. ^:J^r- wn . i^."* A'- . .. -^^s^^. ■5^ ^ ^'*.^ iH^' i"' ^.r-'^^. 'l#1f ^«^f %^' 1^ *'**« ^ •«y^y2^ i^^'^wyb^ ^^ §^% jSr^Ei fei^^'M^^Sr ' .A. , V^ \^ S ^^ %^;f^ ^"^\ ^^ ,-.^ rs-^ f ■•lc»'.i>.*»^ ^£^&^Sti ^?" ^. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. /5; /(^o'd — iT^ 'I Ip^. Binder E^ FEB 17 1904 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF ST. LOUIS. VOL. XIII. JANUARY 1903 TO DECEMBER 1903. PUBLISHED UNDER DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. ST. LOUIS: NIXON -JONES PRINTING CO. CONTENTS. PAGE. Table of Contents iii List of Members. Revised to December 31, 1903 v 1. Patrons. 2. Active Members. Constitution xiii By-Laws xvii Abstract of History xxii Record. January 1 to December 31, 1903 xxvi Papers Published. January 1 to December 31, 1903: 1. G. Hambach. — Revision of the Blastoideae, with a pro- posed new classification, and description of new species. — Plates I. -VI. — Issued November 4, 1903.. 1 2. Francis E. Nipher. — On the predetermination of the speed of the trotting horse. — Issued July 9, 1903.... 69 3. Julius Hurter. — Second contribution to the herpetol- ogy of Missouri. — Issued July 31, 1903 77 4. Walter L. Sheldon. — A bird's-eye view of the litera- ture of ethical science since the time of Charles Dar- win.— Issued August 21, 1903 87 5. Francis E. Nipher. — The law of contraction of gaseous nebulae. — Issued October 1, 1903 143 6. Edward H. Keiser and S. W. Forder. — A new method for the determination of free lime, and on so-called dead burnt lime. — Issued December 4, 1903 165 7. B. F. Bush. — A new genus of grasses. — Plates VII.- Vin.— Issued December 11, 1903 175 8. J. Arthur Harris. — Polygamy and certain floral ab- normalities in Solanum. — The germination of Pachira, with a note on the names of tv70 species. — Plates IX.-XI. — Issued December 12, 1903 185 9. Title-page, prefatory matter and index of Vol. XIII. — Record, January 1 to December 31, 1903. — Issued February 9, 1904. List of Authors 211 General Index 212 Index to Genera 214 CORRECTIONS.* P. 7, line 5. — For lumen is, read lumina are. P. 9, line 18. — For oval, read oral. P. 12, line 32. —For Fig. 5, read Figs. 8, 10 and 11. P. 14, line 20. — For Plate II. fig. 2, 3, 5, read Plate II. fig. 3. P. 34, line 28. —For Maccoy, read M'Coy. P. 47, line 22. — For Codastus, read Codaster. footnote. — For ralated, read related. P. 49, line 10. — For impossibie, read impossible. P. 51, lines 13, 15. — For Canedayi, read Cassedayi. P. 53, line 22. — For ambulacria, read ambulacra. P. 55, line 18. — For plicable, read plicated. line 35. — For prominent, read promising. P. 59, line 18. — Omit comma. Explanation of Plate II. No. 5. — Add, enlarged four times. No. 11. — Add, in a Codaster. Explanation of Plate IV. No. 6. — For pyramidalis, read bipyra- midalis. P. 69, line 18. — The equation should read S = a-\- 6e~*'' P. 72, line 5. —For 13.5, read 19.95. P. 147, equation (12). — For (2 — w), read (2 — 7i)'^- P. 155, line 3. —For 2C, read 2Gp. last line. — For aT, read dT. P. 156, equation (17)'. —For If —, read itf^. 00 p. 157. — For W= 4 ttJR^ Pd R, read W= AttJ R^PdR. P. 160, equation (41) and preceding equation. — For Cp , read C^. (8— 5^)(4 — 3w) C P. 163, equation (50). — Read, S = 3(2— n)H5fc-3) J ' Q following equation. — Read = 0.177 yr • P. 181, line 21. — For Hall, read Hale. * Some of these changes require to be made in only the latter part of the editioB, from which type appears to have fallen. MEMBERS. 1. PATRONS. Eliot, Heory W 2635 Locust st. Harrison, Edwin 3747 "Westminster pi. McMillan, Mrs. Eliza 25 Portland pi. McMillan, William Northrop 25 Portland pi. 2. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Adkins, James Park and Vandeventer avs. Alleman, Gellert* Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa. Allen, Terry W 5061 Lindell av. Alt, Adolf 3036 Locust st. Andrews, William Edward* Taylorville, III. Bain, Robert Edward Mather 900 Locust st. Bailey, Liberty Hyde* Ithaca, N. Y. Baker, Carl Fuller* Pomona College, Claremont, Calif. Barck, Carl 2715 Locust st. Bartlett, George M 215 Pine st. Baumgarten, Gustav 4900 Berlin av. Bean, Tarleton Hoffman* Administration bldg.. World's Fair. Becktold, William B 212 Pine st. Bernays, A. C 3623 Laclede av. Bixby, William Keeney 13 Portland pi. Boeckeler, William L 4441 Laclede av. Bolton, Benjamin Meade 4160 McPherson av. Brannon, MelvinA.* University, N. Dak. Brennan, Martin S 1414 O'Fallon st. Brimmer, George G 6900 Michigan av. Brookings, Robert S 5125 Lindell av. Brown, Daniel S 2212 DeKaib st. Brown, Willi 3526 Pine st. Budgett, Sidney Payne 1806 Locust st. Burg, William 1756 Missouri av. * Non-resident. vi Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Burnett, E. C University Club. Busch, Adolphus 1 Busch pi. Busch, Aug. A Busch pi. Bush, Benjamin Franklin* Courtney, Mo. Calvert, Sidney* State University, Columbia, Mo. Carpenter, George O Russell and Compton avs. Carter, Howard* Webster Groves, Mo. Carver, George Washington* Tuskegee, Ala. Chaplin, WinfieldS 3636 West Pine boul. Chappell, W. G 3810 Westminster pi. Chase, E. C Oriel bldg. Chauvenet, Louis 5501 Chamberlain av. Chouteau, Pierre 912 Security bldg. Chouteau, Mrs. Pierre 912 Security bldg. Compton, P. C 4156 Washington boul. Comstock, T. Griswold 3401 Washington av. Conklin, Harry R.* Joplin, Mo. Cramer, Gustav % G. Cramer Dry Plate Co. Crandall, George C ........4287 Olive st. Crunden, Frederick Moi'gan Public Library. Curtis, William S St. Louis Law School. Cushman, AUerton S.* Bryn Mawr, Pa. Dame, James E 2353 Albion pi. Dameron, Edward Caswell.* Clarksville, Mo. Davis, N. H 56 Vandeventer pi. Davis, JohnD 421 Olive st. De Menil, Alexander N De Menil bldg., 7th and Pine sts. Diehm, Ferdinand 1834 Kennett pi. ©odd, Samuel M 415 Locust st. Douglas, Archer W % Simmons Hardware Co. Drake, George S 64 Vandeventer pi. Drosten,F. W 2011 Park av. Duenckel, Frederick William 2912 Ellendale av. Duggar, B. M.* 202 Hitt st., Columbia, Mo. Eggert, Henry* 1001 Collinsville av., E. St. Louis, 111. Eimbeck, August F.* New Haven, Mo. Eliot, Edward C 5468 Maple av. Engler, Edmund Arthur* U Boynton st., Worcester, Mass. Erker, AdolphP 608 Olive st. Members. vii Espenschied, Charles 3500 Washington av. Euston, Alexander 3730 Lindell boul. Evers, Edward 1861 N. Market st. Ewing, Arthur E 6024 West Cabanne pi. Eycleshymer, A. E 3650 Washington av. Favor, Ernest Howard* Box 842, Columbia, Mo. Fernald, Robert Hey wood Washington University. Fischel, Washington E 3841 Washington av. Forbes, Stephen A.* Urbana. 111. Fordyce, John R.* 2223 Louisiana st., Little Rock, Ark. Forster, Marquard 2317 S. 13th st. Francis, David R 4421 Maryland av. French, George Hazen* ...Carbondale, 111. Frerichs, Frederick W 4608 S. Broadway. Frick, John Henry* Warrenton, Mo. Fruth, Otto J 3066 Hawthorne boul. Fry, Frank R 3133 Finest. Funkhouser, Robert Monroe 3534 Olive st. Gazzam, James Breading 514 Security bldg. Geeks, Frank 3453 Magnolia av. Gerling, H. J 4320 Cook av. Glasgow, Frank A 3894 Washington boul. Glasgow, William C 2847 Washington av. Goetz, Victor 129 Market st. Goldstein, Max A 3858 Westminster pi. Goodman, Charles H 3329 Washington av. Graham, Benjamin B 5145 Lindell boul. Graves, William W 1943 N. 11th st. Graves, Willis Nelson 2813 Lafayette av. Gray, MelvinL 3756 Lindell boul. Greeley, Arthur W Washington University. Green, John 2670 Washington av. Gregory, Elisha Hall 3525 Lucas av. Gregory, Elisha H., Jr.* Medical Dept., Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia. Grindon, Joseph 3894 Washington av. Gundelach, Chas. H 3900 Westminster pi. Gundelach, W. J 3703 Finney av. Gurney, James Tower Grove and Magnolia avs. Guy, William Evans 4380 Westminster pi. viii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Haarstick, Henry C Third and Chestnut sts. Hambach, Gustavf 1319 Lami st. Hardaway, W. A 2922 Locust st. Harris, James Arthur Washington University. Hartmann, Rudolph 2020 Victor st. Held, George A International Bank. Herzog, William 3644 Botanical av. Hirschberg, Francis D 3818 Lindell boul. Hitchcock, Albert Spear* ..U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hitchcock, George C 3877 Washington av. Holman, M. L 3744 Finney av. Holmes, Joseph A Mines Dept., La.Purch. Exposition. Homan, George 323 Odd Fellows' bldg. Hough, Warwick Circuit Court, Room 1. Hughes, Charles Hamilton 3860 West Pine boul. Huiskamp, John E 5554 Cabanne av. Hume, H. Harold* Lake City, Fla. Hunicke, Henry August 3532 Victor st. Hurter, Julius 2346 S. 10th st. Hyatt, Robert J U. S. Weather Bureau. Irish, Henry C Mo. Botanical Garden. Ives, Halsey Cooley Museum of Fine Arts. Johnson, Reno De O.* Desloge, Mo. Jones, Breckinridge 4010 Lindell boul. Kail, Richard 1370 Goodfellow av. Keiser , Edward H Washington University. Keyes, Charles R.* State School of Mines, Socorro, New Mex. Kinealy, John H.* ..1108 Pemberton bldg., Boston, Mass. King, Goodman 78 Vandeventer pi. Kirchner, Walter C. G 1211 N. Grand av. Klem, Mary J 1808^ Lafayette av. Kodis, Theodore* Schadow, Kowno, Russia. Krall, George Warren Manual Training School. Lackland, Rufus J ,1623 Locust st. Langsdorf, Alexander S Washington University. t Elected a life-member January 3, 1882. Members. ix Leavitt, Sherman Washington University. Lefevre, George* State University, Columbia, Mo. Leighton, George Bridge 803 Garrison av. Letterman, George W.* Allenton, Mo. Lichter, John J 1740 Simpson av. Lloyd, Hiram Odd Fellows' bldg. Loeb, Hanau Wolf 3559 Olive st. Ludwig, Charles V. F 1509 Chouteau av. Luedeking, Robert 1837 Lafayette av. Lumelius, J. George 1225 St. Ange av. Lyon, Hartwell Neiles 3910 Russell av. Mack, Charles Jacob 113 N. Broadway. Mallinckrodt, Edward 26 Vandeventer pi. Mallinckrodt, Edward, Jr 26 Vandeventer pi. Markham, George Dickson 4961 Berlin av. Marx, Christian William* ....University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, O. Mason, Silas C* Berea, Ky. Matthews, Leonard 300 N. 4th st. McGee, W J ... World's Fair. Meier, Theodore G 3938 Washington boul. Merrell, Albert 3814 Washington boul. Meyer, John F 1739 Pennsylvania av. Michel, Eugene H 2721 S. King's Highway. Miller, Charles F 1751 Missouri av. Monell, Joseph T.* ....Flat River, Mo. Monroe, Lee Ernest* F^ureka, Mo. Moore, Robert 61 Vandeventer pi. Mudd, Harvey G 2604 Locust st. Mueller, Ambrose* Webster Groves, Mo. Nagel, Charles 3969 Washington boul. Nasse, Aug 209 N. 2d st. Nautze, Gustav 2868 S. 18th st. Nelson, Aven* Laramie, Wyom. Niedringhaus, George W 3745 Lindell boul. Nipher, Francis E Washington University. Norton, J. B. S.* College Park, Md. Oglevee, Christopher Stoner* Lincoln, 111. Olshausen, Ernest P 1115 Rutger st. Olshausen, George R.* Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. X Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. O'Reilly, Andrew J 1507 Papin st. O'Reilly, Robert J 3411 Pine st. Outten, W. B Missouri Pacific Hospital. Overstolz, Herman 100 N. Broadway. Palmer, Ernest Jesse* 321 S. Allen st., Webb City, Mo. Pammel, Louis Hermann* Ames, la. Pantaleoni, Guido 415 Locust st. Parker, George Ward 417 Pine st. Parsons, Charles 2804 Pine st. Pauls, Gustavus St. Louis Altenheim. Pettus, W. H. H 4373 Westminster pi. Pfeiffer, Egmont 3921a Shenandoah av. Pike, Sherman B 5881 Cates av. Pitzman, Julius 1900 S. Compton av. Poats, Thomas Grayson* Clemson College, S. C. Post, Martin Hayward 5371 Waterman av. Preetorius, Emil % Westliehe Post. Prewitt, Theodore F 4917 Berlin av. Prynne, Charles Martyn Lincoln Trust bldg. Pulsifer, William H* Nonquitt, Mass. Quaintance, A. L.* U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Randall, JohnE 1910 Olive st. Raphael, Abraham 5164 Raymond av. Ravold, Amand 2806 Morgan st. Reverchon, Julien* R. F. D. 8, Dallas, Texas. Richter, Phil. George.... 2424 S. 18th st. Rieloff, F. C ,... 3837 W. Pine boul. Rilliet, Chas. E 4719 S. 9th st. Robert, Edward Scott 1105 Missouri Trust bldg. Robertson, Charles* Carlinville, 111. Roever, William Henry* Cambridge, Mass. Rogers, Herbert F V,, Provident Chemical Works. Rolfs, Peter H.* Tropical Laboratory, Miami, Fla. Rosenwald, Lucian* Las Vegas, New Mex. Ruf, Frank A 5863 Cabanne av. Runge, Edward C Vanol bldg. Russell, Colton* 325 S. Bunker Hill av., Los Angeles, Cal. Ryan, Frank K 2725 Lawton av. Members. xi Sander, Enno 2807 Lawton av. Sargent, Charles Sprague* Jamaica Plain, Mass. Sehmalz, Leopold 2824 Shenandoah av. Schneck, Jacob* Mt. Carmel, 111. Von Schrenk, Hermann Mo. Botanical Garden. Schroers, John 1730 Missouri av. Schrowang, Otto Gay bldg. Schwab, Sidney I '^602 Locust st. Schwarz, Frank 1520 Lafayette av. Schwarz, Henry 1723 Chouteau av. Schweitzer, Paul* Columbia, Mo. Scott, Henry C 64 Vandeventer pi. See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson*..Naval Observatory, Mare Island, Cal. Selby, Augustine Dawson* Wooster, O. Senseney, E. M 2829 Washington av. Sheldon, Walter L 4065 Delmar av. Shepley, John F 60 Vandeventer pi. Shoemaker, William Alfred 4386 Westminster pi. Simmons, E. C 9th and Spruce sts. Simmons, Wallace D 9th and Spruce sts. Sluder, Greenfield 2647 Washington av. Smith, Arthur George* 422N. Dubuque St., Iowa City, la. Smith, D. S. H 3646 Washington boul. Smith, Irwin Z 87 Vandeventer pi. Smith, Jared G.* .Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Soldan, F. Louis 3634 Flad av. Spiegelhalter, Joseph 2166 Lafayette av. Starkloff, H. M 3623 Cleveland av. Starr, John E.* 258 Broadway, New York City. Staudinger, B 3556 Lindell boul. Stedman, .John Moore* State University, Columbia, Mo. Stevens, Charles D 1749 S. Grand av. Stevens, Wyandotte James 4043 Juniata st. Stocker, George J 2833 S. King's Highway. Strauss, Julius C 3516 Franklin av. Stuart, James Lyall 5346 Maple av. Summa, Hugo 2249 St. Louis av. Taussig, Albert E 2647 Washington av. Taussig, William 3447 Lafayette av. Teichmann, William C 1141 Market st. Terry, Robert James 4105 Washington av. xii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Thacher, Arthur 4304 Washington boul. Thorn, Charles* 239 Hazel st., Ithaca, N. Y. Thomas, John R 420 N. 4th st. Thomson, William H., Jr 3805 Lindell boul. Thurman, John S 416 Lincoln Trust bldg. Timmerman, Arthur H 2633 Park av. Tittmann, Harold H 3726 Washington boul. Trelease, William Mo. Botanical Garden. Tyler, Elza Edward* State University, Columbia, Mo. Tyrrell, Warren Ayres 3620a Folsom av. Updegraff, Milton* 12 Goldsborough Row, Annapolis, Md. Valle, Jules F 3303 Washington av. Van Ornum, John Lane Washington University. Vickroy, Wilhelm Rees 2901 Rauschenbach av. von Schrader, George F Wainwright bldg. von Schrader, Otto U 3749 Westminster pi. Warren, William Homer 1806 Locust st. Watts, Millard F 4362 Morgan st. Weller, Stuart* University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Westgate, John Minton* Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Wheeler, H. A 3124 Locust st. Whelpley, Henry Milton 2342 Albion pi. Whitaker, Edwards 300 N. 4th st. Whitten, John Charles*. Columbia, Mo. Widmann, Otto 5105 Morgan st. Wilson, Edward Allen 3745 W. Pine st. Winkelmeyer, Christopher 3540 Lawton av. Wislizenus, Frederick A 3628 Cleveland av. Witt, Thomas D.* Rushville, 111. Woodward, Calvin Milton Washington University. Zahorsky, John 1460 S. Grand av. Zawodny, Joseph* Schloss Lobes, Mscheno, bei Melnik, Bohemia, Austria. CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. NAME. Section 1. This Association shall be called "The Acad- emy OF Science of St. Louis." ARTICLE II. object. Section 1. It shall have for its object the promotion of science. Sec. 2. As means to this end the Academy shall hold meetings for the consideration and discussion of scientific subjects ; shall take measures to procure original papers upon such subjects; and shall, as often as may be practicable, publish its transactions. It shall also establish and maintain a cabinet of objects illustrative of the several departments of science, and a library of works relating to the same. It shall also place itself in communication with other scientific institutions. article III. members. Section 1. The Academy shall consist of Active Members, Corresponding Membei^s, Honorary Members, and Patrons. Sec. 2. Active Members shall be persons interested in science, and they alone shall conduct the aifairs of the Academy. Sec. 3. Persons not living in the City or County of St. Louis who may be disposed to further the object of the Academy by original researches, contributions of speci- mens, or otherwise, may be elected Corresponding Membei's. Sec. 4. Persons not living in the City or County of St. xiv Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Louis may be elected Honorary Members by virtue of their attainments in science. Sec. 5. Any person conveying to the Academy the sum of one thousand dolhirs ($1,000), or its equivalent, may be elected a Patron. Sec. 6. Persons may be admitted to any of the preceding classes of membership, or dismissed therefrom, in accordance with the regulations prescribed by the By-Laws. ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS. Section 1. The officers of the Academy shall be chosen from the active members, and they shall consist of a President, 1st Vice-President, 2d Vice-President, Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Three Curators, Two Directors. Said officers shall be elected at the time and in the man- ner prescribed by the By-Laws, and shall hold their offices for one year, or until their successors are elected. Sec. 2. The duties of these officers shall be such as are customary and as prescribed by the By-Laws. article v. council. Section 1. The President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Recording Secretary, the Treasurer, the Librarian, and the two Directors shall constitute the Council of the Academy. Sec. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to consider all plans conducive to the welfare of the Academy ; to audit all bills and order payment of such as they may approve ; Constitution. xv to consider all applications for membership ; and to adminis- ter the business of the Academy, subject to the Constitution and By-Laws and to such instructions as may be given by the Academy. ARTICLE VI. MEETINGS. Section 1. The meetings of the Academy shall be held at such times and places as the By-Laws may direct. ARTICLE VII. amendments. Section 1. Amendments to this Constitution shall be sub- mitted in writing at a regular meeting. They shall be open to discussion until at least the second meeting thereafter. They may then be adopted by a two-thirds vote of a letter- ballot, conducted in the manner prescribed by the Council. ARTICLE VIII. SECTIONS. Section 1. To encourage and promote special investiga- tions in any branch of science, members of the Academy may form Sections which shall be constituted as herein provided. Sec. 2. For the formation of a Section written application shall be made to the Academy, at a regular meeting, by not less than six active members. On the approval of this application by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members present at the next regular meeting, the Section shall be established and the names of the petitioners shall be recorded on its minutes as its founders. Sec. 3. Sections may increase the number of their mem- bers by election, but only members of the Academy shall be elected members of any of the Sections . Sec. 4. The officers of each Section shall be a Chairman and a Secretary, who shall be elected by its members at the xvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. first meeting of the Section, and subsequently at the first meeting in January of each year. Sec. 5. The collections and books of each Section are the common property of the Academy. Donations of books and specimens made to or for any Section shall be received as donations to the Academy for the use of the Section. Sec. 6. A report of the proceedings of each Section shall be submitted to the Academy at least once every month. Papers read before any Section with a view to publication by the Academy shall take the same course as papers read before the Academy. Sec. 7. On all points not herein provided for, each Section shall be governed by the Constitution, By-Laws, and instructions of the Academy. BY-LAWS. I. REGULAR MEETINGS. The regular meetings of the Academy shall be held on the first and third Monday evenings of every month, unless otherwise ordered by the Council. II. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings may be called by the President at his dis- cretion, and shall be called by him on the written request of three or more members. III. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. The Recording Secretary shall send a notice of each meet- ing to every active member at least two days before such meeting. IV. QUORUM. Seven members shall constitute a quorum, but four mem- bers shall constitute a legal meeting for reading of papers. V, ORDER OF BUSINESS. The order of proceeding, at the regular meetings of the Academy, shall be as follows: — 1. Minutes of last meeting. 2. Report of the Council. 3. Reports of Committees. i. Report of the Corresponding Secretary. 5. Donations to the Museum and Library. 6. Written Communications. 7. Oral Communications. 8. Deferred Business. 9. New Business. 10. Elections. 11. Proposals for Membership. 12. Adjournment. xviii Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. VI. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to conduct the correspondence and report to the Academy. VII. TREASURER. The Treasurer shall collect all moneys due the Academy ; be custodian of all its funds, and pay such bills against the Academy as the Council shall approve. The Treasurer shall deposit the moneys and invest the funds of the Academy in its name and by and with the advice of the Council. Besides his annual report to the Academy, the Treasurer shall make such further reports and statements concerning the financial affairs of the Academy as the Council may from time to time require. Before entering upon his duties, the Treasurer shall give bond in such sum as may be required by the Council. VIII. LIBRARIAN. The Librarian shall take charge of all books belonging to or deposited with the Academy, and shall be responsible for the same; he shall keep a catalogue thereof, in which the names of contributors shall be inscribed ; he shall superintend the distribution of all the publications of the Academy. IX. COUNCIL. The Council shall act as a publication committee ; shall prepare a programme for each meeting, and may make rules and regulations for their own guidance, not inconsistent with the Constitution and By-Laws. X. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. A nominating committee of three active members who are not officers of the Academy shall be elected at the first regu- lar meetingr in December. This committee shall nominate By-Laws. xix candidates for all the offices for the ensuing year, and report the nominations at the following meeting, when other nom- inations may be made by any active member. The Recording Secretary shall mail to every active member a list of the nom- inees for office, at least ten days preceding the annual meet- ing. The polls shall be closed at 6 p. m. on the day of the annual meeting, after which the nominating committee shall count the ballots and announce the results to the Academy. A plurality of the votes cast shall suffice to elect. XI. VACANCIES. A vacancy in any office shall be filled by election conducted in the same manner as the annual election. XII. ELECTION OF MEMBERS. A candidate for admission to the Academy shall be pro- posed by not less than two members at any regular meeting. The proposal must then be referred to the Council, and if upon examination they shall find the candidate to be eligible andVorthy of membership, they shall order the question as to his admission to be submitted to the Academy by ballot. If there be five votes in the negative, the candidate shall be re- jected, and shall not be again voted upon for twelve months after such rejection. But if the number of negative votes be less than five, the candidate shall be elected, but shall not be considered a member until he shall have paid the initiation fee and the annual dues for the current year. Any failure to pay the initiation fee and annual dues within thirty days after the candidate has been notified of his election, shall work a forfeiture of all rights under said election, if the Council shall so determine. No entry shall be made on the record of the rejection of any candidate. XIII. RESIGNATION OF MEMBERS. Any member whose dues have been fully paid, may with- draw from the Academy by a written resignation. Non-pay- XX Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ment of dues for one year or longer may be treated as equivalent to resignation ; but before any member is dropped from the rolls for delinquency, he shall be entitled to not less than four weeks' notice. XIV. EXPULSION OF MEMBERS. Upon the written request of five members, that, for cause stated, any member be expelled, the Council shall consider the matter, and if they deem it best, shall advise the member that his resignation will be accepted. He shall, however, have the right to demand and shall be given a copy of the charges against him, and shall have a reasonable time to pre- sent a written defense. The Council may then pass finally upon the matter, and if resignation has not been tendered, or a satisfactory defense made, may by an affirmative vote of four of their number expel the member, in which case they shall notify him and the Academy of their action, and his name shall be at once dropped from the list of members. XV. INITIATION FEE AND DUES. Eesident active members shall pay an initiation fee of five dollars, and annual dues of six dollars, payable at the begin- ning of each year. Non-resident active members shall pay an initiation fee of five dollars and annual dues of one-half the dues for resident active members, payable at the begin- ning of each year. XVI. HONORARY MEMBERS AND PATRONS. Honorary members and Patrons shall be recommended by the Council, and elected by the unanimous vote of the mem- bers present at any regular meeting. XVII. PUBLICATIONS. Patrons and all active members not in arrears shall be entitled to one copy of all the publications of the Academy By-Laws. xxi issued subsequent to their election. Authors of papers shall be entitled to twenty extra copies of their individual papers. XVIII. SALE OF REAL ESTATE. The property conveyed to The Academy of Science of St. Louis on the eighteenth day of March, 1903, by Edgar R. Hoadley and Lavinia L. Hoadley, as a gift from Mrs. Eliza McMillan and William N. McMillan, shall not be mortgaged or voluntarily incumbered by the Academy of Science ; and the said property shall not be sold, except with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the Academy of Science, obtained by letter ballot, in such manner as may be pre- scribed by the Council, and, when sold, the proceeds of the sale or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be used to provide a suitable location and building for the use of The Academy of Science of St Louis. XIX. AUTHORITY. On all points of order and procedure, not provided for in the Constitution and By-Laws, Roherfs Rules of Order shall be the authority. XX. AMENDMENTS. These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the members present at any regular meeting, provided notice of the proposed amendment shall have been mailed to everv member at least one week before the vote thereon is taken. ABSTRACT OF HISTORY ORGANIZATION. The Academy of Science of St. Louis was organized on the 10th of March, 1856, in the hall of the Board of Public Schools. Dr. George Engelmann was the first President. CHARTER. On the 17th of January following, a charter incorporating the Academy was signed and approved, and this was accepted by vote of the Academy on the 9th of February, 1857. OBJECTS. The act of incorporation declares the object of the Academy to be the advancement of science and the establishment in St. Louis of a museum and library for the illustration and study of its various branches, and provides that the members shall acquire no individual property in the real estate, cabinets, library, or other of its effects, their interest being usufruc- tuary merely. The constitution as adopted at the organization meeting and amended at various times subsequenth^ provides for hold- ing meetinors for the consideration and discussion of scientific subjects ; taking measures to procure original papers upon such subjects ; the publication of transactions ; the establishment and maintenance of a cabinet of objects illustrative of the several departments of science, and a library of works relating to the same; and the establishment of relations with other scientific institutions. To encourage and promote special in- vestigation in any branch of science, the formation of special sections under the charter is provided for. Abstract of History. xxiii MEMBERSHIP. Members are classified as active members, corresponding members, honorary members and patrons. Active member- ship is limited to persons interested in science, though they need not of necessity be engaged in scientific work, and they alone conduct the affairs of the Academy, under its constitu- tion. Persons not living in the city or county of St. Louis who are disposed to further the objects of the Academy, by original researches, contributions of specimens, or otherwise, are eligible as corresponding members. Persons not living in the city or county of St. Louis are eligible as honorary members by virtue of their attainments in science. Any person conveying to the Academy the sum of one thousand dollars or its equivalent becomes eligible as a patron. Under the by-laws, resident active members pay an initia- tion fee of five dollars and annual dues of six 4ollars. Non- resident active members pay the same initiation fee, but annual dues of three dollars only. Patrons, and honorary and corresponding members, are exempt from the payment of dues. Each patron and active member not in arrears is entitled to one copy of each publication of the Academy issued after his election, Since the organization of the Academy, 967 persons have been elected to active membership, of whom, at the present time, 292 are carried on the list. Four patrons, Mr. Edwin Harrison, Mrs. Eliza McMillan, Mrs. WiUiam Northrop McMillan and Mr. Henry W. Ehot, have been elected. The list of corresponding members (Vol. X., p. xii) includes 205 names, among which are the names of 102 persons known to be deceased. OFFICERS AND MANAGEMENT. The officers, who are chosen from the active members, con- sist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Recording and Cor- responding Secretaries, Treasurer, Librarian, three Curators, and two Directors. The general business management of the XXIV Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Academy is vested in a Council composed of the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Kecording Secretary, the Treas- urer, the Librarian and the two Directors. The office of President has been filled by the following well-known citizens of St. Louis, nearly all of whom have been eminent in some line of scientific work : George Engel- mann, Benjamin F. Shumard, Adolphus Wislizenus, Hiram A. Prout, John B. Johnson, James B. Eads, William T. Harris, Charles V. Riley, Francis E. Nipher, Henry S. Pritchett, John Green, Melvin L. Gray, Edmund A. Engler, Robert Moore, and Henry W. Eliot. MEETINGS. The regular meetings of the Academy are held at its build- ing, 3817 Olive Street, at 8 o'clock, on the first and third Monday evenings of each month, a recess being taken between the meeting on the first Monday in June and the meeting on the third Monday in October. These meetings, to which in- terested persons are always welcome, are devoted in part to the reading of technical papers designed for pubhcation in the Academy's Transactions, and in part to the presentation of more popular abstracts of recent investigation or progress. From time to time public lectures, calculated to interest a larger audience, are provided for in some suitable hall. The following dates for regular meetings for the year 1904 have been fixed by the Council : — Jan. Feb. Mar.. April. Mav. June. Oct. Nov. Dec. 4 18 1 15 7 21 4 18 2 16 6 17 7 21 5 19 LIBRARY. After its organization, the Academy met in Pope's Medical College, where a creditable beginning had been made toward Abstract of History. xxv the formation of a museum and library, until May, 1869, when the building and museum were destroyed by fire, the library being saved. The library now contains 14,893 books and 11,663 pamphlets, and is open during certain hours of the day for consultation by members and persons engaged in scientific work. PUBLICATIONS AND EXCHANGES. Thirteen thick octavo volumes of Transactions have been published since the organization of the Academy, and widely distributed. Two quarto publications have also been issued : one from the Archaeological section, being a contribution to the archaeology of Missouri, and the other a report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party of 1889. The Academy now stands in exchange rela- tions with 576 institutions or organizations of aims similar to its own. MUSEUM. Since the loss of its first museum, in 1869, the Academy has lacked adequate room for the arrangement of a public museum, and, although small museum accessions have been received and cared for, its main effort of necessity has been concentrated on the holding of meetings, the formation of a library, the publication of worthy scientific matter, and the maintenance of relations with other scientific bodies. KECORD. From January 1, 1903, to December 31, 1903. January 5, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-two persons present. The nominating committee reported that 138 ballots had been counted, and the following officers for 1903 were declared duly elected : — President Henry W. Eliot. First Vice-President D. S.H. Smith. Second Vice-President William K. Bixby. Recording Secretary William Trelease. Corresponding Secretar}^.. .Ernest P. Olshausen. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators G. Hambach, Julius Hurter, A. H. Timmerman. Directors F. E. Nipher, Adolf Alt. The President addressed the members present, on the con- dition of the Academy, and its work during the year 1902.