i »ii,'- TRANSACTIONS OF THE American Horticultural Society, FOR THE YEAR 1885, BEING A REPORT OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING, HEI-D AT NEW ORLEANS, LA., JANUARY 14tH TO 20tH, 1885. TOGETHER WITH A FULL LIST OF PAPERS READ, WITH ACCOMPANYING DISCUSSIONS; ALSO, LIST OF MEMBERS, ROSTER OF OFFICERS OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, BUSINESS DIRECTORY, AND COMPLETE LIST OF AWARDS IN THE HORTI- CULTURAL DEPARTMENT OF THE WORLD's INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION, AT NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. VOL. III. By W. H. rag an, Secretary. Professor of Horticulture and Superintendent of Parks, De Pauw University, Qreencastle , Ind. UBRARY NEW Y«RK BOTANICAL GARDEN INDIANAPOLIS: CARLON & HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1885. / TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introductory 5 Officers for 1885-'86 - 7 Correspondents 9 Constitution of the Society 11 List of Members for 1885-'86 13 Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting 25 President's Annual Address (Earle) 26 Secretary's Annual Report (Ragan) 30 Our Fruits {Collins) 32 Nomenclature of Eussian Fruits (Gibb) 37 The Cranberry {Augur) 44 Fungoid Diseases of the Strawberry ( Earle) 47 Fraternity {Hollister) 55 Fertilization of the Strawberry (Merwift) 57 •Cross Fertilization {Parry) 01 Insects of Interest to Fruit-growers {Riley) 70 Horticulture in Jamaica (Tl/orm) 78 Landscape Improvement of Country Homes {Pierce) 79 Our Native Grapes {Kendel) 85 Pruning and Training the Vine ( Williams) 89 Association in Horticulture {Lyon) 106 Success and Failure {Kellogg) 115 Horticulture in Civilization {Cassell) 122 Native Grapes of the United States {Munson) 128 Indigenous Potatoes of North America {Lenimon) 141 Nutrition of Plants {Burrill) 1«1 Plants in their Relation to Disease {Penhallow) 167 Nature's Methods of Subduing Injurious Insects (iSawnders) 178 Hybrid Syberian Apples of America {Haskins) 182 4 . Table of Contents. Growing Small Fruits as a Business for Women (CVa«/or(f) 18J New Strawherrits {Webb) 188 Forest Tree Planting on tiie Prairies of the Northwest ( Wnyht) IS'.I Fruit Evaporation — The HandMaid of Horticulture (Simonda) 192 Celery Growing for the Amateur {Smith) 196 Horticultural Notes (Coiving) 199 Pleasant Excursion to Shell Beach (Secretary) 205 Horticultural Department of the Worhl's Exposition at New OT\enns{ Secretary) 207 List of Awards in Horticultural Department of World's Exposition at New Orleans (President) 210 Humorous Experienccof a Dutch Vineyardist as related I)y liimself (.S/irceJer). 233- INTRODUCTORY. Volumes I. and II. of the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society are suc- ceeded by Volume III., which, under its new and more comprehensive title, now appears as the Transactions of the American Horticultural Society. The cause which led to this change of name was not mere ambition, but was the necessary result of the steady and substantial growth of the Society un- der its former title. In presenting this volume to the public the Secretary can only hope that it may receive the consideration, at the hands of the critic, that it may justly merit, simply asking his indulgence to the extent of fairness and justice. But for sickness, and other unavoidable causes, this volume should have seen the light many weeks since. With these explanations, this volume is now " turned adrift " to meet such reception as it may merit. Secretary. LIBRARY NEW V©RK BOTANICAL QARDeW OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1885-'86. PARKER EARLE, President Cobden, Illinois. T. V. MUNSON, First Vice-President Denison, Texas. W. H. RAGAN, Secretary Greencastle, Indiana. J. C. EVANS, Treasurer Harlem, Missouri. vice-presidents. Alabama Dr. Chas. Mohr Mobile. Arizona Arkansas E. F. Babcock Little Rock. California Prof. E. W. Hilgard Berkley. Colorado Prof. C. L. Ingersoll .Fort Collins. Connecticut P. M. Augur Middlefield. Dakota E. M. Fuller Bismarck. Delaware District of Columbia Florida Edmond H. Hart Federal Point. •Georgia Dr. Samuel Hape Atlanta. Idaho Geo. L. Shoup Salmon City. Illinois Prof. T. J. Burrill Champaign. Indiana C. M. Hobbs Bridgeport. Indian Territory Iowa Prof. J. L. Budd Ames. Kansas F. Wellhouse Fairmount. Kentucky A. D. Webb Bowling Green. Louisiana John T. Hardie New Orleans. Maine ■ 8 Olficers of llw Aiiwrirdu J loiiifu/lnral Society. Manitoba M:iryl:iml Franklin Davis lialtimorc. Massaihiisetts W. C Stkoncj Hrighton. Mulligan , T. T. Lyon South Haven. Minnesota M. Pearce Minneapolis. Mississippi Dr. II. K. McKay Ma=S71 ]■'■, Paid .T.C.Evans, Treasurer .i;270 00 Paid expenses of office <'i''4 lo Total expenditures $!'G4 15 Balance due Secretary I 93 00 Respectfully submitted, W. H. Ra(;an, Secretary. Invitations Received. 31 INVITATIONS EECEIVED. At the conclusion of the officers' reports, President Earle pre- sented an invitation from the officers of the Shell Beach Railroad to members of the Society, tendering them an excursion to Shell Beach, on Lake Borgne, and return, during the continuance of the meeting. He also presented a proposition from the officers of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company to take members of the Society, in a body, to Pass Christian and return for $1 each. The invitations M'erc accepted, and, on motion, the Chair appointed J. C. Evans, of Missouri; Jno. T. Hardie, of Louisiana, and G. W. Campbell, of Ohio, a committee to arrange the details of the excur- sions. President Earle — The Exposition management has appointed a full corps of judges to serve in the various divisions and classes of the Horticultural exhibitions. From this list of names all the vari- ous committees will be made up. The names are as follows : Charles Joly, Paris, France ; Wm. H. Boomkamp, Holland ; Dr. D. Morris, Jamaica ; Charles Gibb, Abbotsford, Quebec; D. W. Beadle, Province of Ontario; Robert Manning, Massachusetts; Charles H. Hovey, Massachusetts; S. D. "VVillard, New York; Judge William Parry, New Jersey; George W. Campbell, Ohio; T. T. Lyon, Michigan; J. C. Plumb, Wis- consin; E. H. Calkins, Iowa; J. C. Evans, Missouri; George Husman, California ; H. J. Rudisill, California ; A. W. Webber, Tennessee ; H. E. Van Deman, Kansas ; P. J. Berckraans, Georgia, E. H. Hart, Florida; T. V. Munson, Texas; W. H. Cassell, Mis- sissippi ; S. M. Wiggins, R. Maitre, and J. Fonta, New Orleans. On motion, the Chair appointed Messrs. Ragan, of Indiana, Smith, of Wisconsin, and Willard, of New York, a Committee on Order of Business. President Earle — Having disposed of some of our routine work, I will now introduce to you one whom you all know by reputation, and many of you personally: John S. Collins, of New Jersey, who will read a paper on '■>'! Aiiuricdu JIorticiiKitral Socicti/. OUR FRUITS. BY JOHX 6. COLLINS, OK NEW JERSEY. When the invitation to write an article to be read at this meeting from our worthy Secretary was received, the first impulse waa to decline, aa being an object entirely out of my lino; further consideration, however, indurod a few lines on the subject of Our Fruits. The small contribution of our fruits, iu> shown hero iimv at New Orleans, a few of the later and loss perishable, gathered from the diflerent States of our common country, form a collection well worth a trip a long disUince to view. Althougli the subject of Our Fruits might be made to cover a broad field, it is not my intention to extend, further than to give a few facts connected with the practical part of fruit raising and marketing in the vicinity of Phil- adelphia. Our first fruit to ripen, the strawberry, is perhaps as precarious paying crop, taking into consideration the cost of growing, as almost any of our fruit crops, varying in profits from nothing to five hundred dollars or more per acre. The destruction of the plants through the season by the white grub worm feeding on the roots, often detracts from the value of a plantation to a great extent, considered by some of our strawberry growers to be the greatest pest to the businos.>< that we have. As a partial prevent- ive of the worm and a preparation for planting, I plow the ground the i)re- vious autumn, and spread broadcast a ton of kainit per acre, also use stable manure and ground bone. In former years our first strawberries to ripen commanded high prices, but as they have become largely grown in the South, as a matter of fact, our days for receiving high prices have passed ; but even now our earliest varieties, at times, sell highest and pay best. We do not use what are called gift packages for our berries; for long shipments ven- tilated baskets are used, but for berries grown within carting distance, ten to fifteen miles of Philadelphia, there are perhajis more stift', wooden, square quart boxes used than any others. These boxes are packed into crates of twenty-four to thirty-six quarts, sitting directly on each other, not requiring any racks or divisions between them. With our last pickings of strawber- ries we gather some of the earlier ras])borrios. which are marketed in pint baskets or boxes, and, as with strawberries, the earlier fruit soiling at high- est prices. The Phil:uloli)hia market, in 1SS4, was entirely too well supplied with raspberries, and prices Avere too low for profit — would not have paid for picking during a part of the season, had it not been for the fruit con- servers who bought thousands of bushels at six cents per quart, and thou- sands more at even lower rates. Before the raspberry season is near through tlie earliest blackberries are in the market in immense quantities, and although the i)reservers do not use them largely, they are much more gen- erally consumed by the poojilo of the city, and during the past season brought higher i)rices than raspberries. Our earlier varieties of blackberries, too, were entirely through before we finished our Cuthbert raspberries. We pay Our Fruits. 33 two cents per quart for picking strawberries, three for raspberries, and one or one and one-half for blackberries; the larger the patch the more choice can be had of pickers and at less price. I have had blackberries picked at one cent a quart in lots of over 20,000 quarts in a day, while others in the vicinity with small patches were paying one and one-half cents per quart for picking a few hundred quarts. Although we would prefer the Southern growers would not crowd our markets, we do not wish to forego the privil- ege of shipping our berries and fruits North if price in the markets there warrant us in that extra expense. With our tree fruits, after the orchard is sufficiently old and large enough to bear, I have found, if not cultivated, will require more fertilizer of some kind to keep up a good, healthy annual growth than is required with culti- vation, unless the plan of pasturing with hogs or sheep is resorted to, and which I consider an excellent method. I have been practicing for the past two or more seasons spraying the trees once or twice soon after the blossoms fall ; have used a mixture of one-half to three-quarters of a pound of Paris green to one hundred gallons of water, and consider the spraying has been beneficial to the fruit crop. The application has not been very expensive. I have used a cask holding about one hundred gallons on a wagon, with a boy to drive the team, one to direct the spray, and a man to work the force pump. Our apples and pears are nearly all marketed in baskets, costing from |6 to $40 per hundred, and holding from three-eighths to five-eighths of a bushel ; if the fruit is very scarce or of tine quality it will pay to use the smaller packages. The baskets nest together, and in returning them they are much lighter and less cumbersome than boxes. We begin to market the fruit early in July, and have a succession to ripen until late autumn. In diverting the use of land to fruits that formerly produced grain and hay caused me to have a surplus barn, not needed for those things, moved to a location by the side of which, in winter, is an ice pond. I had the building lined and filled in with sawdust twenty to twenty-four inches thick on the inside, and overhead, about six feet from the ground, strong wooden timbers were put across, on which, by the aid of horse power in cutting and hoisting, from one hundred to one hundred and fifty tons of ice were stored — under which is a room for storage, which has been found very convenient for keeping berries a few days, enabling me to regulate my pickings more satisfactorily to meet the markets on days most desirable. Later on in the season, as apples and pears ripen and the market is overstocked with all kinds of fruit, it was found very convenient. At one time the past summer I had over 3,500 baskets of that fruit waiting for an advance in the market. I have known the jjrice of Maiden's Blush apples to double or triple in as many weeks : Orange Pippin, too, has proved valuable to store for longer or shorter time. With pears there is nothing better for cold storage than the Bartlett. It is one that is justly popular in the markets and has been very largely planted 34 AiiH'i'icaa llurtlrulhi rnl Sociifi/. for perhaps the jiast generation, and at the time of ripening the market for them is nver!siipj)Hoil : but if the poars are held at cold temperature for a time, (ho market will be ready for them at an advance of l2()0 to .'J(Kiper cent. If the fruit is jjicked at a proper time (before too ripe) and carefully handled, it can be kept as long as is desired. I have never yet found the drip, or wa- ter, from the melting ice overhead to be of any disadvantage to apples or pears: have allowed it to pass freely through the crates containing the fruit. Ill our latilude apples and ])ears ri])en earlier in fall. Varieties that keep all winter and into the following spring at the North are decayed and gone with us. Here again cold storage is convenient and prolitjible, enabling us to hold apples and jiears until berries ripen the following sea.son. DISCUS.SION ON COLD .STORAGE OF I'liUlT.S. Mr. Ohincr, of Oliio — Formerly we were taught to regard a dry atniosi)herc as best for fruits, es])ecially in cold storage. I would a.sk Mr. Collins if this is true? Mi'. Collins, of New Jersey — For apples and pear.s I regard a damp atmosphere as the be.st. They not only keep better but do not lose so mucii bv shrinkatrc. For berries and the softer fruits 1 ."should prefer a dry atmosphere. Mr. Van Deiiian, of Kansas — Then you would regard a dryatmos- ])here in eold storage as a fault, especially for apj)les and pears? Mr. Collins — I should, from the fact that they keep no better and lose heavily by shriid-cage. Mr. Auf/ur, of Connecticut — Do the russet pears and apjiles keep as well as smooth-skinned varieties? Mr. CoUinK — I can not answer, not having had experience. Mr. Pierce, of Ohio — How long will apfiles and i)ears keep after being taken out of eold storage? Mr. Collins — h^rom one to two weeks, as very mueh depends on the outside temperature. }[r. Stoner, of Louisiana — Will pears color as well in damp a- in dry storage? Mr. Colliux — I>y no means. Mr. Pierce — There is a very successful storage house in Cleve- land. They use dry air for oranges and lemons, and. damp for a]>- ples and pears. Discus.sioii on Gold Sto7'age of Fruits. 35 3Ir. Plumb, of AViseonsin — What amount of moisture will an at- mosphere of 35° or 36° contain? and is this not about the proper temperature for the successful keeping of fruits? 3Ir. Deitz, of Pennsylvania — A close atmosphere at a tempera- ture of 36° will contain moisture enough. They will keep just as- well, or even better, in a dry atmosphere, but will lose heavily by shrinkage.* Mr. Cassell, of Mississippi — If I can keep my Duchess pears for four weeks in cold storage it would double their value. 3Ir. Caywood, of New York — I visited Mr. Collins' house. I found myself quite wet when I came out from the drippings from the ice chamber overhead. His earliest fall apples were in good condition, though badly handled in gathering. They went to mar- ket in good condition, as I saw them in the Philadelphia markets afterwards. Mr. Collins — I have no trouble in keeping the Duchess pear, if picked early. 3Ir. Brackett, of Kansas — Is not decay more certain and rapid if fruit is kept damp? 3Ir. Collins — No; fruit is itself a moist body. It will keep bet- ter on a cellar floor than in the dryer portions of the room. Dr. McKaij, of Mississippi — I have just opened some Winter Nellis pears, kept in an ordinary room since October, and they are in good condition ; those in cold storage are not good. 3Ir. Wilcox, of California — Are there not other conditions besides moisture and low temperature that are desirable? 3Ir. Mae, of Wisconsin — Regular conditions promote long keep- ing of fruits. 3Ir. Campbell, of Ohio — Belle Lucrative and other fall varieties of pears come out of cold storage in good condition now. 3Ir. Caywood — Having noticed grapes that fall upon the ground and are covered with leaves keeping well, induced me to try some ■*NoTL. — At a temperature of 35° the elastic force of aqueous vapor, in a satu- rated atmosphere, ecjuals a perpendicular pressure of 0.204 of an inch of mercury, and at 80° of 1.023 inches; hence, the absolute quantity of water in the form of vapor in the air would be five times as much at 80° as at 35°. Secretary. 3G Aiiirricd)! Ilorflcii/fiinil Sucidt/. placed on tlio grotiiid <»ii tlic nortli side of a building and covcnMl \vith loaves, where they kept well lor several weeks. I have often found graj)es that had lain in this way all winter in a sound condi- tion and the flavor hut slightly impaired. Mr. Auf/iir — Fruit will keep nuich hettei- if j>ifkcd before fully ripe. If vciy iij)c it will not keep well, even in cold storage. J//-.S-. Earle, of Illinois — Moisture and teinpi-rature arc closely allied in producing decay. Fungi, which aid de<'ay, thrive in a moist, warm temperature. Mr. JJiiniiid, of Missouri — I once stored a lot of apples in a cave, at an ordinary teni])erature. The cave was very damj), but the ap- ples kept well until late in the spring. Mr. Mcnvin, of Tennessee — Mrs. Earle is right about the condi- tions of decay. Peaches will not keep as well wet as dry. In a low temperature they keep longest. 3Ir. Munaon, of Texas — Bacterial growth and its laws are really at the bottom of efforts at iVuit keeping. General principles are .safe to follow when focts are wanting. Conditions of growth of germs, moisture, temperature and air, are necessary in certain rela- tions for decay. Under water you exclude air and germs. If air is disinfected and germs afterward excluded, decay is impossible. Mr. Van Jh'iiKiu — Mrs. JJraekeit, of J^ansas, has tried the cotton- batting cap for fruit cans, and iinds it successful. The principle in- volved in this ])lan is the exclusion of germs, which have been ex- pelled by heat, by the use of the batting, through which they can not re-enter. The skin of fruits, when unbi-okm, prcx'ents the pas- .sage of germs. Mr. Durund — My wife's ex})erimcnt in tiiis line wa-^ not sue- ces.sful. Mr. (UmUl, of Minnesota — We store ourfViiit in ratinr damp cel- lars, and as cool as can be not to freeze. Fruit certainly keeps best in damp cellars. Mr. D'utz — The practice in California is to ]nek fruit very early, before it is ripe, for long shipments. The same is neces.sary for k(>ej)- injr in cold storage. In cold storage of some vears ago fruit did not keep wcj] after taking out. Now they ]iiek early, and the fiMiit keeps well alter being taken out. On the Nomenclature of the Russian Fruits. 37 President Earle, of Illinois. This is an interesting topic, but we have, perhaps, devoted as much time to it as we can afford. Mr. Lyon, of Michigan — Before proceeding to the next regular topic, I desire to move the appointment of a Committee on Nomen- clature of Fruits, to co-operate with a similar committee of the American Pomological Society. The motion prevailed. The President — The subject of our next paper will be "Nomen- clature of Russian Fruits," by a gentleman who has done a great work for the northern portion of our country, especially. I have great pleasure in introducing Mr. Charles Gibb, of Quebec. ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE RUSSIAN FRUITS. BY CHARLES GIBB, ABBOTSFORD, QUEBEC. What has been our authority on this continent for the naming of our Rus- sian fruits ? Usually the name under which they had been received. What is the standard of authority in Russia ? I suppose the Russian Pomology, written by Dr. Regel. It seems to embrace the earlier works of Phlotov and of Krasnoglazov, and I am not aware that the careful and voluminous notes of Mr. Shroeder, of Petrowskoe Rasumowskoe, Moscow, have ever been pub- lished. Dr. Regel, however, regards his Pomology merely as a " report," a collection of data to be added to from year to year, and yet no edition has appeared since 1869. Nomenclature in Russia is in a very confused state. In the Russian Pomology, I tind Aport, noted as a synonym of Antonovka, Titovka of Aport, Red Calville of Titovka, Titovka of Steklianka, Anisovka of Borovinka. This, however, gives an extreme view of the case. We do find, however, ditierent names given to the same fruit in different places. For instance. Count Oi'- lofi'and Grand Sultan, received by EUwanger and Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., the latter I believe from Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth, England, prove to be what we have long known as White Astrachan; another apple under the name of Grand Sultan received from another source in England is like Yel- low Transparent. Then we find the same name given to different members of the same fariily, and even to widely differing types. For instance, Arabka, received by EUwanger and Barry, from Moscow (not from Mr. Shroeder, but from some one else, name I can not give), is a true Arabka, yet not the Arabka which Mr. Budd and I saw at Volsk; not the same as that which Mr. Budd has sent me, and which he received either from Mr. Shroeder or from Dr. Regel. Hence we see that all Russian fruits, sent out for experimental purposes, should be accompanied by something to note the source from which each was received. We have in this country Arabka received by the 38 Amrriran IfnrflciiUurul Soclitii. Dcpartmont of Agriculture at Washington, from Dr. Kegel, hy the Iowa Col- lege, and from Mr. Shroeder, by Ellwanger and Barry, from another source in Moscow, al.^o hy the Iowa roilogo from Kursk, and from Voronesh. I know we have three ilillerent ai)i)le.s and 1 think four among these six im- portjitions of Arahka. Besides this the Iowa College has Herrenapfel from Mr. Shroeder, of Moscow, from Wagner, and from Goegginger, of Kiga, and from Wohler, of Wilna : and the Department of Agriculture received it from Dr. Kegel. The Herrenapfel is an Arahka. Imagine then the confusion that will arise from sending out Kussian api)les without noting the sources whence they were received. The manuscripts which accompany importations render the Russian sounds into Knglish each from its own standjioint. Hence, in one we lind Lu/.oir, in another Jussow, both equally correct, and yet at first glance we might not see that they were the same. In the list received by the Iowa •College from Petrowskai Rasumowskaj, near Moscow, in Mr. Budd's copy, I lind Sheltnii and ('icluii for.foti or Joltui, besides other variations of the word, and in the list issued by the Department of Agriculture I lind Schoiti Schotoi, Schaltui, Scholtie and Scholto. In this latter case, however, the printer is in part to blame, and thus through a combination of causes we lind words like Walison(o for Xalivn;e, words scarcely recognizable. Owing to this the Iowa ('ollege has issued its Kussian apj)Ies, for the most part, by number; but this will not do. Mistakes always have and always will take place when varieties are propagated by numbers, and besides this (as I have already shown in my paper on the Kussian apples imported by U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1870), Dr. Kegel's pomology, issued in INGS, the collection .^ent by Dr. Kegel to Iowa in 1879, and Dr. Kegel's catidogue of 1882, ditlier as to the num- bers given to certain varieties. The translation of these names has been very faulty, sometimes merely unmusical, Smelling ap])le, Sandy Dlass and Lieby, which last probably refers to a recumbent form of tree. We have, also, in the Department list, in one instance, Krimskje translated Krimtarter. It is true the Krim, the inhabi- tant of the Crimea,as we would say, is a Tartar, yet juicy Krimtarter seems a strange compound and but faintly suggests a Crimean transi>arent apple. But sometimes tin se translations are wholly wrong and misleading. In the De])arlment list we have Knlbeer,or Strawberry apple, translateil lied Calville. Astrachanskic Skvosnio is not Ked Astradiaii, hut Transparent Astrachan. IMpka Govkaya is the Bitter, not the Butter Pipka. Schirokolitchiko, I am told, is not the Broad Leaved,but the Broad Cheeked ajjplc : and Skruijajichor Skrischapcl, I am also told, does not mean Cross apple, yet it has been sent out both from Washington and from Ames under that name. The Iowa Ag- ricultural College have .sent out very few of their lirst importations by name, yet among them I see that the Pipka (Istrokonetchnaya has been issued un- der the imfortimate nanu^ of Astrachan I'ijtpin. Some of the Kussian names, like many of the German, French and Eng- lish names, are altogether too long. Nasliednik Nikolai Alexandrovitch is Discussion on ifr, Gihh^s Paj^er. 39 too long for the name of an apple. We need names our farmers can spell and pronounce. Still let us beware of the fault of over-translation. Anis and Anisovka are better names than Anisette, Titovka a better name than Titus, and besides it points directly to its place of origin, the little hamlet of Titov, near Kalonga; Antonovka, perhaps, a better name than Anthony; and a name like Langer Griiner positively must not be sent out under the name of Long Green, unless it be distinctly understood that this Long Green is the Langer Griiner, of Kaczynsk, of Warsaw, or whatever person or place received from. Thus we see, that owing to a combination of causes, we are drifting into sad confusion regarding the nomenclature of our Russian fruits. The work has its difficulties, but the longer we put it off the greater they will become. I wish to draw the attention of the members of this Society to this matter, and hope that by their aid the American Pomological Society, at its next meeting in September, may be able to appoint a committee prepared to act at once and give to these fruits the names they are to be known by on this continent. DISCUSSION ON MR. GIBB's PAPER. President Earle — This paper is of much value to those of us who live under the shadow of the arctic circle. Its discussion will be of great interest to members who belong to the extreme northern portion of our country. Mr. Roe, of Wisconsin — I approve Mr. Gibb's suggestion to sim- plify these Russian names. After I received our last year's report, in which this subject was discussed at length, I wrote an article upon Russian fruits for a Milwaukee paper, wiiich was not pub- lished, the editor admitting that the names were too much for him. Mr. Barnard, of Nebraska — We have never found a Russian apple in Nebraska that is as good as the Ben Davis. If we can determine the southern limit of profitable culture of Russian va- rieties it will save our people much needless expense in experiment- ing with them. 3Ir. Willard, of New York — We have no better and more valu- able early apple in our State than the Yellow Transparent. This being the case, can we not hope to find others of similar origin that may prove equally valuable ? 3Ir. Stiekney, of Wisconsin — Many of these varieties are of great value to us of Wisconsin. AVe will not be able to draw lines north and south of which a given variety will prove valuable or 40 American Ilorticiiltural Society. not. The specimen orchanl of Mr. Tuttle, ol" Haraboo in our State, produoctl tiiis year more than iitty varieties of Russian ajiples, manv ot" whieh are very promising. Mr. (}il)h lias not overesti- mated the importance of carefully rectifying tlie nomenclature of our Russian fruits. Without this, designing parties will continue to impose uj)on our people with worthless varieties. If we can onlv select from varieties now on trial live or ten varieties of value in the Xorth our labors will have been well spent. Mr. LyQU, of Michigan — We have found no Ru.'^.-ian variety that is good enough in (piality. The Alexander is good to look at and to cook, but that is all. I think it is possible for us to originate seedlings from Russian varieties that may prove valuable. Mr. Cassell, of Mississippi — Men tliffer as to what constitutes su- perior excellence. In the catalogue of the American I'omological Society the Red Astrachan is double starred in almost every State. Mr. Plumb, of Wiscon.sin — We of Wisconsin are anticipating satisfactory results from tin- labors of Mr. Gibb and Prof. Budd, We expect, through their efforts, to infuse new '"blood" into our strain of apples. We expect, through this source, to carry the limit of apple growing from three to five hundred mihs further north- ward. We do not expect to confine ourselves to varieties intro- duced, but to their seedlings and crosses. 3fr. Van Deman, of Kansas — I desire to introduce a resolution on this subject : Reaohed, Thai it is the sense of this meeting tliat, except fur the extreme north- ern portions of the United States and the Canadas, the entire list of Rnssian apple* is considered as unworthy of propagation. .1 Memhrr — There is no more valuable ai)ple in Florida than the Duchess of Oldenburg. President Earle — A society embracing so wiile a range of terri- tory as ours does may properly discuss questions like this, although of local interest to certain sections only. J/)-. Van Deman — Those of us who live in the central j)ortions of the United States are not obliged to take hold of these api)les. We want to keep the Russian sorts to the North. We don't need them. I have never seen a Russian apple of better than fourth-rate quality. Discussion on Mr. Gibb's Paper. 41 So of the whole class, including the Red Astrachan. We have no place for them on our list. Mr. 3Iunson, of Texas — I think, gentlemen, we are not discussing this question in its proper order. We should wait until Prof. Budd's paper is read before committing ourselves. Mr. Deitz, of Pennsylvania — I have seen as fine Duchess and Astrachans in the markets of Sacramento and San Francisco as ever grew in Wisconsin or Iowa. President Earle — As Prof. Budd is present, I think it would be well to hear from him upon this subject. Prof. Budd, of Iowa — I would like to correct some false impres- sions on this subject. Russia is a large country, and varieties which may do well in some portions of her vast territory may be value- less in other portions. Most varieties that have been introduced heretofore, have been from Western and Southern Russia. The climate and soil here are very different from that of the great plains of Moscow and eastward. We may select varieties of fruits from different portions of Russia, which may be suitable to cultivation in almost any portion of the Mississippi valley. In Krakow (Si- lisia) we find apples comparable to our Fameuse, Wealthy, and Mcintosh's Red. In Silisia many sorts of late keepers would be late keepers in Kansas and Missouri. The Winter Citron is like Grimes's Golden, and would do well in West Kansas. It has a thick, coriaceous leaf, with two or three more rows of palisade cells than other apples. From this section to Kiev, in Southern Russia, WQ may select fifty or more apples which would be valuable in Kan- sas. On the eastern plain, as far as Orel, we get a race of apples not equal in quality to Winter Citron, At Saratov, a dry climate, we find a race of apples like Duchess. Here you will find hun- dreds of varieties varying greatly in quality and time of keeping, some of which are said to be as much as eight hundred years old. In Kazan, where the temperature often marks — 45°, we found beau- tiful orchards loaded with apples. The Anis apple is from this region. It is as good as the Winesap, and has stood the last two test winters at Bismarck, Dakota. In Kansas it would be a fall apple. The apples of some parts of the dry east plain will doubt- 4 42 American IIurtk'i(Uural Society. less prove valuable in Texas and New Mcxieo. Some of these will prove to be good keepers in Kansas and Nebraska, while some ot them are of inlinitely better quality than Ben Davis. Most of our eultivated cherries are from the South nf l'Jir(ij)e, and are not to say successful in the Mississippi valley. Our lOarly Richmond and Kentish are of the Montmorency family. Theie are cherries on the dry east ])]ains of Europe that would do well with us. Some of these resemble our Morellos, and are found in large quantities. They are grown on small bushes but little larger than currant bushes, and are produced in such quantities that they load trains with them. There are none of them so jxior as Karly Richmond. At "Warsaw the Flemish Beauty pear is abundant. East and north- east this variety disappears and you find a mixture with the wild pear, a forest tree in Russia. In quality some of these crosses equal Bessemianka, resembling the Flemish Beauty in leaf and tree, but will stand a temperature of — 4o° without injury. It is seedless, and this indicates its hybrid character, the cross being so violent as to take the seeds out. On the A^'olga we find the Bergamotts, with leaves like the Sand pears. In point of hardiness they equal tln^ Anis and Oldenberg apples. Pears from St. Petersburg and the Baltic would blight with us as quick as the Flemish Beauty, Mhile it is probable that these Bergamotts from the east plain would resist this disease. If the varieties of fruits introduced from Russia are not of themselves valuable in this country may we not hope to find among their seedlings those adapted to our varying tastes and necessities? Mr. Jessup, of California — I will ask Prof. Budd to except Cali- fornia from his sweeping criticism of our country for cherry grow- ing. We in California have liai'Vfstcd as niuch as seventeen hundred (1,700) pounds of cherries from one tree, and from ten acres seventy-six thousand (70,000) pounds have been produced in a single season. Mr. Onjxcnod, of New York — I am satisfied that we must harden up our varieties of fruits by crossing them with the Russian sorts. Mr. Van Deman — I only speak for our State when I assert that we can do better than to cultivate any of the Russian aj)j)les with which I am acquainted. Discussion on Mi'. Gibb's Paper. 43 Mr. Patterson, of Missouri — I hope the resolution will not pass; not because we need the Russian varieties in my section, unless they shall combine other excellencies with their hardiness, but because such combinations may yet be found in some of them. But I ap- prehend the resolution is intended to guard the unintelligent planter against indiscriminate planting of all such foreign, untried sorts. That class can not be reached by our discussions, reports or cautions ; they do not read them ; may scarcely know of our Society, and perhaps but little of this great Exposition ; they are joined to their idol, ignorance, and I would let them alone. I regard them as greater enemies to fruit growing than the bogus tree missionary. Mr. ^?i^itr, of Connecticut — I regard the resolution as too strong — too sweeping. People should be allowed to use their own discretion in the purchase of fruit trees. The resolution was not adopted. President Earle announced as the Committee on Nomenclature, to co-operate with a similar committee of the American Pomolog- ical Society, the following : T. T. Lyon, of Michigan; Charles Gibb, of Quebec; George W. Campbell, of Ohio; G. B. Brackett, of Iowa; and T. V. Munson, of Texas. On motion of Mr. Campbell, of Ohio, a vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Gibb and Prof. Budd for their journey to Russia and for their interesting and instructive reports here. On motion of Treasurer Evans, of Missouri, it was resolved to accept the invitation of the L. & N. Railroad to visit Pass Chris- tian, at a time that may be hereafter agreed upon. The Committee on Order of Business reported verbally, through Secretary Ragan, recommending the holding of afternoon sessions only, inasmuch as the management of the Horticultural Department of the Exposition will necessarily take the time and attention of members and officers during the forenoons. The report was adopted, and the Society adjourned to meet at 2 p. M. to-morrow. 44 Amcriran JToriiruJtunil Sorlefif. Second I>ay — Tliursday. Afternoon Session, January 10 At 2:30 1'. M., Prcsicleiit Earlr called tlio meeting to order. A large number of delegates having aiiivid since the preceding meet- ing, the representatives now ])resent include ])r()minent horticiil turists from almost everv State and Territorv in the United States, together with manv foreign countries. Mr. P. M. Augur, of Connecticut, being present, was called upon to read a paper on Cranberry Culture. THE CRANBERRY. nv P M. AUGUR, OF CONNECTICUT. The multiplicity of fruits given by Divine Providence is a wonderful il- lustration of loving favor to the human family, and .strikingly so the cran- berry. It occupies a nich by itself, crowding out no other, but of and for itself holding a place occupied by no other and that can be filled by no other, in its own realm. It reigns alone. The cranberry thrives best where other fruits would hardly grow. It is mo.-^t beautiful, a most excellent appetizer, a great delicacy, and in a s;initary relation ranks high, and its power to keep and bear transportation from one clime to another commends it to lovers of that which is good all through our countrii and beyond. It then becomes a practical question where and how we can best raise it? Nature has in part answered this question for us. But only in part. This much we know, it loves a velvety, peaty soil, where pure spring water is abundant. And the secret of success with the cranberry we regard in great measure in introducing the best varieties to a ]iprfectly congenial home and in devoting such attention to them as shall make them j)U'ased and satisfied with their home. What is the place, then, for tlie cranberry ? 1. A peaty bog, as before mentioned, having a copious supply of good. pure spring or brook water, suflicient to flood the plat in twenty four hours in spring and early summer and in three ilays in late autunm. If this is too much to expect approach it as near as possible. 2. An abundant su])ply of coarse, clean sand in easy reach. Having the right natural conditions, preparation is in order. FlrM. The grubbing which consists in removing all turf and the stumjis, bushes and trees, large and small. Remove every species of vegetation, large and small, root and The Cranberry. 45 branch. Second. A complete system of open ditches, with proper mains and branches, which shall serve both to drain and to irrigate as desired, remembering that both are necessary according to excess or lack of water. 3. Co-existing with the most perfect system of drainage should exist a good, perfectly constructed dam, with sluices and gates. And here let me say that a bog otherwise untit from want of living water is often available by supplementing an additional supply in turning another stream. A judicious hydraulic engineer may often remedy a fatal defect at moderate expense ; several such cases have come to my knowledge. 4. Sanding: Having removed all live vegetation apply seven to eight inches of clean, sharp, coarse sand, as free from loam or clay as possible, being careful not to endanger the open ditches in the application of sand. Having everything in preparation, mark the ground in rows fourteen to sixteen inches, and with a dibble forked or notched at the bottom and marked to a half inch deeper than the sand. Take each plant or slip and properly push down the depth so when set the plants shall all enter the soft peat or muck one-half inch below the sand. With proper attention to water and drainage success in the start may reasonably be expected. Subsequent work maybe expressed in few words: "Allow no vegetation, either annual or perennial, to get the slightest foothold to crowd upon the cranberry." Varieties: With increased interest in cranberry culture improved va- rieties appear, differing in time of ripening, as also in form, color, size and Havor. The chief requisites are to have enough varieties to give early and medium, not to say late, on account of danger from frost, to have diversity of size and color sufficient to suit different fancies. But for the main crop choose two or three only of the safest and most productive varieties. On this score seek the advice of experts in like locations with your own. Possibilities of failure : Counting chickens before they are hatched is more prudent than relying on certain success in cranberry growing. My own State has been the arena of some enthusiastic cranberry compa- nies. At one time they were more popular than gold mining companies,, but I regret to say that many of them have literally gone to grass. All is not gold that glitters. Cranberry enterprises do not always realize cranberry successes. But failures, dismal though they are, are never without causes. N(Av, to overcfyme these is the problem to solve. The average cranberry company, with its president, directors, secretary and treasurer, sometimes lacks intelligent comprehension, firmness, and unity of purpose. That " too many cooks spoil the broth " is true in cran- berry growing. A wise autocrat is the only adequate ruler of a cranberry bog. But, seriously, there are evils of no small magnitude in cranberry growing : 1. Damage by untimely frosts. With a quick water supply and a watch of probabilities, danger in spring may be permanently averted. With sharp promptness in autumn gathering may be usually completed. 4loying a tompelent person at each station to collect mate- rial and make experiments under the direction of a central office, connected with the Department of Agriculture if you please, that should be provided with a comjilete library and all the apparatus necessary for the most thorough investigation. Prof. Riley, the entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, has created a very similar system for conducting his researches, having his assistiint.-^ lo- cated in different parts of the country. Such an organization as is here briefly outlined once established, and we could hope in time for results that would be of the greatest importance to all the material interests of the country. DISCUSSION OX MR. EARI.k's PAPKII. Mr. WilllanhH, of Xew Jersey — Wliat effect hits tlie leaf rust on the berries? F. S. Earh', of Illinois — Tiic rust on the plant scri(»u>ly affects the berry ; the fruit on such plants being small a:ul seedy. Mr. McClave, of Michigan — Is the red rust on the raspl)eri'y ami blackberry the same as that affecting the strawberry? P\ S. Earle — No; entirely ditferent. But few reports Ironi Mich- igan mention the strawberry rust. The strawberry growers of Southern Illinois seem to suffer most from the rust. 3Ir. Cayicood, of New York — Is it more common in wet weather".' F. S. Earle — It is worse in dry weather. Mr. Kellogcj, of Wisconsin — Do you use one, two or live l)U>lnls of lime to the acre? /■'. •^'. Earle — No; probably not over one half a bushel. Ih\ IIujjc, of Georgia — Have you tried ashes? Jfr. Earle — Yes; but can not say as to its efficiency. I)r. Hapc — The Sliarj)lcss is one of the few varieties not at- tacked by the rust with us. Mr. Pierce, of Ohio — 1 have known the black rust very abundant on a li( Id where ashes had been liberally used as a manure. The roots iiad decayed in spots, lilack rust probably begins under ground. Discussion on Mr. Earle's Paper. 53 Dr. McKay, of Mississippi — We have not been seriously trou- bled with rust. The plants of a few varieties have suffered, but I have noticed no damage to the fruit. I have checked it in some instances by the use of salt. In another case kainit stopped it quicker than salt, but we have not experimented much, F. 8. Earle — How do you apply salt without injury to the plants? Dr. McKay — We are careful to not let it come in contact with the foliage of the plants. 3Ir. Augur — Have you jtried lime mixed with sulphur? F. S. Earle — No; have experimented but little, as stated above. Mr. Smith, of Wisconsin — Don't rust appear most on weak plants or over-cropped areas? F. 8. Earle — No ; rankest ones most attacked. This is true of most varieties. Mr. Smith — Have you noticed plants to die after heavy crops? F. 8. Earle — Have not. Our plants are cautious about over- bearing. Mr. Caywood — Our plan is to apply a teaspoonful of sulphur under each plant. It keeps grubs away and the plants healthy. Have had no rust on plants thus treated. F. S. Earle — The white rust is more general, and more injurious on that account. But when black rust attacks it is the most fatal. Mr. Roe, of Wisconsin — Rust first appeared in Wisconsin during the wet summer of 1883. The Wilson, Bidwell and, I think, the Crescent, were first attacked. Manchester suffered no more than Wilson. A worse difficulty with us is the leaf roller. Mr. Hollister, of Missouri — When plants die after full crops it indicates a need of in vigo ration. Mr. Smith — I can tell, no matter what the weather is, whether a heavily cropped bed will live or not. If the leaves lop down, no new runners formed, no new leaves, no strength in the leaf stem, we know at once it will not pay to keep them. Heavy bearing is certainlv a prolific cause of rust. F. S. Earle — We see the confusion resulting from the use of pop- ular names ; I spoke specially of white rust. You are probably too far north to suffer from the latter in Wisconsin. 54 .