth, several bred from larvae in 1933 (A.R.H.).
Plusia chrysitis Linn. ; Meyr., p. 181, No. 2; Dale, p. 22.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). I think its range is coincident with that of its food-plant, Urtica dioica, but the Insect without being scarce rarely rises to abundant (W.P.C.).
Badbury Rings (W.P.C.); Bloxworth, not uncommon (O.P.-C.) (A. W.P.-C.) ; Break Hill Wood, Canford (W.P.C.); Charmouth (W.D.L.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F.H.F.); Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Hamworthy (W.P.C.); Poole, on one occasion commonly, otherwise rather scarce (W.P.C.) ; Punfield
284
Cove (E.R.B.) ; Purbeck, fairly common (T.P.), generally dis¬ tributed (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25); Studland, at light (E.R.B.) ; Spettis- bury (S. C. S. B.) ; Swanage, not very common (A. G. B. R.) (W.P.C.) ; Weymouth, one (A.W.P.-C.) ; Winfrith, very common (F.H.H.).
Plusia chryson Esp. ; Meyr., p. 181, No. 3.
Plusia. orichalcea . Dale, p. 22.
Caundle Holt (Dale l.c.) ; Charmouth, by B. Morris (Dale l.c.) ; Glanville’s Wootton, July 13th, 1872 (C.W.D.) ; Hyde, near Bere Regis, one in July, 1889 (J. Dunne Cooke, teste F.O.P.-C., in coll. A.W.P.-C.); Puddleton, one at light, Aug. 1st, 1907 (A. Morgan).
Plusia festucae Linn. ; Meyr., p. 182, No. 7; Dale, p. 22.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). I agree (W.P.C.).
Bovington, water meadows and osier beds (F.H.H.); Char- mouth (Dale l.c.) ; East Orchard (Dale l.c.) ; Iford (F.H.H.) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Swanage, two at Buddleia variabilis in a town garden (J. Baiss) ; Warmwell, one (F.O.P.-C.); Wey¬ mouth, one in 1861 (F. Carre).
Plusia iota Linn. ; Meyr., p. 183, No. 8; Dale, p. 22.
‘Generally distributed’ (Dale). This is not so; it is prac¬ tically non-existent on the sandy soil of the Bagshot area ; records are much needed to elucidate its distribution (W.P.C.).
Cranborne, several (F.H.F.) ; Drake North, scarce (W.P.C.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.) ; Kimmeridge (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25) ; [Poole; E.N.B. alleged it was common round Poole, between 1893 and 1932 I have never taken a single specimen and I have often looked for it] ; Purbeck, fairly common (T.P.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25) ; Swanage, at light, not commonly (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Plusia pulchrina Haw. ; Meyr., p. 183, No. 9.
Plusia) v. aureum Dale, p. 22.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). This is much too strong a word ; it seems to be scarcer than iota Linn, but not sufficiently rare to be doubt¬ fully resident. Like iota it seems to need some attention before its distribution can be gauged (W.P.C.).
Bridport, occasionally (W. W. Male) ; Drake North (W.P.C.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Poorton (W.P.C.); Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland (E.R.B.) (L.P. 25).
285
Plusia gamma Linn. ; Meyr., p. 183, No. 10.
A list of localities would serve no purpose ; it is generally agreed that when the insect is abundant it finds its way into every possible class of habitat.
The general view which I accept is that it is an abundant resident in the county apart from immigration.
An influx of the species from abroad sometimes renders it so enormously abundant as to make the species a perfect pest to the collector and a serious factor in the flower garden, as the larva is polyphagous (W.P.C.).
W.D.L. noted it as extraordinarily abundant in May and June, 1931, at Charmouth.
Plusia ni Hiibn. ; Meyr., p. 184, No. 12 ; Dale, p. 22.
Portland, one in the garden of Portland Castle by Major Partridge in Sept., 1888 (1888, Ent. Mon. Mag., 25 : 160), two bred, Sept. 6th and Sept. 10th, 1894, by Mrs. Richardson from larvae found in July, 1894. The food-plant is not recorded in 1894, Entomologist, 27: 349, but Mrs. Richardson told me the larvae were on Populus nigra (W.P.C.). Swanage, one on the undercliff flying after sunset, Aug. 10th, 1885 (E.B.N.) ; identified by Messrs. Waterhouse and A. G. Butler (1888, Ent. Mon . Mag., 25: 184).
Abrostola tripartita Hufn. ; Meyr., p. 185, No. 1.
Habrostola urticae Dale, p. 21.
‘ Rare’ (Dale). This is erroneous (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth, common, 1895 (O.P.-C.) (A.W.P.-C.) ; Corfe Castle (Dale l.c.) ; Cranborne, common (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Gussage St. Michael (J.H.W.); Kim- meridge, two (T.P.) ; Portland (Dale l.c.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.); Purbeck, widely distributed, not common (F.R.B.) (L.P. 25); Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland (F.R. B.) ; Swanage, one only (A.G.B.R.) ; Winfrith, common (F.H.H.).