* The Treasurer submitted his annual report, showing in- vested funds to the amount of $6,500.00 and a current balance of $358.09 carried forward to the year 1903. f The Librarian submitted his annual report. | The Council reported that the resignation of Mr. A. T. Primm, Jr., and Mr. G. R. Kline had been accepted, and that the following additions had been made to the exchange list : R. Accademia . . . degli zelanti, Acireale; Broteria, Lis- * TrdDsactions 12:xxix. t Transactions 12 : xxxi. J Transactions 12 : xxxi. Record. xxvii bon; The Zoological Department of the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley; and the Museum of the Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn. On behalf of Mr. Hurter, who represented the Academy at the Fifth International Congress of Zoologists, held in Berlin in 1901, the Secretary presented to the library of the Academy a copy of the report of said Congress. Mr. Julius Hurter presented for publication a paper on the herpetology of Missouri, illustrating his remarks by speci- mens. Dr. Hermann von Schrenk presented some notes on the bitter-rot disease of apples, referring particularly to recent investigations and cultural experiments. He exhibited speci- mens of the cankers formed on apple limbs by the bitter- rot fungus (Gloeosporium fructigenum, Berk.) in various orchards, and of artificial cankeps produced in apple trees at the Missouri Botanical Garden by inoculating branches with spores from apples affected with the bitter-rot disease, and spores from pure cultures of the fungus from cankers occurring naturally in the orchard. Cultures showing the perfect or ascus stage of the fungus were exhibited, and attention was called to the fact that up to date the perfect form had been found only in cultures and on several apples kept in the laboratory. He announced the discovery two weeks ago, by Mr. Perley Spaulding, of the perithecia and perfectly formed asci and ascospores of the bitter-rot fungus in several of the cankers produced on apple limbs from pure cultures of the bitter-rot fungus as well as from bitter-rot spores taken from cankers obtained in an affected orchard. This discovery is considered extremely important, as it dem- onstrates, for the first time, beyond question, that the bitter- rot fungus actually produces its perfect fruit in the cankers, and thereby strengthens the contention that the cankers on apple limbs are actually formed by the bitter-rot fungus. The asci are apparently as evanescent in the cankers as they are in cultures, and it is therefore not at all improbable that many of the supposed pycnidial spores found in both the natural and artificially produced cankers were really ascospores. xxviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Drawings were exhibited showing the perithecia found in the cankers with asci and ascospores. Mess. R. Kail and Th. Lange, of St. Louis, were elected to active membership. Two persons were proposed for active membership. January 19, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-seven persons present. The Council reported that the regular edition of the Acad- emy's Transactions had been increased from 1,000 to 1,100; that the resignation of Mr. F. W. Biebinger and Mr. Victor Goetz had been accepted; and that exchange relations had been discontinued with the Anthropologische Gesellschaft, of Vienna. Mr. W. L. Sheldon presented a summary of the progress in the science of ethics, since the publication of Darwin's " Descent of Man," in 1871. Miss Mary J. Klem and Mr. Charles E. Rilliet, of St. Louis, were elected to active membership. One person was proposed for active membership. February 2, 1903. Professor Mpher in the chair, twenty-four persons present. The Council reported that the Academia Nacional, of Cordova, had been dropped from the exchange list, and that the Deutscher Verein Zum Schutze der Vogelwelt had been added to the list. Dr. Tarleton H. Bean delivered an interesting illustrated address on the salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Dr. R. J. Terry reported on a case of right aortic arch in man — of relatively rare occurrence — and, with the aid of lantern slides and blackboard diagrams, indicated its peculiar features and morphological significance. Dr. W. J. Guudelach, of St. Louis, was elected to active membership. One person was proposed for active membership. Record. February 16, 1903. Vice-President Smitti in the chair, sixteen persons present. Professor A. W. Greeley gave an account of recent experiments on the effects on protoplasm of variations in temperature and in the water content of the cells. It was shown that in the case of certain algae, protozoa, and the eggs of some marine invertebrates, a reduction of temperature gave rise to parthenogenetic spore formation or Ggg segmen- tation, as was also the case when, by suitable plasmolysis, water was withdrawn from the cells. Mr. CM. Prynne, of St. Louis, was elected to active membership. March 2, 1903. Dr. John Green in the chair, nine persons present. Professor F. E. Nipher gave an account of his experiments in the production of ether waves by means of explosions. He is now using a brass tube, six feet long and one and one-third inch in diameter, for the explosive, which is laid in a train from end to end. This tube is placed within a large brass tube, one and three-eighths inch in diameter, which is wound with 25,700 windings of No. 25 copper wire. This coil is connected with a delicate D'Arsonval galvanometer. The coil is placed with its axis in the magnetic meridian. When gunpowder is exploded in the inner tube, the galvano- meter gives indication of a change in permeability of the heated channel within the coil. The results were said to be as yet inconclusive, and the apparatus is to be somewhat modified with a view to making it more sensitive. March 16, 1903. Vice-President Smith in the chair, twenty-eight persons present. Dr. H. M. Whelpley gave an account of the sacred pipe- stone quarries of the Upper Missouri, illustrating his remarks XXX Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. by the use of lantern slides, some of them from photographs taken by him at the quarries and others reproducing views published by Catliu and others. April (3, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, twenty persons present. The Council reported that the property now occupied by the Phillips School, on Olive Street between Spring and Vande- venter, had been purchased by Mrs. Eliza McMillan and her son, Mr. William Northrop McMillan, and deeded to the Academy as a memorial to the late William McMillian, who, at the time of his death, was a member of the Academy. The gift was referred to the Academy for appropriate action, with the recommendation on the part of the Council that Mrs. McMillan and her son be elected patrons of the Academy. The President stated that in connection with this announce- ment by the Council he wished to say that it had been thought advisable by the Council that the gift, which was made for the purpose of giving the Academy a permanent home, should be surrounded b}^ proper restrictions as to any future sale of the property which should insure the permanent possession of a home by the Academy, and that he trusted that action would be taken which should prevent the alienation at any time of this property without the contingent acquisition of an equal or better building for the Academy's use. Professor Nipher said : — Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Academy : I cannot allow this occasion to pass without calling attention to the great significance of the announcement which has been made this evening. Ever since the Academy was organized, in March, 1856, its work has been done under the most discouraging circumstances. It has never had a home. Its meetings have been held in the meeting room of the Board of Education, at a medical college, at Washington University, and in the rooms of the Missouri Historical Society. It has never had its own home, where it might make its valuable library and its collections of real service to the citizens of our city. During all these years of its existence the Academy has been collecting a library of scientific publications, in exchange with similar societies in all parts of the world. Our published Transactions have gone to every civilized land. We have certainly had the outward semblance of great scientific activity. There is no local Academy of Science in this Record. xxxi country which can present a more creditable record of published work. Even during the civil war, when almost every educational interest suffered, a few working investigators aided by others who gave such support as they could give, continued to produce before this body their contributions to knowledge, and to publish them to the world in the Transactions of the Academy. During all of this time these pioneers have been hoping to see this day. Year after year the President's annual report has called attention to the vital necessity of a fixed abiding place which we could own and control. Without this we could never hope to establish a public museum of Science, or to avail ourselves of our precious library. And now the first great advance has been made. This gift to the cause we have been striving to uphold, could not have been more opportune. These enlightened patrons of higher learning have seen their opportunity, and they have volunteered their aid. The manner in which they have be- stowed their bounty makes it doubly valuable and effective. They have made it impossible for us to honor them by any act within our power. They have become one with us in the cause which we have all labored to advance. May we not hope that they will permit us to enroll their names in our membership as Patrons of the Academy? And this gift brings with it new obligations for us. We should now seek to establish an endowment fund, which will enable us to make our valuable collection of books and specimens fully available to the public. During the World's Fair we shall be under examination. Learned men from this and other lands will come among us. The great public will be here. The location of our new home is such that we cannot fail to attract the attention of vast numbers of our visitors. We should not only have a museum and library which will be an honor to our city, but it should be open to all. We wish to show that we have here, among the permanent institutions of our city, an Academy of Science w lich is dedicated to the advancement of human learning, and to the diffusion of knowledge among men. In this way we shall fittingly carry out the work which Mrs. William McMillan and her son, Mr. William Northrop McMillan, have so nobly begun. The following resolutions, introduced by Professor Nipher and seconded by Dr. Ewing, were unanimously adopted, and the Secretary was instructed to communicate a copy of them to Mrs. McMillan and Mr. McMillan: — Resolved, That the members of The Academy of Science of St. Louis most gratefully accept from Mrs. Eliza McMillan and Mr. William N. McMillan the gift of a permanent home for the Academy. We feel that this generous donation will infuse new life into the institution, and will insure its future usefulness. We pledge ourselves to use every effort to make it worthy of the confidence thus shown by the donors and to maintain the object of its founders, as expressed in the Act of Incorporation — " the advancement of science and the establishment in St. Louis of a museum and library for the illustration and study of its various branches." XXXll Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Besolved, by the members of The Academy of Science of St. Louis, that the property conveyed on the 18th day of March, 1903, by Edgar R. Hoad- ley and Lavinia L. Hoadley, to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, which property is the gift of Mrs. Eliza McMillan and William N. McMillan, shall not be mortgaged or incumbered so long as it remains the property of The Academy of Science. Besolved, further, that the property shall not be sold except by a two- thirds vote of the members of The Academy of Science of St. Louis by letter -ballot in the manner prescribed by the Council, and that when sold, the proceeds of the sale, or as much thereof as may be necessary, shall be used to provide a suitable location and building for the uses of The Academy of Science. Mrs. Eliza McMillan and Mr. William Northrop McMillan were elected patrons of the Academy, on nomination of the Council. Professor A. S. Chessin presented the following communi- cation on the strains and stresses in a rotating thin circular disc : — The problem of determining the strains and stresses in a rotating disc or, as it is commonly known, the problem of the fly-wheel, is still an open one so far as a general solution is considered. The present paper deals only with very thin discs but the method of obtaining a solution may be readily extended to the more general problem. Let the axis of the disc be the axis of z, and let r be the radius vector to any point drawn perpendicular to this axis, and d the angle between the direction of r and a fixed plane through the axis ; also let « and zv be the displacements in the direction of the radius and the axis ; finally let p be the density of the solid, (o the angular velocity of its rotation and 2h its thickness. If the disc be isotropic the stresses are ,— < c'k rr =^ XA + 2/i. TT ' .-^ u (1) ^ L rz [cU c'w\ Record. XXXlll 9u u 9iv , , , , . ^ . ■ ^ where A = ^ + . + tt-; and the problem consists ni inte- c'r 9z grating the differential equations 9 /9u, u ^ -^^ (2) 9 /9iL iL\ 9hi, ^ . ^ P'mj 9 / 9w\ 9^w + ('' + ^)|C^-+?)=« where the function (3) p(o^ 8(2/x + X) has been introduced in place of u. At the same time the following surface conditions must be satisfied: I. Full disc (0 <''^^). rr = 0 for r = li, zz = 0 for z = ±: h, rz = 0 for r =Ii and for z = dr /^. II. Perforated disc (Ii,->• =r= 0 for /• = itj and for r ^= R^, zz = 0 for z = ziz ^t, rz = 0 for r =^Ii^, for r = i?,, and for s = ± A. It can be shown that the followino- formulas (4) w = ^ k ~2(2/x +X)^ A\rJ,(Vkr) + BlrK,(v,r) ^l*«_^-^*^\ (e^^^-e-'^*") XXXIV Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. (5) u^ = cr— ^^ k L 2(2/x + X)^ k L ^\rJo{v,r)+B\rKXri^r) ^,h^+,-^i^)^ (e'^.^+e-^^^) (,^/A^+e-'?.-^) give a general solution of the equations ( 2 ) where the coeffi- cients A, B, A^, B^ are determined from surface conditions. For the purposes of this paper, however, a simpler method may be pursued. Namely, formulas (4) and (5) show that the general solution may be presented in the form w ^1 ='^ho +^^n ^^ + *'i2 z^ + . . . IV = 2VqZ + iv^z^ + t'V2Z^ + . • • where u^^, u^^, . . . , Wo, Wy, . . . are functions of r only. Substituting these expressions of ttj and w in (2) we find that this system of differential equations may be replaced by the following [one (7) ii d [ div. ID, Record. while the surface conditions for z = db h become XXXV chVn cUo, (9) o=A^" + A'^^' + ahu (10) 2(2/Lt + X) + (2/x + X) 1(^0 + 3(2/>t + \)hhD^ + . For very thin discs we may neglect the powers of z and h higher than the first. Then, to determine u^^ and iv^, we have the first of the equations (7) together with the surface conditions (9 bis) 0=;^''+2«,,, 1Xl+<7)(3 + a) /3ft)^(l + o-)(3 + q-) 4E b:" 4E 5—6a- (B^—r'') 7 — 2o- * In these formulas Young's modules (£) and Poisson's ratio C'^) have been introduced. The results (for full discs) are identical with those obtained by Mr. Chree (Camb. Phil. Soc. Proc. 1890) if in his formulas we discard the terms of the order of h^ and higher. However, the general solution as obtained above, is entirely different from Mr. Chree's and can be made to satisfy all surface conditions, which Mr. Chree's solution does not do. xxxvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. II. Perforated disc. '" = 8E '' 3+0- + /3ft)2(l+o-)(3 -\-a)E;'B, 8E r ■w = /5ft) V ( 1 + O- ) 2E 3 + 0- (^ i? 2 -I- i? 2\ ,.: 2(1 + (7) ^^'2 . -^'i ; rs = 0 ; ^5; = 0 ; rr /3ft,^(l+cr)(3+a) (i?„2+7?j2_r2) /3ft>2(l + 0-) (3 + 0-)i?j2i?^2 4E 4E dd = />ft)2(l+cr)(3 + ^) 4E R.J + i?,^ + Go- 7— 2o- 4E r2 Professor F. E. Niplier reported that he had apparently succeeded in producing a distortion of a maonetic field by means of explosions. The apparatus used was a transformer consisting of concentric coils wound upon brass tubes. The outer tube was five inches in diameter and six feet long, wound with over four thousand windings of No. 16 wire. This coil was traversed by a continuous current from a storage battery. Within this and separated from it by an air-space of an inch, is a secondary coil of equal length having over twenty-five thousand windings of No. 25 wire. This coil is connected to a D'Arsonval ajalvanometer. Within the tube on which this coil is wound is a smaller brass tube within which a train of black gunpowder is laid. This tube is open at both ends, and has practically no recoil when the explosion is made. When hung by a bifilar suspension on cords tenfeet in length, the recoil is about an inch. When the exciting current is small compared with the capacity of the battery, the galvano- meter reading is very steady. When the train is exploded a sudden and marked throw of the oalvanometer results, which Record. xxxvii could be accounted for by an increase in the permeability of the long explosion chamber. The deflection reverses when the field is reversed. The hot gases liberated in the explo- sion are all diamagnetic, and tend to decrease the observed effect. In two cases the galvanometer deflection was in the opposite direction from that stated above, and this is being further inquired into. When seven tubes between the two coils are simultaneously exploded, only slight effects could be obtained, and these deflections are wavering, or to and fro, in character. A wire was threaded through the inner com- bustion tube, through which a current of three amperes was pasaed. This circuit was opened and closed with no visible effect. The galvanometer circuit is shielded by tin-foil, which is also connected with the explosion tube, and grounded. Sparks an inch long to the tin-foil produce no result. When the explosion tube is removed from the transformer, and taken near the galvanometer, or the storage battery, no deflection is produced by the explosion. An explosive mixture of gases from water electrolysis under atmospheric pressure produces a much less violent explosion, and produces a correspondingly less effect. The scale reading of the galvanometer changes by over twenty divisions with the heaviest explosions, and an exciting current of 0.6 ampere. With smaller explosions or feebler current, the effect is diminished. No deflections can be produced by striking the table upon which the transformer rests, or by striking the transformer itself, even when it moves slightly under the blow. The secondary and primary coils are held rigidly in fixed position with respect to each other. Arrangements have now been made to place the explosion tube in the focal line of a parabolic cylinder of metal, the galvanometer coil being in the focal line of a similar mirror. Either or both are to be surrounded by an exciting: coil. This line of research was suggested by Young's account of his observation of five solar outbursts in 1872, which were each accompanied by sharp fluctuations in the magnetic trac- ings at Kew and Stony hurst. Since the experiments began, xxxviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. volcanic explosions have produced such ether waves, which have been simultaneously recorded over the continents of Europe and America. April 20, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, twenty-two persons present. Professor J. A. Holmes gave an account of some of the efforts that are being made in the United States to preserve the forests and other natural features of the country, show- ing what is being done for the preservation of some of the great scenic features and particularly what the National Gov- ernment is doing in the establishment of national parks and forest reserves, and in the protection of their forests. The lecture was illustrated by a series of lantern slides. Dr. Alexander N. De Menil was elected to active member- ship. May 4, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, thirteen persons present. Mr. H. A. Wheeler gave an account, illustrated by several lantern slides and some of the ejected material, of the active Mexican volcano Colima, in which it was shown that the material now being ejected is a trachyte or belongs to the acid series of lavas, while the basal plain of the volcano is basalt, which is basic, and resting on volcanic tufa. It was pointed out that this sequence reverses the Richtopen order, from which it was considered probable that there had been other centers of lava outflow besides the now visible vents of Mt. Colima (active) and Mt. Zapotlan (inactive). Samples of the ash from the eruption of February 28, collected at Tuxpan, some 25 miles from the crater, by Prof. Trelease, contained 62.5% silica, according to the analysis of Wm. M. Chauvenet. Mr, Trelease, who had been near the base of the mountain during its recent activity, made a few remarks in connection with the paper. The following amendments to the By-Laws, recommended Record. xxxix b}^ the Council, and notice of which was mailed by the Secre- tary to each member on April 23, were adopted by a unani- mous vote of the members present. By-Laws 18 and 19 were changed respectively to 19, Authority, and 20, Amendments; and the following new By-Law was adopted : — XVIII. Sale of Keal Estate. The property conveyed to The Academy of Science of St. Louis on the eighteenth day of March, 1903, by Edgar R. Hoadley and Lavinia L. Hoad- ley, as a gift from Mrs. Eliza McMillan and William N. McMillan, shall not be mortgaged or voluntarily incumbered by the Academy of Science; and the said property shall not be sold, except with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the Academy of Science, obtained by letter ballot, in such manner as may be prescribed by the Council, and, when sold, the proceeds of the sale or so much thereof as may be necessary, shall be used to provide a suitable location and building for the use of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. One person was proposed for active membership. May 18, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, fifty persons present. Dr. C. Barck gave a detailed account of the Grand Canon of the Colorado, with lantern illustrations, and reported the first deliberate crossing of the Caiion, by Mr. James and himself, in 1901. He stated that, starting from Bass's camp, about twenty-four miles west of the Bright Angel hotel, they had reached ' ' Point Sublime ' ' on the northern rim on the fifth day, after some difficult traveling, the return taking three days. Dr. Kobert Luedeking, of St. Louis, was elected to active membership. One person was proposed for active membership. June 1, 1903. President Eliot in the chair, fifteen persons present. Drs. B. M. Bolton and D. L. Harris exhibited sections cut xl Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. after infiltration with agar-agar, and described the use of this material for imbedding purposes as follows : — Tissues can be readily hardened and imbedded for cutting into sections in a hot solution of agar-agar containing formalin. The proportions of the mixture which have so far yielded the best results are nine parts of a five per cent aqueous solution of agar-agar to one part formalin. This mixture can be prepared beforehand and kept indefinitely in an air-tight vessel. The as^ar-aoar should be boiled for several hours, and after the addition of the formalin allowed to clear by sedimentation. The bits of tissue to be imbedded are placed in a wide test-tube or wide-mouth vial containing the mixture previously melted. This is kept at 65-70° C. for an hour or longer, and the tissues are ready to be blocked. After attach- ing to blocks they are placed in strong or absolute alcohol for an hour or two and can then be cut. It is important not to use dilute alcohol. The tissues are stuck to the blocks by means of the agar-agar itself and adhere as soon as the agar becomes cold. No previous hardening of the tissues is at all necessary, fresh tissues can be placed at once into the hot agar-agar-formalin mixture — in fact, fresh tissue is more desirable than that which has been previously hardened, though this can be readily imbedded by this method. But the main advantage of the method, aside from its convenience and sim- plicity, is the fact that the cells of , the tissues are not at all con- tracted or shrunken, and the ordinary methods of hardening have this effect more or less. With sections prepared from fresh tissues by this method the cell-protoplasm fills out the membrane fully, and the granules of the protoplasm, the nuclei, and the cell contours are remarkably distinct. The Avhole process, hardening, imbedding and cutting, does not occupy more than three or four hours, where the tissues are not larger than about one centimeter in diameter. Professor A. W. Greeley presented the results of an in- vestigation of the reactions of Paramecia and other protozoa to chemical and electrical stimuli,* Two persons were proposed for active membership. * Science n. s. 17:980. Record. xli October 19, 1903. President Eliot iu the chair, thirty-five persons present. This was the first meeting held in the new Academy Building, 3817 Olive street. The Council reported that the following names had been dropped from the membership roll: J. H. Boogher, M. F. Engman, E. Grebe, A. Habermaas, A. A. Henske, J. Maser- ang, Jr., C. H. Stone, O. Sutter, and O. M. Wood; that the resignation of Professor A. S. Chessin had been accepted ; and that the Zoological Institute, Cagliari, had been added to the exchange list. Professor F. E. Nipher gave an abstract of the results of his paper on the " Law of Nebular Contraction," which has just been published in the Transactions. He also remarked that the molecular conditions iu nebulae of different gases were being examined, and some very interesting results are at once evident. If a series of nebulae of various gases have the same mass internal to the same radius, the average m.ole- cular velocities would be the same for all gases. The velocity which would enable a molecule to escape from the nebula is 2.71 times the average molecular velocity, and this ratio is constant for all parts of the nebula. If the entire solar system formed the core of such a nebula, and the mass of the solar system extended to Neptune's orbit, the density at that distance from the center of the nucleus would be less than that in a Crookes tube. This opens up some very interesting questions concerning the history of such a mass. It would appear that such a gravitating mass would lose some heat by the escape of the more rapidly moving molecules, as well as by radiation. Professor E. H. Reiser read a paper on a method of de- termining the amount of lime in cements. He finds that this can be done by determining the amount of water ab- sorbed. B}^ measuring this absorption in samples containing known amounts, the precautions to be taken in manipulation have been found. The determination only requires about twentv minutes. xlii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Professor F. E. Nipher presented a diagram on which was drawn the curve of speed of the trotting horse. This curve represents the equation published by him twenty years ago. On the same diagram was shown a belt of observed values representing the performance of every horse who has broken the speed record since 1845. In some cases a single horse has broken the record several times in the same year. All such observations were included. The points representing these observations formed a belt within which was the curve of predicted speed. The agreement was considered very satisfactory. Mess. Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr., Gustav Nautze, and A. Kaphael, were elected to active membership. Five persons were proposed for active membership. November 2, 1903. Vice-President Smith in the chair, thirty-five persons present. The following papers were presented, accompanied by abstracts: B. F. Bush, A new genus of grasses; J. A. Harris, Polygamy in Solanum; and J. A. Harris, The germi- nation of Pachira, with a note on the names of two species. Mr. Trelease read an address on The Academy of Science of St. Louis — a biography.* Mess. J. A. Harris, H. C. Irish, W J McGee and Oscar Riddle, of St. Louis, and Dr. Jos. Zawodny, of Schloss Lobes, Mscheno-Melnik, Bohemia, were elected to active membership. November 16, 1903. Vice-President Smith in the chair, twenty-two persons present. The Council reported the death of Dr. J. B. Johnson and Mr. I. W. Morton. Popular Scieixe Monthly. 64: 117. Record. xliii Professor A. W. Greeley presented a report on experi- ments on the nature of the contraction of muscle. These experiments were undertaken with the view of working out more fully the mechanism involved in the galvanotropic and chemotropic reactions of Paramecia in acid and alkaline media, as described in Mr. Greeley's report before the Academy last spring. In the experiments on the contraction of muscle, it was found that when the medusa, Goniomemius, was exposed to the constant current, rhythmical contraction began always on the cathodal side when the medusa was immersed in normal sea water, but that the contractions began on the anodal side in acidulated sea water. Likewise it was shown that acids induce a phase of contraction, alkalis a phase of relaxation. It was suggested that these results may throw some light on the supposed electrical nature of muscle contraction, and that they offer additional evidence toward the conclusion that the charge carried by the pro- toplasmic particles depends on certain definite chemical conditions of the surrounding medium. Two persons were proposed for active membership. December 7, 1903. Vice-President Smith in the chair, forty persons present. The Chairman stated that because of the necessity of pro- viding the new building with fuel, furniture, lighting appli- ances, etc., the expenses of moving, added insurance, the final payment on the Yandell collection, and other unusual expenses, the Council was confronted by the necessity of temporarily raising some $1,750.00, which it was hoped could be repaid in a few months, after suitable arrangements had been made for securing revenue by renting meeting accommo- dations in the Academy Building to other societies. He stated that as this was a very important matter, the Council wished action on it to be taken by the Academy. On motion, the Council was authorized, by a unanimous vote, to raise the necessary sum by borrowing on the securities representing xliv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. invested funds, it being understood that no lien of any kind should be attached to the real property of the Academy. The Council reported the resignation of Mess. Frank Thilly, J. M, Holzinger and Arthur Winslow. Dr. Adolf Alt read an interesting paper entitled What is a cataract? — illustrated by diagrams and lantern views from specimens selected from his personal collection. Dr. H. M. Whelple}^ exhibited a minute particle of radium, the remarkable activity of which was beautifully shown in a special form of hand apparatus now on the market for such demonstration. In accordance with the By-Laws of the Academy, a com- mittee, which consisted of Mess. Krall, Barck and Wid- mann, was elected to nominate officers for the year 1904. Dr. A. E. Ej^celshymer and Mr, Hiram Lloyd, of St. Louis, were elected to active membership. Four persons were proposed for active membership. December 21, 1903. Vice-President Smith in the Chair, twenty-eight persons present. The Council reported that the resignation of Mess. A. H. Muegge and Oscar Riddle had been accepted, and that, under the instructions given at the last meeting, arrangements had been made for borrowing $1,750.00 for sixty days, on in- vestment securities. The nominating committee reported the following list of candidates for the year 1904 : — President W. K. Bixby. First "Vice-President William Trelease. Second Vice-President Adolf Alt. Recording Secretary Ernest P. Olshausen. Corresponding Secretary August Hunicke. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach, Curators G. Hambach, Julius Hurter, Frank Schwarz. Directors F. E. Nipher, Jos. Spiegelhalter. Record. xlv Other uoDiinatious were called for, but none were made. Mr. Robert Moore presented, with diagrams, a paper entitled Vital statistics of St. Louis from 1840 to 1902. On motion, the President was authorized to sign a petition to the President of the United States for aid in preserving groves of the Calaveras big trees, which w^as presented by the Outdoor Art League. Mr. T. W. Allen, Mr. F. W. Drosten, Dr. H. M. Stark- loff and Dr, Hugo Summa were elected to active member- ship. Two persons were proposed for active membership. Reports of Officers for the Year 1903, SUBMITTED JANUARY 4, 1904. The First Vice-President, Dr. D. S. H. Smith, addressed the Academy as follows : — In the absence of the President, it becomes my duty to lay before you a summary of the doings of the Academy of Science for the year 1903. Sixteen meetings were held in 1903, with average attendance of 25. Fifteen meetings were held in 1902, with average attendance of 21. Total attendance in 1903 40(» Total attendance in 1902 314 Increase for 1903 92 In 1903 the unusual attendance of 50 at the second meeting in May was due to the announcement of Dr. Barck's account of his crossing of the Grand Canon of the Colorado. There has been a noticeable increase in attendance at the meetings since the removal of the Academy to its new home, the largest number (40) at the first December meeting, when Dr. Alt gave us his paper on Cataract. Membership December 31, 1903 292 Elections for the year 23 Losses " " " 24 By death 4 By resignations 20 ... Net loss for the year 1 xlvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The active members are classified as follows . — Patrons 3 Resident members 221 Non-resident members 68 Total 292 No corresponding members have been elected for some years past. Nine papers vpere published in 1903, eight by resident members and one by a non-resident member. Ten papers were published in 1902, seven of them by non-resident members. Of the papers published in 1903, two were on mathematical subjects, one was on a chemical subject, three were on botanical subjects, one was on a zoological subject, one was on a paleontological subject, and one on a philosophical subject. The reports of the Treasurer and of the Librarian have already been submitted to you. As matter for special consideration this evening, I beg leave to invite your attention to the financial needs of the Academy. Ifi the spring of 1903 this house and lot were conveyed to the Academy by Mrs. William McMillan and her son, Mr. William Northrop McMillan. It was the free gift of a home for the Academy, untrammeled by any condi- tions. The generous lady and her son had every confidence that the mem- bers of the organization would care for the property with a wise economy. Whatever limitations were placed on the ownership were placed by the Academy itself. As soon as the conveyance was legally completed by the proper deed, Mr. Eliot, the President of the Academy, announced to the Council that he would give $5,000.00 to be expended in necessary repairs and rehabilita- tion and furnishing of the house. Mr. Eliot's modesty has made him unwilling that anything should be said about this generous gift, but the necessities of this sketch and justice to the Academy compel me to refer to it. We are unwilling to accept so handsome a donation without being given an opportunity to express our grateful appreciation of it. Imme- diately upon Mr. Eliot's announcement, the Council appointed a committee, of which Mr. Eliot was chairman, for the disbursement of the $5,000.00 in accordance with the terms of the gift. This has now been accomplished, and proper vouchers showing the various items of expenditure have been rendered to the Council, and placed by the Council in the hands of the Treasurer. In moving to these more ambitious quarters we necessarily increase our expenses largely. The Assistant to the Librarian and the Janitor together cost us over $1,000.00 a year. Then there are the bills for lighting and heating the house and the expense oi our annual publication, along with a multitude of small disbursements which amount to a considerable sum in the aggregate. The annual dues of members, the interest upon a sum of $6,500.00, and rentals to societies of a scientific character, are our only sources of revenue. What these rentals shall be we cannot determine. Miss Phillips, who occupied the building as a school until its acquisition by the Academy, paid an annual rental of about $1,000.00. Record. xlvii In frequent discussions and comparisons of ideas by members of tlie Council for several years past, there has been a unanimity of opinion that if the Academy ever became possessed of a home, it would be necessary to obtain an endowment fund for its support, and that that fund should not be less than $50,000.00. I am here to-night to submit a plan for securing this amount of money. The plan, if approved by you, will be carried out in its details by the Council. 1st. The Council shall appoint three members to act as an Endowment Fund Committee. This Committee shall receive and account for all dona- tions and subscriptions to the Endowment Fund, and shall invest the same in securities to be approved by the Council. 2d. Thirty members of the Academy are to be appointed as Chairmen of Soliciting Committees. Each Chairman may select five (5) Committeemen to complete his Committee. These selections need not of necessity be mem- bers of the Academy. It shall be the task of each Committee to collect $1,000.00. 3d. When $30,000.00 shall have been collected and placed in the hands of the Endowment Fund Committee, a member of the Academy will raise $10,000.00. While these are the main and definite features of the plan, it does not stop here. I may take it for granted that every member of the Academy wishes it well and is willing to do something to assist it in promoting its aims and the purposes for which it was organized. Let each member who is not selected to serve on a Soliciting Committee consider himself a com- mittee of one to raise $50.00. It is diflicult for me to believe that we have in our membership anyone who has not ten friends and acquaintances who would contribute $5.00 apiece to the support of an institution with such noble and unselfish aims as this Academy. Our membership should be increased to 500. Every member who brings in a new member is practically contributing $100.00 to the Academy— for the annual dues of $6.00 are equivalent to 6 per cent per annum on $100.00. Such, gentlemen, is the plan which I submit for your consideration. This or some better scheme must be adopted without delay, for the need of money is urgent. We have had to borrow $1,750.00, and in sixty days this loan must be met. This Endowment Fund comes home to every member of the Academy as a personal matter, and I urge most earnestly upon every man to throw apathy and indifference to one side and to do his share towards securing the fund for this institution. The Treasurer reported as follows : — Receipts. Balance from 1902 $ 358 09 Gift of Henry W. Eliot 5,000 00 Capital released 3,000 00 Interest on invested money 372 50 Eent from Academy building 405 00 Borrowed on note 1,750 00 Membership dues 1 ,552 10 $12,437 69 xlviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Expenditures. Rent $ *91 35 Publication of Transactions 897 01 Mailing Transactions and library expense, above sales of Transactions 586 66 Sundry expenses. 533 27 Payraeot, account Yandell collection 295 00 Capital reinvested, and premium 3,023 50 Improvements to property 5,929 47 Insurance 118 00 Balance to 1904 563 43 12,437 69 Invested Fund. Invested on security S6,500 00 Less note covered by securities 1,750 00 Net invested fund $4,750 00 The Librarian reported that during the year exchanges had been received to the number of 402 volumes and 646 pam- phlets, an increase of 54 numbers as compared with 1902 ; that during the year the Transactions of the Academy were distributed to 575 societies or institutions, an increase of 6 as compared with the preceding year; and that the expense of his office for 1903 had amounted to $121.49, against which was to be credited $27.97 received from the sale of publi- cations. Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. Xlir. No. 1. REVISION OF THE BLASTOIDEAE, WITH A PRO- POSED NEW CLASSIFICATION, AND DESCRIP- TION OF NEW SPECIES. Cx. HAMBACH. ^- fss^>t.J N'ovemher 4, 1903. ERRATA. 7. 1. 5 read for lumen is " luraina are." 9. " 18 " " oval ''oral." 12. "32 " " Fig. 5 "Figs. 8, 10 and 11." U. " 20 " " Plate II flg. 2, 3, 5 " Plate II Fig. 3." 34. "28 " " Maccoy "M'Coy." 47. "22 " " Codastus "Codaster." 47. footnote read for ralated " related." 49. 1. 10 read for impossible " impossible." 51. 1. 13 & 15 read for canedayi " cassedayi." 63. " 22 read for ambulacria "ambulacra." * 55. "18 " " plicable "plicated." 55. "35 " " prominent "promising." 59. " 18 omit comma Explanation to PI. II. No. 5 add "enlarged four times." " " " " 11 " " in a Codaster." ** " PI. IV. " 6 read for pyramidalis "bipyramidalis." '' 1903 EEYISION OF THE BLASTOIDEAE, WITH A PKO- POSED NEW CLASSIFICATION, AND DESCRIP- TION OF NEW SPECIES.* G. Hambach. Our knowledge of the morphology of the Blastoideae has made such progress during the last two decades that a revision is highly desirable ; first, because all late publications on this suljject, even the newest text-books on palaeontology, repeat old and erroneous conceptions which are, to a great extent, accompanied by incorrect illustrations,! and secondly, because of the inadequacy of the present classification, which is almost an arbitrary one, not based on permanent anatomical differ- ences, nor ontogenetic peculiarities. New material which I have collected during this period, and also that which has kindly been intrusted to me for comparison with my own, of which I may mention the whole collection of Blastoideae belonging to the Smithsonian Institution, numbering 1038 specimens, also a very valuable collection of Mr. F. A. Sampson, corroborate the suppositions expressed in my first paper, on " The Anatomy of the Blastoideae," and add new facts to those already known. Blastoideae are known from the following countries be- sides America: England, Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Russia and Australia. The main bulk of the material belongs to America, however, and especially to the family Pentreraidae. In no other family do we find such abun- dant and such well preserved material as we do in this family ; which fact allows us to form conclusions with a greater degree of certainty than has been the case hereto- * Presented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, June 3, 1901. t So is, for example, the figure of Granatocriniis melonoides on PI. IX., Vol. V. of the Illinois Geological Survey absolutely a false representation of this species although it was drawn by the eminent palaeontologist, Meek. (1) 2 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. fore, because such families as Codasteridae , Olivauidae, etc. are known to occur only in such limited quantity and in such a poor state of preservation that conclusions regarding their internal structure will stand no comparison with that of the Pentreniidae and leave a large and open field for future investigation. The present revision and the anatomical descriptions herein given are based mainly on Pentre7nites sulcatus, fiorealis and conoideiis, not because they are more abundantly represented than any other species (for Pentremites godoni occurs in great numbers in Pulaski Co., Kentucky, as well as at Hunts- ville, Alabama), but the preservation of Pentremites sulcatus is so excellent that we often find the most delicate and fragile organs preserved, especially in those specimens which were imbedded in a kind of clayey substance. I think it is not unreasonable to suppose that similar conditions in structure must have existed in other species belonging to this family. Therefore, if not otherwise stated, all descriptions and illustrations are based on Pentremites sidcatus, fiorealis and conoideus for the following reasons : — 1st. These species are found in the most perfect state of preservation . 2nd. They are among the largest species so far discovered. 3rd. They are among the most abundant species to be found here. I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to the following scientific friends for the generous and ready way in which they have facilitated my undertaking by the loan of valuable specimens: Prof. W. H. Barris, of Davenport, Iowa; Mr. R. A. Blair, of Sedalia, Mo. ; Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton, Mo.; Prof. G. C. Broadhead, of Columbia, Mo.; Mr. G. K. Greene, of New Albany, Ind. ; Mr. Edwin G. Kirk, of Burlington, Iowa; Dr. Joshua Lindahl, of Springfield, 111. ; Mr. F. A. Sampson, of Sedaha, Mo.; Mr. C. Schuchert, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. ; Prof. A. G. Wetherby, of Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. W. P. Jenney, and Mess. J. and H. Hurter, of St. Louis, Mo. It is a well-known fact that all principal parts in the con- Hambach — Revision of the Blastoideae. 3 structiou of Echinodermata are arranged in multiples of five around a central axis. However, deviations from the preva- lent rule occur more frequently in this class of the animal kingdom than elsewhere. Such abnormal developments have often been the cause of redescribiug well-known forms as new species, especially among the Crinoideae.* For the purpose of illustrating the tendency of abnormal develop- ments I will give a few examples, which, however, I could have multiplied if time and space would permit. Similar de- formities have been observed and described by others. f In Fig. 13 and 14, Plate III., we have a specimen of Pentremites Jlorealis, with only four fork pieces and four ambulacra. In Fig. 8 and 9, same plate, Pentremites pyinformis has four ambulacra but five fork pieces, of which the fifth is not fully developed. Fig. 15 and 16, same plate, Pentremites pyriformis, show six fork pieces but only four ambulacra are fully developed. Fig. 11 and 12, same plate, Pentremi- tes sidcatus, show five fork pieces, one of which is a longitudinal square without any sinus, and consequently no ambulacrum has been developed. In Fig. 10, same plate, Pentremites sulcatus, we have one ambulacrum developed only to one-half the length of the others. Fig. 6 and 7, same plate, Pentremites sulcatus, show an extra longitudinal piece inserted between two fork pieces. Fig. 18, same plate, Pen- tremites Jlorealis, has only four fork pieces but five am- bulacra, so that two ambulacra are inserted into one sinus, causing the two opposite halves of the ambulacrum to form a prominent ridge. In Fig. 17, same plate, Pentremites * See Bulletins of the Illinois State Museum of Natural History, by S. A. Miller and W. F. E. Gurky, Nos. 1-12. t Robert Etheridge, Jun., and P. Herbert Carpenter. Catalogue of the Blastoidea. Hermann von Meyer. Abweichung von der Fiiufzahl bei Echinideeu. Prof. Georg Boehm. Ueber eine Anomalie im Kelche von Millericrinus mespiliformis . Zeitschrift der deutschen geologisclien Gesellschaft. Band XLIII., Hefts, p. 741. H. W. Mackintosh. On a Malformed Corona of Echinus esculentu^. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. II., Ser. II , 1875, p. 206. Dr Pliillppi. Beschreibung zweier mis.sgebildeter See-Igel. Wiegmaun's Archiv liir Nalurgeschichte. Band I., 1837, p. 241. 4 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. hipyramidalis, Hall (Saccoblasfus), we have five fork pieces but six ambulacra, of which two occupy one sinus. I think these examples are sufficient to justify the above statement. Fig. 1. Fig. The body of a Pentremite is constructed of twenty pieces, (at least in the embryonic state), arranged in two circles in such a way that we have a most perfect dicyclical* body with a primary center of a pentagonal outline for each circle. Each piece of the second circle rests upon two of the first circle. These two circles may be designated as an ambulacral and an interambulacral, of which the former grows down- ward in its development, whereas the latter grows upward. Fig. 1 and 2. THE BASAL PIECES, The base or central part of the interambulacral circle (also called pelvis)! varies very much in size and in general form, from a flat disc to a more or less funnel-shaped piece. It is perforated by a fine channel in the center, and the articula- tion surface for the column is either round or triangular ac- cording to the species and consists, at least in the embryonic state, of five equal pieces, though in the course of development two of the five sutures become obliterated, so that it gener- * The word dicyclical is not used in the same sense as in Crinoideae. t H. B. Geinitz. Grundriss der Versteineruugskunde, p. 558. Hnmbach —Revision of the Blastoideae. 5 ally appears as if the base were constructed of only three pieces, of which two are equal and pentagonal and the other rhombic in form, though specimens are fre- quently found in which no anchylosis took place so that all five sutures remain open, an occurrence which is also observed in Crinoids, for example in Agassizocrinus where the base generally appears as one solid piece, though fig. 3. specimens are not uncommon where one, two or all sutures, remained open and did not anchylose. Fig. 3. FORK PIECES. The fork pieces are of an oblong form, more or less wide, according to species, and the incision or sinus is also of vari- able depth and width, making them resemble a two-pronged fork, from which the name originated, or a V shape. Their solid base portion is more or less thick and has, in cross sec- tion, a more or less triangular or semi-lunar form, or, as in other genera of the family Pentremidae, it is turned in and upward so that the base portion becomes inverted and exter- nally invisible. The incision or sinus is wider externally than internally, i. e., the inner lateral margin of the sinus slopes toward the interior, causing the internal opening of the sinus to be narrower than the external. The upper* points of the prongs are cut obliquely laterally making them rest against the upper and lateral spurs of the deltoid expansion. In other species they run out into sharp and acute points as in Pentremites reinwardtii , Troost. In still others they are of uniform thickness with an upper oblique and smooth margin. THE DELTOID PIECES. • The deltoid pieces of the typical species, as Pentremites sulcatus, i^yriformis, Jtorealis, etc., when fully developed, can be divided into two parts, which, however, are not separated from each other by sutures. First a main or base portion, the most important part of the whole calyx. 6 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. which is never wanting ; and secondly a laterally expanded blade, not present in the young but becoming gradually more and more developed as they grow older; see Plate VI. The first or base portion, in the typical species above mentioned, has a shape resembling very much a six- sided prism; see Plate II., Fig. 9. The surface toward the center of the calyx has a semi-lunar groove which forms with the adjoining piece the central opening or mouth, and, as this basal part is placed in a slightly oblique position, it causes the external opening to be a little smaller than the internal one. The opposite side of this semi-lunar cavity is prolonged into a narrow blade, except for the posterior one, where the septum is divided into two blades for the outlet of the anus. The lower part is divided lengthwise into two blades, running down and outwards with a plicated outer margin, — Plate II., Fig. 9, — for the support of the phcations of the hydrospiric tubes, whereas the upper part of this blade forms a sharp crest, and the outer one a triangular in- cision, during the juvenile state, for the reception of the upper points of the fork pieces which rest in this triangular incision. At the base of these lamellar blades we find a semi- lunar orroove which forms with a similar one on the base of the lancet piece the genital opening, except in species where the deltoid pieces are perforated, as in G. norivoodi and similar forms. The outer or upper surface of the base portion is either rounded or sharp pointed, whereas the lower surface, which expands toward the center of the calyx, is grooved transversely so as to form a circular groove around the mouth on the interior side of the calyx for the reception of the central ring of a water vascular system. This central water ring underlies the basal part of the deltoids and does not penetrate the calcareous shell, sending off five straight branches, one for each ambulacrum, running between the hy- drospiric tubes and the lancet piece, but not through the latter; see Plate II., Fig. 8. The outer half of the prism is transversely perforated by a fine channel, forming in connection with the other parts a pentagonal ring for the reception of the nervous center, Hambach — Revision of the Blastoideae. 7 ofiving off five branches, one for each ambulacrum, and run- niug through the center of the lancet piece. From the foregoing we see that the whole center of this system as well as the branches run through the midst of a calcareous substance, and their lumen is so small that they are frequently found to be obliterated. It is therefore hardly possible that these fine channels could have served for anything else than the reception of the nervous system, giv- ing us an analogous arrangement to what we find in our living Asteroidea ; see Fig. 4. ^ & Fig. 4. The second part, i. e., the lateral expansion in the typical species above mentioned, is not un- like the Greek letter delta, from which the name originated, or resembles an arrow head with a very acute surface up- wards and an obtuse one downwards, having on each side a spur, running obliquely down and inwards, so as to be ex- ternally concealed by the upper points of the fork pieces. The upper acute surface differs very much in the different species and often in one and the same species, being subject to great variations, so that we find it often very acute and bent inwardly, or very broad and bent outwardly. In other species, where the calyx consists of only a very thin shell, as for example in C. melo, the laminar blade widens immediately so that the whole piece is placed more horizon- tally on the summit of the calyx, and hardly any division between base portion and lateral expansion takes place, ex- cept the incision for the construction of the genital openings, and this same condition can be observed throughout the whole juvenile state of the body. In other species again, as for instance in C. sayi, the lateral expansion assumes such an enormous size that it occupies almost three fourths or four fifths of the entire calyx, and in others, as in G. norwoodi^ the whole deltoid piece has a triangular form and the genital opening pierces directly through the center of this piece, but with only one external opening, bifurcating within the shell, 8 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. and forming two openings on the interior side. In silicious casts of this species these Httle openings are often found to be filled with silicious matter, and will naturally show on the summit of such casts a little bifurcating tube, as illustrated by Meek and Worthen,* which undoubtedly gave origin to the supposition that two of the hydrospiric tubes were united near the summit into one, as figured by Billings f and Lud- wig4 By a little reflection, however, it is easily compre- hended that these bifurcating tubes have nothing to do with the hydrospiric tubes and that it is only silicious matter filling out these little channels, for they are never found on casts of other species than those which have the deltoid pieces pierced in the described manner. From the foregoing it will be seen that we have nearly every degree of development in form and size represented, and this gradual development of the lateral expansion as we find it in the typical specimens of Pentremites sidcatus, pyri- formis, fiorealis and others is a suflicient and good reason to exclude the newl}^ rehabilitated genus Pentremitidia of D'Orbigny, whose principal distinguishing character consists in the absence of the lateral expansion, as plainly stated by him : ' ' Calice compost de deux series de cinq pieux superposees."§ His types for this genus were Pentre^nites schultzii and paillettei. But the absence or non-develop- ment of the lateral expansion, as it is often found in the typical species, and always in the young specimen of the same species, does not justify the creation of a new genus, as was well remarked by Dr. Koemer: " Gewiss verdient es aber keine Nachahmung." |1 Otherwise the young specimens of Pentremites sulcatiis, pyrif or mis, etc., would belong to the genus Pentremitidia during their juvenile state, and after- wards when fully developed to Pentremites ; see Plate VI., Fig. ♦ Illinois Geological Survey, Vol. V., plate IX., Fig. 2 c, p. 473. t Palaeozoic Fossils, Vol. XL, Part I., Fig. 60, p. 102. X Morphologische Studien an Echinoderraeu, Band I., p. 289, Plate 27, Fig. 36 and 37. § M. A. D'Orbigny. Prodrome de Pal^ontologie, Vol. I., p. 102, II Roemer. Monographic der fossilien Criaoidenfamilie der Blastoideen, p. 49; and Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgescliichte, Jahig. XVII., B. 1. Hambach — Revision of the Blastoideae. 9 1-3, because Pentremites schultzii and pailleltei are as typi- cal Pentremites as sulcatm, pyrifonnis and others, — that is to say, their calyx consists of the same number of pieces with the same relationship of them to each other as in the true Pentremites. Their genital openings are constructed by the junction of deltoid and lancet pieces precisely as we find in the typical species above mentioned. Other differences in the character of this genus as lately revised are of no generic value as they are due to the variability in size and shape of basal, fork and lancet pieces, and are only of specific impor- tance. That the general conception of the deltoid pieces is not a correct one is sufficiently shown by the descriptions given by various authors. They were called interscapular plates, second radials, interradials, orals, etc. The name inter- radial was first used by DeKoninck at a time when the Blas- toideae were regarded as a sub-order of Crinoideae. In 1879 they were regarded as homologous to the oval plates of Crinoids by Wachsmuth, which statement he corrected three or four years later when he called them true interradials.* He says : — ' ' The term ' oral ' for the deltoid pieces was proposed by Wachsmuth and Springer in Part I. of their Kevisioh, and afterwards adopted by Prof. v. Zittel and by Messrs. Etheridge and Carpenter. ♦' Since the publication of the present article, I became fully convinced that the so-called deltoid pieces are not oral plates, but true interradials, and that, as such, they form a part of the abactinal system. If thei deltoids were actinal plates, and this they should be if they were orals, the actinal regions in Elaeacrinus obovatus would extend to over three fourths of the entire body — a proportion almost equal to that of Echini. On the contrary, in the allied Granatocrinus norwoodi, with small deltoids, and in Hetero- schisma gracile, the actinal system excluding the ambulacra, would be limited to a small area around the oral pole, and occupy scarcely more than a twentieth part. The different * Proceedini^s Diveaport Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV., p. 76, 10 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. proportions of the actiual and abactinal regions among Ecliinoderms were looked upon by Prof. L. Agassiz as determining the different outlines of the various ' orders of this class,' and he has ranked their orders according to the greater preponderance of the one or the other of the two re- gions. In the Neocrinoidea, the oral and aboral regions are proportioned almost equally, and this is the case not only in the adult, but is to be observed already in the Pentacrinoid- larva. In the Palaeocrinoidea, the abactinal regions, as a rule, are considerably contracted, and in the lower organ- ized Blastoids they are reduced still more. Plates of such enormous dimensions as are found occasionally among the deltoids, cannot possibly form a part of the actinal system in so low a group as the Blastoids, and hence cannot be orals. That they are true interradials is proved by the relative position which they occupy to the interradials of the Palaeocrinoideae. Like those plates, they rest upon the upper sloping sides of the radials, and extend, whether consisting of a single plate as in the Cyathocrinidae, or of a series of pieces as in Actinocrinidae and Rhodocrinidae, into the ventral side, to a series of plates, which were desig- nated by W. and Sp. as central pieces and proximals." The first question which presents itself is, what is meant by interradial? The word undoubtedly means something between the rays of a circle. We therefore have to assume a primary circle of rays or plates between which the secondary parts can be placed, as, for example, in Crinoids those plates which are placed between the regular radial plates. The second question would be, what is the function of the inter- radials? Eef erring to Crinoids again we find that their function is to fill out space in order to increase the circumfer- ence of the body. They are not essential to the construction of the body or calyx as is well illustrated in a number of Crinoids which have no interradials. Besides, their number is variable. Therefore they may be regarded as supernu- merary pieces whose only function is to enlarge the body. In no case do they enter into the construction of the various openings unless we regard the anals as interradials, which I Hambach — Revision of the Blastoideae. 11 think has not been done so far. But in the case under con- sideration, that is in Pentremites and allied forms, the body is dicyclical, which it could not be if the deltoids were inter- radial. In that case the apex of the deltoid, ^. e., the lateral expansion, would be the base and not the apex and hence would have been developed first, which is not the case as I have shown above, — Plate VI., Fig. 1-3. However large or small the lateral expansion of the deltoid may be, the fact is that the base part of the deltoid is developed first and is the prin- cipal part of the body. It is not separated from the laterally expanded part by any suture. All principal openings are constructed by this part, or together with the lancet piece, or the openings pierce the deltoid piece. They do not rest upon the upper sloping sides of the fork pieces or radials but the fork pieces lean against the deltoid piece whether the laterally expanded part is developed or not. Therefore it is hardly possible to assume that such important pieces as the deltoids should have been developed later than less important ones, which is sufficiently demonstrated by the foregoing pages. For these reasons they cannot be interradials. LANCET PIECES. The lancet piece varies very much according to the dimen- sions of the fork piece sinus, i. e., according to the species, from a regular lancet-shaped piece to a mere linear lamella and fits in the sinus of the fork piece in such a way as to fill the incision with the exception of a narrow fissure on each side. They are in the typical forms, as Pentremites sulcaius, P. florealis, P. pyriformis, etc., as substantial as the other parts of the calyx and form an integral part of the calyx of the same value as the other pieces constructing it, and are in large specimens of P. suhatus fully one eighth inch thick. They are generally of uniform width with a smooth anterior surface, whereas the posterior or inner surface is more or less concave and has a semi-lunar groove throughout its length for the reception of some duct or vessel. On the upper or base portion is a little beak-like process of a triangular form 12 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. by which it connects with the annulua centralis or central ring of the deltoid pieces, resting thereby on two deltoid pieces; see Fig. 2. The center of these pieces is perforated by a fine channel in its entire length, bifurcating at its base to connect with the transverse channel of the deltoid base-portion, form- ing thus a pentagonal ring around the central opening. The size of these channels is such that it seems hardly possible that they could serve for the water vascular system. It seems more probable that they contained the nervous system, giving a similar arrangement to what we find in higher forms like Asteroids; see Fig. 4. The little beak-like process where the lancet piece connects with the deltoid is laterally grooved to form with the corre- sponding groove of the deltoid, the ovarian or genital aperture except in species where the deltoid piece is perforated, as in G. nonooodi. PORAL PIECES. The triangular groove which is formed by the outer margin of the lancet piece and the inner margin of the fork piece sinus is filled with little pieces corresponding to this groove, which were called most appropriately poral pieces by Dr. Roemer. This name has been changed to side plates by R. Etheridge, Jr., and P. H. Carpenter,* which term is also adopted by C. R. Eastman. t The reason given for the change of this name is not a logical one and shows that the nature of the pieces is not thoroughly comprehended. Are perhaps the poral open- ings not constructed by the poral pieces? Does not the name poral piece indicate the nature better than the new name? What benefit is to be derived from the new name ? The}^ are of a triangular form, corresponding to the groove which they occupy. They are inserted edgewise so that the thickness of these pieces forms their outer exposed surface; see Fig. 5. These pieces have on both sides of their outer lateral margin a little semi-lunar groove, which with the adjoining one forms the pore-opening, and, in no case, are these pieces • Catalogue of the Blastoidea. t Text Book of Palaeontology. Hambach — lievision of the Blastoideae. 13 pierced by marginal pores, as stated by C. R. Eastman.* They are supernumerary pieces and form a kind of accessory part to the construction of the ambulacrum . It is self-evident that there are differences in the size and shape of these pieces, depending upon the size and shape of the lancet piece as well as upon the fork piece sinus; but all have undoubtedly the same physiological function, so that such dif- ference in the size and shape can be of specific value only. THE AMBULACRAL INTEGUMENT. The outer surface of the ambulacrum, ^. e., the lancet and poral pieces, is covered by an organic and elastic integument which I formerly designated as the zigzag plicated integu- ment, f It gives to the ambulacral surface a striated appear- ance which is not, as Etheridge and Carpenter state, " merely a delicate surface ornamentation." | This integument has a different appearance in different species, and varies very much in its zigzag shape and in the distance of its windings. In most cases it is so eroded that it is almost impossible to make out its true appearance. It may be regarded as a ribbon placed obliquely on edge and running in a zigzag form forward and back so that the lower opposite edges of the returning ribbon unite and form the bottom of a little groove, while the other or upper edges form a little ridge; see Plate II., Fig, 2 and 5. These ridges show an open surface in species like Pentremites pyriformis and florealis, whereas in Pentremites sulcatus and others they are firmly united to the margin of the poral pieces. There is also a great variety in the distance between two ridges. In Pentremites pyriformis we may count nine to ^ inch, whereas in Pentremites sulcatus we have eleven to ^ inch, etc. It begins with an acute point at the center of the del- toids, surrounding two ovarian or genital openings, and does this in typical species like Pentremites sulcatus, fiorealis, pyri- formis, etc., in such a way as to make the two openings appear as one, externally. In some species, as C . sayi, the * Text Book of Palaeontology, p. 192. t Transactions St. Louis Academy of Science, Vol. IV., p. 150. X Catalogue of the Blastoidea, p. 59. 