[iiuricdu lloiilciillii ral Socidi/. Dr. Jcircif, (»f Ohio — Tliu t'lrect.s of fungi is a profitable .subject for our consideration. Great numbers of diseases of plants arise from the j)resence of fungi. Lime is a good general remedy for such diseases. A better remedy, but more expensive and difficult of application, is carbolic acid. T have applied it to pear blight and grape rot, apparently checking both diseases, one-half ounce to three gallons of water sprayed over the trees being sufficient. F. S. Earle — Don't it buiii the foliage? ])i\ Jrirdt — Xot if proj)LTly mixed. F. .S. Farle — If pretty well mixed it accumulates in globules by evaporation of water, and burns, but we can not predicate a general usefulness of such a remedv from its success in a single case. Mr. Sfoncr, of Louisiana — I have removed to new situations plants from diseased beds, but never have had them to recover. F. .S'. Earlc — In black rust this is probably always true; in other cases I think they can be removed. Mr. Augur — Would it not Ix; well to mow oft' rusted foliage and allow a new growth ? F. S. Earlc — Probably, though I have had no experience. Mr. Beatfy, of Kentucky — We suffer mucli from fungoid disease of the foliage. We must change to new ground after one crop. A^ e have had to discard the Capt. Jack and others of its class. Charles Downing is our best variety. Mr. Roc — The leaf roller gives us a world of bother. We are in pursuit of a remedy for this pest. Plowing under after the fruit is gone is our best remedy. Mr. Smith — I sprinkle in August with Paris (Jreen in water, and in spring, soon after the first blossoms appear. I use a large tea- spoonful to the pail of water. Have had no bother from the leaf roller since. President Enrle — We will now have a paper from Mr. Hollister, a well-known commission man and fruit dealer of St, Louis: Fraternity. 55 FRATERNITY. BY E. T. HOLLISTER, OF MISSOUEL At our last meeting our Secretary mentioned the fact of having received a letter from some person, asking if there was any danger of any faction or clique taking possession of and running the meeting of this Association, and that remark suggested the propriety of offering a few suggestions upon the subject of fraternity. Some will decline to attend a meeting of this kind because they believe it to have been gotten up in thele, visits a'l sections of the country likely to want anything in your line, which is done at no small outlay of means, and is at all times prepared to take care of your goods in a manner that would be im- possible to yourselves, and at a very much less expense to the shipper, and. acting in the capacity of your clerk or agent, is entitled to your confidence, and should be consulted upon all matters in which you are mutually inter- ested, especially those matters upon which you are not fully advised, as he, coming in contact with the purchaser and consumer, is prepared to advise you as to their wants, and to furnish you with reliable information you could not otherwise obtain. Who will say that we are not all dependent upon the box and basket maker, and what would we do with our jjroducts without him, and why should we object to his exhibiting samples of his wares at our meetings, so that we may, by coiiiparison, select that which is the l)est adapted to our jnnposes, and learn where, from whom and at what price we may procure them ? By attending the meetings of this Society, where he meets practi- cal people from all parts of the country, he learns the wants of the different markets, and is better iircjiared to supply each section with the kind of package required, thus facilitating the transportation and sale of our goods, and increasing our revenues. The evaporator and cider mill afTord us facilities for disposing of a large jiortion of our croj) that would otherwise be wasted, enable us to place a better grade of fruit upon the market, prevent the gluts that often occur from the .«hii)ment of a great quantity of low grade goods, and assist us to more remunerative prices; and those who deal in them should always be welcomed to our meetings and receive courteous treatment. Be not afraid to meet the patent right man who comes to exhibit the product of his fertile brain. Every one who can produce a package that will carry your products to market so as to realize the most profit to you, or who may invent a tool or implement which will enable you to produce the best results with the least expenditure of money or labor, which is often done at Fertilization of the Strawberry. 57 a vast expenditure of means and years of patient labor in his endeavors to perfect the article he is trying to produce, is a benefactor and is entitled to a place in our midst. Last, although not least in importance, I will mention the newspaper man, who comes armed with paper and pencil, makes notes of the most import- ant features of our debates, so that, through the columns of his paper, mil- lions of people, who are not so situated as to be able to meet with us, may be informed of our actions and benefited by our discussions. He is, indeed, a great benefactor, and should receive our hearty, moral, as well as pecuni- ary, support. Fraternity is the vitaK factor of a society of this kind, and unless every person who is in any way interested in the production, transportation, sale or consumption of fruits or vegetables can meet upon equal footing and re- ceive equally courteous attention, the object of this Society has not been at- tained, and, it may be truly said, that it has fallen into the hands of a clique. Such, I am happy to say, has not been its history in the past, and I predict will not be in the future. Its meetings have always been conducted upon the broad gauge plan of fraternity ; people from all sections of the country and of all lines of business have been received with open hands and cour- teous treatment, and invariably return to their homes feeling that they had been benefited by its fraternal associations, and impatient for the time to arrive for its next meeting. President Earle — The programme of to-morrow forenoon will consist of a paper by Mr. Merwin, of Tennessee, on Fertilization, election of officers, etc. The Society then adjourned till 9 A. M. to-morrow. Third Day — Friday. Forenoon Session, January 16. At 9:30 A. M. President Earle called the meeting to order, and introduced Mr. C. M. Merwin, of Tennessee, who read his paper on FERTILIZATION OF THE STRAWBERRY. BY C. M. BIERWIN, OF TENNESSEE. Mr. President — I was notified by the Secretary that a paper on the pollenization of the strawberry was expected of me at this meeting, and I have prepared such as best I could, and hope that, should discussion follow 5 68 American JIurticuliural Society. we may gather from the experience of growers more light on this subject. Tliis question of inlluence of the pollen of one variety upon another is an important one ; that is, if a pistillate variety can be increased in size, im- proved in flavor, firmness, and other desirable qualities, it is important that we should know it. Until within a few years each variety of strawberry was supposed to have its special characteristics, as form, color, etc. But now we hear growers s]jeak of i)istillate sorts (the Crescent, for instance) as being of large size when fertilized by the Sharpless, dark colored and tirm when fer- tilized by the Wilson, and so on. Now I take the position, Mr. President, (though I am aware that many old, experienced growers hold to opinions on this subject contrary to mine, and I admit that some experiments made in this direction, notably those by Prof. Ijazenby,are rather convincing), that a pistillate variety is not changed to any perceptible degree by the pollen of another variety. Now, it is a well known fa-t that any variety will vary when planted on diti'erent soils and in different localities; that is, will not give the same re- sults everywhere. As, for instance, the Crescent as grown in Southern Illi- nois is not as firm nor as dark colored as the Crescents grown in We.-t Tennessee. The color and firmness of the West Tennessee Crescents so nearly resemble that of the Wilson that they are often sold in the markets for the Wilson, and some of our growers claim that this has been brought about by the influence of the Wilson. Now, if Southern Illinois growers used a soft, light colored varietj' to fertilize their Crescents with, and West Tennessee used only the Wilson, the proof would be strong that it was fron) this cause that the variety differed so in the two localities; but such is not the case. The Wilson is used in Illinois as a fertilizer for the Crescent as much as in Tennessee, hence we must find some other cause, and, in my opinion, it will be found in the soil. Some of the finest Crescents I have ever seen were fertilized with the Crystal City, a rather small, soft variety; and as large, fine Crescents as were grown at Gadsden the past season, where several hundred acres of this variety were cultivated, were grown by Mr. Rains in a field fertilized with what he called a bogus variety. The drought of ISS] destroyed his Wilson plants and he ordered more from the North, but received this variety in- stead, a very small, sour variety, not worth picking, but having an abund- ance of pollen, and blooming with the Crescents. I made a little tour of observation, near the clo.se of the berry season, among the growers at several stations around me, on purpose to see this change in the Crescent that I had so often heard about, but in no instance could I find a Sharpless or oilier variety than Crescent growing on Crescent plants. There was some variation in the difl'erent patches, but in no CJise could it be traced to the variety furnishing the j)ollen. I also visited the strawberry section of SontiuM-n Illinois and was present at the strawberry exhibition atCobden. I found growers there divided ujion this question; some old, experienced growers were very positive in their Fertilization of the Strawberry. 59 opinion that the variety furnishing the pollen did impart its own charactei-- istics. There were on exhibition Crescents that had been fertilized by about a dozen varieties, and there was considerable difference in the appearance, but there was also a marked difference between those grown by different growers but fertilized with the same. Here would be a plate of Crescents of large size, some inchned to Coxcomb shape. I inquired what variety was used as a fertilizer. " Why, the Sharpless, of course ; can't you see the resem- blance ? and here, taste one. Sharpless in flavor, ain't it? " " Yes," I reply, " that tastes and looks like a Sharpless." I cross the hall and find on the table another plate, in appearance just like the other. " Now," I thought, '• if these were fertilized by Sharpless there may be something in this new the- ory; " but the grower informed me that the Crystal City furnished the pol- len, and if I remember right, Mr. President, I saw at four of your packing houses CresceLits that had been fertilized with as many different varieties, and there was no perceptible difference in them. As proof of this theory we are cited to the fact that Indian corn will mix; so it will, and exactly in the same manner as the strawberry, through the seed; but the seed is not the fruit. The pulp of the strawberry bears the same relation to the seed as the cob does to the kernels or seed of the corn ; each is what nature intended, a receptacle for the seed. A row of sweet corn planted in a field of ordinary corn, if in tassel at the same time, would probably receive the greater part of the pollen, necessary to fructification, from the field corn, for the reason that the stamens are located at a distancd from the pistils, the wind carries the pollen away and brings the pollen from other plants to this row, hence the corn is changed but the receptacle re- mains the same. The ear may be larger because the grains are larger, but the same number of rows and the same number of grains in each row as there would have been had there been no field corn within a hundred miles of it. If an eight-rowed variety, not an ear will be found on that row with more, though all the rest of the field may have fourteen or sixteen. It must be so, for a seed or grain was formed in embryo at the base of each pistil or silk without regard to the variety growing around it, and no one would claim that the field corn could have any influence upon this row be- fore the silk and tassel were visible, and certainly nature will not then add more silks to the one to accommodate the other; neither will the cob be changed in color, and I have no doubt that the flavor would be unchanged, though I have never eaten many cobs and could not be positive about that. It is also claimed that melons, squashes and cucumbers will so mix and mingle in the process of cross-fertilization, that squashes will be found upon cucumber vines and cucumbers upon melon vines; but they have never grown in that manner with me. I planted the past season cucumbers in my Japan melon patch, and melons among my cucumbers, and in gather- ing cucumbers for pickles I found it was a waste of time to look for them on the melon vines, and I was not able to detect any cucumber flavor in the melons. Now, I have no doubt that the character of the seed was changed 60 American llortlcuUuraJ Society. and tlicy could not bo depended upon for a crop the next season, as there would probably be some variation, and i)(;ssiblya hybrid would be the result. Some of the members at the meetinj; at Kansas City in discussing this question .stated as their opinion that this change was not all the result of cross-fertilization, but tlie influence of tree upon tree or plant upon ]ilant. and it is a very common oi)inion in the South that one variety of sweet potato will partake of the color and quality <»f another growing near — and a few years ago I half-way believed it, too. I was then growing the Red llayti with several other varieties, and I would sometimes lind among the southern Queen and Yellow Yams j)Otatoes streaked with red— sometimes half red. 1 then discarded the llayti and b(jught new seed; but I still lind among those varieties specimens partly red. and have not grown a red variety on my place for six years. Now I have never seen a streak of red upon a Yellow Jersey, even when grown in the next row to a red variety, and my theory is this: one or both of the parents of the Southern Queen and Yellow Yam were red varieties, while the Jersey is a seedling of yellow parentage having no red blood in it. If the character of the strawberry is so changed by the process of fertiliza- tion, why may we not look for the same results in the peach, the grape, or any of the other fruits; they would bo as susceptible of change as the straw- berry, and I would think more so, for their seeds have a greater proportion- ate weight or bulk and it is well known that they all admit of cross-fertiliza- tion, and while all of the fruits are not structurally the same, the process of seed development is identical from organs connected closely with the pistil. Nature prepares the seed in embryo long before the blooming season, and when impregnated is prepared for development. The pollen has performed its work, and neither it or the plant from whence it came can have any further influence upon the growing pulj). If any change is wrought in the color, form, or flavor it must come from the influence of those few tiny seeds in process of development; and I can not see how this could be. Were it so there could be no reliable description given of pistillate varieties, and the descriptive catalogue must necessarily road thus: Crescent, pistillate; size largo when fertilized with Sharpless, dark crimson when fertilized with the Wilson; a good shipper when fertilized with Sucker State; early or late- sweet or sour, according to season and degree of acidity of the variety fur- nishing the pollen. Now I have road the description of the Crescent as given by most all of the prominent nurserymen of our country from its introduc- tion down to the present time, and they have been as nearly alike as the description of any self-fertilizing sort. I think, Mr. President, there is a good deal of imagination in this matter. To illustrate: if a gentleman here should be pointed out to me as your brother, I would i)robably at once discover a resemblance between yourself and him, while had I not been informed of the relationship I would have passed him a hundred times without noticing the rosomblanco, unless it was a very marked one. So it is that if a plate of berries be pointed out to us as Cross- Fertilization. 61 Crescents fertilized with Sharpless we can at once see a resemblance, but of all the Crescents I have ever seen it would have been mere guesswork to have attempted to tell what variety furnished the pollen. If this theory is correct I hope to be convinced of it before planting time, as it is my intention now to plant Crystal City with the Crescent. But I don't want to reduce the size of the Crescent, for it is none too large, so would change my plans, as, if the Sharpless increases the size, the Crystal City, being small, would as certainly diminish it. I shall be glad to hear the experience and opinions of others at this meeting. " Following which, Hon. Wm. Parry, of New Jersey, read a paper on Cross-Fertilization : CROSS-FERTILIZATION. BY WU. PARRY, OF NEW JERSEY. The system of artificial cross-fertilization usually adopted in producing new varieties of fruits, which, although attended with much labor and close attention, and requiring a knowledge of botany not always possessed by farmers and fruit growers, is very uncertain in its results, requiring several years of patient watching, nursing, and tilling the young seedling before any indications are shown as to whether the oflspring will be either better or worse than the parentage from which it was produced. It has been said by good authority that, after all this nice work, and waiting and watching, happy is the man who gets one prize to a thousand blanks; and is it any wonder, when we reflect how apt the pistil of the flower operated on is to be mutilated and permanently injured by cutting away the stamens around it with an unsteady hand, and then taking pollen from the flower of a favor- ite tree or plant and applying it to the stigma of the blossom thus denuded of stamens, without knowing whether there existed any congeniality or lik- ing for each other between the pollen or stigma? Forced connections, con- trary to nature, seldom produce happy results. Man has not yet invented instruments with magnifying power sufficient to reveal all the mysteries of nature ; and what is there more difficult of comprehension than the exist- ence of all circumstances in the right quantities and at the right time and place to produce the best results not only in creating life, but such a life as will grow into a plant or tree and produce fruits superior to others of its class ? That is beyond our power. We know that an acorn put into the ground will, in time, become a large tree, but the cause of the necessary transformation that must take place we know not, any more than we know the cause of gravity which holds the heavenly bodies in their sphere. Better leave those mysteries which we can not understand to a higher power, who comprehends and does all things for the best, and we make use of the means 02 American Hoi'ticulfnnil Socidy. so almndant within our re;ich of selecting the .seed tlmt will give new and ini]troved varieties of fruits in the natural way, more certain and satisfactory than the unnatural, artificial mode of impregnation. For the want of closer oh.servation on the i)art of our ancestors, it ha.s been reservetl for the present generation to discover and make known the fact which hatl always existed, though not observed, that the size, flavor, texture and general appearance of strawberries grown on pistillate plants will resem- ble those grown on the hermaphrodite plants that produce the pollen which impregnated the pistillate sorts. And that this jirinciple iipi)lies not only to pistillate varieties, like Manchester, Crescent and others, but also perfect flowering varieties, like Wilsons and Sharpless grown together, give larger, more irregular and better flavored Wilsons than when grown alone, while the Sharpless were darker in color, firmer and more acid than when alone. Here, then, we have cross-fertilization in the natural way. and we are sure that seedlings grown from them will be cross-bred, partaking somewhat of the characteristics of both parents, but when cross-fertilization has been per- formed artificially we are not sure that th« offspring is cross-bred, especially if there is no perceptible change in flesh or pulp of the fruit producing the seed. Some people may think their pet seedlings are cross-bred, because they tried to have them so, when in reality they are not. The effect of this natural crossing is visible on the fruit before it is gathered, and we know just which berries to select for seed to get the benefit of the cross. May not this principle apply to all fruits and flowers that produce pollen for the im- pregnation of their own or the pistils of other flowers. It has long been recognized with regard to vine " truck." It is well known that squashes, cantaloupes and cucumbers planted i;ear together will mix and amalgamate so as to destroy the appearance and good qualities of each other. A grain of red corn in a field of another color will impress its character on the sur- rounding hills as far as the pollen extends. The value of a patch of watermel- ons may be entirely destroyed by the admixture of pumpkin or preserving citron seed. We once had a field of watermelons with some missing hills that needed replanting. Not having seed of our own, we procured some of a neighbor who, ever ready to do a good turn, furni,rt/>cocA-, of Arkansas — As one of the tiriginal members of this Society, T most heartily approve of the change. I ih' this as a member of the American Pomological Society, and without fear of jealousy or conflict of interest. A utunber of other membcM's partici])ated in this discussion, with one exception all lavoi'ing the proposed change. After which the motion was put and carried unanimously. Election of Officers. 69 President Earle — AVe are now the American Horticultural So- ciety. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. On motion of Hon. J. M. Smith, of Wisconsin, the Society went into an election of officers, resulting as follows: President — Parker Earle, of Illinois. First Vice-President — T. \. Munson, of Texas. Secretary — W. H. Ragan, of Indiana. Treasurer — J. C. Evans, of Missouri. On motion of Geo. H. Wright, of Iowa, amended by L. B. Pierce, of Ohio, the following committee of seven was appointed to nomi- nate the several State Vice-Presidents : Geo. H. Wright, of Iowa ; W. H. Ragan, of Indiana; J. C. Evans, of Missouri; E. Williams, of New Jersey; N. Ohmer, of Ohio; I. Wilcox, of California; Dr. Samuel Hape, of Georgia. On motion of Mr. Robinson, of Kansas, the delegates from each State were requested to report to the above named committee the names of suitable persons for their respective State Vice-Presidents. An invitation was accepted from the Dairyman's Association to meet with that body at its opening exercises in the Dairyman's De- partment of the Exhibition at 2 p. m. to-morrow. On motion, the Society adjourned to meet at 2 p. m. Third Day — Friday. Afternoon Session. The Committee on Nominations of Vice-Presidents reported. (See list of Vice-Presidents.) Mr. Beatty, of Kentucky, presented the claims of the Louisville Exposition in the following resolutions : Whereas, Upon our large agricultural, horticultural, mineral, live-stock, and timber interest the country's progress largely depends, and the development of these interests can and should be materially promoted by competitive displays ; and, 70 American Horticultural Society. Whkreas, The people of Louisville, Kentucky, have by private eontributious prepared extensive buildings and grounds suitable for the purpose in view, and propose to hold therein a national agricultural, horticultural, mineral, timber, and live-stock exhibition, illustrating the agricultural and horticultural features and natural resoiirei's of America; and, WiiKKEAS, It is desirable to aid and encourage an enterprise so beneficial to the people at large ; therefore, Be it Resolved by the American Horticultural Society, now in session at New- Orleans, La., this 16th day of January, 1885, that this Association api)roves the plan for such an exhibition set forth in the prospectus of the Southern Exposi- tion at Louisville, Ky., dated October 23, 1884, and signed by the general commit- tee of said company, and the bill in Congress to encourage the holding of said exhibition, introduced by the Hon. A. S. Willis of the House of Representatives, and hereby memorializes Congress to enact said bill and make the appnjprialions therein stated, with such regulations in regard thereto as Congress may in its wis- dom deem just and proper; and, Be it further Resolved, That this Association extends to said enterprise its cordial support, and hereby offers to cooperate with the managers of the same in making the proposed exhibition a complete and full illustration of the horticultural in- terest and industries of America. On motion of Dr. Hape the resolutions were referred to a eoni- luittee of five for further consideration. Dr. C. V. Riley, U. S. Entomologist, Washington, D. C, was then introduced and delivered an interesting verbal address on INSECTS OF INTEREST TO FRUIT GROWERS, WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR COOPERATION IN FURTHER STUDY AND EXPERIMENT WITH the:m. [Prof. Riley's address created intense interest because of the many important practical suggestions which it contained. But it was verbal, and to a large extent an explanation of appliances brought for exhibition. The report of his remarks is therefore necessarily incomplete, and I regret that he has been unable, for want of time, to prepare the report himself.- — Secretary.] Dr. Riley said: The recent method of evaporating the oil of tobacco is a most useful mode of using it, where it can be so used. Mere strewing of stems on the ground, where the ground is periodically moistened, is suffi- cient to destroy many insect pests. Three suhstances are more practically useful as insecticides — arsenic, pyrethrum and i)etroleum. Arsenic is dangerous when used for protecting fruits. He felt averse to recommending it except where there was perfect safety. Passing by iiyrethrnni, which is limited in its usefulness, he treated of Insects of Interest to Fruit Groicers. 71 kerosene emulsions, and in the course of his remarks read the following from the advance sheets of his forthcoming report : "It can not be too strongly impressed upon all who use kerosene as an insecticide, that it can be considered a safe remedy only when properly einulsilied. The formula for the kerosene and soap emulsion, as found most satisfactory by Mr. Hubbard, is as follows: "Kerosene 2 gallons = 67^. Common soap or whale-oil soap ^ pound | „„ , Water 1 gallon J ~ '"' "Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene. Churn the mixture by means of a force-pump and spray-nozzle for five or ten minutes. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream, which thickens on cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass. Dilute, before using, one part of the emul- sion with nine parts of cold water. The above formula gives three gallons of emulsion, and makes, when diluted, thirty gallons of wash. " The kerosene and soap mixture, especially when the latter is warmed, forms upon very moderate agitation, an apparent union ; but the mixture i& not stable, and separates on standing or when cooled or diluted by the addi- tion of wat^r. A proper emulsion of kerosene is obtained only upon violent agitation. It is formed, not gradually, but suddenly ; in short, to use a fa- miliar phrase, 'it comes ' like butter. The time required in churning de- pends somewhat upon the violence of the agitation, but still more upon the temperature, which, however, need not be much above blood heat. " When obtained, an emulsion of kerosene and soap is known by the per- fect union of the ingredients, and the absence of oiliness, so that the liquid clings to the surface of glass or metal. It resembles a rich cream, more or less thickened according to the proportion of soap used in the mixture. " These details have been fully set forth in previous reports, but it seems necessary to again refer to them, because, while the value of the kerosene emulsions as insecticides has been widely acknowledged, the important point of thorough emulsification has not been sufficiently recognized, and the agricultural press of the country in the discussion of this new applica- tion of an old remedy have very generally omitted to mention the methods by which a perfect emulsion may be secured. " Thus in a horticultural journal of wide distribution we find the follow- ing: 'Mr. E. L. Sturtevant, director of the experimental farm at Geneva, N. Y., says that an emulsion, composed of one ounce of common soap, one pint of kerosene oil, and one and one-half gallons of water, kept continually stirred while using to prevent the oil floating on the surface, and used through the rose of a water-pot, will destroy all worms (on cabbage) that get thoroughly wet with the mixture,' etc. The italics, which are our own, sufficiently in- dicate the unstable nature of the mixture, to which this writer wrongly gives the name emuUion. "An officer of another State institution, having become a discoverer of the 72 Americaii Ilortieuliuval Society. means of diluting kerosene by emulsification with milk, shortly after our publication of this method, repeatedly reoomnKMidcd a mixture of kerosene made by stirring simjily, admitting, however, that 'if to be used very exten- sively, the permanent emulsion might be more convenient.' "In Florida, where the original directions fcjr making a good emulsion have been widely distributed, and whore the remedy itself is rapidly eoming into universal use among truck farmers, as well as orange and fruit growers, there is still need of greater care than is generally given to the preparation of the wash. '• Failure in forming a stable emulsion is due, in most cases, to in.suflRcient agitation of the mixture. The emulsion can be very quickly and easily made by using a good force-pumji, so constructed that it can be inserted directly into the liquid, which must be kept in constant and violent agita- tion by forcing it through some form of spray-nozzle back into the same receptacle. A pump otherwise good is less adapted to forming an emulsion if, instead of being inserted directly into the i)ail, it has a large and long supply tube, in passing through which the liquids are comparatively quies- cent, and consequently have a tendency to separate. "Another frequent cause of failure is the attempt to form an emulsion by churning together a small quantity of kerosene and a large quantity of dilu- ent. Only a very unstable union can be effected by this means. The very essence of the process requires that the oil shall be broken down by driving into union with a smaller, or at most an equal, quantity of the emulsifying solution, after which, if a genuine emulsion is formed, it may be diluted ad libitum with water." These emulsions are most useful agents in the destruction of scale insects, and have been especially valuable in the orange groves of Florida. Care must be taken t<^ use petroleum only when properly emulsified; kero- sene two gallons, common soap one-half jiound, water one gallon. A thor- ough emulsification is necessary. When thorough there is an absence of oiliness and it resembles thick cream. Failure in forming emulsion is usually on account of insufficient agitation, also in using too small a quan- tity of oil with a large quantity of diluent. There should be less of the diluent than of o\\. After having obtained any good insecticide, its use is successful according to the satisfactory character of the appliances. He called special attention to the nozzles and other api)Iiancos planned and jierfected at the Depart- ment of Agriculture, exhibiting samjjles and explaining their principles and mode of use. This nozzle is easily cleaned and with difficulty fouled. He considers it of great importance to success in applying insecticides, killing the insects without injury to the i)lants. Apples. — Round-headed ai)i)le tree borer {Saperda Candida). Facts brought to light by himself and Mr. Ilobson in 1878 are not generally un- derstood. Most writers propagate the error of statement — the egg laid on the bark. The egg is inserted in incisions made by female. In healthy Insects of Interest to Fruit Groivers. 73 trees the chances are that the larva will be drowned. Prof. Riley then referred to the fact that all along the Atlantic coast, for the last year or two, there had been noticed a considerable disfigurement of fruit, especially of apples. This had been traced principally to the snout wevil, the apple cur- culio, or anthonornus quadrigibbus. This insect perforated the skin of the apples and produced a large lump around where the perforation had taken place, this constituting the disfigurement alluded to. The plum curculio also did much damage to fruit in the same way, but did not touch apples so long as plums were around. He next called attention to a trouble that had recently broken out among pears in the neighborhood of Meriden, Conn., the unwelcome intruder being a member of the great two-winged fly family. He called attention to this matter so that the Asso- ciation, if they thought fit, might exert themselves to prevent the trouble spreading beyond its present somewhat restricted area. The speaker then went on to remark on ORANGE RUST. He observed that he had previously stated that kerosene emulsion properly applied was an excellent insecticide, and therefore in speaking of oranges he would confine himself to the chief trouble, which was outside of insects, and known as " the rust." There were certain people who always insisted that orange rust was the outcome of a disagreeable soil, and recommended the use of a certain chemical known popularly as " German salt." But the rust was not occasioned by the soil ; its cause was well-known. It was due to a " mite." The working of this mite had been carefully studied by himself, and by his associates and agents in Florida and elsewhere, until they now knew all about it. They knew how the mite developed, how it produced the rust, and how that the rust never occurred save where the mite had been. The mite did not love strong sunshine nor strong shade, but loved the happy medium. The rust, as was well-known, did not hurt the quality of the orange, but spoiled its appearance and depreciated its market value. The mite that did the injury belonged to the family of four-legged phytoptus oleo- vori. The actual cause of the rust was the oxydation of the ruptured cells, and a perfect remedy lay in a milk emulsion with a little sulphur added. The adult mites were very delicate and succumbed immediately to this remedy, but the eggs were very tough and considerable attention had to be paid in applying the spray. A most useful appliance for spraying orange trees was the nozzle he had before alluded to attached to a bamboo rod, the center of which had been burnt out and an India rubber tube substituted. Prof. Riley then gave some interesting facts regarding the action of the phylloxera on the vines of France some years ago, and told how the vast fields fendered desert by that pest were now being recultivated with the American grape vines; the two most popular kinds being the Clinton and the Taylor, The speaker denounced the Treaty of Berne as being most in- iquitous, and said there was no danger of the importation of phylloxera into this country, which it was pretended this treaty prevented. 6 74 American Horticultural Society. He then read the foUowinp correspondence as more fully settinj; forth his views on this treaty, and also on the eflects of phylloxera in graperies in this country, with a view of showing how easily wrong conclusions may be arrived at: "in reference to the treaty of uerne, and the prohibition of the introduction of bulbs and cuttings from the united states into GERMANY. " Bureau of Entomoi/xjy, " Washington, February, 9, 18S4. " Sir: T beg to submit the following report on the communication of lion. A. A. Sargent, Minister to Berlin, to the Honorable the Secretiiry of State, which you have referred to me : " Certain American exporters of grapevines (Messrs. Boelker & Sons, of New York), have complained to the Department of State concerning the ex- clusion of American plants from Germany, and Mr. Sargent reports upon the state of the Uerman laws in reference to such importations. " It seems that Germany, by the imperial decree of July 4, 18S3, prohibits absolutely the importation of grapevines, cuttings and roots. The importa- tion of grapes and husks and of all other plants is allowed only to nations which took part in the Berne Congress of 1S81, and then only under certain re- strictions as to packing, certificates from official experts, etc. Thus Germany has gone a step beyond the provisions of the Berne Congress, and the strin- gency of the decree has caused great excitement and indignation among nurserymen in this country. " While no one can appreciate the necessity for stringent measures against the introduction of the phylloxera into non-infested countries more than I do, yet certain of the provisions of this last decree appear to me utterly use- less, and, without doul)t. they cause much lo.ss and annoyance to nurserymen in this and other countries as well as to those of Germany, without produc- ing any corresponding benefit. "The clause in the decree prohibiting the importation of all 'nurslings, shrubs, and other garden jiroducts not bcl(^nging to the category of the grapevine, coming from nurseries and hot luiuses in the Empire,' is based upon the possibility of the winged females settling upon such plants and de- positing the few eggs which give birth to the true males and females which produce the winter egg. I will repeat here, therefore, the conclusion which I have repeatedly urged in discussing restrictive legislation in reference to the phylloxera, and which the habits and life-history of the insect justify. "The eggs from tlic winged females are most often laid in or on the ground near the base of the vine, and they are so delicate as to require especially favorable conditions of temperature and moisture to enable them to hatch. They must, in my judgment, infallibly perish when deposited on anything else than the lower surface of the living grape leaf where they can receive moisture by endosmosis, or in crevices in earth that is kept moder- ately moist by rain or dew. But even supposing that these eggs could hatch, Insects of Interest to Fruit Growers. 75 and the resulting female should lay her impregnated egg on any other living plant than grape, and that this egg should give birth in due time to the stem mother, she would inevitably perish without issue for want of suitable food. With the utmost care to supply the natural conditions, I have failed nine times out of ten to obtain even the sexual individuals, and it is much more difficult to get the impregnated egg. European observers have had the same experience. From this it follows that the introduction of phylloxera vipon any other plant than the grape vine, at any season of the year, is im- possible, and hence the folly of the prohibition. "As to the possibility of its introduction upon grape vines themselves, however, there can be no doubt. The insect can be carried on the roots of vines in the winter either in the dormant larva state or in the ' winter egg' state, and in this latter state it may occur upon almost any part of the plant above ground, more particularly under the loose bark of the two-year-old canes, although recent observations have proven that whenever it occurs above ground it is produced rather from the gall-inhabiting type than from the more dangerous root form. Therefore the clause which prohibits the introduction of cuttings with or without roots into districts where the phylloxera absolutely does not exist, is fully justified by the facts. It may be well to state, however, that in districts where the phylloxera exists no better preventive can be adopted than the introduction of the hardy and resisting American vines as stocks upon which to graft the more susceptible European varieties. "It should also be urged in this connection that, while the decree is justi- fied in so far as it prohibits the actual introduction of vines and cuttings, there can be no danger from the mere passage through a non-infested coun- try of such vines. These are necessarily boxed; and can only be properly and safely shipped during the cold or non-growing season when the egg is dormant; so that there is a practical impossibility in the introduction of the insect by such a passage. " While I am rather in the dark as to the nature of the original complaint (as no copy accompanied the papers received from the State Department), the United States can safely and with great justice urge upon Germany the reversal of that portion of the decree which does not apply to grape vines proper. Respectfully, "C. V. ElLEY, " Hon. George B. Loring, " Entomologist. " Commissioner of Agriculture." "the grape phylloxera in graperies— legal questions arising. " Bureau of Entomology, " Washington, November 5, 1884. " Dear Sir : In making lo you a final report of my conclusions in refer- ence to the diseased condition of certain European grapevines furnished by you last spring to Mr. Charles J. Osborn, of Mamaroneck, Westchester 76 Auierican Horticultural Socieft/. county, New York, and as to whether the grape phylloxera {Phylluxera vas- tatrix) hail anything to do with such diseased condition, it becomes necessary that I suinniarize the points made in your various incjuiries sent to this De- partment since the first of July last, and particularly those made since my return from Europe. The following facts become manifest from a review of this correspendence : "1st. The plants were obtained by j'ou from the well-known firms (A Ell- wanger & Barry, of Rochester, and Hopes Bro. it Thomas, of Cherry Hill Nurseries, Westchester, Pa., and shijjped direct to where they were planted- They were grown in pots in the usual way, and they were planted in the borders of a new grapery the latter part of last February. They were strong two-year-old plants, to all appearance in splendid condition, made up of lead- ing exotic varieties. Black Hamburgs, etc. The borders, from all reports, were carefully prepared last autumn and winter, the materials used being old rotted sod made into compost, with the usual proportion of bone dust. " 2d. About the middle of June, after the vines had made several feet of healthy growth, the lower leaf-stalks began to weaken, allowing the two or three basal leaves from the main shoot to droop. From the time that the vines showed a failing the cause seems to have been earnestly sought for, and the question as to whether it was due to phylloxera injury raised. Finally, during July and August all parts of the vine began to turn yellow, the phyl- loxera was noticed ujjon the roots, and Mr. Osborn, his gardener, and your- self concluded that the insect was the cause of the unhealthy condition of the vines. "Assuming such to be the case, you wish to know whether it was possible that the insect got into the grapery with the material used for the border, or whether it could have entered in some other way ? "On the supposition that the insect had been introduced on the vines you sold, you were held responsible by Mr. Osborn for their failure. This was the condition of the case when, on the 20th of September, you visited the Department and conferred with me in reference to tlie matter. I told you then that, from all the facts, I felt assured that you had arrived at a wrong conclusion in attributing the diseased condition of the vines to phylloxera, but that I would postpone making you an official report until I had made a personal examination of the case. My conclusions are now quite definite, so that I feel warranted in reporting with assurance, from the examination made of the vine sent early in July, as well as of those received later, both from the Cherry Hill Nurseries and from Mr. Osborn's grapery, that the vines were healthy and exceptionally free from phylloxera when they came from the nursery, and that even up to the time of their being uprooted and destroyed the phylloxera work had at no time been sufficient to do them material harm. A root received October 2, and tiiat had already been thrown away, showed no rotting, and so few traces of phylloxera that I considered very generally over the country east of the Rocky MounUiins; that no vine- yard, unless in an exceptional situation, is free from it. Ordinarily, how- Insects of Interest to Fruit Growers. 