' | M | | eal i > at fy > é » 4 —_ , cs : : P as Sail” ed NATURAL HISTORY TRANSACTIONS NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, BEING PAPERS READ AT THE MEETINGS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF ERLAND, DURHAM, AND NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, NORTHUMB TYNESIDE NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB, 1Si(- 79. VOle VIL. mS 275 614.4 ATIOonaL MUSE LONDON : WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14, HENRIETTA ST., COVENT GARDEN ; AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE: F. & W. DODSWORTH. 1880. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tur Committee of the two Societies beg to state that the Authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions entertained in their respective papers. RicHArD Howse, Eprror. CONTENTS. rile CONTENTS OF VOL. VIL. PAGE 1.—Presidential Address, 1877. G. H. Philipson, Esq., M.A.,. M.D. 1 New blemibens elected, 1876-7 ce) s.cacnceocssierdandavies aeodeardediceenes 39 Meta Mee ia es: LOK, BSF Las at octtateee sate nleldcbataractisinessaesicavaewieyonmetions 49 Mircasuren S; Report fom LLC) ios: satis sew as vsinceic ocine sista velensls sferecieee nce 41 - Officer’s elected for 1877-8 ........... Baal Mat aCh Listen at 42 If.—A Paper on Bees, by D. Embleton, M.D., with Plates and Wood- CUMS e eocianeade vie nies Paneien ane at era sicie ston ER Goes Materia Meiwaraldiensetin eke vem 43 i11.—On a Piece of Timber encrusted with Carbonate of Lime, etc. Bynerheyv. G.. Rome Hall, V.S.As.. affine = Cae ; ‘iy ae = SSSA “Ai ee Ltt. \ ~ iS Mh | oo De pile 2 pti Zatti GS { il vit if le Ki 2 aw ) at a LL, bf, oy Spr “ee. = = SS Z = — => ———— ii) } etal hi i ) S } ih x S “i ‘ \\ ea es \ AY AW iyi it = oS % eet H} SS K Hat ty Ht \ x : aN \ \ i AWS ~ LY ane ee \\ He | of a NA Ne ot I Jills i oor ey 11] \\ WN 1 wy fh eu | a i ISS oe Wr ea | ee .c? Chg i Ssailt \ aN > wodel No 5. skulls of that animal which were found in the Station with evi- dent marks of the butcher’s axe upon them. A Woodcut (No. 5) of this keystone is here inserted, on account of its interest, both archeologically and zoologically. It had suffered much BY THE REY. DR. HOOPPELL. Lol from fire. From its position it appeared to have belonged to the doorway leading from the forum into the pretorium. Close by the spot where it was found was the threshold of that building with depressions in it manifestly caused by the wear of tens of thousands of footsteps. This latter evidence of busy and long continued traffic is manifest, as already intimated, on every side of the forum. At the eastern end are several enclosures, which mark the site ap- parently of shops; near them the stones are plainly worn by footsteps. So also are the stones in places at the western end. Other stones, which from their size appear to have formed por- tions of large gateways or other important buildings, bear evident marks, as many at Borcovicus do, of having served as whetstones for innumerable spearheads, knives, or other sharp edged instru- ments. Some stone steps, to be mentioned presently, had been turned, when deep indentations had been made in them by traffic, and the new surface had been worn down by the continued stream of human feet as the old had been before. In the forum there is a well or pit, built round with stone without mortar, which the explorers excavated to a depth of several feet. When I saw it, soon after it was opened out, it was quite dry: it is near the enclosures I have conjectured to have been shops.* (Plate VI.) The large building, already alluded to as having joined the forum on the north side, extended the whole length of the forum, a distance as already said of seventy-four feet. This is inside measurement. The portion of it in immediate proximity to the forum appears to have been a noble hall, twenty-two feet wide, across the centre of which, from the threshold of the gates open- ing into the forum, ran a broad pavement, fourteen feet in width, to a most remarkable chamber beyond. The rest of the area on * The reader will have no difficulty in recognising the position, and outline, of the vari- ous points of interest above described, in the Detailed Plan (Plate XIII.), and in the photo- lithographed view (Plate VI.) The latter, together with the views which follow, has been executed from a series of admirable pen-and-ink etchings, made from photographs, by Mr. John Storey, of Neweastle-on-Tyne. The General and Detailed Plans, Plates V. and XIII., have been prepared by S. Oswald and Son, Architects and Surveyors, of Newcastle- on-Tyne, of whose disinterested and valuable aid to the work of exploration cf these highly important Remains it is impossible to speak too highly. 