CTL Aa hth (rit Pte Gy: Ne ee 4 ey eh ey abet ot Vee¥ il met see eh 5 he ‘ us : ‘ ve 4 _ ‘ ON ath aalidkad anil tate thea aan ties Th Ft eae vitae go hie Vi an fiat gates cen esa ena % i ; i : i if ue Hs ’ Ne Dyleb laesan aes gues re nye Vs iba yr ° i inst fn a daeqeh pastes th ‘ Tapa Peake Here Cie a piaed ot \e) if the A ‘e 4 hte) is i Up sAinets ponent au Ohne ane : biiinaaennichanaranaaicsi Nayarit Ri Sais crs) 5 ryt e Thee Ma nhaheteardenegey tere Hei lal arcuate RAMSHATIL Det Rat ag Ker aest a ara Seat Mai hi na Ra Ae tee ‘ite { eatiey rats Vt earns ss ee 10949 net Da e8 19 Mere MAUR EY * Hien ok oi} Anes " rirgeare (20 ati if : Ha vid asi feat seh Aaspeieaes APNe LOL DS ehaaate aad Biehl yen ae BSG aee wit yaya Buyer ese) i bath i tebe: Mp Ess. Br aeseore Wi is east Hprarhed wih Sasases Seeecsa ee (1p: x) iss ee : tae ata hey : 4 tie it has: ante! 3 448s wy ehit 4 he ea qcleen jt WETaCRNR SE parity ney Wi ety} Ay “4 hey ‘ Ok i sd * bey Riireinoe ea thata Sab ale ‘ nee a 4) a pKa ‘ fer Pa a) * * ie a ey alt Ait SE ashy padi, Nps a AUER PAS WS aA THe on a Ri 4 ria he ah be i a Pee M se aie \ ; M Kaho W .) any vir meee Ga Aut htt thy ete hai i i! t fenehea" Ny , 4 tb. i { a! ¥ ee ting Papel ae t WY wa ; if vot xivul jin No. 1 _ Pyision of fFishes, . bf/GA a > BH B National Museum en ms r eM AR ae sic ainppemensrnninncnst wong ; TRANSACTIONS » Supe CAN FISHERIES : me &. li i DECEMBER, 1917 321920 Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Society at Columbus, Ohio eI ae , Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Che Auverican Hisheries Suriety Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 @ffivers for 1917-19128 PV OSTACRE NT DAH Oe Naktiay Henry O’Mattey, Washington, D. C. Vice-President... .....0... M. L. ALEXANDER, New Orleans, La. PECOVOUNE SEEK ELATIYN. . ). ssiaehiyh Joun W. Tircoms, Albany, N. Y. - Cor. Secretary....CHas. H. Townsenp, The Aquarium, N. Y. C. DP CUSUREK Si iy ae ete ON UMe n) AC ara A. L. MiLiett, Gloucester, Mass. TEA PEE RS SE A OS Raymonpb C. Ospurn, Columbus, Ohio Hice-Piresidents of Sections Hash Cotaere sonnei ay kes Dwicut LypELL, Comstock Park, Mich. Aquatic Biology and Physics...... Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIl. Commercial Fishing........... J. F. Moser, San Francisco, Cal. TA PERIL EO A Nae SUNN Ue SAA Danie B. Feartnec, Newport, R. I. Protection and Legislation...Gro. A. LAwyER, Washington, D. C. Exerutive Committee CARLOS AVERY! Chairman aes Oy ees he Si St. Paul, Minn. MOBENI! NVIOGHIS iE Cea Sar) Nau Uae NLS SEU ASN A a St. Louis, Mo. TORINO EARS OME way SUP CO OLIUNN MENS CRA eNO aM MRC aati Accomac, Va. Crk Cans BL gy oh 2 2a SURE UC aR MTR a UA Hackettstown, N. J. ACD VE ACR Ty Sea SY 28 RAT LARLY NAN EO Frankfort, Ky. ATH a BA Rs pn Pe OC VN RPS LN Baltimore, Md. CORR UTES TE REEDS MIN Cent CtUNUN SHU NOE gA EN San Francisco, Cal. Commitive on Horeign Relations FEORGE SHIRAS) CRGUIMAT ML) ass nil neues Washington, D. C. EEO GEMUVU SS MIRET ORE CUR CCC DMM Ee (satay: Cuan Washington, D. C. VE INV AE ARRIBA Ls Le a RM RAS CB Madison, Wis. 1 WGN BOISIA VB wk Deane eae a CNG Len) MARA A EU Ottawa, Canada CORINA EE VV GE SOLE Re en ara Nee OR Glens Falls, N. Y. Commitics on Relations with National and State Goueruments JACOB REIGHARD, Chairman. 0.020 oP oe: Ann Arbor, Mich. AA HRI PATA 8 a Boh je a TON RMI AN TER Aka PUAN A Sy Portland, Ore. DUNES iH GOS AV AGY CAN ADAG REAR tee) ULES GL A a ASL CM Boston, Mass. BAC AW SAN ESOUNTE cuSe reno nt aa ait uty SIMS MAR DCI Mn VA Washington, D. C. By EDU OHA MB RRS (004. 2M GU ONDE TA IMI ae iy Quebec, Canada Publication Committee Raymonp C. OsBuRN BasHrorD DEAN Joun T. NicHOoLs “th i TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVII NUMBER 1 1917-1918 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS PAGE Fish, Forest and Game Protection in Quebec. . Honore Mercier Importance of a Permanent Policy in Stocking Inland WEES srsas Aaktctac ht cn, ees or nme eee John W. Titcomb Fish Waste, Past and Present................ S. P. Bartlett Production and Destruction of the Food Fishes of the Great Lakes: «ce. uickn'- eee eee eee S. W. Downing Conservation and Propagation of Fish in the Upper Mississippi Raver .2 ...//2 ase arse ee ele Earl Simpson Fish Cultural Activities of the Fairport Biological Station, Ree once ates aeh ede Lie oo hanes eee eee Austin F. Shira Additional Notes on Rearing the Channel Catfish........ a SRG ECA U es aie GPC POS DE Le Ree Austin F. Shira 3 Lt 22 28 36 39 45 FISH, FOREST AND GAME PROTECTION IN QUEBEC. By Hon. Honore MERCIER, Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. I esteem it a great privilege to take part in the proceedings of this convention and to profit by the experiences of the many here assembled who are distinguished authorities upon the subject of conservation in general and fish and game in particular. Many of you come from states where the lack of proper conservation in the past necessitates the propagation of game as well as its pro- tection, and all of us understand that present failure to protect what game we have must soon result in its complete disappearance. The extinction of the great auk, of the wild pigeon and the wild buffalo are constant reminders of the duty imposed upon us, of passing on to those who shall come after us, the rich supply of fur, fin and feather which has come down to us from former generations. Even in the vast Northern wild lands of the country from which I come, and in the far northwest of Canada, as well as in its far northeast, conservation is the duty of the hour, and active measures are essential to restrain the greed of gain from playing havoc with the remaining fauna of our northland. Let me occupy a few moments of your time in telling you of some of the problems which confront me and the officers of my Department and of just a few of the natural conditions of our province; a province which has some claims upon your con- sideration, not only because of the very great numbers of sports- men from these United States who go there for their fishing and hunting, but because of the vast numbers of your game birds which have their breeding grounds there. The Province of Quebec, today, occupies just double the territory of the Quebec of five years ago. Prior to 1912, it had an area of 351,873 square miles. In that year, all the territory of the mainland of North America to the north of our then northern boundary, extending to Ungava Bay and Hudson Straits, having a superficies of 351,780 square miles, was annexed to our province, giving us a total area of 730,653 square miles, or over four hundred and fifty millions of acres. In other words, we have now a province 4 American Fisheries Society about one-quarter as large as the entire United States, six times the area of the British Isles, and three and a half times as large as either France or Germany. Fully ten million acres of our territory is covered with water. Not more than 50,000 square miles of our total of 730,653 square miles is organized territory and even of this latter a large part is still covered with forest growth, and the balance, outside of the cities and towns, is but sparsely populated. Five thousand souls would probably prove to be a very exaggerated estimate of the entire population, whites, Indians and Esquimos, of the northern half of the province, or less than one inhabitant to each 70 square miles. In the interior of this vast territory various kinds of fur and feathered game roam practically undisturbed. Marvellous stories are told of the enormous quantities and size of the salmon and sea trout of Ungava Bay, of the white or polar and other bears of our northern coast, and of the trout of the Hamilton and other inland waters. The richest and rarest furs of the black, silver, cross and white fox, of the mink, marten, fisher, skunk, otter and muskrat, come from our far north. It is estimated that the Province of Quebec furnishes more than half of the four million dollars worth of furs shipped annually from Canada to the United States, in addition to the large quantities exported via the Hudson Bay route to London and Paris by the Hudson Bay Company, Revillon Freres and others, and without taking into consideration those which are manufactured for local consumption. Until last year the province received no return whatever from its large production of furs, but the new law which I had the honor of submitting to the Legislature, gives my Department perfect control of the trade in native pelts, and imposes upon them a royalty of some- thing like 5 per cent. of their value. Thus the people of the province are now sharing, to a small extent at least, in the large profits which the fur-dealers have been receiving out of one of our country’s important natural products. This revenue will give us the means of creating a still better organization for protec- tion and conservation. By far the larger production, so far, of Quebec furs marketed are taken in the wild portions of the southern or more settled parts of the province, so that a large measure of protection, Mercier —Protection in Quebec 5 based upon a proper observance of closed breeding seasons, is necessary to the maintenance of the supply. Propagation, in the shape of fur farming, has been encouraged since 1913 by my Department. In that year we published a small handbook on the subject, for the guidance of farmers who desired to add this branch of industry to their farming operations, and we also issued permits for the capture, at any time, of a limited number of fur bearers for parent stock. Previous to 1913 only a few isolated attempts at fur farming had been made in Quebec Province. At the present time, there are over fifty private ranches there for the propagation of fur bearing animals, and some of them have been extremely successful. In the Province of Quebec, matters connected with fish and game have always been under the control of one of the Ministers of the Crown, responsible to the Legislature. At present, and for some twelve years past, it has been under the management of the Department over which I have now the honor to preside— the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries. The Fish and Game Branch is one of the principal divisions of this Department. Outside of my departmental assistants in this branch, we have a large and efficient staff of fish and game guardians. Of these no fewer than 138 are salaried by the government. There are 55 voluntary guardians without salary, (that is, sportsmen and conservationists) who because of their attachment to the cause, have asked to be sworn in as provincial wardens for the protection of fish and game, and who render efficient service without public reward of any kind. The 512 lessees of fishing and hunting rights in Quebec employ and pay 600 club guardians, making a total of 793 official fish and game wardens. All of these, including the club guardians, have commissions as fish and game wardens issued by the Department. Every one of them has the power of a constable. Just here a word of explanation is necessary concerning the 512 lessees of fishing and hunting rights above referred to. The Province of Quebec is the only one of the Dominion which offers to sportsmen the practically exclusive privileges of fishing and hunting over large tracts of forest, lake and river territory. These privileges are leased to residents and non-residents alike. Non- 6 American Fisheries Society residents who are lessees of such privileges, or who are members of a club leasing the same, are entitled to non-resident fishing and hunting licenses at the lowest rates, which are only one half the prices charged to other non-residents, and in some instances even less. The unsettled territory of the Province of Quebec, as I have already shown, is enormous, so that, notwithstanding the fact that over five hundred leases have already been granted to sportsmen, there are thousands of miles of good sporting territory still avail- able for private preserves. Many of these leases of fishing or hunting territory, or of both fishing and hunting privileges com- bined, are held by private individuals; but over two hundred fish and game clubs are incorporated in the province, nearly all of which are lessees of fishing and hunting territory. Some clubs, having a large membership and controlling fishing and hunting rights, exercise these rights over extensive tracts of country, from one hundred to two hundred square miles each in extent. Others are, of course, very much smaller. The law limits to two hundred square miles the extent of territory that may be held for hunting and shooting purposes by any one club, and five dollars a mile per annum is the minimum price that can be charged for shooting privileges. The amount of rental charged for fishing rights depends upon both their quality and accessibility. The prices paid for them are in every case exceedingly reasonable. Leases for both shooting and fishing privileges are usually made for a term of five years, but are renewable for similar terms, though always at a compara- tively slight advance in the rental, because of the increasing demand for such rights and their rapid improvement in actual value. Many clubs and private individuals erect comfortable camps upon their leased fish and game preserves, and some of them have built really luxurious summer homes in the gorgeous woods of our north country, often overlooking a charming bit of lake or river scenery. Here they spend their summer vacation or come to enjoy their autumnal or winter hunt, often accompanied by the members of their families. Now, let me emphasize this: the protection of fish and game was the main purpose of the leasing system, and this purpose it has Mercter.—Protection in Quebec 7 admirably served. In the incorporation of fish and game clubs, it is the principal object for which the incorporation is granted, and in all the leases of either fishing or hunting territories, the main condition of the lease is the protection of fish and game and the enforcement of the fish and game laws. It is in consideration of this protective work that the valuable privileges of practically exclusive fishing, hunting and camping are leased on liberal terms to Fish and Game Protective Clubs and to individual sportsmen. Some of the clubs have quite a large membership, and in addi- tion to their club-houses, their territories can now boast the existence, in various picturesque surroundings, of private camps or bungalows or other summer homes. The Province has the benefit of the personal conservation work of its lessees of fishing and hunting rights, and of members of fish and game clubs, as well as of the 600 guardians employed by them, and in their own interest they become protectors of the forest as well as of the wild life of the woods. The importance of this forest protection is kept carefully before sportsmen in all the advertisements and other publications of the Department. There is also quite an army of fire and forest rangers under control of the Department of Lands and Forests, and all of these are also ex-officio fish and game wardens. ‘These men are almost constantly in the woods, and are therefore in an excellent position to detect infringements of the law. The members of the pro- vincial Police and Detective Department are also fish and game wardens ex-officio. This staff of wardens succeed in securing a fairly satisfactory enforcement of the fish and game laws, and in prompt detection and punishment of offenders. They have also the benefit of the aid of fish and game protective associations in Montreal and Quebec, composed of several hundred members each. These associations also employ fish and game wardens appointed by my Department, which gives an annual grant towards the payment of their salaries and expenses. Our staff of wardens succeeded, between the Ist of January, 1916, and the 1st of July, 1917, in obtaining more than 350 con- victions for violations of the law, involving fines to a very large amount. Among those recently prosecuted for infringement 8 American Fisheries Society of the game laws are some of the oldest and most influential corporations of Canada. One of these companies after a number of other prosecutions, which failed to procure respect for the law, has been lately condemned to a total fine of several thousand dollars, exclusive of the costs, and involving also the confiscation of 2000 pelts. These skins, of which three-quarters are beaver skins, represent a total value of about $7,000.00. We firmly believe that such results as these will produce excellent effects, proving to the average citizen that game laws are not enforced alone against the lower orders of the people, and showing the wealthy that none are rich enough or influential enough to be above the reach of the law. I have referred to the intimate connection between forest protection and the conservation of fish and game. It may interest you to know what our province has done and is still doing for the conservation of its forests. It has a system of fire and forest rangers which includes the services of nearly a hundred forest rangers and about four hundred fire rangers and each of these is also, ex-officio, a fish and game warden. They are appointed by the Department of Lands and Forests and their names are sug- gested by the lumbermen who have acquired the right to operate in parts of the Crown forest. These holders of timber limits have been organized by the Department into co-operative associa- tions for protection against forest fires and they receive every year financial aid from the Government. It would be interesting for members of an association like yours to go through our game laws and see how severely we are now dealing with poachers. Records are kept of all infractions and we have in the Department a copy of every judgment rendered. We have the name of every one against whom an action is taken, the nature of the offense and also the place where it occurred. This allows us at a glance to pick up the record of former offenses and by sending to the prosecuting officer a copy of judgment obtained previously, to establish before the court the status of the accused. For a third offense, there is now a fine of from one to five hundred dollars for each infraction. That is to say, if a person is caught with 100 beaver skins, he is liable to a fine of $1,000.00 up to $5,000.00. Mercier —Protection in Quebec 9 But if we believe that it is our duty to protect the game on our territory, we believe also that it is our duty to work in con- junction with our neighbors and to help them protect their own. This is the reason why, during the last session of the Legislature, I had a special section inserted in the law which empowers me not only to seize game taken illegally on the territory of the Province of Quebec, but also game unlawfully killed or taken out- side the province and brought in, and to send such game to the proper authorities of the state or province where it was illegally taken. This part of our law has already been put into operation with two of our Canadian provinces and I am ready to work it out with the State of Maine and any other state which may be interested. The salaries of the fire rangers are paid by the lumbermen who have acquired the right to operate in portions of the Crown forests. Our forests, capable of producing saw logs, pulp wood, etc., cover 130 millions of acres. Of these, six to seven millions are in private hands, the balance being public property, though the right to cut timber on 45 million acres has been let to lumber- men. From these leases and from stumpage dues on timber cut on these “‘limits,” as they are called, the province derives a large revenue every year. The value of our standing timber has been conservatively estimated at six hundred millions of dollars. The necessity for a scientific management and efficient conservation of this valuable domain inspired the Government of Sir Lomer Gouin in 1905 to take steps looking to the establishment of a skilled forestry service. Two young men, who now head that service, were sent to the Forestry School at Yale. After graduation they visited the principal European forests, and organized the Forestry Service in 1909, which was followed the next year by the opening of a School of Forestry at the University of Laval, in Quebec. The Forestry Service has charge of the forest rangers, and includes thirty-three forestry engineers. Under its system of inspection the wild lands of the province are classified as to their suitability for agriculture or for forest growth. Waste lands and those which have been stripped of trees and are unfit for agriculture, are being planted with nursery stock. 10 American Fisheries Society Reforestation is being encouraged in every possible way and a provincial nursery for forest trees has been established at Berthier- ville, capable of producing millions of infant trees. Since its establishment more than 1,500,000 infant trees have been shipped to the lumber companies, private individuals, scholastic institu- tions, etc. With all due precautions against forest fires and with a generous encouragement of the reforestation movement, there is reason to look forward to an increased rather than-a lessened area of forest growth, so essential to the national wealth and the conservation of our water supply and fish and game. There are several forestry reserves in our province. We have also three fish and game reserves: the Laurentian Park, 2531 square miles; Trembling Mountain Park, 14,750 acres, and Gaspe Park, 2,500 square miles. The first one is already organized and the others also will soon be organized. I feel that I should not conclude these remarks without con- gratulating you upon the final adoption of the treaty, between the rulers of our respective countries, for the protection of migratory birds, in the passage of which considerable interest was man- ifested by the Department over which I have the honor to preside. Our laws have been for many years past in unison with the pro- visions of this treaty, and if they had not been so it would not have taken long to have made them so. IMPORTANCE OF A PERMANENT POLICY IN STOCKING INLAND WATERS. By Joun W. Titcomes, State Fish Culturist of New York. Had I been requested to talk on this subject twenty years ago I should have accepted the invitation with less hesitation than I did for this occasion. The longer and more varied one’s experience in the conservation of the aquatic resources of this country, the more apparent and complex become the difficulties which present themselves when attempting to discuss the subject in a brief address before an association which is national in scope. I shall therefore confine myself specifically to waters of the latitude with which I am more familiar, but at the same time I shall outline a plan which may be applied to all states. Just at this crisis in our history the fishery resources of the country are receiving especial attention and many impractical recommendations have been made by well intentioned persons who are not familiar with the subject, as well as by some who, from selfish motives, want to let down the bars to conservation and to disregard the laws of nature which are the basis for regulations in regard to the methods and seasons for taking fish. A recent news item says that “By direction of the Governor of Wisconsin, the Conservation Commission of that State will seine all rivers within their jurisdiction for rough fish to combat the rising prices of foodstuffs.”’ Another item says that “Iowa will probably be the first State to amend the laws in order to permit the free use of rough fish in the Mississippi River.’’ College professors have come forward with recommendations to loosen up on the laws for the protection of fish during the present war. Incidentally I may say that similar appeals are being made to those in authority with reference to the taking of all kinds of game. In commenting on this let me say that proper regulations for the protection of fish are as essential to the stocking of our waters as is fish culture and all efforts relevant thereto, and that if the fishery laws of the various states were fundamentally right before the war they are just as essential today as they were then. II 12 American Fisheries Society In a crisis like the present one, it is quite proper that we should scrutinize our fish laws with a view to ascertaining whether they are sound, and if not, steps should be taken, by legislation if necessary, which will permit the taking of fish to the fullest extent permissible without depleting the annual supply; but all the regulations with reference to the fisheries should be so admin- istered that the annual crop of fish next year and in years to come will be greater than it is this year. Let us hope that we may never be obliged to draw upon our national resources to the extent of depletion, but let us properly conserve our resources now in order that we may be prepared to meet any emergencies which may arise in the future. There are undoubtedly instances in nearly all states where food fishes, which do not readily take baited hooks, are protected at all times by laws which permit the taking of fish by angling only. In many waters the presence of carp, suckers and other rough fish is a hinderance to the natural reproduction of the species which it is desired to encourage. In such instances the commissioners or those administering the laws should have authority to remove and to permit others to remove such fishes under proper regulations. In other words, the farming of a body of water should be with a view to maximum annual production of the kind of fish crop that it is desired to produce. Fishes which are detrimental to that crop should be treated as vermin. Fortunately this sort of vermin, at the present time, is a valuable food resource if made available. I do not imagine that you expected a dissertation on pro- tection in connection with the restocking of waters, but you will agree with me that regulations are as essential to the attainment of results as is fish culture in all its phases. Fish Commissioners come and go. I am sorry to say that I have seen only a few here today whom I have met at earlier conventions, which I have attended during the past twenty-seven years. Now what shall we do to overcome this condition? We have good men on the Boards of Commissioners, who are serious minded, self sacrificing and public spirited. When first appointed _ most of them know very little about conservation, either fish cultural or protective. The more they are connected with the work the more interested they become and the more they realize Titcomb.—A Permanent Stocking Policy 13 its importance. Soon after they begin to be thoroughly interested and to learn about the needs of the various waters under their jurisdiction, out they go and a new commission is appointed. In the early days, those who were interested in fish culture or in restocking waters, knew less about the subjects than they do today. Very few people realized the seriousness of introducing to certain waters fishes which were not only indigenous, but on the other hand were antagonistic to the native inhabitants of such waters. Consequently many more mistakes were made then than are made today. In the Northern States, especially in New England and New York State, when the trout became depleted, it was discovered that the basses, both large and small mouth, are very prolific and that the introduction of a few pairs into a depleted trout pond showed quick results. As a sequence the commissioners introduced the bass into many trout waters. The bass increased rapidly and thrived until the few remaining trout were exterminated. When this food was exhausted, the bass, in several instances, became a stunted race because of the lack of food; in other instances they furnished indifferent fishing. Some of these waters are of too small area and of too low a tem- perature to expect satisfactory results with the bass, which require large range and more food than the trout which they replaced, but the bass are there and what are we going to do about it? They do not easily respond to poison as do many other species. If the pond or lake can be drawn to a small area, either by excava- tion at the outlet or by siphoning, it may be possible to clean them out and start over again. This plan is feasible only in com- paratively few waters. For other waters we must accept the bass permanently and in order to make the waters most pro- ductive it is important to introduce some other species which will not only furnish food for the bass, but will also produce food for the people who are not expert anglers. One of the commonest fishes to be introduced has been the yellow perch. It is a very prolific and good food fish and has the advantage of being easily caught by women and children. In many waters, such as I have described, pickerel have been introduced, not usually by the commissioners, but by individuals. Trout waters which contain pickerel, but which do not contain black bass, may be restored to their former conditions by destroy- 14 American Fisheries Society ing the pickerel by the use of copper sulphate. In most instances, however, this is too large an undertaking, and here again the production of a lake may be increased by the introduction of yellow perch, and if the waters are of large area the pike perch may prove a valuable acquisition. Some of the waters which I have described are fed by trout streams and, if they are quite cold, the bass or other introduced enemies of the trout may not be so serious a menace to the latter, if the protective close season is not applied. In such instances those most competent to judge should decide upon the species, which, under existing conditions, will produce the best results. If it is decided to specialize with trout, stock with that species annually and introduce food for them if necessary. Give the commissioners power to annul the close season on black bass for that particular water, or have the open season the same as for the trout. In other words, do not protect two antagonistic species of fish in the same waters, or attempt to please the tastes of both the trout fisherman and the angler for bass by restocking the same waters with both species. Another way to encourage the trout in such a lake and at the same time reduce the number of bass, is by screening the nests of bass before the fry scatter, making it possible to thereby effect their removal to suitable rearing waters, or directly to waters in which it is desirable to specialize with the bass. It may be that some natural trout lakes contain also yellow perch. It is a very simple matter to annually patrol the shallows of the laké during the spawning season of the perch and to take up and transfer the spawn of the perch to hatcheries, or directly to waters where it is desired to encourage the perch. These suggestions with regard to the removal of bass fry or perch spawn are equally applicable to other species of fish, and it may readily be seen that by carrying out this policy, one is not only conserving the trout, but is also conserving the young or eggs of a species of fish objectionable in that particular water, but very valuable in some other body of water. In the state which I represent, three species of trout are propagated, namely, native brook trout, the German brown trout and the rainbow, or steelhead trout of the Pacific Coast. Experience has shown that both the brown and rainbow trout are very destructive to the native trout, and yet they are a valuable Titcomb—A Permanent Stocking Policy 15 acquisition to some waters of the state which, during the summer, become too warm to meet the requirements of the native species. In looking over the records of the past eighteen years I find that one of the more important lakes in New York has been stocked with thirteen different species of fish. Without enum- erating the species, you all know that it is impossible to expect successful results with so many species, and you also know that many of these species must have been antagonistic to each other. Undoubtedly there were applications for all of the species that have been introduced. There is a tendency among anglers, who do not give a thought to the serious results which may follow, to ask for some new species which they have heard about, or which they have enjoyed catching in some waters to which they were native. It has been the habit of fish commissioners to cater to the many tastes of the individuals. It is impossible, however, to suit every individual in one particular water. The trout fisherman must go to the natural trout waters and the bass fisher- man must go to the waters which are naturally productive of bass, in order to obtain good fishing. Lake Sunapee, in New Hampshire, is well known to anglers from almost every state in the Union. This lake also has received many species of fish. I wrote one of the former commissioners of New Hampshire in regard to this lake. His reply was ‘Fishing all gone to hell; not a salmon this spring. The Chinooks were good for a time, but do not reproduce and have all been caught out. They have dumped lots of fish in the lake, but they seem to do us no good.”’ I might go on giving specific illustrations of this kind indefinitely, but it is unnecessary. You all know the conditions of your own waters and whether you are propagating or protecting in the same waters species which are antagonistic to each other. It becomes apparent that in order to obtain the best results, a permanent policy must be established with regard to each stream, pond or lake which is to receive attention. In other words, the commissioners of the different states should have a survey made of all the waters under their jurisdiction which are to receive any attention in the way of restocking. The results of the survey 16 American Fisheries Society should be published in such a way that the successors of those who establish the policy may have something to guide them in their efforts with reference to the same waters. In New York State a beginning has been made along these lines by investigation of the streams of Oneida County. This county has an area of 1100 square miles and is drained by four river systems. The fish producing power of these waters is unusually large. During recent years several fish and game pro- tective associations have assumed almost entire charge of the planting of these streams with trout and in most instances it has been the custom for these associations to apply for brook, brown and rainbow trout for each public stream, notwithstanding the fact that it has been conclusively proved that brown and rainbow trout are very destructive to the native brook trout. The working plan resulting from this investigation has proven most satisfactory. It has been found desirable to take the entire river system into consideration; not merely individual systems, for brown trout planted in one stream in the system will in time work into the other systems, unless prevented by dams or other obstructions. This change made as the result of these working plans will tend to eliminate much waste of the state hatchery products and to develop the streams of the country to their highest efficiency as fish producers. It is hoped that similar work may be done in other counties to the end that a permanent policy may be made as a guide, not only to the state authorities who have to do with the stocking of such waters, but also that the United States Bureau of Fisheries, in response to applications for fish to stock the waters of New York, may act in unison with the State author- ities with reference to the treatment of these waters. In Vermont a step in the same direction has been taken by using the State Highway Map on which the various lakes and ponds have been brought out in strong colors and numbered. A key to the map accompanies it, and opposite each number information is given as to the name of the pond, its present inhabitants, water area, whether the pond has been reservoired or not and the future policy as to the kind of fish to be introduced. If the state and federal authorities of the future adhere to this policy, a great waste of good material will be avoided. Titcomb—A Permanent Stocking Policy LZ The information as to whether a pond is reservoired or not is given for the guidance of prospective purchasers of shore property for summer homes. In some instances the reservoiring of lakes is harmless. As to how the fishing will be affected depends upon the extent of the abnormal conditions created by reservoiring the waters and then drawing them at seasons of the year other than the natural ones for a large outflow. On general principles, the lakes and ponds which are most unlikely to be reservoired and drawn—in other words, the waters which are most likely to remain natural—are the ones in which the future fishing can be relied upon to be as good or better than it is now. It is a fact well recognized in other states that the reservoiring of lakes for water power purposes is detrimental to the fishing. For illustration, Rangeley Lake in Maine has been twice raised until now it is eighteen feet higher than the natural level. Asa result, the trout fishing in the most famous of Maine lakes has been gradually falling off ever since the water level was raised. The question of increasing the food fishes to meet the crisis under present war conditions has led to recommendations indicating that many people do not realize that fish caught by angling are food fishes, even though they are also catalogued as game fishes. It must be borne in mind, however, that many of our waters are better suited to the cultivation of so-called game fishes, like the trouts and basses, than they are for the species of fish commonly described as commercial fishes. The selection of a proper species of fish when attempting to stock any body of water is of utmost importance in order to obtain permanent results. It is not necessary to have special application blanks for the different species. The form which is to be filled out by the applicant should give sufficient information to guide the commissioners in the selection of the species of fish to be assigned. The preference of the applicant should be stated, but unless it is a species which will produce the most satisfactory results and be in conformity with a permanent policy, an explana- tion should be sent to the applicant as to the kind of fish assigned and the reason for making the assignment. Next, if not equal in importance, to a proper species of fish for stocking a given body of water, is the manner of fish planting. 