14 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. inteo-ument does not run close to the margin of the sinns in the vicinity of the ovarian or genital openings, making them appear as httle slits instead of round openings. It runs in the shape of a letter J^ inverted with the two arms extend- in o- out and downward to the apex of the ambulacrum. Each arm covers one-half of the ambulacral surface, forming with the opposite one a longitudinal groove in the center (the so-called foot groove ) . This foot groove and the little transverse grooves at each side of it are covered with little scales, so that, in specimens very well preserved, the ambulacrum does not Fig. 5. show any transversely striated surface at all, but appears rather smooth or granulated with a little crest in the center. The whole covering is of a uniform character, except on the summit, where the scales surrounding the ova- rian or genital apertures (at least in the typical species) are fully ten times as long and placed erect on the underlying membrane,— see Fig. 5 and Plate II., Fig. 2, 3, 5,— forming in this way a part of the cone-shaped body which has been observed on the summit of many species. Their physiologi- cal function is still unknown, but probably it was to protect the finer inner ovarian tubes. Besides the scales we find on the posterior side above the anal opening, on very well preserved specimens, a small proboscis about one fourth of an inch in length, constructed of small hexago- nal pieces, as shown in Fig. 6 and 7. To my knowledge it is the first time that such a body has been observed on a Blastoid. I found this appendix on Pentremites conoideus and have now four speci- mens of it showing this, so far unknown, organ. All four specimens are in an excellent state of pres- ervation and show also the pinnulae preserved. I am inclined to believe that similar organs existed Fig. 6. Fig. Hambach — Revision of the Blastoideae. 15 in all typical species. At the outer margin of the ambulac- rum, where the outward running ribbon returns to the center of the field, the ribbon is twisted over so that the fold facili- tating the return is the under surface of the ribbon and becomes the articulation surf ace of the pinnulae ; see Plate II., Fig. 5. These pinnulae are little filaments of various lengths extending in some species as much beyond the summit as the entire length of the calyx, or even more. They consist of a single row of calcareous particles, wedge-shaped in form and about as broad as long. As evidence to support the foregoing assertion, ^. e., the flexibilitv and organic nature of the ambulacral integument, I give in Figures 1-7, Plate I., representations of some pathologic specimens selected from a large amount of mate- rial collected for this purpose. I have over fifty such patho- logic specimens, showing various kinds of injuries and the subsequent restoration of the injured parts, which would have been impossible had the integument been inorganic mat- ter only, as supposed by Carpenter. All specimens figured, belong to the species Ptntremites sulcatus. Plate I., Fig. 6, shows an injury near the middle of the ambulacrum; Fig. 5 a similar injury on one side of the field and on the other side the loss of half the poral pieces and the subsequent restora- tion of the integument. Fig. 1 and 2 show the flexion of the transverse ridges into a sigmoid form and the partly compressed shape of the genital openings ; Fig. 7 and Plate II., Fig. 7 show the unevenness of the integument at the outer margin near the sinus. The acute points at the beginning of the ambulacral in- tegument are the only covering for the central orifice. (The surrounding genital openings are entirely out of the ques- tion.) The different descriptions and illustrations given (which all differ from each other) are erroneous representa- tions due to mistaking foreign matter for covering plates, as already expressed in my first paper.* Nothing is more natural than that some of the little scales or particles of broken pinnulae should drop into some of the summit openings and Transactions of The St. Louis Academy of Science, Vol. IV., p. 150. 16 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. remain there, which also accouDts for the irregularity of these coverings as described and figured by the different authors. It is strange that every one adheres to the old idea of Shumard, and that no one has taken the pains to examine the matter more carefully in order to convince himself of the true nature of it. This irregular arrangement of the pieces covering the summit openings, as described by Eastman,* is evidence for the contradiction of his statement, because it is hard to suppose that specimens belonging to one and the same species should not have a uniform arrangement in the covering plates of their openings if such a covering existed. It is true that Wachsmuth admits, after seeing Shumard' s type specimen of Pentremites conoideus that the summit openings are not closed in the manner described by Shumard but he still believes that they are closed. It stands to reason and is only logical to suppose that, if nature provided an opening it should remain open or that the covering is a flexible one and not formed by additional plates inserted into the openings as intimated b}^ all authors who adopted the first statement of Shumard. No one explains or gives any reason wh}' the opening should be closed. Every one disregards the fact that all casts of the interior of a calyx exhibit on the summit a cast of the summit opening, which could not be possible if the openings had been closed by ad- ditional pieces. This fact has not been observed on speci- mens of Olivanites or others where the center of the summit is closed. THE WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM. On the under side of the lancet piece and completely filling the semi-lunar groove we find a tubular vessel con- necting with a circular ring underlying the base of the deltoid and surrounding; the central orifice. The thickness of this vascular ring and its branches varies according to the species. The diameter of this vessel is about 1-20 of an inch in a large specimen of Pentremites sulcatus. * Text Book of Palaeontology, Vol. I., p. 197, Hambach — Revision of the Bbtstoideae. 17 It is not often found preserved, at least not in an open condition, but oftener in a collapsed condition. In this condition it presents the so-called underlancet plate of late authors.* I can prove the existence of this vessel by a number of cross sections of an ambulacrum of which Fio-. 8 and Plate II. are a correct representation. Lancet piece and poral pieces are well preserved, also the vascular duct a, which in this specimen is tilled with calcspar which could enter only in a liquid state. The triangular space b at each side of the vessel is filled by a kind of clayey substance, which must also have been in a very plastic or liquid form when entering the cavity. Underneath we have the hydrospiric plications c. Had the vessel a not existed the substance in b would have undoubtedly filled the whole space if it were the first to enter the calyx. On the other hand if the liquid calcspar had entered first it would have spread over the whole space if no vessel had existed. The walls of these vessels must have been very thin, which accounts for their easy destruction and absence in most cases. In an empty state they would naturally have collapsed, but nevertheless could easily be distinguished from the underlying upper blade of the hydrospiric tube, in not showing a suture line in the center, which would be the case if the vessel had been destroyed and the upper blade of the hydrospiric tube were exposed to view. Fig. 8. a. Water vascular duct. b. Space at each side of duct fllled with clayey sub- stance. c. Lobes of the hydrospiric tube. d. Upper blade of the hy- drospiric tube. e. Nervous channel. f. Tentacle. g. Ovarian tubes, h. Lancet plate. 1. Poral pieces. THE HYDR08PIRES OR RESPIRATORY ORGAN. The hydrospires in the typical species like Pentremites sul- catus, Jlorealis, iiyriformis, etc., form ten isolated plicated * Eastman. Text Book of Palaeontology, Vol. I., p. 19L 18 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. membranous tubes and not bundles of tubes as stated by various authors, and accompanied by incorrect illustrations. They are located beneath the water duct and run parallel to it from near the summit of the calyx to the apex of the ambulacrum. The plications rest in little grooves of the expanded lower deltoid portion, and are not united with the adjoining one to form five bundles as described and illustrated by Billings * and Ludwig.f These plicated tubes or hydro- spires are of a peculiar construction. Each tube may be regarded as a somewhat collapsed cylinder of which the upper blade, i. e., the one nearest to the water duct, is smooth in its whole length, whereas the underlying blade is folded into a number of plications of no regularity. They vary in number Fig. 9. Transverse sections of ambulacral fields, to show abnormal developments of the hydrospiric sacs: A, of Pentremites pyri- formis; B, P. florealis; C, P. conoideus — about 20 times magnified and drawn with the aid of the camera lucida. a, hydrospiric sac; 6, calcareous part of ambulacral field, i. e. lancet and poral pieces. in the different species and vary very often in one and the same specimen ; see Fig. 9 . At the outer margin where these two blades meet, that is, where the upper smooth blade connects with the lower plicated one, they run out into little thread-like filaments or tentacles, giving the compressed cylinder a fringed appearance on this side. They form the so much doubted tentacles which protrude through the poral openings and form * Palaeozoic Fossils, Vol. II., Part 1, p. 102. t H. Ludwig. Morphologische Studien an Echinodermen, Band I., p. 289. Taf. XXVIl,, Fig. 36, 37. Hambach — Revision of the Blastoideae. 19 in their collapsed state the supplementary poral pieces of Dr. Roemer * or outer side plates of later authors. f What could be the function of these supplementary poral pieces situated as described by Dr. Roemer, within the poral opening? As I understand the term it applies to something similar to and in addition to the poral piece, that is a small piece inserted in the poral opening. According to the Doc- tor's description it served to reduce the opening, which, how- ever, is not a very plausible supposition, as the same result might have been accomplished by nature in a much simpler manner by lessening the groove in the pore piece. Therefore I deem it proper to seek for another explanation which is to be found in supposing them to be tentacles. The correctness of this supposition is easily tested, as there can be only three possible conditions : — 1st. If a supplementary poral piece existed it should be found by making a transverse sec- tion through or near the middle of a pore channel, 50 cts. each. 75 cts. $?1.00 7.50 7.00 St 1, 3 to 6 8, 10, 12 2, 7, 9, 11 I 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 9t 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 2, 5, 8 6 25 cts. each. 50 cfs, each. $1.25 3.75 3.50 lot 9 2. 4, 5, 10 1 3, G, 7,8,11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 50 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 lit 2. 3 5-8, 'lO, 11 1 4 9 15 cts. each. 25 cts. each. 45 cts. 75 cts. 1.00 3.75 3.50 12; }, ;;, 10 25 cts. each. 5 1 30 cts. 3, S 35 cts. each. 2. 4, G, 7 50 cts. each. 3. 75 3.50 MEMOIRS (in quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery. 1880. $2.00. The total eclipse of the guu, January 1, 1889. A report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party, at Norman, Califor- nia. 18^a. §2.00. * Supply eshnusted. t Can be sold only to purchasers of the entire Tolume,— so far as this can be supplicfi. Each number Iz a brochure containing one complete paper (or rarely two). Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. XIII. No. 3. SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO THE HERPETOLOGY OF MISSOURI. JULIUS HURTER. Issued July 31, 1903. \ ^ SEP 2^ ^^^"^ SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO THE HERPETOLOGY OF MISSOURI.* Julius Hurter. In 1897 I had the honor to report on a number of reptiles and batrachians that I had ascertained to occur in the State of Missouri, and this evening I am able to add nineteen new species not before found nor reported for the State. But before I proceed let me give you an idea of the difficulty in finding co-workers in my line of collecting. Prof. H. M. Whelpley, editor of the Meyer Brothers' Druggist, had the kindness to distribute with that periodical a circular, asking for assistance in collecting and sending in specimens from their respective counties. This circular reached about 1,300 druggists in the State of Missouri, and in response to it I received fifteen answers from persons that would like to help ; but to my great regret I found out that even they were more interested from a financial than from a scientific standpoint. This gives an idea how difiicult it is to get assistance from outside parties in this particular branch of study. Still, I am under obligations to the following; gentlemen who offered their services and procured me a good deal of material from their respective counties, viz.: J. H. Black, Esq., Newton County; J. C. Miles, Jasper County; J. M. Parker, Mont- gomery County; Prof. R. R. Rowley, Pike County; Fuller Smith, Clark County; Robt. Lotze, Oregon County; Dr. A. Schaffraneck, St. Charles County; George Miller of our city, who brought in quite a number of specimens from Stoddard County; also Mr. H. N. Force, Ozark County; Dr. J. R. Terry who collected in Adair County, and W. K. Smith, Crawford County. All of these gentlemen brought in valuable additions, which are mentioned in their proper places. The increase over my previous list consists of nineteen species as before mentioned, viz., six batrachia and thirteen reptilia. * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, January 5, 1903. (77) 78 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Class BATRACHIA. Order Urodela. The Tailed Batrachians. 1. Amblystoma punctatum, L. — The spotted salamander. This salamander when alive is one of our prettiest speci- mens, being of a dark bluish-black color with a number of yellowish-white shining spots on the back and abruptly light olivaceous underneath. The legs are of the color of the under parts, not of the upper. This animal is one of those that uses its tail as an organ of prehension. When taken up and held so that it expects to be dropped, it is its habit to take a hold of some support with the tail and if one is not found at once, the tail is moved about in search of an object that might answer this purpose. It is mostly found under decaying logs in damp shady places, but is in no way plentiful : — Drake, St. Louis County, April 24; Butler County, April 16 and July 17; Stoddard County, October 26. 2. Hemidactylium scutatum, Tschudi. — The scaly sala- mander. This is a small species. I copy the description from Cope's " Batrachia of North America," as one of the best: Back, dark chestnut, but above much lighter, both sprinkled with black, the latter more especially along the dorsal line. Snout above, eyes above and in certain lights the furrows above the lateral longitudinal lines light chestnut approaching to golden bronze, faintly clouded in spots with darker. Sides of body finely mottled brown and bluish-white. Head, body, and tail below, chalk white with a tinge of blue. Spar- ino-ly and irregularly marked with rather large black spots ; spots disposed along sides and the white of tail beneath. Central tract unspotted. One or two furrows or constrictions go entirely around the tail behind the vent, marking the narrow base of the tail, which then swells abruptly in many speci- mens. Neither the late Professor Cope nor the museum catalogue Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri, 79 of the Smithsonian mentions the animal as being ever caught west of the Mississippi. I am under obhgations to my friend Dr. George W. Bock, who found one specimen near Bourbon, Crawford County, October 15, 1899, and presented it to me. 3. Spelerpes maculicaudus Cope. — The western cave sala- mander. In 1880 Professor E. D. Cope described this as a new sala- mander from a spring at Brookville, Indiana. This species has since been found to be the common cave salamander of the Mississippi Valley along with Spelerpes longicaudus. It is similar in build to the cave salamander, Spelerpes longicau- dus and also to the next species, the newly discovered Speler- pes siejnegeri, but differs in color. All the specimens, old or young, are of a Chinese orange color in life and have the back and sides of the body, tail and limbs covered with sharply defined irregular rounded and elongated spots. It is a twilight species. So far I have only found it in Jefferson County, in a small ravine, but it has been found also by other collectors at the mouth of Fisher's cave near Springfield, Green County ; near Marble cave. Stone County; Rockhouse cave, Barry County; and Wilson's cave, near Sarcoxie, in Jasper County. 4. Spelerpes stejnegeri, Eigenmann. The latest discovered species. I have not yet seen this species and therefore have to give the description from its discoverer. Professor Eigenmann: — The back is raw sienna with many spots, coalescing in places and irregularly arranged in two series on each side of the median line. The median line and a streak from the eye back to above the hind limbs are free from spots. Sides dark brown with irregular dots of marbling of sienna. The belly is clear. This salamander has been found in Rockhouse cave, Barry County; near Marble cave, Stone County; Wilson's cave, Jasper County ; and Fisher's cave. Green County : all in south- western Missouri. 80 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 5. Typhlotriton Spelaeus Stejn. — Blind cave salamander of Missouri. The first specimen of this salamander was collected by F. A. Sampson, of Sedalia, inEockhousecave, Barry County, and described by Dr. L. Stejneger of the National Museum. Afterwards Professor E. D. Cope found some in Marble cave, Stone County. It is rather a rare species. The color in life is pale flesh color. I have not yet been able to secure a specimen for my collection. Order Salientia. The Frogs. 1. AcRis GRYLLUS Le Conte. — The cricket frog. I include it in my list because it is mentioned in Cope and Yarrow's list as No. 35601 of the Smithsonian collections: — six specimens from New Madrid County, collected by R. Kennicott, one of the pioneer collectors. The best character to distino;uish this frocr from its west- ern representative, AciHs gryllus crejntans, is that in the former when the hind limb is carried forward along the side of the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to the tip of the snout or a little beyond, whereas in crepitans the same articu- lation hardly reaches to the tip of the snout. Also, Acris gryllus is the longer one of the two, measuring 1^ inch, where cre;;^7aws reaches only li% to 1^ in. in length of body. Class REPTILIA. Order Chelonia. The Turtles. 1. Chrysemys marginata Agassiz. C. cinerea Brown. A so-called painted turtle from the lively red markings on the edge of the carapace. This turtle is common in the low- lands across the Mississippi, in Illinois. Some specimens are found in the back-waters of this river on the Missouri side. The plastron in the adult is usually all blood red, hiding a Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 81 large dull black mark that extends from near the gula on the center of the belly to the anals without any lateral branches as in Chrysemys hellii. The young are very differ- ent in the marking of the plastron from Chrysemys mar- ginata of Indiana, Eastern Illinois, and Michigan. The shields of the plastron are alternately red and yellowish-white on each side of a dark center streak. This turtle is called by the fishermen "Red belly" and with right, as in spring noth- ing of the dark central mark of the plastron can be seen. 2. Chrysemys dorsalis Agz. This is another rather scarce turtle that I have found in our most southeastern counties in the so-called " sunken lands." It is easily recognizable from a wide reddish streak along the center of the back. So far I have specimens from Butler County, May 1, 1898. 3. PsEUDEMYS TEXANA, Baur. — The Tcxas Cootcr. This turtle has gone so far under the name Pseudemys; con- cinna, Le Conte. Le Conte says it inhabits the rivers of Georgia and Carolina. I have never seen it below Augusta on the Savannah or Columbia on the Congaree ; we have therefore to consider specimens from these localities as typical. The species is characterized by its broad and low sheU and its small head. Dr. Baur considers Pseudemys texana as the representative of Pseudemys in the southern portion of the country west of the Mississippi: — Texas, Indian Territory, Northern Mexico, Missouri. Professor Agassiz mentions in his mono- graph on turtles some that were collected by Dr. Roy, in Southwestern Missouri. I have received two nice specimens, one from Mr. F. A. Black, from Newton County, and the other from Mr. J. Carroll Miles, from Carthage, Jasper County, where he .collected it from the Spring River, which empties into the Neosho, a tributary of the Arkansas River. In 1895, when on a business trip to Paris, Texas, I collected there a very fine specimen, the carapace of which is a good deal higher than of any other I have seen so far. 82 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 4. Aromochelys tristycha Agz. — A musk turtle. About a month ago Mr. H. N. Force, Ph. G., sent me quite a collection of reptiles from Ozark County, and amongst them I found one half-grown specimen of this variety. Professor Louis Agassiz, in his monograph on turtles, 1857, mentions specimens that were sent to him by Mr. G. Stolley from the Osage River, in Missouri. Agassiz writes: "Al- though Ozotheca odorata, its eastern congener, varies greatly not only in color but even in outline, I have no doubt that this is a distinct species characterized when young by the great prominence of the keels upon the vertebral and costal plates and by numerous dark dots between the scales of the sternum, and when adult by a marked difference in the form of the snout. In Ozotheca odorata the snout is much more prominent on account of the slope of the upper jaw, which extends further back and is therefore less steep than in 0. tristycha, the lower jaw of which is broader below the symphysis than in odorata, and suddenly turned up." Order Squamata. Suborder Sauria. Lizards. Iguanidae. 1. Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan. — Commonly called " horned toad." Mr: H. Q. Taylor, a resident of St. Louis, informed me that he captured a specimen on the sandy river shore opposite Leavenworth, in Missouri. Through advertising in the papers, I received letters from gentlemen stating that this animal had been caught in the streets of their respective places but all these seem to have been escaped specimens and were thus caught. The only authentic record of this lizard, as occurring in the State, I find in the United States National Museum reports by Dr. E. D. Cope, Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of North America, on page 436 under No. 17397-99 : — three specimens collected by C. W. Richmond in South- western Missouri. Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 83 Suborder Ophidia. Snakes. Poisonous Snakes. 1. SiSTRURUS MiLiARius Linn. — Ground rattlesnake. It gives me pleasure to bring to notice another pit viper, that has been caught by my friend Mr. Rob. Lotzein Oregon County. He was not aware that he had killed a poisonous snake. On an inquiry he wrote me that he captured it from under some debris of an old shanty on the slope of a hill. This specimen looks more similar to those from Texas than to some from Alabama and Florida that are in my collection. Harmless Snakes. 2. Farancia abacura Holbrook. — The so-called hoop snake or horn snake. The color of this snake is bluish-black above. On the two outer rows the ground color assumes the shape of vertical bands, from one and a half to two scales broad, leaving: an intermediate space from two to three scales wide, which is red in life. Both the red and bluish-black extend on the abdomen, the former being the ground color. The vertical bands of the flanks are confluent on the middle of the abdomen, either directly opposite or alternating. My son Henry collected six specimens near Poplar Bluff, Butler County, April 24. The snake lives near the shores of stagnant waters and is generally found beneath dead logs and other objects. 3. LioPELTis VERNALis DcKay. — The grass snake. The scales of this little snake are smooth. It is dark sreen above, lighter on the flanks and yellowish-white beneath. I received the only specimen that I have come across from Dr. A. Schaffraneck of St. Charles. The doctor caught it and two others in his garden. I have never encountered this snake in the last twenty years during which I have paid atten- tion to the collecting of reptiles, and I am of the opinion that the Missouri river stops it from coming farther south in this 84 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. region. I remember very plainly that about twenty-five years ago I caught and played with about ten or twelve specimens that I found at one spot on the side of a fence in Madison County, Ills. R. Kennicott also reports in the Smithsonian Catalogue, under number 2204, on a specimen that he col- lected in Monroe County, Ills. I think that cultivation has destroyed its haunts and more or less exterminated it. 4. Coluber vulpinus Baird and Girard. — The fox snake. April 22 I found the first specimen of this snake at Dar- denne prairie, St. Charles County. The same day I came across two other dead specimens that somebody had killed and mutilated. Mr, Charles Aldrich sent three specimens to the Smithsonian that he collected in Webster City, Iowa. Cope states that it is distributed over the northwest of the eastern district, not being known from east of Illinois, or south of the Missouri Eiver. This is the most robust species of the genus and reaches as large a size as any. 5. Coluber spiloides, Dumeril and Bibron. Professor Cope in his work " Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of North America," mentions on page 843 one speci- men, under No. 5505 of the Smithsonian collections, as col- lected at Independence, Jackson County. The snake is of common occurrence in Texas and Indian Territory and should therefore be in our western counties. I have specimens only from Waco, Texas, in my collection. 6. Coluber guttatus Linnaeus. — The spotted racer. For three years successively I have found a young specimen of this species near Pevely, Jefferson County, and curious to say they were found always under a small rock on the top of a large one, nearly at the same place. Last year my son had the good fortune to capture a fine adult specimen, but this time in the fields, though not far from the first place : — May 15, 1898; May 13, 1900; May 7, 1899; and May 26, 1901; the adult specimen. Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 85 7. PiTYOPHis SAYi Schleo;el. — The bullsnake. I have heard a good deal about this snake but never had the opportunity to capture one myself. Mr. Carroll Miles of Carthage, Jasper County, has sent me a fine living speci- men. This snake was one of the most vicious snakes that I ever came across, and it may be accounted for, as Mr. Miles wrote me on inquiry that they had it for quite a while in the school where it was always teased to the utmost. This last fall Mr. Frank Schwarz gave me also a fine specimen that had been caught in the bluffs in St. Clair County, Ills., opposite the city of St. Louis. 8. Basc ANION CONSTRICTOR FLAviVENTRis Say. — The green racer. From the same place, Jasper County, and from the same gentleman, I received a specimen of this western variety, and a year ago a second specimen from Mr. W. K. Smith of Cuba, Crawford County. The color of the back of this species is olive green, and the whole under-surface greenish-white to bright yellow. 9. Natrix cyclopium Baird and Girard. — Cyclope water- snake. My son Henry found some of these in a small lake near Poplar Bluff, Butler County, May 19 and 22 and October 3, 1897. They are hard to catch as they always seek refuge in the deeper waters. The late Professor Cope gives the following very good description of this snake: Color brown above, yellow below. On the upper surface there are on each side two rows of alternating short crossbars of a darker color, which are about one and one half scales wide, and are separated by in- terspaces of about three scales. The median line for a width of four scales is not spotted, or is very imperfectly so, form- ing a broad vertebral band of a color darker than the general ground. In young specimens the pattern is very distinctly seen ; but in adults the ground becomes so dark as to obscure it very much. The head is uniform brown, the oral edge of 86 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, the superior labial plates only being yellow. On the yellow ground of the inferior surfaces there appear, on the anterior third only of the length, dark shades on the anterior parts of the gastrosteges. These extend and blend so that on the posterior two-thirds of the length in the adult the color may be said to be blackish-brown with yellow spots. This well marked species is nearest to N'atrix rhomhifera, also found in the State. The present contribution brings the number of Batrachians and Eeptiles recorded as found in the State of Missouri to ninety- three, as follows : — 16 Tailed Batrachians. 13 Toads and frogs. 18 Turtles. 7 Lizards. 39 Snakes. I do not doubt whatever that this list will in time reach one hundred and over, as there are quite a number of species of this class in northern Arkansas, Indian Territory and Kansas, that will eventually also be found in the State of Missouri. Issued July 31,1903. PUBLICATIONS. The following publications of the Academy are offered for sale at the net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. TBANSACTI0N8 (in OCtaVO), Vol. Number. Price per number. Price per vol. Price in set. 1* 2t 3,4 $7.50 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 1 $4.00 2.00 each. 67.00 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 2 1 to 3 2.00 each. 5.60 6.00 3 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.50 7.00 4 lto4 2.00 each. 7.50 7.00 6 1-2, 3-4 { 4.00 each, (double numbers) 7.50 7.00 6J 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, IL 16, 17 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 18 3,9 12 1 25 cts. each. I 60 cts. each. 75 cts. each. I$1.00 7.50 7.00 IX 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19 6, 9 to 12, 14,20 17 1 I 26 cts. each. I 50 cts. each. 75 cts. #1.00 7.60 7.00 8t 1, 3 to 6 8, 10, 12 2, 7, 9, 11 1 25 Cts. each, 50 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 n 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 2,5,8 6 25 cts. each. 50 cts. each. ^1.25 3.75 3.50 lot 9 2, 4, 5, 10 1 3, 6, 7, 8, 11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 50 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 lit 2, 3 5-8, 10, 11 1 4 9 15 cts. each. 25 cts. each. 45 cts. 75 cts. 1.00 3.75 3.50 12t 1,9,10 5 3,8 2,4,6,7 25 cts. each. 30 cts. 35 cts. each. 50 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 MEMOIRS (in quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery. 1880. $2.00. The total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 1889. A report of the obsei-vations made by the "Washington University Eclipse Party, at Norman, Cuhfor- nia. 1891. $2.00. t CanVe*'«)ld^only to purchasers of the entire volume,— so fai- as this can be ^'l* Bach number Jc a brochure containing one complete paper (or rarely two). \^^ Transactions of The Academy of S^iettco of St. Louis. VOIi. XIII. No. 4. A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF ETHICAL SCIENCE SINCE THE TIME OF CHARLES DARWIN. WALTER L. SHELDON. Issued August 21, 1903. £P A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF ETHICAL SCIENCE SINCE THE TIME OF CHARLES DARWIN.* Walter L. Sheldon. In presenting this paper I am assuming that it is being offered to a body of men for the most part absorbed in a study of the physical sciences. Owing to the necessity now- adays for specializing, and to the effort required to keep up even with the literature in your own departments, it may be that some of you are not fully aware of what has been going on along those lines where the work is of a more subjective character. It struck me therefore that I mio;ht be doinor a real service by giving you a hint as to the trend of the litera- ture in the science of ethics for the last three or four decades, since the time of Darwin. It would be a satisfaction on my part to convince you that in this other direction good work has been going on, of as painstaking and thorough a character as anything which may have been done in physics, chemistry or biology. My purpose is not myself to criticise or theo- rize, but merely to sketch for you a bird's-eye view of the situation. Men of as great intellectual caliber as any of those at work in your special departments, have been grap- pling with the problems of ethical science; and they have achieved encouraging results, while these results may not be as great as some would have anticipated. Although ethics has a large subjective element in it, most of the leading workers in this direction would regard it strictly as a science, and deal with it in that light. These men are undertaking to investigate a body of facts, to analyze them, to correlate them, to interpret them, and reduce them if possible to a system. Some of them would, however, regard * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, January 19, 1903. (87) 88 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. their department as more distinctively a " normative " science in contrast with the departments in which most of you are at work. A few of them may prefer to speak of their hne of effort as "ethical philosophy." Among the Germans, it is almost universally customary to employ the term, " ethische Wissenschaft." It is true, however, that there is not the same unanimity of opinion among the workers in this other direction, that we may find among yourselves. I am painfully conscious of this fact, and admit that it may be at first thought a little depressing. They cannot specify in precise language just what points have been established beyond dispute, nor can they say that this and this has been settled once for all by the latest investi- o-ations . Nevertheless there is some good explanation for these divergencies of opinion. In all frankness one may venture the assertion that the issues here are of more vital importance than they would be in those sciences in which most of you are absorbed. The honor of the human soul is at stake. There is here, therefore, a personal element involved, and one which must exert an enormous influence. No such factors are con- cerned in the decision of the question as to whether atoms or ether are realities, or only working hypotheses ; whether the wave theory of light is beyond dispute ; or as to the processes by which the living cell once got its start out of inorganic matter. The foundations of the world will not be shaken by any discoveries to be made in these other fields of research, great as the achievements may be. But when it comes to a study of the nature and origin of conscience or of ethical ideals, one draws a deep breath of anxiety. The whole social structure in which you and I live and move and have our being is at stake. The sanctitj^ of our home and family life is involved. We are then working at the foundation stones, and the hand that is chipping away at the block may tremble a little at the thought of what is going to fall. I have chosen the time of Darwin and the publication of " The Descent of Man" as the dividing line, because since that time ethical science has gone through about as great a Sheldon — The Literature of Ethioal Science. 