182 ON ROMAN REMAINS AT SOUTH SHIELDS, each side of the pavement was floored with concrete. The chamber at the end of the pavement is sunk fully four feet below the level of the hall. A flight of five stone steps in perfect pre- servation leads down into it. Its walls are four feet thick, com- posed of stones of great size, which evidently belonged to another building before they were used to construct this massive room. They are most curiously marked, and many have cramp holes, which once were filled with lead,—not, in my opinion, since they formed parts of the present building, though others I know have expressed a different opinion,—and one appears certainly to have previously been a massive door jamb. (Plate VII.) Besides the stairs this chamber had a window looking on to the pavement of the great hall, with jambs deeply splayed, and holes in the sill for three upright iron bars. The floor of this chamber is paved with large flags, and in it is a rectangular, oblong, bath or cistern or impluvium, the sides and floor of which are also composed of slabs. In this chamber was found a vast mass of stones and rubbish, and among other interesting relics the capitals of some pilasters, the base of a pillar with many step like mouldings,* and great part of a human skeleton. On each side of the chamber are the red concrete floors of rooms on a level with the floor of the great hall, but parted from it by a sub- stantial wall, and heated apparently by flues, several of which were opened by the explorers; and indications seem to warrant the conclusion that this great block of buildings extended to a distance of about twenty-two feet beyond the sunken chamber towards the north, and abutted throughout its length upon the main street which ran direct from the western to the eastern gate. The eastern wall of the block abutted in like manner on the main street, which ran from the southern to the northern gate, and the breadth of which is known from the excavations to have been fifteen feet from the wall of these important buildings to the extremities of the buttresses of another important edifice on the other side. The Station of South Shields was a large one, and evidently a * It has been suggested that this may have been the base of an altar, an altar with a base very similar to this having been found many years ago at Elenborough. BY THE REY. DR. HOOPPELL. 1383 very important one. The area within the ramparts was five and a third acres. The exploration has yielded many discoveries of very great interest, if not actually unique. As far as lam aware, a table altar, in the forum, to be described presently, of an age immediately subsequent to the Christian Romano-British epoch, the sunken chamber with its stone steps, window sill and jambs, and impluvium, and the prostrate wall of thirty feet original height, are unique in Great Britain. If the whole is ultimately destroyed, if the stones are carried away, (as they are being daily carried away to furnish materials for the foundations of new houses and for the erection of garden walls,) and if no steps are taken to preserve relics so valuable to science, and which, rightly considered, reflect such lustre on South Shields, the dis- grace to the town will be indelible. The block I have been describing, and which comprises the forum, preetorium, etc., toge- ther with all the interesting relics I have thus far particularised is included in a space of thirty-five yards by twenty-seven yards. Is the purchase, enclosure, laying out, and perpetual preservation of that space of ground beyond the means of any of the public-spirited inhabitants of South Shields? Are there not many who could do it without feeling the expenditure re- quired for the purpose in the least; and, when this is the case, shall the most precious heritage the town has within its borders be thrown away, because a Committee is unenergetic, or a public body, like the Kcclesiastical Commissioners, slow in answering letters ? But the portion I have described is not the only deeply inte- resting spot revealed by the excavation. The explorers were determined to fix the position of each of the four ramparts and to uncover each of the