18 American Fisheries Society Ordinarily it is left to the applicant to plant the fish. He is usually furnished with printed instructions how to plant fish; sometimes he reads these instructions, but very frequently he does not do so. It is necessary therefore to have a campaign of education as to the importance of properly tempering the water when transferring the fish from the cans to the waters which are to be their permanent homes, as well as other important features for the attainment of successful results. It is almost imprac- ticable for any commissioner to undertake to supervise the planting of fish, except in waters where large quantities of commercial fishes are being introduced. For the game fishes it is expected that the local anglers will be sufficiently interested to receive and plant the fish, but nothing but constant hammering will educate these people to persevere in their enthusiasm at the time of receiv- ing fish until they have actually got them into the waters in proper condition. When it becomes known that an applicant has not properly followed the instructions as to planting fish, any further applications from him should be refused. I have been discussing a policy with reference to ordinary streams, ponds or lakes. The policy with regard to waters of large area may be varied somewhat from the permanent policy which should be established with the smaller lakes. The species to be selected for the larger lakes is dependent to some extent upon whether reliance is to be placed on artificial propagation to maintain the supply, or whether, after once introduced, a pro- tective close season and natural reproduction are to be depended upon. In any attempt to establish a permanent policy with reference to the selection of species for stocking a water system, it is apparent that the farm fish pond and the privately stocked and posted stream must be under the supervision of the commission and that the proper selection of species to be encouraged in these privately controlled waters must be made with reference to its effect upon the inhabitants of the public waters to which they are tributary. In this connection I ask your indulgence while I wander from the subject to say that we should encourage the fish pond on the farm by furnishing fish to stock such private waters at cost, just as the states supply trees at cost for reforestation. Titcomb—A Permanent Stocking Policy 19 The owners of artificial ponds which do not receive a supply of fish from public waters, but which are stocked at the owner’s expense, should have perfect freedom to take the fishes from these ponds at all seasons, but they should be under the direction of the commissioners as to the species propagated when such ponds empty into public waters. In the encouragement of fish ponds on farms, progress in this direction will never be what it ought to be until the public are educated to recognize private ownership of fishes which are artificially propagated or privately controlled in ponds privately owned. Under present conditions public sentiment is such that people will steal fish who will not steal umbrellas. The owner of the private fish pond must also be encouraged and educated as to how to construct his pond and as to the results he may expect from the utilization of his waters. He should also be instructed as to the species of fish that will probably thrive best in the proposed pond. I recently had an inquiry from a man who wrote as follows: ‘I have a small lake of fresh, running water. I would like to raise in it flounders, carp and pike; let me know whether these fish will stay in such waters.”’ It is needless to comment before a body of fish culturists as to the ignorance of the public on this subject. Another man recently wrote asking for young fish for a lake 75 by 175 feet, and expressed a preference for pickerel, bass, trout and white perch. You will all agree with me that one cannot off-hand make recommendations for the kind of fish suitable for this man’s little pond, but to give you an idea of the action taken in this matter there follows a copy of the letter which was written in reply. “Receipt is acknowledged of your letter of May 7th, making request for a number of species of fish for a small lake 75 by 175 feet. From the size of the pond it is assumed that it is a lake over which you will wish to retain your personal control, and for that reason will not want to receive fish from the state which would necessitate opening the waters to the public. If such is not the case, it is suggested that you use the enclosed application blank to describe more particularly the water and give other information called for. If you desire to purchase fish, the commission will give you a list of dealers, and in that case if you will fill out the 20 American Fisheries Society portion of the application blank which describes the lake more particularly, this office will be in a position to advise you as to which species to select. The introduction of pickerel, bass and trout to so small a body of water means that the pickerel and bass would quickly destroy all of the trout. They would then prey upon each other until it would be a survival of the fittest. Fora lake of that area neither pickerel nor bass is suitable. If the waters are sufficiently cool, with a constant flow of cold water through the lake, trout are recommended.”’ SUMMARY. In summarizing, allow me to condense what I have said and to add to it by making some specific recommendations. 1. List the waters under your jurisdiction and establish a permanent policy as to the species with which you will specialize in each. 2. Prohibit the introduction of any species of fish foreign to the waters, unless approved by the commission, and also the introduction of any species contrary to the established policy; this to include connecting privately stocked and controlled waters. 3. Co-operate with the United States Bureau of Fisheries in the adherence to a permanent policy as to the selection of species for restocking waters in which both authorities are interested. 4. Give the commissioners power to exterminate and market rough fish at any time and by any means, either directly or by the issuance of licenses. By rough fish is meant those kinds which are antagonistic to the maintenance of a successful, permanent policy already decided upon. It is immaterial for statistical results whether fish are taken by nets or by hook and line. How fish are taken should be regulated according to local conditions and effects upon property values. In this connection the value of recreation, as an asset in its effect upon property values, must not be under rated. Titcomb—A Permanent Stocking Policy 21 5. The selection of species for planting in any water system should be determined with reference to a permanent policy, in the hope that our successors will continue the policy which we have established. 6. A campaign of education as to the importance of care in planting should be waged in order to save wastage. 7. Educate the public also to appreciate private property rights in fish when privately propagated entirely under the control of the owner. 8. In the present crisis, conservation of our resources is of greater importance than at any previous time in our history, and proper regulations for the protection of fishes is as important as fish propagation. 9. The farming of our waters should be with a view to max- imum annual production of the kind of fish crop that, after careful investigation, it is decided to specialize in. 10. The retention in office of men conversant with the propagation and protection of fishes is essential to insure the best results. 11. Finally, build for the future generations regardless of present political conditions. Leave a monument for yourselves by setting an example for your successors, whether of the same political faith or not. Set a pace for them and turn over to them such complete records of your work that there can be no excuse for not following the permanent policy which you have established. FISH WASTE, PAST AND PRESENT. By Dr. S. P. BARTLETT, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Quincy, Il. In presenting this paper I wish to say that I have no idea that I am stating anything that is particularly new, or much that is educational. I presume that this and kindred subjects will be fully covered by abler men than myself, but it is possible that it may introduce into the discussion some features peculiar to certain localities and therefore not touched upon by others. I intend to deal particularly with conditions as I have known them on the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Away back there more years than I care to contemplate now, when then there were no protective laws, the supply of buffalo, the principal market fish, was so large that people seemed to take it for granted that it was inexhaustible. Bass, crappie, sunfish, perch, etc., bore little part in the commercial lists, and as I have said, the buffalo was the food fish for the markets. With an improvidence hard to understand, the farmers and the fishermen took advantage of the season when these fish most needed pro- tection, the spawning season, when the fish, rolling in shallow water, became easy victims. With any and every kind of device they took them by the thousands, and, unfit for food at that season, they were not only destroying them but their natural increase as well. Taken in such immense quantities, they had to be marketed at once, if saved at all. They were shipped by boat, generally to St. Louis, from points all along the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, in barrels, sugar hogsheads, crockery crates, boxes, anything procurable, dressed if time permitted, or rough when it did not. So many were offered, at times, for shipment that I have seen a large proportion refused by the boats, and such as were left spoiled of course, as no ice was used. The boats being en route for only ten to twelve hours at most, the fish were packed and shipped, if possible, the day they were caught. Most of the fish thus shipped were on consignment, and investigation showed 22 Bartlett—Fish Waste ao that more than one half of the shipments were dumped into the river, owing to a glutted market and the soft condition of the fish. I have seen numbers of account sales showing a balance due the consignee, the sales failing to pay freight. Such wholesale depredations on the supply could only result in its depletion, if not its extinction, and the output decreased so rapidly that the number of fish dealers dwindled down to only a few here and there, in the towns along the rivers, who shipped dressed fish to inland towns and sold locally. The buffalo were nearly out of the market and the game fishes, bass, crappie, sunfish, perch, etc., became favorites and were sought for in the markets. These conditions were finally brought to the attention of the state legislatures and the result was the enactment of protective laws, but the buffalo never regained its former status as the principal commercial fish. Carp were introduced into the public waters and by their rapid growth and increase have supplanted the buffalo and taken first place in the market as a coarse fish. So much for the fish waste of former years, before the importance of fish protection and conservation was understood, in those lavish days when all of nature’s gifts were under-valued because of their bountiful supply. What can be said in excuse of the waste in supply, the indifference shown in failing to utilize every pound of food and every means available to increase the quantity in these days of enlightenment, when one is urged daily to do all in his power to conserve and increase all the resources of the nation? Not only could fish be a part of the economy of every farm, but the methods of the market fishermen are as wasteful as in former years, though in different ways. Let me illustrate: Seining in Illinois waters is lawful from September first to April fifteenth of the following year. The earlier seining is usually in warm weather. Many of the seines are from 1000 to 1500 yards in length and are handled, as a rule, by gasoline winches. The fish taken are put in live boxes and either transferred to others or anchored to await time for use. Many of the fish die from injuries in the seine or live boxes and it is not unusual to find the surface of the water in the live box in the morning covered with dead fish. These are all thrown back into the river, not only a loss, but a menace to the health of the com- 24 American Fisheries Society munity as well. The live fishes in the boxes are taken out as wanted and dressed, the offal thrown into the river, usually taken into the current of the river and allowed to float away. This refers only to the coarse fish, as bass can not be taken lawfully with seines or nets at any time in the year and sunfish and crappie, strange to say, are slow at markets and the waste in dressing them is light, as they are scaled and the heads left on. Fish confined in live boxes suffer greatly, as they are usually crowded, the water generally warm and the slow current changes the water cor- respondingly slowly, so that a considerable percentage always die and, as stated before, are dumped into the river again. As soon as seining is lawful in the state the big seines are put to work on the Illinois river in the great stretches of water such as Peoria Lake, Havana Lake, Meredosia Bay, and in similar places along the Mississippi river. In all my knowledge of the fishing industry, I have noticed that it has been the custom of the smaller fishermen to take their fish daily to a fish boat or market and sell them in the rough. Here ensues more waste as only such fish as are lively enough to keep in their boxes are paid for, or, if the fish are needed for immediate dressing and shipment, only those red in the gills are used and the rest go overboard, as a rule. Frequently the fish taken from nets which have not been raised for a day or two in warm weather, are thrown out at the time or taken to the shipper with the others and all that are not fresh are thrown into the river there. Some years ago I was coming up the Illinois river on the steamer “‘Illinois,’’ then working jointly with the U. S. Fish Commission, and after passing the dam, a Government lock at Kampsville, we ran into a stream of dead fish floating on the surface of the water—thousands of them. This continued for fifty miles, frequently great fields of them covering almost the entire surface of the channel of the river, then a thin stream of them, but always dead fish in sight. When investigated as to the cause, it proved to have been a large catch all along the river with warm weather and a glutted market, and fish dying in live boxes were thrown into the river—a criminal waste of good food through bad methods and lack of care. This was not a frequent occurrence in such numbers, of course, but is not unusual to some degree, as a trip along the Illinois in a boat or launch will prove. Bartlett—Fish Waste bo On Another product of the fish is lost and wasted which could be utilized to great profit, as I have reason to believe. I refer to the universal practice of throwing into the river all of the waste resulting from dressing and preparing fish for market. In dressing buffalo, carp, catfish and the like, the scales, skin and head with collar bones and entrails are thrown into a tub and later dumped into the river, and this waste matter constitutes an important percentage of the fish. One instance that I recall will serve to illustrate the amount of such matter that is thrown into the river, its value lost and the waters polluted at the same time. Some years ago in early spring, when the ice started to move in the Illinois River, fish seeking security on the lee side of an island moved into Moscow Bay, situated below Havana. The bay was at a good stage and fed by springs in part, thus affording earlier clear water than the river generally. A lot of farmers living near discovered the run of fish and joined seines with the fishermen, for farmers then, as now, carried seines as a part of their equipment. They sur- rounded the bunch of fish and the haul netted 300,000 pounds. Seine brails were brought ashore, the seine well staked and fish were taken out with dip nets and hauled away as they were wanted. The weather was cold and it took a couple of weeks to complete the job. Then the fish, or most of them, were cleaned and shipped. All the offal from the catch followed the usual route, and the greater part of all such refuse after dressing fish is still being dumped into the rivers. All the waste of the fish that is thus thrown away could be utilized, the fat be rendered into oil and the other parts converted into fish meal and used as food for hogs or fowls. Not only the refuse can be so utilized, but the dead fish should also be rendered. In the use of a seine, large or small, scarcely a haul is made that does not bring ashore immense numbers of hickory shad. They are considered worthless and are simply shaken out of the seines and left on the shores to decay, a menace to health and comfort, if nothing more, but if they could be saved they would give a fair return in oil and fish meal. This I have seen dem- onstrated years ago, but the experiment failed to pay because at that time the Illinois laws prevented the use of the seine. Now 26 American Fisheries Society what are the possibilities of conserving this wasted product for the benefit of the people as well as for those engaged in fishing formarket. I take it that in order to carry out the implied instruc- tions of the federal authorities, the greatest attention should be given to conserving everything that can save waste. Along the Illinois River alone there is thrown overboard enough valuable product to aggregate in the course of a year a large amount of money, reckoned as hundreds of thousands of dollars. How to save it so as to make the salvage best worth while seems to be the question. I have been interesting myself in the problem and, after seing some of the experiments made by Dr. Chas. W. Greene, of the University of Missouri, at work at Meredosia and points on the river in the interest of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, I am convinced of the possibilities of securing practical results and I am indebted to Dr. Greene for many valuable suggestions. Dr. Greene was making some experiments on the eggs of carp and other fish for a possible use for caviar. This material, from the carp and buffalo, particularly early in spring, can be had in great quantities, at points along the Illinois river, for the taking. The shovel-bill or spoon-bill, which had a large run this season, would furnish a large supply also, if their eggs were taken early enough, and would seem to offer a valuable factor in this industry. More than a hundred thousand pounds of shovel-bills were caught, dressed and shipped to St. Louis markets as sliced or boneless catfish, selling F. O. B. at Meredosia at fourteen to seventeen cents a pound. Enough waste was thrown away from these fish to have paid a fair profit, if it could have been saved. . Dr. Greene took five and one-half pounds of fat from the belly of a spoon-bill, a strip along the belly, as I understood it, as the fat if cooked with the fish is objectionable. From this fat he rendered two and two-fifth pints of fine oil, which from appearance and subsequent analysis, after being clarified, proved to be equal to some of the fats used for cooking. Dr. Greene also advanced what seemed to me practical ideas as to saving all waste in dressing and also the dead fish now thrown away; the dead fish to be utilized by extracting the oil and converting the residue into fertilizer, while the waste procured in cleaning fish, after removing Barilett Fish Waste } rf the oil, may be made into fish meal for feeding. The material of all the waste saved would be at least valuable as a fertilizer and perhaps some of it might be profitably used as food for hogs or fowls. This would bring good prices with grain so high. How this could be utilized with economy sufficient to make it profitable, is as yet an unsolved problem. I have been obtaining literature on the subject from the various manufacturers of the apparatus necessary to the work, but so far find the cost of the outfit too great for practical working, as, if only one outfit was _ possible, the cost and difficulty of transportation and of time would have to be considered. The points at which the largest quantities of fish are dressed, Peoria, Havana, Beardstown and Meredosia, could maintain small outfits perhaps, but none of them a large one. It is possible that the next session of the Legislature will enact laws prohibiting the throwing of masses of refuse of this kind into the rivers, polluting the waters, which would necessitate some other method of disposing of it, and perhaps this may result in saving it. PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE FOOD FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES. By 8S. W. Downine, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. In discussing this question we will confine our remarks to the conditions on lake Erie, and more particularly to that portion of it bordered by the States of Ohio and Michigan. In the beginning, it would seem that nature so adjusted the production and destruction of fishes and all other animal life, that the natural increase and losses just about balanced. In course of time all the waters, both of the ocean and the fresh inland bodies, became well stocked with fish and the numbers were steadily maintained so long as the natural conditions were not disturbed, but as soon as mankind discovered the value of fish for food and financial advantages, an unnatural loss was created. At first this loss was but slight, but as more fish were consumed and the demand and price increased, more effective means were employed. Today the demand and the price have so advanced that every means that man can devise are used in taking fishes. The consequent result has been that natural production could not keep pace with natural destruction when combined with the artificial destruction carried on by the commercial fishermen in order to meet the constantly growing demand for fish as food. In order to restore the balance to normal or natural conditions, this artificial destruction must be overcome, and to do this many means have been suggested and tried and production by artificial or protected propagation has been adopted. We will endeavor in this article to show the number of young fish so produced at the U. S. Fisheries Station at Put-in Bay, Ohio, together with that of the Ohio State hatchery, which is but a stone’s throw away from us, by the following table covering the output of the past sixteen years. 28 Downing —FProduction and Destruction 29 At THE U. S. STaTION. ew 3 LAKE WHITEFISH PIKE-PERCH HERRING TROUT PERCH 1902 125,472,000 55,000,000 PAUEPA0 OH OU MN aie eee Ae | ree ge ae a 1903 200,500,000 LODOS OO AELe ees ates salman ates see eratehne econ seh 1904 71,125,000 145,000,000 1/500;000'|' 884,000}... cee bse: 1905 53,250,000 139,275,000 23,300,000: |, 913,000))......60 22.04 1906 120,300.000 152,800,000 3,400,000 | 900,000]............ 1907 140,000,000 135,400,000 50;000;000"| 897,000)... ..... 4... 1908 87,500,000 229,000,000 DO OLO OOO a ais. ey pvgesp eae res 1909 190,000,000 80,000,000 SU, 08 0010 issn ed beatae Nepek nie Ne 1910 139,000,000 SOOO MOO see iri outa ces a olin tc dvars 10,000,000 1911 75,020,000 89,375,000 LO SOO O00) i aeecaas alnaeiael reds rt 1912 191,100,000 PUG ZOO COON ie Sevctt cts Gel ei et cals mere oat 1913 197,300,000 462500 ODOM iio 2 252: crk jae dances 3,000,000 1914 163,200,000 GOGOO OOON Ti eeesce tae SOE O00T htt, osc. hae 1915 209,000,000 56,400,000 3,400,000: | “350;000)| 7. oe... es 1916 175,500,000 GOs OOO errs aee Re allan eh eels k Se 1917 203,500,000 NEL SOOSOOO Me |e sectecs ns ars are 990, O00 sis ae fadeer Total| 2,341,767,000 | 1,740,767,000 | 210,310,000 |6,607,000| 13,000,000 This shows a total production of all kinds of fish at this station during this period to have been 4,310,551,000, or an average of nearly 270,000,000 for each of the sixteen years considered. During the same period the Ohio State hatchery produced and liberated in the same waters, 642,000,000 whitefish, 1,194,- 000,000 herring; 558,000,000 pike-perch; 10,000,000 perch and 6,000,000 saugers, a total of 2,410,000,000. The fish produced by fish cultural work in this one vicinity in sixteen years has been as follows: Whitefish, 2,983,767,000; herring, 1,404,310,000; pike-perch, 2,298,767,000; perch, 23,000,- 000; lake trout, 6,707,000, and saugers, 6,000,000; making a grand total of 6,722,551,000 fry produced by the two stations. This number added to the natural production resulting from the eggs deposited by the fish themselves upon the natural breeding grounds, gives us the production of that part of Lake Erie upon which the fish cultural work under consideration was conducted, and there can also be added to the lake at large the product of the Pennsylvania State hatchery at Erie, and that of the hatchery conducted by the Canadian Government. 30 American Fisheries Society Of course we are not claiming that the 270 millions of fry produced each year at the U. S. station at Put-in Bay, or the millions produced at the other stations means a production of that number of adult fish each year. Neither can we give even an approximate estimate of the number that reach maturity in the Great Lakes, but judging by the percentage known to have reached the age of reproduction after having been liberated at the fingerling stage, we think that it is safe to estimate that at least ten per cent. of all the fry liberated would reach maturity if not destroyed by other than natural causes. If so, then there were produced each year from this station alone 27 millions of fish and averaging them at two pounds each, we have a production of 2,700 tons a year. As the kinds of fish propagated are of the best varieties and sell for the highest prices in the market—perhaps an average price of 1214 cents a pound to the consumer would be a fair esti- mate—this would give us a production of $675,000 worth of fish each year. To digress a little from the subject, I will say that the total cost of this production, including salaries, pay for eggs, temporary labor, both in the field and at the station, the upkeep of the station, together with the maintenance and the entire cost of operating the Steamer Shearwater, which is used in collecting the eggs and distributing the fry, has averaged less than fifteen thousand dollars a year. This leaves a clear profit of $660,000.00 a year. So much for the production, now we will endeavor to consider the destruction and some of the conditions which cause it. The natural destruction begins with the loss of the fertilized eggs deposited by the parent fish on the spawning grounds, which are eaten by the ground-feeding fishes, such as suckers, mullets, redhorse, and in fact by all the aquatic life that feeds on the lake bottom; also those eggs which become covered with mud and silt and are smothered; the young fish eaten by the minnows during the early fry stage, and the fingerlings eaten by the larger fish. This loss can not be estimated, neither can it be controlled to any extent, but the greatest source of destruction, and one that can be controlled, is that which is carried on by mankind. This destruction should be divided into two classes, the economical and legitimate, and the unnecessary, wanton and criminal. By Downing.—Production and Destruction 31 the economical and legitimate we refer to the taking of those fish which have reached the age and size of maturity, the taking of which is or should be legalized by the state or federal laws, for as soon as fish of any species have attained their full maturity and have been given a chance to reproduce, the sooner they are removed from the waters in which they grew, the better it is for their own species. If left in these waters they consume the food that were better left for the consumption and growth of the younger fish. Therefore we have no quarrel with the fishermen who remove them, the dealers who by purchasing them encourage the taking, nor the laws of the different states which make such fishing legal. However, we can not too strongly condemn the wanton destruction of undersized and immature fish, such as are annually being taken from the waters of Lake Erie and placed upon the market. Although the present prices that are being paid for all kinds of fish are very tempting and make it profitable, just for the present, for the fishermen to bring them in just as small as they will be accepted, it is suicidal to his own business provided he expects to remain in the business two or more years longer, as will be shown later. Most of the states bordering upon Lake Erie have laws regu- lating the size of most of the fish that may be legally taken, and as a rule the size limit is large enough, provided they are rigidly enforced, or conscientiously lived up to. But again, some of the most valuable species are not mentioned in the statutes of some of the states. For instance, of the four states bordering upon Lake Erie, Ohio has more coast line than all the others combined, and a far greater area of breeding grounds than all the others. This is especially true of two of the best and highest priced fish that are being produced, i. e. the whitefish and the pike-perch, and also they are the two species that are being propagated to the greatest extent, as a glance at the table giving the number of fry produced at the hatcheries will show. : We think, for this reason, the State of Ohio should have the most judicious and stringent laws possible for the protection of the young of these fish, yet one of these—one of the very best and highest priced food fishes taken in Ohio waters—has no protection whatever by the laws of the state which regulate the 32 American Fisheries Society size of the fish that may be legally taken, and in consequence tons of undersized pike-perch that would require from three to eight to weigh a pound can be seen on the market during both the spring and the fall fishing seasons. However, we would not be understood as censuring the fishermen, or even the dealers, too strongly for this great destruction of immature fish, as the very great demand and the high prices offered makes the tempta- tion to offer anything that will be accepted on the market very strong. It is but natural to get all we can today without due thought for the future, and so long as there is no legal restraint placed upon them, we must expect the fishermen and dealers to follow the present custom. As to whitefish, one of the best and highest priced of the fresh water fishes, it is fully protected as regards the size limit in the states of Ohio, New York and Michigan, the legal weight being two pounds in New York and Michigan and one and three-fourths pounds in Ohio. An experiment conducted by the writer showed whitefish of this weight were fully matured. Two hundred males and two hundred females were measured and weighed, with the following result: Males, 34 weighed 134 pounds, 78 weighed 1% pounds; 74 weighed 2 pounds; 8 weighed 114 pounds, and 2 weighed 1 pound each. Females, 120 weighed 2 pounds, 56 weighed 214 pounds; 10 weighed 134 pounds; 8 weighed 2% pounds and 6 weighed 14% pounds each. This gives us an average of one and seven-tenths pounds each for the males and a trifle over two pounds each for the females. These fish were selected from about six thousand that were being held in pens; as the smallest fish were taken for the test, and all the males were found to be ripe, yielding milt freely, and the females were all heavy with eggs, so it was evident that they were all mature fish. If the size limits of these several states are not violated, the whitefish, in so far as size is concerned, is amply protected.. Unfortunately this is not the case as the following incident will show: A fish dealer of Sandusky, Ohio, one day accosted the writer, saying that he had some fish at his fish house and would be glad to be advised as to what kinds they were, and upon examination they were found to be herring and young whitefish. Fifteen of these young whitefish were placed upon the scales and altogether weighed just Downing.—Production and Destruction 33 five pounds, an average of three fish to the pound. Although the herring, being fully matured, were in a fair state of preservation and still fit for food, the whitefish were so soft and mushy that they were entirely worthless and the dealer afterward informed me that they were all sorted out and sent to the reduction plant for fertilizer, and that just one-third of this fifty barrel shipment were these undersized whitefish. This is but one instance and one shipment. The adult whitefish as they are taken in Lake Erie run about two and a half pounds to the fish, so that it requires eight hundred of them to weigh a ton. If the undersized fish are taken, those weighing a half or a third of a pound each, then it takes from four to six thousand of them to weigh a ton, for every ton of them placed upon the market there is an absolute destruction of from 3,000 to 5,200 fish in actual count. Moreover in many cases, as in the one cited above, they reach the market in a worthless condition and the makings of from five to six tons of the very best food fish have been totally destroyed without profit to any one. Nor is this all the destruc- tion resulting from the taking of these undersized fish. It is but fair to assume that one half of them were females and as they were all taken while immature they have had no chance to repro- duce. The destruction of eggs corresponds to the destruction of fish, and as the average number of eggs to the fish can be placed at twenty-five thousand, then for every ton of fish there has been destroyed from forty to sixty-five million of eggs. In the case of the pike-perch we have still a greater destruction both in numbers of fish and eggs for the reason that the fish are placed upon the market smaller in size, requiring a greater number to the ton, and the average number of eggs to the fish is about four times as great, so that even though the fish be taken of the same size, the destruction of pike-perch eggs reaches the enormous number of from 160 to 260 millions for every ton of these immature fish placed upon the market. Then there is the financial loss. If we place the price at ten cents a pound, the fisherman himself is losing from $320 to $520 dollars in weight alone for every such ton placed upon the market, and considering the difference in price between the small and the 34 American Fisheries Society full sized fish, his loss is still greater. The loss to the dealer is correspondingly large, as is also the food loss to the public. Although we, the Ohio hatchery people and ourselves, have produced during the last sixteen years enough fish to equal six times the number of minutes that have elapsed since the beginning of the Christian era, we can not hope to keep pace with the natural, the legal and economic, together with this wanton and criminal destruction. Now this being the case at a time when it behooves every one to conserve to the fullest extent every article of food, when every department of the government and all state officials are urging economy in the use of all kinds of foodstuffs and that every effort be put forth for the production of the same, surely some action should be taken by those in authority to prevent the continuance of this great waste of one of the most wholesome foods that nature has given us. As a preventative we believe the most efficient means would be the enactment of a universal law by all the states bordering upon Lake Erie and by Canada as well, such a law should fix a size limit on all fish of whatever species are taken for market and make this limit large enough so that every fish whould have reached maturity and had a chance to reproduce at least once before it would be legal to remove it from the water. But whether this or some other means is adopted, something should be done and that speedily or many of our best fishes will soon become so nearly extinct that it will no longer be profitable to follow fishing as an industry. ADDITIONAL NOTES. Undersized Herring—Many of the herring caught on the Canada side this spring ran very small, as did also some that were caught on the American side. I was informed by one of the Canadian Fishery officials that, as late as July 30th, he saw herring that had been caught on the Canada side and shipped to the United States that would run from four to ten fish to the pound and some of them would weigh no more than an ounce each. Length of Whitefish—rThe average length of 200 male whitefish measured at Monroe, Mich., was 1634 inches and of the females a fraction over 17 inches, and these were the smallest of a lot of six thousand. Downing.