77 «ver, on the majority of our indigenous American vines, its presence results in little or no harm. Even in graperies it may almost invariably be found, but rarely in sufficient numbers to seriously injure the plants. Moreover, in its very worst manifestations, and upon those foreign vines most suscep- tible to its attacks, the vine does not succumb until the third year after the introduction of the insect. The disease in its acute form is well marked by a peculiar yellowing of the leaves, diminished growth, and absence of ten- drils, while the root-system is generally entirely rotten. The presence of the insect in more or less abundance on the fibrous roots is no evidence of injury, but rather an evidence to the contrary, for so long as there are fibrous roots in abundance for it to attack, the injurious stage of the disease, namely, the rotting or decay of the larger roots, can not be initiated, "From all these facts, and others that might be mentioned, I do not hesi- tate to say that Mr. Osborn's vines were not injured by the phylloxera, and feel that the digging of them up and casting them aside was the result of false and unjustified fears and imperfect knowledge of the insect. As to whether the insect was introduced from the nursery, or got into the grapery from surrounding vineyards, or was introduced in the sod, the probability as between the first and second suppositions is that it was introduced with the plants; for while the evidence shows that the plants were remarkably healthy, yet, as I have already stated, the insect is everywhere found in those parts of the country from which the vines came. A few of the insects may very probably have been on some of the vines, as they are almost sure to be on such as are two years old. That they were in the new-made soil is ex- tremely improbable, as the insect is confined to the grape-vine, and could only have been thus introduced from soil taken from a vineyard. "This is as far as I feel justified in rendering a report from the standpoint of the entomologist. What the real cause of the trouble was I must leave to others, but upon consultation with Mr. William Saunders, the horticulturist of the Department, I find that it is no uncommon thing for vines planted as these were, in very rich, deep borders, to wilt and show evidence of disease in the manner in which the vines in question did, especially where they are kept too moist; so that the probability is that they languished from the char- acter of the soil and of the treatment. This view is supported by a sample of the soil that I brought to Washington for examination, and also by the fact that I saw other potted vines in Mr. Osborn's grapery that had shown similar symptoms, but had not been thrown away, and were still living and pi'omising well. "Finally, in the event of the phylloxera becoming numerous enough to cause any injury, it would certainly be unwise to dig the vines up prema- turely where the judicious use of kerosene emulsion or bisulphide of carbon would readily destroy the insects, and could be so easily employed under such circumstances as those surrounding Mr. Osborn's vines. "I have the honor to remain, yours respectfully, C. V. Riley. " Mr. Fred. W. Kelsey, 208 Broadway, New York City." 78 American Horticultural Society. President Earle — Prof. Riloy has given us a very valuable and instructing address, for which we, as a Society, are grateful. There are many points in Dr. Riley's address which might, with great propriety, be discussed at length, but I see our time will not admit of such discussion. We have another gentleman of distinction from whom w^e will now hear. Ladies and gentlemen, I have great pleasure in introducing to you Dr. Morris, of Jamaica, Superintend- ent of the Botanic Gardens, who will now address you on the hor- ticulture of that island. [The Secretary regrets that he can only give a brief synoposis of this interesting address.] Dr. Morris gave a brief description of the West India Islands, of which Jamaica is one of chief importance. The total area of Jamaica is near one hundred thousand square miles; population, 1,750,000. The annual ex- ports amount to 1500,000; imports, $40,000; the revenue about $10,000. Our shipments of fruit are almost entirely to the United States, consequently the imports of lumber and food supplies are mainly from the United States. The States are therefore our debtors. Bananas are cultivated only for food. Good forest land is cut off for a few years' crop of banana; the land is thus ru- ined— the second growth forest is of no use. We utilize the bananas as shade for more valuable sorts planted under them, as cofiee, cocoa, chocolate, etc. It costs $25 per acre to plant and cultivate the banana for the first year; at the end of eighteen months we will probably get $75 per acre in return. Oranges are mostly produced on self-sown trees. Oranges thus sown are free from disease, large and sweet, and as good as the best in other countries. Cocoanuts are largely grown, and with little trouble. We pick out the largest and heaviest nuts for seed. They arc planted in the nursery, where they are sprouted and then transplanted. In six years they bear from forty to one hundred nuts per annum. It costs us $40 per acre to establish a cocoa grove to the eighth year of culture, when the trees will bear, say fifty nuts on each of fifty trees per acre, the nuts being worth from $40 to $70 per thousand Avhcn green and unhusked. For the American market we have to husk them, when we get more for them. Pineapples are grown to a considerable extent in Jamaica. Many varie- ties are grown, some, as the Black Antigua, being indigenous. The sapidilla {Sapotacea') and the cherimoyer (A^wnace.x) are each grown to a considera- ble extent. We have many varieties of the Passion flower. Some grow as creepers over arbors and produce very fine, refreshing fruit. The Avocado or Alligator Pear, sometimes known as the Servant's Butter, is eaten with cold meats or used in a salad. It has a creamy consistency and nutty flavor, and is greatly admired in the West Indies. It grows on Hints on the Landscape Improvement of Country Homes. 79 small trees like the local Ligustruni. The Tree-tomato, (Solanacea,) is an acid fruit much used in various ways, especially for pickling, etc. Mangos are widely cultivated in the tropics. It is a very delicate fruit> next, in that respect, to the cherimoyer. It ripens from June to August, often extending to October. It is very seldom shipped to the United States, because of the abundance of fruit in that season. The tree is handsome, growing from thirty to forty feet in height. In its season the peasantry al- most live on the mango. It is necessary to know how to treat and how to eat some of our fruits to appreciate them. Mr. Munson, of Texas, proposed a vote of thanks to Prof. Riley and Dr. Morris for their very interesting lectures, which was unan- imously adopted. President Earle — The Committee on Louisville Exposition will consist of Dr. Hape, of Georgia ; Mr. Smith, of Wisconsin ; Mr. Parry, of New Jersey; Mr. Campbell, of Ohio, and Mr. Jessup, of California. Fourth Day — Saturday. Forenoon Session, January 17. President Earle, after calling the meeting to order, extended an in- vitation to the Society, in case it was decided to hold meetings after to-day, to meet in his parlors in the city, as the rooms at present occupied, aside from being in a noisy location, were too cool for comfort or health. This invitation was accepted, and on motion a meeting was arranged for 7 p. m. in the parlors of Pres. Earle. L. B. Pierce, of Ohio, was then introduced and read his paper on SOME HINTS ON THE LANDSCAPE IMPROVEMENT OF COUNTRY HOMES. BY L. B. PIERCE, OF OHIO. In the rise of the human race from degradation and barbarism to the high- est civilization three prominent phases characterize its development. The main characteristic of the first of these phases is utility ; of the second, comfort ; of the third, ornamentation. The lowest savage estimates nearly everything by its value for immediate 80 American HoHkultaral Society. use. Grubs, bugs, worms, roots and nuts form his food, for he finds them everywhere at hand ready for immediate use. As the human being rises in the scale, he begins to look to his personal comfort, and the utility of an article is looked at from a number of stand- points not known to the barbarous races. After awhile he develops aesthetic faculties, and articles of utility are made with reference to how they look, as well as adaptation to use and comfort. Dillerent shades of these three characteristics of the development of civilization are to be found everywhere, and circumstances often make the lowest grade quite prominent, even in the midst of a highly advanced civilization. For example, the pioneer going into a new country to hew himself a home is necessitated to buy a heavy wagon to transport building materials and the products of his agriculture. This wagon is neither comfortable nor art stic, yet he must use it until bet- ter circumstances and improved roads enable him to buy a spring wagon, and finally a costly coupe or phaeton. Again, he needs a garden, a barn, a yard for his stock, and various conveniences around his place, and utility is apt to take precedence of everything else. He wants fruit and he at once plants trees; at the same time he needs shade, and he naturally tliinks the shade of an apple or cherry tree just as grateful as that of a maple or oak, which bear no edible fruit. Thesc^ trees are often planted where future years show they should not be, and after the man has acquired a competence he finds himself surrounded with a jumbled up mess of necessary conve- niences that are really very inconvenient and inharmonious. The progress of civilization in this country is gradually leading many to more advanced thought upon the planning of their homes, and there is actually a demand for hints and advice upon the subject. This leads me to offer a few sugges- tions upon the topic, which I do with some hesitation, as a body of educated and progressive horticulturists like the ladies and gentlemen of the Missis- sissippi Valley Society need such suggestions far less than tens of thousands who will never see its reports. As I have before hinted, a great many of what we may designate as the grown-up homes of the country are in a condition far from satisfactory when judged by a high standard of either taste or convenience. The problems concerning the rearrangement and beautifying of such home surroundings are intricate and varying, and there are but two ways of dealing with them : one by special plans for each : the other by the study and application of general principles, which lead to educated taste and from which important details can be inferred or derived. Within the Mississippi valley a larger share of the homes in process of being established, or yet to be established, are located. It is especially fitting, therefore, that this Society should grapple with the problems that pertain to the making of our homes more convenient, beautiful and happy. In dis- cussing these problems I shall not attempt to say aught in regard to that portion of the valley known as the Sunny South. With its wants, the requirements of its people, and its ornamental plants, I know so little that I Hints on the Landscape Improvement of Oountry Homes. 81 should only expose my ignorance by any attempt in this direction. I shall, therefore, confine myself to the northern and central portion of the country covered by the membership of this Society. In this portion the winter with its howling blasts is the prominent agent of discomfort, of expense and, I may add, of death. Toward off its chilling, life-destroying frost millions of grates glow with the carbon of the coal mines, and tens of millions of stomachs grow warm as they consume the golden carbon of the maize. The farmer of Massachusetts, who raises his small-eared corn by the hardest work, with hand hoeing and hill fertilizing, shudders when he hears that the Kansas farmer is using his corn to feed his kitchen stove. Yet all over the West thousands of bushels of corn are being consumed for the production of heat with much less reason or excuse than that that leads to the burning of corn in the fireplace. When the Kansas farmer has corn so cheap that it will not buy its heating equivalent in coal, then he is justified in burning it. Such a condition is unfortunate, but it can not be said to be wasteful. When, however, he, by neglect, permits his family and stock to suffer from outward cold and obliges them to consume larger quantities of food, so that the internal fires of the body can in a measure make up for the outward exposure, then he is wasteful and unjustifiable in the direct ratio to the ease with which he can surround himself with protection from cold. I have often wished, as I have passed cheerless, wind tortured homes, that some exact estimate could be made in dollars and cents of the value of the heat driven off and dissipated each winter. The blowing of a northern wind for a few hours and the lowering of the thermometer a few degrees causes thousands of fires to be lighted in this city of New Orleans, and the actual expense to the citizens of this city of a cold northern wind, lasting but a short time, would amount in the aggre- gate to a very large sum of money, and when the temperature is lowered sufficiently to cause frost, the cost of a norther is very largely increased. The cost of lighting the fires, the fuel consumed,, and the cost of the extra clothing, represent what would be saved were a barrier erected that would keep off these cold northern winds. Of course this would be impossible, but it illustrates the thought I wished to get at, the value that attaches to the shutting out of cold winds. Last winter, in passing from my home to Kansas City, I did not see a single home that had any artificial or complete protection from prevailing winds. Be- yond Kansas City, in Kansas and Nebraska, wind breaks are quite common, but they are all of deciduous trees. Now the difl[erence in value between deciduous and evergreen trees as a winter protection is about the same as that between gauze and flannel, and I often find myself wondering why so few avail themselves of nature's beautiful winter garments. It is really» however, the old story of utility first. Quick growing deciduous trees make firewood. The first point I would make, then, would be to plant evergreen trees, not 82 American Horticultural Society. in straight lines nor singly, but in groups of varying size in the direction of prevailing winds. When purchased young they cost but little, and a few dollars invested in the beginning will grow in time into objects of wonder- ful beauty and furnish an almost impervious protection from the wind. If you ask me what to plant, I would answer: plant such trees as are known to succeed in your State. In Northern Ohio the two most valuable and rapid growing shelter trees are the Norway spruce and Scotch pine. In places where a continuous line of trees in the form of a hedge must be used I know of nothing better than the American arbor vitse, especially in places where there is but little room, as its height is great in proportion to its width of base. I have been much interested in reading Prof. Budd's articles in the Prairie Fanner in reference to the hardiness of conifers and deciduous ornamental trees in Iowa. He mentions the American white spruce and Siberian silver Hr as both enabled to withstand that climate. The white spruce is a noble tree — a slower grower than the Norway, but scarcely in- ferior in beauty. There are some beautiful specimens of the Siberian lir in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, and I have seen a few specimens else- where. It is one of the most beautiful of evergreens, and groups iinely with the American hemlock, which, by the Jway, is the most beautiful of all American conifers. The red pine of Northern Michigan is, for the first twenty years at least, the most beautiful of any pine with which I am fa- miliar, and deserves a trial in the Middle- Western States. Although foreign to the point in discussion, I wish to call attention to the Lombardy poplar as a deciduous wind-break. It attains a great height very quickly, and a double row eight feet apart makes as perfect a protection as is possible to attain with any other deciduous tree occupying double the amount of ground. Having secured protection to our home, the next point is to see that a reasonable piece of grass surrounds at least two sitles of the house. Next to air, water, and sunlight, the cheapest and most abundant product of the north temperate zone is grass. When closely shorn and kept green with timely watering it is the most pleasing of all landscape objects, and without grass in perfection all attempts at landscape adornment lose greatly in value. Having secured as much of grass around our home as we can keep in tirst- class condition, and no more, and defined it by suitable and necessary paths, we can turn our attention to ornamenting it with trees and flowers. We now enter upon a vast and to many a mysterious subject. It is not, however, so mysterious as many imagine. There is not a country in the world that possesses so many really beautiful indigenous plants and trees as America. The great trouble is that many wish to get a greater portion of them in one dooryard. After a few years these much-planted dooryards become a tangled forest, lacking beauty and convenience, and the owners vote ornamental planting to be either an unguessable riddle or a huuibug. We all admire the beautiful live oaks of the Exposition grounds, but how much of beauty would these trees possess if huddled together in the style of Discussion on Mr. Pierce's Paper. 83 northern villages? It is their magnificent development in untrammeled space that gives them their perfection of beauty and grandeur, and we will not have come to New Orleans in vain if we learn the lesson that they teach. We should ever bear in mind that it does not matter so much what we plant, provided the tree or shrub has some intrinsic beauty, as where we plant it. In some portions of the country the golden willow is a very common tree. As it ordinarily grows, crowded in with other trees, it is not particularly observable. Plant a slip in some moist, rich dooryard, and keep it clipped back, and it can be grown for years as a large shrub, and its wonderful golden beauty in the latter part of winter will attract attention from every one. In Northern Ohio the swamps are filled with white dogwood or Cornus sanguinea of the catalogues. Crowded and neglected, its bark covered with cinnamon excrescences, it does not appear at all attractive; but remove a slip of it to the lawn, give it care and room, and it speedily grows into the most beautiful winter ornament I know of, its branches being a crimson scarlet from November to May. It is scarcely possible for the florist or gar- dener to produce a more charming effect than nature produces by setting a single plant of the common yellow cowslip nestled down between the light green bogs of the marshy meadow. Of course we can not transplant the flora of the marshes to drained and finished lawns and produce exactly the same eflects, but a careful study of nature's combinations is the only way to become perfect in the knowledge of landscape decoration. Books may teach principles and give special de- signs, but observation, and, above all, the use of common sense must be the main reliance. Every principle of art is founded upon a good, sound reason, and landscape gardening is not an exception If you plant an object of sum- mer beauty, you can place it at the end of some long walk, or in some re- tired nook, and somebody will take the trouble to go and see it; but if you plant a winter ornament it must be where you can see it from your sitting- room window, or from some sheltered balcony, or the chances are great that it will dissipate its beauty unseen by any but the birds and rabbits. Keason will or should teach you that the larger will hide the less, that the little tree will in time make a large one, and that loudness and profusion are as great faults in the decoration of your home surroundings as in dress or painting. This topic might be enlarged upon at length, but with the caution of the Secretary in reference to lengthy papers before me I can be excused from saying more than to urge each one by precept and example to push forward the work of beautifying the homes of our country. They should be the most beautiful in the world, as they are undoubtedly the happiest and purest. DISCUSSION ON MR. PIERCE's PAPER, Secretary Pagan — I commend this paper to many who neglect to adorn their homes with beautiful trees and plants. 84 American Hortieultural Society. 31r. Wilcox, of California — The evergreens on my grounds are worth hundreds of dollars in pleasure and comfort every year. As a rule in California the homes of horticulturists are more or less adorned with trees and flowers. This is not so with the stock ranches. Dr.Hape, of Georgia — In the ornamentation of our grounds we are too apt to run after novelties and neglect the many beautiful trees and plants in our native groves. Mr. Sioner, of Louisiana — We pay too little attention to the ornamentation of our homes. In Western Louisiana we are sub- ject to occasional droughts. It is important to select trees that will withstand our climate. As a rule trees from Japan succeed with us. The sj)rcading cypress and the Cupressu,s erecfa make the most rapid growth of any evergreens with us. President Earle, of Illinois — I would rather lose my apple trees than my evergreens. I could buy apples, but I could not buy the charm of evergreens about my home. 3fr. Wilcox — The Lombardy and Carolina poplars sucker badly, and we take them up. The gum tree [Eucnlyptus) exhausts the soil. Some of the evergreens, as the English laurel, die from the eifects of too much water. Mr. Pierce, of Ohio — I advise the Lombardy poplar only as a wind break. I know it does well as far north as the 39° of lati- tude. Mr. Cassell, of Mississippi — The holly is one of our most lovely trees. It grows more rapidly if the soil is properly fertilized. Mr. JeHHup, of California — I am much obliged to Mr. Pierce for his paper. Mere architecture will not adorn a place. Tree plant- ing alone M'ill give beauty to an humble home. In California we like the eucalyptus better than the Lombardy for wind breaks. Mr. Munson, of Texas — This subject opens a wide field of dis- cussion. We need exact knowledge of habits, etc., of trees and shrubs to enable us to j)lant intelligently. Some places are elabor- ately planted, and yet they are not inviting. Others always have an inviting appearence. The taste and skill of the planter have all to do -with the residt. In Texas we have a number of native trees Our Native Grapes. 85 and shrubs that are fine. Some of them will thrive as far north as Kansas and Missouri. 3Ir. Wright, of Iowa — A botanist who knows the habits of plants and trees can plant to successful eifect ; but the farmer seldom knows the way to plant artistically. In the East the Lombardy poplar does well, but in Iowa it is worthless. There are some northern poplars that will take its place, but they are rare. In planting we must consider habits of trees as well as soil and cli- mate. Our Society should be able to give valuable information to ornamental planters. Mr. Francis, of Missouri — Is the holly difficult to transplant? Dr. Hape — By removing the foliage they may be transplanted with fair success. Mr. A. C. Kendel, of Ohio, was introduced, and read the follow- ing paper: OUR NATIVE GRAPES-THEIR CULTURE AND VALUE IN NORTH ERN OHIO. BY A. C. KENDEL, OF OHIO. It is not the intention to give anything new in the culture of grapes ; an occupation so old, so fully tested in all the ages, can hardly have anything novel that has not been tried. The cultivation of the grape on an extensive scale was undoubtedly one of the occupations of the antediluvians, for it is on record that after the flood Noah turned husbandman and planted a vineyard ; not a few experimental vines, but a vineyard. He must have based his confidence upon the earlier experience of himself or former neighbors. He went bravely to work, planted his vineyard, and in due time ate of the fruit thereof. One of the chief evidences of the fruitfulness of Canaan was the immense cluster of grapes found at Eshcol, which required two men to carry back to camp. The Israelites undoubtedly appreciated the value of Palestine the more on account of the vineyards which had been discovered, and yet they were not content with what they found, but planted more. The hillsides then, as now seemed to be the most favored spot; pruning and dressing then, as now' seems to have been an interesting subject both for practice and discussion. May we not imagine discussions before Solomon of the best way to dress and prune his vineyards at Baal-hamon. Solomon, the king, was quite con- tent to take a thousand pieces of silver from each of his tenants for the crop^ and would undoubtedly take a lively interest in these discussions. 86 Ameiican Horticultural Society. Later on, whon Europe became civilized, the peaceful cultivation of the grape kept pace with the other arts of husbandry, it having been introduced by the Komans into Gaul at about the beginning of the Christian era. Be- fore this vines were found growing wild in Sicily and other islands of the Mediterranean, as well as on the coasts of Southern Europe. This industry was brought to a high state of perfection wherever situation, soil, and climate were congenial for them, for there, as here in our land, every spot is not adapted to their perfection. The favored localities in France, Germany, Hungary, and other parts of Europe, are too well known to re- quire mention here. Now to our own land. When the vinedressers of Europe, particularly of France and Germany, sought these shores for their future home, they naturally brought with them their love for the cultivation of the grape, and, as is their custom, adapted themselves to the material in hand. Everywhere the bountiful hand of nature had planted native vines quite at home in every latitude, climbing high up among the ujiper branches of the trees support- ing them, where the benignant sunlight bathed their spreading foliage and ripened their diminutive clusters as far as possible, to be finished by the rude hand of early frosts. Looking among these, the frost varieties, there seemed to be but little encouragement. The native fox varieties promised better results, being larger fruited and quite hardy. Improvements followed. There came up the Clinton, evi- dently descended from i\v^ frost varieties, also the Isabella, Catawba, and Cape or Alexander from the fox varieties. With the Isabella there seemed encouragement enough for vineyard cul- ture, and many were the vines thus planted. It is remembered when al- most every person in our city of Cleveland had one or more Isabella vines under the shadow of which they could sit and enjoj^ the abundant crop. When there were but three or four feet of space between the houses a grape- vine would be sure to climb up to the roof, where convenient trelises would accommodate the spreading canes and the pure, unclouded sunlight pour down upon the healthy foliage. In these days crops of several hundred pounds from one vine were not unusual when that vine had abundance of room. The prevailing price of 12 to 15 cents per pound would pay the growers very handsomely ; thus, in a few years these vines often produced more cash than the humble thirty-foot lot cost the owners. Alas ! this state of things has passed. With the advent of coal for fuel, the unwholesome, smoky atmosphere, the gas, and intermingled fumes of sul- phuric acid, have caused these vines to perish one by one, to the great sur- prise of their friends. About the years of 1840 to 1855 fine vineyards were cultivated with profit along the Ohio river, in which the eminent N. Longworth, of Cincinnati, took a personal interest, and to his honor be it said, he spared neither time money, nor energy to aid this industry. He imported many varieties of vines from Europe, which, after careful tests, proved unsuitable and entirely worthless for our climate, and were abandoned. Our Native Grapes. 87 The Catawba seemed to Mr. Longworth to be the only variety of native origin worthy of cultivation. In this opinion he has to this day many faith- ful followers in our neighborhood who fully agree with him. Along the Ohio river most of the vineyards have been abandoned on ac- count of many years of successive rot making the culture unprofitable. With the introduction of the Delaware and Concord, a new impetus seemed to pervade the grape interest, and extensive vineyards were planted, at first only on sandy soil, as no one thought that clay could possibly ripen the fruit, but experiments upon the islands of Lake Erie, where the soil is •of the stiflfest clay and the sub-soil hard lime-rock, opened the eyes of growers to this new fact, and in a few years sand was entirely neglected for the more profitable clay. Great enthusiasm now prevailed ; land which would not produce a fair crop of weeds was esteemed to be worth $1,000 per acre for grape culture, and many investments were made by associated capital, as well as private enterprise. With the increased production, however, prices of fruit de- preciated, and dividends became small, cooling the ardor of speculators. The careful cultivator, however, was not dismayed by these slight dis- couragements, but diligently toiled on, pruning long, pruning short, testing his ground, testing new varieties, gaining experience, sometimes riding hobbies, often laying down theories afterwards to be abandoned, seldom meeting with total failure, but always on the alert to discover what caused his partial failures and promising himself to profit by past experience. Such intelligent, discriminating care and industry have met with suitable reward along our lake shore, and to-day there is not a crop grown in our county .as valuable as grapes for table use; and, indeed, with us there is not a fruit crop so certain. If not overcropped by ignorance of pruning or greediness, a certain quantity can be depended upon annually, providing of course an untimely frost or hailstorm do not destroy them. Thus far in the history of grape culture in our section there has not been a total failure. In 1883 the grape rot among the Concords took the cream off the profit from the section west of the Cuyahoga river, while the eastern part of the countrj'^ gleaned an abundant crop which brought good prices. The season of 1884 was a most favorable one, the harvest abundant and quality most excellent, extending throughout our grape belt, which, as far as now developed, is one to two miles wide close along the shore wherever the soil is clay or loam. Experiments with suitable soil, but further from the shore, have usually proved unsatisfactory. Thus we have about forty miles west of the city and fifteen to twenty miles east, which is almost one contin- uous vineyard, intervening spaces filling up rapidly. Strange as it may seem there is a narrow belt of about one-half mile wide beginning at the spot where our nation has laid away all that was mortal of her honored Garfield, and extending some six to eight miles east, where the ■Catawba grows and ripens to its greatest perfection. Here are some vine- yards which have been in constant bearing for twenty to thirty years. There are specimens on exhibition at this meeting which were picked from a vine- 88 Amo'ican Horticultural Socidij. yard planted twenty-eight years ago. The Society will have an opportunity to test their quality. Forty years ago the Catawba ripened so late with us that only an occa- sional vine was planted, as a doubtful cxporiTucnt. In time thoy have be come acclimated until they now ripen before Isabellas and almost as soon as Concords, thus duplicating the experience of Europe, where, as is well known in Gaul and Germany, at the beginning of the Christian era, the cli- mate was found too cold to ripen the grape. The question is often asked : Will not this constant increase of acreage overstock the market with t^ible grapes and reduce them to an unprofitable cultivation? It is not probable that this will be the case in sections where grajjes do well, for they would pay to grow at two cents per pound for Con- cords, three cents for CaUiwbas, and four cents for Delawares ; of course the present prices, being at least 50 per cent, higher than this, pay much better; about three tons per acre of Concord, bringing $70 to $.S0 per ton, or two tons per acre of Catawba, bringing $100 to $120 per ton, or one and a half tons of Delaware, bringing $1.S0 to $140 per ton, are considered only fair crops with us. In many instances these figures are exceeded, but they may be taken as an average of ten consecutive seasons. Thus it will be seen that the net proceeds of any of these varieties is from $200 to .*250 per acre. Deducting the average cost of pruning, cultivating, tying, etc., of $25 per acre, and the almost necessary $G to $7 for 200 to 300 pounds annually of bone dust per acre, still leaves a handsome profit of $200 per acre as a reward to the cultivator. Allow me, gentlemen, to suggest this matter of fertilizing the grape as a subject for discussion. Another very important advantage in a grape crop is the length of time they may continue on the vine after ripening, when, instead of deteriorating like many other fruits, their quality is constantly improving. When mar- kets are overstocked they will bide the time when wanted at better prices, thus relieving any unnecessary pressure. Our country is large, its requirements great. As people become accus- tomed to the use of such wholesome fruit, it will become a necessity for thenv, to have grapes when furnished at reasonable prices. With the rapid and unlimited means of transportation, every place can be supplied with this lus- cious fruit, and the protluction will not be likely to e.xceed the increased demand of an ever-increasing population. Nor is it too much to hope that future ages, like the present and the dis- tant past, may look upon the grape, " Sabled by the solar beam, Now tlie (iory clusters teem In osier baskeUs, borne iiloiig By all the festal vintage tlirong Of rosy youths and virgins fair, Ripe as the melting fruit they hc&T." —AiMcreon. Pruning and Training the Vine, 89 Vice-President Munson in the chair — In order to connect the dis- cussions, and so gather kindred subjects together, we will call on Mr. Williams, of New Jersey, for his paper. PRUNING AND TRAINING THE VINE. BY E. WILLIAMS, OF NEW JERSEY. Mr. President and Fellow Horticulturists : It may seem presumptuous that I should leave my Northern home and come to this Crescent City of the tropics to act the role of teacher to such a body of veteran and expert horticulturists as are here assembled. Seeing that I am but an humble piipil in the primary department I feel that my proper place would be among the audience. When your Secretary apphed to me for a paper for this occasion I an- swered him in such a negative way that I confess I was surprised on receiv- ing notice that he had assigned me to this position. I fear I shall disappoint you. However, holding as I do, that we are never v^oo old to learn, and that sometimes an idea, or principle, however simple and commonplace it may be, is remembered and made to stick, by the peculiar manner or circum- stances attending its presentation, I shall ask your indulgence a short time while I ofer a few thoughts on the subject assigned me. The first or cardinal principle attending my horticultural efforts of this kind, by both voice and pen, has been and is to educate and encourage the people to grow and consume more fruit, believing as I do, that a generous fruit diet by the people pays the largest profit on the investment ; and, that those who own and till the soil of this fair land should have and enjoy that profit at first hands. I hold this should be the primary object and legitimate mission of this and kindred societies, and not be lost sight of by the com- mercial aspects of the case. There should first be an abundant family supply, and the general public will readily take the surplus. To accomplish this the elementary principles should be made so plain that the merest tyro can easily understand them. My province, therefore, in this brief paper, will be to tell you " what I know about" pruning and training the vine, as applicable to the garden and vineyard; and if, perchance, any of my hearers here, or my readers here- after, shall get an idea of practical benefit to them my purpose will be ac- complished. From long and somewhat extended observations I incline to the opinion that there is no operation of the fruit garden so little understood as this one of pruning the vine. Notwithstanding all that has been written and pub- lished in regard to the matter, the masses are still lamentably ignorant on this subject. Whether this is due to the ambiguity of the instructions given, or to the carelessness and thoughtlessness of the readers, I am not able to say. I may say, however, judging from local observation, that not one in 7 90 American Hnvi'icnlturol Societi/. twenty owners of a few vines understands the subject well enough to do his own pruning. I once heard the president of a prominent farmers' club say that he had read all tho standard and current pu])lications on this subject, and yet had not the knowledge or confidence in his ability to prune his own vines, always hiring it done. I find also that the .so-called professional gardeners, and those who make a business of pruning vines in their respective neighborhoods, often exhibit a remarkable l:ick of intelligence in their work, their aim apparently being to cover the trellis and get a shade as (piickly as possible. These vines are then allowed to care for themselves until the next annual pruning. Pruning for shade is one thing; pruning for fruit another. As a rule, too much wood is left. It is common to err in this direction. Excessive growth of wood in tree or vine is not conducive to fruitfulness; yet the latter is dependent on vigor and health and their attendant conditions. An expenditure of all energies in one direction for the attainment of a single object in life is to neglect others of equal importance. The formation and development of fruit buds may be likened to the halt- ing of a railroad train for wood and water; and the development and ma- turity of the crop of fruit to the delivery at the terminus of its load of pas- sengers accumulated along its journey. If the load be excessive, beyond its ability to carry, relief by unloading or some other method must be had, or the train will come to a full stop between stations. A proper balance of the vital forces, a due consideration of the ability and capacity of the vine, is of great importance. The development of fruit is where the strain comes, and the impatience and haste to get fruit quickly and plenty of it (national traits of the American people) are the prime causes of many a failure. Vines are allowed to over- bear, especially young ones. The demands of the fruit exceed the ability of the vine to supply them. The new wood near the base of the vines is rob- bed by the excessive demands of its more vigorous neighbor beyond, and failing to ripen, death is the incviUible constMinonce ; and in a few years, if not renewed, the fruit bearing wood is at the top of the trellis or at the ex- tremity of the vines. The novice, before attempting to prune a vine, should bear in mind a few facts and principles: First. That, as a general rule, the fruit bearing canes of this year are grown from buds on last year's cjmes; in other words, the wood of this year con- tains the buds wiiich produce the fruitful canes of next year. Second. That the I'ruit Inids (Hller from wood buds only because of better development. Third. That a cluster is a fruitful tendril, and that the ordinary capacity of a fruitful bud is to develop, on an average, two or three of these fruitful f^ndrils, or as commonly expressed, clusters of fruit. There are, however, exceptions to this rule : notably, five or six clusters on a cane of the Elvira being quite common. Fourth. That the tendency of the sap is to the extremity of the vine ; that Pruning and Training the Vine. 91 the straighter the cane the more rapid the growth, and the strongest growth from a pruned cane will generally be found nearest the end. Fifth. That it is an easy matter to overtax a young vine by endeavoring to make it produce and ripen more fruit than it is capable of doing. A young vine can not yield the crop that an older, matured vine can without injury any more than a young boy or girl can do the work of an adult ; and it is as unreasonable to expect it in the one case as in the other. It is said that "order is heaven's first law," and the owner of every vine ought to possess enough of that divine quality to be able to adopt some sys- tem for training and pruning it. A few years ago I happened to call on a gentleman who boasted of his profitable grape crop, which he had just sold at two or three cents a pound, on the vines. He had but a few vines, but an acre at that rate, he thought would be profitable. In reply to my inquiry as to his system of pruning and training he replied, he did not understand the science of it. They were on an arbor, and in the sirring he took a grass-hook and clipped off the ends of the young canes where they were so long as to be in the way. " Come and see them! " I did so, and, of course, expressed myself gratified to learn he could grow satisfactory crops under such conditions, but mentally con- cluded I could not and should not adopt his method. The following season I met him and anxiously inquired about the condition of his grape crop. His reply was, "A failure. Did not ripen at all." I was not disappointed. I could not see how it could be otherwise. The fact is, such slip-shod methods do not result in giving prize clusters or premium crops, however satisfactory they may be to the grower in other respects. This will apply to other crops as well as grapes, and I think I may venture to say it is one rule to which I will take no exceptions. It is true, we sometimes hear of great crops taken from vines allowed to care for themselves, but I have never known any to do it year after year, and if any one has received an award of a gold medal or silver plate from this or any kindred society for exhibits of this kind it has escaped my notice. The elementary principles relating to the vine already named ought to be so plainly understood that every person of ordinary intelligence, who is the fortunate possessor of a single vine, should be able to prune it with some degree of accuracy. The eye is often a quicker and better conductor of ideas than the ear ; and as I shall have occasion to appeal to both of these senses as I proceed, I will now ask your at- tention to some rough sketches I have prepared to assist in explaining the text. First I must appeal to your imag- ination and ask you to suppose that Fig. 1 represents two streams of water of equal length and fall. You will readily see that the water will run a given distance in the straight one quicker than in the other, because there is ^'*^' ^' nothing to impede its velocity. Now we will suppose them to represent two vines. The sap will flow up \ 92 American Horticultural Society. <^\ the straight one faster than in the other, because the bending of the latter contracts the sap vessels and impedes its progress. If we cut the erect cane oflf at five feet high the upper buds will make the strongest growth ; whereas, if it was bent down like the other the flow of sap would be checked, and the buds along the entire cane would make a more uniform growth. The habits and characteristics of vines are so variable and the systems of pruning and training so numer- ous and suscei)tiblo. of so many modi- fications to suit the ideas or whims of the individual that it would be folly to designate any particular one as the best for all, as occasions and circumstances may exist when any one of them would be "more hon- ored in the breach than in the observ- ance." I shall therefore content myself Avith noticing a few, including my own practice, and give the reasons for the faith that is in me. The pruning of a vine should com- mence before it is planted. In vine- yard practice I set a stout stake where every vine is to be planted, for the purpose of supporting not only the vine but the wires of the trellis also. To add to the durability of these stakes, the bottoms should be coated with coal tar, crude petroleum, or something of like character. I plant a vine at each stake, short- ening the roots to about ten or twelve inches, and the top to three or four buds. As these buds start I select the strongest one, rubbing oflT the rest, and keep this one tied to the stake as it grows, and pinch oH' all ii'..:;. laterals as they appear to one leaf. By thus concentrating all energies of the young plant (Fig. 2) into one channel I get a single cane of far greater value than all would have been had they been allowed to grow. The next season this cane is cut down to three or four buds, and unless it made a growth of three feet or over only one cane is allowed to grow the second year ; otherwise two are grown and treated as before. Sometimes a vine, Fig. : Pruning and Training the Vine. 93 owing to favorable soil, or excessive inherent vigor, will grow sufficiently- strong to be ready for the trellis at one year's growth, but ordinarily two years are required. It now becomes necessary to decide on the form and style of trellis and the system of training and pruning to be adopted. A once popular, and still prevailing style to some extent, is shown in this sketch. (Fig. 4.) Fig. 4. In most, I may say all, cases of old vines of this character that I have been called on to prescribe for during the past few years, the bulk of the young wood was at the top of the trellis. If, perchance, a young shoot had started from near the ground and made a rampant growth, and the pruner had courage enough to cut out an old cane, the new one was carried in its place to the top of the trellis and there cut off. The buds on these young shoots, for some distance from the base, were small and poorly developed, the sap having rushed past them too rapidly to properly develop them as fruit buds ; consequently they start feebly, the ascending sap accumulates in the buds at the top, pushing them into vigor- ous growth, densely shading and impoverishing those below. The conse- quence is, in a year or two at the most, the young cane is as naked as the old one it replaced. The chief result of this system is little fruit and much shade, and is fast giving way to other and better methods. In these diagrams, Figs. 5 and 6, I endeavor to illustrate the Thomery, or what is more commonly known in this country as the Fuller system, from the fact that that gentleman, in his book on grape culture some years ago illustrated and recommended it, so that it became exceedingly popular. Fig. Fig. 5 shows the vine at the beginning of the third season, with the arms in position. 