89 revolution or transformation as any of the other sciences. And the occasion for the change lay chiefly in the doctrine of evolution. It is not as if all this influence came simply from Charles Darwin. The new tendency of thought was arising, as we know, for a time previous to him and his publication. The whole subject was simply clinched at one point by his work. But when his theories were put forward in such a masterly way, all those sciences dealing more especially with subjective experiences were also profoundly concerned. Al- most every student or worker in ethics felt called upon to give his theories a thorough overhauling, and to rewrite some of his statements or propositions. It really amounted to begin- ning over again or taking a new start. But before the publication of " The Descent of Man " by Darwin, the change was rapidly going on. Herbert Spencer already had in his mind, as I understand, the outlines of his " Theory of Ethics," even before the appearance of " The Origin of Species" in 1859. During the '60's Alexander Bain published his " Mental and Moral Science," and under- took to tear away the traditions surrounding an " intuitional" conscience in order to explain it by an associational psychol- ogy. Lecky had taken up the historic movement and pub- lished his " History of European Morals from the Keign of Augustus to Charlemagne." Every man deeply concerned in these great problems felt in advance just what was coming, before the appearance of "The Descent of Man" in 1871. It was known that Conscience and the Ethical Ideal were to be at stake. The issue was all latent in the first work, " The Origin of Species." One had to expect that a leading chap- ter in the second work by Darwin would be on " The Origin of the Moral Sense," and the expectation was fulfilled. In order to give you the merest glimpse of what has been going on, therefore, during this time from the year 1871 since the publication of " The Descent of Man," by Charles Darwin, it may be well for me to put before your eyes a list of the treatises dealing specifically with ethical science or ethical philosophy, which I happen to have in my private library. 90 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Charles Darwin, — " The Descent of Man." — Chap. 4, Part 1 1871 Henry Calderwood, of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. — " Hand- book of Moral Philosophy." 1872 Paul Janet, of the Sorbonne, Paris. — •' Theory of Morals." — Eng- liBh Translation. — First edition in French, — "La Morale." .... 1873 Henry Sidgwick, of Cambridge, England. (1) •' The Methods of Ethics." 1874 (2) "Outlines of the History of Ethics." 1886 Edith Simcox, of England. — " Natural Law." — An Essay in Ethics. — Second edition 1878 Hermann Lotze, of the University of Berlin. — " Outlines of Practical Philosophy." — Short condensed treatise, translated from lectures delivered in 1878 Herbert Spencer, of England.— "The Principles of Ethics." — Two volumes 1879-1893 W. K. Clifford, of University College, London. — "Lectures and Es- says." — Especially Volume II 1879 Eduard von Hartmann, of Germany. — " Phanomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins." 1879 B. Carneri, of Vienna, Austria. — " Grundlegung der Ethik." 1881 Sir Leslie Stephen, of England. — " The Science of Ethics." 1882 Thomas Hill Green, of Oxford, England. — " Prolegomena to Ethics." 1883 H. Steinthal, of University of Berlin. — '« AUgemeine Ethik." 1885 James Martineau, of Manchester New College, London. — " Types of Ethical Theory. — Two volumes 1885 M. Guyau, of France. — " Esquisse d'une Morale sans Obligation ni Sanction." 1885 W. R. Sorley, of University College, Liverpool, England. — " The Ethics of Naturalism." 1885 Wilhelm Wundt, of the University of Leipsic. — " Ethik. — Eine Un- tersuchung der Thatsachen und Gesetze des sittlichen Lebens." 1886 Christoph Sigwart, of Germany. — " Vorf ragen der Ethik." — A single lecture somewhat enlarged - • 1886 Rudolph von Jhering, of Germany. — "DerZweck im Recht." — Two volumes 1886 Harald Hoffding, of the Univerity of Copenhagen, Denmark. — "Ethik." — German translation from the first Danish edition .... 1887 J. G. Schurmaa, of Cornell University. — "Ethical Import of Dar- winism." 1887 Friedrich Nietzsche, of Germany. — "A Genealogy of Morals." — Eng- lish Translation from the German 1887 G. von Gizyckl, of the University of Berlin. — "Moralphilosopie.". .. 1888 Friedrich Paulsen, of the University of Berlin. — "System der Ethik." 1889 Hugo Miinsterberg, of Germany, now of Harvard University. — " Der Ursprung der Sittlichkeit." — A single lecture somewhat enlarged 1889 Wilhelm Schmidt, Pfarrer ia Cuertow, Germany. — " Das Gewissen.".. 1889 Franz Brentano, of Germany. — " Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkennt- nis." 1889 Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 91 Paul Hensel, of the University of Strassburg.— " Ethisches Wlssen und ethisches Handeln." — A short treatise or single lecture 1889 William MacEntyre Salter, of the Society for Ethical Culture, Chicago. — " Ethical Religion." — A collection of lectures on mis- cellaneous subjects 1889 Theobald Ziegler, of Strassburg, Germany. — " Sittliches Sein und sittliches Werden." — A short treatise of about 150 pages 1890 John Dewey, of the University of Chicago. — " Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics." — In the form of a text-book 1891 Hans Gallwitz, Stadtpfarrer in Sigmaringen, Germany. — " Das Prob- lem der Ethik in der Gegenwart." 1891 S. Alexander, of Owens College, Manchester, England. — "Moral Order and Progress." 1891 Joseph Rickaby, S. J.— " Moral Philosophy."— Third Edition.— 1892 J. H. Muirhead, of Mason University College, Birmingham, England. — "The Elements of Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philoso- phy." — In the form of a text-book 1892 Borden P. Bowne, Boston University. — " The Principles of Morals." 1892 J. S. MacKeuzie, of Cardiff, Wales. — " A Manual of Ethics." — In the form of a text-book - 1892 Georg Simmel, of the University of Berlin. — " Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft." — Two volumes 1892 Thomas H. Huxley, of England. — " Evolution and Ethics." — A collec- tion of miscellaneous lectures 1893-1894 C.M.Williams. — "A Review of the Systems of Ethics Founded on the Theory of Evolution." 1893 James Seth, of University of Edinburg, Scotland. — "A Study of Eth- ical Principles." 1894 E. Diihring, of Germany. — "Der Werth des Lebens." — Revised work 1894 Theodor Elsenhans, Stadtpfarrer in Reidlingen, a. D., Germany. — " Wesen und Eutstehung des Gewissens. — Eine Psychologie der Ethik." 1894 Thomas Fowler and John Wilson, of Oxford, England. — " The Prin- ciples of Morals." 1894 Charles F. D' Arcy, of Ireland. — " A Short Study of Ethics." 1895 James H. Hyslop, of Columbia College, New York City. — "The Ele- ments of Ethics." — In the form of a text-book 1895 Paul R(je, of Germany. — " Die Entstehung des Gewissens." 1895 George Harris, of Andover Theological Seminary. — "Moral Evolu- tion." — A collection of lectures 1896 Walter L. Sheldon, Lecturer of the Ethical Society, of St. Louis. — " An Ethical Movement." — A collection of miscellaneous lectures 1896 B. Bosanquet, of London. — " Psychology of the Moral Self." 1897 James Mark Baldwin, of Princeton University. — " Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development." 1897 P. F. Fitzgerald, of England. —"The Rational or Scientific Ideal of Morality." , 1897 Alexander Sutherland, of Australia. — " The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct." — Two volumes 1898 92 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. W. R. Washington Sullivan, of the Ethical Religion Society of Lon- don. — " Morality as a Religion." — A collection of miscellaneous lectures 1898 Alexander Balmain Bruce, of the Free Church College, Glasgow, Scot- land.—"The Moral Order of the World." — A collection of miscellaneous lectures 1899 A. Doring, of Berlin, Germany. — '^ Natiirliche Sittenlehre." 1899 Alfred Fouill^e, of France. — *' Critique des Systems de Morale Con- temporains." — Fourth edition 1899 Frank Thilly, of the University of Missouri. — " Introduction to Ethics." — In the form of a text-book 1900 George Herbert Palmer, of Harvard University.— " The Field of Ethics." 1901 Alfred Edward Taylor, of Owens College, Manchester, England.— "The Problem of Conduct: A Study in the Phenomenology of Ethics." 1901 Ernest Albee, of Cornell University. — "A History of English Utili- tarianism." 1902 George Trumbull Ladd, of Yale University. — " Philosophy of Con- duct." 1902 This of course is not a complete list, but it makes good working material for my purpose, and gives a bird's-eye view atone glance. It covers probably three-quarters of the whole literature, and practically all the leading works. The volumes are purposely arranged as far as possible in the chronological order of their first appearance, with the posi- tion of the writers, however, held at the present time or at the period of their death, so far as I am sure of these facts. It should perhaps also be stated that the works by Wundt, Paulsen, Gizycki and Guyan have been translated into English. There should, however, be mentioned in addition, the "Ethical Library Series," edited by Prof. J. H. Muirhead, of England; the pubhcations of the " Brooklyn Ethical As- sociation; " the "Ethical Addresses Series," edited by S. Burns Weston of Philadelphia; a weekly "Ethics," pub- lished in London by Dr. Stanton Coit; the weekly " Ethische Kultur," edited by Dr. Foerster, of Zurich; the bimonthly " Ethical Record," edited by Percival Chubb, of New York; and the quarterly " International Journal of Ethics," edited by S. Burns Weston. You will understand that this is a list only of those treatises Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 93 dealing most directly with the problems of ethics. If I were to cover the whole field, the list of books would take up an entire volume instead of a few pages. Ethical theories of one type or another are hinted at, or more or less worked out in a large number of the treatises in philosophy or metaphysics, as for instance in " The World and the Individual," by Prof. Eoyce; Bradley's "Appearance and Eeality;" Lotze's " Mikrokosmus ; " or the classic " Geschichte des Materialis- mus," by Lange. Nearly all the more extended treatises on psychology are obliged to deal with it, and may have several chapters devoted to it, — especially as the writers here would perhaps regard it as also a sub-department of their larger science. Even the scholars dealing with the physical sciences may turn aside to have a word to say on ethics; and still more, the men dealing with biology. Now and then we have such a shocking piece of superficiality as the recent treatise on "World Riddles" by Ernst Haeckel. We can rest assured that he will have his say here on conscience and ethical ideals. But it is a work of which his brother biologists should be ashamed, for he went entirely outside of his province. On the other hand there are very legitimate discussions of many of the problems of ethics in nearly all the leading treat- tises dealing with political science, anthropology or sociology. This is also true of many works in economics. The writers on the history of civihzation are likewise obliged to deal with ethics. Still more closely allied it is, of course, with the subjects of religion, theology, or biblical criticism. Any writers under- taking to give an extensive treatment of church doctrine must have their chapters on the ethics of the Bible, of Judaism, or of Christianity. As these, however, do not deal with the problem of ethics strictly as a science, I have not included them in my list. Where, however, the connection is the closest would be in art and literature. A history of ethics in future times de- scriptive of the nineteenth century which should fail to con- sider the writings of George Eliot, Ibsen, Carlyle, Browning, Ruskin, and scores or hundreds of others, would be no real 94 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. history of ethics at all. Such writers in the last thirty or forty years have exerted an enormous influence, both on eth- ical theories as well as ethical ideals. Poetry, the novel, the essay, the drama, must all be concerned with the ethical problem if they give us true works of art. In my private library, for example, I have roughly divided my books into five sections: 1. History, Economics and the Social Sciences. 2. Philosophy, Psychology and Metaphysics. 3. The Natural Sciences. 4. Ethics, Religion, and Biblical Criticism. 5. Art and Literature. — And it may so happen that any morning when at work on some one ethical problem, I find mj'self turning to all five of these sections, and have books from every one of them lying before me on my table. But if you will look over this list before you, certain inter- esting facts will be apparent at a glance. In the first place you will see at once how rapidly the treatises have been in- creasing in number during the last fifteen years. In the sec- ond place you will notice that the majority of the leading works come from the two great countries, England and Ger- many, although latterly America has been rapidly catching up, so far as number of books is concerned. Why it is that we do not have more literature on this subject from France I do not quite understand. It may be that many other treatises on eth- ics have appeared in that country ; but if so one does not hear about them. My inference is that the work in this direction on the part of the scholars there, has been interwoven more particularly with their researches in psychology, anthro- pology, or the social sciences. But you will see that there is one treatise with a strikingly significant title from that country, as indicative of a bold tendency: " Esquisse d'une Morale sans Obligation ni Sanction," by M. Guyau. Janet and Fouillee have also done notable work in ethics in France. In the third place you will observe at once that the lead was taken by England. Glancing over the list we see four or five of the greatest works in ethics of modern times already issued in that country, such as " The Methods of Ethics," by Sidgwick; Spencer's " Principles of Ethics;" "The Science of Ethics," by Sir Leslie Stephen; "The Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 95 Prolegomena," by Green; and" The Types," by Martineau, before a single work of the rank of any one of these had appeared in Germany. Then, however, came the change when the mighty Avork, the " Ethik," by Wundt appeared in 1886, followed by an array of masterly treatises one after another during the last fifteen or sixteen years, such as the " System," by Paulsen;" Der Zweckim Recht," by Rudolph von Jhering; and a series of others. Germany has caught up and more. In this latter list should perhaps be included also the "Ethik," by the great Danish scholar, Hoffding, of Copenhagen. Even from Italy we are now beginning to see mention of works with ethical titles, — although I cannot speak as to their contents. In the fourth place you will notice the same tendency manifest as with the physical sciences, — the specializing in departments. The treatises covering the whole science of ethics as such, grow less in number. Looking carefully you will see the tendency increasing for scholars to take up sub- topics and devote one or urore books just to a single phase of the whole problem. There are two big volumes, " The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct," by Suther- and, devoted solely to elaborating the one aspect of the subject sketched in the chapter by Charles Darwin in " The Descent of Man ; ' ' and a number of other works have this for their special field. It is already being asserted that within a short time there will be no science of ethics as such, but a list of special sciences into which the one larger field will be subdivided. Some of these many works are school or college text- books, prepared not as complete treatises, but in order to bring the facts before the younger students. One on my list is a "Moral Philosophy," strictly for Roman Catholics, by Joseph Rickaby, S. J., and a few of them are only single lectures, or very short treatises of perhaps a hundred pages touching on particular phases only. And yet it is evident enough that a mass of literature of this kind could not have appeared in our age, and by such an array of thinkers, without certain marked results. The 96 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. achievements ma}^ be regarded more as tendencies of thought than as accepted or well-defined principles. But even this would be a great deal. As I have asserted, many of these writers are thinkers of the first rank. Some of them have arisen through the natural sciences, and may have done first grade work there before they passed over to the depart- ment of ethics. Men like Wundt and Lotze began as students of medical science, and had a thorough foundation in that direction before they passed on to work along other lines. And in equipment I think that this would also apply to such workers as Sir Leslie Stephen and Herbert Spencer. So far as the history of ethics is concerned, the work in this direction, to my mind, has as yet been rather unsatisfac- tory. It is a period when we should have expected the very best material of this nature. But the trouble has been from the specializing tendency. The man who could do this satis- factorily would need to be some one who was acquainted not only with the history of philosophy or of ethical theories, but had a wide grasp over the arts or literature for the last two thousand years or more. There is the little treatise, " History of Ethics," of 274 pages, by Sidgwick. Prof. Jodl, of Vienna, has written two volumes, " History of Ethics in Modern Times." The treatise, "Mental and Moral Science," by Alexander Bain, devotes three hundred pages to a history of ethical systems. Of the five hundred and sev- enty-seven compact pages in the work by Wundt about one hundred and forty are devoted to sketching " Die philosoph- ischen Moralsysteme." Paulsen has about one hundred and fifty pages, but under a much more satisfactory title: '< Um- riss einer Geschichte der Lebensanschauung und Moralphi- losophie." Of course there is a great deal of material in all this, but on the whole it is rather disappointing in comparison with the rest of the work by such writers, with the possible ex- ception of the chapters by Paulsen. The trouble with most of them is that they only give a history of ethical theories or systems. But of the ethical ideals in the great departments of art, literature and religion, we do not get enough. A Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 97 history of ethics that does not include an examination of the three great tragedy writers of ancient Greece, — Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, would strike me as painfully defec- tive or inadequate. The work of Lecky, however, published in the '60's on " The History of European Morals" is a masterpiece of its kind for the one special period it covers. It is a profound misfortune that the other periods have not been worked out in the same way by other writers. It should be said, however, that there are some works in German by such men as Koestlin, Schmidt, Luthardt and Ziegler, which the writer has not been able to examine. But, most of all, you will ask me, I assume, what in sum and substance is to be regarded as the new outcome of all this literature? What are the new tendencies? I should answer in the first place from the negative side, that an immense result has been accomplished by doing away with one mistaken theory which has been a stumbling block to ethical science or ethical philosophy for hundreds of years : — the theory which treated conscience as if it were a kind of an organ of the mind, just as the heart or the stomach may be an organ of the body. This belonged to the old psychology and held on most tenaciously from the religious side. Even where it was doubted, men did not have the right weapons with which to overthrow this illusion. It could not be done away with until the larger science of psychology also went through a trans- formation. The general doctrine of evolution did the work. One smiles now at thinking of an organ hidden away in the soul, pumping out ethical judgments somewhat in the same way as the heart pumps the blood through the body. But it may have been no smiling matter to deal with this theory fifty or one hundred years ago. On the whole I should say that as a result of this whole doctrine of evolution, it is now pretty generally accepted by writers or students in ethical science that conscience is simply a phase of the functioning of the soul or of consciousness, and no more. In a word, we know now a little more definitely what our problem is ; and this means a long step forward, I can assure you. 98 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Along with this went the allied error that this same organ of the soul announced categorical judgments as to what was right and wrong on any or every life problem. The child was told: Look to your conscience, it is the voice of God. But now we no longer really have to argue this question at all. Another allied science has practically wiped that old theory out of existence; and that is the science of anthropology. It is this other science which has been laying the axe at the root of the tree and shaking the old foundations. The work has gone so far that I am bound to say one begins to tremble a little with anxiety as to what is to be the outcome. And the question is actually considered as to whether the soul as such necessarily functions in the form of conscience. The problem is now debated as to whether those feelings we think of as moral, are universal, — whether they have always existed in the human being. It is being asserted boldly that they are simply a transient phase in the evolution of consciousness. On the positive side, another great result has been accom- plished in the development of the historical side in the study of conscience. It is here where the fruits have been the greatest, and where, perhaps, the hardest work has been done. This, too, must be regarded as a contribution from the doctrine of evolution. If conscience is not an organ of the soul, but only a phase of the soul's functioning, then came the fascinating problem to work out the steps or pro- cesses according to which this functioning has displayed itself in the history of the human race. The absorbing problem, therefore, at the present time in ethical science is not so much the nature of conscience or the nature of the ethical ideal in itself; but the story of the development here» the chapters of growth in the ethical ideal or in the appear- ance of the moral sense we call conscience. It has been established here now at last beyond dispute I should say, that growth or evolution applies in this direction just as much as it does in the bodily organism or in the animal kingdom. There is the same problem here as in biology. The question of origin, you understand, is some- Sheldon — The Literature of Ethical Science. 99 thing manifestly quite different from the question of growth or development. The first may take us into the realm of metaphysics. But the opportunity for co-ordinating the facts so as to set down in plain black and white the stages or steps through which the ethical sense has passed, or the ethical ideals have displayed themselves, is very great. It is in this direction probably where the best work will be done in the next few decades. There is, however, as one can see, a change simply of interest or emphasis. In the old days with the ancient world, the interest lay rather in deciding what was the highest good, the siwwnwi bonum. But to-day owing to this doctrine of evolution, the interest lies rather, not in studying the ethical ideal of the highest good, but in tracing the genesis or development of those processes in consciousness which have led men to adopt certain ideals of the highest good, — in a word, the genesis and growth of conscience. This much, therefore, I regard as an immense achievement evinced in the mass of literature from the time of Darwin : on the one hand, the realization of what the problem is, — the conception of conscience not as an organ, but as a phase of the functioning of the soul; and on the other hand, the disposition to study the science from the historic side. It must be admitted frankly that the attitude of some of the scholars, even of the greatest, has been rather too bold or audacious. In a science where there is so much at stake, and where the personal element may so easily come in, where the problem is so subtle because of the subjective elements involved, surely there should be an excessive degree of cau- tion and humility lest one venture too far in one's positive assertions. And I fear this humility and caution have not always been there. One sighs here for a little more of the manifestation of that modest hesitancy that was so apparent in the mind of Charles Darwin. It must be candidly con- fessed that some writers in ethics have dealt with the doctrine of evolution as a boy would do with his first jack-knife or hatchet : it has been employed as a weapon to smash things with, or with which to cut things to pieces. And some of 100 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. our writers have slashed here and there with a defiant bold- ness that must make some of us a little ashamed. So, too, there has been the appallingly careless disposition to assume that in describing the processes of the development of con- science, the stages of its growth, one has also accounted for its origin; just as in the old days, perhaps, a careless thinker in chemistry may have felt that he had the whole explanation of a compound by describing the various elements that went into it, and by being able to put the compound together. And yet, as a matter of fact, to-day we know no more as to the very first origin of the moral sense or of the function- ing of the soul in this direction, than we know as to the origin of the living cell from inorganic matter. What is more, it is perfectly clear to my own mind that while, perhaps, the bridge may yet be covered between the organic and the inorganic, the bridge from the conscienceless to the conscience-possess- ing creature will never be constructed. It has to be remembered that ethics is one of the very old- est of the sciences, where earnest searchers after truth have been working with persistence for upwards of twenty-five hundred years ; and it behooves the new thinkers — for this reason, if for no other — to be cautious about their audacious statements and the revolutionizing tendencies from doctrines that are only a few decades old. As regards this collection of books as a whole, some of you who are absorbed in the study of the physical sciences may ask in amazement what it is that is contained here. Many of these works are extensive treatises, heavy and weighty volumes by some of the leading thinkers or scholars of the world. How is it there is so much to say or dispute over, concerning the subject of conscience and the ethical ideal? What is it that these men are talking about and what are their problems? In answer to this I might suggest to you what queries a student in ethics would mentally Jput as he took up for the first time one of these treatises for perusal. In a general way he would desire at the outset to ascertain the author's attitude on perhaps five leading problems, about as follows : (1) What is the writer's standpoint as to the theory of Sheldon — The Literatxcre of Ethical /Science. 101 the highest good or of the ethical ideal? Is he to be classed with one of the '< schools," or has he a new position to defend? More especially, how does he stand with regard to English Utilitarianism? Every scholar must take his stand and declare himself in regard to this latter theory, inasmuch as it is the one most clear-cut, sharply defined, elaborately wrought out and most aggressive attitude of modern times. (2) What is the author's theory as to the nature of con- science? Is this something original or derived? In sub- stance, what does he regard as the sanction for the moral ideal, or as the seat of authority impelling or commanding us to pursue this ideal? (3) What new contribution has the writer to make in the story of evolution or development of the ethical ideal and of conscience? If he regards this phase of soul-functioning as derived, then he is called upon to account for its origin, to unfold the elements out of which it is com- pounded, or because of which it has appeared. (4) What attitude does he take on the problem of the freedom of the will? The writer must make it clear once for all whether he is or is not a Determinist, with answers to the why oi where- fore. He must pay his respects to this issue in one or sev- eral chapters, chiefly because it involves the problem of moral responsibility. (5) What view does he hold as to the re- lation between ethics and religion : to what extent or in what way is the God-problem involved? Nearly every writer will devote a part of his work to a consideration of this point. These are the leading issues to be threshed out on the side of theory. But in all probability at least one-third of each of the treatises will be given over to the more practical aspects. The author will probably undertake to give a classi- fication of the virtues or duties. Then he will be called upon to declare himself in the application of his special doc- trines and to define his position on five main problems: (1) As to whether Society or the Individual ranks first in importance : which is the end in itself and to which one the other is subordinate. (2) As to the significance of Marriage and the Family. (3) As to Property and the Industrial problem : to what extent is he individualistic or 102 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. socialistic. (4) As to the Church or Religious Institutions. (5) As to the function of the State in its relation to the other institutions and to the individual. This second list of problems would constitute a separate department of Applied Ethics. We can see therefore at a glance what an extensive field these writers may cover, and what a variety of topics they will be tempted to discuss. Before we are aware of it we shall be taken into the sciences of Economics, Religion, Poli- tics, Law, History, Industrial Institutions and the vast Social Problem. Furthermore, if the author is not very cautious, before he is aware of it, he will have launched himself into the very heart of metaphysics. It is also to be understood that a part of every treatise without exception must be made up of a consideration of other ethical theories, involving some history of ethical systems. In order to explain his own position, the writer must pass judgment on the schools which have existed from a P In Ritter's well-known paper of 1878* he established the relations involved in the last three equations, by an ingenious train of reasoning. He assumes a gravitating weltkugel to 1 so contract, that any and every linear distance has become — of its original value. Then the volume of unit mass at any point, in terms of the initial volume, is By reason of this contraction, the gravitational pull on each * Aaaalen der Physik und der Cht^mie. B\. V, 8. 549-50. Nipher — The Law of Contraction oj Gaseous Nebulae. 151 and every unit mass has been multiplied by m"^. Each unit mass may be supposed to lie as a piston in a fixed radial cone. After the piston descends, its area becomes — , of its initial value. The force per unit area, due to the weight of super- posed layers, becomes wi* times as great, or P = m* P^- The product Pv has therefore become m times as great as it was in the initial stage. Therefore by the equation Pv=CT Eliminating m in these equations Ritter obtained equations corresponding exactly to (23) (24) and (25), viz.: Pv^ = P^ vj ; Tv^ = T^v:' and — — ^ " 0^0 p~ p. but he did not determine the values of these constants, as is done in (26). Ritter saw very clearly, however, that these three equations were characteristic of a gravi- tating mass in equilibrium under its own forces, as dis- tinguished from the case where a few grammes of gas are held in the cylinder of a heat engine. In the latter case the gas may be compressed and cooled or heated in any way that can be imagined. The value of n in eq. (3) may be anything between + co and — oo , and the range in specific heat will be as wide as that of n, as is shown in the table at the beginning of this paper. He concluded that his equations, last given, were the projections on the three reference planes, of the path on the surface represented by eq. (1), traced by a point representing the changing con- dition of any unit mass in his gravitating gaskugel. Ritter therefore concludes that the value of >i in eq. (3) is r and 3 152 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. computes the specific heat of gravitational contraction as follows : — By a well-known equation C C dQ=jf vdP + jf Pdv. From the equation of a perfect gas, 1 1 dT =jj vdP + jj Pdv. Hence for the specific heat From eq. (3) dQ _ ^> P + ^^ t; 1/T~ dP dv_ ~P '^ V dP _ dv P ~ V Op where « = yy- = 1.41, 4 Assuming " = - Eitter obtains o For hydrogen Cp = 3.409, which gives dO ^^^-0.547. (29). This equation in (29) gives dQ Cp — nC^ CpIk — 7i\ dT= 1-n -Tlr=rJ- (30) ||:=_ 0.16312 CV (31). Nipher — The Law of Contraction of Gaseous Nebulae. 