Abrostola triplasia Linn. ; Meyr., p. 185, No. 2.
Habrostola triplasia Dale, p. 22.
‘Rare’ (Dale). I am fairly confident that the insect could always be obtained in suitable localities (W.P.C.).
Bloxworth (Dale l.c. A.W.P.-C. says this may be right) ; Buzbury Camp (W.P.C.); Corfe Castle (F.R.B.) ; Cranborne, abundant (F. H. F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (C.W.D.) ; Kim- meridge, one (T.P.) ; Poole (E.N.B.) ; Punfield Cove (E.R.B.); Purbeck, widely distributed, not common (F.R.B.) (L.P. 25) ; Sherborne (Dale l.c.) ; Studland, sparingly (C.R.D.) (P.H.Tz.) ; Swanage, fairly common (A.G.B.R.); Winfrith (F.H.H.).
286
Diloba caeruleocephala Linn. ; Meyr., p. 186; Dale, p. 22.
‘ Widely distributed ’ (Dale). ‘ Widely distributed and locally common ’ (Bankes). Neither coincides with my experience. I have been peculiarly unsuccessful in obtaining- the insect
(W.P.C.).
Cranborne, common (F.H.F.); Hazelbury Plucknett Park (W.P.C.); Poole (W.P.C.) ; Winfrith (F.H.H.).
Subfamily 4. Momides.
Colocasia coryli Linn. ; Meyr., p. 187 ; Dale, p. 9.
‘ Rare ’ (Dale). ‘ Local and not particularly common ’ (Bankes) (W.P.C.).
Badbury Ring's, fairly frequent (W.P.C.) ; Bere Wood, fairly frequently at light (W.P.C.) ; [Bloxworth, Dale l.c. No record by O.P.-C.] ; Buzbury Camp (W.P.C.) ; Cranborne, two (F.H.F.) ; Glanville’s Wootton (Dale l.c.) ; Merlev Wood (Dale spells it Miarley) ; Plumbley Wood (Dale l.c.) ; Wimborne (Dale l.c.).
(To be continued .)
HOLYWELL PRESS, ALFRED STREET, OXFORD
T RANSACTION S
OF THE
Society for British Entomology
VOL. 1
EDITOR :
F. J. KlLLINGTON, B.Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S. ASSISTANT EDITOR :
B. ML Hobby, m.a., d.phil., f.r.e.s.
1934
SOUTHAMPTON:
Published by the Society.
To be obtained from the Secretary at 102, High Street, Southampton.
PRINTED AT
THE HOLYWELL PRESS
OXFORD
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Audcent, H. : British Liriopeidae (Diptera, Nematocera) 103
Boyd, D. O., B.Sc., D.I.C. : Notes on the Variation of the Ichneumonids, Angitia cerophaga Gray., and A. fenestralis Grav. (Hym.) - - - - - 135
Curtis, W. P., F.R.E.S. : A List of the Lepidoptera of
Dorset. Introduction and Part I 185
Hobby, B. M., M.A., D.Phil. , F.R.E.S. : A Bibliography of Entomological Notes and Papers contained in the Serial Publications issued by Local Scientific Societies
in the British Isles : Part II - - - 85
Hobby, B. M., M.A. , D.Phil., F.R.E.S., and Killington,
F. J., B.Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S. : The Feeding Habits of British Mecoptera ; with a Synopsis of the British Species - -- -- -- --39
Johnson, C. G., B.Sc. : On the Eggs of Notostira
erratica L. (Hemiptera, Capsidae) 1
Killington, F. J., B.Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S. : On the Identity of Hemerobius limbatellus of British Authors ; with a Revised Key to the British Species of Hemer¬ obius (Neur.) --------33
Killington, F. J., B.Sc., A.L.S., F.R.E.S. : On the
Life-histories of some British Hemerobiidae (Neur.) 119
Poulton, E. B. , D.Sc. , F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.E.S.; Hobby, B. M., M.A., D.Phil., F.R.E.S.; Hemming,
F., C.B.E., B.A., F.R.E.S. ; and Edelsten, H. M., F.R.E.S. : English Names regularly used for British Lepidoptera up to the end of the Eighteenth Century, with a Biographical Account of William Jones of
Chelsea - - - - - - - - 139
Thornley, Rev. A., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.R. Met.Soc., F.R.H.S. : A Provisional List of Cornish Insects. Part I. — Introduction and Hemiptera - 51
Dates of Publication of Parts.
Part 1 (pp. 1 — 102) - - Published 1st June, 1934.
Part 2 (pp. 103 — 286) Published 30th November, 1934.
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Part I. 55 pp. Price
Part II. 86 pp. Price
Vol. VIII. 1932. Part I. 64 pp. 5 Plates. 2 Text figs. Price 85. od.
Vol. VIII. 1933. Price 75. od.
Part II. 76 pp.
The List of Contents of any Volume will be sent on request.
Orders, accompanied by the appropriate remittance, should be addressed to E. Rivenhall Goffe, Hon. Sec., 102, High Street,
Southampton,