94 American Horticultural Society. Fig. 6 shows the vine at the end of the season, and the crossmarks where to prune. It is a very neat, tidy and satisfactory method if properly attended to, espe- cially for amateurs. In practice, however, it has been found too much labor for vineyard use to be profitable at the low prices ruling for the fruit for the past few years. Fig. 6. In my Fuller's trellis, Fig. 6, the wires are run vertically and put on to accommodate the buds. The height is four to five feet, more or less, accord- ing to the taste or fancy of the grower. The pruning in this system is what is known as short spur pruning. The upright canes are cut down to two buds the first year. The next year the canes are grown, and at the next pruning the upper one is cut entirely away and the lower one to two buds. Thus two canes are grown every year, and the annual pruning thereafter is the same. Fiii. Here is a style of trellis (Fig. 7) I saw in use at Vineland the past season for thousands of vines. It consisted of one wire, supported on stakes two and one-half feet high. It is simple and inexpensive, to say the least, and so low that the masculine genus homo can readily step over it, and is not easily affected by winds. Pruning and Training the Vine. 95 Fig. 8 shows the style of treUis I use. It is also the one in general use in vineyards in the Hudson River grape region, having superceded the Fuller style on thousands of acres. It is what is popularly known as the Kniffin trellis. My lower wire is three and one-half feet from the ground, and the top one five and one-half feet, but this is a matter each one can regulate for himself. A very desirable feature which recommends it to me is the facility aflforded of readily passing under it from one row to another. While the fruit on the lower wire fails to get the etTect, beneficial or otherwise, of the radiation of heat from the ground that it would if lower, my theory is, that it gets a better circulation of air and is less liable to mildew and rot, though I have had enough of both these light afflictions (?) for two years past to sat- isfy my desires in that direction for all time to come. Fig. 8. The Kniffin system of training and pruning is, as is shown in the vine on the left of the figure, to start two arms at the first wire and two at the top wire, rubbing off" all buds between and below the wires, except the four needed for the arms. If the vine has made a good growth the first season it should be cut off just above the lower wire. A bud on each side is trained along this wire for the lower pair of arms, continuing the top bud on the top wire, rubbing off all others. Why not cut it oti' at the top wire and grow all arms at once? you ask. Because, if cut there the strongest arms would be there, and you might fail to get good ones at the lower wire; but if cut at the lower one j^ou are sure of good arms there to start with, which you are not sure of in the other case. My theory is, and sometimes I have had the facts to prove it, that, owing to the natural tendency of the sap to the top, as heretofore alluded to, its course being unobstructed up through one cane, it would not stop in suffi- cient quantity at the lower arms to supply them with their due share, but hastening on to the top, where it must stop, results in giving the strongest wood growth at that point. To avoid, that, I grow the two canes the second season, as heretofore stated, from near the ground, and divide the current of 96 American Horticultural Society. sap at tliat point. (See vine on the right of Fig. 8.) These canes, on reach- ing the wires, can be pinched oil, tlius forcing out two lateral buds, to be trained along the wires for arms, or they can be bent down along the wires for one arm, and allow the lateral starting nearest the wire to form the oppo- site arm, thus forming the arms the second season. Fic. 9. Fig. 9, from a photograph, shows a vine of this character. The short vine was pinched ofi' at the lower wire, the arms coming from the laterals, the main cane of the long vine furnishing one arm for the top wire, a lateral the other. I have had vines the second season from planting make the trunk and arms complete, with wood to spare, but they were exceptional cases. On the other hand, I have vines of feeble growth that have been five or six years trying to make a respectable appearance, and have not done it yet, another proof that there are occasional exceptions in all cases. In pruning, I generally shorten the arms to five or six buds, rarely more, sometimes less, dependent on my judgment of the vigor and ability of the vine, and sometimes I make a mistake at that. The bending of the.se arms into their position on the wires tends to retard the flow of saj), and favors a uniform growth of the buds along the entire arm, it is so short; whereas if it were ten buds long, instead of five, the buds nearest the main cane would start feebly, if not fail altogether. That is just where many failures have occurred in the Thomery-Fuller system, before described, in attempting to get too long an arm in one year. Pruning and Training the Vine. 97 The annual pruning thereafter is to cut away the entire arm, except the branch nearest the main cane. This is bent around and tied to the wire, shortened in to five or six buds, and is the new arm replacing the old one. The simplicity of this system, and the little labor attending it, are its strong recommendations, and the natural droop of the canes also tensd to check its growth ; yet it has some objectionable features. The young shoots of strong growing varieties, when growing at a 2:40 rate, have a feeble hold on the old wood, and are liable to break off with a stiff wind or a heavy shower. In cultivating, if the horse switches one with his tail, or gives it a slight bend in the wrong direction, off it goes, and ofttimes they are the very ones you would like to have saved. To remedy this, I have had good results by running a wire through the posts six inches above the one to which the arms are fastened, or one on either side the same distance above. The young shoots are tied to these, affording the necessary support. On one side of my vineyard there is quite a descent, so that I find it desirable to cultivate both ways to prevent washing. I therefore dispense with my lower wire and run one over the top wire at right angles to it, carrj' my vines up to the wires and put the four arms at the top, thus getting the same fruiting area as in the other case. Fig. 10. Fig. 10 is a reproduction, from a photograph, of a vine in my vineyard, as it appeared last fall after the leaves had fallen and before pruning. 98 American Horticultural Society. Fiu. 11. Fig. 11 shows the same vine after it was pruned. ^=^ Fig. 12. Another trelHs, well thou2;ht of, is to run three wires at the top nine inches apart, the center one for the arms of the vino, and the side ones for^.the branches, which are trained over them. Pruning and Training the Vine. 99 Fl(i. 13. Fig. 14 is a sketch of a vine trained with a view to lay it down with ease. and is apphcable for tender varieties that will not stand exposure during winter in severe climates. Fig. 14. It requires a good deal of nerve and moral courage for one accustomed to the old method to cut, or see another cut, a vine so severely. They lament the depravitj'' of the man who would countenance such reckless destruction, but they generally get over it and grant complete absolution when the next fruit crop is ripe, und condone the past. In case of short-jointed varieties, like the Jed'erson, I cut the arms to eight or ten buds, removing alternate ones, giving the remaining ones more space. With some varieties, like the Berry, and occasionally in others, the buds persist in growing at right angles with the arms, so that it is sometimes difBcidt to bend the cane needed for the new arm around to its place, they are so rigid, but a little coaxing in damp weather will generally succeed. Sometimes one is found too obsti- nate for the purpose. In such cases I spur it to two buds and take the next one for the arm. The spur will furnish the arm for the following year in its proper place. The upper left hand arm in Fig. 11 shows a case of this kind, the cane wanted for the arm turned the wrong way. It was spur-pruned, and the next cane used as the arm for this season, which will be removed entire at the next pruning, and the cane growing from the base of the spur will furnish the arm for next year. Mention has been made of the tendency of the sap and fruit to the top or extremity of the vines. As an illustration showing the value of this feature, and how completely and easily it responds to the wants of man when intel- ligently directed, I will give you an example : 100 American Horticultural Society. A city gentleman, some years ago, liad a small yard lilled with a few fruit trees that appropriated every ray of sunshine that managed to penetrate it, and he wanted some grapes. After a careful survey of the situation, he con- cluded, hy a little extra care if necessary, the vine might get a foothold and sufficient nourishment from the same sources the trees did. The vine was planted, and as it grew it was trained up by the side of the house in a single cane, to the eaves of the second story, and given a trellis built from the gut- ter to the roof. An attic window in the roof gave access to the vine for pruning and gathering the fruit, and for years that vine responded annually with a bounteous croj) of delicious fruit, beyond the reach of outside depre- dators. A little "gumi)tion" and Yankee ingenuity did it, and there are thousands of homes far better situated that have no room for a grapevine. SUMMER PRUNING. Do I believe in it? I do, most assuredly, and practice it, too. Its objects and advantages in directing the energies of the young vine to the growth of wood have already been spoken of in the treatment given the first and second seasons. As the vines awaken from their winter sleep in the spring and the buds begin to swell and burst forth, it will be observed that two buds often appear from what seemed but one in a dormant state. The iirst and simplest opera- tion in summer pruning is to rub ofi' one of these and all superllaous ones, wherever and whenever they appear. A simple touch of the finger will do it. The weakest, and generally the lowest one, has to go. If the buds, from any cause, start feebly, the sooner this is done the better for those that re- main; but in cases where they start strong and vigorously, indicating a superabundance of steam under high pressure, it is well to let some of it escape through these channels, and defer their removal till the embryo clusters have appeared. If these shoots have grown a foot or a foot and a half long, no matter; the check to the vine will be the greater, and their removal none the less demanded. The only trouble likely to attend delay in their removal will be the want of moral courage in the operator. It is apt to hurt one's feelings to destroy so many prospective clusters of fruit, and the temptation to allow them to remain is very strong. The remaining shoots are pinched ofT at one or two leaves beyond the last cluster of fruit and all laterals are stopped in the same way as recommended for the young vines to one leaf. These bearing canes and laterals after recovering from the check thus given will soon recover and make a fresh start in wood making, and the pinching process is repeated as before, leaving an additional leaf each time. The effect of this treatment is to retard the sap and retain it where it is needed for the full development of buds, leaves and fruit. The leaves re- maining increase in size much beyond their normal proportions, and I have a theory that a strong, vigorous leaf of this kind is most capable of resisting Discussion on Grapes. 101 the attack of mildew, and the larger the leaf area next the fruit, the larger and finer the fruit will be. This pinching process also results in full, plump, and well developed buds on the canes to be left for the next year's fruiting, as you will see from the specimens I have brought to show you how the pruning is done. Some ad- vocates of long pruning urge as a reason for it that the third and fourth buds on a cane produce the best clusters, and some even assert that the axillary buds, those that emanate at the junction of the young cane with the old wood, will never produce fruit. That depends altogether on the treatment the vines have received. If they have been allowed to grow at random and take care of themselves, I admit they seldom fruit, purely from lack of development. The sap being allowed to pursue its natural course unmolested, it has no time to stop and pay proper attention to these buds; but, with judicious summer pruning, these base buds are equal to the emergency. In fact the short spur system heretofore described depends absolutely for success on this summer pruning. I know a very successful amateur who has vines ten years old treated on this system, some of the spurs on which are not over one and a half inches long ; indeed, in some instances they are so short that the base bud seems to start almost out of the old wood, and yet this bud will give as good fruit and as large clusters as any, and does so year after year, and it is simply due to this full development resulting from summer pruning. Mr. President, I am done. The subject is a prolific one. Volumes have been and may be written on it. I have merely touched a few points on the borders in this desultory manner. Your Secretary said he wanted the paper brief and practical. If it possesses no other merit I trust in these two fea- tures, at least, it " fills the bill." Regretting the subject had not fallen into abler hands, and thanking you for your kind attention, I am your humble servant and co-laborer. Note. — The cuts illustrating this article were drawn and engraved expressly for it by Scranton & Chadwick, designers and engravers, No. 25 North 7th street, Philadelphia, Pa. DISCUSSION ON GRAPES. Mr. Hollister, of Missouri — Where grapes succeed they find a ready and remunerative demand. Although the Concord and other hardy grapes often sell at from one and a half to two cents per pound, in our city markets, they yet pay the producer better than corn or cotton. Mr. Wilcox, of California — Grape culture is a leading interest in California. Our table grapes find ready sale in the Eastern mar- kets, and from our poorer soils wine grapes are profitably grown. The European grapes are now thoroughly acclimated in our State. 102 Ame7'icn7i Horticultural Society. They tlo not require much moisture, especially if o;rown near lakes, wiiere the air is more or less humid, but thev must be sheltered from hig:h winds. Mr. lloUider — Our best commercial grapes arc the Concord, Ca- tawba and Delaware. White grapes bruise and discolor. Mr. Campbell, of Ohio — It is not my experience that the Catawba is growing earlier from year to year. I have not liad a ripe Catawba in twenty-five years. No one grape will succeed in all localities. To find what will succeed we must experiment for ourselves. We can not grow the European grapes in Ohio, I should think they ought to succeed here in New Orleans. They are subject to mildew and rot. Grapes succeed much better on a wall than in the open garden. A Delaware vine on a wall has borne every year for twenty- five years, while in the open air they have not borne more than one- third of the years. The Catawba will rij)on on a wall, but not on a trellis. I have never had the Delaware to rot. It will sometimes mildew. If it did not it would be a most valuable grape. White grapes will do for near markets, but will not bear long shipping. The Pocklington is later, more foxy and sweeter than the Concord. On motion the Society adjourned to meet at 1 : 30 o'clock P. M. Fourth Day — Saturday. Afternoon Session. , DISCUSSION ON THE GKAPE — CONTINUED. Dr. Hape, of Georgia — I favor bagging grapes as a preventive of rot and other diseases. Mr. Caywood, of New York — There must be a slit in the lower end of the bag or it will hold water and thus injure tho fruit. Barn- yard manure is not good for the grape. Dr. Hape — I use cloth bags instead of paper. Mr. Cu-shman, of Ohio — I do not see how the practice of bagging grapes can be made to pay. It is too tedious and expensive for mar- ket purposes. Discussion on Grapes. 103 Mr. Williams, of New Jersey — I failed last year by bagging too late. This year I bagged my grapes earlier, and was successful. It does not pay me to bag the Concord ; the fruit does not sell for enough to pay expenses, but it pays me well to bag my finer varie- ties. The grapes do not crack when properly bagged. My bags cost $1.15 per 1,000. Mr. Caywood — I do not condemn bagging. It is impracticable; that is all. Mr. Miinson, of Texas — It is important to know when to put on the bags. It must be done very early. This a man in our State has proved by the use of salicilic acid. Mr. Pierce, of Ohio — Dr. Jewett, of our State, has tried carbolic acid, sprayed on, and finds it a preventive of rot. President Earle — I know from experience that it pays to bag grapes. It costs about a half cent a pound to bag them. Mr. Williams — The President has alluded to the saving of grapes from birds. In this respect alone it pays to bag them. Mr. Ohmer, of Ohio — They are much easier picked, besides the great satisfaction of having something worth picking. But you must not omit to open the lower end of the bag to let water out. Mr. Cassell, of Mississippi — What size bag is best? Mr. Williams — I use two-pound bags, such as grocers use in putting up goods. Mr. Cushman — If you bag the grapes you will bag tlie money. Mr. Kellogg, of Wisconsin — Spring and fall frosts are our great- est trouble. There is nothing but the Concord type that will suc- ceed in our State. Our most successful crops are from improved vines. Mr. Leeper, of Illinois — Grapes do not pay in Illinois. From Fort Madison to St. Louis they fail to succeed. Mr. Durand, of Missouri — I would ask Mr. Williams how he would prune an old vineyard to put it in good shape? Mr. Williams — You must cut back, so as to induce the growth of new wood, and then you will get fruit. It takes some years to re- claim an old vineyard. 104 American Horticultural Society. Dr. Hapc — I should like to know a good fertilizer for the grape, Mr. Hoffman, of Kansas — I have used wood ashes with good re- sults. A neighbor mulched the ground heavily about his vines with old corn-stalks, which had a good effect. Mr. Cook, of Michigan — Awnings over vines have been recom- mended. Has any one experience in the use of awnings? Mr. Gaywood — I have tried awnings with good results. This is especially true of vinifera seedlings. The fruit on branches under the awnings was sound, while outside the mildew and rot prevailed. 3fr. Williams — The experience of a neighbor of mine corrobor- ates the foregoing. I have used various commercial fertilizers with a view of testing their effects on the grape. Barnyard manure with wood ashes is as good as any of them. Mr. Kendel, of Ohio — Bone dust is admirably suited to the grape. It is of no use when applied to the surface, but must be applied in the furrow when plowing. Fifty dollars worth of bone dust pro- duced more than one hundred dollars worth of grapes. Mr. Cook — Carbolic acid mixed with soapsuds will not harm the foliage when sprayed on. Mr. Kendel — Mix carbolic acid with glycerine and you produce perfect suspension. Mr. Gat/wood — One hundred bushels of unleached ashes per acre will do no harm. RESOLUTIONS CONCERNING THE EXPOSITION. Mr. lindley, of North Carolina, offered the following, which, after remarks by a number of gentlemen, all of whom cordially supported the resolutions, was adopted : Whereas, The present meeting of the Amerioan Horticultural Society is being held within the buildings of the World's Exposition, at New Orleans, La.; and. Whereas, Various rumors, adverse to the best interests of said Exposition, have been widely circulated throughout the country, much to the injury thereof; therefore, be it Resolved by the American Horticultural Society, That the Exposition now in progress here is, in all respects, a grand one, and worthy of the careful study of the Ameri- can people, if not of the whole world. Resolutions Concerning the Exposition. 105 Resolved, further, That the displays in the Horticultural Department alone, and especially, are the finest and most instructive ever presented to any people on the globe, and should be visited by all lovers of the cause we represent. Resolved, further, That the charges of extortion u^aon visitors on the part of citizens of New Orleans are false. Mr. Campbell, of Ohio, presented the foUowiug, which was also adopted : That Whereas, It is becoming every day more apparent that the managers of this great World's Exposition of the skill, industry, manufactures, and also the agricultural, horticultural and mineral products and resources, not only of this country but of the world, did not at its inception realize the magnitude of the work it had undertaken, and that it has grown upon their hands beyond their ability to control financially; and, Whereas, It is also apparent that the people individually have not shown a proper appreciation of this meritorious and magnificent work, we, the members of the American Horticultural Society, in convention assembled, hereby declare that we regard this Exposition eminently worthy of the encouragement and support not only of the people of the United States but of our national government, and that we believe the national honor requires that this great enterprise shall not fail for want of means to carry it forward to a brilliant and successful issue ; be it therefore Resolved, That the American Horticultural Society earnestly recommend that the government of the United States shall further aid the management of the World's Cotton Centennial Exposition by the loan of $500,000, or of such sum as shall be necessary to carry its undertaking to a successful conclusion, Mr. Kellogg of Wisconsin, moved that — We find the Exposition so far completed that we advise our friends to postpone their visit no longer, but to come and see the greatest Exposition the world has ever seen. Also, that we believe a more liberal accommodation to visitors by railroads, and returning by different routes with stop-over privileges, will greatly increase the attendance. The Society then adjourned until 7 P, M., to meet at the house of President Earle, In the meantime the members paid a visit in a body to the Dairy Division of the Exposition by special invitation of the superintendent, Mr. Charles Marvin. 8 106 Ame7^ica7i Horticultural Society. Fourtli Day — Saturday. Evening Session. At 8 p. M. the- Society assembled in the parlors of President Earle as per adjournment. On calling the meeting to order President Earle said: "Ladie.s and gentlemen, I find it hard to put an end to such social conver- sation, but we will give you something good in its place. I will now introduce Mr. Lyon, of Michigan, who will treat the subject Association in Horticulture." ASSOCIATION IN HORTICULTURE. BY T. T. LYON, OF MICHIGAN. The advantages of association, in horticulture, as in nearly if not quite every other pursuit, especially in modern times, are so important and ob- vious in very many respects, that extended notice seems almost if not alto- gether needless. We may therefore be excused if we invite more especial attention to some of the more remote or less appreciated of these advantages. When, in the autumn of 184S, one of the earliest of American Horticul- tural Conventions, representing an extended region, convened at the city of BufTalo, the members were greatly surprised that its committee, charged with the duty of framing a list of fruits to be recommended for general cul- tivation, were unable to agree upon even half a dozen varieties of apples for this purpose. Subsequent more extended collation of experience has still more strongly emphasized this difficulty, compelling the abandonment of the effort in this direction and the substitution of State lists, with even the additional need of the division of States into districts, with either distinct or modified lists for each district. But the benefits from association in this direction are often exceedingly slow of realization, both from the far too common neglect to become in- formed, on the part of very many persons, and from the long time required to change unsuitable varieties when once planted. Indeed, if we may be permitted to base our conclusion uj^on observations within a comparatively narrow field, we must conclude that, between a lack of the requisite knowl- edge and the failure to properly ajiply what is actuallj' known, fruit growers, as a class, annually receive little more than half the income due to their in- vestments, if judiciously made, and wisely and efficiently followed up. To illustrate: We have not unfrequently, in Michigan as well as in other Association in Horticulture. lOT States, not in farm orchards only, but even in those planted for commercial purposes, been pointed to a row or a block of trees, planted perhaps with little care or thought as to the variety, with the remark that these have l^roved more profitable than perhaps ten times their number taken anywhere else in the orchard. Again it is not altogether unusual to see a farm orchard apparently grudged the space it occupies ; and the ground taxed with the production of farm crops, in addition to the orchard crop, till, by a process of starvation^ the latter becomes as really valueless as it is esteemed to be by its owner. Some years since the Horticultural Society of Michigan, while doing pioneer work about the State, discovered that, while its meetings were well attended, and while much interest was manifested during their continuance,, it remained almost without recognized membership, while the apparent good resulting from its meetings seemed, in a considerable degree, ineffect- ive and evanescent. Much thought was given to the matter, ultimating in a plan for the organization of a system of auxiliary local societies, reporting periodically to the parent society, and entitled to all the advantages of such membership; while, upon invitation, the periodical meetings of the parent society are held with one or another of these auxiliaries, and, in so doing, are made to serve a valuable purpose, in the increase of their efficiency and the' extension of their membership. The results of this arrangement have, so far, proved highly satisfactory, although experience develops occasion for still farther improvement. Some system of occasional or, perhaps, even periodical visitation, or other equiva- lent process, seems needful as a means of maintaining and even increasing the efficiency of these auxiliaries, as well as of inaugurating others, espe- cially in localities in which may be found the needful material, but lacking the innate, self-leavening stimulus. Such increase of numbers and efficiency is the more essential, since the parent society looks to these avixiliaries for the collection of the needful in- formation to be employed in the revision of its catalogue of fruits, as well as for much of that collated in its annual volume of transactions. We are happy to know that in many other States equivalent and, perhaps, even more effective associational eflforts are in progress looking to equivalent results. The recently inaugurated and apparently popular effort of the American Pomological Society, looking to the simplification as well as purification of the nomenclature of fruits, seems likely to prove an important as well as a beneficent result of associational influence, since the contemplated change, should it become general, would not only very essentially simplify and pu- rify our pomological literature, so far as the past is concerned ; but, as we anticipate, also strike at the root of vicious practice in the future, by the sub- sequent avoidance, in the naming of new introductions, of vulgar and re- dundant names, which in so many cases have proved the occasion for the popular custom of cutting oft' such redundancy, or for the employment of local synonyms. 108 Ainencan Horticultural Society. In connection with this subject, we may bo allowed to strongly commend to this Society the propriety of adopting and enforcing, in its practice, these or equivalent rules, not merely in their application to pomology, but also and equally in their application to horticulture genendly ; if not for the simpli- tication of the nomenclature of the past, at least for the purification of that of the future. The tendency to redundancy in names is perhaps more decided in plants •of French origin —a fact possibly attribuUible to the very vivacious and de- monstrative characteristics of that language and people. Since this Society is, in fact, acting the role (although hesitating to assume the title) of a na- tional organization, it might (perhaps in association with the American Po- mological Society), with the utmost propriety, open correspondence with the leaders of French, and even of Euroj^ean horticulture, looking to the adoption and inauguration of a system of equivalent international horticul- tural rules covering this entire field, thus securing the fullest harmonj' in ■such matters— a result most earnestly to be desired. Such action becomes more desirable on account of the more modern and nearly spontaneous development of the practice of horticultural home adorn- ment among our people, both within and without the dwelling. In such cases, generally, the planter sadly needs training, together with general in- formation on the subject, not only in the arrangement and laying out of his grounds, but also as to the choice of plants for the purpose, as well as for the selection and management of the appropriate plants for winter greening in living rooms and private conservatories. Nothing will more effectively subdue, refine and elevate the boisterous rowdyism of Young America, while in the transition state between child- hood and manhood, than to surround him, during this most impressible period, with beautiful trees, plants and even flowers, and by associating them, in his mind, with the ideas and responsibilities of ownership and the thoughtfulness that such consideration naturally inspires. Children thus taught, during their earlier years, to value, and hence to study the produc- tions of nature, will, as a natural result, develop into better and more useful citizens. Hence the importance of surrounding the school-house, within whose walls the minds of the masses are so largely molded, with pleasing, elevating and refining influences, in the form of trees and plants, which will be found all the more useful for this purpose if planted, cared for and owned by the children severally. We can scarceh' bring associational influence to bear upon a subject of more imminent importance to the future of our country and people. That heretofore dreary and neglected corner of the average farm, the kitchen garden, has, we fancy, already begun to feel the influence of occa- sional rays from the associational luminary ; still, however, except in occa- sional cases, it seems to be regarded merely as a spot on which to bestow an occasional spare half hour, which is likely to recur too rarely for the satisfac- tory or profitable management of the plat in question. Aiisoclation in Horticulture. 109 Judging from observation, it is our imi)resi«ion that scarcely one farmer in one hundred gives the kitchen garden a recognized place in his system of f.irm work, while still fewer have any proper conception of the pecuniary and dietetical value of the possible products, or of the practicable and profit- able successions of which such a plat is susceptible. Association has here a highly important work yet to perform. But broad as may be the horticultural field proper, it is so complicated with difficulties growing out of the attacks of fungi, including the bacteria of modern science, together with the depredations of insects, birds, etc., whose influence, as a whole, may prove to be either beneficial or hostile, that he who would keep abreast with the times, and make intelligent and profitable use of the discoveries and improvements of the day can hardly do less than to associate himself with those engaged in studying the econom- ical phases of the analagous sciences, to which he may very properly add chemistry and even geology, agriculturally considered, from each and all of which he may hope to derive important aid in the selection and treatment of soils, and in resisting the various and pers'stent inroads of these various enemies upon his growing crops. But valuable as may be the aid of association in horticulture, it is not al- together devoid of dangerous quicksands and breakers. Men are prone to accept their conclusions at second hands, instead of collating facts and drawing their own conclusions. The commercial orchardist prefers to plant showy and productive varieties, with little regard for flavor, since the mar- kets generally p efer such ; and since these are almost invariably vigorous growers as well, nurserymen prefer to grow and sell trees of such varieties.. Without apparent consideration of these facts, those who plant for home use, to whom fine quality should be the dominant object, and apjiarently mainly anxious to get the largest and finest tree for the money, far too often accejjt the interested advice of the nurseryman, or that of the commercial gro^yer, from the standpoint of profit only, accepting a Flemish Beauty or a Bartlett pear in place of a Bosc or a Seckel, or a Pennock or Ben Davis in- stead of Pomme Gris or Hubbardston, and filling his cellar in winter with fruit such as can hardly be esteemed desirable as a treat for the family or friends, except when nicely cooked and well reinforced with— glucose. So long as it shall be practicable to collect together a knot of growers and dealers, who, after a pow-wow over a newly discovered novelty, in which, l^erchance, each may have become directly interested, to, by mutual puffing, give it a good send-off before the public; or even while it shall be possible to accomplish such result upon the commendations of distinguished experts, in the absence of repeated and lengthened trial, it can hardly be otherwise than that our modern avalanche of trash in the form of new plants and- fruits will continue, if indeed it shall not even increase in both volume and worthlessness. Do not the horticultural magnates of the period owe it to themselves, as well as to a trusting public, to see to it that effective measures are devised IIU American Horticultural Socidjj. to relieve our horticultural literature of this worthless material, ami our pockets and our grounds as well, from such bootless expenditure and labor, by strangling it while yet in its incipiency? The process thi'ough which so important and desirable a result may best be accomplished ii is not my province to determine, but the great and ever increasing mass of worthless material of this character annually foisted upon a too credulous public, together with the cost of purchase, propagation and •cultivation, represent an amount of expenditure so vastly disproportioned to the resultant values, that, while we, doubtless, should most heartily en- courage the origination and introduction of worthy novelties, their intro- duction to the public should be most carefullj' guarded, as a means of securing the rejection of the unworthy. DISCUSSION OX MR. LYON's PAPER. Jlr. Caywood, of New York — The benefits of association are well known to all, and to no business will more benefits accrue than to the horticulturists. Co-operation is a great help to us. \ desire, specially desire, to ask how can we dispose of those worthless new fruits mentioned in the paper? Mr. Wik-o.c, of California — Twenty years ago I had expei-imental gardens. I tried everything that was recommended. I found in the Atlantic States a class of very good fruits ; in the central States ■another. 1 found that if I took something without indorsement I was likely to succeed ; but after all I find it best to cultivate A^arieties suited to our climate rather than to run after introduced sorts. I find that much depends on soil, locality and climate. New ■Jersey and Ohio can not make rules for each other's government. Conference will assist us to reach general knowledge in these matters. 3Ir. Hollister, of Missouri — If you will go to the grocer's stand and find what he demands, and ])lant such varieties, you will suc- •ceed. President Earle — We must also consider the ])roductiveness as Avell as the salable qualities. Mr. WiUiami<, of New Jersey — Tn our State we have found it most difficult to agree upon a fruit list, owing to the great variety of soils. We have reduced list areas to the size of counties, but €ven then growers won't agree. Tn the county of Essex one man made more nionev on the (Jrcat American than on anv other vari- Discussion on Mr. Lyon's Paper. Ill ety. This goes to show the frequent local usefulness of a variety and its general worthlessness. Mr. Beatty, of Kentucky — Horticulturists deprecate the growing of many varieties, yet they offer premiums on collections of one or two hundred sorts, thus encouraging what they seemingly condemn. Major Evans, of Missouri — In reference to strawberries, we can not safely make lists for our neighbors. I want also to indorse the recommendation of phinting school grounds. President Earle — Large collections afford good opportunities for comparative study. In general, however, I think the principle of offering premiums on large collections unprofitable. In practice, the smaller the list of sorts planted the greater the profits. Mr. Miinson, of Texas — Every professional horticulturist should have an experimental plat. I find such great variety of soils within three miles of my place that the experiments of one farm will not indicate the proper treatment of an adjoining farm. This is espe- cially the case with the strawberry. Our best nurserymen, like Ell- wanger & Barry, have their experimental plats. It is in this tedious way, only, that we can reach the desired accurate knowl- ijdge. Mr. Van Jjevian, of Kansas — All our cultivated fruits have once been new, and probably pronounced humbugs by some with whom they have not been successful. We must each sift the list for our- selves and for our own locality. In Kansas we have inaugurated ^' Arbor Day," in which we meet to plant and adorn our school grounds. This is already showing favorable results. Mr. Ohmer, of Ohio — The good results of local and State horti- cultural societies are already very apparent in our State. This may be recognized, both in asocial and educational sense throughout our State. Prof. Leniinon, of California — With the botanist, experimenting is the key-note to success. A plant is always ready to change its habitat for a better one. By a constant warfare in nature, plants have often been driven to their present place and not unfrequently produce better than before. We must have the best, and this we can only reach by experimentation. 112 American HofticuHural Society. Dr. MvKay, of Mississippi — I knew but little of good varieties in 1860. I first consulted a grower in my own neighborhood, and from his experience have been greatly i)enefited. If we will ignore the tree peddler, with his overfed samples and colored plates, we ■will save ourselves many disappointments. It will be far better for us, if we only avail ourselves of our neighbors' experience. As a rule, we plant ten sorts that prove unsuccessful where we do one that gives satisfactory results. Mr. Smith, of Wisconsin — If we were all to become experiment- ers, what a "heaven on earth " it would be for tree peddlers! In twenty years I have spent more than §1,000 for new strawberries alone, and have only found one good variety. I fully agree with Dr. McKay, that we should go to the honest neighbor and nursery- man for advice. AVe may thus not only cease to experiment, but may be enabled to grow something profitable. For every farmer to be an experimenter, unless he has a long and full pocket, is to bankrupt him both in pocket and in fruit. Mr. Munson — In answer to Mr. Smith, I would say that I would, to a great extent, restrict the work of experimentation to the nur- serymen. It is especially their duty to study the suitability of sorts to their respective localities. Mr. Cook, of Michigan — We need not trouble ourselves about new fruits. Thev usually get into the hands of men who will take care of them. Horticultural associations are now educating the people to the point where the work of selecting may readily go on. The voted fruit lists of the several State societies, which are care- fully considered, will be safe guides to the planter. An important question for us to consider is how to replace poor sorts in old or- chards with better ones. Shall we resort to top grafting? Mr. Beatty, of Kentucky — Our society fruit lists are not read by the general public, while our exhibition of fruits presents itself to thousands of visitors. A premium ajiple, if fine looking, may de- ceive and mislead the planters. Mr. Van Dehiiin — Every horticulturist is an experimenter, and ^vill be in spite of what we may say. We should recommend intelligent experiments, not haphazard. Premium lists should Discussion on Mr. Lyon^s Paper. IIS specify for what purpose the exhibition is to be made. Then our fruit exhibitions will convey more useful knowledge. Mr. Hoffman, of Kansas — In answer to Mr. Cay wood's question^ I would say lay the ax at the root of all worthless varieties. MaJ. Ragan, of Missouri — A creditable horticultural exhibition can not be made to include only a small list of varieties. If, in making up an exhibition, we were to coniine ourselves to only ten varieties of apples visitors would feel disappointed. At the Kan- sas State Fair last fall fruit lists were reduced to only twenty-five or thirty sorts, yet in making the awards I, as one of the committee- men, felt disposed to favor the larger collections, as of vastly more interest to all. It is not safe in planting to confine ourselves to a few varieties. Those that succeed well this year mav soon fail, and thus we might find ourselves seriously disappointed. Then, again^ we find tastes differ. One customer will want Ben Davis, another Grimes' Golden. Even among professional fruit growers, we will find a great diversity of opinion on as simple a problem as " What are the best ten varieties of apples?" Nurserymen should always plant specimen orchards. Mr. Smith, of New York — If nurserymen, instead of catering to an unwise demand of their customers, would themselves only culti- vate such sorts as they knew would be profitable they could very easily correct this inclination to multiply varieties and to experi- ment, on the part of the ordinary planter. Mr. McGlave, of Michigan — Some one produces a new variety. He obtains testimonials from his neighbors and sends it out under flaming colors. The people take the bait. This result will con- tinue to flood our country with new varieties. Mr. Kellogg, of Wisconsin — The "honest" nurseryman consults his own interest by selling off his stock. One of them said to me : " I am going to take orders for what the people ask for, and send them just what I think best." Mr. Cassell, of Mississippi — As a nurseryman I often cultivate varieties that will not succeed in mv own neiohborhotjd for custo- mers iii neighborhoods where such varieties will succeed. Mr. iJurand, of Missouri — An experimenter should only test varieties which promise to succeed in his locality. 114 Aviericdii Jlorticnlturnl Soi-icd/. Mr. Mnnxon — The conclusion seems to be, experiment ; the nur- seryman most, the fruit grower loss. President Earle at this juncture called uijun Mr. Alunson for his ])apcr on American grapes, remarking that althougli lale in the evening, and, in the regular order, the last session the Society would hold, he did not wish to see the meeting adjourn without having so valuable a pap(?r as he knew this one to be. This led to some dis- cussion, resulting in a proposition to hold adjourned meetings dur- ing the following week, after which, on motion of Colonel Brac.kett, of Iowa, it was resolved to hear Mr. Munson's paper on Tuesday morning next, in Horticultural Hall. The Society then adjourned to meet on ^NFonday evening in President Earle's parlors, the previous day to be spent in an ex- ■cursion to Shell P)each, as heretofore arranged for. ADJOURNED MEETINGS. President Earle's Parlors, Monday, January 19, 8 p. :m. President Earle called the meeting to order, and introduced Mr. Kellogg, of AVisconsin, who read his paper as follows: SUCCESS AND FAILURE. RY GEO. .1. KELLOGG, OF WISCONSIN. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen — Failure in horticultural pur- suits is nearly always the first step to success; faiUire the rule, success the exception. Let j'our mind's eye go back in your own experience ; scan closely the ventures, experiments, and investments of time and money, and how much of it has paid ? Would not the same eftbrts put forth in almost any other calling have given affluence where you have only gained a competence ? Such has been my observation, except in certain classes of horticultural products, illustrated by those firms who are sending out millions of plants, trees, etc., to bless the land, but more particularly their own pockets. The great causes of failure to the fruit grower are the want of adaptation of varieties to soil, climate, elevation, site, proper cultivation, remedies for insect depredation, proper handling of fruits, and often the lack of a good market. Suppose a young man goes West, and plants a thousand Greenings and other choice favorites on alluvial soil ? You know the result; some of you have been there After a failure of twenty years' experience, and having studied the horticulture of the State, suppose he plants one thousand tree^^ on the most approved site, soil, and location, of such varieties as are recom- mended by its State Horticultural Society. After the winters of 1856, 1864, 1873, 1882, and 1S83, what has he left? Better by far had he been raising white beans all these thirty years. 