—Production and Destruction 35 Comparative Waste—During the fall of 1911, in the district where the fish cultural work of the Ohio stations are conducted, there were taken 945,010 pounds of whitefish averaging about 21% pounds each, or a total in numbers of 378,004 fish. Had the same number of pounds been taken of the undersized fish running three fish to the pound, it would have required 2,835,030 fish, which would mean a destruction of 2,457,026 fish, and if one half of these were females, as we have a right to suppose they would be, then there would have been a destruction of 6,087,575,000 eggs. CONSERVATION AND PROPAGATION OF FISH IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. By EArt SIMPSON, Winona, Minn. In treating with this subject I wish to confine myself to that part of the Mississippi River extending from the vicinity of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, to St. Paul, Minnesota. As is well known, this territory of the river abounds in numerous small sloughs and lakes adjacent to the river, all of which are subject to overflow in seasons of high water. As we usually have periods of high water during the spawning season of the fish that are habitat to the upper river, it results in the fish going to these numerous lakes, sloughs and pockets adjacent thereto, and later on, as the water recedes, they are left there in what we term ‘dead pockets,’’ and unless rescued and placed in the river they die. The fish abounding in the upper waters of the river, other than the commercial fish, are the small-mouthed black bass, pike, sunfish, catfish, crappy and pickerel. In 1914 the first systematic work in rescuing these fish was commenced along the river, and in the beginning necessarily was limited in extent, but the results derived even from the small amount of work done clearly showed to those interested the great possibilities that might be attained along this line. At first the work was limited to the members of the Winona County Fishermen’s Association. Then the Latsch Board, who control numerous bottom lands adjacent to Winona, became interested in the work and, finally, the United States Bureau of Fisheries Station at Homer, Minnesota, took up the work. During the season of 1916 practically all the dead sloughs and pockets in the territory extending from Trempealeau, Wis., to Minneiska, Minn., about thirty miles in extent, were seined and the fish placed in the main river, with the exception that a small per cent. were retained by the Government and used in stocking the numerous lakes and rivers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. It is estimated that at least five million game fish were saved through this work, and the greatly improved condition of the fishing in the vicinity 36 Simpson.—Conservation and Propagation 37 of Winona during the past season has clearly shown the wisdom of this policy. We feel that if the other cities, located in the territory in which this work could well be undertaken, would interest themselves in this matter, it would be but a short time until the upper waters of the Mississippi would become the finest fishing territory imaginable. Restocking the river in this manner is different from the ordinary methods adopted in restocking streams and _ lakes, in that the extent of transportation of the small fish is practically nothing. The fish are taken in the seine directly from these pockets to the river, or placed in pails and tubs and transported quickly, so that there is practically no loss from this source. If these fish are once placed in the deeper water, even though we do have higher water level in the season, they do not go back to the sloughs and pockets, but care for themselves in the deeper water. The expense involved is very small when we take into consideration the results obtained. A crew usually consists of three men, a small launch, a seine and a few tubs and pails. Two men operate the seine and the other transports the fish. It is estimated that such a crew will rescue one hundred thousand fish a day. Even though the dead sloughs and pockets do not entirely dry up and the fish live through the summer season, these small bodies of water will freeze to the bottom in the winter following and the fish will be destroyed in this manner. While considering this matter, I feel it my duty to call the attention of this body to the lack of a fishway in the Keokuk Dam, located at Keokuk, Iowa, on the Mississippi. There can be no question that several species of the fish that inhabit the upper river migrate south during the fall and early winter, and once they go over the Keokuk Dam it is practically impossible for them to get back up the river the following spring. It has been said that the river below the dam at Keokuk is just alive with fish, during the spring, trying to get back to the upper waters of the river. This condition prevails especially with reference to the skipjack, which although not a food fish, is very useful in the upper river as food for the pike. Up to the time of the construction of the Keokuk dam it was a common saying along the river, that wherever you saw the skipjacks working you could 38 American Fisheries Society feel certain that the pike were lying below the ends of the dams and reefs where these fish were working and were feeding on the minnows that were stung by the skipjacks. During the past three years there has not been a skipjack seen in the upper river and, as a result the pike have had a hard time to find sufficient food. They are now caught, whenever it is possible to catch them, along the shallow flats or bars, where they evidently are searching for food. I have been told that the Keokuk dam is one of three dams in the United States which have been constructed under government supervision without requiring the construction of a fishway, the other dams being located in the western states. It would seem that this society should adopt a resolution or memorial to Congress requesting the construction of a proper and suitable fishway in the Keokuk dam, so as to permit the fish of the Mississippi to obtain free access to the upper and lower sections of the river. FISH CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF THE FAIRPORT BIOLOGICAL STATION. By AUusTIN F. SHIRA, Director of the Station. While the work of the United States Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, is known primarily for its service in con- nection with the propagation and investigation of fresh-water mussels, its field of activities is quite broad and includes in its scope various fishery problems of a specific or general nature. This multiform functioning is clearly stated by Dr. R. E. Coker in his recent article descriptive of the Fairport Station.* For present purposes the work may be conveniently divided as follows: 1. Mussel Propagation; 2. Fish Propagation; 3. Associated Activities. The first and third will not be dwelt on at length here, but in passing it will be stated that under the former are included both the practical and experimental phases of artificial mussel propagation. My object at this time is to present to you some of the less familiar activities of the station grouped under the second heading. This heading may be further sub-divided into (a) Intensive pond culture; (b) Artificial hatching in jars; (c) Studies of natural food, and (d) Experiments in artificial feeding of river fishes. (a) Intensive Pond Culture—The pond cultural experi- ments have been designed to augment our knowledge of the conditions most conducive to increasing the productivity of small ponds on farms or elsewhere. In order to accomplish such an end, it is of course quite necessary that the problem be attacked from the small pond owner’s point of view to some extent. The possessors of small ponds desire to have their ponds well stocked with fish, primarily for the meat furnished the table and also for the sport afforded in catching them. The farmer is a busy man; but he is beginning to realize more and more that recreation as well as a greater variety of diet makes for increased energy and efficiency. The fish pond helps to meet these requirements, by furnishing sport on the one hand and acceptable food on the other. *Robert E. Coker: The Fairport Fisheries Biological Station—Its Equipment, Organization and Functions. Bureau of Fisheries Document 829. 39 40 American Fisheries Society However, the time has not yet come when the pond owner will give any considerable attention or care to the pond, and any results that may reward his slight efforts are largely due to nat- urally favorable conditions. It behooves us then to attack from this view-point in order that we may supply the information for meeting the present demand, while at the same time we are gathering data for an educational campaign for the better care and utilization of small ponds for increased production. Accordingly, experiments are being carried on to furnish information as to the best combination or combinations of fishes for best results, and the greatest number of fishes a pond of given Size can support for an optimum growth, with and without artificial feeding. In one of our ponds (0.224 acres in area) origi- nally stocked in 1914 with adult large-mouth black bass, crappie and bluegills, the bluegills have practically taken possession of the pond. The experiment was permitted to run along for a period of three years without an increase or decrease in the stock, save by natural causes, but an inventory was made each fall. Originally stocked with 30 large-mouth black bass, 45 crappie and 40 bluegills, this pond yielded a total of 103 bass, 12 crappie and 3,945 bluegills when drained in the fall of 1916, after having run for three seasons. This year the number of bluegills was reduced to 1,500 and the experiment carried on as before except that since July 1 five pounds of fish are taken from the pond weekly. The object is to determine whether or not such a pond when once well stocked will be self sustaining when subjected to regular fishing. Experiments in the rearing of large-mouth bass together with bluegills have been carried on for comparison with the results obtained with bass alone. While no final and conclusive state- ment can be made, the indications are that the best results can be obtained with bass alone. This year we are carrying on additional experiments with bass and the orange-spotted sunfish together. In another pond we are carrying over yearling bass, bluegills and buffalofish. The logical combination would seem to be such fish as the bass, crappie and bluegills, with some form that feeds largely on the bottom, such as the bullhead, buffalo or golden shiner. Within a few years we hope to be in position to give some very definite information relative to the kind and number of fish best suited to a pond of a given type and area. Shira —Fish Culture at the Fairport Station 4] Bass, crappie, sunfish and bullheads are the fish ordinarily used in stocking small ponds, but in view of the demand for fishes that reach a larger size attention has been given to two other fishes as possibilities for this purpose; namely, the buffalo- fish of the genus Ictiobus and the channel catfish, Ictalurus punc- tatus. The European carp should also come in for additional attention in this regard. Experiments with the buffalofish were started in the spring of 1915, with young fish artificially hatched in Downing jars. One hundred and eighty thousand fry were placed in a small earth pond and later transferred to a pond of about one acre in area. In the fall this pond yielded about 50,000 fingerlings, varying in length from one to six and one-half inches. While this is not a phenomenal growth it was very encouraging when consideration was given to the fact that the pond was new and devoid of vegetation. Thirteen fish that had been placed in a small pond containing abundant vegetation had reached an average length greater than six inches. The rearing of these fish has been continued and this year at an age of two years some of the fish retained had reached a length of seven and one-half inches. Additional fish were hatched last year and this year and further experiments are being carried on. This season two ponds have been devoted to yearling buffalo, about 1,000 per acre in one and about 3,000 per acre in the other. These fish are being fed partially on artificial food and good growth is being made. In two other ponds of equal size, fry were placed, 2,500 in one and 6,500 in the other. These fish are subsisting wholly on natural food and though considerable loss has been sustained, presumably caused by parasitic trematodes, the surviving fish had reached an average length of about two inches by July 12, at an age of about two months. What we consider one of the greatest achievements is the fact that we have succeeded in inducing the buffalofish to spawn in one of the ponds. This was tried last year, but without results. The same brood stock, augmented by additional fish taken from the river this spring, was placed in an earth pond of about an acre in area. In order to simulate natural conditions to some extent, the pond was only partially filled with water when the fish were introduced and the water level was gradually raised at 42 American Fisheries Society the approach of the spawning season. The fish were first seen “‘splashing”’? May 11 and later on May 17, 18 and 19. The first young were seen May 26. The present indications are that the pond is over stocked, judging by the size of the fingerlings (14% in.), as compared with the fingerlings (2 in.) in the two ponds mentioned above. The success obtained last year in hatching and rearing young channel catfish, J. punctatus, in a pond at the station was described in a paper published in the Transactions of this Society for March, 1917.* This season two small earth ponds are being devoted to some of the young reared last year, in order to obtain additional data on the growth. In one pond were placed 108 of the yearling fish with natural food only and in the other 464 fish to be fed in part on artificial food. The growth has been quite substantial and some of the fish have now reached a length of about 6 inches. An additional hatch of young catfish was obtained in the same pond again this year. From a stock of red-eared sunfish, Eupomotis gibbosus, placed in an earth pond last season, a brood of young was obtained. It may develop that this species will be quite suitable for raising with large-mouth black bass, as it is more of a bottom feeder than perhaps any other sunfish and spawns quite late, the young thus being available as food for the young bass. Young sunfish of the species L. euryorus, the habits of which were but little known, were also hatched in one of the ponds. The comparatively rapid growth and uniform size of the young lead one to believe that this may be a very suitable species for small ponds. (b). Artificial Hatching in Jars—In connection with the pond cultural work, experimental hatching of various river fish has been carried on to some considerable extent. As stated above, the work was first undertaken in 1915 when a hatch of 1,723,625 buffalofish was obtained. The work in the two suc- ceeding years resulted in a hatch of approximately ten millions in 1916, and seven millions in 1917. The eggs were obtained primarily at New Boston, IIl., and as the fish from which they were taken were caught by the commercial fishermen for the market, *Notes on the Rearing, Growth, and Food of the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Tran. Am. Fish. Society, for March, 1917. Vol. 45, No. 2. Shira.—Fish Culture at the Fairport Station 43 the hatch represents a clear gain as the eggs would otherwise have been lost. The total cost of hatching and planting the fish the past season was slightly more than seven cents per thousand, including over-head expenses and the salaries of permanent employees actually engaged. It may be safely said, then, that the work is now on a practical and well established basis. In view of the increased demand for additional cheap food fishes to supplement the meat supply of the country and aid in reducing the high cost of living, experimental hatching of the European Carp, Cyprinus carpio, in jars was undertaken this spring. Approximately 112,000 fry were hatched and liberated in the Mississippi River. Several thousand reserved for additional experiments, were placed in one of the ponds and a very marked growth has been made. Some work was also done last year on the Missouri Sucker, Cycleptus elongatus, and 83,000 fry hatched in jars were planted in the Mississippi River. This is a very good food fish and com- mands a price almost equal to that of the buffalofish. (c). Studies of Natural Food—No work in pond-fish culture would be complete without a thorough knowledge of the natural food taken by the fish under varying conditions. This information is being obtained by intensive food studies carried on by both regular and temporary employees. Weekly collections of young fish are made from each of the ponds throughout the summer and fall for food examinations and the kind and quantity of food taken is compared with the available supply in the pond. Interesting and valuable data, indeed, are being accumulated. For instance, we have found that the very young buffalofish subsist largely upon rotifers which are taken in large numbers, later turning to Chironomus and other insect larvae and Entomostraca. The stomach examinations reveal the fact that all the young fish feed generally and with but little discrimination on the prevailing food of the ponds, as the proportion of the various items con- stituting their diet are comparable to the proportionate abundance of their occurrence in the ponds. These studies also serve as an index of the food required for optimum growth. A few examina- tions made last year indicate that it is desirable to continue making the collections to some extent throughout the winter so that more complete data will be at hand. 4+ American Fisheries Society (d). Experiments in Artificial Feeding of River Fishes —In order to supplement the work carried on in the ponds, artificial feeding experiments are in progress this year with fish held in troughs and tanks. In order to have clear water at all times the supply for these troughs is taken from one of the earth ponds, the water of which scarcely becomes roily even during the periods of the greatest turbidity of the Mississippi. The fish which are being used in these feeding experiments are: fingerling, yearling and two year old buffalo-fish, fingerling and yearling channel catfish and fingerlings of the European Carp. The food consists of meal, dried and ground mussel meats, beef liver, cheese and ground table scraps. The amount of food fed the fish daily is weighed and notes of the weekly increase in weight and size are recorded. Another phase of our work is brought out in the co-operative plan instituted this spring with the Crystal Lake Club, of Burling- ton, Iowa. This Club owns a lake of about 1,200 acres in the Illinois lowlands opposite Burlington and is interested in increasing the productivity of the water by propagation. Accordingly we are working with them, have diked and screened off small areas of the lake as breeding grounds and have stocked them with bass, crappie and sunfish. Evidence is already at hand indicating that a good hatch has been obtained. This lake has been formed in the levee district and is wholly cut off from the river, except that water may enter through a 12-inch pipe at a 7 ft. stage of the river. This lake is quite typical of other conditions along the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers and the results that may be obtained by our efforts should be applicable to other places. While this co-operative work is con- cerned with game fishes the same scheme should be applicable to other food fishes as the buffalo, catfishes and carp. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON REARING THE CHANNEL CATFISH, ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS. By AusTIN F. SHIRA, Director, U. S. Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Last year a paper was prepared for presentation before this Society giving in considerable detail the results obtained in rearing the channel catfish in one of the ponds at the Fairport Biological Station. As these results constituted the first detailed record of the breeding of this fish in ponds, you will be interested in a brief account of the supplemental work done this year. It was very unfortunate that the conditions last year neces- sitated the drawing of the pond to determine whether or not the catfish had spawned. In order to avoid this, most of the kegs to be used as nests this year were provided with an opening in the side about 7 x 5 inches, with a closely fitting hinged cover, so that when placed in a horizontal position in the pond, the interior could be examined by simply raising this cover. All kegs except a few buried in the bank were securely fastened to posts so that little disturbance resulted when examination was made. Twenty kegs in all were placed in the pond, fifteen of which were provided with side openings and covers. Three without openings were placed in a horizontal position in the pond bank with the mouth outward. Several of the kegs were placed with the top within a foot of the water surface. As the water in the pond became clearer with the advance of the season, the interior of the kegs so placed could be observed without great difficulty from the pond bank when the covers were raised. On examining the deeper kegs, however, it was necessary to use a water-glass. The brood stock numbering 40 individuals was placed in the pond May 238, 1917. From July 1 until after the spawning season the pond was subjected to frequent observation by the Super- intendent, Mr. H. L. Canfield, and others. The first eggs were discovered July 12 in one of the kegs placed within a foot of the water-surface. The nest was again 45 46 American Fisheries Society examined July 14, and at intervals the parent fish was observed “fanning” the eggs by gentle movements of the tail and fins. This fanning or care of the eggs was continued while the cover of the keg was raised and while an attempt was being made to photograph the nest. Samples of the eggs then taken from the keg with a glass tube and rubber bulb, showed well developed and active embryos. The eggs were removed from the keg and the mass divided as evenly as possible in halves, one half being retained and the other half returned again to the keg. During the process of dividing the egg-mass, hatching commenced and before arrange- ments for taking a photograph of the eggs could be made, all had hatched. However, a photograph of the fry was obtained. An actual count gave a total of 2,945 active and vigorous fry. Including the few dead eggs and a few fry that died, the half of the egg-mass contained 2,972 eggs. Allowing for a slight unequal division of the eggs, the original mass found in the keg contained approximately 5,944 eggs, quite a respectable number when the large size of the eggs is taken into consideration. The young were placed in a trough outdoors to be subjected to the artificial feeding experiments.* Ten other nests were carefully examined, one of which bore evidence of having been cleaned and two others appeared as though fish had been frequenting them, but nothing definite could be determined. One keg examined July 17, appeared to contain young fish, but further investigation was not made until the following day when 284 were obtained. The top of this keg was 31 inches below the water surface. The small number found in this nest may have been the remnant of a brood the larger portion of which had left the nest earlier. These young fish were also placed in an outdoor trough for artificial feeding experiments.* We were especially well pleased to get a hatch in the pond again this season and with this start hope and expect to obtain more substantial results next year. While it is yet too early to draw conclusions, the data already secured point to the channel catfish * When this pond was drained October 21, 1917, young fish to the num- ber of 5,942 were obtained, making a total of 9,171 young catfish for the season. Shira.—Rearing the Channel Catfish 47 as a very promising fish for pond culture. The fact that it is easily fed, taking artificial food with avidity, is much in its favor. While it will perhaps not reach a maximum size under ordinary small pond conditions a weight of several pounds should not be considered at all unusual. The growth experiments now in progress will yield very valuable and pertinent information regarding this. CONTENTS PAGE Fish, Forest and Game Protection in Quebec. . Honore Mercier Importance of a Permanent Policy in Stocking Inland WVACERS MUU Oras eM eee tial tal meade 2 John W. Titcomb Hish Waste, Pastiand: Present) ieee S. P. Barilett Production and Destruction of the Food Fishes of the Great gales) ys ive vet US Ree S. W. Downing Conservation and Propagation of Fish in the Upper Miussissipp1 Fever si gC Ce ti a meet ae Earl Simpson Fish Cultural Activities of the Fairport Biological Station, I BARTS EEN aa WRB Dur Ma co Mein Austin F. Shira Additional Notes on Rearing the Channel Catfish........ Austin F. Shira ate te ete lee) ase ied eo) 6 \ele athe) eve .eienel a .e.0 (sce 161) 0 (emis) ip 18> @ 3 11 36 39 GE a ee Se ee a eee eo SF a = PS SD) Se Oe _ i See a eS SS Se See ie ae Se Stich — 2 vase ets _— f Bi’ ie a jj i j | Vol. XLVI tay an No. 2 - Divisigh of Fishes, @. 8 Maltonal Marseum TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SUClTE TY MARCH, 1918 yA ie ff i : Netisne’ x s2 Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Socief¥ shih at Columbus, Ohio Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Che American Hisheries Soriety Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 Officers for 1917-1915 AV ESUDENE ich SANE RR as Henry O’Mattey, Washington, D. C. VACA EPESTOGL Wildl oie cles M. L. ALEXANDER, New Orleans, La. Recording Secretary. 8. Joun W. Titcoms, Albany, N. Y. Cor. Secretary....CHas. H. Townsenp, The Aquarium, N. Y. C. TP EUSUREP Sista ee yet ORNS Bie 8 A. L. Mitrett, Gloucester, Mass. VELOR A PN HH Rl MAO BH Raymonp C. Ossurn, Columbus, Ohio Hice-Presiients of Sections ashi alter’ is Veh MR ON Dwicut LyDELL, Comstock Park, Mich. Aquatic Biology and Physics...... Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIl. Commercial Fishing 3s i aed. J. F. Moser, Alameda, Cal. PA GOL APES 18 ietidcee MOE bese poe: ey DANIEL B. FEARING, Newport, R. I. Protection and Legislation...Gro. A. LAwYER, Washington, D. C. Executive Conmmitiee CAREOS AVERY, | CUGUINGN WU ON IMM Sere yey anna St. Paul, Minn. OED EIN OODS NM raha he Rit lia a av aM Ba IMUM) Cy Cras St. Louis, Mo. OREN SS APIRR SIS ENE IARI URU inn EY AC nl Sst i Ae Accomac, Va. COO! EUAN ROR ING ia he ml tee Ae ML ad, (y aaab ny Hackettstown, N. Jig APOE TOES cae ME KONIG AIS Se Mee Tami ME Da LA Frankfort, Ky. VO wh 4 Oe Gc RN RI A IP RI inate en OY .Baltimore, Md. CORR AVIS TREE TAD MUMS RMG Nai ci Marie OTR San Francisco, Cal. Committer on Horeign Helations GEORGE/OBIRAS, ChOuman. 22.3.0) Velcade 0s Washington, D. C. FRG VEO MEE Nee a CRIS i VaR naa Washington, D. C. STOUR OG BV. as ob “OY MoM 2 WAYS A Mag IME Vega) Madison, Wis. AES NV Ba TR! CSR Aaa ANNE Seana s Us veel cy akla aa Ottawa, Canada ATS EDMAN TE SON Hogs) eee i TakeUt UAL) Gan nce ate Glens Falls, N. Y. Committee on Relations with National and State Gouernments ‘VACOB REIGHARD Chairman. oe eae. Ann Arbor, Mich. DATO gN AMA Sis Cc SARA A EMRE, AGAMA ALU BU Portland, Ore. Tsk ay BOP NG ONL Ue CAE RENAE hE Boston, Mass. EE VN ESON Shore TU ems Dh Made PLN a OL Lay Washington, D. C. Pe a Dy MOREA MIRE RSW MN) 1K ee AUN GND calle i edlibet NALS Quebec, Canada Wublication Conunitter Raymonp C. Ospurn BASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NicHOLs = oe he Ss TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVII NUMBER 2 1917-1918 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn MARCH, 1918 \ ‘ ie Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO / : /, \Leonal Huse J a CONTENTS PAGE Proceedings of the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting Report of the Secretary. sc ..sae a6 sie: caee ner oere tla 51 Report iof: the’ “Treasurers ¢..55 5400s. de wees coe 52 Election: ‘of «Members. sca: etc. ee oe 54 Presidential Address by Dr. Geo. W. Field......... 57 Mlections of ORicerss occ ens oie te atts a eee 67 Report of the Committee on Principles of Legislation Relative to Proper Utilization of Fisheries Resources. 77 Editorial The. next. Annual. Meeting ce seas sacs soe em een 80 Ward and Whipple’s ‘‘Fresh-water Biology,’’-A Review 80 PROCEEDINGS of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society ST. PAUL, MINN., August 29, 30 and 31, 1917 Opening Session*, Afternoon, August 29th. The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. George W. Field, who presided throughout the sessions. REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY. Mr. Carlos Avery, of St. Paul, Minn., Recording Secretary, submitted as his report the Proceedings of the Forty-sixth Annual Meeting held at New Orleans, La., as published in the June, 1917, number of the TRANSACTIONS. It was moved and carried that the report be accepted. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. The report was read by Secretary Avery, who prefaced the reading by the statement that, following the death of Mr. Chas. W. Willard, who had acted as Treasurer since 1900, Miss L. B. Rimbach, of Medford Hillside, Mass., was made Acting Treasurer. Miss Rimbach’s report covers the period from the annual meeting of 1916 to August 11, 1917, and is as follows: * On the morning of the twenty-ninth the Society met with the National Association of Fish and Game Commissioners, at which time addresses of welcome were presented by the Governor of Minnesota and the Mayor of St. Paul. iit 52 American Fisheries Society To The American Fisheries Society: I herewith submit my annual report as Acting Treasurer from the meeting in October, 1916, to the 11th of August, 1917. RECEIPTS. SaletormelransactiOnS ass ecu oe re ck Greate he ha eke aeererteremye $ 113.09 Interest on deposits and fees for collection on checks received ETOMIMIMEMMDET SOM ASE aoe sae ek Oat GPee Laer na eee 6.28 Annual dues: fobs aigeveu nd Frets crane anes he PEO Rig cache eg Meneaeepeete cece otrer $ 4.00 Ele tny Catal Osea ees tata tie a eer hee eee 4.00 eove Aire LACM: Se aol ae nO Nt Ee rr eta cant ar 40.00 Biomeye a RO lone cect core yee cues fae ee eS em eee 73.00 OrMy Carel Ol Geeta Selatne rac lepers geen see stetsen tate reds 710.00 1aCova ser ne KO) eden eR ae Re OOS te opie isn er 566.00 | Baye Gi ciehalsl Aol hee ee mE ee POMP, Ble ROR ARMOR ete te RUC oryene et 10.00 Bom vear Lolo scat 2 acceso winters ab oie a summaries Rta cast 2.00 MotalGiues collected sas wee Rt eee eee $1,409.00 ANON Cpe a Nerteen ery Ren unan PPR EINER OE TEED ir aed ARPA, creig ana Sc $1,528.37 DISBURSEMENTS. Per Cash Book: 1916 At Oct. meeting, Rexford L. Holmes, on account of bill for GEPOR UIE seen eisai eatne ee soaks Org ee cht ee aces $25.00 Dec.) Postage stamps (Voucher )) Jo. tec ee cares 1.00 19 Express on package from C. W. Willard Co..... 45 1917 Jan. 11 Postage stamps (Voucher 2)..................+. 2.00 TH (CASO Oke ee os res soe reue iehe oe erin conie res eee tee .50 15 Rexford L. Holmes (on account)................ 50.00 16 Stamped envelopes (Voucher 3)..............-- 21.00 iG Rubber otamp (VOuUCKEr 4) cise. nr. cies i sieteie ne 65 i7 sRubberstamp. (Voucher 5) haere sis oa 30 Feb. 2 M. Riddell (mimeographing and addressing).... 7.88 12 Rexford L. Holmes (balance on bill Voucher 7). 75.00 21 Clark & Fritts, Sept. Trans. (Voucher 8)....... 107.41 Exchange on Jamuany- checks: 05. 25 ec wec ese. 10 Exchange on February checks..............-..- 50 April 2 The Leader Prtg. Co., (letterheads) (Vouch. 9) 19.58 7 eExchange,on March. checks: 605 sano. os once n .20 May 1 Estate of C. W. Willard, (Voucher 10).......... 187.71 ipvixchange On Aprilchecksir 40.6 Poe. yee ura eos .20 4 Stamped envelopes (Voucher 11)............... 4.30 5 Clark & Fritts Dec. Trans. (Voucher 12)....... 167.84 16 Stamped envelopes (Voucher 13)............... 6.44 18 J. C. Hall Co., Receipts for 1918 (Voucher 14).. 5.08 22 Clark & Fritts Mar. Trans. (Voucher 15)....... 149.59 9A- MM . Riddell, Circulars:(Voucher. 16)... 0... 15 2...” 3.00 Exch. May checks, 10c.; June, 10c.; July 20c.... 40 July 23 Leader Printing Co., printing.................. 22.00 864.13 Balanceipen@ash BOOK sts. esha crite create toe et tee nee $664.24 L. B. RimpBacu, Medford Hillside, Mass., Aug. 11, 1917. Acting Treasurer. Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 53 REPORT ON PERMANENT FUND. To the American Fisheries Society: In regard to the Permanent Fund of the Society I have to report that this still remains on deposit with the Industrial Trust Co. of Westerly, R. I., and that since the report made by Mr. C. W. Willard at the meeting of the Society in October, 1916, there have been no deposits in or withdrawals from this fund. Mr. Willard’s last report showed a balance on October 9, 1916, of $2,799.56. L. B. RrmBacu, Medford Hillside, Mass., Aug. 11, 1917. Acting Treasurer. Moved and carried that the report of the Treasurer be referred to the Auditing Committee for the usual verification of the accounts. President Field announced the appointment of the following Committees: Auditing Committee: Messrs. F. A. Tulian and Geo. H. Graham. Committee on Resolutions: Messrs. W. A. Killian (chairman), E. A. Hinshaw, J. H. Kirk, E. G. Bradford, J. Q. Ward, Wm. E. - Barber, and H. B. Ward. Committee on Nominations: Messrs. J. W. Titcomb (chairman), John P. Woods, M. L. Alexander, J. Q. Ward, Seymour Bower, Eben W. Cobb, and H. S. Hedrick. Committee on Time and Place of Meeting: Messrs. A. L. Millett (chairman), John M. Crampton, Theo. Roualt, A. Eastgate, D. G. Beauchamp, Linus Leavens and Henry O’ Malley. Committee on Publication: Messrs. R. C. Osburn (chairman), Bashford Dean and John T. Nichols. Committee on Membership: Messrs. John W. Titcomb (chair- man), Seymour Bower, Eben W. Cobb, 5. P. Wires and S. P. Bartlett. Committee on Program: Henry B. Ward and Henry O’ Malley. In announcing the Membership Committee, President Field called attention to the importance of increasing the membership. “There has never been a time in the history of the nation or of the world when constructive work on fisheries in the laboratories and 54 American Fisheries Society hatcheries, with county and state commissioners, state legisla- tures, Congress and the Bureau of Fisheries, has been so much needed. It will be the duty of the Membership Committee to canvas the situation, to interest all the newcomers and to encourage any past members who have dropped out to renew their member- ship. But in addition to this every member of the Society should constitute himself a membership committee of one to see that his friends and associates are informed as to the work of this Society and their support and interest secured.”’ Mr. E. A. Tulian, of Louisiana, was elected Acting Treasurer to serve during the meeting. ELECTION OF NEW MEMBERS. A list of applications was presented and, upon vote of the Society, the following members were declared elected to membership: Honorary Member. Honore Mercier, Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. Life Member. GeorGE D. Pratt, Conservation Commissioner of New York, Albany, N. Y. Active Members. ACKERKNECHT, CuHas. H., 872 Selby Ave., St. Paul, Minn. AINSWORTH, G. G., Manchester, Iowa. ALLEN, CLARENCE J., Box 738, Milwaukee, Wis. ANDERSON, Dr. F. E., Red Wing, Minn. ANNIN, H. E., Margaretville, Del. Co., N. Y. BARNEY, RaymonD L., Homer, Minn. Beaucuamp, D. C., Game and Fish Commissioner, Paragould, Ark. BLArIR, FRANK D., Excelsior, Minn. BLoom, J. H., Game and Fish Commissioner, Devils Lake, N. Dak. Brower, J. F., Fish and Game Commission, Holmesburg, Pa. Burke, Wo. H., Old Forge, N. Y. BurRKHART, JOE, Lewis, Wis. CALDWELL, F. M., 2311 Carter Ave., St. Paul, Minn. CANFIELD, H. L., Fairport, Iowa. CHAMBERLAIN, W. R., Game Warden, Wabasha, Minn. CHAMBERS, E. T. D., Dept. Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. CLEasBY, E. A., 900 Camerson St., Eau Claire, Wis. Cook, Warp A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. CowbveEN, S. M., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. Cress. H. A., Booth Fisheries Company, St. Paul, Minn. CuRRAN, JOHN L., Commissioner of Inland Fisheries, 602 Grosvenor Bldg., Providence, R. I. Davipson, Henry, Fish Hatchery, Bath, N. Y. DesAuteLs, H. E., Cedar Island Lodge, Brule, Wis. Dunn, ANDREW C., Northern Fish Co., Duluth, Minn. Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 5d EASTGATE, ALFRED, St. John, N. Dakota. Erickson, C. J., 328 Washington St., Boston, Mass. FARRINGTON, Ray G., Ortonville, Minn. FisHER, A. K., U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. FITZGERALD, E. J., Minneiska, Wis. Gisps, C. D., Game Warden, Wilder, Minn. GoruaM, W. B., Brook Trout Co., Hudson, Wis. GREEN, J. C., 4730 London Road, Duluth, Minn. GUNTHER, F. E., 420 S. 5th Street, LaCrosse, Wis. Hitt, Howarp Rice, 1108 W. Illinois St., Urbana, Ill. JouNsTON, J. W., Box 578, Rochester, N. Y. JENSEN, HAROLD, State Fish Hatchery, St. Paul, Minn. Keyes, H. W., Ranier, Minn. KILuiAN, Wo. H., 572 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Kirk, J. H., State Fish and Game Commission, Bottineau, N. Dak. Komo ., C. F., Dundas, Minn. Lau, H. C., Star Prairie, Wis. Lawyer, Geo. A., U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. LEAVENS, LiINus, Fish and Game Commission, Cambridge, Vt. LEOPOLD, ALDO, Forest Service, Albuquerque, N. Mex. MacLacuian, Dr. Cuas., President Game and Fish Board, New Rockford, North Dakota. Mack, JoHN E., Carson City, Nev. MILLER, ALBERT P., Constantia, N. Y. MILLER, Dan E., Constantia, N. Y. MonkKeEr, C. C., Grand Marais, Minn. NELson, J. O., Glenwood, Minn. O’BRIEN, J. P., Box 1, Reno, Nevada. Otis, Mito F., State Fish Hatchery, Upper Saranac, N. Y. PACKER, ARTHUR, 423 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. PINKERTON, J. A., Glenwood, Minn. RASMUSSEN, Dr. A. T., LaCrosse, Wis. REYNOLDS, O. J., Game Warden, Alexandria, Minn. RICHTMAN, S. P., Fountain City, Wis. Ris.tey, A. F., State Fish Hatchery, Linlithgo, N. Y. Rovatt, THEO., JR., State Game Warden, Santa Fe, N. Mex. SEIZ, B. F., Deputy Game Warden, Red Wing, Minn. SELvoG, Hans R., Warroad, Minn. SmitTH, G. A., Commissioner of Fisheries, Oklahoma City, Okla. SPORTSMENS REVIEW PUBLISHING Co., 15 W. 6th St., Cincinnati, Ohio. WARD, ROBERTSON S., 172 Harrison St., East Orange, N. J. Watts, A. E., 9 T. Wharf, Boston, Mass. WE tscH, H. N., Box 4, Salt Lake City, Utah. WiLiiaMs, J. A., State Board of Health Bldg., Tampa, Florida. Mr. John W. Titcomb called for an explanation of the Per- manent Fund of the Society, and Prof. Henry B. Ward stated that it resulted from the fifty dollars contributed by each of the Patrons of the Society, of whom there are fifty-three. Only the interest of the fund derived from this source may be used. Mr. Titcomb also brought up the question of publishing the index to the first forty volumes of the TRANSACTIONS, prepared by Mr. Daniel B. Fearing, but no action was taken. On motion by Mr. John P. Woods the Session adjourned. 56 American Fisheries Society Wednesday Evening Session, August 29th. The American Fisheries Society met in joint session with the National Association of Fish and Game Commissioners, as the guests of the Local Committee. A series of moving pictures, showing the winter elk range in the Jackson’s Hole country, Wyoming, was presented by Mr. Norman McClintock and explained by him. Mr. McClintock stated that the pictures were made by assist- ance from Hon. George Shiras, 3d, of Washington, D. C., and the United States Biological Survey. The photographs were taken with a telophoto lens and a series made by the ordinary method was shown to indicate the difference. The Jackson’s Hole game refuge was visited in February and involved a trip over the Teton mountain range by sled from the railway terminus at Victory, Wyoming, over six feet or more of snow. The elk were shown, more than 3500 in one herd, at the winter feeding grounds where hay is provided to keep them from starving to death. Other reels shown by Mr. McClintock illustrated a herd of 500 antelope in the Yellowstone National Park; also mule deer, mountain sheep and the peculiar little aquatic bird known as the water ouzel. Hon. M. L. Alexander introduced Mr. Stanley C. Arthur, ornithologist of the Department of Conservation of Louisiana, who presented a series of pictures illustrating ducks and geese in winter time in Louisiana. Gulls were also shown on the reserves, which are under the protection of the Federal Government and the Audobon Society, in co-operation with the State of Louisiana. Mr. Alexander also introduced Mr. Marshall McLean, of the New York Conservation Commission, who explained a series of pictures showing the work of the Commission. These reels were made to familiarize the people of New York State with the opera- tions of the different branches of the State Commission. The purpose of this, Mr. McLean explained was to educate the people in conservation, in order that the Commission might have the full support and sympathy of all classes of the people. The evening session was then adjourned. Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 57 Thursday Morning Session, August 30th. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. BY DR. GEORGE W. FIELD. It has been my good fortune to spend the past three months in Colorado, Oregon, Montana and Wyoming, and I have been impressed with the importance of the development of fisheries work in that section of the country. Everywhere, all over the country, the importance of fisheries as a national problem is increasing very rapidly. The general utilization of fish as food, fertilizer and oil is at present handicapped, among other things, by a lack of individual responsibility, by divided or even entire absence of legal authority, by selfishness on the part of individuals and by lack of knowledge and foresight. This results in enormous wastage in all directions. Have you considered how many fish are thoughtlessly killed by anglers (not sportsmen) who catch a large number of fish and fail to utilize them? The aggregate is astounding. It is a small matter for a party to go out and catch a dozen, thirty, fifty or more fish of various kinds which are edible, but how many of these are left unused and forgotten in the boats or otherwise wasted? On both the west and east coasts and to a certain extent in the rivers, a very large number of fish below the market size are caught and killed. This particularly occurs on the New England coast where the fishermen still make a business of catching small mackerel, pollock and other smaller fish, counting about 900 to the barrel. They get on the market forty cents to a dollar for those 900 fish. If these were allowed to grow to maturity they could get from twenty-five to thirty-five or forty cents apiece for them. We have made some rough computations and found that forty cents worth of such small fish, in one year, possibly, or in two at the outside, might amount to $280.00 worth of food by natural growth, after allowing for a decrease of 50% in numbers. But more than that, under this unwise method of catching schools of small fish by traps and seines, a very large proportion of these are thrown overboard as of no market value. Reforms of this kind which affect the pocketbooks of fishermen are difficult to bring about, but they are exceedingly important in 58 American Fisheries Society the general economy of the nation. I believe that the conditions that obtain now, when the people are going to look into these practices on account of the necessities of war, will make very largely for improvement. We found, as a general proposition, that in the fisheries business as conducted in a great many places, at least 40% of the total product is wasted; never gets to market, never utilized for food, never turned into cash in any way, shape or fashion. Now I do not know of any greater arraignment of any industry than to say that there is a 40% waste. What would it mean to the country and to the world if there were that waste in the grain trade or in the handling of meat supplies. It is a national disgrace that such a condition obtains anywhere in the United States. There is also an enormous curtailment of the fish supply and particularly of the breeding grounds. This comes about through the introduction of sewage into public waters. Factory wastes entail an enormous loss, not alone to the fish, but particularly to the industries themselves. I have had a recent report of one of our rivers which was formerly an important salmon and shad river and could be utilized for many other species of fish. That river, the Merrimac, was practically wiped off the fishermen’s map on account of the pollution by factory and municipal sewage. The report states that the factories, particularly the woolen factories, are equipping their mills with devices for saving wool scouring wastes. Already there has been a very marked improvement in that river and we may look in the near future to its becoming again a source of food and recreation to the people. Now that must be done ultimately in practically every large river of the country. One cannot traverse any of the large rivers without noticing a large amount of waste going on unnecessarily. This is true, not alone of the rivers of the east where the condition has grown worse through years of malpractice, but the rivers of the central part of the country and of the west are rapidly getting into that condition. . I was astounded at the changes made in the rivers by mining operations in Nevada, Northern California and Oregon. Some of this can be avoided. Lumbering operations, too, throw enormous amounts of useful waste into the streams because up to the present time we have not been obliged to utilize those types of materials. Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 59 There is another chance to make an enormous saving of fish life in our irrigation operations. You are all familiar with the fact that when the gates of the irrigation systems are opened enormous quantities of fish of all sizes go into the ditches and as the water dries up the fish, of course, are left there and wasted. Every state which has irrigation projects within its borders should be compelled by public sentiment to utilize those fish in some way. By systematic collections they could be used for stocking ponds or rivers and then, occasionally, the best of the fish might be put on the market. Those which are below market size should be put in ponds for future use. A systematic collection would be rel- atively easy if wells or pockets could be constructed, so that as these irrigation ditches dry up, the fish would gradually collect in these deep places where they could be systematically handled. In regard to the fish screen, it is still necessary to find some practical, usable, non-clogging screen and to educate the people to its use. I know from personal contact with the authorities of the United States Reclamation Service, that they stand ready to forward any well-devised movement in that line. The salvage of fish from overflow of rivers has been in operation to some extent in parts of the country, but there is still much waste where this important opportunity is neglected. It has been carried on by the Bureau of Fisheries and by some states for a number of years, but must be extended to other localities. It is important also, that advanced steps should be taken relative to the methods and the necessity of developing and utilizing the full producing powers of public and privately owned waters, not as a temporary, but as a permanent source of food and recreation. The state universities should be called upon by the people to give more extended instruction in aquatic biology and in related chemistry and physics and in all problems involved in the com- plete utilization of the water and of the fish for food and recreation, and should closely scrutinize existing and proposed laws to elim- inate biological blunders. At various times this has been urged by Dr. Smith, the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, and some of the state universities are already working on these lines, but there must be a wide extension. One of the most important applications of biology and of science, I believe, is in educating the legislatures as to the import- 60 American Fisheries Society ance of these things. They should be encouraged to promote more extensive development of fish cultural operations, both in public waters by special concessions and particularly in private waters under beneficial laws by public and private capital. It is possible in many projects, where the waters are now used for the irrigating of land, to interpolate ponds in these irrigation systems where the water could be used for rearing fish and then passed on from the fish ponds into the ditches to irrigate the land in the usual manner. The person who may wish to develop ponds frequently cannot afford to put in a permanent and satisfactory water supply at his own expense, but the great reservoirs of the United States Reclama- tion Service might in many cases be utilized, after the requisite legislation has been enacted and the proper regulations made for supplying fish ponds. It would mean a tremendous extension of the wise utilization of this water for producing food. In the case of the irrigation projects, this double utilization of water would mean an additional source of income, as the owner of the fish pond could afford, as well as the person irrigating the land, to pay a reasonable sum for the use of the water. Improved methods of distribution and marketing fish are still imperatively necessary, in spite of the fact that great progress has been made in the past five years. Enormous quantities of shrimp, lobsters and crabs, among the shell-fish, and of all species of fish, are still wasted. Of this you need no better evidence than can be found in any of the fish markets in the large cities. Even within twenty-four hours of the mouth of the Columbia River, I was warned that it was positively dangerous to eat fish on any day except Friday or Saturday, for the reason that the supply came in only on Thursday night. On Friday and Saturday it was safe, but after that there was positive danger of ptomaine poisoning. That is within twenty-four hours of the supply of a main original source of salmon, halibut and Pacific cod; and more than that, it is in the center of an area abounding in mountain streams and extensive lakes. It is perhaps unnecessary at this point to speak of the import- ance of state and federal hatcheries and rearing ponds on public waters. There should be an extension of methods of practice of caring for the ripe fish caught for market both on the lakes and on eee Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 61 the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. There should be increased utilization of the fish wastes. I believe the most important biological problem of the nation today is the destructive effect of immense drainage projects carried out at the instigation of petty lawyers and promoters seeking to make profit for themselves. They are entirely neglectful of the great damage resulting from the enormous amount of flood water which is turned into the streams prematurely by draining swamps and lakes in addition to the normal run off. Much of the benefit arising thus from the extension of agricultural areas is negatived by the destruction wrought by flood or drought. Unwise drainage operations may even tend to hasten the progressive drying up of the continent. It is estimated that the annual loss from floods in the Mississippi Valley alone averages over $50,000,000.00. It does not require a very large area of land to produce that amount in wheat and there is no reason why we should not develop that land for wheat production and at the same time, by wise selection of the area to be drained, safeguard the inhabitants on the lower river. But because of the lack of co-ordination in the development of these projects in the past we have, so to speak, robbed Peter to pay Paul. These questions cannot be settled by the United States alone. We are joined in ties of friendship and brotherhood with our neighbors on the north, Canada, and on the south, Mexico. The evidence of these ties is much stronger at present at the north than at the south, but we cannot help feeling that ultimately, conditions will become adjusted both north and south to greatly benefit the entire continent. President Field then introduced Hon. Honore Mercier, Min- ister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries of the Province of Quebec, who spoke briefly as follows: “Mr. President: As I have no special subject assigned to me I will refer briefly to the fisheries with which I am best acquainted, those of the Province of Quebec. These may be divided into two classes, the inland and the coastal fisheries. The control is also divided, the Dominion framing the laws regulating closed seasons 62 American Fisheries Society and the methods by which fishes may be taken, while the enforce- ment of the laws belongs largely to the province. At present there is a dispute between the Federal Government and the Province of Quebec as to whether or not the Dominion has absolute control of fisheries in tidal waters, but by mutual consent the interpretation of the constitution on this question has been left to the courts, with the understanding that the case will go to the highest court of the empire, the Imperial Privy Council, for a definite decision. Our sole control of the inland waters is unquestioned. No less than ten million acres of our territory are covered with water. We have thousands of lakes, large and small, some of them hun- dreds of square miles in extent. Many are richly stocked with the largest and gamest specimens of brook trout and others contain lake trout or black bass. Our salmon rivers are in a class by themselves. They flow for the most part into the lower St. Lawrence and the Baie des Chaleurs. The entire St. Lawrence River, from the Ontario boundary down to the Gulf, is in the Province of Quebec and upwards of a hundred and thirty rivers, large and small, flow into it. It has been estimated that our coastal fisheries cover approximately 4,500 miles of coastline along the two shores of the St. Lawrence and the Gulf, the north shore of the Baie des Chaleurs, the eastern shore of Hudson and James Bays and the entire shore line of Ungava Bay. In the St. Law- rence River we have also the lakes St. Francis, St. Louis, Two Mountains and St. Peter. The Federal Government operated all the fish hatcheries of Quebec Province up to two years ago, when it abandoned four of the inland ones. Our province accepted a transfer of these and assumed their cost.’’ Mr. E. T. D. Chambers of Quebec, in charge of the fish hatch- eries of the province, Secretary of the North American Fish and Game Protective Association, and well known as an author on Canadian fishes, was introduced and responded with a brief address. ‘“‘No one could listen to the presidential address this morning without appreciating how many sided is this question of North American fisheries, their commercial value and the large contribu- Proceedings Forty-seventh A nnual Meeting 63 tion they make to the food supply of the world. This contribution was never more important than at the present time when the people of both our countries here are looking toward this food sup- ply and when we wish to contribute largely to the supply of food for our Allies in Europe. From whatever angle we view the fisheries of North America we cannot fail to be interested. We have been taught to believe that our progenitors in this country came here simply in search of liberty and that the early French explorers were actuated by the desire to start a new civilization. However, as I read history, I find that the stories of the great wealth of the fisheries brought out large numbers of the earliest pioneers and that the keen perception of the statesmen of France resulted in a great merchant marine based upon the trade in this branch of commerce. The early French governors of Canada were led to insist upon the development of the fisheries, and to encourage them by state assistance and so very few concessions were granted. One of the concessions that were given was granted to no less a person than the great explorer Joliet. It was only natural that rivalries should spring up between the fishermen of these new countries that led to some little misunder- standings, but I am proud to say that for more than a hundred years all such questions and disputes have been settled by treaty. May we not hope that before long the work undertaken by Pro- fessor David Starr Jordan, representing the United States, and Professor E. E. Prince, of the Dominion of Canada, will result in putting into effect the best, if not all, the recommendations they have made concerning the international fisheries of our countries.” The session adjourned for a few minutes to permit the Association of Fish and Game Commissioners to complete certain business, whereupon the Society again resumed work. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TIME AND PLACE OF MEETING. Mr. A. L. Millett, chairman, presented the report, stating that the committee had decided unanimously to meet at some point in the State of New York, and the date selected to be sometime in the week of September 11, 1918. 64 American Fisheries Society Mr. John P. Woods moved the adoption of the report, which was unanimously carried. Mr. John W. Titcomb, Chairman of the Committee on Mem- bership, presented the name of Hon. Honore Mercier for election as an honorary member of the Society. President Field called for a rising vote which was declared to be unanimous. The next speaker to be introduced by the President was Hon. W. A. Killian, State Commissioner of Fisheries of Maryland. An abstract of Mr. Killian’s remarks follows: HON. W. A. KILLIAN’S ADDRESS. ‘“‘T have often wondered why the fisherman of any region have so devastated their source of livelihood, but perhaps the suggestion that it goes back to the Pilgrim Fathers and to misconceived ideas of the right of free fisheries, is correct. But it is wonderful what the conservation idea can do in a community when the logical consequences of waste and the fact that their livelihood has been destroyed is brought home to the fishermen themselves. One of the first things recognized when the Maryland Con- servation Commission was created—and I take it the same has been true in other states—is that very little can be accomplished until there is real co-operation between the states which have common interests. It was a by-word for years that no co-operation could be expected between Maryland and Virginia and one of the largest industries of these states, namely the oyster industry, had gone wrong, merely because the Potomac River forms the boun- dary line. The crab and fish industries also suffered greatly for the same reason. Fortunately, it was possible to arrive at an understanding. I wish to say for your encouragement that if the commissions of any two states will get together and cut red tape and form a joint partnership for handling the work they can get somewhere. That is what we have done and when we get together on the boundary line we have present all those who are charged with any part of the work. While we have had only one year of such co-operative work, enormous benefits are already apparent. It is much easier to secure respect for law if the people appre- ciate the benefits to be derived. We have recently devised a plan Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 65 to reach the people directly by sending out a small leaflet to each person concerned, whose name we can secure, and we hope to at least afford them a knowledge of what legislation is proposed and when it becomes a law. The blue crab, which is a very valuable product, was rapidly disappearing and it was difficult to secure the enforcement of legislation on account of ‘“‘county exemptions”’ and the failure of some local justices to do their duty. But county exemptions are now prevented by law and delinquent justices were advised that unless they construed the law in accordance with its new interpre- tations they would be invited before a grand jury, so we have had no more trouble. We do not hesitate to arrest a citizen of Virginia, because our laws are similar, and if the police of either state apprehend a vio- lator, he is taken before a justice of the state in which he isa citizen. In one instance a Virginia oyster man attempted to land a consid- erable cargo of undersized oysters in Maryland. He was told that he could not land illegal oysters, but must cull them. This was a big job, but after he had culled them we permitted him to land the big ones. Then we took him to Virginia where he was fined a considerable sum and was made to return the small oysters to the beds. That was only necessary once last year. Another law, recently passed, deals with the pollution of streams and tidal waters, which provides not only for a fine, but also for imprisonment for one to three years. We do not intend to be too drastic in its enforcement and we propose to send a copy of the law to every factory, large or small, asking every one to study his own problem and to eliminate harmful waste. I fully believe that if we could get the intelligent co-operation of those industries that are discharging harmful wastes into the waters, we should soon get back to the basis of greater food production.”’ Mr. Wm. C. Barber, of Wisconsin, in discussing the foregoing address, related a number of cases in which local justices had made improper rulings in sympathy with the offenders until warned of malfeasance. Juries also had to be warned that would be arrested for perjury unless they found in accordance with the evidence and the law. 66 American Fisheries Society President Field also cited a case where fishermen, who were prevented from selling polluted quahog clams in Massachusetts, petitioned to be allowed to ship them to New York. It was practically impossible for the state authorities to prevent this, but federal officers were notified and intervened. If these facts were known, that the federal authorities are now in a position to deal with interstate commerce on forbidden goods of whatever sort, a very great influence could be brought to bear to prevent such violations. The next address, ‘“‘Importance of a Permanent Policy in Stocking Inland Waters,’’ by Mr. John W. Titcomb, State Fish Culturist of New York, has already been printed in full in the December, 1917, number of the Transactions, Vol. XLVII, pp. 11-21. The session adjourned. Afternoon and Evening of Thursday, August 30th. The afternoon of the 30th was spent on an automobile tour as the guests of the clubs of the city. This terminated in the evening at the Automobile Club where dinner was served. At the close of the dinner the Society convened for an evening session. Mr. Harold Harris, on behalf of the various clubs, acting as host of the occasion, made a brief address of welcome and called upon the following members, each of whom responded briefly: Mr. Honore Mercier, Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries of Quebec. Mr. James White, Deputy Head of the Conservation Com- mission of Canada. Mr. M. L. Alexander, President of the National Association of Fish and Game Commissioners and Conservation Commissioner of Louisiana. Dr. Geo. W. Field, President of the American Fisheries Society. Mr. Henry O’Malley, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vice- President of the American Fisheries Society. Proceedings Forty-seventh Annual Meeting 67 Prof. Henry B. Ward, of the University of [linois. Mr. John W. Titcomb, State Fish Culturist of New York. Judge J. H. Kirk, State Fish and Game Commissioner of North Dakota. Mr. F. Brash, Chief Game Warden, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mr. G. A. Smith, State Fish Commissioner, of Oklahoma. Mr. Geo. H. Graham, Fish and Game Commissioner of Massachusetts. Mr. John M. Crampton, Superintendent of Fish and Game of Connecticut. Mr. Carlos Avery, Fish and Game Commissioner of Minnesota and Secretary of the American Fisheries Society. Adjournment. Friday Morning Session, August 3ist. President Field called the meeting to order and asked for the reports from the committees. REPORT OF THE NOMINATING COMMITTEE. Mr. John P. Woods presented the report, in which the fol- lowing were suggested for Officers of the Society for the year 1917-18: {2 BS TRAD UAE Age Ee HIT RR Ee Mr. HENRY O’MALLEY WacesP resident... i ea et wis whee Mr. M. L. ALEXANDER IRCEOLAING “SCCVELOTY. 1.5) sage 2 oh ela’ Mr. Joun W. TitTcoms SOSEEST AL ae TL A Oe Mr. A. L. MILLETT TSAI 2A aie ee Oe Pror. RayMonp C. OSBURN Vice-Presidents of Divisions Bish J. F. Moser, Alameda, Cal. AMEN Eh uM Ae lee vine DANIEL B. FEArtnc, Newport, R. I. Protection and Legislation...Gro. A. Lawyer, Washington, D. C. Executive Commifice Cartos AVERY, Chairman. .......e00ceeeee0+- et. Pati, Minn, HORNE AWVIOODS Sink seater: o Risleeislateteint Sma ere « St. Louis, Mo. JOHN PARSONS MeO Miiiie mele wie en oie Mngein ate Accomac, Va. COO RELA VRORD VU eur NS Coc Mae Oe Hackettstown, N. J. OY RO NV GARDE eh oye eee ec RIC tales CHG Rae. Frankfort, Ky. IV EAE LEAN EN Oe AO MPU, i SacI Baltimore, Md. CCARTAVESTER FELD Gh Wie ens wen nie neeuels arpa San Francisco, Cal. Commifiere on Horrign Relations GEORGE SHIRAS, Chairman....... Seal penta a Washington, D. C. LUG VE WO METER iy RNIN ide onal an ial elie ay Washington, D. C. IV CUVV AS AR BEI ee MUNN USD GR oR uM RUn MLN ucy a, UN Madison, Wis. BBS) GINS Eu kr R gray SIM UL ia A Reg a Ottawa, Canada Cras OHS ILSON ey eels area Ae Glens Falls, N. Y. Commitive on Relations with National and State Governments JACOB REIGHARD, (Charman ft 0. os ee elas. Ann Arbor, Mich. AVA. Bet he Gap er Ree a Se RU ce AS i RR AE OR Portland, Ore. AUVs Gs A AIMS ICTR Ov S Ria SOU ROY) SUS Li En Mg Boston, Mass. TOP AWN NIELSON Gc tet icte eis thelr aecieia uiabeeelcne nee Washington, D. C. ROWS RA BJO OB: 0.2). ok APCD aie ama ASE TOO a Bay) Quebec, Canada Uublication Conutitier | Raymonp C. OsBURN BASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NicHOLs TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVII NUMBER 4 1917-1918 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn SEPTEMBER, 1918 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizenship of the United States, and a majority being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 599 to 603, inclusive, of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia, enacted March 3, 1901, as amended by the Acts approved January 31 and June 30, 1902, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing: 1. That the name of the Society is the AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. 2. That the term for which it is organized is nine hundred and ninety- nine years. 3. That its particular business and objects are to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish with power: (a) To acquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and to establish general and special funds. (b) To hold meetings. (c) To publish and distribute documents. (d) To conduct lectures. (e) To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of fishery and fish-culture science. (f) To acquire and maintain a library. (g) And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to a learned society. 4. That the affairs, funds and property of the corporation shall be in general charge of a council, consisting of the officers and the executive committee, the number of whose members for the first year shall be seven- teen, all of whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Society. Witness our hands and seals this 16th day of December, 1910. SEYMOUR BOWER (Seal) THEODORE GILL (Seal) WILLIAM E. MEEHAN (Seal) THEODORE S. PALMER (Seal) BERTRAND H. Rosperts’ (Seal) Hucu M. Smita (Seal) RICHARD SYLVESTER (Seal) Recorded April 16, 1911. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY ORGANIZED 1870 The first meeting of the Society occurred December 20, 1870. The organization then effected continued until February, 1872, when the second meeting was held. Since that time there has been a meeting each year, as shown below. The respective presidents were elected at the meeting, at the place, and for the period shown opposite their names, but they presided at the subsequent meeting. PRESIDENTS, TERMS OF SERVICE AND PLACES OF MEETING. IPVILETAM CLIRT. 4.5 noses eee 1870-1872....New York, N.Y. ee VWINGIEPAM: CLIRT «2 Js. u8 cece cs 1872-1873.... Albany, N. WE SRP WINEE TAM @LIRD: fo. cae cco ane 1873-1874... _.New VorkNe Ye 4. RosBErtT B. ROOSEVELT......... 1874-1875.... New York, N. Y. See ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT........- 1875-1876. ...New York, INE 6. RosBert B. ROOSEVELT.........1876-1877*... New York, N. Y. i (ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT.........1877—-1878....New York, N. Y. 8. RosBert B. ROOSEVELT.........1878-1879....New York, INS 9. RoserT B. ROOSEVELT.........1879-1880....New York, NYE 10. RosEert B. RoOSEVELT......... 1880-1881.... New York, Nave: its ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT:.......-- 1881-1882. ... New York, IN Ye 12. GEORGE SHEPARD PAGE........ 1882-1883.... New York, INGO SMe AMES BENKARD) oo) cc. a is2 2 2 1883-1884. ... New York, ING We 14, THEODORE LYMAN............. 1884-1885... ‘Washington, ID KOx 15. MaArsHALL McDONALD......... 1885-1886. ... Washington, D. C. NGRee Win lV, -ELUDSON. cess ec aa one 1886-1887... “Chicago, Ul. V/V AMIUES TAIT We INTEC Eo os otc 1887-1888....Washington, D. C. SOHN EL» ISTSSEDI As «5.5 0s os hs 1888-1889... . Detroit, Mich. 19. EUGENE G. BLACKFORD........ 1889-1890... .Philadelphia, Pa. 20. EUGENE G. BLACKFORD........1890-1891....Put-in-Bay, Ohio. Ale JAMES A. HIENSHALL........... 1891-1892....Washington, D. C. 22. HERSCHEL WHITAKER.......... 1892-1893....New York, N. Y. 23. HENRY C. Forb...............18938-1894....Chicago, Il. ley eV RISTAM: De WIA) «0 cjeccc yee 8 1894-1895.... Philadelphia, Pa. Pome WE EMU NDINGTON: .....0.-6:- 1895-1896. ... New York, N. Y. 26. HERSCHEL WHITAKER.......... 1896—-1897.... New York, N. Y. Dye Witttam L. MAY.............. 1897-1898. ... Detroit, Mich. 28. GEORGE F. PEABODY...........1898-1899....OQmaha, Neb. ZO re ROHN Wi. (DITCOMB...25.2:25-:5 1899-1900.... Niagara Falls, N. Y. S08 3h /B.. IDICKERSON........:..--- 1900-1901....Woods Hole, Mass. Seer SB RVANT: «.. wctceame ecre o ss 1901-1902.... Milwaukee, Wis. 32. GEORGE M. Bowers...........1902-1903....Put-in-Bay, Ohio. 03. FRANK N. CLARK..............1908-1904....Woods Hole, Mass. Soon NR, dhs ROOT. 45... . 5.2 an% 1904-1905.... Atlantic City, N. J. SOM Ca) JOSISVING, 4 neo ccsc 2 eatona < 1905-1906. ... White Sulphur Spgs, W.Va. 36. E. A. BIRGE...................1906-1907....Grand Rapids, Mich. eePELUGH Mi. SMITH............<5. 1907-1908....Erie, Pa. Bowe ChAREETON, Hi. BEAN. .:....0.+ >. 1908-1909....Washington, D. C. 39. SEYMOUR BOWER.............. 1909-1910... .Toledo, Ohio. 40. Wittiam E. MEEHAN........... 1910-1911....New York, N. Y. Hee Sa Le UEEERTON).... c+ Geese <6 1911-1912....St. Louis, Mo. 42. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND........ 1912-1918....Denver, Colo. ASE eEIENRY B. WARD... ....0-6.2%. 1913-1914....Boston, Mass. 44. DANIEL B. FEARING........... 1914-1915....Washington, D. C. 45. JAcoB REIGHARD...............1915-1916....San Francisco, Cal. 40eGEO. Wie JPTBED) 0.04600. 5-0 2 1916-1917.... New Orleans, La. Cie ELENIRY: © WIALEEY..6.0. 5.205 >. 