four gateways. In this they succeeded perfectly. More than ninety yards of the eastern rampart are laid bare, and in one place no fewer than six courses of facing stones are in position, for many yards together, a splendid piece of masonry. The rounded corner of the rampart is likewise shown to great advantage, (Plate VIII.), great chamfered blocks running round on the outside, a few courses from the founda- tion, and giving a noble appearance to the wall. The ramparts 134 ON ROMAN REMAINS AT SOUTH SHIELDS, throughout were somewhat more than six feet in thickness. In many places the facing stones are gone, but the core remains. At the eastern gateway the explorers found a room, with fire- place, and doorway with place for bar as fastener, and, next to it, another room, with plastered wall, and colour still distinct upon the plaster. Of the antiquity of this there could not be the slightest doubt, for in close proximity is a hypocaust with pillars of single stones, and the whole is on the Roman level, many feet below the surface of to-day. In another spot, not far from the eastern rampart, the remains of a large and wealthy house were found. Here was a very per- fect hypocaust, with sooty flue, coal, and many rooms. A portion of the wall of one room was within a few inches of the surface of the earth, though the concrete floor adjoining was five feet below the surface. Here was found a bronze lamp, not a com- mon find in the Stations ‘‘ per ineam valli,’”’* (Woodcut, No. 6,) No. 6. a writing stilus, of which the following Woodcut (No. 7) is an exact representation, of the precise size of the original, a bronze * Since writing the above two more lamps have been found, one of bronze, and the other of earthenware. The latter is very curious, of a design somewhat resembling a scallop shell, pierced for jive wicks. BY THE REY. DR. HOOPPELL. 135 cup, (Woodcut No. 8,) with foot and stem of beautiful design, though much decayed, and many minor articles. Near the south-east corner of the rampart were found some choice enamelled ornaments, more perfect than anything of the same kind in the British Museum. io ¥ Ao oe woe ac * ze oat » ; x 4 L e Se * ‘ e : * Penvrns ye oes we s oes SY « Tae * . 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Par OP LANE NC ORINUIEA. La A Tak. sxe. Mintern Bros.imp. Nat. Hist. Trans. ND. &N.C.Vol VILPU. XVI. ntern Bros.imp.- a M Wm.Dinning del. R.Mintern lith. PTEROPLAX CORNUTA, H&A nat. Size. ‘ ee ADDIS. eh taT Y THE ‘i PRESIDE : i e PERLD CLUB. ) : T Pacnunies pak ae i MIOPPELA, MA Die RA eR TT SECOWD LARS | sie RNs MEETING. AHL TH. THE OCR NRT Ba PHAN, DEW CASTLE-CLON. AE, MAT Sire, Be : pence Permit 30 fay pom ba ied b ian ay Ke #8 ie thy es wii bik | ok ( : “kind pense, Spon whom Ts me iy, have Maser War hake lat Wied OnO—biew, on tans i Monday, May 21st. The inniinivige was: s Deak, beds beedly number of Hem bers and a led gh Gratt Btation u few minites } fore 4 nH _ Creit they proneeded wy Powd, Te Haxworth ‘guidance: Of thd Rev. Lrwiu, the Reetor, and HB, Bors-Lewin, ¢! the. arate, . the 7 bari ited. the : waitin the ti i yours bs — ; ica co egy ly situated : eae tiles ane ae ay iS codes ef ihterost, purtinat: at fai fire sa ot oe ape bentcathe Qik aN pay med, te te ob ext de ‘ ics shies ihe ‘appéae that een ne time ad th bo the tastitation uf the Rey, Te it. Willamsen oried bed ie: henelpod, aed, fovestogmn ponte, here had ae Bi Sa SS eee eee = pie ts = * PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 187 ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE TYNESIDE NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB, READ BY THE PRESIDENT, THE REV. R. E. HOOPPELL, M.A., LL.D., F.R.A.S.. AT THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD IN THE MUSEUM OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, NEWCASTLE-UPON- TYNE, ON THURSDAY, MAY 2np, 1878. Lapis anp GentLemMEeN,—Permit me to take this, the first oppor- tunity which presents itself, in the ordinary course of things, to thank you for the honour you did me at the last Annual Meeting of the Club, in electing me your President for the year now ending. As such, it is my allotted task to give you a résumé of the Meetings held, and the work accomplished, during the past year. It was not my good fortune to be able to be present at all the Field Meetings, but kind friends, upon whom I can rely, have supplied me with information respecting those from which I was unavoidably absent. The