1 H) American Horticulturaf tSocieft/. Suppose he has money, grit and nuiscle left to try again, and he i)lant5 only one or two of the niost proHUiblo iron dads that have stood all tests. After eight years of care and culture they promise an abundant harvest, the- gouger or apple curculio has taken note of all this, and from the time the fruit is the size of a pea he has been judiciously thinning, and instead of 5,000 bushels from the 1,000 trees he gets just eighty bushels of marketable fruit. This is no overdrawn picture. One of our most honored horticulturists ( f Wisconsin has an orchard of 500 nice, healthy Duchess of Uldenburgs, eight years planted ; in 1881 they gave hini forty bushels, the two following sea- sons about the same, and last season the promise was five bushels per tree, or 2,500 bushels, but he gets only twenty bushels of good apples, anl no app;i- rent cause except this insect pest. You say poison him ; well, do it. We have used arsenic pure and Londoji purple so weak it did no good and so strong that it killed all the foliage, and yet not a perfect apple in a bushel. Applications from blossom tinu- till the fruit is the size of a filbert. Verily success in apple growing is a failure; a few locations, best varietie.'^. judicious culture, vigilant watchfulness, and the bull dog grip may and does often pay. Adaptation is so varied in Wisconsin that it is almost impossible to give a list of varieties without going over the ground. First class Rhode Island Greenings were sold the past season at $1.00 per barrel, grown six miles west of Lake Michigan, in Krusha county, Avhile in the central portion of the State only about ten iron clads remain, and only one of these winter. It is only safe to plant such varieties as on like soil and location are suc- cessful. In the newer portions of the State and the general farm location plant Crabs, Duchess, Wealthy, Wolf River, McMahan and G(jlden Russet, and go slow ; also plant the seed of these kinds and hope on. PEARS. The most profitable and freest from blights are those trees that never leave out. I know of one Flemish Beauty tree in Rock county that has paid for planting in good and continuous crojis for years, and some of you have heard of the wonderful pear orchurd nciir Green Bay; there are thousand? of acres along those pine bluffs worth $200 per acre to grow pears, and to a stranger apparently good for nothing else. Remember adaptation is the key to success; no doubt our best apple lands are the mountainous regions of BarabooCo., where there are tens of thousands ot acres that will grow just as fine fruit as is here on exhibition. Go and see and take notes of those collections from our State. I'LU.MS. Our Wisconsin experience with plums is about equal to pears for profit, although in my early planting I had Lombards bear to breaking year after year; the curculio and hard winters have made all the better class unprofit- Success and Failure. 117 iible, and we have been forced to look toward the best native seedlings; with the advent of the Miner or Hinkley, and its success at Galena, Illinois, its dissemination was rapid: in but few locations is it anything but a horticul- tural nuisance. Wild Goose, from my experience and observation, bears about one plum in ten years, while the wonderful "Bassett's American " is a humbug of the rirst water; Weaver is subject to the black knot and has been discarded; De Soto is the best we have found. Other new varieties are blowing their horns, and the horn part may be a success. Plum culture for profit is a failure. CHERRIES. About every third year we raise nearly enough for the " dear little birds." The three varieties they like best are Early Richmond, Ked English and Late English Morello. These give a succession to other fruits, and no doubt save the life of many a songster. Therefore cherries are both a "success and failure." GRAPES. A few varieties, on good locations, with proper care and favorable seasons, and no other hindrances, are a success. Of varieties there is no end. For general planting Concord leads the host, only because Worden and Moon's Early are comparatively high-priced and not within the reach of all who plant large quantities. I know of but one man who prefers Concord to Worden. My observation leads me to the conclusion that no variety of good quality will succeed in the Northwest that has not the leaf and health-endur- ing habits of the Concord. I don't think that even $2.00 or $5.00 per vine will insure adaptation and productiveness ; the high price has never helped the kind one bit. The causes of failure would fill a volume, while the in- stances of success, outside the Concord type, could be written on your thumb nail. Small fruits are a success under good common- sense cultivation and a principle of let alone new varieties. If one hundredth part of all the lies told in the last ten years had been true we should all have retired from business ere this, with a life-long competence. What have we since the advent of the Wilson among strawberries that is likely to take its place ? The cry is lo! here audio! there. Everything is low but the price of the new comer, who is tried and found wanting; per- haps in his native neighborhood he may have performed wonderful antics. The Wilson, in our own State, has produced over four hundred bushels per acre, actual measurement, and in small gardens at the rate of eight hun- dred bushels per acre, and I know of but very few instances where any other variety has exceeded this amount, even on a square rod. I might enumer- ate kinds. You know of the failures, and if any of you can report success, and put your finger right on the figures that were made at the time, and no guess work, that is what we Avant to know; we don't want to grind anybody's ax or dull anybody's hatchet. 118 American Horticultural Society. Our most successful grower of small fruits in Wisconsin, who has proba- bly grown more strawberries than any other two men in our State during the last twenty-five years, wrote me, December 29, that he " had no very striking records of success, but could show some stupendous failures." He said : " Had I stuck to the Wilson, adding Downer's Prolific and Crescent, and left alone the novelties, I would have been many thousands of dollars ahead now." With his culture " Wilson in the last twenty three years has seldom gone below 5,000 quarts per acre, and often as high as 7,000 quarts, good dry measure," and during that time " has paid a net profit of not less than one hundred and twenty-five dollars per acre." " Last spring, with the destructive frosts of May 29 destroying one-third of his Wilsons and one- sixth of his Crescents, they alone paid a handsome profit." He is still look- ing, like the rest of us, for the " coming strawberry," and continues to plant " pistillate Bobs, Jumbos, and Sally Marias." W"e are ever hopeful, ever expectant. We believe in raising strawberries that will yield 1,000 bushels per acre. We have not yet reached that stand- ard, although we have very often had strawberries larger than pumpkins in June. Hamline Hodgen picked of Countess in 1881 239 quarts in one day ; June 28, 1882, he picked 112 quarts in five hours. H. H. Cowles, from five Cres- cents planted in 1881 and their increase, pirked four bushels i-i 18i2. One hundred plants of any good variety, with their increase, ought to give 500 to 1,000 quarts the next season. Raspberries have always paid for care and labor bestowed, and while there are so many good paying kinds that are well tried, we do not care to invest heavily in novelties. We know of nothing so sure of a good crop every time unless it is the BLACKBERRY. We prize Snyder for early, Stone's Hardy for late, and Ancient Briton for shipping. The severitj' of our winters has compelled us to cover the bushes with some protection. At Ripon, Wisconsin, the most extensive blackberry cultivation is successfully carried on by this mode. C. H. Hamilton writes me December 80, 1884: "The average crop of An- cient Briton by the acre is from 4,200 to 5,000 quarts, and in 1883 the lowest price was 12.1 cents, and most of the crop brought 15 cents per box; crop of 1884 averaged 10 cents per box." He says: "The cost of laying down, covering with earth, removing the dead brush, uncovering and putting up in spring and replacing the wires on each side the row will not exceed one cent per bush. Two men will cover one acre per day." With this protection we consider blackberries the surest crop of fruit we have. The mode of covering is by loosening the earth on each side the bush with a fork and bending in the root, bending all one waj^; with the uncer- tainty of our winters we tind it pnys to cover even Snyder. Discussion on Mr. Kellogg's Paper. 111> YIELD OF ANCIENT BRITON. C. Kinsman, Fremont, Wisconsin, in 1882 picked 210 quarts from nine plants three years old. George H. Bobbins, Plattsville, Wisconsin, in 1883 picked ten quarts per bush; in 1884, 600 quarts from sixtj^ bushes four years old, and sold at 15 cents per quart. Other instances I might give of success and failure ; is it true that ten instances of failure can be given to one of success ? DISCUSSION OX MR. KELLOGg's PAPER. Mr. Roe, of Wisconsin — My experience with the blackberry fully corroborates that of the writer. The Ancient Briton is a valuable blackberry with us. The Wilson strawberiy has not gone back on lis. The Manchester also does well in Wisconsin. I must take exception to his statements in regard to apples. The Fameuse and Utter's Red are favorites with me. I would add to his limited list of grapes the Delaware, the Duchess and the Lady. The Cham- pion passed the trying ordeal of 1883 successfully, when almost all others failed. The Massasoit also does well with me. Jfr. Peffer, of Wisconsin — I am acquainted with the orchard of Duchess referred to. It is one of our most valuable apples. Mr. Kellogg, of Wisconsin-^;— A large orchardist in our State says the Duchess would do if it were not for the apple curculio. This is near Milwaukee, where we would think there was sin and smoke enough to ward off the curculio. Mr. Roe has a favored location. President Earle — Has Mr. Stickney tried other remedies than sin and smoke for his curculio? Mr. Kellogg — I think not, though he is about trying other reme- dies. Mr. Plumb, of Wisconsin — I agree in the main with the essayist, but I think he has stated his own experience only. In portions of our State we have not had a respectable apple crop since 1880. While the gouger or curculio is a serious pest, there are other causes of failure. Mr. Stickney manures highly. Currant bushes among his trees grow as high as my head. Perhaps the large mass of currant bushes in his orchard is favorable to the curculio. Cli- matic conditions are, perhaps, the greatest cause of our failures. 120 American Horticultural Society. We must adapt our plautiug to our circumstances. Adaptation is our key-note of success. The Duchess is the type from wiiicrh we are to expect satisfactory results. Mr. Patt())i, of Iowa — I live in Northern Iowa, in the same lati- tude as Mr. Kellogg. My experience is different from his. Or- <'hards on hio;h lands do well. A neitrhbor with six acres of orchard on high land makes more money fi-om it than from the rest of his farm of thi'ee hundred and seventy acres. We grow the Fameusc, Talman, Willow, Soj)s of Wine, Red June, and even the Rawles Janet. These varieties will not do on low land. AVhile the AVil- sou strawberry may do well in Wisconsin, it will not do with us. Green Prolific is more valuable, when fertilized by the Red Jacket. While we of the North may find the Russian apples valu- able, we must not ])ut our wdiole trust in them. They are too low in quality for American tastes. 3//-. Plumb — I predict that our best results from the Russians will be through the infusing of new blood into our seedlings. The Wolf River and Wealthy are seedlings of Russian jiarentage. Mr. iH/cC^ar^, of Michigan — The Wild Goose plum has been as great a failure with me as with jNIr. Kellogg. 3fr. Johnson, of Illinois — Do I understand that the two gentle- men disagree as to the value of the Duchess? 3Ir. Kellogg — Yes, sir. You can prove anything in Wisconsin regarding apples. The Duchess, good in tree, is poor in fruit, as now attacked by the gouger. Mr. Collins, of New Jersey — The Duchess will not stand our sum- mers. J/r. jRo6/so», of Kansas — In selecting peaches for cold climates select those with small buds and slender wood. They are much hardier than those of rank growth. The Snyder blackberry will need no winter protection. My Wild Goose plums give me a crop two years out of three. I think there are different varieties sold for the Wild Goose by different nurserymen. 3Ir. Beatty, of Kentucky — I raised curculios until I dug uj) my strawberries in my orchard and turned my hogs loose. President Earle (presenting some apples which were badly scarred) — These apples have been stung by the curculio. Discussion on Mr. Kellogg's Paper. 121 Mr. Peffer, of Wisconsin — I beg to disagree with the President. I brought those ap])les from my home. That is the work of the gouger. I have hatched them out and know them to be different. The curculio is larger. President Earle — The curculio in Southern Illinois does exactly this kind of work. • 3Ir. Goodman, of Missouri — The gouger is the greatest pest in our State. We shake them the same as the curculio. The Wild Goose will bear immensely if the gouger is kept off. It stings the fruit much oftener than the curculio. President Earle — Does the gouger transform in the apples? J/r. Goodman — I think it usually does in the plums. President Earle — The curculio stings apples and pears, but the eggs seldom hatch ; but they injure the fruit by scarring it, as you see these specimens are. 3Ir. Kendel, of Ohio — Torches placed in the orchard at night will kill a great many codling moths and curculios. Mr. Van Bemun, of Kansas — It is useless to burn torches for the curculio, as it is diurnal in its habits. Mr. Hoffman, of Kansas — Dilute coal tar, half pint to the barrel of water, sprayed over the trees after each rain storm will prevent the ravages of the curculio. Mr. Cayicood, of New York — Apples were selling, four weeks ago, in Xew York, at §1 to $1.50 per barrel. Does it pay to raise apples at such prices ? Mr. Gibb, of Quebec — In Quebec orcharding does not pay on low lands. On the hill slopes it pays better. A neighbor of mine began orcharding about twenty years ago. He has realized about seventy-five per cent on his capital, though his investment has been small. Plums, of the Damson type, are grown to considerable ex- tent with us. They are sent to the Montreal markets by the barrel. Mr. Sanders, of Indiana — We protect our Wild Goose by letting pigs and chickens have the range of the orchard. With this treat- ment the curculio only thins out the crop, so that we have good fruit. President Earle — We think we know the curculio in Southern 9 122 American Horticultural Society. Illinois. It leaves its crescent mark on our pears and apples. As this subject has been discussed at considerable length I will now present to you Mr. Cassell, of Mississij^pi, who will read a paper on HORTICULTURE IN CIVILIZATION. BY W. II. CASSELL, OF MISSISSIPPI. In all ages of the world horticulture has accompanied its civilization, and the attention it has received has been somewhat in proportion to the advance of that civilization; and the original command "to dress and keep the gar- den " has lost none of its force at the present day, for no country home in civilized lands is complete without its garden. All along the track of ages appear its footprints, blessing generation after generation with its presence. Retaining by tradition the excellence and beauty of the primeval garden, men have ever tried to imitate the original. Some of the brightest intel- lects and purest tastes have found ample scoj^e for exercise and rich harvests of enjoyment in the pursuit of horticulture. It has also engaged the atten- tion and ministered to the wants of many in the humbler walks of life. The sacred writer in the Pentateuch mentions the Egyptian " garden of herbs by the riverside." The ancient Egyptian tombs are sculptured with beds of flowers, vineyards and fruit trees; the Syrians were noted for the variety of their garden vegetables ; Solomon's garden contained roses and lilies, sweet herbs and fruits of various kinds; the King of Babylon constructed hang- ing gardens to please his Median wife. The Grecian gardens of Hesperides were called by Strabo the " Inlands of the Blessed." Among the Romans, Cicero the philosopher and the younger Pliny are said to have devoted much of their time and money to their gardens. The Chinese, from their dense population, have long been fine gardeners, and it is said that for productive- ness theirs excel all other gardens. In the eighth century Charlemagne es- tablished gardens for improvement in horticulture. With the wane of civ- ilization in the dark ages horticulture suffered in the general decay; but with the revival of the arts, shared in the general improvement. Cardinal D'Este of the sixteenth century being one of its leading patrons. In the early settlement of this country horticulture was mainly confined to the kitchen garden and the orchard ; but with increasing means and greater leisure, flower and landscape gardening received more attention; and Jed by such men as Downing, Kenrick < nd others, has added delightful surroundings to many an American home, and blessed our large cities with public parks which are the delight of all classes ; so that the history of our world is incomplete without the history of its horticulture. It is, however, in its relation to our American civilization that this Society is mostly inter- ested, and being composed mainly of practical men with utilitarian tenden- cies, we shall consider our subject in the light of its usefulness; and this re- stricts us mainly to the vegetable garden and orchard. And we would no- tice'^here the magnitude of horticultural operations in this department in Horticulture in Oivilization, 123 our own country as evidencing the deep interest our people manifest in this direction. By the last census the total value of orchard products sold or consumed in the United States in 1879 was 150,786,154 ; of market garden products sold in 1879 was $21,761,25C; making a grand total of $72,547,404, to which may be added the garden products consumed at home, which would largely swell these figures. Another fact is noticeable, viz: The rapid increase of the business, especially in some of the Southern and Western States, as shown by comparing the census of 1880 with that of 1870 ; for instance, my own State, Mississippi, shows in 1870 orchard and garden products amounting to $132,753, and 1880 shows for same $427,215, an increase of over three hun- dred per cent, in ten years. Florida shows in 1870, $85,713 of orchard and garden products ; and in 1880, $912,297, over one thousand per cent, increase. Arkansas in 1870, $212,916, and in 1880, $929,433, over four hundred per cent. Texas, Georgia, and Alabama, also, show a large increase. In the Northern States this increase is not so great in proportion; yet Michigan shows an increase of $403,058; California, $371,718; Illinois, $224,764. Our systems of railroads traversing the country, especially those running in a northerly and southerly direction, are great aids to commercial horticulture, as they fur- nish rapid transportation for perishable garden products. It is mainly along the line of these railroads that commercial gardening is carried on in the Southern States, and here it is developing with wonderful rapidity; and I doubt not the increase for the past five years in the South is greater than for the ten years just preceding. This rapid increase is significant. It must he a profitable business. This development is far beyond the increase in the population of these States, and springs from a recognition of the fact that it pays ; for horticulturists of this age are a wide-awake people, quick to per- ceive and prompt to act in that which yields a good return for labor and cap- ital invested, and while it is profitable to him who has large means at com- mand, it likewise yields a comfortable support to the man in humble circum- stances with only a few acres to use. And this is not the least of its bless- ings. With generous cultivation the value of garden products largely ex- ceeds per acre those of the ordinary farm, and the profits are correspondingly great. It inculcates thoroughness in what we undertake, for one soon learns by experience, that in horticultural operations, half-way work results in fail- ure. There is no school that more strongly enforces the maxim that "what- ever is worth doing at all is worth doing well," and the experienced horti- culturist from habit is likely to be thorough in whatever he undertakes. System and order are also taught in this school. One is not long in being impressed with the fact that there is a time for everything, and also a place. There is a time to prepare the soil, to sow the seed, to cultivate the growing crop, and to gather and market it when mature ; and he who regards these times will be rewarded with success, while he who neglects these in their proper order, will find also a time to lament his failure. There should be a place for seeds, a place for tools and implements, a place for fertilizers, a 124 Americdu Horflciillnral Socicfi/. place in which to store and pack the crop as gathered, and so on ; and nuich worry, many extra steps, and great loss of time by having things out of place, soon teach the careless this important lesson. The horticulturist is an in- dustrious niiin. The very fact that his crojjs are perishable, must be grown quickly, and (juickly disposed of to be profitable, is a great stiinulus to ac- tivity in their culture and management Hence, the horticulturist is in- tensely engaged in looking after his own business, and has no leisure to med- dle in the adairs of others. His is a peaceable jiursuit. Communing with nature through her plants and trees, her fruits and flowers, which never cross nor fret him, and not so often as in many other pursuits brought into contact with the rough angles of human life, he is not so liable to lose his temper, has less occasion for anger and strife, and thus avoiding their unpleasant conse- quences, he surely, but unconsciously it may be, develops the better instincts? the nobler impulses of his being, un^il these often culminate in gratitude and reverence to Him who is the Author of nature and the Giver of all good. I doubt very much if in any other class the records of our courts will show so few violators of their country's laws. Another feature : Horticulture improves the land, and this increases its capacity to support a large population. One of the first things a horticul- turist thinks of in attempting to grow his crop? is the question of fertilizers ; for little if any soil is ever found of sufficient richness to produce croj^s of the superior excellence he wishes to grow. Therefore, it builds up the coun- try by increasing its fertility. It is agriculture intensified. Growing out of this improved condition of soil is still another fact. When a man fertilizes a piece of land he finds that although he has profited by it, he has not wholly exhausted his fertilizer, and he wishes naturally to have the benefit of this balance to use the following season, as so much incidental profit of the pre- vious year ; so that if he rented the land the first year he will lease it now for several years, this lease to be terminated in many cases by the purchase of the land, and the man becomes a fixture ; in the broadest sense, a citizen. HORTICULTURE IS PROGRESSIVE. As in the mechanical department new machinery is constantly being in- vented, displacing the old by its greater perfection; as new laws are con- stantly being framed to improve our social condition; as new inventions and discoveries in art and science often astound us by their rapid strides in the march of improvement ; as the agriculturist is constantly introducing new varieties of the cereals, new and improved breeds of stock, and so on, shall horticulture, Rip Van Winkle-like, slumber on amid this universal progress, and awake to find itself a decade or century behind the times? The intel- ligence of this Society supplies the ready answer. Then the horticulturist must become, to a certain extent, an experimenter ; I might almost say he is one by necessity. I'll venture there is not a cultivator present, however much caution he may enjoin upon others, but finds himself occasionally Horticulture in Civilization. 125 yielding to this necessity. With the astuteness we have mentioned, he fre- quently observes defects in our present lists of fruits, vegetables and other horticultural productions, and with a laudable ambition and commendable zeal, he applies himself to their improvement, and whoever shall produce a single improved variety is a benefactor to his race. That there will be fail" ures sometimes is to be expected. The records of the past are full of illus- trations of this in other departments. Columbus made several unsuccessful efforts before he could obtain the necessary aid to start him on his way to the discovery of another continent, and several failures occurred before " Cy- rus laid the cable." But the successes of the past are also encouraging, and many of the excellent fruits of to-day are the result of intelligent effort in this direction. The extent of the eftbrt must be governed by the circum- stances and the judgment of him who makes it. It is the part of wisdom to decide all experiments in this way. Whatever is commendable in the indi- vidual is commendable also in the masses, and hence every horticultural body, local, state, or national, should aid in this matter, and contribute to- ward the general good. Realizing this, it may be well for us as a body, now national, to appeal to our general government for aid through experimental stations and otherwise as its wisdom may suggest, for assistance in carrying forward the interests of horticulture now engaging so large a portion of our population. Who will lead in this good cause ? Another suggestion offers here. Some men of ardent temperament are so fond of excitement, so impatient, so anxious to accumulate rapidly, that they are led into various games of chance, trusting to luck, as they call it, for suc- cess, and luck often betrays them into ruin. Let such cultivate fruits or vegetables, and in shipping them to market they will soon learn to watch for the account sales from their commission merchants with as much eager- ness as they would the toss of a die or a card, and with far greater chances of success, thus affording a safety valve, as it were in that direction, and giv- ing what, for want of a better term, we shall call honesty in chance. We might also mention other good traits of character fostered or devel- oped by horticulture, such as forecast, carefulness, frugality, etc. ; but enough has been said, we trust, to demonstrate that horticulture in this country, by the memories of the great and good who through all ages have been its pat- rons, by the extent and magnitude of its operations, by its usefulness in that it ministers to the wants of all classes, by the certainty of its compensations for those who engage in it, by the fact that it inculcates system and order, also thoroughness in whatever is undertaken; that it stimulates to industry, develops gratitude and reverence, encourages peaceable living and obedi- ence to law, supplies a safeguard to those who, hasty to be rich, " fall into temptation and a snare;" that it improves the fertility of our soil, increas- ing its capacity to support future millions in generations yet unborn who are to inhabit it; and that it is progressive in its character, aids greatly in establishing our citizenship on a broader and higher plane. 126 American IlortlcnUaral Society. ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE. As yet we huvc barely touched horticulture in its ornamental aspect, in lioral and landscape gardening. We should ccrtainh^ pay a passing tribute to those gems of creation which a benelicent Providence has so generously furnished with their brilliant colors in settings of green. Whether seen on the growing plant, gracing the table of the hospitable, worn on the breast of beauty, suspended over the bridal altar, or wreathing the coffin of departed friends, they are the silent interpreters of our feelings and emotions when language perhaps Avould fail to express them. They are the embodiment of the pure, the lovely and the innocent, and by their association exercise a most wholesome inliuence, and their culture furnishes profitable employ- ment to many thousands of our people, and it may be well to consider that this Society becomes the exponent of practical horticulture over a widely extended area; and as the lighthouse gives safe guidance to the mariner ,^ showing him how to avoid the breakers and successfully enter the desired port, so will the views advanced, the practices recommended here, become the guide to thousands of enthusiastic but inexperienced horticulturists over this area. Then let us rise to a proper conception of the position we occupy. Let the spirit of harmonious intercourse pervade all our proceedings; let our views not be bounded by narrow prejudices, sectional advantages or pri- vate interest, but be broad, generous, continental in their character and use- fulness, our statements be based on truth as solid as the foundation of our everlasting hills, and the way to successful horticulture be made so plain that the inexperienced, though of humble mind, may not err therein • let us advocate those principles and exhibit those virtues we have endeavored to describe, and so foster and encourage the useful and beautiful in horticul- ture, that, added to the solid comforts of the kitchen garden, Pomona's gifts and Flora's beauties shall grace and adorn every homestead in this broad land, and this Society become the leader, as well as the honored exponent of a grand and glorious American civilization. PLACE OF THE NEXT MEETING DISCUSSION. Major Ra■ food. The process called assimilation in the green parts, under the infiuence of light, is the one striking and characteristic phenom- enon of vegetation. In this process the carbonic acid is separated into its constituent elements, carbon and oxygen, the former retained and the latter given off to the air. As there is a strong chemical aflfiiity between these elements, an expenditure of force is required for their disassociation, and this force is believed to be furnished by the sun. Man, however, has not yet been able to imitate the leaf in directly utilizing after this method the light and the heat sent freely upon us. Possibly he may learn how some day, and be able to set up a manufactory of starch out of carbonic acid and water; thus making food for himself from the abundant supply of the air and of a The Nutrition of Plants. 165 spring or well ! In the meantime, however, we may best content ourselves with the food supply gained from plants, and be thimkful accordingly to our tireless benefactors of the vegetable world. The continued supply of carbonic acid in ihe air is secured through the various forms of decomposition and combusticm— the decay of animals and plants, the exhalation of the former in the breath, and the products from all domestic and commercial fires. The atmosphere serves as a great reservoir which is continuously filled and as continuously emptied in an even and ceaseless balance of account. It is rare indeed that carbonaceous manures need be added to soils for the food supply of crops growing thereon. These fertilizers have other important uses in the various physical or mechanical properties of soils; but plants ordinarily have abund: nt opportunity to help themselves to the carbon required from the air, providing other things are favorable. In the combustible substances of plants there is one more element which demands our attention — nitrogen. This exists in a free state in immense quantity in the air, composing four- fifths of its bulk. But plants are not capable of making use of this free nitrogen. This question has been long in dispute, but the weight of evidence is as stated. Bathed in an ocean of the substiuice, plants, like ourselves, must perish for want of it, unless supplied in combination with other chemical elements, forming the so-called nitrates. Now these nitrates are not spon- taneously formed in nature, or rather are formed only under certain condi- tions and through the mediation of peculiar agencies. No problem in plant nutrition has been so difficult to solve, nor so faithfully wrought, as this of the source of nitrogen as a food material for plants. Important knowledge has only recently been gained upon the subject, and it hrs not been until very recent years that anything like positive assertion could be made on many debatable points. Our knowledge now may be summarized as follows : 1. Plants can not in any way use free nitrogen as food ; neither can any plants whatever cause a combination of free nitrogen with other elements so as to produce assimilable nitrogenous matter. 2. The soil does not in any way fix the free nitrogen of the atmosphere so as to render it useful for plant food. 3. The unique, original source of assimilable nitrogen, capable of serving for the nutrition of plants, and in consequence the original source of the nitrogen of all animal foods, is in the chemical combinations, induced by electricity, of free nitrogen and of oxygen or hydrogen (of waterj'^ vapor) in the atmosphere. 4. The nitrates formed in the soil — the results of the so called nitrification of soil - are due to a fermentation of nitrogenous organic substances by which ammonia and nitric acid are set free and the latter fitted for uniting with the alkalies or alkaline earths. This fermentation, like all other such pro- cesses of decomposition of organic matter, is due to living organisms. The particular species of microscopic plants (bacteria) which produces this par- 166 American Horticultural Society. ticular fermentation, is present in all fertile soils, and really constitutes one of the factors of fertility. 5. Plants do absorb assimilable nitrogen by their leaves (ammonia) ; but the most of this food element is taken into the plant through the roots, and hence from the soil. These things, as has been stated, are conclusions reached through the most patient and laborious experiments and investigations, the results of which have often been, to all appearances, contradictory and, at the time, unex- plainable. But at least some of the difficulties have been in late years re- moved, and one comes to have much confidence in the conclusions reached. Yet it is even now reported that a prominent American chemist finds that plants under normal circumstances do absorb and assimilate free nitrogen, and he accounts for the contrary statements by so many careful and skillful experimenters, by supposing the test plants were not under natural condi- tions, especially were not exposed to the atmospheric electrical currents as were his own. The point which cultivators need most to observe is, that soils, in the or- dinary processes of cropping, grow constantly poorer in the nitrogenous sup- plies, for the amount of ammonia and nitric acid brought down by rain and dew over the given area is much too small for the annual demands of thrifty vegetation. No system of crop rotation or of green manuring can indefi- nitely perpetuate the fertility of soil. The time must come, sooner or later, when artificial application of nitrogen-forming material is a necessity for continued luxuriance of plant growth. Were it not that there is such a con- stant formation of assimilable nitrogenous compounds through the agency of electricity, the world must soon become uninhabitable. Were it not for the fermentation of dead organic matter through the agency of living organ- isms, each of which requires a magnifying power of at least five hundred times across to become visible to the human eye, there could be no crops, such as we now depend upon. Under the most favorable circumstances, tillers of the soil ought to under- stand how best to economize the nitrogen supply in soils, and this becomes an imperative necessity in regions less favorably or fortunately situated. With the knowledge now at command, man has it in his power to perpetu- ate in this respect the priceless value of high fertility, or to vastly improve upon the natural richness of soils in some localities. On the other hand, from the want of knowledge or attention, he may soon set in operation great natural phenomena whicii bring in their train poverty and barrenness— a curse not only to one generation of human beings, but to the struggling populations of future centuries, an inheritance of suffering and destitution, instead of the helpful richness of our good Mother Earth when properly treated. I will only add, here, that severe midsummer droughts, and especially upon bare surfaces unprotected from the burning rays of the sun by a beneficent screen of vegetation, followed at another time by deluges of water, are im- Plants in their Relation to Disease. 167 mensely wasteful, even alarmingly destructive. The precious stores of fertility are exhausted by unprofitable combustion in the one case, and swept off to the sea in the other. Let us not be content to sit at the feet of Science ; but, inspired and equipped by the best knowledge of our day, put into practice, with economy and intelligence, the best work of the world. PLANTS IN THEIR RELATION TO DISEASE. BY D. P. PENHALLOW, B. ?C., OF QUEBEC. In the year 1795 Schiiger brought together the very meager and scattered literature relating to diseases of plants, and published it under the title of " Empirical Directions for the Correct Determination of Diseases in Forest and Garden Trees." This may be regarded as the beginning from which has since developed the now very important branch of botanical science which specially relates to disease, or vegetable pathology. At that time the science of botany was hardly more than an infant, and the special department of vegetable physiology was almost unknown. At that time also, the science of chemistry, upon which correct pathological knowledge is very largely based, was just entering upon a new era, and the more recently acquired facts were not then available in their application to the laws of vegetable nutrition and growth. It was during the period extending from 1770 to 1800 that we received from the hands of Priestly, Cavendish, Watt, and Lavoisier our first definite knowledge concerning the composition of the atmosphere and of water; and although these investigators instituted certain experiments to demonstrate the relation of these bodies to vegetable growth, their efforts were chiefly directed to the end of proving the eflect of plants upon the soil and its various constituents. From this we will at once see how scanty and very unsaiisfactory must have been the grand total of information in this direction. Everything pointed to recognition of disease by mere external peculiarities alone, nothing whatever being known of the actual sources of plant food and the specific relation of the various elements to the physiolog- ical processes of growth. Indeed, it was not until 1804 that special light was thrown upon this point when De Saussure in his " Recherches sur la Vegeta- tion," first demonstrated from the chemical analysis of wood ashes, that the mineral constituents therein contained were derived from the soil, and that the normal growth of the plant was therefore dependent upon a proper supply of food from this source, an opinion which was soon strongly indorsed by Sir Humphrey Davy upon the basis of actual feeding experiments. These researches gave a new direction to eflort, and served to leaven the scientific mind with an unseen and slowly-working, but none the less powerful im- pulse, which was to make its influence felt in later years. Following Schiiger, no general work appeared until 1833, when Unger published his work, since which time the literature of the subject has rapidly 168 American Horticultural Society. increased, chiefly, however, within the last few years, which seem to mark a period of particular activity in the field of vegetable physiology. And thus in this connection, sucli names as those of Loraner, Hartig, Frank, DeBay, and others have become very familiar. The tendency hns been largely, however, to regard the question of disease from the standpoint of origin in visible cause, such as injuries of various kinds; the action of insects, and particularly the development of parasitic forms ; overlooking to a large ex- tent the more primary and possibly greater influence of nutrition. In this latter direction, however, we have the valuable results of Nobbe, Schroeder, Erdmann, and others, who, by their careful researches into the special nutri- tion of the plant, have essentially demonstrated in a very decisive manner what De Saussure inferred from his earlier experiments, viz.: that all the mineral constituents usually present in the ash of plants are essential to the normal growth and perfection of the organism ; and that while certain con- stituents are relatively more important than others, complete exclusion of any one from the food supply will sooner or later result in more or less con- spicuous malformation of structure or deblity of function. These relations were most strikingly illustrated in those now classical experiments with buckwheat, in which chlorine and potash were separately and collectively withheld. Depriving the plant of potash, it was seen that there was imper- fect assimilation, as manifested both in the abnormal color of the leaves and the absence of starch from those tissues where it should have been present. Supplying potash but withholding chlorine, starch was found, but there was failure in its distribution to the centers of active growth, hence it became largely accumulated in the tissues where formed. As a necessary concom- itant of this condition, the entire plant soon lost its normal color and became sickly and yellow, while there was also strong atrophy of the newly-formed organs. Restoration of the chlorine and potash in the form of muriate of potash seemed to restore the plant and its disordered functions to their normal condition. More recently, similar abnormal conditions have been found to be developed in the peach when suffering from the yellows, and a restoration has in this case been also fully effected by the use of muriate of potash as a specific. Indeed, the results obtained from direct experiment and analysis during the past fifteen years, as well as several hundred well attested cases in which the practical application of the principles involved to large orchards has given most decided and favorable results, show that, so far as this disease is concerned, we have already passed beyond the exper- imental stage, and may now reasonably expect to find those whose orchards are suffering from this most destructive disorder, ready to treat them ac- cording to rational methods. We thus see that these elements of food have their specific functions, and so, doubtless, have the various other elements found in the ash of the plant. One fact in this connection, however, must be kept closely in mind, and that is, that particular elements, or compounds, do not necessarily perform iden- tical functions in all plants. For the same species, certainly, and perhaps Plants in their Relation to Disease. 