153 This is of course the value for specific heat given in the 4 table for n = ^. o The values called for in (29) may also be found from equations of this paper. From eqs. (10) and (11), where P and B = are given in terms of 7?, as will be seen, dP _ 2n dR ^ = — 2 — n "TT dv _ 2 dR IT ^2—n W' These values, in eq. (29) give eq. (30). This equation is the same as (5) as may be easily seen by equating the values. But all of this leaves the value of n wholly undetermined. 4 If the value n = ^ which Ritter assumed, be substituted in o (19) and in various other equations containing the factor 4 — 3/i, the co-efficients in m reduce to zero. This value of n calls for an impossible distribution of matter, in a grav- itating nebula. This will be pointed out more fully as we proceed. What we have done is to assume the general relation Py« z= A. We find as a consequence, that at the surface of any fixed mass 31, forming the core of a gravitating gaskugel, (eq. 26) ^ Jc / Air \\ 4 1 2?i \ 4 — on/ ^ ^ 4 How can this result justify the assumption that ^^ = o for such a gravitating mass? This matter has been under consideration for several years, and it was only recently observed, that n could be computed by an independent method, as will now be explained. 154 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louifi. By a well-known equation, the specific heat along any path determined by n is This equation assumes expansion of the gas, with the addition of heat. To correspond to eq. (5) the sign of dQ must be reversed. If eqs. (19) and (21 ) be combined by the elimination of i?, the value of ( -rf,) may be found at any of the concentric spherical surfaces in a contracting gaskugel. That value is \dT/~ By (21) 2 — ?i Mk By differentiating (16) with R constant, (dv\ _ 27^^'(2•— n)2^ \dT)p^~n{4. — 3?i) Cr2* These values in (32), by further substitution from (17) give (reversing the sign of dQ) {§1-0.-^ (33). This is the specific heat at any point in a gravitating gas- kugel, in terms wholly independent of n. If this value be equated with (5), the value of w is found to be 2(7^ + 4^ n= ^ (33a). 2(7p+3 y- Niplier — The Law of Contracts m of Gaseous Nebulae. 155 The value of n for various gases is computed in a table. It seems to be a constant. Gas Up C 2C +3^ C 26V + 4J n H N 0 Air 3.409 0.2438 0.2175 0.2375 4.13 X 10" 2.97 X 106 2.59 X 106 2.88 X 106 9.775 0.700 0.621 0.681 , 10.761 0.7712 0.6830 0.7498 1.101 1.101 1.100 1.101 If eq. (33a) be solved for C p we have C 3?i — 4 ^^~J 2 — 2n C From the equations of a gas we have Cp — ^\=-r '■> ^^^ Cp=^kC^. Hence Cp=-T C K ^~ J AC— 1 These two equations give for n, 6«— 4 5« — 3 (33^)) The value of the specific heat of hydrogen for gravitational contraction is from (33) XdTJn 7.365. Ritter's value computed from his equation is as before stated : — aT I n = _ 0.547. 156 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. If the value of h determined iu (336) be substituted for the value o ill Ritter's equation (30), of this paper, his result will 3 also be— 7.365. The coefficients and exponents involving n in the equa- tions which precede, may now all be written in terms of k but nothing is gained by doing so. They are very interesting in form, but they are no more simple than those involving 7i. If we replace n by the value 1.1, equations (10) to (14) become (O^dbA'-y^ nor /o.95^y-i^ niy T - ^VML_V""' (12)' ~~ C \2irkliy / \ 1.11 i>f=5.147r(MM) i?o.77 (13)' 2'Trk 9 = ''^^^^[-^^) m- ^'^^' In these equations, the value of the gravitation constant A- is -. ,,,0 — T-TTvr. The radius R is to be measured in cm. A is 1.543 X 10' of course determined by eq. (3), for any assumed locus. Equations (15) to (18) become CT ^ = ^-''2^R^ (1^)' ^CTR ,^^^, M—l.22—j^ (17)' Nipher — The Latv of Contraction of Gaseous Nebulae. 157 2CT g=1.22-^ (18)'. Equations (19) to (22) become 0.636 ]\Pk ,-,fj„ P=- ^ (19) (21)' Equation (23) also becomes (see (26) ), Pv^ = 1.034 ^•J/^ . (23)' Equations (24) and (25) need not be rewritten. The work done in compressing a mass 3f, from an infinite volume to a sphere having a radius P is Tr=47r \RU^dR. Stt B* 0.78 M 47r R' 0.818 Mk 2 ( OR Mk r [rU^c The value of P being obtained from (19) this integral is ^^4-3h MVc n 2R ^ ^ = 0.636 . ^^ ^ 2R If an isothermal distribution of temperature were possible during the compression, n would be unity and the coefficient 158 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. in n would also be unity. Since ~—p=. is the mass, in astro- nomical units of 3928 grammes, the expression would then be precisely like the one for the compression of an electrified M spherical surface having a charge numerically equal to -7^. Vk It may be of interest to point out that if V represents the resulting volume of the sphere 3 3w 27? This is ^ of the work represented in (34). Equation (20) enables us to determine the average density 5„ of the mass M at any time during compression. We have 6 4 07l 2 — n 3 -. ^ S = 3.868. (35) 4 — on ^ ^ 4 If n were o the average density would be infinite. To find where in the sphere, the gas would have average density, we have from eq. (11), B' _ 2 — n B' R2^ 4 — 3n ^ J- where B' is the constant coeflicient in (11). Hence p _/4— 3n \ '2 ^^0 545 ^ /ggx ^« ■-\3(2 — ri)/ ^ ^ Nip]ier — The Law of Contraction of Gaseous Nebulae. 159 4 If n were o the average density would be at the center, o The average pressure within radius B may be found by substituting P from eq. (10) in the equation I- Pa = ^^ =3|^P. (37) 47r I RMR It is to be observed that if n were as hirge as 1.2 the aver- age pressure within the mass ilf would be infinite. Making n = 1.1 the average pressure is found to be 5.4 P. By (10) the average pressure is distant from the center of mass ^» = (s '^'P ^ = '•'''' ^- («')• If n = 1.2 the average pressure would be at the center. It is therefore clear that n must be less than 1.2 in order that the distribution may be physically possible. The value with ?i = 1.1 is given above. It locates the gas of average pres- sure almost exactly midway between the center and the spher- ical surface of radius R. The average temperature, deduced in the same way from (12), is T^^l^ T=l.OST. (39) The distance from the center to the surface having this tem- perature is 2—71 BJ^^-^''f^'li = 0.707R. (40) 160 Trons. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. These values in T are very interesting. They show that while the average temperature within any concentric spherical surface is but little above the temperature at the surface, the gas has this average temperature at a distance 0.707i2 from the center. It will also be observed that if the temperature were uniform throughout the mass, or ?i =: 1, the value of R^ computed from the above equation would be 1^ JR. This, of course, means that the average temperature would be anywhere between 0 and H. Ritter computes the ratio of the heat per unit mass radiated from the nebula during contraction from a condition P^, v^, T^, to a condition P, v, T, to the total work done on this unit mass during the same operation. Both quantities are measured in heat units. He finds the ratio to be Q ^=0.187. According to this only 18.7% of the heat developed by the work done on each unit mass, is radiated. The remainder of the heat goes to raise the temperature of the mass. By the equations of this paper, the heat radiated is (28), (33), = -[0p + 4^)(r-r,) = -[0l> + ^^T,{P-1) (41). The work done on unit mass in the same operation is (since P,?j," = Pv") W Cpdv=P,v- I J V dv NipJier — The Laiv of Contraction of Gaseous Nebulae. 161 -n—l\ ^J~ J(n—l)^^ ^ By (5) iind (33) this becomes W=-(^C,+ 6V+ ^) T,{P-1)- (42; Hence O C ^ c^ + ^j a^+4^ According to this equation, the heat radiated is 75% of the heat equivalent to the work of compression, and not 18.7%, as Eitter found. Only 25% of the energy of compression is used in causing a rise of temperature. The same result may be obtained from Eitter 's equation 4 (80), p. 554, by making his value e = 1.1 instead of -r. The numerator of (43) is the specific heat of gravitational compression as determined in (33). It is evident that W — Q must be the heat applied to the unit mass of gas, and causing a rise of temperature. By (43) 3.0. (44) This result deduced in (44) is exactly what we know to be true. Equations (43) and (44) assert that for a rise of tem- (J perature of 1° C, energy equivalent to 2(7p+ 3 -^ heat units G ^s applied to the unit mass, of which Cp+4-y heat units (J are radiated, and C p — -j=^G„ heat units are used in raising the temperature. Q. c c W—Q ^' J c\ 162 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. . Q . The ratio ^ is computed for various gases which conform closely to eq. (1) at high temperatures. The results are given in the annexed table. The fifth column gives the specific heat of gravitational compression represented in eq. (33). Gas jsr 0 Air C, 3.409 0.2438 0.2175 0.2375 C 4.13 X 10 2.97 X 106 2.60 X 106 2.88 X 106 26V + 3 C J 9.775 0.700 0.621 0.681 n 4- 4 ^ C^ + 4_ 7.352 0.5274 0.4655 0.5123 w 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 It will be observed that this ratio is constant for all these gases. Representing this ratio by c we have by (43) (7 4-3C ^P- J 2c— 1 (45) C From the equations Cp — C„= — and Cp = kC,, w J 7e have Hence by (45) and (46) 5 K- 5 k — 3 Also from (43) and (47) W-Q 1 = 0.753. W 5 K = 0.247. (46) (47) (48) If we consider only that part of the heat energy which is applied to the mass M, of radius B we may also write an NipJier — The Law of Contraction of Gaseous Nebulae. 163 equation involving a specific heat. It is not the specific heat of the operation, but a specific heat s in a more restricted sense. Let T^ represent the average temperature of the mass M. Then by (48) and (34), Rephicing T„ by its value in (39) and 31 by its value in (21) (50) (8 — 5?0 (4 — 371) 2(7 *"" 3 (2 — n) (5k — 3) ~T C = 0.331 -J- If there existed a series of nebulae, of various pure gases, like those represented in the last table, we might suppose that they had each advanced to such a stage, that each had the same mass J/ within a sphere of the same radius, R. Equa- tion (21) asserts that the product CT would then be constant for the series. Those having a larger constant C , would have a correspondingly smaller temperature T, or T^. This is also the meaning of eq. (50). This also follows from equations (19) and (20). Under the conditions just assumed, both /■* and S would be con- stant for the series. As a consequence from eq. (1) the product 6* T must be a constant for all gases. To show the extent to which our own sun has, in its last days, of thermal decrepitude, departed from the gaseous condition, we may compare its mass, as computed from eq. (17)', with that obtained from observation. We have for hydrogen, C = 4.14 X 10^ R = 6.97 X lO^" c^'*' ;^ = 1.54 X 10^ and Tat the surface of the sun may be taken as 10000»C. This gives for M the value 1.08 X 10^" grammes. Taking the mass of the earth at 6.14 X 10^^ grammes, and the mass of the sun as 3.549 X 10^ times that of the earth. 164 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. the mass of the sun is 2.18 X 10^* grammes. This is about 2000 times the mass computed from (17)'. The conditions here discussed, may perhaps be brought about in some such way as this. An infinitely diffused mass of gas occupies an infinite space. It is surrounded by an in- finite series of infinite spaces, having perhaps an increasingly higher order of magnitude. A great meteorite, or a world, strays into the nebula, and probably sets it into rotation. The nebulous mass gravitates towards the solid nucleus, which has been already slightly warmed by frictional contact with the diffused gas. As the gravitating action continues, the tem- perature rises, and the solid mass, while still remaining solid, becomes also a liquid and a gas. The bounding surface between solid and gas has disappeared. How else can gaseous pressure develop in an infinitely diffused mass of gas having a temperature at which all gases are solid? This pressure thus developed, is automatically applied in a perfectly definite way, as radiation and contraction proceed. If, as the temperature rises, the heat radiates more and yet more rapidly, the operation is thereby hastened, but the law of contraction remains unchanged. The relations between jP, 8, and T must remain invariable. These equations are now in condition to be linked with the solar radiation constant, and the time element. They may thus serve to permit a re-examination of the history of the evolution of the solar system. Issued October 1, 1903. PUBLICATIONS. Th« foUo\Tlng publications of the Academy are offered for sale at the net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. TRANSACTIONS (in OCtaVO). Vol. Number. Price per number. Price per Tol. Price in set. 1* 2t 8,4 $7.60 (Noi. 2-4 only.) 1 04.00 2.00 each. $7.00 (Nos. 3-4 only.) s 1 to 8 2.00 each. 6.60 6.00 8 1 to4 2.00 each. 7.60 7.00 i lto4 2.00 each. ■ 7.60 7.00 6 1-8,8-4 { 4.00 each, (double numbers) 7.60 7.00 6J 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17 4, 6, 7, 13, 14, 16, 18 8,9 la 1 25 cts. each. > 60 cts. each. 76 cts. each. $1.00 7.60 7.00 n 2, 8, 4, 6, 7, 8, 18, 16, 16, 18, 19 6, 9 to 12, 14,30 17 1 I 25 Cts. each. - 50 cts. each. 76 cts. $1.00 7.80 7.00 St 1, 3 to 6 8, 10, 12 8, 7; 9, 11 1 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 8.76 3.60 n 1,8,4,7, 9 2,5,8 6 86 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 01.25 8.76 8.60 lot 9 8, 4, 6, 10 1 3, 6, 7, 8, 11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 60 cts. each. 8.76 3.60 lit 2,8 6-8, 10, 11 4 9 16 cts. each. 26 cts. each. 46 cts. 76 cts. 1.00 8.76 0.60 18: 1,9,10 6 3,8 2,4,6,7 , 26 Cts. each. 30 Cts. 35 Cts. each. 60 cts. each. 3.75 8.60 MEMOIRS (In quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery. 1880. 02.00. The total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 1889. A report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party, at Norman, Califor- nia. 1891. $2.00. * Supply exhausted. t Can be sold only to pnrchasere of the entire volume,— so far as thig can be supplied. J Each number is a brochure containing one complete paper (or rarely tTco). ^^ Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. XIII. No. 6. A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FREE LIME, AND ON SO-CALLED DEAD BURNT LIME. EDWARD H. KEISER AND S. W. FORDER. Issued December 4, 1903. FEB V7 m^ A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FREE LIME, AND ON SO-CALLED DEAD BURNT LIME.* Edward H. Keiser and S. W. Forder. A great many attempts have been made to devise a quanti- tative method for the determination of free lime in Portland cements, basic phosphate slags, commercial quick lime and similar substances but none of the methods thus far proposed have been satisfactory, nor have any of them come into gen- eral use. The difficulty is that in the substances mentioned, besides the free lime there are basic lime compounds, such as the basic di and tricalcium silicates which are decomposed by water with the formation of calcium hydroxide. When these substances are treated with aqueous solutions, as, for example, sugar solution, for the purpose of dissolving the free lime, the water of the solution at once acts upon the basic lime compounds and forms calcium hydroxide. It is, therefore, impossible to determine how much of the lime that is found was in combination and how much was in free condition. The method described below depends upon the fact that uncombined lime, that is, free lime, combines almost instantly with water whereas the basic calcium silicates are acted upon much more slowly by water. The process is carried out as follows: A weighed quantity of the substance, .2 to .5 grams in a platinum crucible is first heated to drive off mois- ture, or, in the case of cements, is heated with the blast lamp for a few minutes to expel any carbon dioxide, and after cooling in a desiccator is again weighed. A few drops of distilled water, which has been recently boiled, are then added and the crucible placed in the brass protector Z>, shown in the figure. (Z) is simply a cylindrical box provided with a * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, October 19, 1903. (165) 166 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. screw top carrying a brass inlet and outlet tube. The thread of the cap is made air tight with a little white lead and oil.) The protector is put into the air bath and the temperature is raised to 85 degrees C. and allowed to remain at about this point for 20 minutes. Then a slow current of air is drawn through the apparatus and the temperature raised to 185 degrees. The air is freed from carbon dioxide and moisture by passing through the potash bulb and calcium chloride tube A and B as shown in the figure. After drying in this way for 30 minutes the apparatus is disconnected, the protector removed from the air bath and the crucible taken out and i 1 placed in a desiccator and when cold is weighed. The in- crease of w^eight is the weight of water taken up by the quick line to form calcium hydroxide. The method and apparatus was first tested by hydrating pure lime obtained by the ignition of Iceland spar. A weighed quantit}'^ of Iceland spar was heated from 5 to 10 minutes in a platinum crucible with the blast lamp. After cooling in a desiccator the weight of quick lime was deter- mined. The hydration was then carried out as above de- scribed. The following results were obtained: — Keiser & Forder — Determination of Free Lime. 1G7 Weight of Lime Weight of Water Weight of Lime Per cent of Lime taken. absorbed found. found. .2239 .0724 .2252 100.60 .3287 .1049 .3263 99.26 .2368 .0757 .2355 99.45 .2799 .0909 .2828 101.00 .5322 .1704 .5300 99.60 .1579 .0507 .1577 99.90 .1810 .0581 .1807 99.88 .2425 .0852 .2433 100.30 .2487 .0794 .2470 99.33 These results show that the method is quantitative and that lime that has been heated to the highest temperature attainable in a platinum crucible with the blast lamp is completely slaked in twenty minutes at 85 degrees. In fact in the case of pure quick lime the slaking is very rapid. The calcium hydroxide was found to be constant in weight up to 250 degrees, beyond which it was not tested. The calcium hydroxide when exposed to the air, of course takes up carbon dioxide. It is, therefore, necessary to keep the crucible in a desiccator con- taining caustic potash instead of calcium chloride and to weigh as rapidly as possible. HYDRATION OF COMMERCIAL LIME. FoT the determination of calcium oxide in commercial quick lime a large piece was taken and the exterior portions broken away and a sample for analysis taken from the interior of the lump. This was quickly placed in a tightly stoppered weighing tube. Portions of this were weighed off in a plati- num crucible and then water was added in a little greater quantity than was necessary for slaking, the crucible put into the protector warmed to 85 degrees for some minutes and then a slow current of air free from carbon dioxide drawn through for half an hour, the temperature now being raised to 185 degrees. After cooling in the desiccator the increase in weight was determined and from this the percent- age of lime in the sample calculated. The following results were thus obtained : — I J 168 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Per Cent of CaO, Per Cent of HjO. Calculated, 29.11 90.56 29.21 90.88 28.98 90.20 This same specimen of quick lime after ignition over the blast lamp and immediate hydration gave the following : — Per Cent of Water Per Cent of Lime by taken up. Calculation. 32.30 100.50 32.36 100.70 Thus showing the extent to which the lime had been acted upon by the moisture and carbon dioxide of the air. The method is also well adapted for rapidly determining the value of limestones for the purpose of making quick lime. Thus a small quantity of the limestone is weighed in a platinum crucible then ignited with the blast lamp and after weighing the quick lime is hydrated by this method. From the weight of water taken up the per cent of lime is calculated. The first series of determinations given above show what results would be obtained with a pure limestone such as Iceland spar or calcite. The following determinations were made with a siliceous dolomite from Arkansas : — Weight of Water Weight of Dolomite. taken up. Per Cent of Lime. .2974 .0137 14.33 .2896 .0134 14.40 HYDRATION OF DEAD BURNT LIME. It is generally believed by practical men that lime that has been very highly heated becomes dead burnt or inert to water. Statements to this effect are found in chemical literature. Thus Dammer, Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, II, 2, 294, states that very high temperatures must be avoided in the preparation of lime, especially if impure calcium carbo- Keiser & Forder — Determination of Free Lime. 169 nate is used, because the lime at too high temperatures be- comes dead burnt, that is, it becomes incapable of uniting with water. Zulkowski, Chemische Industrie, 1901, page 290, maintains that a portion of the lime in Portland cements is in this dead burnt condition. In an article in the Thonin- industrie Zeitung, 1902, the same author suggests the formula Ca^ Ca for dead burnt lime. For the purpose of determining the behavior of highly heated lime towards water, powdered Iceland spar was placed between the carbon pencils of an electric arc and the current passed for one hour. A number of particles of semi-fused lime were thus obtained. These particles were carefully separated from the powder that had not melted, and weighed quantities were hydrated by the above described method. It was found that this lime that had been heated in the electric arc slaked more slowly than that which had not been heated to so high a temperature, but still it combined slowly with water at ordinary temperatures and on allowing it to stand with water at the ordinary temperature for 24 hours it had slaked completely. When the temperature was raised to 85 de- grees, the slaking was complete in two hours. The following results were obtained : — Per Cent of Lime calcu . of Lime taken. Wt. of Water taken up. lated from Water. .2799 .0909 101.0 .2050 .0661 100.3 .5322 .1704 99.6 .3909 .1279 101.0 Another specimen of lime that had been heated with the oxy-coal gas blowpipe gave the following result : — .3557 .1163 100.5 These experiments show that pure lime that has been heated to very high temperatures, even semi-fused lime is not 170 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. inert to water and that it slakes comparatively rapidly if the water is warm. That the slaking with cold water is slower than in the case of ordinary lime may be due to the fact that lime that has been heated to very high temperatures is much more compact and less porous than the ordinary lime. The surface exposed to the action of water being much less the time required for slaking would necessarily be greater. We see from these experiments that pure lime cannot be made inert to water by heating to high temperatures. The inert- ness of commercial lime is probably due to the presence of compounds of silica and iron oxide with the lime which are decomposed very slowly by the water. HYDRATION OF CALCIUM SILICATES. The hydration of lime and its compounds was further studied by making synthetically the compounds that are as- sumed to be present in Portland cement, and then hydrating these substances by this method. Pure lime and silica were mixed in molecular quantities so as to give when fused the com- pounds, CaO, SiO^, 2(CaO)Si02, 2J(CaO)SiO,, 3(CaO)SiO,, and 4(CaO)Si02. The lime was obtained by the ignition of pure precipitated calcium carbonate. The silica was pre- pared by conducting silicon tetrafluoride into water and then drying and igniting the gelatinous silicic acid thus formed. Intimate mixtures of lime and silica in the proportions to form the above compounds were heated by projecting verti- cally the flame of the oxy-coal gas blow-pipe down upon the mixtures in a cavity made in a fire brick. The heat thus obtained was sufliicient to melt all except the last mixture, namely the 4(CaO)Si02. The fused masses were in each case carefully separated from the unfused portions, they were chilled by sprinkling with cold water, dried and preserved in stoppered bottles. Weighed quantities were then hydrated by this method. The hydraulic properties of each compound were also examined by mixing some of the powdered com- pound with water and observing whether the mass set and became hard. The following table contains the results that were obtained : — ' .0012 .30 .93 .0022 .52 1.61 .0044 l.Ol 3.15 .0262 6.15 19.15 Keiser & Forder — Determination of Free Lime. 171 Hydraulic Weight Wt. of Water Per Cent of Per Cent of Compound, properties, taken. taken up. Water. Lime. CaOSlOj None. .4829 .0004 .082 .26 2(CaO)Si02 Not quite as .3988 .0017 '43 1.33 bard as cement .3997 2il(CaO)Si02 ditto .4241 3(CaO)Si02 Hard as cement .4341 4fCaO)Si02 None .4241 We conclude from these results that lime in combination with silica in quantities not exceeding three molecules of lime for one molecule of silica is only slowly acted upon by water and that this method of determining lime can be used to determine free lime in the presence of the basic di- and tri- calcium silicates that are assumed to be present in Portland cements. HYDRATION OF CALCIUM ALUMINATE8. The mono, di, and tricalcium aluminates were also prepared synthetically by fusing molecular quantities of pure alumina and lime with the oxy-coal gas blowpipe flame. The alumina was prepared by heating the hydroxide that had been ob- tained by precipitation from the chloride by ammonia. The aluminates all fused much more easily than the silicates under the oxy-coal gas blowpipe. Weighed quantities were hydrated by our method as in the case of the silicates and the hydraulic properties were also noted. It was found that the aluminates differ markedly from the sihcates in their behavior towards water. This is shown by the following results : — Hydraulic Weight Wt. of Water Per Cent Per Cent Compound. properties. taken. taken up. of Water, of Lime. (CaOAljOg Set very hard, .4886 .0652 13.34 41.52 2(CaO)Al203 like a cement .4543 .0716 15.76 49.04 3(CaO)Al203 None. .4072 .0796 19.55 eoiso We see from this that the aluminates are hydrated very much more rapidly than the silicates, in fact they behave like free lime when warmed with . water to 85 degrees for 30 172 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. minutes. In the case of the monocalcium aluminate the per- centage of water taken up shows a hydration of the alumina as well as of the lime. It is our intention to make a further study of this part of the subject. In determining free lime, therefore, by this method in substances containing calcium aluminates this fact must be borne in mind and the lime in combination with the alumina must be deducted from the total lime found. BEHAVIOR OF CEMENTS. As in commercial cements the proportion of alumina usually varies from 5 to 9 per cent we have prepared several cements by fusing with the oxy-coal gas blowpipe pure alumina, lime and silica in definite proportions and have then hydrated the resulting cements by our method. The following results were obtained : — Composition of Per Cent of Water Cement. Hydraulic properties. taken up. 5 per cent AljOg Set slowly, did not become 25 " SiOj quite as hard as Portland 1.43 70 " CaO cement. 9 " AI3O3 Set slowly and became quite 21 " SiOj as hard as Portland cement. 2.16 70 " CaO 15 " AljOg Set slowly and became very 15 " SiOj hard. 4.66 70 " CaO , We see from this that as the proportion of alumina increases the percentage of water taken up increases, but if the per- centage of alumina does not exceed 10 per cent, as is the rule in commercial cements, then the amount of water taken up does not exceed 3 per cent. A number of the best known varieties of commercial cements were then examined by our method. In each case the sample was weighed in a platinum crucible, then ignited for a few minutes over the blast lamp and after cooling in the desiccator it was weighed. The cement was then moistened with a few drops of water, the crucible .put into the protector and warmed Keiser & Forder — Determination of Free Lime. 173 to 85 degrees for 30 minutes. Then the temperature was raised to 185 degrees and a slow current of air drawn through until constant weight was obtained. The following results were obtained : — Per Cent of Water Per Cent of Water Cement. A, taken up. 1.16 Cement. I, taKen up 1.81 B, 1.97 J, 2.99 c, 2.09 K, 2.77 D, 2.67 L, 2.18 E, 2.88 M, 2.61 F, 2.66 N, 2.64 G, 3.01 o, 3.04 H, 3.10 These cements all gave good " sound " tests and in nearly all cases less than 3 per cent of water was taken up. We conclude from this and from the preceding experiments upon cements that this water was taken up by the aluminates and that little or no free lime was contained in these cements. One variety of Portland cement that we examined gave 10.17 per cent of water taken up. We concluded that 7 per cent of this must be due to free lime being present. Our conclu- sion was justified, for on making a pat of the neat cement and allowing it to set thoroughly it was immersed in boiling water, and on removal from the water it showed signs of cracks and had become quite soft and readily disintegrated. Two varieties of natural cements were tested and gave the following values : — Per Cent of Water Natural Cement. taken up. A, 5.76 B, 3.70 Finally we have tested our method by adding weighed amounts of pure lime to a cement of known behavior and then after ignition with the blast lamp have again determined the percentage of water taken up. Thus cement A which 174 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. took up 1.16 per cent of water had 15.40 per cent of lime added to it. Then on retesting it took up 6.25 per cent of water. Per cent of lime corresponding to 1.16 per cent of water equals 3.60. This plus the 15.40 per cent added equals 19.00 per cent. Lime corresponding to 6.25 per cent of water equals 19.44. We conclude from our experiments that if a Portland cement containing less than 10 per cent of alumina takes up more than three per cent of water then this excess is due to the free lime present. Issued December 4, 1903. PUBLICATIONS. Tb^ following publications of tlie Academy are offered lor sale at the net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. TRANSACTIONS (In OCtaVO"). Vol. Number. Price per number. Price per vol. Price in set. 1* 2t 8,4 $7.50 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 1 $4.00 2.00 each. $7.00 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 2 1 to 3 2.00 each. 6.50 5.00 8 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.50 1 7.00 4 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.50 1 7.00 5 1-2,8-4 { 4.00 each. (donhle numbers) 7.50 7.00 6J 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 16, 18 3,9 12 ]• 26 cts. each. i 60 cts. each. 75 cts. each. $1.00 7.60 7.00 n 3, 8, 4, 6, 7, 8, 18, 16, 16, 18, 19 5, 9 to 13, 14,20 17 1 I 25 cts. each. ► 60 eta. each. 76 cts. $1.00 7.60 7.00 8J 1, 8 to « 8, 10, 12 a, 7, 9, 11 "1 - 26 cts. each. J 60 cts. each. 8.76 3.50 n 1, 8, 4, 7, 9 2,6,8 6 25 cts. each. 50 cts. eachi $1.25 8.75 8.50 101 9 2, 4, 6, 10 1 3,6,7,8,11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 60 cts. each. 8.76 3.60 ii: 2,8 5-8, 10, 11 1 4 9 16 cts. each. 26 ct«. each. 45 cts. T5 ct». 1.00 8.76 8.50 i 1, 9,10 2, 4, 6, 7 25 cts. each. 80 cts. 35 cts. each. 50 cts. each. 8.76 8.50 MBMOiRS (in quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery, 1880. $2.00. The total eclipse of the sim, January 1, 1889. A report of the observations made bv the Wasbington University Eclipse Party, at Norman, Califor- nia. 18*91. $2.00. * Supply exbaiistcfl. t Can 1)6 sold only to purchasers of the entire Toliune,— »o far as this c«ni be snpplied. X Each nnmbcr is a brochure containing ons com»U*« paper (or rarely twoi. -ja \'\'\ Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. XHI. No. 7. A NEW GENUS OF GRASSES. B. F. BUSH. i ^ Issued December 11, 1903. FES 17 1904 A NEW GENUS OF GKASSES.