Frrst Fretp Meerrne was held at Middleton-one-Row, on the Tees, on Whitsun Monday, May 21st. The morning was somewhat dull and bleak, but a goodly number of members and their friends assembled at Croft Station a few minutes before eleven a.m. From Croft they proceeded by road to Hurworth, where, under the guidance of the Rev. J. Irwin, the Rector, and the Rev. G. H. Ross-Lewin, the Curate, they inspected the Church, which has within the past few years been admirably restored by the munificence of the Patron and former Rector, the Rev. R. H. Williamson. The Church is beautifully situated on the summit of a cliff overhanging the Tees; and it contains several objects of interest, particularly two effigies of Knights Templars from Neasham Abbey, one supposed to be Robert de Ros, whose body was interred in the Temple Church, London, and the other Baron de Greystock of Cumberland, a connection of the Lawson family. There are also the mural tablets of several successive Rectors, from which it appears that from the time of the Commonwealth to the institution of the Rev. R. H. Williamson in 1865, a period of two hundred and fourteen years, there had Q 188 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. been but six incumbents of the benefice. These were Leonard Wastell, appointed in 1651; Cuthbert Chambers, 1712; John Johnson, 1714; George Bramwell, 1761; John Theakstone, 1784; R. H. Williamson (the father of the present Patron and late Rector), 1832. To Mr. Williamson his son succeeded; but, after holding the living a few years, he resigned it, and appointed as his successor the present Rector, the Rev. J. Irwin. From Hurworth the party proceeded to the site of Neasham Abbey; but there are but faint traces now existing of this an- cient ecclesiastical edifice. It was granted, at the suppression, to James Lawson. It was a Benedictine Nunnery, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The date of its foundation is not clearly known. On the way to Neasham Hill, where, from the grounds of Mr. Ward’s house, a magnificent view up Teesdale for many miles was obtained, Mr. Wilkinson’s pack of Otterhounds was passed. There appears to be still plenty of sport for them in the lower reaches of the Tees. . .c.cc0.c00.-:- Forth Goods Station, Newcastle. Garwood, Edmund J. ......... St. Mary’s Place, Newcastle. Gatheral, George ............++- Heathfield, Hebburn-on-Tyne. ‘SiiClD, (On dca lie) DBs saecensenenoee Westgate Road, Newcastle. Gibson, Charles, M.D.......... Eldon Square, Newcastle. Gibson, Charles...............006 16, Stanwick Street, Tynemouth.. GO SOUN PELE cinsie camer ie vows neve 28, Northumb’land Sq., North Shields. Gilchrist, Thomas.......:.2..+.< Ovington Cottage, Ovington-on-Tyne. Gilhespy, William.............-. 24, Cambridge Street, Newcastle. GillvesOMME es. ceessceseecswes Westoe, South Shields. Gillies, Alexander............-.- 9, Ravensworth Terrace, Gateshead. (CCIE, by ce nconsecunenonee apppeer 3, West Avenue, Gosforth. Gre MOD C5 ace waticie tecsan cere one 14, Annfield Plain, Glasgow. Glendenning, G. H............. 39, Jesmond Road, Newcastle. Glendenning, William ......... Grainger Street, Newcastle. GIOVE SOWM «se eie0cc uncer eens 20, Holly Avenue, Newcastle. Glover, William ................ St. Helen’s Ter., Low Fell, Gateshead. Grace, W. Percy .........-...-++- Fellside House, Whickham. Grahame JOM sc. ..2s-..cs00 08s 1, John Street, Sunderland. Graham, William ...2.- 1.0.0.0 Lovaine Terrace, North Shields, GKEAVES, JOM sc .+ecscersecensas 17, Nun Street, Newcastle. Green, Edward .......0....:0+50 Beverley Terrace, Cullercoats. Greeny wlya Ver wer ceose se rees connie 11, Lovaine Crescent, Newcastle. A2 364 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE Elected. 1675: Green, HOMAS, gence tancaceroe Garden House, Monkseaton 1854 ‘Green; William ees. ccs ces sannce Thornley House, Blaydon-on-Tyne. 1872 Greene, C siisces..eeeseseseerresc on Hymers, Henry patsecsecessteecneon yt GeOree) <.c.5.5.260.caness Jackson, Joseph Jackson, Thomas Jackson, Thomas, Jun. ....... EROS TSW Bi ie neeceaceece vee Johnson, Rey. A.. .......0.000000 Bolnsom, An! We seiecscessceeene Johnson, Hedley Johnson, Rev. John Johnson, Rev. William Joicey, James, M.P............. Jones, Thomas @oesesre ot ee x08 eeovseezrecessee peereseoovcs eee eoereovesses Deeoeeseereecreseoe Kaye, W.S., L.R.C.P.......... Kelly, Bruce Kidson, John Kirkby, James W. Kirton, Hugh Knothe, Rudolph Peeeceeseessesossseses eeeressseoossecteoees Boaeveeressee Peers egrecereseesceen Laidler, G. G. Eebour Prot. Go A. ...:.....:0: Legge, Alfred Lilburn, Charles Lowrey, Edward Lowrey, Richard Lyall, George, F.G.S. ......