169 for the same genus also, their functional value is the same, but the more dis- tant the relationship, the more widely will the physiological characteristics of the plant be separated, and so will the special value of any element in the processes of nutrition and growth become subject to wider variations.? This appears in a general way in the varying proportion in which these elements are taken up by the plant, so that while potash, for example, is demanded in relative excess by certain plants, in others soda seems to be the special base requisite to the given changes. And so with the muriate of potash, which Nobbe has shown to be essential to the metastatic changes in buckwheat, and which Dr. Goessmann has also shown to be necessary to similar changes in the diseased peach. When, however, this salt is applied to the pear, though belonging to the same family of plants, the result is not equally sat- isfactory, for here the action of the chlorine appears to be replaced by sul- phuric acid, and so far as we are at present able to determine, the sulphate of potash — which has produced most favorable results in a number of cases — is the best form of special fertilizer for the treatment of blight. Therefore, in considering the relation of the nutrient elements to these changes, it is as impossible as it is unwise to attempt to dogmatically formulate a law of gen- eral application. Each subject must be treated according to its individual or family characteristics. Of all the chemical elements known, somewhat less than one- fourth may be regarded as embr.icing the various constituents of the plant. They are : Mineral, as obtained from the soil, and constituting the inorganic portion of the plant — iron, manganese, lime, magnesia, potash, soda, phosphorus as phosphoric acid, sulphur as sulphuric acid, chlorine, silicon as silicic acid; and combustible, as obtained from the soil and air, constituting the organic portion of the plant — carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. Of these we may consider the last four as absolutely essential to the con- stitution and growth of the plant, since they enter into the composition of that which is of fundamental importance -the protoplasm — as well as into the cellular framework. They can not be eliminated without disorganiza- tion of the structure. The mineral constituents are all derived from the soil in solution through the roots. The precise value of each is by no means well known, but certain it is that iron is essential to the proper formation of chlorophyl; silicon seems to exert an important influence as an element of strength; potash is directly connected with the function of assimilation, and so with the formation of starch and sugar, and so probably are both soda and lime; while the acids in general may doubtless be regarded as essential to those changes which are chiefly involved in the transformation of assimilated material as incident to the direct nutrition of parts. The general importance of these elements may be justly inferred not only from their more or less constant presence, but from the injury which follows their exclusion. We have also to consider that failure in the supply of any particular element does not alone cause a direct effect through disturbance of the particular 12 170 American Horticultural Society. imcti'on with which it is connected. The results are far-reaching, and indi- rectly involve other processes; as, for example, exclusion of iron would lirst of all result in failure of chlorophyl formation. Through this, however, starch and sugar would fail to form; the entire process of assimilation and nutrition would be disturbed; the respiration would become abnormal; the growth would become of a weak and succulent nature, and the whole plant w'ould soon be brought into a condition which would make it the ready prey of parasitic growths, until it finally succumbed to death. We are thus led to see that we may have degrees of special or general debility corresponding to the degree in which the requirements of growth are met. Complete nu- trition is an essential basis of health, and any deviation from it must result in arrest of function in some one or more directions. Looking yet further to the causes which induce disease, we observe that ■cultivation at the hands of man exerts a well defined influence, which is manifested in a great variety of ways, and may be generally illustrated by functional and chemical changes. It is well known, that under certain conditions plants often exhibit a special activity in one direction of development, to the more or less complete arrest of function in some other direction. This is true in cases where the power of vegetative reproduction through bulbs, offsets, etc., becomes largely de- veloped, with a corresponding abortion of the sexual process. The general tendency of cultivation is to excessive vegetation, and not to reproduction ; and conformitj^ to this law is exemplified in the gradual obliteration of seed through conditions of high cultivation, as seen in many of our choicest mod- ern fruits, which retain their abnormal condition just so long as the peculiar circumstances which tended to their development are maintained, but which rapidly revert to their original state when these conditions are withdrawn ■or an attempt is made to propagate through the seed. Furthermore, the pe- culiar conditions of cultivation which force the plant rapidly on to a prema- ture development, bring the whole organism into a condition of unstable equilibrium in which the functions seem to be discharged under a state of ihigh tension, and are not correctly balanced against the adverse influences of environment. This always serves as a predisposing cause of disease, and it is probably safe to say, upon general principles, that the more highly cul- tivated a plant, or the more the vital equilibrium is disturbed by conditions ■of growth, the more susceptible is the organism to disease. While thus on the one hand cultivation may tend to induce certain disor- ders, on the other hand it may undoubtedly be capable of promoting certain changes whereby disease is not only warded off, but of inducing definite chemical changes for the permanent enhancement of the economic value of the plant or its parts, especially in those cases where the elements of nutri- tion are wisely controlled. In this connection the results obtained by Dr. Groessman in varying the ash constituents of fruits by cultivation, are most significant. Comparing the ash of the common wild strawberry (Fragaria Plants in their Relation to Disease. 171 vesea) with that of a cultivated variety (Wilder), the following marked dif- ferences were noted : Wild. Cultivated. Potas.sinm oxide ' 22.06 49.24 Sodium oxide 29.79 3.23 Calcium oxide 14.88 13.47 Magnesium oxide Traces. 8.12 Fenic oxide 6.07 1.74 Phosphoric acid 14.47 18.50 Sulphuric acid 12.62 5.66 99.89 99.96 These relations are most striking, but not more so than those changes ac- tually accomplished in the wild grape ( Vitift lahrusca). A comparison of the ash of the fruit from a wild vine, with that of the fruit froin a vine transfer- red from the same locality to the vineyard, where it was subjected to a care- ful course of treatment, gives the following : Wild. Cultivated. Potassium oxide : 50.93 62.65 Sodium oxide 0.15 0.85 Calcium oxide 22.23 14.24 Magnesium oxide 5.59 3.92 Fenic oxide 0.79 0.53 Phosphoric acid 17.40 13.18 Insoluble matter 2.92 4.63 100.01 100.00 These changes, chiefly in the lime, potash and phosphoric acid, were di- rectly correlated to variations in the amount of sugar and to the develop- ment of other desirable qualities. They are most suggestive, and furnish ample food for deep reflection. The influence of nitrogenous foods in stimulating growth is well known, and according to the principles already laid down, this stimulation con- stantly tends to the reduction of vital energy and the introduction of disease. Under such circumstances, influences which otherwise might long have lain dormant, now become active, and it is under such conditions that parasitic growths often secure their firmest hold to destroy. The judicious applica- tion of nitrogenous constituents in the food supply is a necessity of continu- ous growth; but these elements of food should bear a definite relation to those other constituents of food which tend to more perfect maturity of structure ; or, as Lawes and Gilbert express it,* "A relative excess of nitro- genous supply favors the extended growth of the organs of vegetation, pro- longing their development, it may be, until the resources of the plant are * Mixed Herbage of Perm. Meadow, Phil. Trans. E. Soc. 1882, p. 1221. 172 American Horticultural Society. exhausted or the season past. On the other hand, a relative excess of mineral manures may bring on premature ripening. It is the proper adaptation of the two descriptions of supply to the current requirements of the plant and of the season, that gives both full, properly-proportioned and well-matured growth." Nature, unmolested, preserves this relation ; but it is seriously disturbed by that system of reckless cropping which man adopts in defiance of both nature and sound business principles. Active diseases arising from the causes thus indicated are only too familiar, as is well known in that dis- order now causing such havoc in our peach orchards all over the country. Nor does the influence of the soil cease here, since varying conditions of moisture to an unusual degree, as well as the composition and mechanical condition, must have their well-defined efiect, though it may not be to origin- ate a disorder, but simply to hasten and augment the action of other causes. Meteorological conditions exert an important and often determining influ- ence in the development of disease. Combined warmth and moisture in excess are promotive of great stimulation, thus making it readily succumb to acute disease, and this fact, in connection with the well-known influence of such conditions in the promotion of fungoid parasites, enables us to see that their effect is of a twofold and somewhat far reaching character, though we may generally regard their action as indirect rather than direct. The?e conditions are beyond our control, but modern methods and appliances do- render it possible for us to lessen their destructive influence in a very ap- preciable degree. Irrigation will counteract the effects of drought, but we may even go beyond this, and by the judicious application of manures, " adapting them to the requirements of the plant and of the season," as Lawes says, do much towards checking the undue stimulation of warm, moist Aveather. Injuries constitute a most prolific source of functional disorder. They are of such a diversified nature that no general law is applicable to their treat- ment; it rather becomes necessary to deal, first of all, with the special agent by which the injury is produced, and afterwards with the injury itself. Dis- orders of this character arising through the agency of insects are not only oftentimes of a very grave nature, but they are sometime ; difficult to deal with on account of the rapidity with which they may be distributed, thus becoming far-reaching in their action. In many cases a proper knowledge of the habits of the insect and its mode of development enables us to deal successfully with them. Their action as direct pathogenic agents, as in the production of galls and the destruction of foliage when feeding, is, perhaps, most readily controlled. It is indirectly through ovipositing and the subse- quent action of the larvae that insects often exert their greatest influence and become most difficult to control. As in the common borers, their action is usually very extended, and by operating upon the most highly vitalized tis- sues of the plant, serves not only to directly reduce the general system, btit introduces conditions which rapidly promote decay, and thus is induced a diseased state which otherwise might not have obtained. In the scolytid. Plants hi their Rtlation to Disease. 173 borer of the peach tree, however, we find a somewhat interesting relation of this insect to disease, since, so far as known, it oviposits in the bark of trunk and branches only when the tree has become diseased from other causes ; and when other symptoms fail us it affords a clue to the pathological condi- tion of the subject. The influence of injuries extends much beyond the action of insects. In fact, it is through the infliction of injury that meteorological conditions sometimes exert their most lasting influence. The action of frost, especially upon those plants which have failed to fully ripen their structure, is a well- known and fruitful source of disorder. Man, likewise, frequently develops conditions which, if not properly controlled, serve as the open door through which disease may enter. The laceration of roots, improper pruning, the breaking of limbs, and a multitude of other injuries, either at the hand of man or arising from accidental causes incident to natural conditions of growth, all produce their well-deflned influence. Nature, herself, invariably makes a strong recuperative efibrt in such cases, and oftentimes with success, but most generally some assistance at the hand of man is needed for complete results. Parasitic plants, such as the mistletoe, act as pathogenic agents in a two- fold manner ; flrst, by absorbing from and appropriating to themselves those assimilated materials which the host has provided for its own use; second, by the mechanical action which its growth within the tissues of the host necessarily exerts. The effect in this class of parasites is doubtless to be ■considered as strictly local, and the treatment becomes simple, since it involves the removal of the parasite with the affected part alone. It is thus not from this class that we may expect the most serious results, but rather from that much larger group of fungoid parasites, which, from their very diminutive size, our want of exact knowledge concerning the life history and mode of development of many of them, and the difficulty of obtaining precise knowledge concerning their mode of action, are not only exceedingly difficult to deal with, but must be numbered among the most far-reaching and destruc- tive of all the influences which continue to promote disease. Indeed, it often seems as if the destructive energy of these organisms was developed inversely to their size and our knowledge concerning them. This class of organisms, as a whole, will be found to meet the best conditions for growth under the combined influence of excessive warmth and moisture, conditions which, as we have seen, directly promote debility and thus enable these parasites to secure a firmer hold. We have, further, to consider that these organisms occur everywhere, in the sick and in the well, on the living and the dead, but that they seem to particularly predominate whenever the vitality of the host is largely reduced, and especially when death occurs. The mere fact of association by no means establishes their pathogenic character to determine which it is essential that they be capable of inducing disease in a fully normal organism, rather than in one which has already become debilitated and diseased from other causes. If, also, we can restore a diseased structure to 3 74 American Horticultural Society. its normal condition, and still find in the latter the same parasites which accompanied the former, we not only demonstrate that the action of the parasite can be controlled, but that it probably has no direct pathogenic value in that particular case. Such results have been obtained.* It therefore becomes a most important question to determine whether these organisms have a true pathogenic function, or if they are simply concomitants of disease. In general it may be considered that the growth of one organism upon another is at best a struggle for supremacy which must be decided in favor of that individual which is capable of bringing the greatest vital resources to bear upon its antagonist for the longest time, and there are many facts which would justify us in believing that the influence of these organisms is of a secondary rather than primary nature. At the same time, however, we must recognize that these parasites develop according to the same laws, and that their action is probably similar, whether in the plant or animal ; and the various investigations concerning the relation which these organisms bear to animal pathology, offer, therefore, convenient means of examining their probable influence in the promotion of diseases in the plant. In certain destructive diseases of the animal, it appears to have been well demonstrated that some of these organisms are most active and direct pathogenic agents, and yet it remains an open question as to whether the results are due to the physiological activity of the parasite in breaking down organic substance, or in the production of deleterious compounds which by first causing neci'osis, permits the secondary influence of the plants in the promotion of disorganization to come into operation. As Sternberg ex- presses it,t " It is not alone by invading the blood or tissues that bacteria exhibit pathogenic power. Chemical products evolved during their vital activit}^ external to the body, or in abscesses or suppurating wounds, or in the alimentary canal, may doubtless be absorbed and exercise an injurious effect upon the animal economy. Indeed, we have experimental evidence that most potent poisons are produced during putrefactive decomposition of organic matter. The poisons resembling the vegetable alkaloids in their reactions, called ptomaines by Selmi, who first obtained them from a cadaver, are fatal to animals in extremely minute doses. These ptomaines have also been obtained by Gautier from putrid blood and from normal secretions of healthy persons— saliva, blood, etc." What is thus true in the animal may likewise obtain in the plant. Whether they arise from the action of these parisites or from other causes, pathological conditions are doubtless to be regarded as developed in the vegetable kingdom in accordance with the same general laws which control them in the animal ; the laws which primarily control life are the same in each case, and departures from them must result similarly. Diseases origi- nate in disturbance of the protoplasmic functions, and through this involve the entire organism. ■■Diseases of Plants. Penhallow. Series III, No. 2, p. 36. i Bacteria, p. 257. Plants in their Relation to Disease. 17a During the period of active vegetation, the leaves and all other green parts^ of the plant assimilate carbon dioxide and water for the formation of starch, which is not only transported to other parts to meet the immediate require- ments of growth, but a certain portion is deposited in the assimilating tissues- themselves. Towards the close of the season, as the functions of the leaves gradually cease, no new starch is produced, and that already present finally undergoes complete transformation into oil. At the same time the color of the organ changes by a process of degradation in the chlorophyl. We thus- have annually repeated both fatty degeneration and degradation of the chlorophyl pigment, as indicative of and incident to the normal animal maturity of parts. When from unusual conditions, however, these changes are caused to appear at any other than their normal period, they become sure indications of premature development through disordered function; so that when a peach leaf assumes a bright-yellow color in June, when it should be deepest green, we may feel certain, as is actually the case, that all its amylaceous cell contents have undergone fatty degeneration, and that it is an indication of disease which must be heeded. Similar changes are asso- ciated with pear blight, and doubtless with other diseases. The experimental evidence obtained by Dr. Cunningham,* not only demonstrates that such changes may be produced artificially by controlled starvation in both plant and animal, but they serve as a most interesting confirmation of the results obtained in a similar direction with reference to peach-yellows. Atrophoid structures are always indicative of disease. They have been observed to occur in the experiments of Mobbe and Shroeder with buckwheat ; they are also known to occur in peach-yellows, of which they constitute one of the characteristic symptoms of advanced development. Such depaujjerate growths are known to originate in imperfect nutrition of the growing parts, so that whenever present they give us a certain clew as to the general course of treatment to be followed. From these considerations it is obvious that we can not hope to reach any correct diagnosis upon the basis of one or two external symptoms alone ; we must in general go much beyond that, and have due regard for those which are internal as well. We now have to consider by what means a disease which originates locally may finally involve the entire system ; by what gen- eral process it may be distributed through the organism. In the case of fungoid i>arasites, it is not difficult to see that, with the lapid extension of the mycelial filaments through the organism and the very abundant development of spores, not only are conditions developed in the plant which favor the accelerated action of the parasite, but if the latter pos- sess pathogenic power, disease arises constantly in new centers, and rapidlj'- spreads through the whole structure. Owing largely to the physical obsta- cles opposed to the extension of the parasite, this, too, frequently fails to sat- isfactorily account for the very rapid diffusion of disorder throughout the- system. ^Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science, January, 1880. 176 American Horticultural Society. In the animal., the nutrient fluid of the body circulates through a definite system of channels, being distributed from a fixed center to which it after- Tvards returns from most intimate contact with the most remote parts. In its circulation it serves both. as the medium through which nutriment is con- veyed to the growing parts and effete matter is returned for expulsion from the system. It therefore serves as a most direct and favorable channel through which disease may be rapidly and effectively distributed to all parts of the body, and suggests a similar distribution in plants. But here analogy fails us. In the plant there is no definite system of channels through which the fluids flow and return, neither is there a fixed center of distribution As the food elements are absorbed from the soil, in water}^ soUition, the crude sap passes upward through the various tissues, cells, and even cell- walls, in accordance with the law of osmosis, until it reaches the leaves, where, under the influence of Hght and chlorophyl, its chemical composi- tion is changed, and it then passes to the various growing parts by the same physical laws of distribution. It therefore becomes obvious that anything of the nature of pathogenic germs could not be thus distributed on account of the physical obstacles opposed, and if disease does become distributed through the agency of the sap, it must be through abnormal chemical con- stitution of the latter, which directly aflects and influences the various de- pendent physiological processes, and thus the disease becomes one of nutri- tion. One other very important means of distribution requires examination. All the processes of growth, all the characteristics of the plant and its power to respond to external influences, are centered in the protoplasm to so high a degree that it alone, physiologically, is the cell upon which all else depends. Whatever operates to disturb the functional activity of the plant, must oper- ate through its component cells; and the degree to which the organism is involved will depend upon the number of cells acted upon by the disturbing influence. But when there is an impenetrable cell-wall, and the disease is not one of nutrition, but arises from the action of some pathogenic germ, how may one cell succumb to the influence of those in its vicinity? During his examination of the endosperm cells of certain seeds, in 1881, Dr. Pangl determined the presence of a system of channels in the walls, through which a continuity of the protoplasmic masses in adjoining cells was established. About the same time, Strasburger, Fromman,and others, determined a simi- lar continuity in other plants ; and from that time on to the present a very large number of confirmatory facts have been obtained, especially by Gardi- ner, within the last two years. They are of such a nature as not only to establish the law of continuity of protoplasm, but render it highly probable that it is applicable to all living vegetable tissues ;* so that, as Sachs expresses ■»Bot. Centralbl., XIV, 1883, pp. 89 and 121; Proc. R. Soc, XXXV, 1883, p. 163; Ibid., XXXIV, 1882, p. 272; Quart. Jrl. Mic. Sc, Ot-t., 1882; Jahrb. Wiss. Bot., XII, 1880, p. 170. Plants in their Rdation to Disease. l''"'' it, "Every plant, however highly organized, is fundamentally a protoplasmic body, forming a connected whole, which, as it grows on, is externally clothed by a cell membrane, and internally traversed by innumerable transverse and longitudinal walls." We have in this, therefore, a most direct channel through which all parts of the plant are brought into the most active sym- pathy, and a means by which disease, from whatever cause it may arise, can be most rapidly and effectually distributed. Last of all, we must direct brief attention to those general principles which should guide us in the treatmeni of disease, and it is hardly necessary to say that the first essential is to obtain a correct diagnosis, otherwise we may con- tinue to grope hopelessly in the dark with only discouragement as a reward. As prevention is always cheaper and better than cure, let all the operations connected with pruning and transplanting be controlled by and executed in accordance with correct principles, bearing in mind that nature has estab- lished certain relations between the wood and the leaf, which, if disturbed, will operate against the health of the plant ; also that a clean cut always heals most readily, w'hile laceration introduces the elements of rapid disorgan- ization. As a preliminary in the treatment of any disease, I feel that the mainte- nance of full constitutional vigor is a point which can not be too fully insisted upon, as it is the one of all others which appears to be first overlooked. As shown, this may be accomplished by judicious feeding, with the application of such special elements of food as the case may require. Where this is done at the outset with due regard to the particular case, it will be possible to either effect a direct cure or so bring the disorder under control that other applications will be efficacious ; for we must keep in mind what has long since come to be well recognized, that a vigorous constitution is the most solid basis on which to combat disease, and a natural remedy to which all the artificial applications of man are but aids. It would therefore be useless to continue the destruction of parasites by special treatment until such invig- oration has been accomplished. The results would be of the most superfi- cial and temporary nature, since the conditions, if not the actual cause, which favor the disease, are still present. Special applications, such as strong lye or lime, which are designed to act directly upon the parasite, must be used with caution. Their value depends upon their ability to destroy the cellular structure and vitality, and it re- quires no very great degree of penetration to see that the action which is ex- erted upon the parasite must also be exerted upon the tissues of the host, and thus that which is designed as a benefit may and often does do as much harm as, if not more than, the parasite itself— since it strengthens and extends those very conditions favorable to disintegration and parasitic growth. 178 Amenean Horficulfi(ral Socieiy. OX SOME OF NATURE'S METHODS OF SUBDUING INJURIOUS INSECTS. DY PROF. WILLIAM SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO. . It is ;i frequent source of wonder why certain species of injurious insects- occur (luring some seasons in immense swarms, causing much alarm and inliictinj; the greatest injury, while the next season, when one might reason- ably expect, from their well-known fertility of reproduction, that their num- bers would be vastly increased, they are found to be comparatively scarce. In this intermitting manner we have invasions of army worms, canker worms, span worms, tent caterpillars, grasshoppers, and a host of other injurious in- sects, which defoliate our trees and vines, consume our field and garden crops,. and sometimes, when these destructive creatures cover large areas of terri- tory, they induce much human privation and want. It must be obvious to all who have given this question serious thought that up to the present time, whatever may have been the devices and inven- tions for trapping and destroying such insect hordes, any efibrts which have been made by man for their destruction are comparatively insignificant, and utterly fail to account for the wonderful oscillations between scarcity and the greatest abundance in these several forms of insect life. To acquire any true insight into the causes which bring about these remarkable vari- ations we must pry into nature's secrets, and, looking behind the scenes to which the view of the casual observer is limited, we shall find reasons for thankfulness, in that a wise Creator has so nicely balanced the contending hosts of insect life that when from any cause any one form obtains for a time a preponderance, that particular form is so preyed on by rapidly increasing hosts of insect enemies, aided by insectivorous birds, and sometimes by des- tructive diseases, that decimation soon occurs, and the unnatural increase is soon reduced within its natural proportions. The fecundity of insects is so great that were the natural checks or undue increase in any injurious spe- cies entirely removed, we should in most cases soon be compelled to abandon the cultivation of those plants which such insects select for their food. We would not on any account be understood as belittling the agencies which man can bring to bear on certain destructive insects; on the contrary, we hold that the studjj^ and practical application of economic entomology is of the greatest importance in every agricultural and horticultural commu- nity, for, if we can by the use of judicious measures materially lessen the loss which these visitations always occasion, a great saving will beeftected, far more than sufficient to compensate for the labor or expense incurred. More especially does this apply to fruit-growers, because their operations are con- ducted within comparatively limited areas, and hence they can often with- out much labor keep insect foes in subjection, which, if allowed to take their natural course, would entail severe loss. It is, however, none the less true, that where destructive insects of any sort have prevailed over large districts,. Some of Nature's Methods of Subduing Injurious Insects. 179 •whether affecting fruit or field crops, their future, whether "to be, or not to be," has been left to be settled mainly by the controlling forces of nature. Among the chief agencies employed by nat.ure in subduing injurious in- sects are other species of insects, known generally as friendly insects. These insect friends may be divided into two classes, namely, predatory and para- sitic species. Among the former we have what may be regarded as the car- nivora among insects — the lions and tigers of the insectivorous world, who, fleet and powerful, roam about, "seeking whom they may devour." Fore- most among these are the ground-beetles, or Carabidw, a large family, con- sisting of many genera, embracing several hundreds of species, most of whom live largely or entirely on other insects. Some of the larger form.s, such as the copper-spotted calosoma, Calasoma calidum, and the green caterpillar- hunter, Calosoma scrutator, are commonly known as caterpillar-hunters, for the reason that they usually pursue their useful avocation in open daylight, and, being of large size, their proceedings are easily observed. These species are quick in their movements, seizing their prey with relentless zeal, and devouring them with great rapidity. Another useful group is known under the name of tiger-beetles, Cincindelida-, a race remarkably active in their movements, and possessing keen powers of vision, which enable them quickly to discover the objects of their search. The lady-birds also, CoccineUidoe,we\\ deserve mention here, for they not only devour small insects, but also feed largely on the eggs of other insects. A large proportion of the useful insects thus far referred to devour other insects, both in the larval and perfect con- dition. But man's insect friends are not confined to the beetle tribes. Among the Hemiptera, or true bugs, there are loyal and true species, which attack man's enemies with vigor, and suck their blood to the last drop. The observant eye will occasionally detect these creatures in their useful mission, with their extended spear-like proboscis thrust into the side of a caterpillar, quietly re- ducing it to a shriveled skin ; or, if the larva attacked shows much activity,, its squirming body is often hoisted aloft in mid-air, and there gradually emptied of its contents. Friendly insects are also found among the Neuroptera. The larvae of the lace-wing or golden-eyed flies, Chrysopa, are very active and useful creatures, and devour immense numbers of aphides. Their formidable jaws are tabu- lar, and are furnished with a bulb-like base, by the alternate expansion and contraction of which the soft bodies of the insects they feed on are rapidly emptied of their contents. Some of the tiniest mites, which are scarcely visible to the unaided eye, also render us great service b)' feeding on the eggs of injurious insects. The egg-clusters of the tent caterpillar, Clisiocampa Americana, are very liable to be either partially- or wholly destroyed by this- means. Among the Hyme/ioptera, or four-winged flies, man has many friendly helpers. Many species of wasps, which construct cells for their young to- live in, store these cells with various insects, both in the larval and perfect 180 American Horticnltuylint and fruit together I regard this the best of Mr. Durand's seedlings that I have fruited, having tested quite a number. Jumbo — The big elephant, or latest of all, recently introduced by A. M, Purdy. In plant and fruit it is so much like Cumberland Triumph that I could detect no ditiisrence — I had Cumberland within two feet of it. As I Forest Tree Planting on the Prairicx of the Northivest. 189 fruited this in a limited way, I won't say it is or is not Cumberland, until after fruiting it another season. I think Mr. Purdy is certainly too old in years and experience, and occupying the position he does, has too much at stake, to knowingly introduce an old strawberry under a new name. If the Jumbo should prove distinct from the Cumberland and superior to it in any one particular, I will prize it very highly, the Cumberland being one of my favorites for family use and a near market. Atlantic— From the bogs of New Jersey. This is also a good plant, though not quite equal to the two former in vigor. Fruit good size, good color, good (juality, and, so far as tested, I think sufficiently firm to carry well, even long distances. I have strong hopes of this proving an acquisi- tion to our short list of good shippers. Cornelia -Originated by M. Crawford, of Ohio, and claimed by him to be a very desirable late variety. So far as tested it has fully met my expecta- tions ; plant resembling Atlantic very much, with a marked difference in fruit. Fruit may be classed as large and very uniform ; quality fair. As to its lateness, I can only say it proved later than any of my spring setting, Jumbo not excepted. If Mr. Crawford had given it one more dip and brought the color out a little brighter, this would have been an improve- ment. Another season may possibly change my opinion of some or all these varieties. FOREST TREE PLANTING ON THE PRAIRIES OF THE NORTHWEST. BY HON. GEORGE H. AVRIGHT, OF IOWA. In presenting the subject of forest tree planting on the prairies of the Northwest, there are several important questions that present themselves to the practical operator, and that we may fully understand the subject, we name the following for present discussion : Latitude, longitude, altitude, annual rainfall, season of the year of the greatest amount of rainfall, kind of soil, and from what points of the compass are the prevailing winds dur- ing the growing season. The planter of experience will consider all of these important factors before he fully determines the mode of planting and the varieties of trees to be used. When we consider the great variety of soils and different degrees of fertility of the soil, the main distinctions are in altitude, the amount of rainfall in some parts of the prairie regions as compared with other locali- ties, the general humidity of the atmosphere, the dry, hot, scorching winds that prevail in summer and the arctic cold of winter — the rainfall varying from ten inches per annum in some portions of this vast territory to sixty inches in others— it is then we begin to secure a ray of light upon the sub- ject. 190 American Hortlcu/tural Society. With these preliminary remarks, we pass on to the subject of preparation of the ground for the work in hand. Break the ground in the latter part of May or June, but not later than July 10; plant the breaking the following year to wheat or flax. After harvesting the crop of grain in the fall plow the ground deep and thorough; pulverize well with harrow. If the ground has been well broken and cropped and the cross plowing well done, the ground is now in as good a condition for i)lanting as is necessary'; if not, plant the ground to grain one year more. Presuming the ground to be under as good cultivation as is desired, we are now ready to plant our one year old seedlings or seed, as the case may be. Let us for a moment consider the subject of seeds, which we may divide into three parts, viz., nuts, hard seeds and soft seeds. The nuts should be planted where they are to grow, as the trees grown from nut species do not usually transplant well, commonly having a long tap root. All nut seeds should be planted in the fall, as soon after they are ripe as possible. Great care should be exercised not to allow nuts to get dry before planting. The same caution should be observed to prevent them heating or molding. Thin- shelled nuts dry very soon, even in a few hours. Should the circumstances be such that it is not convenient to plant the nuts in the fall, they can be successfully wintered by placing them on the ground in the shade of build- ings, fences, or a temporary shelter may be made to keep them from the sun's rays during the winter. Spread them out in thin layers with earth or sand thoroughly mixed among them, and the whole covered with coarse lit- ter of leaves or hay. Care should be taken to prevent their freezing up dry. This may be avoided by pouring on a sufficient amount of water just before freezing up. Hard seeds are slow to germinate and should be soaked a long time, frozen wet or scalded before planting, or to be subjected to some action to hasten germination. This class embraces honey-locust, osage orange, coffee beans, etc. The soft seeds, comprising soft and hard maple, box elder, elms, green and black ash, white ash, basswood, sycamore, etc., some of which seeds ripen in May, while others ripen in the fall. The best treatmfent of these seeds is to plant them as soon as ripe, in nursery rows, about an inch deep, rolling the ground as soon as planted. I would advise planting all soft seeds in seed-beds or nursery rows and cul- tivate for one year, then transplant at one year of age. In planting, my cus- tom has been to mark the ground, after plowing, harrowing, etc., with a marker made as if for marking ground for corn planting; the rows are to be four feet apart. . Cross the first rows at right angles with the marker and plant in the corners, thus placing the trees four feet apart each way, making a lit- tle over 2,700 trees to the acre. The best and at the same time the most expeditious way to plant one year old deciduous trees, is to place a spade in the corners of the marks perpen- dicularly, placing the foot on the spade and pressing the spade into the ground the whole length of the blade ; then i)ush the spade from you and Forest Tree Planting on the Pralines of the Northicest. 191 turn it to the right at the same time. This process leaves a hole back of the spade large enough to receive the roots. Have the second man carry a suf- ticient number of trees for a given distance, accompany you, and as the. spade is removed from the hole, the man carrying the trees places one in the hole, two or three inches deeper than it grew in the nursery, holding the tree in his hand until you press the dirt solid around the roots with your foot. Follow up this method until the entire planting is completed. Two men with a spade will plant in lirst-class condition four thousand trees per day. I have tried other methods but found this the best and cheapest. We have now reached the place in our work where we must make the selection of the varieties of trees w^e would plant, and as I said in the be- ginning of this paper, this must depend upon the locality, climate and humidity of the atmosphere, etc. In a paper of this kind we must of necessity be brief, hence many very important matters of detail must be left to the good judgment of the iDlanters. I will divide the territory into three general divisions, all north of the 46° parallel and west of the Red river for general planting. I would plant in the order named the following: Box Elder, Western White or Green Ash, English Gray Willow, Yellow Cottonwood, Hackberry, Wild Black Cherry ; and as far west as the James or Dakota river : European Larch. From the 46° to 42°, all of the above, with Soft Maple, Hard Maple, Bed and White Elm, Sycamore, Linden, Red, White and Bur Oak, Black and White Walnut, and Honey Locust; and for east half of Minnesota and Iowa add Scotch, Austrian and White Pines and Red Cedar, also Canoe Birch. South of 42° to 38°, in addition to above. Hardy Catalpa, Ailanthus and Shellbark Hickory. There is no tree that will pay a better margin than Black Walnut planted on deep, rich bottom land, four feet apart each way and south of 41st par- allel. The hardy or Western Catalpa for all soils is eminently the tree for all purposes. South of the 40th parallel we would drop out the European Larch. The Box Elder has some very valuable qualities. I have found it grown in Manitoba, as far north as 52°, where the annual rain-fall is less than ten inches, and where the thermometer goes down to — 45°. I have also found it growing and in a healthy condition at Monterey, Mexico, where it is so dry that grain and vegetables will not mature without a system of irri- gation. The trees of this variety I saw in Mexico were four hundred feet above the San Jean river. Any tree that will thrive and flourish at such great extremes is worthy of trial by the arboriculturist before he condemns it as worthless. 192 American Horticultural Society. FRUIT EVAPORATION— THE HANDMAID OF HORTICULTURE. BY DR. J. F. SIMONDS, OF ARKANSAS. The fruit and vegetable grower, like the producer of nearly all other farm crops, or, like the worker in mines, who brings to the surface the hidden treasures of earth, has done but part of the needed labor to prepare and utilize for the sustenence or wealth of mankind the products of his industry. Though a larger proportion of the value of fruits can be converted directly to the use of man without manufacture or preparation than that of any other product of his labor, it is equally true that they are the most perisha- ble of all his wealth, and require additional labor in manufacture to save them from loss or preserve from decay. While grains, grasses and minerals are comparatively or entirely exempt from waste, it has been estimated that one-third of all fruits and vegetables produced are lost by decay, and it is, as a process of preserving fruits for food, adding to the safety and economy of their production, that evaporation becomes the handmaid of horticulture. The census of 1880 values the orchard products of the United States in 1879 at $50,876,154; market garden products, $21,761,250; Irish and sweet potatoes at 202,837,232 bushels, which, at an average of fifty cents a bushel, would be $101,418,616, or a total of $174,056,020, representing in truth but two-thirds of the actual product of that year, leaving the enormous waste of $87,028,010, which, by true evaporation, can be and ought to be saved to the wealth of the country and the comfort and sustenence of its population. While the horticulturist produces many of the most valuable and whole- some articles of food, containing in rare combination the nutritious ele- ments with extractive substances, aromatic principles and vegetable acids, which serve as tonics and antiseptics, correcting the putrefactive tendencies of nitrogenous food, averting scurvy and strengthening digestion, they are at the same time, from the nature of their composition, the most perishable products of his industry, and he is next annoyed by the untimely waste of fruits which for months have claimed his labor and his care. It is now that the evaporator steps in, and by the application of the natural laws which govern heat and evaporation, and a few of the simpler chemical combinations, he rescues from decay the otherwise perishable products of man's labor and saves them as food-wealth for the comfo t and sustenance of thousands. Fruit drying is coeval with fruit growth. The fig and grape, together with the historic apple, were undoubtedly the first products of Adamic horticulture, while Mother Eve, with the industry and thrift of a frugal housewife, which traits have so fortunately been perpetuated even unto this generation as striking characteristics of all her sex, no doubt dried the fruit as our own mothers since have done. Fruit Eoaporation — The Handmaid of Horticulture. 