* B. F. Bush. While making a collection of plants along the sandy banks of the Brazos River, at Columbia, Brazoria County, Texas, on April 14, 1899, my attention was attracted by a robust matted, spreading form of Eragrostis very much like Era- grofiiis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P., but which was so different in the thicker stems which were pilose with short viscid hairs, the shorter, thicker short-pilose leaves, and the densely short-pilose sheaths, that I at once suspected I had found an undescribed species. A careful examination of all the specimens of the creeping forms of Eragrostis seen at Columbia, Texas, during that day and the following days of my stay there, resulted in the discovery of another supposedly undescribed species of creep- ing Eragrostis, but did not disclose the presence of the real Eragrostis hypnoides. I had provisionally named the two plants collected at Columbia, Texas, which were very different in appearance, the first having greatly elongated spikelets, and the other much shorter ones in a capitate cluster. While ransacking the synonymy of Eragrostis in the Kew Index at the li- brary of the Missouri Botanical Garden to ascertain if the names I proposed to give these two plants were preoccupied in the genus Eragrostis, I was led to make an examination of Poa also, as many of the species of Eragrostis were first described under Poa, and there learned that there had been described a Poa capitata by Nuttall, in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n. s. 5 : 146 (1837). Being curious to learn what had become of this species described by so acute an observer as Nuttall, I consulted the * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, November 2, 1903. (175) 176 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. paper above-mentioned, and was very much surprised to learn that the two plants I had collected at Columbia, Texas, for two different species, had been described by Nuttall as Poa capitata from specimens collected by him in Arkansas about seventy years ago. Nuttall characterizes his Poa capitata as being dioecious and viscid pilose, a fact which is all the more remarkable in that the makers of the Kew Index have referred Nuttall' s species to Eragrostis reptans Nees, a disposition wholly un- warranted. A careful examination of my specimens revealed the fact that what I had collected and proposed to describe as two new species, were really staminate and pistillate plants of one and the same species, the first with the elongated spikelets, the staminate, the other with a capitate cluster of spikelets, the pistillate, a fact I have had abundant proof of in exten- sive field observations since learning of Nuttall' s Poa capitata. Nuttall's description of Poa capitata in the above-mentioned paper is as follows : — •-Q . Brazil: Para, I) iqjlum, date of collection not given ; Ama- zon River, Spruce, date of collection not given; Bahia, Bernhardi Herbarium, without date or collector. Cuba: Bernhardi Herbarium, 1824, without locality or collector. » Porto Rico: Cabo-Rojo, Sintenis 674, January 23, 1885. San Domingo : Bernhardi Herbarium, without other data. Bush — ^1 Nen: Genu.'; of Orasses. 183 EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Platks VII-VIII. Plate "VII. — Neeragrostis Weigeltiana. Sheet of Weigelt's Surinam col- lection of 1827, in the Bernhardi Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Reduced. Plate VIII. — Neeragrostis Weigeltiana. Texas, Bush, 1900. The upper figure (No. 1306), represents typical pistillate inflorescence: the lower (No. 1307), typical staminate inflorescence. Natural siie. Issued December 11, 1903. PUBLICATIONS. Ths following publications of the Academy are offered lor sale at the net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. TRANSACTIONS (in octavo). Vol. Number. Price per number. Price per vol. Price in set. 1 1* 2t 3,4 #4.00 2.00 each. $7.50 (Nos. 2-4 only.) #7.00 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 2 1 to 3 2.00 each. 5.60 1 5.00 8 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.60 1 7.00 4 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.50 i 7.00 5 i-2,3-4 { 4.00 each, (double numbers) 7.60 ' 7.00 1 6t L 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, IG, 17 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 18 3, 9 12 i 25 cts. each, > 50 cts. eacli. 75 cts. each. .$1.00 7. SO 7.00 • + 2, 3, 4, G, 7, 8, 13, 15, IG, 18, 19 5, 9 to 12, 14,20 17 1 I 25 cts. each. > 50 cts. each. 75 cts. #1.00 7,60 7.00 8t 1.3 to 6 8l 10, 12 2, 7, 9, 11 i 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 3.76 3.50 8t 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 2, 5, 8 6 25 cts. each. 50 cts. each. $1.25 3.75 8.60 lot 9 2, 4, 6, 10 1 8, G, 7,8,11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 50 Cts. eacli. 8.75 3.50 Hi 2,3 5-8, 10, 11 1 4 9 16 cts. each. 26 cts. each. 46 cts. 76 cts, 1.00 ! 1 3.75 j 3.50 i i 1£-: 1,9,10 5 3,8 2, 4, 6, 7 25 cts. each. 30 cts. 35 cts. each. 50 cts. each. I 3.75 ' 3.50 MEMOIRS (in quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery, 1880. #2.00. The total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 1889. A report of tbe observ-ations made by the Washington Univel'sitv Eclipse Party, at Norman, Califor- nia. 1891. #2.00. * Supply exhausted. t Can be sold only to purchasers of the entire volume,— so far as this can be supplied. t Each number is a brochure eontaininjr cu») cwnple.te pa^er (or rarely tvro"). Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. XIII. No. 8. POLYGAMY AND CERTAIN FLORAL ABNORMALI- TIES IN SOLANUM. THE GERMINATION OF PACHIRA, WITH A NOTE ON THE NAMES OF TWO SPECIES. J. ARTHUR HARRIS. ■^ * Issue d JJecembtr 12, 1903 17 19,04 POLYGAMY AND CERTAIN FLORAL ABNORMALI- TIES IN SOLANUM.* J. Aethur Harris. The genus Solanum is generally characterized as hermaph- rodite. No indication to the contrary is given in Gray's Manual, Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora, Britton's Manual, Chapman's Flora of the Southern United States, Bentham's Flora Australiensis, Hooker's Flora of British India, or Trimen's Handhool: of the Flora of Ceylon. No indication of any but perfect flowers is given in the treat- ment of the genus in Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plan- tarum, or Engler and Prantl's Naturliche Pflanzenfamilien. While the presence of polygamy is infrequently noted in characterizing the genus in general systematic Avorks, it has by no means remained unnoticed, for the abortion of the pistil has been recorded in the description of many species, and, indeed, has been several times considered in the descrip- tion of the genus. Dunal, in 1813 {Histoire des Solanum), mentions sterile flowers in his characterization of the o-enus and in another place in the same work enters into a quite detailed discussion of the phenomenon, stating that a large number of Solanums have fertile and sterile flowers which are usually smaller and owe their sterility to the failure of the pistil to develop, it being shorter than the stamens, usually of about the length of the filaments, and so not in a position to receive the pollen, while in the fertile flowers the pistil is at least as long as the stamens so that the stio-ma is placed in the most favorable position to secure the pollen. Furthermore, he says, in some species provided with prickles the calyx of the fertile flowers is provided with these append- ages while the sterile ones are without them; thus in the * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, November 2, 1903. (185) 186 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. section Melongena where the inflorescence is divided into two branches, one being shorter, stouter and bearing but a single flower which has a calyx armed with prickles, the other bear- insf several flowers which are smaller and bear but few or no prickles on the calyx, the large flower is fertile while the others are usually sterile. In a recent paper Heckel,* after quoting the statement to which reference has just been made, states that while he cannot speak for all the species of Dunal's section Melongena, in S. Duchartrei as in S. esculentum there exists a real monoecious unisexual condition realized by the complete abortion of the pollen in the stamens of the female flower in the egg plant, while in 8. Duchai'trei the stamens of the female flower con- tained pollen of a much smaller dimension than that of the male flower which is very well developed. Furthermore the physiologically male flower had a small stigma covered with short dry papillae, while in the female flower the stigma was very capitate, green, and covered with long moist papillae. The ovules seemed to have the same development in both cases. It is of interest to notice that Dunal, in Histoire des Solanum says : t "Dans le Sol. longifolium j'ai vu le style sim- ple d'abord, se diviser en trois vers la fin de la floraison." Heckel says of 8. Duchartrei: " L'ovaire, le style et le stiamate sont tres reduits en dimensions dans la fleur male : la stigmate est quadrifide, dans la fleur male et capite dans la fleur femelle." In his laborious monograph of the genus in De Candolle's Prodronius Dunal says : " Flores hermaphro- diti, rarius polygami, saepe pistillo abortivo steriles." Sendtner, in his treatment of the Brazilian forms in the tenth volume of Martins' Flora Brasiliensis, says: "Flores hermaphroditi, rarius polygami, saepe gynaeceo abortivo steriles. * * * Pistillum in plerisque speciebus in ejusdem plantae diversis floribus, nunc completum, nunc in- completum occurrit. * * * Stylus terminalis, longus * Heckel, E. Une Nouvelle Esp^ce de I'Afrique Tropicale. Solanum Duchartrei. Rev. Gen. Bot. 2 : 49-54. 1890. t Page 92. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 187 (vel in abortivis decurtatus)." Gray, in the Synoptical Flora, says: " Sometimes polygamous, through the abortion of the pistil of many of the flowers." Dunal, in De CandoUe's Prodi^omus, recognizes, in his Con- spectus Generis SoJani, two sections, Pachystemonwn and Leptostemonum, which he further divides quite extensively. One of these ultimate divisions, Polygama, of the subsection Euleptostemonum of his second section Leptostemonum, he devotes to those species with " floribus polygamis, calycibus floruni femineorum post anthesin auctis," and includes in it his numbers 477-479. Of Mogenoplum of the third subsec- tion, Asterofrichotmn, of Leptostemonum, he says: " Floribus pluribus abortivis. In flore fertile, stylus antheris longior; in floribus sterilibus, stylus filamentorum longitudine," and of Melongena of the same subsection he says: " Pedun- culis * * * interdum solitariis unifloris, saepius inferne bifidis; pedicello infero, e caule nascente, florem unicum fer- tilem gerente, post anthesin cernuo ; pedunculi altera parte multiflora, flores steriles gerente. In flore fertile, calyx post anthesin crescens, aculeatus in speciebus aculeatis; stylus an- theris longior. In flore sterile, calyx inermis, aut vix acu- leatus in spec, aculeatis; stylus longitudine filamentorum." In Dunal' s arrangement Mogenoplum includes numbers 773- 802, while the following section, Melongena, includes 803-851. Thus from his synopsis of species, 82 of his 898 species would be characterized as polygamous. Sendtner in Flora Brasiliensis , uses a somewhat different method of division, employing three main sections, and nowhere giving any division to those with polygamous inflorescence. Wettstein in Die JSfaturUchen Pflanzenfamil- ien recognizes five sections. Dunal has been criticised by systematists for his treatment of the genus, and it certainly seems not improbable that the arrangement may ultimately be different from any so far proposed. Darwin publishes * a letter from Fritz Mueller to himself in which some South American species of Solanum with long- * Nature 17 : 78-79. 1877-1878. 188 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. and short-styled flowers are mentioned and characterizes the short-styled forms as male in function since as they are vis- ited exclusively by pollen-collecting bees there is no way in which pollen can be transferred to the stigma. In comment- ing on the letter Darwin correctly interprets them as cases of polygamy through abortion rather than truly heterostyled forms . Early in the summer of 1902, I noticed that there occurred in many of the flowers of S. Carolinense L. a strong reduc- tion in the size of the pistil, and concluded that some idea of the frequency of the occurrence might be of interest from a biological, and possibly from a taxonomic, standpoint. While all the literature of 8. Carolinense has not been examined the most important has been consulted. The only reference to the sterile flowers seems to be that of Sendtner, who says of this species: "Flores vidi nonnisi steriles absque pistillo." The pistil shows considerable range inform, being sometimes exserted for perhaps as much as two-thirds the length of the anthers, while again the capitate green stigma extends only to the end of the anthers, or a less dis- tance. Dunal, in the jProdromus, says: "Stylus * * * rectus et staminibus longior vel apice recurvatus et stamin- ibus brevior," which appears to be due to lack of material, for in a very large per cent, of the exserted styles examined there is a more or less strong curvature, while in those of the length of the stamens or less, it is either straight or curved. In the sterile form the pistil is simply reduced in size, having about the same length as the filaments. Sometimes the stigma has assumed the characteristic green coloration, and sometimes not. The form of the pistil in the mature sterile flower corresponds to that of the pistil in the young bud of the perfect flower. The development of the stamens is at first more rapid than that of the pistil. While I have not now before me such a series of material, I feel confident that in the material examined there was a complete series of mature flowers extending from the longest- styled forms to those in which the pistil is most reduced. At the same time, transition stages are rare, the reduction, where it occurs, being usually very pronounced. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 189 As to the relative number of perfect and sterile flowers occurring at one time, the following list shows the condition of flowers selected at random on the grounds of the Missouri Botanical Garden and on vacant lots within a radius of two or three miles of the Garden : — Date. Perfect. Staminate July 20 &Q 16 July 28 98 22 July 29 10 0 July 31 409 61 August 2 145 43 August 3 70 29 August 5 65 14 July 20-August5, 1902, 863 185 This gives 82.2 per cent, of perfect flowers and 17.6 per cent, of those with undeveloped pistils. At Lawrence, Kansas, in July, up to the 7th, of 205 flowers examined, 166 were perfect and 39 sterile. In 182 flowers examined at Thayer, Kansas, August 5, 177 were perfect and 5 sterile. While few tabulated countings were made, practically the same conditions were found in material examined during the summer of 1903. The lower flowers of a cluster are almost always perfect, while those near the end are much more likely to be simply staminate. The reduction in the pistil may occur in any or all of the flowers of the inflorescence. To gain some idea of the relative position of the sterile flowers, 100 clusters were selected as nearly at random as possible, the only limitation, and that a rather large one, being the necessity of selecting such material as had lost none of its individual flowers and was yet of such maturity that the sexual condition of the terminal buds might be determined with certainty. The flowers were numbered from the base to the tip of the main axis, which produced, in the material examined, from two to fifteen flowers, with an average of eight. The inflorescence 190 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. of S. Carolinense is quite variable, and, while for the list of 1048 the flowers were selected perfectly at random, for the following table the material was necessarily confined to the simple racemose type of inflorescence. The results have been expressed in the accompanying fre- quency curve in which the fifteen vertical lines represent the relative position of the flowers on the central axis, while the percentage of perfect flowers present in that number is shown on these lines by the percentage curve. Beginning with 98 per cent, of the flowers perfect in the first two flowers in the one I -. ^ Pistil reduction in Solanum Carolinknse. hundred clusters examined, it runs down to zero in the fifteenth, both of the terminal flowers in the two cases in which fifteen were produced being sterile. In the fourteenth place, there are present three staminate and one perfect flower, 25 per cent., and in the thirteenth, three staminate and three perfect, 50 per cent. Cases are frequent enough in which all of the flowers are perfect, even where as many as fifteen are produced, so that the table does not necessarily represent the average condition. It does, however, show the condition of one hundred individuals, selected as nearly as Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 191 possible without personal bias, and represents something near the average condition. The proportion of the two types is by no means the same for different localities, in some spots the perfect flowers being- present in the average proportion, or even almost exclusively, while at a short distance will be found an unusually high per- centage of sterile flowers. On four plants growing quite near together were noted August second : — Plant I 1 perfect 1 staminate. Plant II 2 perfect 2 staminate. Plant III 4 perfect 4 staminate. Plant IV 4 perfect 23 staminate. Other groups of plants were noticed which would have given similar results as well as those which would have given almost exclusively perfect flowers. The same condition was ob- served during the summer of 1903 in an even more strikins: degree. Whether the fact that these plants grew close together has any significance or not was not determined. The nature of the subterranean system of 8. Carolinense will be borne in mind in this connection. In most of the descriptions of S. sisymbrifolium Lam. the reduction of the pistil is not mentioned, the only ref- erence noticed being that in the Botanical Magazine, where, in the description of Plate 2568, there is the parenthetical remark: " Baron Jacquin remarks that in the sterile flowers the calyx is hairy, and in the perfect flowers, prickly." Dunal does not refer to it in his monograph. In the Missouri Botanical Garden I have been able to watch a considerable number of thrifty plants of this species dur- ing two years. The pistils of the more terminal flowers are reduced in a manner very similar to that of 8. Carolinense but more frequently, a plotted curve showing a much more rapid fall than in the species particularly studied, there being on some of the racemes only three or four of the lower flowers perfect. These instances suggest that an examination of living material may show many more species of the genus to be 192 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. polj^gamous. The large percentage of sterile flowers, caused by cessation of development of the pistil, might indicate that the failure of the pistil of the more terminal flowers to develop is due to defective nutrition. It seems highly prob- able that the condition is not a pollination adaptation, that is one evolved primarily to secure a division of labor in the flowers. The flowers of both species are rather conspicuous, those of /S. sisymbri folium especially so, without nectar, as is characteristic of the genus, and without odor in S. Caro- linense but with a very pronounced odor closely resembhng that of 8. rostratum in S. sisymbri folium. The only pub- lished observations on the pollination of 8. Carolinense of which I am aware are those of Robertson* who describes the flowers as adapted to Humble Bee females which visit them for pollen. He saw B. Americanorum F. collecting pollen. The flowers of this species are very rarely visited by insects. During the three summers I have been particularly interested in Solanum pollination I have onl}^ once seen Bombus col- lecting pollen but much of the time my opportunities for field work were not the best. My sister informs me that at Lawrence, Kansas, during the summer of 1903 the flowers were not much visited but that especially in the early morning one could usually find at least one Humble Bee working on the flowers. The very noticeable perfume of 8. sisymbrifoUum suggests more frequent insect visits. During the summer of 1902 when only one bed of this species was grown at the Garden no insect visits were observed, though fruit was borne freely, but in 1903 when the collection was much more ex- tensive large bees were observed collecting pollen with the greatest frequency. In his paper on Brazilian Solitary Bees Schrottky givest 8. Balbisii Dun { = 8. sisymbrifoUum), as one of the principal flowers visited by Xylocopa. It is certainly of interest to note that in at least one species of the genus, 8. Ainazonium, the pistil is not the only organ markedly affected. The species was first described * Robertson, C. Flowers and Insects. This joarnal 5 ; 582. 1892. t Schrottky, C. Eosaio sobre as Abelhas Solitarias do Brazil. (Revista do Museu Paulista. 5:458). 1902. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 193 and figured in The Botanical Register * the parts of the de- scription concerning us in the present connection being; " Flos priraarius cujusque racemi solus hermaphroditus, cae- teri masculi. Cal. * * * j^ hermaph. cum pedicello echinatus, (fructu simul excrescens?) : in mare inermis atque cadens cum corolla. * * * Anth. flavae, subsessiles contiguae, declinatae; in ma- ribus inaequalissimae, 3 imis maximis corniformibus arcu- atis parallelis corolla paulo brevioribus: in hermaph. pa- rum inaequales, * * *. Flos masculus nondum ex- pansus refert papilionaceum non apertum." " The corolla of both flowers is irregular, but that of the barren one more conspicuously so, the angles or segments being sep- arated by a much deeper sinus than in the fertile one." In Curtis' s Botanical Magazine f the species is described as Nycterimn Amazonium. "The upper flowers in the corymb are generally male, and, consequently, sterile, the lowermost hermaphrodite and fertile ; of the latter, only the calyx is covered with straight, sharp prickles, that of the male is altogether unarmed, * * * Anthers unequal, declined: in the male flowers generally three long and two short, in the hermaphrodite two long and three short, or frequently all nearly equal. * * * jn the male flowers, style and stigma defective." LoddigesI mentions the thorny calyx of the "fruitful flowers, which are usually the lowest." Nees ab Esenbeck,§ does not mention the polygamous inflorescence of this species. Floral details of Solanum Ama- zonium. — Edwards. * Edwards. The Botanical Register. 1. PL 71. 1815. t 42. Fl. 1801. 1815. X Loddiges and Sons. The Botanical Cabinet. 4. no. 352. London. 1819. § Nees ab Esenbeck. Horae Physicae Beroliuenses. 1820. p. 51. pi. 9 . 194 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. The description by Dunul in the Prodromus is simihir to that in the Botanical Register. Eose * says : "In the sterile flowers the calyx is naked and the lower anthers much longer (6 lines long); in the fertile and lower flowers the calyx is armed with prickles and the anthers nearly even or often longer." The only reference to the pollination of this plant known to the writer is that of Delpino f who places in it his Seventh Class under " Tipo Melastomaceo." " Solanum Amazoni- cumX antere biporose all'apice. Stami superiori sterili, ab- breviati e metamorfizzati in fulcri." In 8. Amazonium, then, the structure of the calyx, corolla and stamens has undergone a strong modification in the two types of flowers. From what we know of the pollination of S. rostratum and of certain species in other families there can be no reasonable doubt that 8. Amazonium is pollinated by insects. In this case, then, it may be that certain of the secondary modifications in the polygamous flowers of this species are real modifications for the securing of pollination, but for a clear understanding of the structures direct ecolog- ical observations are desirable. In the section Melongena there are found, according to Dunal and Heckel, modifications in the inflorescence, in the calyx and even in the stamens of the staminate and pistillate flowers. In 8. sisi/mbrifolimn a difference in the armature of the calyx of the hermaphrodite and staminate flowers has been recorded but it is not nearly so conspicuous in living material as in 8. pyracanthum where the difference is very marked. In many other armed species the same difference will doubtless be found. According to Heckel there exists in the flowers of some species of the section Melongena a real unisexual condition so that the plants are monoecious. In his key Dunal divides his section Polygamia into monoecious and dioecious forms. * Rose, J. N. List of Plants Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in Western Mexico and Arizona in 1890. (Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1 : 91-127. 1891.:) t Delpino, Federico. Ulteriori Osservazioni. Parte II. fasc. II. Milano. 1875. Estratto dagle Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. in Milano, 1873-1874. X Evidently a typographical error, the name being S. Amazonium. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 195 The occurrence of some plants of S. Carolinense with an unusually high percentage of staminate flowers has already been pointed out. On several plants of 8. robnstum grown at the Garden only staminate flowers were produced. No in- sect visits were noticed but while not very large or highly colored the flowers were visible for some distance and the ros(ratum-\ike odor was quite strong. In S. Carolinense synanthy was observed quite frequently and in almost all stages. Four- and six-merous flowers were abundant. Synanthy has been recorded as common for some other species of the genus and 4- and 6-merous flow- ers seem to occur normally in some species. In one case a partially petaloid stamen, also a not uncommon occurrence in the genus, was seen. In S. sisymbrifoliiim one corolla divided to the base and having on the free edges anther-like structures, more perfect in one case but pollen-bearing in both, was found. According to Penzig staminody of the petals has been quite frequently noted in 8. tuberosum. In the genus 8oJanum the section Nycterium as defined by Wettstein in Engler and Prantl's Naturliche Pjianzenf ami- lien contains fourteen species showing a markedly zygomor- phic structure. The stamens are the organs primarily affected, either the lower or the three low^er showing a much larger and longer anther which is usually strongly curved upward at the tip. The corolla is in some species regular and in some irregular, the two lower lobes being somewhat produced so as to envelop in the bud the longer, lower, stamen or stamens and pistil. The occurrence of a dimorphism in the stamens of 8olanum as a teratological phenomenon is not unknown. Todd* says : •' The obliquity of the stamens, or their vertical asymmetry as it might be called, appears in 8. tuherosuin sometimes. I have observed it in the ' peach-blow ' variety ; I have observed it more frequently in 8. Carolinense.'" Penzig t says for 8. cornutum Lam.: " Moquin-Tandon * Todd, J. E. On the Flowers of Solanum rostratum and Cassia chamae- crista. (Amer. Nat. 16:281-87.1882.) t Penzig, 0. Pflaczen Teratologic 2 : 171. 196 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. giebt an ein Stamen vveit liinger als die iibrigen gesehen zu haben (ahnliche Liingendifferenz ist in andern Arten normal)." I have examined Moquin-Tandon's* statement and find that it is: " J'ai decouvert, pres de Toulouse, un in- dividu de Solanum Dulcamara, dans lequel toutes les fleurs superieurs offraient tantot deux, tantot trois etamines beau- coup plus longues et plus grosses que les autres." In a foot- note he then gives S. tridynamum (Poir) and S. Amazonium (Bellend) as producing three elongated stamens and 8. ves- pertilio (H. Kew) and /(!?. cornuimn (Juss.) as those in which " uneetamine seulement acquiert une taille double du volume habituel." The citing as an abnormality of the production of one stamen longer than the others in S. cornutum Lam. is evidently an error due to an oversight on the part of Dr. Penzig. The '' S. cornutum (Juss.) " to which Moquin- Tandon refers is apparently the 8. cornutum described by Juss.,t which is 8. cornutum Lam. 8. cornutum Lam. is clearly one of the species with produced stamens, according to the description given by Dunal in his monograph, and the original description of Lamarck. t 8. cornutwn (Hort. Monsp.) according to Dunal § equals 8. rostratum Dun. Under 8. Dulcamara L. Penzig says: " Im Androeceum beobachtet man bisweilen, dass zwei oder drei Stamina langer sind als die iibrisren," but does not refer to the literature, so that the observation may be one of his own. In one flower of several taken from a plant of 8. ni- grum near St. Louis, Mo., one of the stamens was notice- ' rr,^^^ ably longer than the others, Solanum tuberosum. — Todd. J & the increased length being partly in the filament and partly in the anther. * Moquin-Tandon, A. Elements de Teratologie Vegetale. Paris. 1841, p. 138. t Juss. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3:120. t. 9, as cited by Pursli, Flora Americae Septentrionalis. Second Ed., London, 1816, and Dunal in De Candolie, Prodromus Regni Vegetabili. IS^. 1852. % Lamarck, Tableau Eucyclop^d. Methodique. Botanique. 2 : 25. § Dunal. 1. c. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 197 The figure given by Todd of the abnormal S. tuberosum shows a marked difference in the anthers. He does not figure the occurrence he describes in S. C aroliyiense , and I have never been so fortunate as to discover such an example in many hundreds of flowers examined. Of all these, the anthers have been so nearly equal that the difference, if present, was not readily detected with the naked eye. In a large percentage of the flowers, however, the lower stamens do project a little beyond the upper, owing to the oblique rather than vertical position of the whole androecium. In 8. sis]/mbr if oUum, where the filaments and anthers are longer, the stamens are a little more declined from the exact longitudinal axis of the flower. The same is true of S. tuberosum and has already been recorded by Mueller, who says in The Fertilisa- tion of Floioers : ' ' All the stamens bend very slightly down- ward, and the lower anthers project somewhat in advance of the others." It seems not improbable that the normal projection of the lower stamens in 8. Carolinense was mis- taken by Todd for a real structural difference. In this place some of the taxonomic literature on 8. lietero- doxum Dunal is of interest. This species was first described by Dunal* who placed it with 8. cornutimi Lam. and 8. I'os- tratum Dun. in a section devoted to species with unequal anthers, giving as the description of the anthers for this species: "Stamina 5, antherae 4 luteae, interdum nunc inde nigrescens subrectae, 5 decumbens, productissima, apice cor- niculata, saepius nigricans, stylus rectus. Stigma bilobum." In his monograph he regards it as one of his species, but in his Histoire des 8olanum he cites " 8. heterodoxum DeCand. Hort. Monsp. Mss. Tabula picta " and gives as habitat " in Horto Monspeliense cultum " where he saw living material. His figures on PI. 25 represent the flowers as small j scarcely half an inch in diameter, hardly zygomorphic, the stamens not very unequal. In \n& 8ynopsis] Dunal says: " Corollis subregularibus, antheris parvis declinatis, infima longiori ♦ Dunal. Histoire des Solanum. 1813. t Dunal, M. F. Solanorum Geuerumque affinium Synopsis. Montpellier. 1816. p. 46. 198 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. apice curvata subfusca," and gives as habitat " In Mexico. Humb. et Bonpl. (v. v. li. M.) Cor. coerulea." Kunth * cites Dunal in the Synopsis. In his description the lobes of the corolla are given as equal, anthers as " unequal ( ?),'' and stigma subcapitate. /S. citrullifolium A. Br. (= S. het- erodoxum Dun.) is described f as follows: "Corolla ampla {/Solani tuberosi corollam aequaute), irregulari, coeruleo- violacea; antheris declinatis, infima reliquis duplo longiore productissima curvata. — Semina Texana Lindhehneriana sub nomine Nycterii violacei communicavit Engelmann. ' ' Regel % describes S. citrullifolium. Both his descriptions and the figures, pi. 112 (?), represent the lower, fifth, stamen as about twice the length of the others. In his monograph in De Candolle's Prodromus Dunal does not cite 8. citrulU folium,^ but in the Addenda et Corrigenda at the end of the work Alphonse De Candolle gives the description of this species and regards it as an insufficiently known species belonging with their species 759-766. § 8. heterodoxum is described in detail: "Antherae * * * 4 subaequales, 2 lin. longae * * * quinta valide declinata, paulo longior, 2-2^ lin. longa, superne arcuata," the citation of material being : "v. v. et s. in h. DC, H.B. et Kth., Eequien, Boiss." Torrey || catalogues 8. citrullifolitim A. Braunfrom Plains near Puerto dePaysano and near theLimpio: July-September. " Flowers large, violet, an inch in diameter. The last three species U belong to a remarkable group (Cryptocarpum, Dunal) which Nuttal regarded as a proper genus (Androcera)." As the next species he gives " Solanutn heterodoxum Dunal, 1. c. [in Prod.] p. 331? On the Rio Grande, below Presidio del * Kunth, C. S. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 3 : 46. 1818. t Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 12: 356. 1849. X Regel, Solanum citrullifolium R. Br. Regel's Garteiiflora. 4: 78-9. 1855. § These species are S. tribidosum Schau., 8. cornutum Lam., S. rostratum Dun., S. Fontanesiamim Dun., S. chrysacanthum Dun., S. propinqinim Mart., S. Bejarense Dun. and S. heterodoxum Dun. II Torrey, John. Botany of the Boundary, p. 152. 1859. 1 He evidently means this, the preceding, and the following species^ rather than this and the two preceding or the last three species of the list, since the latter arrangements which are the literal interpretation of his statement, would include S. elaeagnifoliura Cav. or S. verbascifolium. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 199 Norte; August; Parry. Corallitos, Chihuahua; Thurber. Differs from the last in the excessively hispid stem and branches, and in the much smaller flowers." In Gray's Sy- noptical Flora the reference to Histoire ties Solanum as the place of first publication of this species is followed by the parenthetical expression: "Small-flowered form cult, at Montpelier." I have seen none of the original material upon which S. heterodoxum Dun. is based, but have seen in the Engel- mann Herbarium at the Missouri Botanical Garden, a good series of 8. citruUifolium A. Braun (some collected by Liud- heimer and one sheet with Braun's name). In all of this material the structure of the flower is very similar to S. ros- tratum Dun. The difference in the anther of the lower stamen and the upper four is very pronounced and the stioma is not at all capitate, while in the living material which I have seen the differences in the size of large and small stamens is even more pronounced than in S. rostratum. The species is interesting in this connection since there is a strong indication of two forms of androecium in S. heterodoxum Dun. , the one in which the difference in the anthers is very pronounced and the other in which there is very little difference. Of course there is a possibility that S. heterodoxum Dun. represents two distinct species, in which case 8. heterodoxum will be retained for the small-flowered form with nearly equal anthers and capitate or subcapitate stigma, while 8. citrnllifolium A. Br. will be applied to the forms with the large strongly zygomorphic flowers. The appearance of a dimorphism in the stamens of a normally regular androecium has been noted in more than one case, but this is the only instance which has so far come to my notice in which a reduction to an almost regular form of a pronounced Nycterium type like 8. heterodoxum Dun. might be suspected. The division of this vast genus of about 900 species is very unsatisfactory. Wettstein in Die JVaturiichen Pflanzenfami- lien has more than any other writer used the characters offered by the stamens. The characters of his sections so far as they concern us in this place are as follows : — 200 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. I. Pachystemonum. All stamens equal in length or nearly equal. About 400 species. II. Lycianthes. Filaments of unequal length, one exceed- ing the other. About 80 species. III. Leptostemonum. Filaments of equal length. About 400 species. IV. Lycopersicum. All stamens equal. About 10 species. V. Nycterium. Flowers zygomorphic, either with unequal stamens only or with zygomorphic corolla in which the two lower lobes are produced and envelop the large stamen, or stamens, and pistil in the bud. According to this arrangement about 94 species would be expected to show a dimorphism in the stamens. He fails to note the frequent difference in size of anther as well as length of filament. So far as I know he has published no list of species which he would refer to his several sections and some parts of his arrangement are not clear to me. So far as I have been able to learn from examination of descriptions of the species of the genus 69 species show more or less pro- nounced structural differences in the stamens, the list furnish- ing a very interesting study in incipient zygomorphy. Zygomorphy as a teratological phenomenon in three species and its possible occurrence in a fourth, S. CaroUnense, is certainly suggestive. Occurring in the forms in which it does and in a generally actinomorphic genus precludes the suffo'estion of atavistic reversion in these cases. The heredi- tary nature of many malformations, or mutations, is well known. The advantage of the projection of the lower be- yond the upper stamens might be an immediate one in that the. adaptation to visiting insects would become more perfect and so the aid of natural selection in the fixation of the new form would become immediately effective. Direct ecological work has been done in only one of the strongly zygomorphic forms in this genus* but this is sufficient to show the great difference in favor of the zygomorphic as compared with the * Todd. Amer. Nat. 16:281-287. 1882. Harris and Kuchs, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 1 : 15-41. 1 pi. 1902. Harris — Polygamy and Certain Floral Abnormalities. 201 actinomorphic flower in securing insect visits and it seems quite probable that flowers receiving occasional insect visits, as many species of Solanum evidently do, might have the frequency of these visits immediately increased upon the assumption of a zygomorphic habit. In jS. rostratum the form of the flower is very constant. In the large series of material which has passed through my hands I have never observed synanthy or any variation worthy of mention in the number, form, or arrangement of the stamens. It is interesting to note, however, that in 8. Amazonimn besides the floral variation noted in the de- scriptions of the species Penzig* says: " Ich fand haufig die Corolla durch seitliche Verschmelzung der Lappen vier- oder gar nur drei lappig. Hexamere Bliithen sind auch nicht Androecium of Cassia occidentalis. selten : in denselben sind dann gewohnlich zwei lano;e und vier kurze Stamina vorhanden." In several species of Cassia we have a zygomorphic condi- tion in many respects very similar to that of Solanum. In C . Marylandica and C . occidentalis the androecium is com- posed of two large anthers on long filaments, four central smaller ones and three staminodia above and one more or less reduced stamen below the pistil between the two large stamens. In C. occidentalis I have observed the transformation of one of the four smaller stamens into one of the large type. The sterile staminodia sometimes produce well-formed anthers Penzig, 0. Pflanzen Teratologic. 2 : 170. 202 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. in this species. In C. Marylandica one of the large stamens was partially petaloid. It is of interest to note that in the genus Monochoria of the Pontederiaceae in which the general form of the flower resembles somewhat some of the species of Solanum, the Australian species M. cyanea Miill. has the stamens equal and the lower one not produced as in the other two species of the genus, but according to Bentham (Fl. Austral. 7: 72) one anther is often larger or smaller than the others. In the other two species the lower stamen is the larger, with Monochoria hastata. — Roxburgh. a longer stouter filament provided with a lateral spur. As a possible origin for the lateral spur attention may be called to the description and figures given by Roxburgh * in which he states that in M. vaginalis the lower filament is usually broad and two-cleft, the inferior division bearing the anthers, the other nothing, and in M. hastata the anther of the lower stamen is much larger or double while the filament is two cleft or double. Issued December 12, 1903. * Eoxburgh, Coromandel^Plauts. 2, pi. 110, 111. THE GERMINATION OF PACHIRA, WITH A NOTE ON THE NAMES OF TWO SPECIES.* J. Arthur Harris. Systematically, the species of the genus Pachira AubL, often passing under the generic name Caroliuea Linn., have pre- sented great difficulty. Bentham and Hooker, in the Genera Plantar um, place the genus in the tribe or sub-order Bom- baceae with Adansonia, Bombax, etc., while Engler and Prantl, in Die Katurlichen Pflanzenfamilien, include Pachira Aubl., Carolinea Linn., Eriotheca and Salmalia Schott and Endl. , in the genus Bombax of the Bombaceae. In considering the species of the genus the difficulty is quite great, owing to the inadequate condition of herbarium material, and consider- able confusion has reigned. In the Missouri Botanical Garden are growing some speci- mens of Pachira, which Dr. Trelease t has described and figured, giving a key for six more commonly cultivated species, but assigning no name to the Garden specimens on account of the impossibility of affirming or denying identity with (Jarolinea affinis as described in volume one of Martins' Flora Brasiliensis or Don in the first volume in his History of Dichlamydeous Plants. In 1898, Terracciano % published an extensive paper on extra-floral nectaries in the Bombaceae, and in a footnote under P. campestris refers the specimens described and figured by Dr. Trelease to this species. Early in February, 1903, my attention was attracted by eight remarkable seedlings in the propagating house and I * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, November 2, 1903. t Trelease, Wm. Notes and Observations. I. Pachira sp. Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gavd. 5 : 154-157. pi. 27. 1894. X Terracciano, A. I uettarii estranuziali nelle "Bombacee." R. Istituto Botanico di Palermo. Coutribuzioni alia Biologia vegetale. 2:138-191. pis. 15-18. 1898. (203) 204 Trans. Acad. Sei. of St. Louis. learned that they were grown from seed which had been taken a few days before from the Pachira trees above men- tioned. While my series of material is. not so extensive as I might wish, the observations seem to be worthy of presen- tation. From the gardeners I learned that the seed was planted as soon as it had fallen from the tree, and germinated almost immediately, the young plants appearing in three or four days and making a vigorous growth. When I noticed them the hypocotyl had attained a length of about five to eight cm. and the plumule was just beginning to develop. The fruit of P. campestris is an ovoid capsule attaining or somewhat surpassing the length of three inches, with a diameter of two inches or more. When ripe, it splits into five valves, each with a central septum. An axile five-winged columella bears as many rows of about five seeds each. The seeds vary considerably in size and shape owing to their compression in the capsule. Roughly speaking, they are spheroidal in form, somewhat flattened at the point of attach- ment, and often much more so laterally where the neighboring seeds come in contact. They have a brown ground color while the very irregular, somewhat anastomosing, white bands radiating from the hilum around the seed give it a very characteristic appearance. The crustaceous covering is thin but hard and moderately firm. The bulk of the seed is made up of one large, much convoluted, fleshy cotyledon, enclosing in its folds the rather large, thick radicle, the smaller cotyle- don and the scanty, mucilaginous albumen. The larger cotyledon is more or less reniform or cordate in outline, and in the material I have examined is brought into the compass of the seed by a folding in of the distal end and of the lateral lobes which surround this and the radicle and small cotyledon which has its ventral (inner) surface applied to the inner surface of the larger cotyledon. The interstices are filled with the scanty mucilaginous albumen. The plumule is hardly developed, but the radicle is quite large. Decaisne* describes the seed of Pachira as follows : ' ' Se- * Decaisne, J. Examen des especes des genres Bombax et Pachira. Fl. des Serres. 23 : 43-52. 1880. Harris — The Germination of Pachira. 205 mina magna, globosa v. mutua compressione angulata; testa reticulato-venosa. Albumen ov. sublaminarum mucosarum plicis embryonis interpositarum forma ; cotyledones inaequales, exterior triplicata interiorem minorem involvens." On the seeds of how many species this generic character is founded is not stated, though he examined several species in the living state. In support of the character, he refers to Tussac,* Martiusf and Lynch 4 I have not been able to consult the fourth volume of Flore des Antilles, but Decaisne and Index Kewensis retain the species P. grandijiora Tuss., as a good one. The form figured byMartius is C.princeps, a synonym of P. aquatica, the same species treated by Lynch. The Pachira a jieurs blanches, the seeds of which were figured by Doumet,§ has been described as P. oleagina by Decaisne. These with the P. campestris here described make four of the thirty-one species recognized by Index Keioensis which have unequal cotyledons, and perhaps Decaisne has examined other species the names of which are not given. The early stages of development of the seedhng I have not been able to study, since germination was quite well advanced when I first observed my material and old seeds from the herbarium did not germinate. When first noticed, the stout green hypocotyl was from five to eight cm. in length in the various examples, and the large green convo- luted cotyledons well expanded, but the plumule had hardly begun its development. The small cotyledon is not exactly opposite the larger but is attached somewhat above it. Five of the seedlings at this stage of development (PI. IX, 5, 6, 7. PL X, 9, PI. XI, 10) as well as another, the figure of which was made somewhat later (PI. IX, 4), are figured, and from these figures it will be seen that there is a very good series of forms extending from the one in fig. 4 where the cotyledons are almost equal in size, through those repre- sented in figs. 10, 9, 5, 6 to fig. 7 where the small cotyledon * Tussac, F. R. Fl. des Antilles. 4. pi. 4. t Martius. Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 1. pi, 56. X Lynch, R. I. On the seed-structure and germination of Pachira aquatica. Jour. Linu. Soc. 17 : 147-148. pL 8. 1880. § Doumet, N. Le Pachira (Carolinea) k Fleurs Blanche.-. Rev. Horticole. \^^Q'.2Q'6-2n. fig. 24-33. pi. 1. 186(i. 206 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. is absent. A detailed description of the seedlings is unneces- sary, since the figures are self-explanatory. The plumule develops very rapidly when it once begins and after the first lanceolate leaf the leaves are usually five foliolate and very similar in form to those of the mature individuals. The coty- ledons are persistent for about three months, a surprising point of observation on the material available for this study being that in some cases the smaller cotyledon remained on the plant the longer. The dilatation of the base of the main axis, so prominent in the older individuals, soon exhibits itself in the seedlings, the hypocotyl at the end of five months being quite strongly developed, the expansion, however, being quite uni- form throughout the greater part of the length to near the prominent, brown, cotyledonary scars, where the brownish, striated hypocotyl is rapidly attenuated into the smooth, green, epicotyledonary internodes. So far as I am able to ascertain, the germination of Pachira has been mentioned in the literature four times. Doumet* describes and figures fruit, seed and abnormal seedlings of a Pachira of the specific name of which he was uncertain. Lynch t describes and figures the seed and seedlings of P. aquat- ica and figures an abnormal seedling of Pachira sp. Harz, % in the second volume of his Landwirthschaftlidie 8amen- hunde (1885) mentions P. aquatica as one of many forms of Dicotyledonous plants with one or both cotyledons rudimen- tary. Lubbock II states with a reference to Lj^nch's paper, that in P. aquatica the cotyledons are subterranean, but this is evidently an oversight on his part, since neither the text nor the plate of Lynch's paper justifies such a statement. In working over the material for this paper, my attention was called to a point in the nomenclature of the forms which is deserving of attention. Carolinea campestris was briefly described by Martins (Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 1 : 86) and from this very short description the other descriptions (Don. * Doumet. loc. cit. t Lynch, loc. cit. X Accoidicg to the review in Just's Jahresbericht. II Lubbock, Sir Joliu. A Contributiou to our Knowledge of Seedlings. 1:246. 1892. Harris — The Germination of Pachira. 207 Hist. Dich. PI. 1:570.— Decaisne. Fl. des Serres. 23:52) •are evidently taken, Decaisne placing it among the inade- quately-known species of Pachira. Terracciano bases his identification of P. campestris upon an examination of the specimens collected and described by Martins, and it is upon his authority (E. 1st. Bot. Pal. Cont. Biol. Veg. 2 : 168) that my material is referred to this species. In his examination of the species of Pachira and Bombax, Decaisne describes as new P, oleagina from material cul- tivated in the Hamma Botanical Gardens of Alo-eria and refers to this species the Pacliirad fleurs blancJies of Doumet (Kev. Hort. 1866: 208. Not P. alba, Lodd. or Hook.) . In the vegetative characteristics, — the straight stem strongly swollen at the base and provided with several spreading branches at the top, rather smooth and green throughout the most of its length and becoming grayish only near the base, the form and division of the leaflets, — the Missouri Botanical Garden material agrees well with Doumet 's description, as it also does for the most part in the time of putting forth new leaves. In both, the flowers open at night and persist for but a very short time. I have not been so fortunate as to see fresh flowers, but those who have seen such tell me that the resemblance to Doumet' s colored plate is very close and so far as I can determine from descriptions and the herbarium material available, agreement is quite good though in the androecium there seems, to be considerable dilference, Doumet stating that the stamens in Pachira a fleurs blanches are united at the base into five bundles, while Trelease (loc. cit.) places his material with those in which the stamen tube is divided into ten clusters. There seem to be other minor dif- ferences, but in the main the resemblance is very close. Fruit and seed in the Garden herbarium agree perfectly with the excellent text figures in M. Doumet's paper, so that I have little doubt of the identity of P. campestris (Mart.) Decsne. and P. oleagina Decsne. In this case P. campestris has priority. Polyembryony seems to be common in P. campestris. Doumet gives excellent figures of more than one plantlet 208 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. produced from a single seed and while the eight seedlings which first attracted my attention were normal, dissection of nine seeds from a single fruit collected in 1893(?) shows more than one embryo in three cases, while the others were with but one. Lynch in his paper figures the seedling of a Pachira sp. (PI. VIII, fig. 7) showing the adherence of two others of arrested growth, resulting from the production of several embryos in one seed. Unfortunately the size of this seedling is not indicated on the plate, but in general appearance it agrees quite well with young stages of P. campestris and it perhaps belongs to this species. Some very striking differences are noticed between the ger- mination of P. campestris and P. aquatica. In both there is one large and one small cotyledon, the smaller being in both a little above the other. In P. aquatica, according to Lynch, the small cotyledon soon falls away Avhile the larger persists for a longtime, but in two or three cases inP. campestris Wiq smaller cotyledon persisted the longer. The most striking point of difference is in the relative development of hypocotyl and epicotyl in the two forms. In P. aquatica, according to the plate given by Lynch, the hypocotyl is developed hardly at all, the cotyledons remaining almost if not quite on the ground and but a short distance above the lateral rootlets, while the epicotyl undergoes a very extensive development extending for a considerable distance before foliage leaves are borne, while these are separated by fairly long internodes, the whole presenting a very slender, graceful appearance. In P. campestris the case is quite different. The cotyledons are at once carried up for some distance on a strongly developed hypocotyl, and it is some time before the plumule undergoes much development. When it does, it does not reach a length comparable with that figured for P. aquatica, while the large foliage leaves are separated by but comparatively short inter- nodes, the whole plant giving the impression of a much stouter, more broadly spreading form than P. aquatica. What may be the significance of these differences would be hard to suggest, but it would be of great interest to know the ecological conditions under which the two species are to Harris — The Germination of Pachira. 209 be found, since in some cases it seems that the habit of the seedling may be traced to differences in ecological conditions. From a taxonomic standpoint it is certainly worthy of note, and especially so in a genus presenting the difficulties which Pachira does. The comparative development of hypocotyl and epicotyl is interesting when we compare the structure of the seeds of C insignis ( = P' aquatica ) as figured by Martius with the seed of P. cami^estris, since in both the radicle and the plumule seem to show about the same degree of develop- ment. The reduction of P. oleagina will take one from the list of nominal species known from recorded examination to have one cotyledon larger than the other. EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates IX-XI. Plate IX. — 1, 2. Embryo of Pachira viewed from dorsal and ventral sur- face of large cotyledon. — 3, Another seed viewed from inner surface of large cotyledon: 2 and 3 with lateral lobes somewhat spread apart to show small cotyledon. — 5-7. Young seedlings. — 4. A portion of a somewhat older specimen, showing general habit and stages in the reduction of one cotyledon. — All X 1- Plate X. — 8. Later stage of No. 7, showing abnormal development. — 9. Seedling of same age as those on Plate IX showing normal development of plumule. — All X !• Plate XI. — 10-12. Three stages in development of a seedling: 10 as in Plate IX; 11 several days older; 12 some months older showing dilatation at base of stem. — 10 X 1- — H. 12 X i- Isstted December 12, 1903. PUBLICATIONS. Tlic following publications of the Academy are offered for sale at the net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. TRANSACTIONS (in octaYo"). Vol. Number. Price per number,. Price per vol. Price in set. 1* b, 4 $7.50 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 1 $4.00 2.00 each. $7.00 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 2 1 to 3 2.00 each. 6.50 5.00 3 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.60 7.00 4 1 to 4 2.00 each. 7.60 7.00 5 1-2, 3-4 1 4.00 each. (clotiMe UTimbers) 7.60 7.00 CJ 1; 2, 6, 8, 10, U, 16, 17 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 18 3,9 1.2 \ 25 cts. each. i oO cts. each. 75 cts. each. gl.OO 7.60 7.00 1% 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8. 13, 15, IG, IS, 19 5, 9 to 12, 14.20 i7 1 I 25 cts. each. i 50 cts. each. 75 cts. $1.00 7.50 7.00 8t 1, 8 to 6 8. 10, 12 2,7, 9, 11 I 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 <-' + 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 2, 5, 8 6' 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. $1.26 3.75 3.60 lot 9 2, i, 5, 10 1 8, 6, 7,8,11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 50 cts. each. 1 3.73 3.50 ii: 2,8 5-8, 10, 11 1 4 9 16 cts. each. 25 cts. each. 45 cts. 76 cts. 1.00 3.75 3.50 12: ^ 1,9,10 6 3,8 2. 4, 0, 7 25 cts. each. 30 cts. 35 cts. each. 50 cts. each. S.75 i 8.50 1 MEMOIRS (in quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery. 1880. $2.00. The total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 1889. A report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party, at Norman, Califor- nia. 1891. $2.00. io far as this can be * Supply exhausted. t C.in be sold only to purchasers of the entire rolnnic,- supplied. X Each number is a brochure contaiuinjr one complete paper (or rarely two). C //^ C ^n Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. XIII. No. 9. TITLE-PAGE, PEEFATORY MATTER AND INDEX. RECORD FROM JAN. 1 to DEC. 31, 1903. ' Issued Fihrnar;/ 9, 1904. „^ List of Authors. 211 LIST OF AUTHORS. Alt, A. xliv Barck, C. xxxix Bean, T. H. xxviii Bolton, B. M. xxxix Bush, B. F. xlii, 175 Chessin, A. S. xxxii Forder, S, W. 165 Greeley, A. W, xxlx, xl, xliii Hambach, G. 1 Harris, D. L. xxxix Harris, J. A. xliv, 185, 203 Holmes, J. A. xxxviii Hurler, J. xxvii, 77 Reiser, E. H. xli, 165 Moore, R. xlv Nipher, F. E. xxix, xxx, xxxvi, xli, xlii, 69, 143 von Schrenls, H. xxvii Sheldon, W. L. xxviii, 87 Terry, R. J. xxviii Trelease, W. xlii "Wheeler, H. A. xxxvii Whelpley, H. M. xxix, xliv 212 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. GENERAL INDEX. Agar-agar zxxix Alaska xxviii Amendments xv, xxi, xxxviii Anatomy xxviii Aortic arcli xxviii Apple rot xxvii Authority xxi Bitter-rot xxvii Blastoideae 1 Building for Academy xxx, xxxi, xxxix, xlvi By-Laws xvii, xxxviii Canon of Colorado xxxix Cataract xliv Cements xli, 165 Charter xxii Codasteridae 2 Colima lava xxxviii Colorado Cafionjxxxix Constitution xiii Contraction of muscle xliii Contraction of nebulae xli, 143 Council xiv, xviii Crinoideae 3 Disk stresses xxxii Dues XX Egg segmentation xxix Elections xviii, xix Eliot gift xlvi Endov?ment fund xlvii Ether waves xxix, xxxvi Ethical science xxvii, 87 Explosion waves xxix, xxxvi Expulsion XX Floral structures 185 Forest preservation xxxviii Gaseous nebulae xli, 143 Germination 203 Grand canon xxxix Grasses xlii, 175 Herpetology xxvii, 77 History xxii, xlii Horse speed xlii, 69 Hurter gift xxvii Imbedding tissues xxxix Lava xxxviii Librarian xviii, xxvi, xlviii Library xxiv Lime xli, 165 McMillan gift xxx, xxxi, xxxix, xlvi Meetings xv, xvii, xxiv Members v, xiii, xix, xxiii Missouri herpetology xxvii, 77 Monstrosities xxviii, 3 Museum xxv Muscle contraction xliii Nebular contraction xli, 143 Nominating committee xviii, xliv OflBcers xiv, xviii, xxiii, xxvi, xiv Olivanidae 2 Order of business xvii Parthenogenesis xxix Patrons v, xiv, xx, xxx, xxxii Pentremidae 1, 2 Physiology xxix, xl, xliii Pipe-stone xxix President xxvi, xiv Protoplasm xxix, xl, xliii Publications xx, xxv, xxviii General Index. 213 Quorum xvii Radium xliv Real estate xxi, xxx, xxxix Reptiles xxvii, 77 Resignation xix Rotating disk xxxii Salmon xxviil Scenic protection xxxviii Secretary xviii Sectioning xxxix Sections xv Speed of horse xlii, 69 St. Louis statistics xlv Stresses of disk xxxii Treasurer xviii, xxvi, xlvii Trotting horse xlii, 69 Vice-President xlv Vital statistics xlv 214 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Acentotremites 33 Acris 80 Agassizocrinus 5 Amblystoma 78 Aromochelys 82 Bascanion 85 Blastoidocrinus 51 Bombus 192 Carolinea 203 Carpeuteroblastus 52 Cassia 201, 202 Chrysemys 80, 81 Cidaroblastus 34, 45, 58, 67. pi. 3, 5 Clavaeblastus 34, 44 Codaster iv, 20, 34, 47, 48, 51, 52, 64 Codonites 34, 46, 47, 52, 55, 64 Coluber 84 Crlbroblastus 34, 39-42, 57-9, 63, 66, 67. pi. 5 Cryptoblastus 7, 32, 33, 40, 41, 64 Cryptoschisma 64 Echinus 3 Elaeacrinus 9, 22, 23, 25, 26, 33, 40, 49, 50 Eleuttieroblastus 35, 50, 51 Eleutlierocrinus 51, 64 Eragrostis 175, 178, 180 Farancia 83 Globoblastus 34, 46, 61, 62, 67. pi. 3, 5 Gloeosporium xxvii Goniomemius xliii Granatocriaites 29, 30 Granatocriuus 1, 6, 9, 12, 21, 22, 24-8, 30-32, 40-42, 45, 46, 51, 52, 64, 65 Hemidactylium 78 Heteroblastus 32, 40, 65 Heteroschisma 9, 48 INDEX TO GENERA. Liopeltis 83 Lophoblastus 52 Megastacliya 180 Mesoblastus 34, 42, 45, 65 Metablastus 43, 44, 65 Millericrinus 3 Monoctioria 202 Natrix 85, 86 Neeragrostis 178. pi. 7, 8 Nucleocrinus 22-5, 40, 49-51, 65 Nycterium 193, 198 Olivanites 16, 22, 35, 48-50 Orbitremites 40, 41, 45, 46 Oropbiocrinus 47, 65 Ozotlieca 82 Pacliira xlii, 203, 209. pi. 9-11 Pentrematites 26, 28, 43, 45 Pentremites 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13-20, 22-7, 31, 32, 34-44, 46-8, 50-6, 59, 65, 66. pi. 1-6 Pentremitidea 8, 44, 66 Ptiaeuoschisma 48, 66 Phrynosoma 82 Piptoptiis 85 Poa 175, 178, 180 Pseudemys 81 Saccoblastus 4, 34, 39, 42-4, 60, 67. pi. 3, 4 Schizoblastus 33, 40-2, 66 Sistrurus 83 Solanum 185 Spelerpes 79 Steplianocrinus 48 Tricoelocrinus 39, 43, 44, 66 Troostocrinus 39, 43, 44, 48, 52 Typlilotriton 80 Zygocrinus 66 PUBLICATIONS. The following publications of the Academy are offered for sale at the net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian, The Academy of Science of St. Louis, 3817 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. . TRANSACTIONS (iu OCtaVO). Vol. Number. Price per number. Price per toI. Price in set. 1* 2t b, 4 $7.50 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 1 $4.00 2.00 each. $7.00 (Nos. 2-4 only.) 2 1 to 3 2.00 each. 6.60 5.00 3 1 to i 2.00 each. 7.50 7.00 4 1 to i 2.00 each. 7.50 7.00 5 1-2, 3-i { 4.00 each, (double numbers) 7.50 7.00 6$ 1,2,6,8, 10, 11, 16, 17 i, S, 7, 13, U, 15, 18 3,9 12 I 25 cts. each. 1 60 ct9. each. 75 cts. each. $1.00 7.60 7.00 n 2, 8, i, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, la, 18, 19 5, 9 to 12, 14, 20 17 1 I 25 cts. each. > 50 cts. each. 75 cts. ^1.00 7.50 7.00 8J 1, 3 to 6 8, 10, 12 2,7,9,11 I 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 8.75 3.50 OJ I, 3, 4, 7, 9 2,5,8 6 25 cts, each. 50 cts. each. ,^1.25 3.75 8.60 lo: 9 3, 4, 5, 10 1 3, 6, 7, 8, 11 10 cts. 26 cts. each. 40 cts. 50 cts. each. 8.76 3.50 lit 2, 3 6-8, 10, 11 1 4 9 15 cts. each. 25 cte. each. 45 cts. T5 cts. 1.00 8.75 1 3.?0 12: ^ i,y,io 5 3,8 2,4,6,7 25 cts. each. 35 cts. 45 cts. each. 50 cts. each. 3.75 ! 3.50 ! is: 2. 3, 5-9 4 1 25 cts, each. 75 cts. 1.50 3.75 i 3.60 i MEMOIRS (iu quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery. 1880. $2.00. The total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 1889. A report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party, at Norman, Califor- nia. 1891. $2.00. * Supply exhausted. t Can be sold only to purchasers of the entire Tolume,— so far as this can be supplied. t Eifh number is a brochure contniring one complete paper (or rarely two). Plate I. All figures are of Pentremites sulcatus and are from photographs of speci- mens in the author's collection: enlarged two diameters. 1. An ambulacrum, showing a sigmoid flexure in the ambulacral integu- ment. 2. Summit view, showing distortion of the openings caused by lateral pressure. 3. An ambulacrum, showing an extensive mechanical injury. 4. An ambulacrum, showing destruction and subsequent restoration of the apex. 5. Showing an injury in the upper third and the subsequent healing, and the loss of the poral pieces on the opposite side. 6. Scar of mechanical injuries on both sides of the field. 7. A similar injury, on one side of the field. TRANS.ACAD. SCI. OF St. LOfIS , \"OL. XIIl . PLATE I. Uth.V/enieri'Wimer.Har^ort'JM. BLASTOIDEAE. Plate II. From specimens in the author's collection. 1. Upper view of a section of a row of poral pieces, showing collapsed tentacles in the poral openings. 2. Normal condition of the ambulacral integument. 3. Plications of integument covered by little scales, the larger scales at the summit standing upright. 4. Section through a row of poral pieces, showing the tentacles ex- panded. 5. View of the normal condition of the ambulacral integument. 6. Longitudinal section through the ovarian tubes. 7. Irregular expansion of the integument. 8. Transverse section through an ambulacrum, showing lancet piece with the nervous channel, poral piece, vascular duct (blue), hydrospiric tube with its internal plications, and between them the ovarian tubes. The space at either side of the vascular duct, colored yellow, was filled with a clayey substance. 9. Base portion of the deltoid piece with the lateral expansion removed to show the grooves in which the hydrospiric plications rest; also the lateral orifices of the nervous channel. 10. Highly magnified view of the anal opening of Saccoblastus. 11. Section showing the looping of the hydrospiric membrane on the inner side of the calyx. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis , \'ol . Xlll . 1 2 P1.ATE II. <<^^^^' m:^' ////////// ■;1| ¥^ \ jih.Wef^eiiV.mtsr, Fiarikio:!';H. BLASTOIOEAE . Plate 111. From specimens in the author's collection, unless otherwise stated. 1. Cidaroblastus grannlaris, — loaned by G. K. Green. 2. Lateral view of same species, — Troost Collection, Smithsonian Institu- tion, No. 33080. 3. Summit view of same. 4. Cidaroblastus globosus, — Troost Collection, Smithsonian Institution, No. 33077. 5. Globoblastus magniflciis. 6. 7. Lateral and basal views of Pentremites salcatus, showing an elongated piece inserted between two fork pieces. 8, 9. Pentremites piriformis, showing an undeveloped fork piece and ambulacrum. 10. Pentremites sulcatus, showing a crippled ambulacrum. 11, 12. Pentremites sulcatus, with only four ambulacra developed and a fifth fork piece solid. 13, 14. Pentremites sulcatus, with only four ambulacra. 15, 16. Pentremites pyriformis, with six fork pieces but only four ambu- lacra developed. 17. Saccoblastus , with five fork pieces but six ambulacra, of which two occupy one sinus. 18. Pentremites godoni, with four fork pieces but with five ambulacra, of which two occupy one sinus. Trans. Acad Sci. OF St Louis, Vol. XIII. Plate III. 10 > 1^ • Kambach ad riat, i" lilh.Vi'ernert'.'fcter, Fraiikiorr SM BLASTOIDE.VE. Plate IV. From specimens in tlie author's collection. 1. Saccoblastus xooodmani, lateral view. 2. Same, base view. 3. Saccoblastus ohliqimtns, lateral view. 4. Same, base view. 5. Saccoblastus wortheni, lateral view. 6. Saccoblastus pyramidalis, lateral view. 7. Saccoblastus ventricosus, n. s., lateral view. 8. Saccoblastus lineatus, lateral view. This row of figures shows the gradual development from one species to the other. 9. Pentremites serrattis, from Ste. Genevieve, Mo. 10. 11. Pentremites tulipaformis, n. s., lateral and basal views. Trans.Acad.Sci. ofSt. Louis, Voi.XIll . Plate I\'. G Hambach adnat.de ihh.Werner&Wmiet,Trankfon-!'I BL.-\ST01DEAE. Plate V. From specimens iu the author's collection, unless otherwise noted. 1. Cidaroblastus parvus, n. &., showing one interambulacrum. 2. Cribrohlastus incisus, n. s. 3. Cribrohlastus verrucosus, n. s., showing the interambulacrum. 4. Globoblastus ornatus, n. s., showing interambulacral space. 5. Interambulacrum of Globoblastus spatatus, n. s. 6. Pentremites turbinatus, u. s., lateral view. 7. Pentremites bradleyi Meek. — from specimen iu the Smithsonian Insti- tution. 8. Cribrohlastus schucherti, n. s., magnified, — from specimen in the Smith- sonian Institution. 8a. The same specimen, natural size. 9. Interambulacrum of Cribrohlastus sampsoni. 10. Interambulacrum of Cribrohlastus Boemeri. 11. Interambulacral space of Cribrohlastus neglectus. 12. Interambulacral space of Cribrohlastus gramdosus. 13. Interambulacrum ot Cribrohlastus pisum. 14. Cribrohlastus sayi, — from Shumard's type specimen. 15. Outline of Cribrohlastus potteri. 16. Cribrohlastus tenuistriatus, u. s. 17. Interambulacrum of Cribrohlastus tenuis, u. s. 17a. Outline of specimen, natural size. 18. Pentremites kirki, n. s., lateral view, ^ from specimen iu the collectiou of Mr. Kirk. Tra.ns.Acad.Sci. OF ST.Lons, Vol. XIII. Plate \' /;i^^>. » m m Vt // \\iir^ 10 11 12 15 • 16 15 18 17 IF-' 6 Harnoach ad nat del Lith.VtoT!erJ''v\/inter,FranWon'''M. BLASTOIDE.-\E . Plate VI. From specimens in the author's collection. A row of Pentrernites s^dcatus, showing the gradual development of the lateral expansion of the deltoids, which in Figs. 1-3 are not visible exter- nally. All of the specimens are from the same locality. Trans. Acad. 8ci. of St. i^ouis, Vol. XIll. Plate VI. BLASTOIDEAE. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XIII. Plate VII. r«a \V«'i!!:«"HiHiiH.n" NEEKAGROSTIS WEIGELTIANA. Trans. Acad. .Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XIII. Plate VIII. PISTILLATE. 7*^^ STAMINAiE. NEERAGIiOSTIS WEIGKLTIANA. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XIII. Plate IX. SEEDLINGS OF PACHIRA. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XIII. Plate X. SEEDLINGS OF PACHIRA. Tkvns. ACAD. Sci. OF St. Louis, Vol. XIU. Plate XI. SEEDLINGS OF PACHIKA. / . WcW: r:^j .-af» \^'' -*-::. . ';-<^^ ^ W*^ria|>: '■*, Vjr-'