+.. eo seeececesers 088 eosceoetoroeosene eee coceoxsere0008 365 24, Bewick Road, Gateshead. Ward Terrace, Sunderland. East Sunniside, Sunderland. Whitburn, Sunderland. 1, Wylam Road. The College, Durham. Roseworth Villa, Gosforth. Mosley Street, Newcastle. Eden Vale, Castle Eden. Claremont Place, Newcastle. North Hetton Coal Co., John Street, Sunderland. Regent Terrace, Gateshead. Central Station, Newcastle. 25, Leazes Terrace. 2, Camp Terrace, Tynemouth. Percy Villas, Tynemouth. 34, Grey Street, Newcastle. Healey, Riding Mill-on-Tyne. 1, Elysium Place, Gateshead. 49, Derby Street, Newcastle. Hutton Rudby, Yarm. 9, Richmond Terrace, Gateshead. Longhirst, Morpeth. Durham. Gladstone Terrace, Gateshead. 2, Collingwood Street. 66, John Street, Sunderland. Kirkland, Leven, Fife. Waldridge Colliery, Chester-le-St. Side, Newcastle. Northumberland Street, Newcastle. College of Physical Science, N’castle. Mosley Street, Newcastle. Glenside, Sunderland. Lombard Street, Newcastle. Lea Villa, Riding Mill. 48, East Winchester St., South Shields. 366 LIS? OF MEMBERS OF THE Elected. ISS Mackey. Me a seca ets sees eee 8, Milton St., Shieldfield, Newcastle. 1852) Mallimon€ salience ue ea Ellison Place, Newcastle. 1880 Maling, John Ford ............ 25, Eslington Terrace. 1863; Malin Shs. JAc a scecneersre he es John Street, Sunderland. 1865) oMialine: Wiallitam: Sasiesase genes Granville Road, Newcastle. 1885. =sMaroony. AciCh ea, cccnstce acess Lovaine Crescent, Newcastle. USS = Marleyetd ais tp ocacinesisenas Hebburn-on-Tyne. Wek Nleymednenn, vehi dh NG (G5 soonnn The Vicarage, Prudhoe-on-Tyne. 1877 Maughan, William ............ 2, Elswick Park, Newcastle. LS S80) pilaw. ebhoniasenencccesesse Wallace Terrace, Ryton-on-Tyne. Sit Mess. alr: ah aan sauceeechecese High West Street, Gateshead. 1860 Messent, Philip, C.K. ......... Tynemouth. 1870 Metcalf, J. S. ........... ..... 60, Percy Park, Tynemouth. - 1867 seMlevarall eho. cccn-seeweteenenee Durham. 1876 Miller stock he GsSe cece. 51, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh. TSS6 72 MM er ae ME ea seccceesmecneeces Lovaine Place, North Shields. 1SSt Mls Merohtoni-cenceeseseaeseee 71, Lovaine Terrace, North Shields 18887 Motitt -Charles..cc-..ssacceon se Winlaton Iron Works. 1879 Moor. 3 Clean tinccteeeee Newcastle Journal Office, Sunderland. 1846 Moore oliaterorsccsccccemaceens Beckenham, Kent. NSG2> Moores ea Mticn scare eseser tose Market Place, South Shields. SCG yeMoroamy Gap baersccctes seer Villiers Street, Bishopwearmouth. 1860 Morton, Rev. Henry............ St. Stephen’s Rectory, South Shields. 1882 Morton, Jos. Hall............... 1, Ravensbourne Ter., South Shields. NSIO Mylo, Leth soscconscoonopoconcde Helensville, Grainger Park Rd., N/C. 1834 SS Moult- to hm eaeseerececnersieres 3, Gladstone Terrace, Gateshead. 1860 Murray, W., M.D.........0.. Watson, Ro S),sLODi s.cnc-6: Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. 1865) Watson, h7@, io) aac toner 21, Blackett Street, Newcastle. 1879 Watts, Rev. Arthur ............ The Rectory, Witton Gilbert. 1867 Wheeler, Rev. R. F. .......... 186%) Wiheldom oni tere -naseeeeses 58, Great Queen Street, London. 1S76 OWehit es We EN, oie ter cielcetesctetiernster Killingworth House, Newcastle. eKitee \Warsoverey leit eSoeesaqs adannoo Exchange Buildings, Sunderland. 1863 Williamson, Sir H., Bart. ..... Whitburn Hall, Sunderland. SGA Walsome Hemi grececees--toseee Westoe, South Shields. SRS) avis, Jeleriny Wo cede6onecasn0ne Winchester Terrace, Newcastle. 1878 Wilson, Edward .............008 Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. 1880 Wilson, J. Straker............... 23, Grey Street, Newcastle. 1851 Wilson, Ald. Thomas ......... Riding Mill-on-Tyne. 1881 Wilson, Thomas, M.D.......... Carville House, Wallsend. TESA NTU ges dS: Ni epee potancenodson Market Street, Newcastle. 1S Od Wood Inadsaiyserenece-naseesee South-hill, Chester-le-Street. WSIS) WOOG: UO suncssos ssyoeesc6 00 2, Benton Terrace, Newcastle. 1874>> Wiorswacks oR: “Al Ge ceensesc Local Board Office, Saltburn. eels NOCIUNE de (Gms srodoonbeonocnscc00e: Grainger Street West, Newcastle. 1881 Young, Charles G............... Dunkirk Terrace, Corbridge. STA = Voune aC Uli eds nsec cece. Windsor Terrace, Newcastle. 18642