193 The perishable and transient character of fruits has naturally led to the study of the conditions which operate in producing their decay and a searcli after methods for their preservation. Heating animal and vegetable sub- stances, and excluding them from the air, or canning, as it is called, was first practiced by the French chemist Appert, in France, in 1809, and various other plans for preserving fruit by drying in ovens and kilns and furnaces have been practiced for many years, but true evaporation of fruits and veget- ables, and as we now understand it, wns first practiced in the United States, and has been developed within a very few years from the simple experiment with a few bushels to an industry of immense proportion in all the fruit groAving States, with large capital invested in machinery and buildings, util- izing the fruits formerly wasted, and encouraging the grower with increased profit to an increased production by rendering the crops of the orchardist and gardener as safe from the hazard of deterioration and decay as cotton and grain, or hemp and wool. The manufactured orchard products are worth more pound for pound than any other farm staple except cotton and wool ; each pound of evaporated fruit representing upon an average eight pounds in the green or fresh state, and a single factory of to-day can, during the working season, more than supply the total amount which was exported ten years ago. The importance and economy of any process which will quickly and safely preserve the products of our orchards and gardens can hardly be calculated, as the necessity for disposing of all fruits and vegetables as soon as ripe greatly diminishes the profits of the grower by forcing all engaged in tlie s.ime business to sell at the same time. Now, by what means and in what manner are the important processes and results which I have indicated to be accomplished ? How does evaporated fruit differ in quality and value from sun-dried ? These questions strike to the bottom of the whole operation, and involve not onh' all the philosophy and chemistry of the j)rocess, but the dollars and cents, which interest us perhaps more than the science of the business, and may perhaps be answered best by considering briefly the composition of fruit in its fresh state. All fruits have an inherent aptitude or liability to change and decay, arising from the fact that they contain elements which are very changeable and susceptible to decomposition, among which are some that are the most valuable and nutritious of the substances designed for food. About 85 per cent, of most fruits is water, without which none of the chemical changes which occur in the process of deca\^ can take place, and hence the first step is to get rid of it or evaporate it. This is accomplished by heat, and the manner in which it is applied will determine in a great measure the quality and value of the product. In the process of sun-drying the fresh cut surface of the fruit begins to grow dark immediately, or to rust by the action of the surrounding air, and as the water slowly evaporates the process of oxidation continues and goes deeper and deeper, until the whole celkilar tissue is involved, and has become 194 American Horticultural Society. harder and tougher, and more indigestible, while the sugar, starch, albumen and gluten undergo a slow process of ferment and decomposition. None of the starch in the fruit, is converted into sugar, as it should be, and the sugar already existing is, by slow vinous and acetic fermentation, ulti- mately converted into vinegar, so that a sun-dried apple is little else than a spongy piece of hardened cellular tissue filled with dried starch, rotten albu- men and gluten, combined with vinegar, all seasoned with dust, tiy specks and dried insects. The changes which take place and the product are the same in all slow processes of drying, either in the sun or kilns, or in some so-called evapora- tors, eycept that the dark color, fermentation and souring, which take place in the sun-dried fruit during the drying, occurs afterwards in that dried in ovens and kilns or slow evaporators I will now describe what I call true evaporation. It has been found that by drying fruit rapidly in swift currents of air heated from two hundred to two hundred and forty degrees Fahr. a difterent product is the result, wholly unlike either the fresh or sun-dried fruit, and which will keep better, is more digestible and nutritious, is less acid, and will sell for more in the market. But if, after having heated the air hot enough, there is not sufficient circu- lation, or the currents are not rapid enough, the fruit will cook and then dry or burn, the same as in a close oven. Apples will cook in boiling water at a temperature of only two hundred and twelve degrees Fahr., or bake in an oven at two hundred and twenty- five degrees Fahr., but if the heated air circulates fast enough the fruit will not cook or burn or become heated to the temperature of the air which stir- rounds it, for the evaporation of the Avater is a cooling process, and every particle of vapor leaving the minute cells which contained it carries away a large amount of caloric in a latent form, and thus keeps the heat of the fruit far below the surrounding air. It is now that the chemical changes belonging to the truly evaporated fruit take place, and the albumen, instead of being slowly dried, is coagu- lated preciselj' as in an egg when boiled. The soluble starch existing in all fruit, composed of C,; Hjo Best plate of Boston Russet, Societe d'Horticulture, Orleans, France.... C> Best plate of Calville Blanche, Croux &. Fils, Paris, France 6 Best plate of Calville Rouge, Croux & Fils, Paris, France 6 Best plate of Coxe's Orange Pippin, J. Cheal & Sons, England &■ Best plate of Emperor Alexander, J. Cheal & Sons, England 6 Best plate of Lady Apple, Croux ^t Fils, Paris, France 6 Best plate of Menagere, Societe d'Horticulture, Orleans, France 6 Best plate of Newtown Pippin, Croux & Fils, France 6 Best plate of Reinette du Canada, Croux & Fils, France 6 Best plate of Ribston Pippin, Societe d'Horticulture, Orleans, France... 6 Best plate of The Queen, J. Cheale & Sons, England 6 Best plate any other variety, J. Cheal & Sons, England 6 Best plate of any variety, Croux & Fils, France 10 American Exhibits — Northern District. Best and largest collection, not exceeding 200 varieties, by any Horti- cultural Society, Wisconsin State Horticultural Society. .Gold Medal. 200 Best collection, 100 varieties, by any Horticultural Society, Wisconsin State Horticultural Society Silver Medal. 100 Best and largest collection, not exceeding 200 varieties, by individual, A. C. Hammond, Warsaw, 111 Gold Medal. 200 Best collection, 100 varieties, by individual, J imes T. Johnson, Warsaw, 111 Silver Medal. 100 Best collection, 50 varieties, by individual, E. M. Guffin, Iowa City, Iowa. Silver Medal. 75- Best collection, 25 varieties, by individual, G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Iowa Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 10 varieties, by individual, Geo. Seagrove, Spring Lake, Mich Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, 5 varieties, by individual, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis. Silver Medal. 15 Best collection, 3 varieties, for Autumn, by individual, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis Silver Medal. 15 Best c(jllection, 3 varieties, for Winter, by individual, N. W. Cook, Grand Rapids, Mich Silver Medal. 15 Horticultural Department World'' s Exposition, New Orleans. 213 Best collection, 50 or more varieties, for and adapted to severe winter climates, Geo. P. Pefler, Pewaukee, Wis Silver Medal. $100 Best collection, 20 varieties, for and adapted to severe winter climates, Jno. B. Mead, Randolph, Vt Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 10 varieties, for and adapted to severe winter climates, Geo. P. Peflfer, Pewaukee, Wis Silver Medal. 30 Best collection, 5 varieties, for and adapted to severe winter climates, Wm. A. Springer, Fremont, Wis Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, 3 varieties or more, grown on ancient trees, not less than 100 years old, age and location of trees to be given and considered by the judges, T. S. Gold, West Cornwall, Conn Silver Medal. 25 (The varieties were R. I. Greening, Westfield Seeknofurther, Am. Gol. Russet. The trees are growing on Mr. Gold's farm ; were planted by his grandfather, and long ago top-grafted.) Best plate of American Golden Russet, A. J. Haviland, Fort Dodge, Iowa 5 Best plate of Alexander, Geo. P. Pefler, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of Ben Davis, Hiram Craig, Fort Calhoun, Neb 5 Be.st plate of Baldwin, A. M. Hale, Mogadore, Ohio 5 Best plate of Bailey's Sweet, J. McDiamid, Bear Lake, Mich 5 Best plate of Blue Pearmain, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 5 Best plate of Cayuga Red Streak, J. W. Van Deman, Benzonia, Mich.... 5 Best plate of Canada Reinette, Daniel Duer, Millersburg, Ohio 5 Best plate of Colvert, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 5 Best plate of Cooper's Market, J. F. Taylor, Douglas, Mich 5 Best plate of Duchess of Oldenburg, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 5 Best plate of Danver's Winter Sweet, C. S. Pope, Manchester, Maine.... 5 Best plate of Esopus Spitzenburg, Wm. Saunders, London, Ont 5 Best plate of English Golden Russet, Geo. P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of Fall Wine, A. C. Hammond, Warsaw, 111 5 Best plate of Fameuse, George P. Pefler, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of Flushing Spitzenburg, Neil Munroe, Elk Rapids, Mich.... 5 Best plate of Gravenstein, C. S. Pope, Manchester, Maine. 5 Best plate of Grimes' Golden, C. N. Dennis, Hamilton, III 5 Best plate of Hunt's Russet, George A. Deitz, Chambersburg, Pa 5 Best plate of Herefordshire Pearmain, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis.... 5 Best plate of Hubbardston, C. N. Dennis, Hamilton, 111 5 Best plate of Jonathan, J. P. B. Day, Castana, Iowa 5 Best plate of King (of Tompkins), C. S. Pope, Manchester, Maine 5 Best plate of Lady, C. N. Dennis, Hamilton, 111 5 Best plate of Longfield, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 5 Best plate of Maiden's Blush, A. C. Hammond, Warsaw, 111 5 Best plate of Mother, C. N. Dennis, Hamilton, 111 5 Best plate of Melon, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis... 5 Best plate of Mann, Neil Munroe, Elk Rapids, Mich 5 214 Appendix. Best plate of McAfee, Samuel Barnard, Table Rock, Neb |5 Best plate of Marston's Red, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 5 Best plate of Northern Spy, Neil Munroe. Elk Rapids, Mich 5 Best plate of Newtown, C. N. Dennis, Hamilton, 111 5 Best plate of Ortley, R. G. Moon, Bedford, Iowa 5 Best plate of Paradise Winter Sweet, A. C. Hammond, Warsaw, 111 5 Best plate of Porter, C. N. Dennis, Hamilton, Illinois 5 Best plate of Pomme Grise, J. F. Taylor, Douglas, Mich 5 Best plate of Pewaukee, Geo. P. Pefier, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of Peck's Pleasant, H. C. Raymond, Council Bluffs, Iowa 5 Best plate of Rambo, 0. N. Dennis, Hamilton, Illinois 5 Best plate of Rome Beauty, C. Chickering, Red Oak, Iowa 5 Best plate of Rawle's Janet, Mrs. C. C. Sabin, State Center, Iowa 5 Best plate of Red Canada, J. C. Woodruff, Hastings, Mich ■ 5 Best plate of Ribston, Wm. Saunders, London, Ont 5 Best plate of Roman Stem, Samuel Rowe, Oskaloosa, Iowa 5 Best plate of Rhode Island Greening, S. Rice, Bear Lake, Mich 5 Best plate of Roxbury Russet, A. M. Hale, Mogadore, Ohio 5 Best plate of Smith's Cider, Samuel Barnard, Table Rock, Neb 5 Best plate of St. Lawrence, Geo. P. Pefier, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of Tallman Sweet, Geo. P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of Vandevere, Samuel Barnard, Table Rock, Neb 5 Best plate of Winesap, Samuel Barnard, Table Rock, Neb 5 Best plate of Willow, Hiram Craig, Fort Calhoun, Neb 5 Best plate of Wealthy, Minnesota Horticultural Society o Best plate of White Winter Pearmain, Mrs. Mary A. McGee, Council Bluffs, Iowa 5 Best plate of Wagoner, T. E. Elliott, 5 Best plate of Walbridge, Geo. P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wis 5 Best plate of White Pippin, Daniel Duer, Millersburg, 0 5 Best plate of Westfield, E. M. Guffin, Iowa City, Iowa 5 Best plate of Wolf River, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 5 Best plate of Yellow Bellfiower, Samuel Barnard, Table Rock, Neb 5 Best plate any other variety, Geo. Turner, Clarinda, Iowa, (for Striped Pippin 5 Best plate any variety, Dauiel Duer, Millersburg, O , (for Grimes' Gol- den) 10 Best plate of the largest and handsomest apples, W. A. Springer, Fre- mont, Wis., (for Wolf River) 10 Best new Autumn variety, not generally introduced, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis., (for Wolf River) 10 Best new Winter variety, not generally introduced, C. N. Dennis, Ham- ilton, 111., (for Winter Rambo) 10 Best collection Crab Apples, 10 varieties or more, Geo. P. Peffer, Pewau- kee, Wis 20 I-IorfienUurdJ Department WorkVs Exposition, New Orleam. 215' Southern District. Best and largest collection, not exceeding 200 varieties, by any Horti- cultural Society, Missouri State Horticultural Society... Gold Medal. |200' Best collection, 100 varieties, by any Horticultural Society, Mis.souri State Horticultural Society Silver Medal. 100' Best and largest collection, not exceeding 200 varieties, by individual, E. F. Babcock, Little Rock, Ark Gold Medal. 200 Best collection, 100 varieties, by individual, B. F. Pancoast, lola, Kas. Silver Medal. 100 Best collection, 50 varieties, by individual, L. A. Goodman, Westport, Mo Silver Medal. 75 Best collection, 25 varieties, by individual, Alexander Shaw, Denver, Col Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 10 varieties, by individual, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky. Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, 5 varieties, by individual, F. C. Rainey, Columbia, Tenn. Silver Medal. 15 Best collection, 3 varieties for Autumn, by individual, Alexander Shaw, Denver, Col Silver Medal. 15 Best collection, 3 varieties, for Winter, by individual, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky Silver Medal. 15 Best plate from most ancient trees, Missouri State Horticultural Soci- ety Silver Medal. 10 Best plate of Ben Davis, S. T. Cole, Boonsboro, Ark 5 Best plate of Black Warrior, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Broadwell. Missouri State Horticultural Society o Best plate of Buckingham, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 ■ Best plate of Buncombe, W.M. Samuels, Chiton, Ky 5 Best plate of Cannon Pearmain, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Chaitahoochie, W.M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Carohna Greening, J. R. Hurst, Chillicothe, Ohio 5 Best plate of Cooper's Market, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Cullasaga, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Disharoon, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Esopus Spitzenburg, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5- Best plate of Fameuse, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Gilpin, John Storms, Ozone, Ark 5 Best plate of Grimes' Golden, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Horn, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Huntsman, W. Folck, Marshall, Mo 5 Best plate of Jonathan, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Kittageskee, W. M. Samuels, Chnton, Ky 5 Best plate of Lawver, G. Williams, Hindsville, Ark 5 Best plate of Lady, Missouri Horticultural Society 5- Best plate of Magnum, Missouri Horticultural Society.^ 5- 216 Ajjpendi.v. Best plate of Maverick Sweet, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky |o Best plate of Maiden's Blush, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Mother, Missouri Horticultural Society, 5 Best plate of May (of Myers), Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Missouri, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Moultrie's Winter, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best plate of Newton, Alexander Shaw, Denver, Col 5 Best plate of Ortley, W. Folck, Marshall, Mo T) Best plate of Porter, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Pryor's Red, W. Folck, Marshall, Mo 5 Best plate of Paradise Winter Sweet, Missouri Horticultural Society... 5 Best plate of Rome Beauty, G. F. Cannon, Brightwater, Ark o Best plate of Rambo, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Red Canada, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Roman Stem, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society.. 5 Best plate of Rawles' Janet, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society.. 5 Best plate of Roxbury Russet, Mississippi Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Rhode Island Greening, Missouri Horticultural Society... 5 Best plate of Sauta, Mississippi Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Shockley, J. W. Phipps, , Ark 5 Best plate of Shannon, S. T. Cole, Boonsboro, Ark 5 Best plate of Smith's Cider, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Tallman Sweet, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Willow, J. Brunk, Boonsboro, Ark 5 Best plate of Winesap, Allen County (Kan.) Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of White Winter Pearmain, J. M. Wade, Boonsboro, Ark o Best plate of Wagoner, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of White Pippin, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of Yellow Bellfiower, John Storms, Ozone, Ark 5 Best plate of York Imperial, Missouri Horticultural Society 5 Rest plate of Yates, Horace Rainey, Columbia, Tenn 5 Best plate of any variety, E. F. Babcock, Little Rock, Ark. (for Shannon) 10 Best 20 varieties for the extreme South, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky.. 50 Best 10 varieties for the extreme South, Miss. Horticultural Society 30 Best 5 varieties for the extreme South, E. F. Babcock, Little Rock, Ark. 25 Best new autumn variety, not generally introduced, Mississippi Hort- icultural Society 10 Best new winter variety, not generally introduced, Missouri Horti- cultural Society... 10 Best plate of the largest and handsomest apples, E. F. Babcock, Little Rock, Ark. (for Shannon) 10 Pacific District. Best collection, 50 varieties, by individual, W. H. Jessup, Haywards, Cal Silver Medal. 75 Horticultural Depai'tment WorhV.s Exposition, Nev^ Orleans. 217 Best collection, 25 varieties, by individual, C. W. Bell, Los Angeles, Cal Silver Medal. $50 Best collection, 10 varieties, by individual, W. W. Broughton, Hum- boldt county, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, 5 varieties, by individual, Bliss & Harrison — California, Silver Medal. 15 Best collection, 3 varieties, for Autumn, D. O. Sleeper, Lake county, California Silver Medal. 15 Best collection, 3 varieties, for Winter, W. H. Jessup, Haywards, Cal., Silver Medal. 16 Best collection, 5 varieties, grown in and adapted to the coast climate, E. W. Allen, Portland, Oregon Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, 5 varieties, grown in and adapted to mountain climate, E. W. Allen, Portland, Oregon Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, 5 varieties, grown in and adaptod to the climate of the dry valleys, F. D. Long, Marin county, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Ben Davis, Bliss & Harrison, , California 5 Best plate of Baldwin, E. W. Allen, Portland, Oregon 5 Best plate of Blue Pearmain, E. W. Allen, Portland, Oregon 5 Best plate of Esopus Spitzenburg, G. Scudamore, Lake county, Cal 5 Best plate of Jonathan, Hensell & Son, , Cal 5 Best plate of King (of Tompkins), G. Scudamore, Lake Co., Cal 5 Best plate of Northern Spy, E. W. Allen, Portland, Ore 5 Best plate of Newton, Benson, , Cal , 5 Best plate of Ortley, E. W. Allen, Portland, Ore 5 Best plate of Rhode Island Greening, D. C. Feely, Patchen, Cal 5 Best plate of Roxbury Russet, Tallant, , Cal 5 Best platp of Smith's Cider, D. C. Feely, Pjitchen, Cal 5 Best plate of Vandevere, W. H. Jessup, Haywards, Cal 5 Best plate of Winesap, Nathan Smith, Lake Co., Cal , 5 Best plate of Winter Pearmain, Mrs. P. English, Lake Co., Cal 5 Best plate of Wagoner, W. H. Jessup, Haywards, Cal 5 Best plate of Yellow Bellflower, D. C. Feely, Patchen, Cal 5 Best plate, any variety, W. H. Jessup, Haywards, Cal 10 Special Premiums. The judges recommended the award of special premiums as follows : N. Ziganoff, Moscow, Russia, Silver Medal, for 10 varieties of apples. The Mexican Government, Silver Medal, for 5 plates of apples. Geo. L. Shoup, Boise City, Idaho, Silver Medal, for 10 varieties of apples, of very superior appearance. PEARS —Foreign Exhibits. Best collection, 50 varieties, from individual or Society, from any for- eign country, Croux & Fils, Paris, France Silver Medal. $100 15 218 Appejidix. Best collection, 25 varieties, from individual or Society, from any for- eign country, Societe d'Horticulture, Orleans, France... Silver Medal. $75 Best collection, 10 varieties, from individual or Society, from any for- eign country, Croux & Fils, Paris, France Silver Medal. -40 Best collection, 5 varieties, from individual or Society, from any for- eign country, Croux & Fils, Paris, France Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Beurre d'Aremberg, Croux & Fils, Paris, France 6 Best plate of Beurre Bretonneau, Croux & Fils, Paris, France 6 Best plate of Doyenne d'Alencon, Croux lack Mulvoisie, Hamlrarg Muscat; also a diploma for the best general display of gnipes from the Pacific Coast. To H. P. Livermore, Natuma, Cal , for a plate of Black Ferrara grapes, 15 To T. T. Lyon, South Haven, Mich., for plate of " Micado " pears, f5. ITo Wm. Parry, Parry, N. J., for a fine display of KieflCer pears, $10, and for a display in glass of unusual excellence and beauty, a silver medal. TROPICAL FKUITS. ORANGES. Best collection, not less than 20 varieties, from any State or any foreign country. Riverside Fruit Co., Riverside, Cal Gold Medal. $100 Best collection, 10 varieties, from any State or foreign country, Kimball Bros, National City, Cal Silver Medal. 50 Best ctiUection, 5 varieties, from any State or foreign country, John Anderson, Ormond, Fla Silver Medal. 25- Best plate of any variety from any State or foreign country, Kimball Bros, National City, Cal., (for Australian Navel) Silver Medal. 10 Best collection, not less than 20 varieties, from any foreign country, the State of Sonoma, Mexico Gold Medal. 100 Best collection, 5 varieties, from any foreign country, the Botanical Department, Jamaica Silver Medal. 25 From the United States. Best collection, not less than 20 varieties, Riverside Fruit Co., Riverside, Cal Gold Medal. lOO' Best collection, 15 varieties, John Anderson, Ormond, Fla.. Silver Medal. 75 Best collection, 10 varieties, John Anderson, Ormond, Fla.. Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 5 varieties, James Bettner, Riverside, Cal. .Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Acapulco, Kimball Bros, National City, Cal 5 Best plate of Bothilha. E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of Beach's No. 1, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of Creole, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal 5 Best i:)late of Dummitt, John Anderson, Ormond, Fla 5 Best plate of Du Roi, W. B. Russell, Riverside, Cal 5 Best plate of Dulcissima, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of Exquisite, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 .222 Appendix. Eest plate of Early Oblong, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 15 Best plate of Hart's Tardive, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of Homosassa, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Jaffa, O. P. Eooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Majorca, E. H. Harr, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of Magnum Bonum, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Maltese Blood, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 ,Best plate of Maltese Oval, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal 5 Best plate of Mediterranean Sweet, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla... 5 .Best plate of Marmalade, or Sour Seville, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Mandarin, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Xavel, or Bahia, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of Washington Navel, Jas. Bettner, Riverside, Cal 5 Best plate of Double Imperial Navel, Pearley & Pattee. Riverside, Cal... 5 Best plate of Nonpareil, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of 0.^ceola, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal 5 Best plate of Old Vini, 0. P. Eooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Prata, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla o Best plate of St. Michael, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal 5 Best plate of St. Michael Egg, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal 5 Best plate of Sweet Seville, H. J. Rudsill, Riverside, Cal 5 Best plate of Satsuma, John Anderson, Ormond, Fla 5 Best plate of Tahiti, W. E. Keith, Riverside. Cal 5 Best blate of Tangerine, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla 5 Best plate of any other variety, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla., (for Cunningham) 5 Best plate of any variety, F. L. Dancy, Orange Mills, Fla., (for Madam Vinous) Silver Medal. 10 Best box of oranges, packed for market, regard being had to neatness of box, quality of fruit, and best packing to secure keeping of fruit during and after transportation. The entries for this premium will be limited to fifty, C. B. Magruder, Rock Ledge, Fla 25 Best collection, not less than 20 varieties, grown in Florida, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla Gold Medal. 100 Best collection, 15 varieties, grown in Florida, C. B. Magruder, Rock Ledge,Fla Silver Medal. 75 Best collection, 10 varieties, grown in Florida, E. H. Hart, Federal Point, Fla Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 5 varieties, grown in Florida, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla " Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of any variety, grown in Florida, C. B. Magruder, Rock Ledge, Fla... Silver Medal. Best collection, not less than 20 varieties, grown on Gulf Coast, Avest of Florida, Mississippi Horticultural Society Gold Medal. 10 100 Horticultural Department WorkVs Exposition, New Orleans. 223 Best collection, 15 varieties, grown on Gulf Coast, west of Florida, Mis- sissippi Horticultural Society Silver Medal. $75 Best collection, 5 varieties, grown on Gulf Coast, west of Florida, Mis- sissippi Horticultural Society Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of any variety, grown on Gulf Coast, west of Florida, Missis- sippi Horticultural Society Silver Medal. 10 Best collection, not less than 20 varieties, grown in California, Riverside Fruit Co., Riverside, Cal Gold Medal. 100 Best collection, 15 varieties, grown in California, Kimball Bros., Na- tional City, Cal Silver Medal. 75 Best collection, 10 varieties, grown in California, Kimball Bros., Na- tional City, Cal Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 5 varieties, grown in California, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal .^. Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of any variety, grown in California, Jas. Bettner, Riverside, Cal ". '. .." Silver Medal. 10 Best Orange tree, growing in tub or pot, in flower or fruit, grown in United States, E. F. Nelson, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 100 LEMONS, Etc. Best collection, not less than 5 varieties, from an j' State or country, Riv- erside Fruit Co., Riverside, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best collection, not less than 5 varieties, from the United States, W. N. Mann, Riverside, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Sicily, from the United States, G. W. Garcelon, Riverside, 5 Cal ] ; 5 Best plate of Genoa, from the United States, Jas. Bettner, Riverside, Cal. 5 Best plate of Eureka, from the United States, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal 5 Best plate of Belair, from the United States, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Lamb, from the United States, John Anderson, Ormond, Fla 5 Best plate of any other variety, from the United States, Jas. Bettner, Riverside, Cal 5 Best plate of any variety, from the United States, P. D. Cover, River- side, Cal Silver Medal. 10 Best plate of Persian Limes, 12 specimens, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Giant Seedling Limes, 12 specimens, Kimball Bros., Na- tional City, Cal 5 Best plate of any variety L'mes, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 5 Best plate of Red-fruited Shaddocks, 5 specimens each, C. B. Magruder, Rockledge, Fla 10 224 Apijendiv. Best plate of Yellow-fruited Shaddocks, 5 specimens. W. H. Backus. Riverside, Cal SIO Best exhibit of Grape Fruit, O. P. Rooks, Fruit land Park. Fi-i 10 Best exhibit of Orange Citrons the citron of commerce — ().-P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 10 Best exhibit of Lemon Citrons, C. B. Magruder, Kock Ledge, Fla 10 Best general exhibit of Citrus Fruits, other than oranges, from the State of Florida, C. B. Magruder, Rock Ledge, Fla Silver M.-dal. 50 Best general exhibit of Citrus Fruits, other than oranges, from the State of California, Kimball Bros., National City, Cal Silver Medal. oO BANANAS. Best bunch, any variety, from any foreign country, Wm. Agar, Belize, British Honduras 10 Best bunch of Hart's Choice, or Samana Bay, grown in the LTnited States, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 10 Best bunch of any other variety, grown in the United States, C. B. Ma gruder, Rock Ledge, Fla 10 PINE APPLES, ETC. Best collection, 4 varieties, grown in foreign country, Botanical De- partment, Jamaica Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Red Spanish, grown in the United States, 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 10 Best plate of Strawberry, grown in the United States, G. S. Hardee, In- dian River, Fla 10 Best collection, varieties of Guavas, 12 specimens each, O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Sapodilla, Wm. Agar, Belize, British Honduras 10 Best plate of Tamarinds, Wm. Agar, Belize, British Honduras 10 Best exhibit of Cocoanuts, Wn). Agar, Belize, British Honduras 10 Best specimen of Coffee tree in flower or fruit, Mexican Government, Silver Medal. 25 JAPAN PERSIMMONS. Best collection, not less than 6 varieties, grown in the United States, correctly named, J. M. Rulifson, Mobile, Ala Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 4 varieties, grown in the United States, correctly named, W. H. Jessup, Haywards, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best plate of Among, or Mikado, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La 10 Best plate of Gosho, C. W. Whittaker, Sonoma Co., Cal 10 Horticultural Department World's Exposition, Xeio Orleans. 225" Best plate of Hacheya, F. A. Kimball, National City, Cal $10 Best plate of any other variety, Maitre & Cook, New Orleans, La 10 Best specimen of Ja^an Persimmon trees in flower or fruit, in tubs or pots, W. W. Thompson, Smithville, Ga 20 POMEGRANATES, ETC. Best collection of Pomegranates, not less than 4 varieties, 6 specimens each, John Rock, San Jose, Cal $10 Best plate of sweet Pomegranates, Mississipi:)i Horticultural Society... 5 Best i^late of sour Poniegnuiates, Mississippi Horticultural Society 5 Best plate of violet Pomegranates, I\[ississippi Horticultural Society 5 Best exhibit of Chinese Quinces, Mississippi Horticultural Society 10 Best exhibit of Japan Medlars, or so-called Japan Plum {Eryobotrya), 0. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla 10 Best exhibit of soft-shelled Almonds, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best exhibit of round thin-shelled Pecans, Mississippi Horticultural Society 10 Best exhibit of long thin-shelled Pecans, Mississippi Horticultural Society 10 Best exhibit of varieties of fruits preserved whoe in solution, in glass, not less than 100 jars from any State or country, Dr. H. E. McKay, Madison Station, Miss Guld Medal. 100 Best exhibit of varieties of fruits preserved whole in solution, in glass, not less than 100 jars, from Southern District, C E. Davis, Louis- ville, Ky Silver Medal. lOO Best exhibit of evaporated fruits,from Northern District,W. S. Plummer, Leavenworth, Kan .Silver Medal. 50 Bestexhibit of evaporated fruits, from Suuthern District, W. S. Piunmier, Leavenworth, Kan Silver Medal. 50 Best exhibit of evaporated fruits, from Paci tic District, W. S. Plummer, Leavenworth, Kan Silver jMedal. 50 Sweepstakes on Citrus fruits, Florida Fruit-growers' Association. SPECIAL PREMIUMS. Recommended by judges, as follows: To O. P. Rooks, Fruitland Park, Fla., $5 each for the following varieties of Oranges: Cunningham, Phares, Star, Pineapple, Peerless, Gary's Mediter- ranean Sweet, Portugal, Wolfskill, Bergamot, Summer Queen, Kum Kwat, Star Calyx and Florida. To John Anderson, Ormond. Fla., the same amount for Wild Sweet and Halifax King Oranges. 226 Aj)p€ndix. To Arthur E. Rendle, New York City, a Gold Medal for one Conservatory and a Silver Medal for one Curvilinear Greenhouse. To C. A. Miller & Co., Jacksonville, Fla., a Silver Medal for a line general display of Citrus Fruits. DIVISION OF PLANTS AND TREES. NURSERY STOCK. Best collection of standard Apple Trees, 1 year old, not less than 75 va- rieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal $25 Best collection of dwarf, trained Apple Trees, not over 3 years old, 25 varieties, W. M. Samuels & Co., Clinton, Ky 20 Best collection of Crab Api:)le Trees, 2 and not over 3 years old, 25 va- rieties, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 20 Best collection of Almond Trees, 2 and not over 3 years old, not less than 6 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best collection of Apricot Trees,.! and not over 2 years old, not less than 1 2 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best collection of Cherry Trees, on Mazzard stocks, not over 2 years old, and not less than 25 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 20 Best collection of Cherry Trees, on Mahaleb stocks, not over 2 years old, and not less than 25 varieties, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 20 Best collection of grafted varieties of Chestnut Trees, not over 3 years old, John Rock, San Jose, Cal,. .' 20 Best single Chestnut Tree, 10 feet or over, John Rock, San Jose, Cal... 10 Best collection -of Fig Trees, not less than 12 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 20 Best collection of Fig Trees, not less than 5 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 15 Best single Fig Tree, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best collection of Mulberry Trees, not over 2 years old, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 20 Best collection of Olive Trees, not less than 6 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 20 Best collection of dwarf Orange Trees, grafted, Tokio Agricultural Col- lege, Japan 20 Best collection of Peach Trees, 1 year old, not less than 50 varieties, Coats & Tool, Napa, Cal 35 Best collection of Peach Trees, 1 year old, not less than 25 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal " 20 Best collection of standard Pear Trees, 1 year old, and not less than 50 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 35 Best collection of Oriental varieties Pear Trees, Wm. Parry, Parry, N. J. 20 Horticultural Dejxtrtmejit World's Exposition, Nev: Orleans. 227 Best single Pear Tree of LeConte variety, W. \V. Thompson, Smith- ville, Ga \ $20 Best single Pear Tree of Kiefter variety, W. W. Thompson, Smithville, Ga \ 20 Best collection of Persimmon Trees, Japanese, 1 year old, from bud or graft, ^Y. W. Thompson, Smithville, Ga 25 Best collection of Persimmon Trees, Japanese, 2 years old, from bud or graft, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 25 Best collection of Plum Trees, native types, 2 years old, Wisconsin Hor- ticultural Society 25 Best collection of Plum Trees, foreign types, not over two years old, Jchn Rock, San Jose, Cal 25 Best collection of Walnut Trees, 3 or 4 years old, John Rock, San Jose, Cal '.. 20 Best collection of Strawberry Plants in pots and in fruit, 6 varieties, H. E. McKay, Madison Station, Miss 15 Best exhibit of Grape Vines, including types of native and foreign spe- cies, with hybrids and crosses, growing in pots, T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Fruit Trees, of all classes, adapted to the extreme Northwestern States, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis Silver Medal, 100 Best collection of Fruit Trees, of all classes, adapted to the sections be- tween the 42d and 35th parallels, W. G. Klee, Berkley, Cal., Silver Medal. 100 Best collection of Fruit Trees of all classes, except the citrus family, adapted to the Southern States below the 35th degree, W. M. Sam- uels & Co., Clinton, Ky : Silver Medal. 100 Best collection of Japanese Persimmon Trees, grown outside of the United States, 1 year, from bud, Agricultural College, Tokio, Japan, Silver Medal. Best collection of fruit trees, of all classes, adapted to extreme cold cli- mates, Wisconsin Horticultural Society Silver Medal. 100 Best collection of fruit trees, of all classes, adapted to moderate climates, Croux ct Fils, Valle de Sceaux, France Silver Medal. 100 EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS.— Conifers. Best collection adapted to the extreme Northern States, not less than 25 varieties, J. M Smith, Green Bay, Wis Silver Medal. 100 Best collection adapted to Pacific Coast, not less than 50 varieties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal Silver Medal. 100 Best collection of Abies, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis Silver Medal. 25 Best specimen of Abies, E. W, Allen, Portland, Oregon 10 Best collection of Araucaria, Maitre ct Cook, New Orleans, Ln., Silver Medal, 25 228 Appendix. Best specimen of Ar;mc;iri;i, Agricultural College, ('oliir.ihi:i, .Mo SiO' Best collection of Jiiotia, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky Silver Meda'. 25- Best specimen of Biotia, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 10 Best collection of Cedrus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal Silver Medal. "lb Best collection of Cupressns, John Eock, San Jose, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best specimen of Cupressus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best collection of Juniperus, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis. .Silver Medal. 25 Best specimen of Juniperus, Agricultural College, Columbia, Mo H) Best specimen of Picea, E. W. Allen, Portland, Ore 10 Best collection of Pinus, John Eock, San Jo.se, Cal S'.lver Medal. 25- Best specimen of Pinus, J. M. Smith. Green Bay, Wis 10 Best specimen of Eetinispora, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 10 Best collection of Taxus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal Silver Medal. 25 Best specimen of Taxus, John liock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best collection of Thuya, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis Silver Medal. 25 Best specimen of Thuya, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 10 Best collection of Conifers, other than above, Mexican Government, Silver Medal. 25 Broad leaved Eveegreens. Best collection ada})tc(l to region south of o5th parallel, not less ihan 40 varieties, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 100 Best collection adapt«tl to Pacific coast, not less than 25 varieties. John Eock, San Jose, Cal Silver Medal. 100' Be.-t collection oi Berberis. John Eock. San Jose, Cal 10' Best collection of Buxus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal 10 Best specimen of Buxus, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best collection of Euonymus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal 20 Best specimen of Euonymus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal 5 Bps" specimen of Ilex, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best collection of Laurus, John Eock, San Jose, Cal 20' Be.^t specimen of Laurus, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La 5 Best collection of Ligustrum, J. Fonta, Ne v Orleans, La 10 Best specimen of Ligustrum, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La 5 Best specimen of Magnolia, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La.. 5 Best collection of Nerium, John Eock, San Jose, Cal 20 Best specimen of Nerium, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 5 Best specimen of Olea, J. Eblen, New Orleans, La 5 Best specimen of any species, other than above, W. M. Samuels, Clin- ton, Ky 5 Best exhibit of Magnolia Grand i flora, 20 specimens or more, not less than 10 feet in height, J. Fonta, New^ Orleans, La Silver Medal. 100 Best single specimen of Magnolia Grandiflora, J. Fonta, New Orleans.. 10 Best exhibit of Magnolia Fuscata, 20 specimens or more, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 100 Horticultural Department WorhVs Exposition, New Orleans. 229 Best exhibit, 10 specimens, Magnolia Fuscata, J. Eblen, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. $50 Best single specimen of Magnolia Fuscata, J. Fonta, New Orleans, La.. 10 Best collection of Pittosporum, California Horticultural Society 20 Best collection of Azulea Indica, 50 Viirieties, Gabriel Marc, Long Is- lMnd,N. Y 50 Best collection of Khododendron, 100 varieties, Croux ct Fils, Valle de Sceaux, France Silver Medal. 100 Best collection of Rhododendron. 50 varieties, Boskoop Nursery Asso elation, Boskoop, Holland Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Ehododendron, 25 varieties, Boskoop Nurse' y Asso- ciation, Boskoop, Holland Silver Medal. 25 Beat collection of Ehododendron, 12 varieties, Boskoop Nursery A sso- . ciation, Boskoop, Holland Silver Medal. 15 Best collection of North American trees, not less tliHn 100 species, six feet or more in height, Geo. P. Ppffcr, Pewaukee, Wis. .Gold Medal. 200 Best collection of flowering shrubs, adnpted to extreme cold climates, 50 or more varieties, Wisconsin Horticultur;il Society. .Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of flowering shrubs, for Pacific Coast, 50 or more varie- ties, John Rock, San Jose, Cal Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Althea, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 10 Best collection of Philadelphus, W. M. Samuels, Clinton, Ky 10 Best collection of Viburnum, J. M. Smith, Green Bay, Wis 10 Best collection of Bourbon Roses, John Rock, Snn Jose, Cal 20 Best collection of China Roses, John Rock, San Jose, C:d 20 Best collection of Hybrid Roses, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 25 Best collection of Noisette Roses, John Rock, San Jose, Cal 20 Be.-t collection of Tea Roses, John Rock, San Jose Cal 25 Be>t collection, not less than 100 varieties, of Roses, John Fonta, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 100 Best general collection, 50 varieties, of Roses, John Rock, San Jose, Cal., Silver Medal. 50 Best general collection, 25 varieties, of Roses, John Rock, San Jose, Cal., Silver Medal. 25 Best general collection, 12 varieties, of Roses, John Rock, San Jose, Cal., Silver Medal. 20 Best collection of Hyacinth Bulbs, General Bulb Company, Vogelenzang, Holland Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Tulip Bulbs, General Bulb Company, Vogelenzang, Holland Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Crocus Bulbs, General Bulb Company, Vogelenzang, Holland 20 Best collection of Narcissus Bulbs, General Bulb Company, Vogelen- zang, Holland 20 230 Appendix. Best collection of Anemone Bulbs, General Bulb Company, Vogelen- zang, Holland $10 Best collection of Ranunculus Bulbs, General Bulb Company, Vogelen- zang, Holland 10 Best general exhibit of Bulbs, to occupy not less than 10,000 square feet of ground. General Bulb Company, Vogelenzang, Holland Gold Medal. 200 Best general exhibit of Bulbs, to occupy not less than 2,000 square feet of ground, General Bulb Company, Vogelenzang, Holland Silver Medal. 50 Best general exhibit of Bulbs, to occupy not less than 1,000 square feet of ground, General Bulb Company, Vogelenzang, Holland. Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Coleus Plants, E. Baker, Xew Orleans.. Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Geraniums, Zonale, double, J. Fonta, New Oi'leans. Silver Medal. 50 Best collection Verbenas, E. Baker, New Orleans Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Palms and Cycads, 25 varieties or more, Maitre ct Cook, New Orleans Gold Medal. 200 Best collection of Palms and Cycads, 10 varieties or more. Botanical De- partment, Jamaica Silver Medal. 100 Best collection of Palms and Cycads, 5 varieties, Mexican Government. Silver Medal. 50 Best specimen of Royal Palm, 20 feet or more in height, Don .I'Ciano, Lara,Mexico Gold Medal. 100 Best specimen of Royal Palm, 10 feet or more in height, Don a'Ciano, Lara, Mexico Siver Medal, 50 Best specimen Date Palm, 10 feet or more, California Horticultural So- ciety Silver Medal. 50 Best specimen any other species, 20 feet or more, Don a'Cian Lara, Mexico Gold Medal. 100 Best specimen any other species, 10 feet or more, Mexican Government, Silver Medal. 50 Best collection, 50 or more varieties, of Ferns, Maitre & Cook, New Or- leans, La Silver Medal. 100 Best single specimen Tree Fern, Mexican Government 25 Best collection, 25 varieties. Ferns, grown in Southern States, J. Eblen, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 25 Best collection Ferns grown outside the United States, 50 varieties. Bo- tanical Department, Jamaica Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Orchids in bloom, 25 varieties, Mexican Government, Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Orchids in bloom, 10 varieties, Rafael Montes de Oca, Mexico Silver Medal. 25 Best single specimen, Rafael Montes de Oca, Mexico 10 Horticultural Department WorhPs Exposition, New Orleans. 231 Best collection of Begonia, not less than 30 varieties, Maitre & Cook, New Orleans, Ln Silver Medal. :?50 Best collection of Begonia, 20 varieties, E. Baker, New Orleans, La. Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Coleus, 50 varieties, J. H. Menhard, New Orleans, La., Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Crotons, 20 varieties, Maitre & Cook, New Orleans, La., Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Cactus, 50 varieties, J. H. Wishner & Co. San Anto- nio, Texas Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Cactus, 25 varieties, J. H. Wishner & Co., San Anto- nio, Texas Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Dracaena, 10 varieties, Maitre & Cook, New Orleans, La •. Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Gei*anium, Zonale, 50 varieties, E. Baker, New Or- leans, La Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Geranium, Zonale, 25 varieties, J. Eblen, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 25 Best general exhibit of greenhouse plants not included above, not less than 100 varieties, Maitre &. Cook, New Orleans, La. ..Silver Medal. 100 Best general exhibit of greenhouse plants not included above, not less than 25 varieties, E. Baker, New Orleans, La Silver Medal. 25 Best collection of Agave, 10 varieties, J. H. Wishner & Co., San Antonio, Texas Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Cactus, 50 varieties, J. H. Wishner & Co., San Antonio, Texas Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of Pelargonium, 25 varieties, large-tiowered, Mexican Government Silver Medal. 25 Best exhibit of greehouse plants, not named above, not less than 50 va- rieties, Mexican Government Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of living medicinal plants, not less than 200 species, S. S. Connor, Amite City, La Silver Medal. 50 Best collection of living fibre plants, not less than 40 species, Mexican Government Silver Medal. 100 Best exhibit of 200 deciduous and evergreen trees, planted on one acre of ground with reference to artistic effect, W. M. Samuels & Co., Clinton, Ky 150 SPECIAL PREMIUMS. The judges recommended an award of a Silver Medal to the Mexican Government for collection of Cacti ; to same for collection of Agaves. To J. Eblen, New Orleans, for specimen of Sago Palm. To E. H. Krelage & Son, Holland, for a fine collection of Dutch Bulbs. To P. M. Augur & Sons, Middletield, Conn., for collection of Strawberry plants in fruit. 232 Appendix. To J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, N. J., for an exhibit of Strawberry plants in fruit. To J. Cheal &. Sons, Crowley, Sussex, England, for an exhibit of Cordon Trained Fruit Trees. To Croux t*c Fils, Valle de Sceaux, France, for an exhibit of Cordon Trained Fruit Trees. To J. H. Wishner & Co., San Antonio, Texas, $15 for a collection of Yucca, and $10 for a collection of Aloes. HUMOROUS EXPERIENCE OP A DUTCH VINEYARDIST; AS RELATED BY HIMSELF. [This communication, addressed to the Society at its late meeting in New Orleans, is the recital of the experience of one of the largest grape-growers in the West, and one whose name is as familiar as " household words " to all Mississippi Valley horticulturists. The prominence of the author as a grape- grower will be the Secretary's only apology for publishing the following :] Bloomington, Illinois, January 11, 1885. To the Hon. President and my breathern Horti and Vitti CuUurists assembled in New Orleans: For nearly 40 years I am now in the vineyart bussiness, my vines are my friends my laborers and soldiers ; I talk with them and try to get there con- fidence and there secrets, and they often open there hearts to me and show me in silence words there little trubels. 35 years ago I had the first and best Catawba vineyards in the West of Cincinnati; I never will foi'got the most Paradisic sight of the two first crops of fruit. The Lord seamed to be with me in my vineyards to guide the vines and show me his love to me. But the 3th crop he left me alone and the rot set in. The 4th crop the other, the bad man, the schwarge Teufel took hold of my poor Catawbas, and I began to doctor my poor pations with sulphur, baggs, and all kinds of nasty medi- cines. Brothers Fuller, Dr. Warder, Dr. Grant of the lone fame, all celebri- ties, proscribed for my suffering pations, but poor little grapi got the itsh and dropped dead to tJie cold air bottom, to rot like other little engels. My tears dit not bring them back to rosy live. My Catawba vineyard looket to me like the adjoining grave yart, where fathers and mothers came and shet there tears over the graves of there little ones. O do not overdraw the picture and cling to romances, I ask some of you earnest horticulturist who lost there hopes to mourn with me. Well I propped up again and introduced the grape of the million the Con- cord $5 each, and no money to pay for them. I propagatet them silently es- tensively aad plantet the largest Concord vineyard then, and I invitet the Lord again to stay with me in the vineyart, and he dit it faithfull}^ and by his guidance and help I was in glory of the first 3 and 4 crops. The Lord 16 234 Appendix. left nie again and the bad man came and made poor grapi drop and ,-hut up. Tears again, and I looket out for a new Emigrant, lona, Diana, Deleware, Herbemont, Virgin! and others came and promissed thanks for my work and kind attentions. The Herbamont was a Spainiard and cut not stand the climat, dit not pay his board and left me. The Delaware took first the itsh from the Clinton, tore up there nice Dolly Yarding and became as nacked as Adam in the Paradise and offered me the little grapi for vinegar. The lona and Diana played Mama Catawba on me, but the Norton Virginia shuk hands mit me and said, " I will stay mit you til Saint John blowes his horn ; as I am not fit on the tables of the rich you can put me in the vat." But the horn of St John soundet here and poor grapi most go like Melican man make go the Chinee. Now what was the cause of all my lost hopes ? The grape ret my friends. And as an old radical physician I have tried hard to find and remove the cause, and " I took the cow by the tail." I went down in the ground and ex- amined the roots and the soil. My gronds are closely underlaid mit hard clay and the main roots went down 2 to 4 ft deep in this clay and took cold, dit not find the limestone or gravel it seeket and needet. Cutting the roots I found them nearly petrifiet the outside bark of the roots woody and rotten and unable to transport the sap. This is not so in California, part of Kansas and other places with a lime stone bottom. I then wrote an essay on a new system of grape culture, but being a "Dutchman" and dit not give my pleas a larger spreat the system died ; that is now 15 years. My plan was to renew without the disturbance of the vineyard by layering every 2 years to the distant of 4 feet a new vineyard and chop the old vines out. My trial was a good one. But I quittet the vineyard bussiness for 6 yers till old love brought me back with new vigor and on a larger scale than ever before. My experiments grow with my old age, and since the new discoveries of Bacterias, Baccilles, etc , I begun a npw studio in vinticulture. I find that the deseased dropped berris contain the devil griijje rot and depositet the same in the grond near the vines and when liie right Opportunitees are given the Bacterias begin there destruction a new. The best remedy is to pick up all the rotten berries and destroy them in carbolic acid water. For the Mildew Parasites or Baccilles I reconiend the more powerfull arsenic water applied before the fruit coUers; if no rain followes after the ripening 1 recoment to sprinkle the grapes a few days or a week before picking. Now my wise frients, please give this matter your attention. ^ Noiv the Grape Louse Phylt.cem as the close of my epistel Twenty years ago when the desease brook out in France I gave this matter an earnest thought; and as I have relessed many people of lise with quicksilver salve the unguentum mercurialix (that sounds better in Latin and the apothecarist charges 100 per cent more Humoi'ouM Experience of a Dutch Vmeyardid. 235 for the Latin). I was convinced if this medicament cures or destries hviman lice, it will do mixet mit dry clay and jjut unter the new plantet vine or near the roots of old vines to destoy also the grape louse. I recomendet this remedy to Count Bismarck a long while ago to be tryed in the German lousy vineyards. If the Latin man will ellow it. Now my frients I most close ;ind most beg for pardoning me for my long «pistel; but as I can not be with you on account of my extensive pussiness and old age I be with you in spirit, and can hardly wait to hear what you wise man all had to say. Wishing you a profitapel meeting a fine exhibition and much joy mit and mitout your good wifes, I am your old frient and co-laborer Dr. H. Schrckder. (the old Dutch Doctor.) ROSTHR OF OFFICliRS 0/ Sdlional, Sidle and ImpoHanl Local HorticiiUin-al (otd Kindred .SVu/iVn,/;/- Ihe Year ISSJ. AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Parkkr Earle, President, Cohden, Illinois. T. V. MuNSON, Finst Vice President, Denison. Texas. W. H. Rao AN, Secretary, Greenoastle, Indiana. Major J. C. Eva^js, Treasurer, Harlem, Missouii. . AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Hau-_MARSIlA.ijU.P._W.jiiXfciR, President. Boston, MassaLdiiiseits. P. Barry, First Vice President, Rochester, New York. C. W. Garfield, Secretary, Grand Eapids, Michigan. Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Treasurer, Columbus, Ohio. AMERICAN FORESTRY CONGRESS. Dr. George B. Lorfng, President, Washington, District of Columliia. Hon. H. G. JoLL,Y, First Vice President, Quebec. George L. Becker, Second Vice President, St. Pan!, Minnesota. N! II. EGLE3'ro>f, Recording Secretary, ^Vashington, District of Columbia. B. E. Fernow, Corresponding Secretary, New Y'ork, N. Y. Dr. Charles Moiir, Treasurer, Mobile, Alabama. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF NURSERY'MEN, SEEDS.MEN AND FLORISTS. lion. Norman J. (JohM.VN, President, Washington, District of Columbia. Franklin Davis, Vice President, Baltimore, Maryland. D. WiLMOT Scott, Secretary, Galena, Illinois. A. R. Whitney, Treasurer, Franklin Grove, Illinois. George B. Thomas, West Chester, Pennsylvania, ) S. D. WiLLARi), Geneva, New Y''ork, Exei utive Committee. C. L.'Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa, ) h'osfcr of Officers. 237 SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS. John Thrope, President, Queens, New York. Robert, Craig, Vice President, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. E. G. Hill, Secretary, Richmond, Indiana. Myron A. Hunt, Treasurer, Chicago, Illinois. ARKANSAS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Dr. C. H. Gregory, President, Beebe. George P. Murrill, Vice President, Austin. W. K. Tipton, Secretary, Little Rock. S. H. NowLiN, Corresponding Secretary, Little Rock. COLORADO STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. E. J. Hubbard, President, El Moro. J. M. Clark, Secretary, Denver. William Davis, Treasurer, Denver. CALIFORNIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Prof. E. W. Hilgard, President, Berkley. A, T. Hatch, Vice President, Suisun. E. J. WiCKSON, Secretary, Berkley. R. J. Trumbul, Treasurer, San Francisco. CALIFORNIA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. Elwood Cooper, President, Santa Barbara. S. F. Chapin, Vice President, San Jose. A. H. Webb, Secretary, San Francisco. CALIFORNIA FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. A. T. Hatch, President, Suisun. H. M. Meek, Vice President, San Lorenzo. A. H. Webb, Secretary, San Francisco. FLORIDA FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. D. Redmond, President, Jacksonville. W. H. Sebring, Vice President, IJronson. D. Greenleap, Treasurer, Jacksonville. D. H. Elliott, Secretary, Jacksonville. GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. P. J. Berckman.s, President, Augusta. Dr. W. R. Jones, First Vice President, Herndon. T. L. KiNSEY, Secretary and Treasurer, Savannah. 238 Appendix. INDIANA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sylvester Johnson, President, Irvington. D. E. Hoffman, First Vice President, Winchestei. C. M. HoBBS, Secretary, Bridgeport. Daniel Cox, Treasurer, Cartersburg. ILLINOIS STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. M. Pearson, President, Godfrey. S. M. Slaue, Vice President, Elgin. A. C. Hammond, Secretary, Warsaw. H. M. DuNLAP, Assistant Secretary, Savoy. H. K. Vickroy, Treasurer, Normal. IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Silas Wilson, President, Atlantic. Prof. J. L. BuDD, Secretary, Ames. Henry Strohm, Treasurer, Iowa City. KANSAS STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Prof. E. Gale, President, Manhattan. M. B. Newman, Vice President, Wyandotte. G. C. Brackktt, Secretary, Lawrence. Fred. Wellhouse, Treasurer, Fairmount. E. P. Dieiil, Olathe, ~\ Dr. Charles Williams, Washington, \ Trustees. L. A. Simmons, Wellington, J KENTUCKY HORTICULTURAL .SOCIETY. W. Cook, President, Bowling Green. D. L. Stallard, Vice President, Woodburn, J. Decker, Recording Secretary, Beuchel. A. D. Webb, Treasurer, Bowling Green. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. B. Moore, President, Boston. , Robert Manning, Secretary and Librarian, Boston. G. W. Fowle, Treasurer, Boston. MAINE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Chas. S. Pope, President, Manchester. S. C. Harlow, Vice President, Bangor. Geo. B. Sawyer, Secretary and Treasurer, Wiscassett. Roster of Officers. 239 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Truman M. Smitji, President, St. PauL A. W. SiAS, First Vice President, Rochester. G. W. Fuller, Second Vice President, Litchfield. L. D. HiLLMAN, Secretary, Minneapolis. J. T. GRi^fES, Treasurer, Minneapolis. MISSISSIPPI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Dr. H. E. McKay, President, Madison Station. C, W. Gallagher, F"irst Vice President, Meridian. Prof. J. J. Colmant, Second Vice President, Agricultural College. S. H. Stackhouse, Secretary, Crystal Springs. J. D. Sidway, Treasurer, Jackson. MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. T. T. Lyox, President, South Haven. W. K. Gibson, First Vice President, Jackson. Charles W. Garfield, Secretary, Grand Rapids. S. M. Pearsall, Treasurer, Grand Rapids. T. H. FoRSTKR, Librarian, Lansing. MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. C. Evans, President, Harlem. E. P. Henry, Vice President, Butler. L. A. Goodman, Secretary, Westport. Z. S. Ragan, Treasurer, Independence. NORTH CAROLINA FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. J. Van. Lindley, President, Salem Junction. T. Chapman, First Vice President, Manson. S. O. Wilson, Secretary, Raleigh. J. A. Lineback, Treasurer, Salem. NEBRASKA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Samuel Barnard, President, Table Rock, J. H. Masters, First Vice President, Nebraska City. Miss M. A. Stratton, Second Vice President, Lincoln. J. T. Allan, Secretary, Omaha. NEW JERSEY STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Theodore F. Baker, President, Bridgeton. E. Williams, Recording Secretary, Montclair. J. T. LovETT, Corresponding Secretary, Little Silver, Charles L. Jones, Treasurer Newark. 240 Appendi.v. OHIO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. N. Ohmer, President, Dayton. H. Y. Beebe, Vice President, Ravenna. George W. Campbell, Secretary, Delaware. Leo Weltz, Treasurer, Wilmington. STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA. Calvin Cooper, President, Bird in Hand. E. B. EnglE; Secretary, Waynesboro. George B. Thomas, Treasurer, West Chester. Gabriel Hiester, Librarian, Harrisburg. SOUTH CAROLINA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. R. M. Sims, President, Columbia. W. C. Clark, Secretary. WISCONSIN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. M. Smith, President, Green Bay. B. F. Adams, Vice President, Madison. Prof. William Trelease, Secretary, Madison. B. S. HoxiE, Corresponding Secretary, Cookville. Matthew Anderson, Treasurer, Pine Bluff. TEXAS STATE NURSERYMAN'S ASSOCIATION. E. W. Kirkpatrick, President, McKinney. J. W. Price, Vice President, Terrell. J. M. Howell, Secretary and Treasurer, Dallas. MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. C. Evans, President, Harlem, Missouri. L. A. Goodman, Vice President, Westport, Missouri. George W. Hopkin.s, vSecretary, Kansas City, Missouri. G. F. Espenlaub, Treasurer, Rosedale, Kansas. GREEN COUNTY (MISSOURI) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, M. J. RouNTREE, President, Springfield. D. S. Holman, Secretary, Springfield. F. F. Fine, Treasurer, Springfield. HOLT COUNTY (MISSOURI) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. N. F. MuRRV, President, Elm Grove. J. H. Hai'sers, Secretary, Oregon. J. M. Menifee, Treasurer, Oregon. Roster of Officer.^. "241 BATES COUNTY (MISSOURI) HORTICULTURA.L SOCIETY. E. P. Henry, President, Butler. Henry Speer, Secretary, Butler. J. B. DuRAND, Treasurer, Prairie City. GULF STATES FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. H. W. L. Lewis, President, Osyka, Mississippi. E. M. Hudson, Vice President, New Orleans, Louisiana. S. M. Wiggins, Secretary, New Orleans, Louisiana. J. C. Potts, Treasurer, New Orleans, Louisiana. WEST TENNESSEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. C M. Merwin, President, Medina. C J. Bell, Secretary, Kenton. W. R. Rea, Treasurer, Humboldt. NORTH COLORADO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, J. S. McClelland, President, Fort Collins. J. E. Washburn, Secretary, Loveland. 8. H. Dickson, Treasurer, Laymont. WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Patrick Bakry, President, Rochester. W. C. Barry, Rochester, ] W. S. Little, Rochester, \ ^j. ti • i * ' ' - Vice Presidents. R. J. Swan, Geneva, 1 E. Moody, Lock port, j P. C. Reynolds, Secretary and Treasurer, Rochester. WESTERN IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. L. A. W^iLLiAMS, President, Glenwood. F. W. Taylor, Vice President, Creston. George Van Hou.ston, Secretary, Bedford. NEW ORLEANS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. E. Bahn, President, New Orleans. R. Maitre, Vice President, New Orleans. H. A. Despommier, Secretary, New Orleans. E. F. Nelson, Corresponding Secretary, New Orleans. J. Eblin, Treasurer, New Orleans. 242 Aj)pendix. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS, A. Bryant, President, Princeton. D. Hill, First Vice President, Dundee. E. W. Graves, Recording Secretary, Sandwich. D. WiLMOT Scott, Corresponding Secretary, Galena. L. Woodward, Treasurer, Marengo. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF CENTRAL ILLINOIS. H. M. DuNLAP, President, Savoy. Dr. a. G. Humphrey, Vice President, Galesburg. A. C. Hammond, Secretary, Warsaw. Charles C. Hoppe, Treasurer, Warsaw. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS. H. G. McPiKE, President, Alton. E. A. Rhiel, Vice President, Alton. William Jackson, Secretary and Treasurer, Godfrey. BERKS COUNTY (PENNSYLVANIA) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'. .Iames McGowax, President, Geiger's Mills. George D. Stitzel, Vice President, Reading. Cyrus T. Fox, Secretary, Reading. William >S. Ritter, Treasurer, Reading. CENTRAL TEXAS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Col. W. G. Veal, President, Dallas. N. Stevens, Vice President, Forney. Mrs. J. R. Johnson, Secretary, Dallas. J. M. Howell, Treasurer, Dallas. NORTH TEXAS HORTICULTURAL .SOCIETY. Edward Perry^, President, Denison. G. Alkire, Vice President, Denison. J. J. Fairbanks, Secretary and Treasurer, Denison. ALTON (ILLINOIS) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY John M. Pearson, President, Godfrey. J. S. Brown, Vice President, Alton. E. A. RiEHL, Secretary, Alton. E. Hoi.lister, Treasurer, Alton. Roster of OfHcers. -43 WESTERN MICHIGAN FEUIT GROWERS' S0CIP:TY. Waltek Pjiillips, President, Grand Haven. A. J. Knisley, Secretary, Benton Harbor. J. O. Antisdale, Treasurer, Muskegon. HENNEPIN COUNTY (MINNESOTA) HORTICULTURAL AND GARDEN- ERS' ASSOCIATION. M. Peakce, President, Minneapolis. Dr. L. AsiRE, Secretary, Minneapolis. William Lyon, Treasurer, Minneapolis. LEAVENWORTH COUNTY (KANSAS) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. E. J. HoLMAX, President, Leavenworth. Pkoi". S. B. Langworthy, Vice President, Leavenworth. C. W. Keifer, Secretary, Leavenworth. Fred. Eason, Treasurer, Lansing. SOUTHERN ULSTER COUNTY (N. Y.) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J. J. Hull, President, Clintondale. W. C. Caywoou, Secretary, Marlboro. D. H. Merritt, Treasurer, Highland. SUMMIT COUNTY (OHIO) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Dr. M. Jkwett, President, Akron. H. A. Sackett, Vice President, Talmadge. Dr. D. E. Fenn, Treasurer, Talmadge. M. Crawford, Secretary, Cuyahoga Falls. MONTGOMERY COUNTY (OHIO) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY N. Ohmer, President, Dayton. N. II. Albaugh, Vice President, Tadinor. William Ramsey, Secretary, Dayton. John Ewing, Treasurer, Dayton. PORTAGE COUNTY (OHIO) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Horace Y. Beebe, President, Ravenna. R. S. Elkex.s, Vice President, Ravenna. Rev. .\ndrew Wil^^on, Secretary, Ravenna. C. S. Bartlett, Treasurer, Ravenna. 244 Appendix'. WARSAW (ILLINOIS) HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY. C. N. Dennis, President, Hamilton. H. D. Brown, Vice President, Hamilton. J. T. .Johnson, Secretary, W'arsaw. MARION COUNTY (INDIANA) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Sylvester Johnson, President, Irvington. W. B. Flick, Secretary, Lawrence. Mrs. Ann Danally, Treasurer, Indianapolis. WAYNE COUNTY (INDIANA) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J, C. Stevens, President, Centerville. J. C. Ratliff, Secretary, Richmond. Daniel, Bulla, Treasurer, Richmond. PLAINFIELD (INDIANA) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Daniel Cox, President, Cartersburg. Dr. Allen Furnas, Vice President, Danville. MoRDECAi Carter, Secretary, Plainfield. H. J. Jessup, Treasurer, Plainfield. '■■> ABBOTTSFORD (QUEBEC) FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. N. C. FiSK, President, Abbottsford. Charles Gibb, Corresponding Secretary, Abbottsford. Arthur N. Fisk, Secretary and Treasurer, Abbottsford. MONTREAL (QUEBEC) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. T. Sterry^ Hunt, President, Montreal. R. W. Shepherd, Jr., Corresponding Secretary', Montreal. Henry S. Evans, Secretary and Treasurer, Montreal. NOVA SCOTIA FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. Rev. J. R. PI art, President, Bridgetown. W. H. Blanchard, Sen., Vice President, Windsor. C. H. R. Starr, Secretary and Treasurer, Port Williams. FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARI". Prof. Williaji Saunders, President, London. P. E. BucKE, Vice President, Ottawa. D. W. Beadle, Secretary and Treasurer, St. Catharines. Roder of Officers. 245 SOUTHWEST ASSOCIATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EVAPORA- TORS. Dr. a. W. McPherson, President, Springfield, Missouri. \V. L. Martin, Vice President, Cassville, Missouri. Dr. .1. F. SiMONDS, Secretary, Fayetteville, Arkansas. J. S. Crist, Treasurer, Springfield, Missouri. DIRECTORS OF HORTICULTURAL BUSINESS. NURSERYMEN AND FLORISTS. BLAIR ct KAUFMAN, Kansas City Nurseries. 7l2S Main St., Kansas City, Mo. Wholesale and Retail. Half mile east of city limits. €0E & CONVERSE, Fort Atkinson, Wis. Catalogue of Small Fruit Plants, including the famous Stone's Hardy Blackberry, sent on application. JOHN S. COLLINS, Morestown, N. J. All the new and choice Berries and Fruits. Specialties, Kieflt'er's Hybrid Pear and Early Cluster Raspberry. FRANKLIN DAVIS, Baltimore Maryland. Office corner Baltimore and Paca streets. General Nursery Stock. CHAS. N. ELEY, Smith's Point, Texas. Nursery and Nursery Agency. Introducer of Marianna Plum (Trade Marked). State Agents appointed. LOUIS GUERINEAU, Malvern Vineyard, Malvern, Arkansas. Grapevines and Peaches a specialty. Sixty acres in vineyards. G. H. & J. H. HALE, South Glastonbury, Conn., Nurserymen and Fruit Growers. New and choice Berry Plants by mail a specialty. Catalogue free. HOWELL & STONE, Dallas, Texas, Nurserymen and Fruit Growers. Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Roses, etc. DAVID HILL, Dundee, Illinois. Specialties, nursery-grown Evergreens, European Larch, and Forest Tree Seedlings. HUNTSVILLE NURSERIES, Huntsville, Alabama, W. F. Heikes, Manager. General Nursery 250 acres. Le Conte and KeifFer Peiirs. Cherries and Plumbs specialties. HEIKES NURSERIES CO., Dayton, Ohio. Established 1822. Incorporated 1873. Growers of all kinds of Nursery Stock. Orders solicited and care- fully filled. J. T. L0VI:TT, Little Silver, N. J. Nursery Stock in general. Small Fruits in particular. " Guide to Fruit Culture,'" 10c. Directory of HortiGultural Business. 247 T. V. MUNSON, Prop. Denison Nurseries, Denison, Texas. Marianna, Deep Creek and other valuable new Plums, Japan Persimmons, Triumph Grapes, new Peaches, and the best of all kinds of Fruits. J. J. MEASER, Hutchinson, Kansas, Grower of General Xursery Stock, Russian Apricots, Tree Seedling Plum Stocks, Shade Trees, etc. J. H. PRIEST, Greencastle, Indiana. Si:)eciality, Raspberries and other Small Fruits. Twelve acres in experimental grounds, near the city. M. PEARCE, Minneapolis, Minn., Proprietor Lakeside Nursery, Lake Min- netonka. The Iron-clads of the North specialties. POMONA HILL NURSERIES, J. Van. Lindley, Proprietor, Salem Junc- tion, North Carolina. General Nursery Stock. Specialties, Lady Ingold Peach, Woflbrd's Winter Grape, etc. Catalogue free. L N. STONE, Fort Atkinson, Wis., and Sioux City, la. Introducer of Stone's Hardy Blackberry. Small Fruit Plants a specialty. Large stock. Cat. free. G. W. STONER, Jewella, Caddo Parish, La. Fruit Ranch and Nursery. Specialties, Evergreen, Shade and partially Tropical Fruits, Nuts, etc. C. IL. WATROUS, Des Moines, Iowa. General Nursery. New and hardy Fruits and Shrubs specialties. Russian Apples, Pears and Cherries. COMMISSION MEN AM) DEALERS IN FRUITS. THOMAS MASON, 160 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Foreign and Domestic Fruits. Special attention to the sale of Fruits and Produce. JOSEPH SPIES & CO. (Successors to Hager & Spies). 101 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Foreign and Domestic Fruits. Wholesale. F. A. THOMAS, 104 S. Water street, Chicago, 111. Wholesale Fresh Fruit Shipper and Commission Merchant. Special attention to sale of Fruits. M. BAKER ct CO., 93 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Domestic Fruits given special attention. A. L. McCLA^ & CO., 95 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Special atten- tion to Fruits and early Vegetables from the South. C. H. WEAVER &. CO., 129 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Commission Dealers in Green and Dried Fruits and Country Produce, C. F. LOVE & CO., 89 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Wholesale Fruit and Produce Commission Merchants. BARRON ct BERMINGHAM, 131 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Green and Dried Fruits and Produce. A. L. TUCKER, 107 S. Water street, Chicago, Illinois. General Commission. Green Fruits and Vegetables specialties. Promptness guaranteed. M. GEORGE & CO., 95 South Water street, Chicago, Illinois. General Fruit and Produce Commission. 248 Appendix. E. C. EEICHVVALD, 165 South Water street, Chicago, IlUnois. SpeciaUtie.'?, Fruits, Vegetables and Melons. T. D. EANDALL & CO., 219 South Water street, Chicago, Illinois. Oldest Fruit and Produce House. Special attention to Fruits and Produce. GEORGE DAVIES, 58 and 60 Prospect street, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruits and Vegetables a specialty. All orders receive prompt and personal attention, A. C. KENDEL, Cleveland, Ohio. Special attention to sale of Fruits. Farm and Garden Seeds and Florists' Wares. Promptness guaranteed. E. T. HOLLISTER & CO., 811 North Third street (formerly Broadway), St, Louis, Missouri. Domestic Fruits and Vegetables a specialty. F. H. MILLER & Co., 922 North Third street (formerly Broadway), St, Louis, Missouri. Fruits and Vegetables a specialty in season. MANUFACTURERS OF HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MA- CHINERY. EWALD OVER, Indianapolis, Ind. Mfr. of Power Cider Presses, Feed Steamers, Road and Ditching Machinery, Iron Barb Wire Fence Posts^ and Agricultural Implements. TIFFANY REFRIGERATOR CAR CO., Chicago, Ills. Ref., Parker Earle, President A. H. S. 1,500 cars now in use. Protects from heat and cold. MANUFACTURERS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PACKAGES AND COLORED PLATES. W. P. MESLER & CO., Cobden, Ills. Manufacturers of Fruit Packages. Send for price-list. Reference, Parker E^rle, President A. H. Societj'. D. M. DEWEY, Rochester, N. Y. Dealer in Colored Fruit Plates, Nursery- men's Registers, Labels, Tools, Pear and Apple Seeders, etc. TENNESSEE BOX AND BASKET FACTORY, Greenfield, Tenn. Berry and Grape Boxes, Head Linings and Fruit Packages generally. N. B.Hall and H. A. Portman, Proprietors. Send for circulars. DIRECTORY OF FRUIT GROWERS. Claude J. Bell, Publisher, Trenton, Tenn. Names over 2,000. Endorsed by West. Tenn. Hort. Soc'y. Price $2. FRUIT GROWERS. ABNER ALLEN, Wabaunsee, Kansas. Fruits and Sweet Potatoes for mar- ket. Special attention to Seed Sweet Potatoes. AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL PRESS. AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST, New York. Monthly. Byron 1). Hal- sted. Managing Editor. Directory of Horticidtural Business. 249 AMERICAN GARDEN. A Monthly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture. Greenfield, Mass. One dollar a year. E. H. Lilly, Publisher. Dr. F. M. Hexamer, Editor. CANADA HORTICULTURIST, St. Catharines. Monthly. D. \V. Beadle, Editor. Published by the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. COLMAN'S RURAL WORLD, St. Louis, Mo. Thirty- seventh year. Weekly, $1 per annum. Liberal Horticultural Department. N. J. Colman, Prop. COUNTRY GENTLEMAN, Albany, New York. Weekly. Devoted to Ag- riculture and Horticulture. Formerly Cultivator. CYCLOPEDIA OF FLORICULTURE. Cloth ; $5. Townsend MacCoun, Publisher, 744 Broadway, N. Y. Half price to members A. H. Society. DRAINAGE AND FARM JOURNAL, Indianapolis, Indiana. Monthly. Published by J. J. W. Billingsley & Son. One dollar per year. FARM AND HOME. The Phelps Publishing Co., Springfield, Massachu- setts. Monthly. Fifty cents per year. Large circulation. FARMER AND FRUIT GROWER, Anna, Illinois. Weekly. "The best Horticultural paper in the West." H. C. Bouton, Editor and Proprietor. FARM AND GARDEN, Philadelphia, Penn. Monthly. Fifty cents per year. Child Bro's & Co., Publishers. 350,000 January issue. FARMERS' HOME JOURNAL, Louisville, Ky. Weekly. $1.50 per annum. Agriculture, Horticulture, Live Stock. Th. S. Kennedy, Hort. Editor. FARMERS' REVIEW, Chicago, 111. The business farmers' paper. Weekly. $L50 per year. Best market reports. O. C. Gibbs, Editor. FARM AND FIRESIDE, Springfield, Ohio. Semi-Monthly. Fifty cents per annum. Devoted to General Agriculture and Horticulture. FLORIDA DISPATCH, Jacksonville, Florida. Weekly. $2 per year. Chas. W. Dacosta, Publ'r. Devoted to Southern Agriculture and Horticulture. FRUIT-GROWERS' JOURNAL, Cobden, Illinois. Weekly. $1.50 per year. A. M. Du Bois, Editor. T. E. Goodrich, Editor Horticultural Department. GREEN'S FRUIT-GROWER. C. A. Green, Editor, Rochester, New York. Illustrated Quarterly. Twenty-five cents per annum. INDIANA FARMER, Indianapolis, Indiana. Published weekly by the Farmer Company. $2 per year. Liberal Horticultural Department. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE. Phil. Chew, Proprietor, St. Louis, Mo. A weekly, eight-page agricultural paper. $1.50 per year. KANSAS CITY JOURNAL AND AGRICULTURIST. Weekly. $1.50 per year. Agricultural, Horticultural, Stock Growing, Political and Educational. KANSAS FARMER, Topeka, Kansas. Weekly. Devoted to Western Agri- culture and Horticulture. MIC H IGAN HORTICULTURIST. Monthly. $1 per year. W. H. Burr Co., Detroit, Publishers. C. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids Editor. 17 250 Appendix. NEW ENGLAND HOMESTEAD. Phelps Publishing Co., Springfield, Mass. Weekly. $2 per year. Good advertising medium. ORCHARD AND GARDEN, Little Silver, New Jersey. A Monthly Jour- nal of Horticulture. Price fifty cents per year. PACIFIC RURAL PRESS. Weekly. Dewey S: Co., Publishers, No. 252 Market street, San Fi-ancisco, California. PRAIRIE FARMER, Chicago, Illinois. Weekly. Pubhshed by the Prairie Farmer Company. Orange Judd, Editor-in-chiof. RURAL CALIFORXIAN, Los Angeles, California. Illustrated Monthly. One dollar and a lialf per year. George Rice, Editor and Publisher. RURAL HOME Rochester, New York. A first-class weekly for the Farm and Fireside. Only $1 a year, postpaid. Good advertising medium. RURAL NEW YORKER, New York. Weekly. New Fruits and experi- mental work a specialty. RURAL et WORKMAN, Little Rock, Arkansas. Weekly. $2 per year. Devoted to Agriculture and Horticulture. SPIRIT OF THE FARM, Nashville, Tennessee. Weekly. $2 per year. C. Brown, Pres, Board of Directors. B. M. Hord, Editor. THE LADIES' FLORAL CABINET, New York. Monthly. $1.25 per year. The only American Magazine devoted to Amateurs. THE INDUSTRIALIST. Weekly. Published by the Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kan. Fifty cents per year. THE WORLD, New York. Weekly. One dollar per annum. Large de- partment devoted to Agriculture and Horticulture. VERMONT WATCHMAN, Montpelier, Vermont. Weekly. T. H. Hos- kins, M. D., Horticultural Editor. WEEKLY PRESS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. S. W. Cor. 7th and Chest- nut streets. One dollar per year. General Agriculture and Horticulture. WESTERN AGRICULTURIST, Quincy, Illinois. Monthly. $1.10 per year. T. Butterworth, Publisher. Send for club rates. WESTERN FARMER, Madison, Wisconsin. T. D. Plumb et Son, Publish- ers; J. C. Plumb, Editor Horticultural Department. WINE & FRUITGROWER, New York. Monthly. $1.50 per year. B. F. Clayton, Editor and Publisher. Devoted to Viticulture, Pomology, etc. INDEX. American Horticultural Society, Proceedings of 25 Annual Address of President Earle. 26 Annual Report of the Secretary 30 Augur, P. M., remarks by 34,36,43, 47, 53, 54, 66, 67 Augur, P. M., paper by 44 Alwood, Mr., remarks by 65 Address by Dr. C. V. Riley — Entomology 70 Address by Dr. Morris — Jamaica 78 Association in horticulture, paper on, by T. T. Lyon 106 Allen, Abner, remarks bj" 150 Additional Papers 161 Appendix 203 Awards, list of at World's Exposition. 210 Apples, awards on at World's Exposition 211 Awards on Pears 217 Awards on Grapes 219 Awards on Peaches 220 Awards on Plums 220 Awards on Strawberries 220 Awards on Oranges 221 Awards on Lemons 223 Awards on Bananas 224 Awards on Pineapples 224 Awards on Japan Persimmons 224 Awards on Pomegranates 225 Awards on Nursery Stock 226 Brackett, G. C, remarks by 25, 148 Barnard, S., remarks by 39 Budd, Prof. J. L., remarks by 41 Brackett, G. B., committee on 43 Beatty, J. S., remarks by 54, 111, 112, 120, 126 Babcock, E. F., remarks by 68, 126, 158, 159 Beatty, J. S., resolution by 69 Babcock, E. F., motions by 126, 160 Brackett, G. B., motions by 153 252 Index. Burrill, Prof. T. J., paper by — Nutrition of Plants IGl Committee on Excursions, appointed.. 31 Campbell, G. W., committees on 31, 43, 79 Collins, J. S., paper by— Our Fruits 32 Cold Storage, discussion on 34 Collins, J. S., remarks by 34, 35, 120 Cassell, W. H.. remarks by 35, 40, 84, 103, 113 Caywood, A. J., remarks by 35, 42, 53, 65, 67, 102, 103, 104, 110, 121, 120, 148 152, 153, 156 Campbell, G. W., remarks by 35, 67, 102 Committee on Nomenclature appointed 43 Campbell, G. W., motion by 43 Cross-Fertiliziition, paper on by Wm. Parry 61 Cross- Fertilization, discussion on 65 Change of Name of Society, discussion on 67 Committee on Nominations appointed 69 Committee on Louisville Exposition appointed 79 Cushmau, E. H., remarks by 102, 103 Cook, W. N., remarks by 104, 102 Campbell, G. W., resolutions by 105 Cassell, W. H., paper by— Horticulture in Civilization 122 Classification of Native Grapes of the U. S., paper on by T. V. Munson 131 Committee on death of Charles Downing appointed 140 Committee on Horticultural Hall appointed 140 Committee on Horticultural Hall, report of 150 Committee on death of Charles Downing, report of 151 Crawford, M., paper by— Growing Small Fruits 184 Celery Growing for Amateurs, paper on by Kufus W. Smith 196 Cowing, G., paper by — Plorticultural Notes. 199 Discussion on Cold Storage 34 Dietz, George A., remarks by 35, 36, 41 Durand, J. R , remarks by 36, 66, 103, 114 Discussion on Nomenclature of Russian Fruits 39 Discussion on Cranberry Growing 47 Discussion on Fungoid Diseases of Strawberries 52 Discussion on Mr. Peirce's paper 83 Dairy Division of Exposition, visit to 105 Downing, Charles, death of announced 140 Downing, Charles, report of committee on death of 151 Downing, Charles, letters from 155 Directory of Horticultural Business 247 Earle, President, Annual Addrt.ss of 26 Evans, .J. C, committees on 31, 69 Earle, President, remarks by 31, 37, 39, 40, 41, 54, 57, 67, 69. 78, 84, 110, 111 119, 120, 121, 150, 151, 158, 160 Earle, Mrs. President, remarks by 36 Evans, .J. C\, motions by 43 Index. 253 Earle, F. S., paper by — Fungoid Diseases of the Strawberry 47 Earle, F. S., remarks by 52, 53, 54 Evans, J. C, remarks by. G6, 111 Election of Officers 69 Earle, Parker, elected President 69 Evans, J. C, elected Treasurer 69 Evans, J. C, report by 126 Extract from Prairie Farmer on death of Mr. Downing : 153 Excursion to Shell Beach 205 Financial Statement of the Secretary 30 Fungoid Diseases of the Strawberry, paper on by F. S. Earle 41 Fraternity, paper on by E. T. Hollister 55 Fertilization of the Strawberry, paper on by C. M. Merwin 57 Formula for Making Kerosene Emulsion. 71 Francis, H. B., remarks by 85 Financial Condition of the Society, discussion on 156 Finance Committee, report of 157 Forest Tree Planting on the Prairies, paper on by G. H. Wright 189 Fruit Evaporation, paper on by Dr. J. F. Simonds 192 Fruit Display at World's Exposition 209 Gould, F. G., remarks by 36, 150 Gibb, Charles, paper by — Russian Fruits 37 Gibb, Charles, committees on 43, 140 Grimes, D. »., remarks by... 68 Goodman, L. A., remarks by 121 Gibb, Charles, remarks by 121 Grapes, Native of United States, paper on by T. V. Munson 128 Grapes, Native of United States — Riparia Group 131 Cordifolia Group 132 Cinerean Group 133 ^Estivalian Group 134 Vulpina Group 136 Meaty Fruited, Soft-rooted Group 137 Rotundifolia Group 138 Gould, F. G., committee on 147 Growing Small Fruits by Women, paper on by M. Crawford 184 Growing Celery by Amateurs, paper on by R. W. Smith 196 Grapes, awards on at Exposition 219 Horticulturists of note at meeting 25 Hardie, J. T., committees on 31 hape, Dr. S., remarks by 52, 67. 84, 85, 102, 104 Hollister, E. T., remarks by 53, 101, 102, 110 Hollister, E. T., paper by— Fraternity .". 55 Hape, Dr. S., committee on 69, 79 Hape, Dr. S., motion by 70 Hofi'man, 11. M., remarks by 104, 113, 121 Horticulture in Civilization, paper on by W. H. Castell 122 254 Index. Hobbs, C. M., remarks by 126 Horticultural Hall, committee on 140 Harrington, Mr., remarks by 148 Hoffman, H. M, motion by 159 Hoskins, Dr. T. H., paper by— Hybrid Siberian Apples of America 182 Hybrid Siberian Apples, paper on by Dr. T. H. Hoskins 182 Horticultural Notes, paper by G. Cowing 199 Horticultut-al Department of World's Exposition 207 Humorous Experience of a Dutch Viueyardist 233 Horticultural Societies, Koster of 237 Horticultural Business Directory 247 Invitation received— Shell Beach Railroad 31 Invitation received — L. & N. Railroad 31 Invitation to Dairyman's Meeting 69 Insects of Interest to Fruit Growers, address on by Dr. C. V. Riley 70 Indigenous Potatoes of North America, paper on by Prof. J. G. Lemmon 141 Judges in Horticultural Department World's Exposition 31, 211 Jessup, W. H., remarks by 42, 79, 84, 160 Jewett, Dr., remarks by ,54 Johnson, T. J., remarks by 120, 151 Jessup, W\ H., report by on Louisville Exposition 160 Japanese Persimmon, awai-ds on 224 Kellogg, Geo. J., remarks by 52, 103, 113, 119, 158, 160 Kerosene Emulsion, how made 71 Keudel, A. C, paper by, on Native Grapes 85 Kendel, A. C, remarks by 104, 121 Kellogg, Geo. J., motions by 105, 160 Kellogg, Geo. J., paper by— Success and Failure 115 Klee, W. G., committee on 140 Kendel, A. C, motion by 159 Lyon, T. T., remarks by 37,40, 67, 141, 151, 153 Lyon, T. T., committees on 43, 140 Louisville Exposition, resolution on 69 Landscape Gardening, paper on, by L. B. Pierce 79 Leeper, T. F., remarks by 103 Lindley, J. V., resolutions by 104 Lyon, T. T., paper by — Association in Horticulture 106 Lemmon, Prof. J. G., paper by — Indigenous Potatoes of North America 141 Lemmon, Prof. J. G., remarks by 148 Lemmon, Prof. J. G., motion by 152 Life and Character of Chas. Downing, remarks on 152 Lyon, T. T., report by, on Nomenclature of Fruits 155 Louisville Exposition, report of committee on.. 160 List of Awards at World's Exposition 210 List of Judges at World's Exposition 31, 211 Lemons, premiums on 223 McKay, Dr. H. E., remarks by 35, 53, 112, 158, 159, 160 Index. 255 Merwin, C. M., remarks by 30, 65, 6G Munson, T. V., remarks by 36, 41, 66, 67, 68, 84, 108, 111, 112, 114, 141 McClave, M. L., remarks by 52, 103, 120, 126 Merwin, C. M., paper by — Fertilization of the Strawberry 57 Munson, T. V.; elected Vice President 69 Morris, Dr., Address by on Jamaica Horticulture 78 Munson, T. V., motion by 79 Marvin, Charles, invitation by 105 Munson, T. V., paper by — Native Grapes of the United Stales 128 McKay, Dr. H. E., resolution by 159 Noted Horticulturists at the Meeting 25 Notes by the Secretary 35, 70, 78, 153, 161, 233 Nomenclature of Russian Fruits, paper on by Charles Gibb 37 Native Grapes of the United States, paper on by T. V. Mun?on 128 Nomenclature of Fruits, report of committee on , 155 Nutrition of Plants, paper on by Prof. T. J. Burrill 161 Nature's Methods of Subduing Insects, paper on by Prof. Wm. Saunders 178 New Strawberries, paper on by A. D. Webb 188 Notes, Horticultural, paper by G. Cowing 199 Nursery Stock, awards on 226 Order of Business, committee on 31 Our Fruits, paper on by J. S. Collins 32 Ohmer, N., remarks by 34, 69, 103, 111, 150 Order of Business, report of committee on 43 Orange Rust, cause of Our Native Grapes, paper on by A. C. Kendel 85 Oranges, awards on at Exposition 221 Proceedings of Sixth Annual Meeting 25 President Earle's Annual Address 26 Paper by J. S. Collins — Our Fruits 32 Plumb, J. C, remarks by 35, 40, 119, 120, 152 Paper by Charles Gibb — Nomenclature of Russian Fruits 37 Patterson, Charles, remarks by 43 Paper by P. M. Augur — The Cranberry 44 Parry, William, remarks by .47^ 68 79 Paper by F. S. Earle — Fungoid Diseases of the Strawberry 47 Pierce, L. B., remarks by 52 65 Paper by E. T. HoUister — Fraternity 55 Paper by C. M. Merwin — Fertilization of the Strawberry 57 Paper by William Parry — Cross-Fertilization 61 Parry, William, paper by on Cross-Fertilization 61 Pierce, L. B, motion by 69 Phyloxera in Graperies, letter concerning 75 Paper by L. B. Pierce — Landscape Gardening 79 Pierce, L. B., paper by — Landscape Gardening 79 Paper by A. C. Kendel— Our Native Grapes 85 256 Index. Paper by E. Williams— Pruning and Training the Vine 89 Pruning and Training the Vine, paper on by E. Williams 81t Paper by T. T. Lyon — Association in Horticulture 106 President Earle, remarks by Ill, 121, 151 Paper by George J. Kellogg— Success and Failure 115 Peffer George P., remarks by 119, 121, 126 Patton C. G., remarks by 120 Paper by W. H. Cassell — Horticulture in Civilization 122 Paper by T. V. Munson— Native Grapes of the United States 128 Paper by Prof. Lemmon— Indigenous Potatoes of North America 141 Popenoe, Prof. E. A., remarks by 148 Prairie Farmer, extract from 153 Paper by Prof. Burrill— Nutrition of Plants 161 Paper by Prof. Penhallow — Relation of Plants to Disease 167 Penliallow, Prof. D. P., paper by — Plants and Disease 167 Paper by Prof. Wm. Saunders — Nature's Methods of Subduing Insects 178 Paper by Dr. T. H. Hoskins — Hybrid Siberian Apples of America 182 Paper by Mr. Crawford — Small Fruits for Women 184 Paper by A. D. Webb — New Strawberries 188 Paper by George H. Wright — Forest Tree Planting 181) Paper by Dr. J. F. Simonds — Fruit Evaporation 192 Paper by E. W. Smith — Celery Growing for Amateurs 196 Plant Display at World's Exposition 210 Pears, awards on at Exposition 217 Peaches, awards on at Exposition 220 Plums, awards on at Exposition 220 Pineapples, awards on at Exposition 224 Pomegranates, awards on 225 Paper by Dr. H. Schroeder— Grape Growing 233 Pagan, W. H., financial report of 30 Kagan, W. H., committees on 31, 69 Eoe, J. P., remarks by 35, 39, 53, 54, 68, 119, 140, 150, 156, 158 Russian Fruits, nomenclature of 37 Russian Apples, resolution on 40 Resolution on Russian Apples 40 Ragan, W. H., report by 43 Ragan, W. H., elected Secretary 69 Robinson, J. W., motion by 69 Report of Committee on Nominations 69 Resolutions on Louisville Exposition 69 Riley, Dr. C. V., address by — Entomology 70 Ragan, W. H., remarks by 83, 126, 141, 151, 153, 158 Ragan, Z. S., remarks by 113, 126, 153 Robinson, J. W., remarks by 120 Report of Committee on Horticultural Hall 150 Report of Committee on Death of Charles Downing 151 Resolutions on Death of Charles Downing 151 Index. 257 Report of Committee on Nomenclature 155 Report of Committee on Finance 157 Resolution by Dr. H. E. McKay 159 Report of Committee on Louisville Exposition 160 Ragan, Secretary, notes by 35, 70, 78, 153, 161, 233 Resolutions at Shell Beach 206 Roster of Officers of Horticultural Societies.. ..-. 237 Sixth Annual Meeting, proceedings of 25 Secretary's Annual Report 30 Smith, J. M., committee on. 31, 79 Stoner, G. W., remarks by 34, 54, 84 Stickney, J. S., remarks by 39, 47 Secretary Ragan, remarks by..... 47 Smith, J. M., remarks by 53, 54, 68, 112 Smith, J. M., motions by 69 Smith, E. Ashley, remarks by 113 Success and Failure, paper on by George J. Kellogg 115 Samuels, W. M., remarks by 126 Sanders, James, remarks by 121 Smith, E. Ashley, committee on 140 Shaw, Alexander, motion by 158 Shaw, Dr. Alexander, remarks by 159, 160 Saunders, Prof. William, paper by on Entomology 178 Simonds, Dr. J. F., paper by— Fruit Evaporation 192 Smith, Rufus W., paper by — Celery Growing 196 Shell Beach, excursion to 205 Strawberries, Awards on at Exposition 220 Special Awards at Exposition 221, 225, 231 Schroeder, Dr. H., paper by— Vineyard Culture 233 The Cranberry, paper on by P. M. Augur 44 Treaty of Berne, comments on by Dr. Riley 74 Van Deman, H. E., remarks by 34,36,40, 42, 111, 113, 121, 148 Van Deman, H. E., resolution by 40 Willard, S. D., committee on 31 Wilcox, I. A., remarks by 35, 68, 84, 101, 110 Willard, S. D., remarks by 39 Williams, E., remarks by 52, 68, 103, 104, 110, 140, 152, 158 Wright, George H., motion by 69 Wright, George H., committee on 69 Williams, E., committee on 69, 140 Wilcox, I. A., committee on 69 Wright, George H., remarks by 85, 141 Williams, E., paper by — Prun-ng and Training the Vine 89 Williams, E., motions by 159 Webb, A. D., paper by — New Strawberries 188 Wright, George H., paper by — Forestry 189 World's Exposition, Horticultural Department of 207 18 \ New York Botanical Garden Libra ' '"" III! 3 5 nil llllllllillllllllll 85 00257 6187