1917-1918....St. Paul, Minn. * A special meeting was held at the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia, Pa., October 6 and 7, 1876. CONDENSES List of Members— PLO OTAIVE ic cs ak Gass didi pele ccna Tenet nets Ae ee Correspondimer a3.) (uu tau oy aiea Mies ents ee = PAGE ONS se ates sac oc tho Wk ete ae ee UN CEIVIG rates rca’ e Sia Na haat gue ee cee ne ee DUD PlEMIONEATY:: 2 Saved athe ae sie sitet anes aedeats eee Recapitulationy : 1c sw cick hens arlas eins ed ee ABTS ETE LAOUI tk eae cit elmer oe edn oe eats lee) a PP CitOriale tee ce eee) cut aes i oe ieee ek thing, Ane Che American Hisheries Soriviy LIST OF MEMBERS, 1917-1918 Showing Year of Election to Membership HONORARY MEMBERS The President of the United States—WooDROW WILSON The Governors of the several States: Nile a aitaalaNe 9 ehetees Gre accel ie Dee RE eee er rrr eee era CHARLES HENDERSON ENTRUGA BTR Oe ee oes pane LG ER Oe eRe eee ten ene JoHN F. A. STRONG LENSER ENS IOP RE ie A ee RELI ete MR Af vats ioe a aeetes iether ne ae a Cuas. H. BROUGH ‘CORTON ETE NSS ys BEAR ON Rede a DAI Pree Pens tne ca dae Sain, a WILLIAM D. STEVENS AB Ol OAC Ome ye cians eee cee Tile eine eae tah Ligeherestalrons JuLtus C. GUNTER (COs GGT ye Fle AG Co RIP CO cat aie ee ee Marcus H. Ho_tcoms Welayaneem ms riisermein is ec tial cme eeeue mane JOHN G. TOWNSEND, JR. Pletal ale ais 4k 5 ete ede Steve, er crats-tete = BTSs Sua ep nan NEU SIDNEY J. CATTS REO SACs earner tctetra eyeien ti tocnaibonces iad ohevatenaun sit ee tes hava Bas Hucu M. DorsEy Tie aie), SRM eich gh hee ois UY Reece Ae Pai ears em a Moses ALEXANDER TUIMIGBaya SiS SLING i i aad a ase cea eocm CAR aI De aint SPR rae in PoE FRANK O. LOWDEN iielertal seer Seren ee Arron Ret a con hens Nem ANN ES Say Lee Rd MaIR rs JAs. P. GooDRICH CA et MRR atic Matinee RC) ti Ci any Peete Packs Siete Wo. L. HARDING ERATE AS eet ere Nee ictal ces Oh ale SIVIRL oe LS Uae a Anca ace al tsre bate ARTHUR CAPPER Fert Clavie sng ev oten us tele kes seat eaters rece Siar atamayatel uaa Aree A. O. STANLEY TL GXRSNIER VET Recta Sov fl tine oa me a ina een PP cat SC er eo R. G. PLEASANT Tvilenvaayert, MERE Pad pe tt 00 oie 408 Ue a ge nee os 2 PR Oe A aR fy CarRL MILLIKEN NyMeartgalicart lA epee enn Relist cra apatene soe evenese blvd Space EMERSON C. HARRINGTON INIASSACHUISE LLG emery niaces oy bard aio carcrSieni cil se testa vere ic SAMUEL W. McCaLu NV Ibtelnn octamer reise. i ct fs ty Bra alte eaelond wos ape ohanerarspattce cy ALBERT E. SLEEPER VITUS SOTERA S a Se ene ee ae Ue Pe a eR Sn Gee J. A. A. BURNQUIST INSETRSSRUSISST OF OMENS Be eases Olney ety Ctra einer eee) oe ia ea ae THEODORE G. BILBO IN LTIS)SVON BIEL ES so aed ante iI ee eR aera FREDERICK D. GARDNER IiWoran crevasse ea eg Pe ts ee tre Ame Ur AR Are a pet eS AP SAMUEL V. STEWART BNE len trel cea cc ieee cries eRe ha Rue AE A Rss SPS AMR ROO crane Ae K. NEVILLE INIGNEHGIEN A 5 apg Ur ate CaPROR SN ae rN BE eee er ewe Mee ae EmMET D. BoyLE ING warlelanapshine ssctr.c: coe isos sie Gas ee mice ea tadisie Sef nc) acne’ s HEnrRY W. Keys ING WAeLSCViscn slckes sia hoor ae nts td war clic oe maahmae es ot wats WALTER E. EDGE INIGIW IMIS S(O AS epee le GED EOE aero Ica py enna cnn aE eee W. E. LINDSEY IN IGSW ANAC Tekcer yee arta corse itn aba tee stist tt Spee Sui ne IG AEM oA sie $ CuHAs. S. WHITMAN Noman Garolinay ssa seco siecle er a hicus susnaue tates eet ec THOMAS W. BICKETT INi@aptlat, JOQET CGH Hz ia Seats phat Strat aks ecaceniicen: Riaieions HREeAE Star eS Meee are: LYNN J. FRAZIER (QHaIO)= 5c SRS a nove ESE RRA CE MERI I REIS SecyeLcatireae tar at epee a ee James M. Cox (Op lalenin@rmaeer tees et eines Chats eediy aaiepereleauia etdisayainy sw aii o Be R. L. WILLIAMS One Oitl JS Soccer one cists CO ORE IASG rico Mee cnyCEices peer JAMES WITHYCOMBE Pe ramsyvalan iam amr niat ooh ice asihe slaw oe ORs eu a ee eaves M. G. BRUMBAUGH RMHOCeEUSIANG Sia. screeds dob oe be haeeha ge ed see ee R. LIvINGston BEECKMAN ‘Svorouciny, (Caroll irate hates se aes en OT SRA en eri a Reiner RICHARD 1. MANNING SSctatstre) alc Oia ee ey aciss cee ey aes rs Monge so eute deuce ean a as PETER NORBECK PRENMESGEC MAR et aire Tike cle Utes hd ais eke cern hacia nw gales a aul Tuomas C. RYE RKC a eect e eh ee rata e al yale oes ghee Sion. Lacarahad aig: Cincy Meas W. P. Hospsy LETS cat praca Con ietag. Monts? cots Shas ee haan atin Nie h om, Nr 3e SIMON BAMBERGER NSTI OMtya nee ay Monee tc His MADR RU Sau ta oy li tue a aloes Woracgatls HorAcE F. GRAHAM \Wisraninaliliah a SS teed © 5 Cues CRIA ELLE Cea soc NPR rr Me HVCGe STUART VAY BST aneba et HOUNe Eas 6 elon ube 3 ec Ne MRE A I eC ee Re ae ERNEST LISTER WWIGSIE Walineatotle er aver ie pin GC ROInG Mas Cece ieee ere JoHN J. CORNWELL VAY IGOVOSTSTIGT Si, pu is as ks Rae eae re aD bearer VAY SO iitai afar Sa Sa onary erode coe beh & Gee RES ae ae Dae FRANK L. Houx 84 87 04 09 08 "84 "84 09 "89 08 "84 "84 "84 "10 American Fisheries Society ANTIPA, PRoF. GREGOIRE, Inspector-General of Fisheries, Bucharest, Roumania. BESANA, GIUSEPPE, Lombardy Fisheries Society, Via Rugabello 19, Milan, Italy. BLUE RIDGE RoD AND GUN Cup, Harper’s Ferry, W. Va. Boropin, NIcoLas, Petrograd, Russia. CaLDERWooD, W. L., Inspector of Salmon Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland. DENBIGH, LorD, London, England. FisH PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 1020 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. FRYER, SIR CHARLES E., Former Supervising Inspector of Fisheries, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, England. Grimm, Dr. Oscar, Petrograd, Russia. KISHINOUYE, Dr. K., Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan. Katauara, Dr. Tasaku, Imperial Fisheries Bureau, Tokyo, Japan. LAKE ST. CLAIR SHOOTING AND FISHING CLUB, Detroit, Mich. MATSUBARA, Pror. S., Imperial Household Department, Tokyo, Japan. Mercier, Honore, Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. NAGEL, Hon. Cuas., St. Louis, Mo. New York ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF FISH AND GAME, New York City. Norpevist, Dr. Oscar FRITJOF, Superintendent of Fisheries, Lund, Sweden. PERRIER, PRorF. EDMOND, Director Museum of Natural History, Paris, France. VINCIGUERRA, Pror. Dr. DeEcio, Director Royal Fish Cultural Station, Rome, Italy. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS APOSTOLIDES, Pror. NIcoLy Cur., Athens, Greece. ARMISTEAD, J. J., Dumfries, Scotland. Ayson, L. F., Commissioner of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. FLEGEL, CHas., Canea, Crete. HiccGrnson, EpuARDo, Consul for Peru, New York City. LANDMARK, A., Inspector of Norwegian Fresh-Water Fisheries, Christiana, Norway. Marston, R. B., Editor of the Fishing Gazette, London, England. Mousin, S. M., Bengal Fisheries Department, Calcutta, India. OLSEN, Dr. O. T., Grimsby, England. Porteau, CHARNLEY, Lommel, Belgium. RAVERET- WATTEL, en Director of Aquicultural Station at Nid-de- Verdier, 20 Rue des Acacias, Paris. Sars, Pror. G. O., Christiana, Norway. SoLtsky, BARON N. DE, Director of the Imperial Agricultural Museum, Petrograd, Russia. STEAD, Davip G., Fisheries Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. " k 14 15 "15 "15 "15 "15 "15 15 15 "15 15 "15 "15 15 15 "15 15 "15 "15 "15 15 15 "15 "15 "15 "15 15 "15 "15 "15 15 15 15 "15 "15 "15 15 15 "15 List of Members 121 PATRONS ALASKA PACKERS’ ASSOCIATION, San Francisco, Cal. ALLEN, Henry F. (Agent, Crown Mills), 210 California St., San Fran- eisco, Cal: AMERICAN Biscuit Co., 815 Battery St., San Francisco, Cal. AMERICAN CAN Co., Mills Building, San Francisco, Cal. ARMOUR & Co., Battery and Union Sts., San Francisco, Cal. ArmsBy, J. K., COMPANY, San Francisco, Cal. ATLAS GAs ENGINE Co., INc., Foot of 22d Avenue, Oakland, Cal. BALFour, GUTHRIE & Co., 350 California St., San Francisco, Cal. BANK OF CALIFORNIA, N. A., California and Sansome Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. BLOEDEL-DONOVAN LUMBER MILLs, Bellingham, Wash. BonpD AND GooDWIN, 485 California St., San Francisco, Cal. BURPE AND LETSON, LTD., South Bellingham, Wash. CALIFORNIA BARREL Co., 22d and Illinois Sts., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA Door Co., 43 Main St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA STEVEDORE AND BALLAST Co., INc., 210 California St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA WIRE CLOTH CoMPANY, San Francisco, Cal. CASWELL, GEO. W., Co., INc., 580-4 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. CiincH, C. G., & Co., Inc., 144 Davis St., San Francisco, Cal. CoFFIN-REDINGTON Co., 35-45 Second St., San Francisco, Cal. CoLUMBIA RIVER PACKERS’ ASSOCIATION, Astoria, Ore. CRANE, Co. (C. W. Weld, Mgr.), 301 Brannan St., San Francisco, Cal. DODGE, SWEENEY & Co., 36-48 Spear St., San Francisco, Cal. First NATIONAL BANK OF BELLINGHAM, Bellingham, Wash. FULLER, W. P., & Co., 301 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. Grays HARBOR COMMERCIAL Co., Foot of 3d St., San Francisco, Cal. HENDRY, C. J., Co.,.46 Clay St., San Francisco, Cal. JONES-THIERBACH Co., THE, Battery and Merchant Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. Knapp, THE FreD H., Co., Arcade-Maryland Casualty Building, Baltimore, Md. LINEN THREAD Co., THE (W. A. Barbour, Mgr.), 443 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. MaTTILaGE, Cuas. F., Company, 335 Greenwich St., New York City. Morrison Mit Co., Inc., Bellingham, Wash. MorsE HARDWARE Co., INc., 1025 Elk St., Bellingham, Wash. Nauman, C. & Co., 501-3 Sansome St., San Francisco, Cal. OLIVER SALT Co., Mt. Eden, Cal. PaciFiCc HARDWARE AND STEEL Co., 7th and Townsend Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. PACIFIC STATES ELEcTRIC Co., 575 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. PHILLIPS SHEET AND TIN PLATE Co., Weirton, W. Va. PoPE AND TALsBot, Foot of 3d St., San Francisco, Cal. PUGET SOUND NAVIGATION Co., Seattle, Wash. 122 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 "15 15 "15 15 15 "15 American Fisheries Society Ray, W.S., Mrc. Co., Inc., 216 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. ScHMIDT LITHOGRAPH Co., 2d and Bryant Sts., San Francisco, Cal. SCHWABACHER-FREY STATIONERY Co., 609-11 Market St., San Fran- cisco, Call. SHIP OWNERS’ AND MercHANTS’ TuG Boat Co., Foot of Green St., San Francisco, Cal. SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co., THE, 454 Second St., San Francisco, Cal. SMITH CANNERY MACHINES Co., 2423 South First Avenue, Seattle, Wash. STANDARD GAS ENGINE Co., 1 California St., San Francisco, Cal. STANDARD O1L Co. OF CALIFORNIA, Standard Oil Building, San Fran- cisco, Cal. U.S. RuBBER Co. oF CALIFORNIA (W. D. Rigdon, Mer.), 50-60 Fremont St., San Fransicco, Cal. U.S. Sree: Propucts Co., Rialto Building, San Francisco, Cal. WELLS FarRGo NaTIONAL BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO, Montgomery and Market Sts., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERN FUueEL Co., 430 California St., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERN MEat Co., 6th and Townsend Sts., San Francisco, Cal. Waite Bros., HARDWoop LUMBER, 5th and Brannan Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. List of Members 123 ACTIVE MEMBERS Life Members Indicated by Asterisk (*) ACKERKNECHT, CHAs. H., 872 Selby Ave., St. Paul, Minn. AvAMS, Pror. CuHAs. C., State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. Apams, WM. C., Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass. AINSwortH, G. G., Manchester, Iowa. AITCHINSON, W. W., 5 Wabash Ave., Chicago, III. ALEXANDER, GEORGE L., Grayling, Mich. ALEXANDER, M. L., President, Louisiana Conservation Commission, New Orleans, La. ALFORD, JABE, President State Board of Fish Commission, 29 W. Dayton St., Madison, Wis. ALLEN, CLARENCE J., Box 738, Milwaukee, Wis. ALLER, H. D., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. ANDERSON, AuGustT J., Box 109, Marquette, Mich. ANDERSON, FRANK, 1331 East Seventh Ave., Denver, Colo. ANDERSON, Dr. F. E., Red Wing, Minn. ANDERSON, J. F., 3136 Front St., San Diego, Cal. ANDERSON, SAM G., Hutchinson, Minn. ANDERSON, T. T., Liggett and Myers Tobacco Co., St. Louis, Mo. ANNIN, JAMES, Caledonia, N. Y. ANNIN, Howarp, Caledonia, N. Y. ANNIN, H. E., Margaretville, Del. Co., N. Y. ANTOINE, CHARLES, 340 So. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Il. ARTHUR, STANLEY CLISBY, New Orleans, La. AVERY, Cartos, Capitol Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. ASBURY PARK FISHING CLUB, John F. Seger, 703 Cookman Ave., Asbury Parl, INS J: ATKINS, CHARLES G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bucksport, Me. ATwoop, ANTHONY, 73 Waterest St., Plymouth, Mass. Atwoop, IrviNG M., 31 Boston Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. Aucur, W.A., 33 Fulton St., New York City. Bascock, JOHN P., Provincial Fisheries’ Department, Victoria, British Columbia. Bascock, WILLIAM H., 520 The Rookery, Chicago, Ill. BaILEy, S. C., Bemidji, Minn. x BAKER, BolEs AND WATSON Co., 38 Boston Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. BatcuH, Howarp K., 158 W. Austin Ave., Chicago, Ill. BALDWIN, Marcus D., Montana Fish and Game Commission, Kalispell, Mont. BALDWIN, O. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Saratoga, Wyo. Batt, E. M., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. BALLARD, S. THRUSTON, Louisville, Ky. BARBER, Wo. E., Lacrosse, Wis. BaRBouR, J. W., St. Joseph, La. eee, Tuomas, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, ass. *BARNES, EARNEST W., Supt., R. I. Fisheries Experiment Station, Wickford, R. I. Barnes, F. C., Front St., Portland, Ore. BARNEY, RAyMoND L., Homer, Minn. BARRON, JAMES T., 405 Wells Fargo Bldg., Portland, Ore. Barrows, Morton, 1415 Pioneer Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. BartteTT, Dr. S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Quincy, Ill. 124 American Fisheries Society "12 16 Alef 14 04 16 "00 13 "13 "80 216 "13 13 06 Bauer, A., 25th and Dearborn Sts., Chicago, Ill. Baxter, C. E., Lakefield, Minn. BEaucHaAmMpe, D. C., Game and Fish Commissioner, Paragould, Ark. BEAL, F. J., State Commissioner of Fisheries, Plymouth, N. H. BEAN, Barton A., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. ? BEATTY, JAMES, Cook, Minn. BEEMAN, HENRY W., New Preston, Conn. *BELDING, Davin L., Biologist, Massachusetts Department of Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass. BELL, J. C., Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco, Cal. BELMONT, PERRY, 1618 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C. BENNETT, C. A., Granite Falls, Minn. *BENSON, JOHN T., Director Zoological Garden, Boston, Mass. Berc, GeEorGE, Indiana Fish Commission, Indianapolis, Ind. BERKHOUS, JERRY R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Torresdale, Pa. BickForD, W. M., Missoula, Mont. BICKLEY, CHAs., 56 Robbins St., Waltham, Mass. *BirGE, Dr. E. A., State Board of Fish Commissioners, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Bittinc, Dr. A. W., National Canner’s Association, Washington, D. C. Biack, C. H., Sunny Point Packing Co., Seattle, Wash. BLACKFORD, CHAS. MINoR, M. D., Staunton, Va. BLAIN, JAMES, Missouri State Fish Committee, Springfield, Mo. Bair, FRANK D., Excelsior, Minn. Broom, J. H., Game and Fish Commissioner, Devils Lake, N. D. BLyYsTAaD, CHESTER N., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay, Alaska. BoARDMAN, W. H., Secretary, Board of Inland Fisheries Commis- sioners, State House, Providence, R. I. Botton, C. C., 404 Hickox Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Bootu, Dewitt C., Homer, Minn. BORDENKECHER, WILLIAM, R. R. 19, Haughville Station, Indianapolis, Ind. BoucuHEr, E. C., 431 New Call Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Bourceotrs, TuHos. A., Lockport, La. BOWER, SEYMOUR, Superintendent, Michigan Fish Commission, Detroit, Mich. Bower, WARD T., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Bowers, GreorGE M., Martinsburg, W. Va. BRAMHALL, J. W., 415-417 E. 8th St., Kansas City, Mo. Brices, A. B., Ashaway, R. I. Brower, J. F., Fish and Game Commission, Holmesburg, Pa. Brown, DELL, Orangeburgh, S. C. Brown, ERnNEsT C., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. Brown, ERNEsT CLIVE, Copake, N. Y. Brown, GEORGE M., care Pere Marquette R. R., Detroit, Mich. Brown, G. W.N., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Orangeburg, S. C Brus, Dr. E. F., Mount Vernon, N. Y. Bryan, Pror. WM. ALANSON, College of Hawaii, Honolulu, H. T. Buck, WILLIAM O., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. *BuLLER, A. G., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Corry, Pa. BuLier, G. W., Pleasant Mount, Pa. *BULLER, NATHAN R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Harrisburg, Pa. Buras, J. J., New Orleans, La. BuRGARD, JOHN H., Lewis Bldg., Portland, Ore. BurkE, Wo. H., Old Forge, N. Y BuRKHART, JOE, Lewis, Wis. BuRNHAM, CHAS. W., U.S. Fisheries Station, Louisville, Ky. ee 91 Ol 12 List of Members 125 CALDWELL, F. M., 2311 Carter Ave., St. Paul, Minn. CANFIELD, H. L., Fairport, Iowa. Carter, E. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bullochville, Ga. CAsLER, WM. A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville, Colo. *CASSELMAN, E. S., Dorset, Vt. CASTING CLUB DE FRANCE, Place de Concorde, Paris, France. CaTTE, EUGENE, Langdon, Kan. CENAC, ALBERT, Chauvin, La. CHAMBERLAIN, W. R., Game Warden, Wabasha, Minn. CHAMBERS, E. T. D., Deputy Commissioner, Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. CHANDLER, Horatio, Kingston, Mass. CHEYNEY, JOHN K., Tarpon Springs, Fla. CHURCHILL, WINSTON, Cornish, N. H. CiarK, H. Watton, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. CLEASBY, E. A., 900 Cameron St., Eau Claire, Wis. *CLEVELAND, W. B., Burton, Ohio. CLIFFORD, CHARLES P., First National Bank, Chicago, Ill. CLUB SHAWINIGAN, Club Shawinigan, St. Maurice Co., Quebec, Canada. Coss, EBEN W., Superintendent of Fisheries, Board of Game and Fish Commissioners, St. Paul, Minn. Cops, JoHN N., Pacific Fisheries Society, care of Alaska Packers’ Association, Wells Fargo Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. CoFFMAN, J. Y., 4248 Cleveland St., St. Louis, Mo. Coxer, Dr. Ropert E., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D.C. CoLes, RusSsELL J., Danville, Va. ConGER, GEo. C., 748 E. Market St., Akron, Ohio. Cook, WARD A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. COPELAND, T. H., Orangeburg, S. C. *Cor.iss, C. G., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass. CovINGTon, TuHos. E., 1798 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. CowDEN, S. M., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. CRAMPTON, PRorF HENRY EDWARD, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. CRAMPTON, JOHN M., State Superintendent, Board of Fisheries and Game, New Haven, Conn. CRANDALL, A. J., Ashaway, R. I. CRASSER, Huco, 1304 Charles St., LaCrosse, Wis. Cress, H. A., Booth Fisheries Co., St. Paul, Minn. CuLtER, C. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wytheville, Va. CUNNINGHAM, F. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass. CuRRAN, JOHN L., Commissioner of Inland Fisheries, 602 Grosvenor Bldg., Providence, R. I. CurRAN, WM. E., 3 T Wharf, Boston, Mass. CusHMAN, O. P., Mammoth Springs, Ark. DANGLADE, ERNEST, Vevay, Ind. DasprittT, ARMAND P., Baton Rouge, La. Davipson, HENRY, Fish Hatchery, Bath, N. Y. Davipson, J. O., Wisconsin Fish Commission, Madison, Wis. Davies, Davin, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. Davis, H. C., Secretary, Delaware Fish Commission, Laurel, Del. DayrigEs, J. A., Commissioner, Louisiana Conservation Commission, New Orleans, La. and 10 DEAN, Pror. BASHFoRD, Columbia University, New York City. DEAN, HERBERT D., Fisheries Station, Bozeman, Mont. DEBacaA, TRINIDAD C., State Fish and Game Warden, Santa Fe., New Mexico. 126 American Fisheries Society *DENYsE, WASHINGTON I., Gravesend Beach, Borough of Brooklyn, Ney DERocHER, JAS. D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Nashua, N. H. DePuy, Henry F., 32 W. 40th St., New York City. DesAutELs, H. E., Cedar Island Lodge, Brule, Wis. DEWEESE, J. W., Lake Providence, La. DETWILER, JOHN Y., Honorary President, Florida Fish Commission, New Smyrna, Fla. Dickinson, F. H., 131 State St., Boston, Mass. Dickinson, P. A., State Fish Hatchery, Roxbury, Vt. Ditc, Witt H., Hearst Building, Chicago, I1l. Dimick, F. F., 8 Long Wharf, Boston, Mass. Dinsmore, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Dopcg, LESLIE G., 71 Lexington St., Auburndale, Mass. *DoMINY, JEREMIAH M., South Haven, N. Y. Dow, FRANK P., Tacoma, Wash. Downline, S. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. DoyLe, HENRY, Winch Bldg., Vancouver, B. C. Drew, S. S., South Cle Elum, Wash. Dun ap, I. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Dunn, ANDREW C., Northern Fish Co., Duluth, Minn. Dunn, W. W., 397 Bates Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Durkin, D. L., Minnesota Fish and Game Commission, Frazee, Minn. EASTGATE, ALFRED, St. John, N. D. Eaton, Howarp, Wolf, Wyo. Epwarps, VINAL N., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. Euem, J. M., Hutchinson, Minn. Emsopy, Gko. C., Assistant Professor of Aquiculture, Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, N. Y. EricKkson, C. J., 328 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Estes, B. E., 64 Ames Bldg., Boston, Mass. Evans, Lreut.-Cot. KELLY, Metropolitan Club, New York City. EVERMANN, Dr. Barton W., Director of the Museum, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. EVERMANN, J. W., First Vice-Pres., St. Louis South Western Railway of Texas, Dallas, Texas. FARRINGTON, Ray C., Ortonville, Minn. Fassett, H. C., St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. *FEARING, Mrs. D. B., Newport, R. I. FEATENBY, ALBERT R., Harrisburg, Pa. Frick, JOHN A., Sandusky, Ohio. FEILDING, J. B., Technical Superintendent, Department of Fisheries, Barrie, Ontario. FERGUSON, JAMES A., Duluth, Minn. FIELD, Dr. GEORGE W., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. FIELD, Pror. IrvinG A., Clark College, Worcester, Mass. FILkins, B. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. FINLEY, W. L., 651 E. Madison St., Portland, Ore. FISHER, JOHN F., Chapinville, Conn. FIsHER, A. K., U. S. Biol. Surv., Washington, D. C. FITZGERALD, E. J., Minneiska, Wis. FLETCHER, EMERY L., Ely, Nev. FLYFISHERS’ CLUuB, 36 Piccadilly, W. London, England. *FoLGER, J. A., Pres., J. A. Folger Co., Howard and Spencer Sts., San Francisco, Cal. List of Members 127 Fo.tteTT, RICHARD E., Detroit Zoological Society, Palmer Bldg., Detroit, Mich. ForseEs, Rosert, 1705 Knox St., South Bellingham, Wash. Forses, Dr. S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. ForsytH, RosBert, 1157 Rookery, Chicago, II. *FoRTMANN, HENRY F., 1007 Gough St., San Francisco, Cal. FosTER, FREDERICK J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Grand Lake Stream, Maine. Founp, Wm. A., Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Fow er, C. F., Waterloo, Iowa. Fow.er, KENNETH, 1 Fulton Market, New York City. FREEMAN, MILLER, Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GARCELON, Wo. F., 405 Sears Bldg., Boston, Mass. *GARDNER, Mrs. CHARLES C., The Cliffs, Newport, R. I. GARDNER, JOHN W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Concrete, Wash. GavitT, W. S., Lyons, N. Y. GERRY, Hon. PETER G., Providence, R. I. GERRY, RosERT L., 258 Broadway, New York City. GeseErIcH, L. A., President, Missouri State Fish Commission, St. Louis, Mo. Getz, NorRMAN, Corry, Pa. Gis, C. D., Game Warden, Wilder, Minn. Grips, H. A., Detroit, Minn. Gipss, CHARLES E., U. S., Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. GILBERT, Pror. C. H., Stanford University, Cal. GuimpesE, F. B., Wells-Fargo Express Co., Kansas City, Mo. GorFIn, Rosert A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. GotpisH, S. L., Lake Superior Fish Co., 203 East First St., Duluth, Minn. GooDsPEED, L. B., Boston, Mass. Goopwin, O. C., Peace Dale, R. I. GoruaM, W. B., Brook Trout Co., Hudson, Wis. GouRVILLE, J. H., 11 T Wharf, Boston, Mass. GRAHAM, E. A., Berkeley, Taunton, R. F. D., Mass. GRAHAM, GEORGE H., Massachusetts Commission on Fisheries and Game, 423 Main St., Springfield, Mass. GRATER, CHARLES B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay, Alaska. Gray, GEORGE M., Woods Hole, Mass. GREEN, J. C., 4730 London Road, Duluth, Minn. GREENE, Dr. CHAs. W., University of Missouri, 814 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo. GREENE, JOHN V., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. GREENLEAF, GEORGE W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, West Boothbay Harbor, Me. GUERIN, THEOPHILE, Treasurer, Rhode Island Commission of Fish- eries, Woonsocket, R. I. GUERNSEY, Guy, 1644 Vernon Ave., Chicago, I11. GUNCKEL, WILL H., M. and C. Savings Bank, Toledo, Ohio. GUNTHER, F. E., 420S. Fifth St., Lacrosse, Wis. GuptTiL, Geo. L., Myrick’s, Mass. *Haas, WILLIAM, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Spruce Creek, Pa. Haun, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boothbay Harbor, Me. HALEY, CALEB, Fulton Market, New York City. HALTER, LAWRENCE, 637 S. Main St., Akron, Ohio. Hancock, W. K., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. American Fisheries Society Hanp, E. R., Fairmont, Minn. HANKINSON, Pror. T. L., Charleston, I11. HANSEN, FERDINAND, Russian Caviar Co., 170 Chambers St., New York City. HANSEN, G., Osceola, Wis. HARPELL, JAMES JOHN, 45 St. Alexander St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. HARRIMAN, AVERILL, Arden, N. Y. Harris, P. E., 503 Maynard Bldg., Seattle, Wash. Harron, L. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Hart, W. O., 184 Carondelet St., New Orleans, La. HARTMANN, PHIL, Erie, Pa. Hay, Pror. W. P., Kensington, Md. HAYFoRD, CHARLES O., Supt., State Fish Hatchery, Hackettstown, INGE HaAyrorD, Dr. Ernest L., 2301 Monroe St., Chicago, Il. HAyrorpD, Ropert E., De Bruce, N. Y. HEIMAN, A. J., Barberton, Ohio. Hemineway, E. D., 123 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Phila., Pa. HENSHALL, Dr. JAmMEs A., 811 Dayton St., Cincinnati, Ohio. HEROLD, R., 235 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. Herrick, Pror. Francis Hopart, Adelbert College, Cleveland, Ohio. HeErrRIcK, GEO. H., Attleboro, Mass. Hiceins, AF. S., 142 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. HILDEBRAND, SAMUEL F., 528 Shepard St., Washington, D. C. Hitt, Howarp Rice, 1108 W. Illinois St., Urbana, I11. HinricuHs, Henry, JR., Keystone Fish Co., Erie, Pa. HitTcHINGS, FRANK E., Supt. State Fish Hatchery, East Sandwich, Mass. Hospart, T. D., Pampa, Texas. HorrsEs, ELvin J., 195 Ash St., Waltham, Mass. Horses, G. RaymMonpb, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Afognak, Alaska. Ho.LpEn, H.5%., Syracuse, N. Y. HotMEs, Wo. S., Tallulah, La. HoopeEn, K., Monterey, Cal. *HopperR, GEORGE L., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. Hover, HERBERT, Germantown, N. Y. Howarp, ARTHUR D., Ph. D., Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, la. Hoxsik, F. D., Superintendent, American Fish Culture Company, Carolinas Re ik HuBBARD, WALDO F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Nashua, N. H. HUDERLE, JOHN, Hutchinson, Minn. HuNSAKER, W. J., Board of State Fish Commissioners, Saginaw, Mich. Hunt, EW... oisson, Cali Hunter, T. F., New Orleans, La. HuntsMANn, A. G., Ph. D., Asst. Prof. of Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. *HurRxsut, H. F., 18 Iveson Ave., East Lynn, Mass. Hussaxkor, Dr. Louris, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Husvep, JAMEs D., Denver, Colo. INGALLS, GEO. M., 124 Commerce St., Boston, Mass. INK, CHARLES, 484 East Market St., Akron, Ohio. Jackson, Cuas. F., Pine City, Minn. JASTREMSKI, L. H., Houma, La. List of Members 129 JENKINS, Dr. OLIVER P., Stanford University, Cal. Jennincs, G. E., Fishing Gazette, 203 Broadway, New York City. JenninGs, R. H., Orangeburg, S. C. JENSEN, Harotp, State Fish Hatchery, St. Paul, Minn. JEWETT, STEPHEN S., 614 Main St., Laconia, N. H. Jounson, A. S., 300 Exchange Bldg., Duluth, Minn. Jounson, E. H., Sabattis, N. Y. JouHNson, Dr. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. Jounson, Mrs. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. Jounson, JaAMEs G., R. I. Commission of Inland Fisheries, Riverside, Re Jounston, Cassius A., Hoosick,Falls, N. Y. JoHNSTON, J. W., Box 578, Rochester, N. Y. JoHNsTONE, F. C., Colemen Bldg., Seattle, Wash. Jones, E. Lester, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C. Jones, J. H., Fergus Falls, Minn. Jones, THos. S., Louisville, Ky. Jostyn, C. D., 200 Fifth Ave. (Suite 840), New York City. KavaANAuGH, W. P., Bay City, Mich. KeEeseECKER, A. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Erwin, Tenn. Keit, W. M., Tuxedo Park, N. Y. KEMMERICH, JOSEPH, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. KENDALL, F. P., Farling Bldg., Portland, Ore. KENDALL, NEAL, Farling Bldg., Portland, Ore. KENDALL, Dr. WILLIAM C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, ID), & KENT, EDWIN C., Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. Keyes, H. W., Ranier, Minn. KieERuLFF, C. A., 2605 Fulton St., Berkeley, Cal. KierRuLFF, T. C., Flat Iron Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Kuan, Wo. H., 572 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Kinney, M. J., 510 Corbett Bldg., Portland, Oregon. Kirk, J. H., State Fish and Game Commission, Bottineau, N. D. KISTERBOCK, JOSIAH, JR., 3824 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. KITTREDGE, BENJAMIN R., Carmel, N. Y. KLEVENHUSEN, F., Altoona, Wash. Knicut, Dr. Aucustus S., 1 Madison Ave., New York City. Knicut, H. J., Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco, Cal. Komo Lt, C. F., Dundas, Minn. KoprrLin, Puitip, Jr., Missouri Fish Commission, Forest Park, St. Louis, Mo. KRAIKER, CARL, 1725 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Krapg, R. E., 257 Euclid Ave., Ridgway, Pa. Kuntz, W. J., Waconia, Minn. Lamesson, G. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Sisson, Cal. LANCEFIELD, DONALD E., Amity, Oregon. LAND, S. E., Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo. Lanpry, D. J., Lake Charles, La. LANGLOIS, CONRAD J., New Road, La. Lau, H. C., Star Prairie, Wis. LAWYER, Geo. A., U.S. Biol. Surv., Washington, D.C. Lay, CHARLES, Sandusky, Ohio. LEA, CHARLES M., West Thorpe Farm, Devon, Pa. Leacu, G. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. LeAvins, Linus, Fish and Game Commission, Cambridge, Vermont. 130 American Fisheries Society LEDGERWooD, LERoy, Tehama, Cal. Lee, Harry S., 374 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Lee, W. McDonaLp, Commissioner of Fisheries, Irvington, Va. LEoPoLD, ALDO, Forest Service, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Lewis, CHARLES E., Chamber of Commerce, Minneapolis, Minn. LINDAHL, SETH H., 7732 Chauncey Ave., Chicago, Ill. Linton, Dr. Epwin, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, ae Lipinsky, M. N., Winona, Minn. LocHER, Wm., Kalamazoo, Mich. LoescH, H. C., Colorado Springs, Colo. LOWELL, MANSFIELD, San Francisco, Cal. LOWRANCE, W. J., Berwick, La. LupwiG, JOHN, Grand Isle, La. LycaNn, FRANK S., Bemidji, Minn. LypELL, Dwicut, Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock Park, Mich. MaBIE, CHARLES H., Maywood, N. J. MacCativum, G. A., M. D., 981 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. MacLacuLan, Dr. Cuas., Pres. Game and Fish Board, New Rockford, NED: McDona.pb, Cart K., Armstrong, Okla. McDona_p, E. B., Ligget and Myers Tobacco Co., St. Louis, Mo. McDouaat, J. M., Gunnison, Colo. McREyNo.bs, B. B., Water Superintendent, Colorado Springs, Colo. Mack, JOHN E., Carson City, Nev. Manong, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Quilcene, Wash. MAILLIARD, JOSEPH, 1815 Vallejo St., San Francisco, Cal. MALLORY, CHARLES, Port Chester, N. Y. MANNFELD, Geo. N., Indianapolis, Ind. Manton, Dr. W. P., 32 Adams Ave., West Detroit, Mich. MARDEN, CuHas. S., Moorehead, Minn. Marporr, H. F., 4068 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. Marine, Dr. Davip, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Marks, J. P., Michigan Fish Commission, Paris, Mich. Marsu, M. C., 113 High St., Buffalo, N. Y. MARSCHALK, PAUL, Warroad, Minn. Marty, JoHN M., 1447 E. 6th St., St. Paul, Minn. Mason, C. C., Hermit, Colo. MarTTLADGE, HENRY, 335 Greenwich St., New York City. May, Jacos, 3456 St. Vincent St., St. Louis, Mo. *MEEHAN, W. E., 422 Dorset St., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Meents, R. R., President, Illinois Fish Commission, Ashkum, Ill. MERCER, JESSE E., U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. MERRILL, ARTHUR, Wilkinsonville, Mass. MERRILL, M. E., Pittsford, Vt. MERsSHON, W. B., Saginaw, Mich. Meyer, Gustav J. T., 829-831 South Delaware St., Indianapolis, Ind. Mitcer, ALBERT P., Constantia, N. Y. MILLER, Dan E., Constantia, N. Y. MILLER, FRANK, Ohio Fish and Game Commission, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. MILLER, FRANK M., President Board of Commissioners for the Pro- tection of Birds, Game and Fish, 605 Maison Blanche Bldg., New Orleans, La. MILLETT, ARTHUR L., Daily Times, Gloucester, Mass. Mitts, G. T., Chairman State Fish Commission, Carson City, Nev. Miner, Roy W., American Museum of Natural History, New York City. List of Members 131 *MIXTER, SAMUEL J., M. D., 180 Marlboro St., Boston, Mass. Monger, C. C., Grand Marias, Minn. Monroe, Oris D., Supt. State Fish Hatchery, Palmer, Mass. Moore, ALFRED, 618 American Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Moore, Dr. H. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Moore, JOHN D., State Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. MorcHER, GEORGE, London, Ohio. MorcGutis, DR. SERGIUS, Creighton Univ., Omaha, Nebr. Morris, Dr. Rosert T., 616 Madison Ave., New York City. Morton, W. P., 105 Sterling Ave., Providence, R. I. MosER, CAPTAIN JEFFERSON F., 1605 Lincoln Ave., Almeda, Cal. Muncu, Wo. F., Crookston, Minn. Munty, M. G., 1006 Yeon Building, Portland, Ore. Myers, I. S., 604 Norwood St., Akron, Ohio. 73 and ’10 NEIDLINGER, PHILIP, 2225 Emmons Ave., Sheepshead Bay, N.Y. 16 a7 "86 NEtson, Cuas. A. A., Lutsen, Minn. NeEtson, J. O., Glenwood, Minn. NEVINS, JAMES, Superintendent Wisconsin Fish Commission, Madison, Wis. *NEWMAN, Epwin A., President Aquarium Fisheries Co., 4305 8th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. NEwport FREE LIBRARY, Newport, R. I. Newport Historicat Society, Newport, R. I. NicHoLs, JOHN TREADWELL, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. NIGHTINGALE, H. W., 740 Salem St., Malden, Mass. Nitson, L. A., Orangeburg, S. C. OAKES, Wo. H., 24 Union Park St., Boston, Mass. O’BrIEN, J. B., Box 1, Reno, Nev. O’Brien, MARTIN, Crookston, Minn. O’BRIEN, W. J., Supt. of Hatcheries, Nebraska Game and Fish Com- mission, Gretna, Neb. OHAGE, Dr. Justus, St. Paul, Minn. O’ Hara, JoserH, Pleasant Mount, Pa. O’MAL_Ley, Henry, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. OPDENWEYER, JOHN W., Sorrento, La. *OsSBURN, PRor. RAYMOND C., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Oris, Mito F., State Fish Hatchery, Upper Saranac, N. Y. Oris, SPENCER, Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. PACKER, ARTHUR, 423 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. PALMER, Dr. THEODORE S., United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. PARKHuRST, Hon. C. FRANK, 54 Barnes St., Providence, R. I. PARSONS, JOHN S., State Commissioner of Fisheries, Accomac, Va. PATCHING, FRED, Loring, Alaska. PATTERSON, A. G., Kentucky Fish and Game Commission, Pineville, Ky PAYNE, F. T., New Orleans, La. PELL, Geo. W., 520 16th St., Denver, Colo. Prop.Les, Hiram, New Providence, Pa. PFLEUGER, J. E., Akron, Ohio. PINKERTON, J. A., Glenwood, Minn. PooLe, GARDNER, 126 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. POHOQUALINE FisH ASSOCIATION, 233 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa, Pomeroy, GEo. E., Toledo, Ohio, "16 American Fisheries Society Porg, T. E. B., Curator, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. PorTER, RIcHARD, Board of State Fish Commissioners, Paris, Mo. PostaL, FRED, State Board of Fish Commissioners, Detroit, Mich. Pratt, Geo. D., Conservation Commissioner, Albany, N. Y. Prince, Pror. E. E., Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Purpy, Dorman S., 115 Eddy St., Ithaca, N. Y. Race, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake, Me. RADCLIFFE, LEwis, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. RASMUSSEN, DR. A. T., Talrosse, Wis. RAVENEL, W. DEC., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Ray,, J. E., Alexandria, La. ReEDWoop LisRARY, Newport, R. I. Reep, Dr. H. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. REIDEL, F. K., Pleasant Mount, Pa. REIGHARD, Pror. Jacos E., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. RENAUD, JOHN K., New Orleans, La. REYNOLDs, O. J., Game Warden, Alexandria, Minn. RHINES, WALLACE D., Foreman, State Fish Hatchery, Linlithgo, N. Y. Ricu, E. A., Co., 4 Boston Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. Ricuarps, G. H., Sears Building, Boston, Mass. RICHARDSON, Rosert E., State Biological Laboratory, Havana, I1l. RICHTMAN, S. P., Fountain City, Wis. Riper, H. A., Little Falls, Minn. RILEY, Mark, San Marcos, Tex. Ris.ey, A. F., State Fish Hatchery, Linlithgo, N. Y. Roserts, A. D., Auditor Inland Fisheries Commission, Woonsocket, I Roserts, B. H., 1413 New York Ave., Washington, D. C. Rovuatt, THEO. JR., State Game Warden, Santa Fe, N. M. Rowe, Henry C., Groton, Conn. Rowe, Wo. H., West Buxton, Me. Royce, JAMES, DéBruce, Sullivan County, N. Y. RucKMAN, Cuas. W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. RUSSELL, GEO. S., Bank of Commerce of N. A., Cleveland, Ohio. RUSSELL, J. R., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Birdsview, Wash. Ryan, Catvin D., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Concrete, Wash. St. MARTIN, XAVIER H., Houma, La. SAFFORD, W. H., Missouri Fish Commission, St. Joseph, Mo. SANTA BARBARA PUBLIC LIBRARY, Santa Barbara, Cal. SAUNDERS, DR. WADE Hampton, Box 296, Roanoke, Va. SCHOFIELD, N. B., Sunnyvale, Cal. SCHOONMAKER, Byron C., De Bruce, N. Y. SCHRADER, FRANZ, Route 1, Prince Bay, N. Y. SEAGLE, GEorRGE A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wytheville, Va. SEAGRAVE, ARNOLD, Woonsocket, R. I. Se1z, B. F., Deputy Game Warden, Red Wing, Minn. SELLERS, M. G., 1518 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. SELVoG, Hans R., Warroad, Minn. SHEBLEY, FRANK A., Superintendent Santa Cruz County Hatchery, Brookdale, Cal. SHEBLEY, W. H., Sisson, Cal. SHELLFORD, Victor E., Dept. Zool., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Sura, AustTIN F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. Surras, GEo., 8D, Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C. List of Members 133 SINGLETON, J. ERNEST, Woonsocket, R. I. *SLADE, GEORGE P., 309 Broadway, P. O. Box 283, New York City. SmitTH, G. A., Oklahoma City, Okla. SMITH, HERBERT C., White Cloud, Mich. eT DR. Hucu M., U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, D SmitH, Lewis H., Algona, Iowa. SNYDER, J. P., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Cape Vincent, N. Y. SPEAKS, JOHN C., Chief Warden Fish and Game Commission, Columbus, Ohio. SPENSLEY, CALVERT, Mineral Point, Wis. SPORTSMENS REVIEW PUBLISHING Co., 15 W. Sixth St., Cincinnati, Ohio. SPRAGLE, L. H., Henryville, Pa. Stack, F. GEorGE, ‘‘Kamp Kill Kare,’’ Raquette Lake, N. Y. STAPLETON, M. F., Supt., Cedar Island Lodge, Brule, Douglas Co., Wis. STARR, C. D., Lewis Bldg., Portland, Oregon. Starr, W. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners, Eau Claire, Wis. STEELE, G. F., Sun Life Bldg., Montreal, Canada. STERETT, W. G., State Game, Fish and Oyster Commission, Port Lavaca, Texas. STEVENS, ARTHUR F., Ramapo, N. Y. Stivers, D. Gay, Butte Anglers’ Association, Butte, Mont. STONE, DR. WILLARD J., 8 Harold Arms, Toledo, Ohio. Story, JoHN A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake, Me. STRONNER, JESSE LEE, Orangeburg, S. C. STRUVEN, CHAS. M., 114 S. Frederick St., Baltimore, Md. STucKE, EDWIN W., 3811 Brown St., Philadelphia, Pa. SULLIVAN, WALTER E., Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. SuRBUR, THADDEUS, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Sutro, ADOLPH NEWTON, 1155 Pine St., San Francisco, Cal. Sworp, C. B., New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. TaLBot, Henry, Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D. C. Tuau, Aucust B., 521 W. 29th St., Indianapolis, Ind. THAYER, W. W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. Tuomas, W. H., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, lowa. TuHomas, ADRIAN, 2012 Hanover Ave., Richmond, Va. TuHompeson, W. P., 128 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. TuHompson, W. T., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bozeman, Mont. Tuomson, G. H., Estes Park, Colo. TICHENOR, A. K., Secretary Alaska Packers’ Assn., San Francisco, Cal. TILLMAN, RoBerT T., Beacon Paper Co., St. Louis, Mo. SAMEON, Wmn., Vice-President, Alaska Packers’ Assn., San Francisco, aul TircoMB, JOHN W., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. TONGUE, LEONARD M., 906 American Bldg., Baltimore, Md. ToRREY, Pror. HARRY BEAL, Reed College, Portland, Ore. *TOWNSEND, Dr. CHARLES H., Director New York Aquarium, New York, N.Y. TREXLER, Cot. Harry C., Allentown, Pa. Trices, CHAs. W., Booth Fisheries Co., 22 W. Monroe St., Chicago, I11. Troyer, M., Astoria Iron Works, Seattle, Wash. TRULL, HARRY S., 317 E. 196th St., Fordham, N. Y. Tupss, FRANK A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Mammoth Spring, Ark. TULIAN, EUGENE A., Box 1267, New Orleans, La. TURNER, CHAs. C., Judge Kentucky Court of Appeals, Frankfort, Ky. AN sees Jas. W., Connecticut Fish and Game Commission, Hartford, onn, 134 gli 09 American Fisheries Society *VALLETTE, Luciano H., Chief of Section of Fish Culture, 827 Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Van Atta, CLypDE H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay Hatchery, Ketchikan, Alaska. *VANDERGRIEFT, S. H., 1728 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C. VARDEN, GEo. S., Paris, Ky. VitEs, BLAINE S., Inland Fish and Game Commissioner, Augusta, Me. VoGEL, J. C., 2203 Pearl St., Philadelphia, Pa. Voct, JAMES H., Nevada Fish Commission, Carson City, Nevada. ._ Von LENGERKE, J., 200 Fifth Ave., New York City. WADDELL, JOHN, Grand Rapids, Mich. WAKEFIELD, L. H., 1310 Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. WALKER, BRYANT, Detroit, Mich. WALKER, Dr. H. T., 210 Main St., Denison, Texas. WALLACE, FREDERICK WILLIAM, 600 Read Bldg., 45 St. Alexander St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Watters, C. H., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Warp, Pror. H. B., University of Ilnois, Urbana, Il. Warp, J. Quincy, Executive Agent, Kentucky Game and Fish Com- mission, Frankfort, Ky. WARD, ROBERTSON Ds) 172 Harrison St., East Orange, N. J. WASHBURN, Pror. F. oe 1112 Sixth St. aS: E., Minneapolis, Minn. Watts, A. E., 9 T Wharf, Boston, Mass. Wess, W. SEWARD, 44th St. and Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. WEEKS, ANDREW GRAY, 8 Congress St., Boston, Mass. WEIL, WALTER G., Majestic Bldg., Chicago, I1l. WE!s, Cart. JAS. E., St. Joseph, Mo. WEISE, ENGLEBERG, Seattle, Wash. WELsH, Wo. W., Scientific Assistant U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington; ).1Cs WE tscu, H. N., Box 4, Salt Lake City, Utah. WeEtscH, R., Bellingham, Wash. WESTERFELD, CARL, New Call Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERMANN, J. H., Harrietta, Mich. WHEELER, CHARLES STETSON, Union Trust Building, San Francisco, Cal. WHEELER, FRED. M., 546 Fulton St., Chicago, Ill. WuiteE, R. Tyson, 320 Bridge St., Brooklyn, N. Y. WHITMAN, Epwarp C., Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada. WHITESIDE, R. B., 204 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn. WILuiAMs, J. A., State Board of Health Bldg., Tampa, Fla. Witson, C. H., Glen Falls, N. Y. Witson, J. S. P. H., Chairman, Board of Inland Game and Fish Com- missioners, Auburn, Me. WINCHESTER, GRANT E., Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Bemus Point, N. Y. WINN, Dennis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. WIntTeER, J. H., Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco, Cal. Wires, S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. *WIsNER, J. NELSON, Director, Institute de Pesca del Uruguay, Punta del Esto, Uruguay. *WOLTERS, CHas. A., Oxford and Marvine Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Woon, 'C. C., Plymouth, Mass. Woops, Joun P., President, Missouri State Fish Commission, First and Wright Sts. Mots Louis, Mo. Work, GERALD, Perkins Hill, Akron, Ohio. WortH, S. G., 518 Colonial Ave., Norfolk, Va. : ; ae: List of Members 135 09. YERINGTON, Epwarp B., Board of Fish Commissioners, Carson City, Nevada. 716 YouNGER, R. J., Houma, La. 99 ZALSMAN, P. G., Grayling, Mich. Supplementary List, Dating from 1918 Meeting. BartLey, ARTHUR T., Nashua, N. H. BELLISLE, J. A., Inspector General of Fisheries and Game, Quebec, Canada. Bitiso_y, E. Nasu, 517 Law Bldg., Norfolk, Va. Brices, ARTHUR, Supt. Maine Hatcheries, Winthrop, Me. BuRNHAM, JOHN B., Pres. Am. Game Protective Assoc’n, 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. CayAHoGA CouNTY SPORTMENS’ ASSOCIATION, (JOHN L. ALNuTT, President), Auburn, N. Y. : COYKENDALL, EDWARD, 22 Ferry St., Kingston, N. Y. DuRant, Dr. E. W., Chairman, Board of Fisheries of S. C., Georgetown, South Carolina. FARRELL, JOHN J., 3283 Sixth Ave., Troy, N. Y. Frencu, ALBERT, International Agricultural Corporation, 61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. FRIDENBERG, ROBERT, 22 W. 56th St., New York, N. Y. GREEN, Major Hucu A., Room 211, St. Nicholas Bldg., Montreal, Canada. HAUSCHILDT, CHARLES, Timmins, Ontario, Canada. Hawks, S. B., County Warden and Hatehery Supt., Bennington, Vt. TRONDEQUOIT FisH AND GAME ASSOCIATION, (J. W. JOHNSTON, Cor. Sec.), Rochester, N. Y. KippenDorr, Cart H., Sagamore and New Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. McIntyre, Geo. A., Fish and Game Commissioner, Milford, N. H. MACKENZIE, Wo. M., The Linen Thread Co., 96 Franklin St., New York, ING Y Moore, EMMELINE, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Mort ey, E. C., Sodus Point, N. Y. MUuLtin, Wo. K., Bridgeport, Conn. NEEDHAM, Pror. Jas. G., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Rew, JoHN R., Commissioner of Fisheries, Norfolk, Va. Ricwarpson, A. P., Supt. of Fish Hatchery, Canaan, Vt. RogpEertson, ALEXANDER, Dominion Salmon Hatchery, Harrison Hot Springs, Buc. Canada, SEAMAN, FRANK, Napanoch, N. Y. Sun, Dr. F. T., President, School of Fisheries, Tientsin, China. THOMPSON, W. F. RECAPITULATION. Onene nyc ays ee ee eo ae ties tiki et obe ea Tse © 68 Worresponchin eres ee se nse sree tee hav stelei, sia irae): Achill 14 IPR iaeiatsia'y BE cree th eee a tote wis iescctd inh LUE er eee Ren ASS tea 53 INCU Sas Seo oe Cae MES OSS CET Orso sore ania 624 136 American Fisheries Society CONSTITUTION (As amended to date) ARTICLE I NAME AND OBJECT The name of this Society shall be American Fisheries Society. Its object shall be to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fishertes; the uniting and encour- aging of all interests of fish culture and the fisheries, and the treatment of all questions regarding fish, of a scientific and economic character. ARTICLE II MEMBERSHIP Active Members—Any person may, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of two dollars, become a member of this Society. In case members do not pay their fees, which shall be two dollars per year after first year, and are delinquent for two years, they shall be notified by the treasurer, and if the amount due is not paid within a month thereafter, they shall be, without further notice, dropped from the roll of membership. Any library, sporting or fishing club, society, firm or corpora- tion may upon two-thirds vote and the payment of the regular annual fee, become a member of this Society and entitled to all its publications. Life Members—Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of twenty-five dollars, become a life member of this Society, and shall thereafter be exempt from all annual dues. Patrons—Any person, society, club, firm or corporation, on approval by the Executive Committee and on payment of $50.00, Constitution Le may become a Patron of this Society with all the privileges of a life member, and then shall be listed as such in all published lists of the Society. The money thus received shall become part of the permanent funds of the Society and the interest alone be used as the Society shall designate. Honorary and Corresponding Members—Any person can be made an honorary or a corresponding member upon a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting. The President (by name) of the United States and the Governors (by name) of the several States shall be honorary members of the Society. Election of Members Between Annual Meetings —The President, Recording Secretary and Treasurer of the Society are hereby authorized, during the time intervening between annual meet- ings, to act on all individual applications for membership in the Society, a majority vote of the Committee to elect or reject such applications as may be duly made. ARTICLE III SECTIONS On presentation of a formal written petition signed by one hundred or more members, the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society may approve the formation in any region of a Section of the American Fisheries Society to be known as the Section. Such a Section may organize by electing its own officers, and by adopting such rules as are not in conflict with the Constitution and By-Laws of the American Fisheries Society. It may hold meetings and otherwise advance the general interests of the Society, except that the time and place of its annual meeting must receive the approval of the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society, and that without specific vote of the American Fisheries Society, the Section shall not commit itself to any expression of public policy on fishing matters. 138 American Fisheries Society It may further incur indebtedness to an amount necessary for the conduct of its work not to exceed one-half of the sum received in annual dues from members of said section. Such bills duly approved by the Chairman and Recorder of the Section shall be paid on presentation to the Treasurer of the American Fisheries Society. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS The officers of this Society shall be a president and a vice- president, who shall be ineligible for election to the same office until a year after the expiration of their term; a corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, an editor, a treasurer, and an executive committee of seven, which, with the officers before named, shall form a council and transact such business as may be necessary when the Society is not in session—four to constitute a quorum. In addition to the officers above named there shall be elected annually five vice-presidents who shall be in charge of the following five divisions or sections: Fish culture. Commercial fishing. Aquatic biology and physics. Angling. Protection and legislation. ia ear Vice-presidents of sections are expected to present reports at each annual meeting. ARTICLE V MEETINGS The regular meeting of the Society shall be held once a year, the time and place being decided upon at the previous meeting, or, in default of such action, by the executive committee, Constitution 139 ARTICLE VI ORDER OF BUSINESS Call to order by president. Roll call of members. Applications for membership. aie ax Bb lea Reports of officers. a. President. b. Secretary. ce. Treasurer. d. Vice-Presidents of Divisions. e. Standing Committees. 5. Committees appointed by the president. a. Committee of five on nomination of officers for ensuing year. . Committee of three on time and place of next meeting. Auditing committee of three. . Committee of three on programme. Committee of three on publication. Committee of three on publicity. rh © e.@ ot 6. Reading of papers and discussion of same. (Note—In the reading of papers preference shall be given to the members present.) 7. Miscellaneous business. 8. Adjournment. ARTICLE VII CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION The constitution of the Society may be amended, altered or repealed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting, provided at least fifteen members are present at said regular meeting. 140 American Fisheries Society EDITORIAL. The Annual Meeting. On September 9, 10 and 11, the forty- eighth annual meeting of the Society was held in the Waldorf- Astoria Hotel, New York City, with an attendance of about seventy-five members. Twenty-eight new members were elected bringing the total active membership to six hundred and twenty-four. The meeting was marked by unusual earnestness in the con- sideration and discussion of problems. It may be safely said that never in the history of the society has there been a program more thoroughly scientific in character, nor, at the same time, one of greater importance in practical fisheries work. The important problem of pollution, the discussion of which was led by Prof. Henry B. Ward’s paper, naturally absorbed its full share of time at the meeting. The question of foods for the artificial feeding of fishes also evoked lively discussion, centering around important papers by Prof. G. C. Embody of Cornell University, and Dr. Sergius Morgulis of Creighton University. The paper by Prof. Embody, entitled ‘Results of Some Trout ” Feeding Experiments,’ was awarded the prize among the com- petitive contributions on “Fish Culture.”” Dr. Morgulis was the recipient of the prize in “‘ Biological Investigation”’ on his paper, “‘Studies on the Nutrition of Fish—Experiments on Brook Trout.”’ No prize was awarded in the class ‘‘Commercial Fisheries,” the only paper offered in competition being later withdrawn as not meeting the requirements. The offering of these prizes is a new feature of the Society’s work and they will probably be offered again. The interest from the Permanent Fund—the accumulated fees of Patrons—provided the money for the prizes, one hundred dollars in each of the classes mentioned. Editorial 141 Officers for 1918-19 were elected as follows: President, Mr. M. L. Alexander, New Orleans, La.; Vice-President, Mr. Carlos Avery, St. Paul, Minn.; Recording Secretary, Mr. John P. Woods, St. Louis, Mo.; Treasurer, Mr. A. L. Millett, Gloucester, Mass.; Editor, Prof. Raymond C. Osburn, Columbus, Ohio; and Chair- man of the Executive Committee, Mr. N. R. Buller, Harrisburg, Pa. A full account of the meeting will appear later in the Proceedings. RiC©: CONTENTS List of Members— TRANSACTIONS Or lie AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY DECEMBER, 1918 ng eee th ibs Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Society at Columbus, Ohio Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Che American Hisheries Soriety Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 ‘ ; Officers for 1918-1919 U AP ESTOENE Wh. Nie et Hee oi M. L. ALEXANDER, New Orleans, La. Y Vice-President... 00...) Cartos Avery, St. Paul, Minn. : Recording Secretary.......... Joun P. Woops, St. Louis, Mo. Cor. Secretary....Cuas. H. Townsenp, The Aquarium, N. Y. C. HN MORE SILT ER ETN! cute: sas OPO NRIE A. L. Mittett, Gloucester, Mass. O71) Ce ee Raymonp C. OssurN, Columbus, Ohio Executive Commitier DRG ER) VEO LER: HOM LIPMEGTE et! oe ch iL eons Harrisburg, Pa. CEGNO. (PRATT UC NGI UNIS T HddN RAG Albany, N. Y. AACA OUND E. a me aes Wher ie MRS au erg Ottawa, Canada + AIRS DED Pcs ONE poe RRA Civ va ae ER EAL West Buxton, Me. OV ar UEe SNES A ee rh ICON a RE Pee ee Lacrosse, Wis. PS ELS WIRE TAIN WV A PRN SRAM A IOS TARR, 1 CASA ee Baltimore, Md. CARE.) VESTER RET) i wien.) CD Vie th San Francisco, Cal. Commitier on Foreign Relations Gero. Surras; 3d} Chairman... ele ee Washington, D. C. yO EL NES SWEDE URE BAM IL Ua has Washington, D. C. WTAE A lee WUATVARES LZR sue RMU Sees eae Map MRR et Boston, Mass. Sih) PGMA 506 8 AER RNIN OH EUR AAR AMR EN Ottawa, Canada IRE AS SEL MET SGML ep FANT Meeps ME NER Glens Falls, N. Y. ‘ Gomunitter on Relations with National and State Governments Gro. HiGaa tam, (Chairman iio U4 idle Springfield, Mass. ; TA Fidel NE Ye eR HN OLE te Uy Sal Ae A ARE A Portland, Ore. TACOS) REIGHAR DR Til wwii IU Ann Arbor, Mich. BD TCR AMBERS 10 Heo R Cy oy mY nO RS Quebec, Canada Py ETE VIO IVI AR Bem uh MRO Us cha eager A an Seattle, Wash. i Publication Comittee { Raymonp C. OsBuRN BASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NICHOLS t TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society - *To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVIII NUMBER 1 1918-1919 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn DECEMBER, 1918 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS PAGE The Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York State, Be a te aera che aE as Henry B. Ward Results of Some Trout Feeding Experiments Carried On in the Experimental Hatching Station of Cornell Wniverstiiy cath ee oie ae re een G. C. Embody Studies on the Nutrition of Fish; Experiments on Brook DEO Rae aenrekhe ene}! = Mar ene Ae ea naan Sergius Morgulis Minnesota’s Experiment in State Fishing....... Carlos Avery The Development of Markets for Neglected Fishes, ReMi Sra tru cateils AS Ane ac tnoen ages Lewis Radcliffe Products of the Commercial Fisheries of the United SE ATG er deepen. oh aaah seh race aren A Sea ree John N. Cobb 3 26 34 57 65 71 THE ELIMINATION OF STREAM POLLUTION IN NEW YORK STATE. By Henry B. WARD, University of Illinois. Mr. PRESIDENT, AND GENTLEMEN OF THE SOCIETY: The importance of the problem of stream pollution may be judged from a recent statement by one of the members of the United States Food Administration, charged with responsibility for the fish foods and their distribution, who said that among all the suggestions which had been made from all the states of the Union with reference to the improvement of the fisheries and the increase in the product, more than sixty per cent of them dealt with stream pollution. The situation is naturally worse in the seacoast states, in the older states and in the manufacturing states. It naturally is least significant in the parts of the country that lie at a distance from the ocean and removed from centers of manufacture. You will easily recognize that in the heart of the Adirondacks stream pollution is not a serious problem. Most of you who read the newspapers are aware of the fact that New York City regards stream pollution as a very important problem from the stand- point of the municipality and its activities, and no one connected with fish work who comes in contact with the Hudson will question that the yield of that stream and its value as an asset for the state and the nation are greatly reduced by the conditions that exist in the stream at the present time. The importance of the question was such and my interest in the biological side of it, which I had studied incidentally for some time, was so great, that I accepted with pleasure the invitation from the Conservation Commission of New York State to spend the summer working with them to bring together the data, to organize them into a plan, and to see what steps might be prac- ticable in attempting to reach a solution of the problem, a re- moval of the difficulty; and I want here to acknowledge publicly, if I may, the courtesies that I have received at the hands of the Commission. Every one of the gentlemen with whom I have 4 American Fisheries Society come in contact has manifested the greatest sympathy and in- terest in the problem, and has gone out of his way to make me acquainted with facts, and to assist me in analyzing conditions and in formulating a plan for the change of these conditions. We have been accustomed from the engineering and scientific standpoint to separate wastes into two types, speaking of domestic sewage on the one hand and industrial wastes on the other hand, domestic sewage consisting, briefly speaking, of waste discharges of an organic character; materials that are rapidly attacked under natural conditions, transformed into. substances that serve as food for different kinds of organisms, and in the processes of nature are soon removed, or made over into useful substances; the industrial wastes on the other hand consisting of chemical mater- ials, dyes and acids, and other substances entirely foreign to the water under natural conditions, substances which remain often unchanged for considerable periods of time; and their effects consequently are felt over a greater extent of the stream than in the earlier case. Further, their effects are very much more serious and are exerted often through the inflow of a smaller amount of material. Now the classification is all right from a scientific and practical point of view, but it is all wrong from the facts in the case; and if you stop to think for the moment you will see what is meant. This I consider of fundamental importance in our discussion of the problem, because it has been customary in writings to set aside domestic sewage, to say that it was under the control of Boards of Health, that it was rapidly made over by processes of nature, that it stood on an entirely different footing from indus-. trial wastes, and that probably it ought not to be considered in such a discussion as this. The laws of New York State are drawn to distinguish between the two; very likely the laws of other States also; but if you think for a moment that even in the smallest town almost, there are little manufacturies here and there, that there is an occasional small mill or chemical shop, and that there is certainly a garage, or two, or three; these are places from which chemical wastes, acid wastes and oil wastes and other materials of that type are being poured into the city sewage system, into the canals, the sewers, and through these are reaching with the other material Ward.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 5 the stream or water body into which the sewage is emptied. Now, take a large manufacturing city, and think for a moment how extensive those chemical wastes are that thus indirectly reach, with the sewage of the city, the stream with which we are immediately concerned. The city of Troy, and I take that merely as an example, because you all know of its reputation as the great place of manu- facture for collars and cuffs and shirts,—the city of Troy has enormous laundries. Washing fluids, coloring matter, chemical materials of powerful character are being discharged into the city sewage and are reaching the Hudson River through the sewers. They are no less significant than are the discharges from the paper mills located on the banks of the stream, that happen to be pouring a quantity of waste directly into the waters of the river, so that when we actually take up the analysis of the question it seems to me important that we should dismiss from our minds the somewhat artificial distinction between industrial wastes and domestic wastes, for that distinction no longer holds in practice, and the sewage wastes partake of the character of the chemical wastes and consequently, the kind of chemical being ‘considered, produce the same sort of effect. I hardly need to tell you that in recent times stream pollu- tion has enormously increased. There are some features of the situation that all understand. The effect of waste is related rather directly to proportion between its amount and the flow of the stream, or the volume of the body of water which is dis- turbed. If you throw into Lake Erie a teacupful of prussic acid, which no one fails to recognize as a most violent poison, it might be difficult to detect the influence at once and surely a short time after the occurrence there would be no trace of the effect. Multiply the contamination by a hundred or a thousand and the effects become conspicuous. So it has been with stream pollution. When the land was young and the population scattered, anything could be done without serious results. Starting from that begin- ning, a small factory or a little mill on a stream, we have come to the point today where large mills and tremendous factories line the banks of the stream, and while the individual contribution seems to have but little effect, the total contribution is of very great influence. That has introduced into these situations an element 6 American Fisheries Society which must be kept in mind. At the start of our development the little factory was permitted to establish itself. It has acquired by virtue of that permission, a certain sort of a right. If at the present day we were to introduce a law, or enforce a law in such measure as to stop all industry, we should do ourselves, the cause we advocate, and the end for which we are striving with all our might, incalculable harm. I think that no fair-minded man really looks for a solution of the question which would endeavor to introduce and enforce on the moment a radical policy of sup- pression. Having considered these general questions, let us pass for a moment to an examination of the situation as it exists, and I take care in this case not to go into it at all exhaustively, but to note a few facts that have come out of my work here in the State of New York. The same thing applies in large degree, if not throughout, to other states of the Union. The mere start on the problem opened up naturally some of the reports on file in the office of the Conservation Commissioner; and it was found that a considerable number of places had been reported because the results of stream pollution were so extreme as to force themselves upon the attention of state officials, and that here a small mill had been prosecuted and fined for pouring waste into a stream that wiped out all life of that stream and there an oil refinery had been handled in somewhat similar fashion. At another point a group of tanneries had been brought under pressure, had introduced a plan for the handling of the waste and had ameliorated the condition, if not entirely corrected it. Following upon the discovery of these reports a questionnaire was sent out to every one of the game protectors in the state. Now the New York State Conservation Commission is fortunate in having a considerable force of these splendid employees de- voting their time to a study of natural conditions. The game protectors received and replied to the questionnaire without any suggestion as to the reason for its being sent them. It was, in other words, to them one of the many inquiries that every official receives in the form of a questionnaire which he has to answer and return to the main office; and up to that time there had been no outside discussion of any special consideration of the problem of protection or of stream pollution in general. I Ward—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 7 have here a summary of those questions and answers. It seems to me that they are very significant. We must keep in mind the fact that these are not men of technical training, either in chemistry, biology or in manufacturing. They are men of the woods; they are men accustomed to use their eyes, men of reason- able judgment in interpreting things they see, but not trained to deduce scientific conclusions from them, or to get precise and accurate measures of conditions. In the hundred replies it is very easy,—for there were just one hundred and one replies,— to see what the percentage was from the definite answers to the questions. On the first question, asked if the individual had personal knowledge of specific instances where the discharge of wastes into streams was injurious to fish life, fifty-two of them gave an unqualified affirmative reply. With regard to the second question, one-third of them, thirty- five, said that the effects varied from time to time. There were forty of them who were able to cite other persons able and willing to give further evidence of the existence of such specific pollution, injurious to fish life. I will not go into detail, but will mention only a few of the more significant cases. Twenty of them knew of instances and cited them where the property holders along the streams had suffered damage to live stock or property through the discharge of wastes into the waters, so that the effect was not confined to the effect in the water itself but extended even on to the land. Then there were seventy of them who said that they had not observed any change benefitting or injuring the fish after handling the waste, that is, after treatment of the wastes in various ways, but thirty of them had noticed specifically that the treatment of wastes at certain points had resulted in benefit- ing the fish life in the stream. Forty-nine of them, almost half, were positively of the opinion that the wastes from industrial plants in their observations affected the streams more seriously than the wastes in the city sewage; and in the classification of effects, thirteen of them cite milk plants in general, that is, can- neries and factories and all the various plants that have to do with the handling of milk and its products. Eight cited oil and tar plants; thirty-five, works using acids; twenty-three, works using various chemicals; twelve, dye-stuffs; ten, tanning factories; 8 American Fisheries Society six, gas plants separately; nine, sulphite paper mills, and eleven, canneries. There were also some specific suggestions made by thirty of them with regard to methods by which the problem might be investigated or places at which it could profitably receive attention. Under the advice of the Commissioner, I took occasion to visit a series of typical locations in the state, to see the effect of a group of manufacturers of the same type, and the localities selected included tanneries, sulphite paper mills and mills using or producing chemicals. Now the natural objection to the demonstration of the exist- ance of such wastes, and the seriousness of their effects, which was supported by a mass of testimony,—the natural objection to this is that it constitutes an unfortunate but a necessary and inevitable accompaniment of the development of manufacturing. But such a general argument as that is readily and perfectly met when we consider for a moment the conditions that prevail in other countries. When the manufacturer makes a statement to you or to any other person, and you ask him if manufacturing is as general, if population is as dense, in this country as it is in England or Belgium or France or Germany, taking conditions before the war, he will hardly venture to say that it is. We have in none of our states reached the development of manufacturing, we have in none of these states reached the density of population which exists in those countries. And yet fishing in the streams of the old world is better than it is in these streams in the manu- facturing parts of the new world; and pollution at the present time is much greater here than it is there. Much improvement, as a matter of fact, has been made in the older parts of the world in the course of the last half century in cleaning up the streams, for they have paid attention to that, whereas of course we have rather neglected the problem. In order to attack the difficulty properly it is necessary for us to consider the essential factors which are concerned in it. The situation is complex and not readily seen. If we go out to study conditions on the land, we see them with our own eyes. As we look at water its surface mirrors the beauty of the sur- roundings, but hides some of the conditions beneath, and it requires a very marked change in the character of the stream and the life Ward.— Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 9 in it to bring about such conditions that they appeal to us, to our eyes, as departing from natural conditions, and as affording limitations or restrictions upon the development of aquatic life; but the essentials of existence under the water are the same as those which prevail on the land. A land animal requiring oxygen, must be able to breathe. It requires food. You shut it off from a supply of fresh oxygen, and it dies. You eliminate the food, and the animals are driven away or perish. Precisely the same conditions prevail under the surface of the water. If any factors reduce beyond a reasonable limit the supply of oxygen, the organ- isms that live in the water will be smothered. If any conditions drive away or destroy the food, the animals which depend upon that food will migrate or starve to death. Let us apply this to the streams. It has been rather the fashion to test the effect of pollution on streams by looking for the fish, and if a fish was seen in the water, to say that that water was all right. It has been, in other words, the habit to rely upon a single criterion for judgment as to the quality of the environ- ment. Most of you have seen areas here and there devastated by forest fires, and should anyone attempt to say to you that such an area was not damaged because he saw a deer run across it or a bird fly up and into it or out of it, you would smile at the crudity of such a suggestion. The same thing, however, applies perfectly well to fish. The fish are the largest and most powerful, and many of them are the freest in movement of all the water organisms. They course up and down streams. They make casual movements and migrations that cover considerable ter- ritory under varying conditions. They go about in search of food. When one area is crowded, pushing themselves off into other parts of the stream and seeking more favorable conditions for existence, they spread from point to point; and it is only rarely that one finds a stream in such a condition that the fish will not venture to enter into the water. I can cite to you one instance which shows full well the sig- nificance of the argument that I am trying to bring before you at the present moment. The situation in Illinois is well known over the country in general. The city of Chicago has built a drainage canal which carries the city sewage down and into the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. The city of St. Louis at one time 10 American Fisheries Society carried out an action against the State of Illinois for polluting the waters on which St. Louis was dependent; and the conditions of the drainage canal, of the Illinois water and of all the water from Chicago down stream have been very carefully investigated. Now if you obsefve the river just below the point at which the drainage canal has emptied into it you will convince yourself very readily that it is nothing more in summer time at least, when the flow is reduced to nearly the lowest terms—it is nothing more than an open sewer, a septic tank in which the sewage has been deposited and in which changes are taking place to make over that organic material into a form such as can be utilized by the higher organisms. The little streams that run in are different in character. I have known of, and have seen, numerous instances where, watching such a little stream at the point of entering into the larger, one could see fish come down stream, swim up to what you would fix in your mind as the arbitrary line of division between the relatively pure waters of the small stream and the highly polluted waters of the main river; the carp would come to that line, stick their noses over it and go back again; come up again and do the same thing. They were possessed with a desire to migrate, but that desire was overcome by the conditions that they faced when they started to move from the smaller water into the larger. It is only very rarely one can see anything of that kind, because these larger fish often will pass into and through the highly pol- luted water in the endeavor to seek other regions where food is more abundant, or where for some other reason they desire to make their home. Now then, the mere presence or movement of fish in any water is not necessarily indicative of the quality of that water. The second thing, of course, to which your attention must be called, is that different kinds of fish are very different in their suscepti- bility to impure water. From recently published experiments and tables it may be seen that the bullhead, for example, has a power of resistance or an indifference to polluted conditions which as compared to a minnow will be as forty-five to one,— so great is the difference between those two kinds of fish. Most of our valuable fish are rather sensitive to conditions of pollution, and do not find themselves happy or well situated in waters that are polluted to any extent, while some other fish can exist appar- ently without being incommoded. Ward.— Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York ig But now as to a new test; the right measure of the condition of a piece of water is to be determined not by experimenting with that water on fish, but by observing the sum total of the living conditions in the water, and those living conditions may be determined by the examination and enumeration of the organisms that are to be found there. Before I come to that, however, I want to say a word about one other thing. If you note these people who are arguing as to the harmless character of ordinary conditions in the streams, you will find that they very frequently say: ‘““We know that fish are not very abundant there, and over-catching is the real reason for the diminution in the fish population of the individual stream.”’ Now that sounds very true, and such a man will make a splendid argument as to the increase in the number of fishermen, the increase in the fondness for fishing and the increase in the means of getting about that has placed waters which formerly could hardly be reached in a week’s vacation now almost within reach of a day’s fishing trip. His conclusion is unassailable; the fish have been caught off. But, gentlemen, nobody has been catching the other organisms in the water; nobody has gone after insect larvae, or if they have been catching dobson or helgramites or something else for bait, they have not been catching the crustacea or the microscopic organisms of the water. If you take a pure stream and examine it under natural conditions, you will find it includes a rich and varied life; this is a fact with which you are perfectly familiar. There are green plants growing on stones; there are minute green plants floating in the water; there are little worms in the water; and other minute organisms of various kinds; if you take a net of bolting cloth you can collect a very considerable amount of that very stuff in all but in the most swiftly flowing streams. It is hardly necessary to state that that material which we speak of as plankton, constitutes the funda- mental fish food of the water. Now what about the food question? If the food is driven away from the water, if food is killed off, the fish will disappear; they will either be driven away or be starved out, and there is no possible alternative in the situation. Hence the simplest test in the world is to examine the waters so as to determine the existence of all those organisms that are characteristic of pure 12 American Fisheries Society free water. It gives an unanswerable argument, incontrovertible evidence in establishing the pollution of the stream; you have evidence not only that the existence of fish has been interfered with, but that if the fish were restored to the stream they would not find at the present time proper conditions for their existence there. Now at various points in the country we are raising very considerable quantities of young fish. Those fish represent money. Each can of fry or fingerlings is a definite sum that the people of the state or the nation have put into this means for the replenishment of the water. And of what value is it, gentle- men, to pour fish into the stream where an examination of the . conditions reveals the impossibility for the continued existence of such organisms. I have hardly any need to remind you that it is the young fish which are of all most sensitive. All people have experimentally tried at times to make use of that sensitiveness as a measure of pollution. They have taken small or young fish and used them as tests of the purity of the stream. I want to try to show you the rather superficial character—if you will permit me, with apologies, to designate it in that way,—of such a test by translating it into human terms, for this question is exactly the same problem that has concerned medical men and sanitary experts in seeking to control the condition of the air in manu- facturing plants. Suppose a manufacturing plant were cited by a sanitary official for polluting the atmosphere and endangering the health of the workmen, and the expert should take a dozen children and divide them into two groups; six of them permitted to play in the air outside; and six were set on the floor of the manufacturing establishment for three hours or five hours. If they died the conditions were to be declared such as to demon- strate pollution of the atmosphere, and I do not suppose anyone would doubt that; but, gentlemen, the conditions with which we really have to deal are never so extreme as that. I would challenge you to cite a case of atmospheric pollution that would kill off even sensitive children within three or four hours. And yet that is what the same people expect the minnow test to do, to decide between what is right and not right. Of course if the minnows are killed, conditions are bad enough to demand instan- Ward.— Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 13 taneous action on the part of somebody, but if they are not killed off, the situation has by no means been analyzed to the extent that is demanded. We must find out not merely whether short exposure to those adverse conditions is going to affect the fish unfavorably, but whether the conditions in the water have been so modified that the chance of the fish obtaining food, the chance of spawning and propagating itself, have been seriously interfered with. And that brings us to a point where we should consider for a moment the different ways in which pollution affects fish life. I will pass over these very rapidly. Perhaps I should say the different ways in which fish affect the human species, for, after all, that is the fundamental point in our discussion and I need not say anything to you about the esthetic side of the question, fond as I know some of you to be of outdoor life. It will be sug- gested to you at once, that the people possess in our streams and ponds an asset for enjoyment that is of great value, and that should be preserved reasonably in its natural condition. I need not say anything to you as to the value of streams for the use of communities for bathing. No boy who is born, as I was, on the banks of the Hudson, brought up at a time when stream pollution had not reached its present condition, could fail to appreciate the value of going swimming. But some spots where I used to go Swimming in the Hudson are to-day in such condition that anyone might well hesitate before he plunged into the water. I want to speak definitely of the points at which we have suffered distinct financial loss. The pollution of our streams in the first place has been of definite financial damage to the land- holder. He is unable to use the water for watering stock. He finds his cattle are poisoned in extreme instances, or do not thrive. He finds that his rights are interfered with, and of course that constitutes a legal right of action which to be sure is not often availed of because of the well known uncertainties of the law and of the difficulties which the individual meets in enforcing his rights against the larger and more influential body. Then of course the greatest loss to the people is the loss in fish. Now I think pollution affects the adult fish, but it affects still more the young and the spawning grounds. Over the spawn- ing grounds in a polluted stream is spread a mass of filth that 14 American Fisheries Society decays slowly. Those areas are not in condition to permit of spawning and proper development of the eggs. You would not expect that if you allowed such materials to fall down even in small quantities over the eggs in hatchery troughs you would make anything like a good report of your hatching operations. The young fish are very sensitive to these conditions, and I do not doubt that the reduction in the shad output of the Hudson River has been most radically affected at these two points in the life of the fish through the destruction of the spawning grounds, that is by the covering of the spawning grounds with decaying material, and through the pollution of the waters to such an extent that the young fish can not find proper conditions for existence. I hardly need to mention that such conditions are slow in finding a recovery. A stream which has been visited with an acid bath, or scoured with a strong alkali, one in which all the life has been wiped out by a poison, such as prussic acid, takes many months, if not years, for its recovery, and it behooves us to establish such conditions that the initial destruction of life cannot take place. A famous biologist who has studied carefully the waters of western Pennsylvania says that those streams where washings of coal have passed down them, are real deserts, barren of all kinds of life, and is inclined to the view that it will take centuries for their repopulation, if indeed ever it is possible to re-establish even approximately the conditions that existed there before. Now it is a very conservative statement of the case to say that this destruction of natural resources does not fall under any reasonable construction, within the rights of the individual. I recall the time when people were accustomed to dump their garbage into vacant lots or back alleys, if not sometimes into front streets,—and I am not very old. Those conditions have been removed in certain parts of the country within relatively recent times, and I believe I am not far from right in saying that it might be possible to find places where such conditions prevail even at the present time. Those are precisely the con- ditions that exist in our waters. I have seen myself, as probably all of you have also and that within relatively recent times, on the passenger boats passing up and down our great rivers or along Ward.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 15 _ the waters of one of the great lakes, cases where men brought great buckets of garbage to the edge of the boat and threw the stuff into the lake or the river, and where broken up boxes, to- gether with the rinds of canteloupes or oranges were tossed over- board. I have seen places where that stuff floated to the. shore. That is gross pollution of the water, and that sort of material lasts for some time. It is obnoxious to the eye. It offends us. But it is not stopped. Why? Because there seems to be in the minds of many people the idea that the waters are a sort of waste- basket, a garbage box, a dumping field, into which all kinds of waste can be thrown to get rid of it at any time. Let us take a more serious thing. A tanker has come in from the ocean and entered one of our bays near here. Before reloading they have washed out the ship and have discharged into the water of the bay thousands of gallons of oil. I think that is not an exaggeration for the discharge is very large—they pump the mixed salt water and heavy oil refuse into the bay. It floats around on the surface in a scum so thick that if you push a row boat through it a line of the oil adheres as a distinct band to the side of the boat. It is not necessary to show in detail the certain effect on the aquatic life of that region. Surface organisms which form the food of many fish are totally destroyed and shore life suffers greatly also when the refuse is washed up on the beach. All these things merely illustrate the indifference or ignorance of people generally with reference to the value of our water areas. In my opinion, the first thing needed in correcting the situation is a campaign of education. I do not believe that you will ever get the question of pollution settled until it is possible to teach the average man that these things are wrong, until the average man resents them in the same way you and I would resent our neighbors pitching garbage into the alley behind our homes or into the street in front of them. When public sentiment demands the correction of the situation, then it will be possible adequately to enforce the law. But education must not concern itself merely with this phase of the problem which affects the people as a whole. Education must concern itself also with the individual responsibility for the wastes, with the manufacturer, with the person in control of 16 American Fisheries Society business interests, with the men at the head of affairs. Business is naturally conservative. It does not desire to move even if the movement is said to be advantageous, when the proposal has not been tried out by somebody else through a long enough period to establish the certainty that it will pay; and proper action will not be taken by manufacturers and by those who are responsible for the pollution until they are brought under the pressure of conscience and education as well as of law, until they have seen the public disadvantage and have learned something of the private advantage in handling the wastes instead of dis- charging them thoughtlessly into public waters. Now the utilization of wastes is a rather complicated question. Most of you recall the way in which industrial commissions are forced to bring pressure on manufacturers to install safety devices. I think the majority of manufacturers, especially at the present time, will confess that it has been to their advantage to introduce such safeguards for labor, but it has required the force of a very powerful campaign with the public and in the halls of our legisla- tures to pass such legislation and to compel the introduction of protective devices in factories. The same thing is true right here. A concrete instance can be taken from New York State. The Standard Oil Company at Olean has a refinery which had discharged enough wastes at previous times to destroy all life in the stream into which they were emptied. Under the influence of the conservation law and of the pressure exerted for the en- forcement of the law, they introduced a special plant for the refining and utilization of these waters. As a matter of fact that plant not only corrects the evil and protects the people, but it really yields to the company a good return on the invest- ment. In other words, they were forced to undertake something which has proved to be for their financial advantage; but I doubt if there or elsewhere the same results would have been brought about unless it had been for the pressure exerted on them from the side of the people and of the Conservation Commission. I shall pass over some other phases of the problem of education and speak for a moment of the need of investigation. These questions involve, of course, many very complicated problems. I have called your attention to the difficulties of deciding them in ways in which the problems of the past have been decided. I W ard.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 17 do not believe it possible for the chemist to experiment with fish alone through a brief period, and establish the harmlessness of wastes. I think there has been an abundant amount of scientific investigation to show that many wastes are harmful in the worst possible sort of way, tho on short experimentation these sub- stances seem to exercise no particular influence over the fish. To show you how insignificant, how very small an amount of a chemical may be when it operates at a long distance, let me cite to you a specific instance. The city of Lincoln, Nebraska, uses water for drinking purposes from deep wells. At one time there was typhoid fever in the city. It was suggested that in some way these wells had become contaminated, and the city started at once treating the water with chlorine in very small amounts. We had in the zoological laboratory a big aquarium room in which were kept a lot of cultures of microscopic organisms. That room was supplied with city water. It was at a distance of several miles from the point where the water was treated. We were unable by tests to determine the presence of chlorine in the water and yet these microscopic organisms promptly died off, and it was impossible to reestablish the cultures; they would not live in that water. Now the food of the fish consists of or is dependent on those organisms. The small fish might eat them themselves. Larger fish would eat an intermediate sized organism that ate this smaller type. The destruction of that food would drive away any fish just as directly as if the fish themselves had been affected by it; and I am not here to contend that the fish are not affected by it, although the degree of influence on the fish was so small that it could not be told by the type of experimentation which has ordinarily been tried. In the next place I want to call your attention to the fact of changes which are making very serious modifications of natural conditions, changes that are well-illustrated in New York state and also at many other points. We are beginning to make over natural water systems into a series of ponds. When we put up dams, in what was formerly a rippling stream coming down over the rocks, absorbing large quantities of oxygen, and undergoing changes that tend to purify it and put it in splendid condition, there is substituted for it a deep pond almost without movement 18 American Fisheries Society of the water; the stream is being utilized for power. The result of that can be seen very clearly when one examines such a place as the upper Hudson. The sulphide wastes from a mill at the upper end of the series of sulphide mills have accumulated in a basin behind a big power dam until this upper lake has a bottom covered with polluted material and without the evidences of life characteristic of clean and wnpolluted water. Where the water comes over the dam—or through the wheels, as it mostly does—it shows evidence very clearly of its polluted character as it starts down over a long series of riffles below the dam. You can see in the lack of the organisms characteristic of free water and in the presence of organisms characterizing polluted water, that there is pollution in the water near the dam; if you follow the current down over the riffles the organisms of pollution grad- ually disappear, the organisms that are in free water gradually appear until you come to the next relatively still waters, of Big Bay as it is called, above Glens Falls, where you get a rich growth of green plants and all other conditions that indicate pure water. In that stretch of the river thére is splendid fishing. It is in passing Glens Falls, Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, with their numerous sulphide mills, that the water accumulates its pollution again, and below Fort Edward it has just the character that was manifested in the polluted basin higher up, only in more con- spicuous and extreme fashion. These conditions suggest to us what will happen when another dam is built, and one is projected near the foot of the riffles at the head of Big Bay. It will transform the riffles above the site of that dam into a pond. Within that pond the slower movement and the limited contact of the water with the atmosphere will prevent the acquisition of oxygen, will prevent correcting the conditions of pollution, and will transform that stretch of the river also into a polluted basin. And so the building of a series of dams may readily make over a stream from one which is able to purify itself, despite the waste added to it, into one in which such conditions for purification will not exist. It behooves us then to consider the pollution question not merely on the basis of present conditions, but on the basis of probable changes which will accentuate those conditions that are un- favorable. W ard.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 1S Important as the question of pollution is from the standpoint of food for the war, we must not forget that its significance reaches much further into the future. Food will probably never be as cheap in the future as it has been in the past. If we are to have in this country those conditions of existence affording a varied food supply of an abundant type which has given the physical vigor, intellectual strength and independence that we as Americans are proud of, we must see to it that all possible means are taken to increase the food supply, to check these limitations on it, to improve the conditions that surround its production. We have in stream pollution, in my opinion, one of the most important of these factors. We have means of testing it definitely, and beyond question when those means are applied by a careful study of the situation and when the conditions that these tests reveal are made known to the people at large through campaigns of education. When the situation is brought home to men in positions of leader- ship, responsible for establishing these conditions, the pollution will be eliminated and the streams restored to something like their original purity. But, gentlemen, without the cooperation involved in that outline of conditions we shall not be able to correct the situation. So sure as we start upon the reform of these conditions with violence, with suddenness, or regardless of great industries that are essential for the prosperity of the country, just so soon shall we involve ourselves in discussion and conten- tion in which, without public support, our cause will be lost. DISCUSSION. Mr. N. R. BULLER, of Pennsylvania. Mr. President, the common- wealth which I represent has more pollution within its boundaries than any other state in the Union, on account of its vast mining interests and its industrial conditions. We have at present approximately 60,000 mines and industrial establishments within our borders. Only a few years ago, during the term of my predecessor, the first efforts to stop pollution were made. I believe with Dr. Ward, after the experiments that have been made, that the only true remedy is cooperation and education. Bringing prosecutions and imposing fines does not remedy the conditions. Pennsylvania has made vigorous efforts to correct these evils. The functions are divided, the Department of Health having jurisdiction in so far as sewage of cities is concerned and the Department of Fisheries over industrial conditions and mines. I am of the opinion that this is wrong and that it should be under one head having authority over both sewage and industrial questions. 20 American Fisheries Society Pollution in Pennsylvania is at present increasing, due to the great activities of the war, and the Department of Fisheries is flooded with pro- tests from all sections of the state concerning the destruction of fishes. The great munition plants have so increased their activities and capacity that on the west branch of the Susquehanna River from Emporium to Sun- bury, a distance of about ninety miles, the discharge of the past six months has killed every living thing in the river, where heretofore there was re- ported good fishing. The Attorney General of the Commonwealth has advised that under present conditions no prosecutions shall be brought, but that investigations be made and data furnished the War Industries Board at Washington. This board has indicated to our Fisheries Depart- ment that they are investigating and that if it is possible to avoid this pollution it will be stopped. Mr. Cartos AVERY, of Minnesota. Dr. Ward has sounded the key note in saying that a campiagn of education is first absolutely necessary. We naturally apply what he says to our own localities and conditions. The Upper Mississippi has been for years and is yet one of the most famous breeding grounds for many varieties of food fishes. At the Twin Cities we have a population now approaching a million people using the Mississippi River as a sewer, and nobody has ever thought of anything different. All the way down the river we find the smaller cities doing the same thing. Now if that is going to result in the extermination, or in a serious depletion, of the fish life of the Mississippi River, we ought to begin to consider that problem. In connection with the educational program that Dr. Ward has suggested, it seems to me that we ought to go farther and be prepared with some suggestions as to remedies. I would like to ask him whether he could in the case of Minneapolis and St. Paul, suggest anything that would, in a measure, dispose of the sewage of those cities without polluting the Miss- issippi River. Fishermen have told me that they have found solid wastes from the packing plants of South St. Paul forty and fifty miles below that point, grease, hair and other wastes that could be positively identified as coming that long distance, showing that it must affect the river for many miles. If Dr. Ward could supplement what he has already said by some suggestions along this line it would be very helpful to us in our locality. Mr. M. L. ALEXANDER, of Louisiana. The manner in which Dr. Ward has analyzed this situation has given us an entirely different view point on the question. We have been impressed too much in the past with the value of the industry located on the stream. We have lost sight of the fact that the streams and the life of the streams belong to the whole people, and therefore should be protected. I am thoroughly convinced of the fact, however, that it is going to take a campaign of education to bring about the desired results. I believe that this Society could not take up any greater work than this of educating the people throughout the United States to the necessity of eliminating stream pollution and of devising ways and means by which factories and other great industries located along the streams Ward.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 21 throughout the United States may take care of their wastes. Some means must be adopted to remedy the condition and therefore this Society could well adopt as its slogan, ‘‘the reduction of stream pollution.’’ I hope that this paper of Dr. Ward’s will be published and spread broadcast through- out all the states of the Union. Mr. GeorGE D. Pratt, of New York. This difficulty looks like an insurmountable one. All of the rivers of all of the states are being polluted. There is no question about it. In New York we have a law which prohibits the putting of pollution in streams where it is destructive to fish life. I do not agree with Mr. Buller that fines and penalties do not have a helpful effect. In New York they are very helpful and in our experience we have found that people who are fined for pollution immediately make an endeavor to improve the condition. Last week some of the people who had been polluting the streams, with representatives from Cornell University and the Commission met in Albany and went over this whole matter to see what we could do to form a policy. One question that Dr. Ward brought up concerns the throwing of refuse from steamers. It would be a very simple matter to pass a law absolutely prohibiting steamers from throwing refuse into the water. They can con- sume it just as well as not in their furnaces. In the case of pollution by manufacturers, we are trying to get the manufacturers in and to confer with them. There is a feeling on their part that they do not want to give away any of their secrets, but by a cooperative spirit on their part and on that of the Commission we may get them to tell each other how they can prevent pollution. Now pollution can be prevented, and in New York we propose to go at it. It is not a question of doing it ina day. I believe if we all had laws passed as was done with the railroads in regard to air brakes, etc., and give these people five years to get rid of their pollution, and after that time, go after them hard, that it can be done. If we all work together on this problem we can clean up the situation. This organization can do no better work than to attack this pollution problem. Mr. Wo. C. Apams, of Massachusetts. We are carrying on an interest- ing experiment in Massachusetts. It is a very large question, the extent to which pollution will keep fish out of a stream when they run up in the spring to spawn. We have in our state a vast water system, the Taunton River and its tributaries. For a number of years some of the fish ways on this river have fallen into decay. This last year The Connecticut Mills Company rebuilt, at its own expense, the fish way around its dam, which is the first obstruction to the run of the fish on the Taunton River. We have drawn the plans and provided the specifications for the installation of fish ways at all of the necessary points on that entire system. It is argued that the fish have disappeared from this stream largely from two causes: first, the disappearance of fish ways and. second, the presence of pollution in the streams. As far as the effect of pollution is con- cerned, it appears to be a mooted question throughout the entire United 22 American Fisheries Society States as to the extent to which it actually affects the fish upon the flood waters in the spring. We know that if there were no fish ways it would be impossible for a fish to get up. If the fish ways are there, and then they do not go up, it is certain that you can charge it to pollution, especially if the necessary steps are taken to see that the rivers are stocked in their upper reaches. We have a very drastic pollution law in Massachusetts giving our com- mission very autocratic powers. We have been just as reluctant to invoke these laws in certain directions as has been intimated by Professor Ward. On the other hand, we do find there are two ways of getting at the thing. There is a certain class of corporations that are just wise enough to the political strategy of the times that they do not want to oppose public senti- ment any more than they can help. A large number of these corporations will exploit a state asset in the shape of water power, but they do not want the thing uncovered. We find that class of corporations perfectly willing to cooperate with us whenever we, within reason, will point the way. There is another class of bad actors that will compel you to put the short rope on them before they will do anything. In this pollution question it occurs to me that the commissions have a two-fold duty. It is a biological proposition and an engineering proposi- tion. If we had in each one of our state commissions an engineering expert whom we could send into the X. Y. Z. Company and say, ‘‘Gentlemen, I come here from the State. Any communication that you make to me will be considered as a privileged communication. Our desire is to work with you in removing pollution. If you will reveal to us the character of your pollution and show us exactly how you handle it mechanically, we will undertake a constructive study to see what we can do in suggesting to you a plan by which you can eliminate it. The state will stand the expense in the first instance, because we regard this very largely as a state duty in clearing up public waters, and then we will map out and give to you our plan of constructive development.’’ That will enable us to carry on our campaign of education with these men in the most subtle and indirect manner, because a practical business man at the head of one of these companies will look at consequences and results and he will be ready to help you all he can. Mr. GeEorGE D. Pratt, of New York. Concerning the matter that Mr. Adams speaks of, in the conference we had last week these men said, ‘‘You tell us what to do.”’ I said, ‘‘No, I will not, that’s up to you.”’ I told them it would take a force of men as large as the number we have on the Commis- sion, over five hundred, to take care of all the different plants in the state. Take the pollution from tanneries; it is an entirely different question from the pollution from milk products, and pollution from lumbering is another proposition. They are all different. Now, they all have their own chemists, and it’s for them absolutely to work it out. If we allow them to put that up to us, they are going to ‘‘pass the buck’’ every time. The way to work this problem out is to make them do it, and they will do it if they are made to. ee Ee ee Ward.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 23 Mr. W. H. KiiviAn, of Maryland. It has been only a comparatively short while since I have been concerned with fish conservation and propa- gation, and in that short time it has dawned on my mind that the biggest problem we have is this very problem under discussion, and I feel very well repaid, so far as our work is concerned, if we do not have any other subject under discussion at this meeting. It has been dealt with by the states individually for a longer or a shorter period according to the activities of the state administrations charged with the matter, but it seems to me that very recently many of these big problems have become national problems. The Food Administration has been accorded very autocratic powers of late, and the fact that this pollution is not only affecting the food produc- tion at the present time, but is going to be cumulative and far reaching, it. appears to me should lead this Society to take some action to interest the Federal Government in the matter. We are concerned with just the same proposition in Maryland that the several commissioners who have preceded me have spoken of. We have very drastic laws and made some progress in putting them into effect, until the Federal Government’s own activities within our area, within the past twelve or fifteen months, have rendered the Government itself one of the greatest violators of our local laws. We find that when we approach them we have to deal with department heads assigned to the individual opera- tions, who frankly tell us, ‘‘I get my instructions from Washington.’’ Then we are ‘‘stumped,’’ just as Mr. Buller stated in the case in Pennsylvania, where his legal department advises that no interference should be imposed. It has so seriously bothered us that we have felt under the necessity of taking it up with the Secretary of War, with the hope that if we could im- press him with the proposition, some general policy might be laid down by him whereby the individuals dealing with the separate operations would at least be instructed to cooperate with the state officers where a conflict- ing problem arose. If food is such a vital necessity in the conduct of the war as to make it necessary to establish a new branch of the government for handling it, it would seem to me that perhaps we should get a great deal of help if we could interest the U.S. Food Administration in this matter. Or, if we could address that appeal to the War Department, or any other department of the Federal Government that has activities that are adding to this problem that is troubling the various states, it would be the proper thing for this Society at this meeting to present the matter, and I hope that the resolu- tions committee will, before we adjourn, take some action in that connec- tion. Mr. W. E. BarsBer, of Wisconsin. I thoroughly agree with Commis- sioner Pratt of New York. I believe that these manufacturing institutions owe something to the people of the states in which they are operated. The only way to settle this question, in my judgment, is to have a good, stringent law with a heavy penalty, and let the chemists of those organizations work out the problem. We have had so much experience with the plants in our 24 American Fisheries Society state that we are thoroughly convinced the only way to get action is through a stringent law with heavy penalties. We surveyed the plants of our state, and sent out letters to each one telling of the conditions and reciting the law on what was expected of them and what they must do. Some of the mills responded that they would in- vestigate and see what could be done. One plant in particular, responded that they would refer the matter to their attorneys, and see what was nec- essary to be done. That’s the sort of cooperation you will get on the part of some of them. We must insist upon our legislature passing laws that will make these men take care of the situation in each individual plant. It is preposterous to think that a state conservation commission or a board of health can spend its time or the state’s money to survey each of these plants and then watch each individual to see that he obeys the law. These plants have men that can work out a system of disposing of waste in a way that will not pollute the streams. In our state the chemical engineer from the State University, who is working with the State Board of Health, has looked over these plants, and made plans and blue-prints of a system for taking care of these industrial wastes and presented them to some of the firms. The law should compel those men to take care of their own business just the same as the manu- facturers of the state that are not interfering with the public welfare take care of theirs. Pror. J. G. NEEDHAM, of Cornell University. Concerning the dis- crepancy of views between Mr. Pratt and Mr. Adams. I think they are both right. It is entirely feasible, when information is available and a method is well known whereby pollution can be eliminated, for a commission to help a factory towards getting rid of it. But suppose it is an unsolved prob- lem,—and most of the problems of pollution are still largely unsolved— it behooves us to compel factories to put a chemical expert on the job, for the chemical expert is trained for the productive side. In almost every case, he is not trained for such matters as are involved in the disposal of the waste. There is a mode available to manufacturers, that is becoming more or less widely used, one end of which we see at the University in the indus- trial fellowship courses. A good many industries are appointing men to come to us for the necessary training for work in their institutions and factories, bearing directly on problems that have arisen in their factories. These men get the benefit of the conference of views, bringing to the pro- blem all sorts of knowledge available in the University, and work towards finding a solution of the difficulty. That is industrial fellowship, a name borrowed from classic literature. They are simply investigators hired at first by the firms that need them. These industrial fellowships have resulted already in solving many problems of pollution, and of getting rid of wastes by turning them into something useful. It has so come about in many cases that large interests have been in- volved, and that where a few people have supported a thing of this kind ie! ie eee Ward.—Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York 25 for a year or two, the state has now taken it up and has furnished funds to continue the work. You may know of the fund that was provided by New York last year for the investigation of bean diseases. A few bean growers had worked on the problem for two or three years, and finding so many were affected and the prospect for results was so good, they took it to the legislature and got a foundation established to keep the work going. There is no reason why any group of industries with large problems of pol- lution on their hands should not avail themselves of outside help in this way, in case the men on their staff are not equipped for the study of those problems. I have a friend here in the city who got up a course in the chemistry of paper making in the University of Maine a few years ago, a four years’ course with all of the aspects of paper making treated which did not have anything in it about the disposal of the wastes from the paper mills to make them innocuous to the life of the streams. Coming from an educational institution, I am greatly pleased to hear the educational aspects of this matter emphasized today, and I want to say that besides research, which is. of course, our large function, is a good deal of assistance that perhaps we can lend in this very thing. We have at Cornell one of the most complete arrangements for utilizing the enthusiasm of the youngsters in the schools that can be found anywhere. The school leaflets that are issued there cover all sorts of subjects of interest to child- ren in the schools. There is no reason why we should not devote an early one of these to clean water and I will go back with the suggestions made here today and see that we doit at once. If we get the youngsters interested in keeping the streams clean, so they can fish and swim and have places of rest and recreation and where the beauties of nature can be enjoyed, we have gone a long way toward the solution of our problems. We love to call this country of ours ‘‘God’s country,’’ but it is not God’s country any longer when it gets to be a place where you have to hold your nose. RESULTS OF SOME TROUT FEEDING EXPERIMENTS CARRIED ON IN THE EXPERIMENTAL HATCHING STATION OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY.* By G. C. Empopy, Assistant Professor of Aquiculture. The rise in cost of the fresh meats commonly used in feeding trout has made it necessary to find something which might be substituted partly or wholly therefor. This was the chief purpose in initiating the experiments referred to in the present paper. A trout food in general should meet two principal requirements: first, it should keep the trout in perfect health, rendering them less susceptible to the attacks of various diseases, and second, it should be efficient as a flesh or egg producer. That is, it should produce flesh of prime quality in the shortest time and with the least expense, or in the case of eggs, their quality, quantity and cost should constitute the essential consideration. One must recognize, of course, that the food is not the only factor to be reckoned with in the production of fish flesh and fish eggs. Undoubtedly fish are much like poultry in that the ability of certain individuals to grow rapidly and produce eggs in quan- tity, is inherited and not acquired by the use of certain foods. Some individual trout may not grow rapidly nor produce eggs in quantity even if given the best known foods in abundance. Nev- ertheless fish cannot grow nor produce eggs of normal quality and quantity without proper food. Inasmuch as liver has been the most generally used food in trout hatcheries, it was thought desirable to compare any new foods with liver as regards the two principal requirements, health of the trout and efficiency of the food. Several wooden troughs identical in size were set up in such a manner as to receive exactly the same volume of water per minute from the same source. Each trough was provided with a * This paper was awarded first place by the American Fisheries Society for original work in fish culture. 26 Embody.—Trout Feeding Experiments 20 cover which could be locked securely. The water always con- tained oxygen to the point of saturation. It was also rendered free from all food organisms by passing it through a settling basin and series of screens. Thus the conditions in each trough were identical with those of every other trough insofar as it was possible to make them. Preliminary tests indicated that the most accurate measure- ments and observations could be taken only in comparatively small basins and with a small number of trout. Consequently, the troughs just described were made to hold a volume of water available to the fish, 3 feet long, 16 inches wide and 5 inches deep and the number of trout placed in each trough varied from 46 to 100 depending upon their size. A regular hatching trough 8 feet long and 14 inches wide was used for the chinook salman finger- lings, while in the case of 2-year-old brook trout, a cement basin 8 feet long, 3 feet wide and 14 inches deep was found convenient. All the trout were weighed in a glass vessel of water which had previously been balanced upon a set of standard laboratory scales. The trout were first taken out of the trough with a small dip net, allowed to drain one minute and then carefully placed in the glass vessel of water. The net was then lifted carefully out of vessel allowed to drain one minute into the same, and then the process was repeated until a sufficient number of trout were ready to be weighed. With this precaution the error due to adding or removing water was reduced to a minimum. Weights were always taken from 12 to 15 hours after feeding. The experimental procedure consisted in (1) weighing trout at the beginning and end of each experiment; (2) feeding them once daily in the case of yearlings and twice daily in the case of finger- lings. The food was given slowly and in sufficient quantities only to insure entire consumption. Hence there was no waste to be deducted from the total weights as recorded. (3) Records were kept of the total food consumed during the experimental period; of the mean daily water temperature, and the mortality. In this manner a rather large series of data was obtained, the more sig- nificant of which are included in a table which follows. 28 American Fishezies Society FOODS USED. Aside from beef and pig liver, the former used for comparison with other foods, the following products were tried: Meat meal, known also as ‘‘animal meal”’ and ‘‘fish meal,”’’ is made entirely from scrap lean meat, dried and ground. It is put out in three grades—fine, medium and coarse—and retails for about 5 cents a pound in 100-lb. bags. It contains only a min- imum amount of fat, is practically free from dirt and will keep indefinitely in a dry place. Meat meal is valued principally for its high protein content. The fish meal used was manufactured from marine fish of species not placed on the market. It contained only about 10% fat and was kept for two years without deteriorating. The cost was approximately 41% cents per pound. Shrimp meal, commonly called ‘‘shrimp dust” or ‘‘shrimp bran,’’ is the refuse from the Mississippi driers and canneries. It consists of the dried parts of shrimp and prawns not used for human food. It varies in texture from fine meal to coarse irregular pieces and will keep indefinitely in a dry condition. Although slightly deficient in available protein it contains a large amount of chitin, a substance that trout secure abundantly from many natural food organisms, in addition a large per cent of common salt, phos- phates and lime. The cost is approximately 2% cents per pound. Peanut oil meal is the refuse from various manufactured peanut products. It is valuable alone for its high protein content. The retail price is about 2 cents per pound. Red dog flour and wheat middlings are well known to fish culturists. It is only necessary to recall that the price of the former has advanced to about 3% cents a pound and that of the latter to 3 cents. Both of these products have but little value as food for trout, but they were useful in experiments for the purpose of binding together the dried foods. FOOD MIXTURES AND THEIR PREPARATION. All fresh meats used in the experiments were prepared in the usual manner by grinding to the necessary degree of fineness for trout of various ages. Embody.—Trout Feeding Experiments 29 The following mixtures of the products mentioned above were tried: i We REC Me Bava cc) obs cia kevin onal 60% Meatemealenss sea na eee 50% Redidog flour.:..-...-52:0.--. 40% Slinimap meal. cao Macatee 30% SOUT ee Ss he Ars Ge Ae ee 20% il. eet@livietee sa. faers pile sa 45% VI MPCAIUPIMG A csc a.sorcg Bich See wt 45% Meat-meal. oF fac snunactansnee 40% lane ie sone er atk coca e Cosidg 10% shyimp meall...45 Aes. yada 40% NSH Voyb Fee rire Coe ae Res Uy eta 20% ete: SGI ET ahs ccocd by clsle avs ceca 55 50% VII. stelle aly. ie ose Sscsescrccta aes 50% Meatimealllats Garcia siesmyontacie ts 45% Peanut Mealisre sn sese ogee te 45% IV. IMidihinigsin . sce Sam eee aces antes 10% Wieaitemeall ir. sisc.05 cine. bs sc 35% | Pai Si ay rn ne a 35% VIII. 1 NUGYCN EAS Sih a Re OP eR noe 30% Meatiimeal ny suai. accratataiciers 85% Liverand kidneéy...:....... 4. 15% In mixtures I, II and III, the flour and the various meals were merely stirred into the ground liver and fed directly. In IV, V, VI and VII, the various foods were first mixed dry in the propor- tion indicated; then boiling water was stirred in until a thin mush was obtained. This was allowed to cool, broken up into small pieces and thrown to the fish. In the case of mixture VII, the meat meal was made into a mush in the manner just described and fed six days each week. On the seventh day a mixture of equal parts of liver and kidney were fed alone in the usual manner. This actually amounted to the proportions indicated even though the meal and fresh meat were not mixed when fed. In feeding meat meal alone to advanced fry and small fingerlings, the meal was sifted to eliminate coarser particles and the fine siftings were merely sprinkled over the surface of the water in a dry condition. The numerical results of these experiments are condensed in the following tables. The figures to be noted chiefly are those expressing the efficiency of the food, the cost of food necessary to produce one pound of fish, and the mortality. The efficiency factors are used to express the relation between the gain in weight of trout and the amount of food consumed. The direct factor is found by dividing the weight of food con- sumed during the experiment period, by the gain in weight of the fish for the same period. It merely states directly how many 30 American Fishezies Society pounds of food were required to produce one pound of fish. The reciprocal factor is found by dividing the gain in weight of fish by the weight of food consumed and expresses the fraction of a pound of fish produced by one pound of food. The direct factor is very convenient for calculating the cost of the food used in producing a pound of fish. It is only necessary to multiply this factor by the cost of the food per pound. Thus, in the first table, in the case of beef liver, the average direct factor for a period of 70 days was found to be 3.16. Multiplying this by .12, the cost of beef liver per pound, we find that the cost of producing a pound of fish was $.379. It will be seen that the higher the direct factor the greater will be the cost of the fish. In the case of the reciprocal factor, the higher the factor, the lower will be the cost of the fish. The mortality as recorded in the table represents the number of deaths occurring each week in per cent of the total number of fish used in the experiment. Comparing the various food costs for producing a pound of fish, it may be seen that the highest costs occur when liver is used alone or in combination with flour—series A, B and C. As the amount of beef liver is lowered so is the cost of production lowered. Except in the case of chinook salmon, where the food mixture contained only 15 per cent liver, we find the four lowest costs to have been obtained with mixtures containing no liver—series F, G, H and I. In not one of these four series, however, was the experiment period longer than 36 days and hence further trials may change the figures to some extent. This is particularly true in the case of the meat meal-fish meal-flour mixture. Never- theless the average of costs in the four cases—10c—is low enough to indicate clearly the high food value of these dried meals. Outside of series F, where the production cost of 6 cents is undoubt- edly too low, the most economical mixtures seem to be those containing meat meal and shrimp meal with a small amount of flour for binding the mass. This is indicated in the two series, G and I, where the production costs are about eleven and one-half cents in the former and a little under eleven in the latter. The trials with the meat meal-peanut meal-middlings mixture, series H, were so high that it was thought best to test peanut meal alone. The same fish used in series H were fed a mixture of Peanut Meal. <2: 90% Middlinos.. 23. ...10% Embody.—Trout Feeding Experiments 3l This was made into a mush and fed in the usual manner. After 15 days of this ration, the trout lost 8.9% of their weight and were subsequently attacked by fungus which killed about 50% of the fish before it could be checked. This is a rather striking indication that the protein in peanut meal is practically indigestible in the case of trout and since it served no useful purpose, it was thought best to dispense with it altogether. MORTALITY. The true state of affairs regarding mortality is not indicated clearly by the tabulated figures except possibly in the case of mixtures containing a large per cent of beef liver. During the past three years of experimentation, it can be said that no abnormal death rate has ever occurred when beef liver was used in mixtures to the extent of 45% except where the loss could be directly attributed to causes other than the food. This cannot be said of mixtures containing the dried products alone. Continuous feeding of these in nearly all cases eventually resulted in a high mortality. The period before the mortality began varied from one to three months depending upon the age and species. In general finger- lings were more susceptible than yearlings and older trout, and rainbow trout were less resistant than brook and brown trout. In nearly all cases this high mortality could be checked in the course of two weeks by changing to a diet of some fresh meat. Liver, lean meat, kidney or melts were all equally effective in bringing about the change. This discovery has led directly to our recent practice of feeding one ration each week consisting of some fresh meat alone and on the other six days using various mixtures of meat meal, shrimp or fish meal, together with a small amount of middlings as a binder. During the present year, only, have we been successful in using any of these dried foods for rearing advanced fry to finger- lings. In the case of some chinook salmon, ground liver and kidney was fed twice daily in alternation with three daily feedings of meat meal. The latter was first sifted to remove the coarse par- ticles and then merely sprinkled over the surface of the water. The salmon took this readily from the surface and usually cleaned up that which sunk to the bottom. The total mortality from the 32 American Fisheries Society time feeding began until the salmon averaged two inches in length was about 20%. Since that time the amount of liver and kidney has been reduced to one ration a week, the other daily rations consisting of meat meal alone. The results with this food are shown in Series J, of the table. CONCLUSION. These experiments must not be considered as finally disposing of questions concerning the use of these foods for trout. They are rather preliminary to a much larger series contemplated. There- fore, it is perhaps wise not to draw too narrow conclusions at this time. However, it seems not unreasonable to believe that the cost of rearing brook trout may be materially lowered by the partial substitution, at least, of some of the dried meals men- tioned, for certain of the high priced fresh meats now in use. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I take this occasion to express my personal thanks to the United States Bureau of Fisheries, the New York State Conserva- tion Commission and The Plymouth Rock Trout Company for eggs and young trout furnished for this work; to Darling and Company, Chicago, for liberal samples of meat meal; to The Flavell Company, New Jersey, for the fish meal; to the Fisher Shrimp Company, New Orleans, for a supply of shrimp bran; and to The Oil Products Company, for various brands of peanut oil meal. I am likewise indebted to certain of my students for assisting in the work and more especially to Messrs. D. S. Purdy and T. C. Chamberlain, who secured some of the data here presented. OF DATA ON FEEDING EXPERIMENTS UNDERTAKEN AT oe CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 1915-1918. Brook TrRovrt. === a 8 Ba Efficiency 3 Ps : ice Age of| y Exp. |5 “a, Factor g Os % Daily Food Used Fish €* | Period |=2 63S ween [Ss Water i fo) . (eee 660 > and Cost in Fish in [GS25 ; 2° |" sal Temp Lb. Months Days £ = Recip- | pao | bt o as g 5 Direct ake aa hee ce (oe ans Osu la & 16 46 14 4.65 | 3.89 PAY Gal Webern (Oicrcrere 12 16 46 14 4.69 | 3.1 3137 13.5 Beef liver $ .12 17 46 14 3.8 3.4 287 15.5 18 46 14 47,2 2.89 SAGW |e eneversiacel|fererenes 15.8 18 46 14 4 2.56 39 Sore LG 16-18 46 70 4.27 | 3.16 | .3187| .379 0 14.5 11 65 14 3 5. 20 Eeae 10) 4.8 12 65 14 TRA al GIA el foetal Mlacopace 0 Se Pig liver $.10 14 95 14 2.3 Bsgatal | azure 1.5) 6.3 14 93 14 IL AZ/ 4, ODIs ll kevatel Seve 0 (bats B 15 93 14 Lai le alts v2} -25 0 9.5 Tei 70 | 2.76 | 4.05 | .2508| .405 3| 6.6 Broox Trovt. Beef liver 60% 16 46 14 4.55 | 6.8 FLAGS Soe ae enka Flour 40% ie/ 46 14 5.69 | 3.8 AG Mea lheceeietts ailleretiens| nekoire $ .086 17/ 46 14 3.9 335 06 268 15 16-17 AS | a7 | Aas | S2oRe) 882 (00 as Broox Trovut 16 46 14 2.86 9 PONE AREA hoe 12 Beef liver 45% 17 46 14 2.83 Psa Wp .46 W25 Meat meal 45% iy 46 14 228 1.89 .528 15.5 Flour 10% 18 46 14 2.45 1.68 .595 15.8 $ .106 18 46 14 2.24 1.62 .615 erai|en LG 16-18 70 2.63 .508 212 0) 14.5 Brook Trout 16 46 14 3.56 3.36 E296 ee 12 Beef liver 50% We 46 14 3.87 2219 ADCS eree kes 13.5 Fish meal 50% We 46 14 Seat |] 2208 ART Rere.o nae 15.5 $ .082 18 46 14 2.35 es 5G: acter ote celle orouses 15.8 18 46 14 Asal 1.58 63 | 16 16-18 70. | 3-05-| 2.19) |, .485 |) .179.| 0 |). 146 Broox TrRovr. Meat meal 35% 18 | 46 14 PS 1.8 .55 15.8 Fish meal 35% 18 46 14 Lob Les BCC. Bee meet (a) Flour 30% a $ .043 28 1.5 15) .66 .06 0 15.9 Brook TrRovt. Meat meal 50% 24 133 14 2.6 ouS .30 Oee hrimp meal 30% 24 133 13 1.46 2.64 OAs Wanstee eeelltkenoek 4.5 Flour Yo | | —— | ——_ | —_ | ——_ — $ .039 2H S103 22.97 | e87 ja b15S OL aad Broox TrRovor. Meat meal 45% 8 63 15 Byed/ 3.84 2G llevan 2.3) | 10.26 Peanut meal 45% 8 61 15 2.4 4.87 205 0 8.8 Middlings 10% | ——_— | —__|] —_ | ——_ — $ .035 30 3 4.35 (2020) L522 OG O20 Brown Trovt. Meat meal 40% 17 80 18 2.18 3322 ol sed Asa! 14.2 Shrimp meal 40% 18 62 18 2.4 2563 .379 2. 14.7 Flour 20% |——$. | —_—_|_ ——__| ——__ | —_ poche! $ .037 36 2.29 2.92 .344 .108 | 2. 14.4 CHINOOK SALMON. Meat meal 85% 4 1000 14 PARTS 1.82 SHAMS |G. os wees 12.3 Liver & kidney 5 1000 14 2 2.6 UDide Were .6 13.4 Bean 15% 6 1000 28 4.1 2.8 ES D2 aulleeeoeellneole 14.5 56 2.9 2.4 -426 | .1416)1.9 | 13.4 Lal STUDIES ON THE NUTRITION OF FISH: EXPERIMENTS ON BROOK TROUT.* + By SerGius MorGuwtis, Professor of Biochemistry and Phystology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebr. Metabolic studies on aquatic animals have not been numerous. The inherent difficulties of collecting the excreta and measuring accurately the consumed food, both of which are soluble in the water, have doubltess made this subject unattractive to investigators. In undertaking a nutritional study on the brook trout—a fish remarkably sensitive to slight changes in its environment—the first problem to settle was the practicability of keeping these animals in small aqauria. The trout thrive in rapid streams, and the problem would evidently be beyond solution if they could not be kept in good health in a limited quantity of water. Experience has shown that with sufficient aeration, trout can be kept in as little as four or five liters of water, which need not be changed but once every forty-eight hours, or even at longer intervals. Under such circumstances the trout will not only remain in good condi- tion, but as the experiments here recorded show, will gain weight. Large museum jars of about twelve inch diameter were used as aquaria, and these offered the fish considerable room for swimming and could be maintained very clean. The jar was closed by a cover which could be clamped tightly to the bottom, and by means of a flat rubber ring the joint was made air-tight. Two round holes drilled in the cover of the jar were fitted with rubber stop- pers. Through one of these the aeration tube was passed, while in the other a specially designed cup was inserted containing a measured quantity of standard acid. Compressed air was blown *This research was conducted with a special grant from the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. The experiments were performed at the New York Aquarium and the Biochemical Laboratory of the Columbia University Medical School. To the Directors of both institutions I desire to express my gratitude for the many courtesies received from them. + This paper was awarded first place by the American Fisheries Society for original work in biological investigation. 34 Morgulis—Studies on Fish Nutrition 30 through the water and was dissipated as a fine spray by the aeration tube. The air escaping from the jar bubbled through the standard acid contained in the cup. This precaution was taken in order to avoid any possible loss of ammonia from the water by the vigorous current of air. The contents of the cup were emptied every twenty-four hours fs FEN : : and titrated with i00 sodium hydroxide. As no changes in the quantity of acid have been found in the course of many trials, this practice was discontinued as unessential to the accuracy of the experimentation. The aquaria were submerged in a trough of galvanized iron through which a constant circulation of water of fairly uniform temperature was maintained. The temperature of the aquaria in which the trout sojourned was thus regulated. The water used in these experiments was exceptionally pure, coming directly from the excellent filters installed in the New York Aquarium. No sediment was formed by this water even upon standing several weeks. The trout which were experimented on were weighed at the beginning and close of each period. Different methods were tested for obtaining the accurate weight of the fish, and finally the following method was adopted: The trout was picked up with a small, fine net, the adhering water shaken off and allowed to drain for about half a minute. The fish was then transferred cautiously to an aluminum can partly filled with water, the weight of which was accurately determined. With practice it was possible to perform this operation without splashing a drop of water. The can was closed and again weighed with the trout, whose weight was thus gotten by difference. Though the method is not free from certain defects, it had two important advantages over every other method tried, in that, in the first place, no injury was done to the trout; and secondly, with the animal securely in the can, the weighing could be done leisurely. Of course it is assumed that the amount of moisture adhering to the animal has been the same at each weighing. Though this assump- tion is arbitrary, it has been found, by weighing the animals sev- eral times in succession, that the extreme differences do not vary 36 American Fisheries Society more than 0.5 per cent.. The balance employed in all weighings was sensitive to a milligram with a load of one and one-half kilogram. Feeding the trout was unquestionably the most difficult and yet the most essential step in the process of accurately measuring their metabolism. The effort, therefore, was made to teach the fish to take their food directly from forceps. Wherever this was feasible, the rest of the experimental procedure was quite simple. In a few instances I was actually successful in so training the trout that they would come to the edge of the aquaria and leaping out of the water, snap the food held with pincers. In this way the washing out of soluble constituents of the food by the water was entirely prevented. The food was kept in small weighing bottles, and the amount consumed was determined by the difference in the weight before and after feeding. The method of feeding the trout ad libitum, had the advantage also that at no time were there unconsumed particles of food left in the aquaria which might favor contamina- tion of the water, and thus greatly affect the significance of the results. Unfortunately this method of direct feeding could not always be utilized, as will be shown in a later section. The food was generally prepared in large quantity and stored in a frozen condi- tion. The contents of every jar was carefully analyzed, and its composition was checked at least twice in the course of an exper- iment. Portions of this stock food, enough for several feedings, were put in weighing bottles, and kept in the ice chest in the laboratory. Usually forty-eight hours after feeding, the trout was removed to a jar with a fresh supply of water, and the old water containing the solid and dissolved excreta of the preceding period was filtered and prepared for analytical treatment. Large aluminum tumblers, the bottoms of which were perfo- rated with a number of fine holes, were used for this purpose; the tumblers serving as Gooch crucibles. The tumblers were pro- vided with a thick pad of fine glass wool, dried in the oven and weighed. The contents of the aquarium were siphoned into the tumbler and filtered through the glass wool, with the aid of suction, into a large bottle. The glass wool was found very efficient in Morgulis —Studies on Fish Nutrition 37 retaining even minute particles floating in the water, but the filtered water showed invariably a distinct turbidity. The tumbler with the solid excreta retained in the glass wool was again dried and weighed; thus the weight of dry feces was gotten by difference. It may be mentioned that the sides and bottom of the aquaria were thoroughly cleaned with a rubber tipped rod, and the wash water added to the filtrate. This was acidified with five drops of sulphuric acid and evaporated to a small bulk. As a rule, the final volume was made up exactly to one liter. In view of the large quantities of water that it was necessary to handle, the matter of evaporation presented certain technical difficulties. Originally it was attempted to carry out the evap- oration at a low temperature (50° C.) with the aid of a rapid current of hot air. This method was very cumbersome, requiring much time. Blank experiments have shown that there was no particular advantage derived from the use of a low temperature. A large steam bath was therefore installed, accommodating a number of evaporating dishes (white enamel) of about twelve liters capacity each. The steam bath was set in the apparatus previously used for evaporating by means of the current of dry air, so that the two methods could be combined at will. Very large quantities of water could in this way be quickly condensed to a small bulk. The condensed water was transferred to a vol- umetric flask, the evaporating dish thoroughly rinsed with fresh water, and the quantity brought up to a definite volume. This condensed water was again filtered through asbestos to remove such particles as may have gone through the glass wool. This quantity was negligible, but the amount accumulated in the course of an experiment was analyzed and added to the feces. Aliquot portions of the perfectly clear water were used for analysis. In choosing fine glass wool as a means of separating the solid excreta from the water, two important considerations were borne in mind; owing to the small quantity of feces available, it was very difficult to analyze it, and particularly to obtain a uniform sample. It was urgent, therefore, first to mix the feces with some other material to increase its bulk without interfering with the analysis, and secondly, to make the grinding of the feces possible. The use of glass wool for this purpose suggested itself after a number of different things have been tried with little or no success. 38 American Fisheries Society The glass wool proved particularly ideal as it served as a filtering medium, and could be ground to a thin powder, helping to reduce the feces to a state of extremely fine sub-division and uniform distribution. These powders, in which the glass represented many times the bulk of the feces, were kept in weighing bottles and were easily sampled for analysis. Nitrogen and fat determinations were made on weighed portions in the usual manner. It may also be mentioned that blank experiments were performed, and the analytical data furnished corrections for the dissolved excreta and feces which were found in experiments with trout. EXPERIMENTS IN FASTING. As a preliminary to the feeding experiments, a number of experiments were performed on fasting trout. It has been found that the alimentary tract usually frees itself of all excreta from previous feeding in forty-eight hours. Minute quantities were sometimes eliminated also during the next twenty-four hours, but this was invariably negligible; the fasting, therefore, was generally started forty-eight hours after the last meal. The first protracted fast was performed with a trout weighing 102.9 grams (F-1). Inthe course of the four weeks of the experiment, no solid excreta were eliminated. The water in the aquaria remained remarkably clean for days, so that it could be changed at long intervals. The nitro- gen eliminated in the water was determined for seven-day periods. After twenty-eight days of fasting, the trout weighed 95.7 grams or 7.2 grams less than at the start. The nitrogen eliminated during the first week of fasting was 67.2 mg., but the quantity diminished from week to week, only 45.1 mg. being eliminated during the last week. The average elimination of nitrogen per day and kilogram of weight was 81.3 mg. In the course of four weeks 233.5 mg. of nitrogen was lost. It is evident, therefore, that about one-fifth of the body loss was at the expense of the protein. The next two experiments were made with trout which had been kept previously in the stock tank and fed freely. When transferred to the experimental aquaria, these fishes vomited much undigested food, and for a few days continued to eliminate large amounts of feces. Trout F-2 in the first week of fasting lost 4.6 per cent of its weight, eliminating 141.9 mg. of nitrogen per day Morgulis —Studies on Fish Nutrition 39 and kilogram. This very high nitrogen elimination was followed by a decided drop in the next week, when it was only 71 mg.; the loss in weight at the same time having been reduced to 1.3 per cent. During the entire two-weekly period of fasting 5.9 per cent of the body weight was lost, and the daily nitrogen elimination per kilogram of fish was 105.5 mg. The very high nitrogen elim- ination during the first few days of fasting which, in this case, was preceded by abundant and unrestricted feeding, will be observed in several other experiments. This condition is met with also in the case of the higher vertebrates. In experiment F-3 it will likewise be observed that the nitrogen elimination reached a very high level of 132.2 mg. per day and. kilogram, but the fast was not continued further with this animal. Experiment F-4 presents essentially the same picture. This trout was used in a long feeding experiment, and for weeks it was fed regularly and ad libitum. It was then subjected to a fast of two weeks’ duration, during which time it had lost 9.3 per cent of its weight. The nitrogen eliminated in the first and second week shows that it was twice as large during the former, being 155.9 mg. nitrogen per day and kilogram for the first seven days, and only 79.3 mg. for the next seven days. This large loss of nitrogen observed invariably upon changing from an abundant diet to fasting, especially in the case of trout F-4 which for a month previous to the fast has been eliminating a fairly constant amount of nitrogen daily, brings up again the question of the circulating protein which, when the income of new food material is stopped, is the first to be consumed. Experiment F-5 like the first of the series, is interesting because this trout was not on an abundant diet previous to the fast. Its nitrogen elimination for eight days was 91.6 mg. per day and kilogram of body weight. We may regard, therefore, the elimina- tion of 80 to 90 mg. per day and kilogram as the normal nitrogen catabolism of the Brook Trout. (See Table I.) FEEDING RAW BEEF HEART. Raw beef heart cut in fine strips about one cm. long was fed directly from forceps. The results of an experiment which lasted over two months are recorded in Table II. During this time the excreta for every forty-eight hours were collected and analyzed 40 American Fisheries Society separately. In the course of the first month, it will be seen, the trout gained 77.3 per cent in weight. It consumed 85.34 grams of beef heart, and the excretion from day to day showed remark- able constancy. It will be noted also that the amount of nitrogen in the feces was almost invariably 10 per cent of the dry fecal matter, and this proportion coincides with that found in the feces of mammals on a pure meat diet. The dry feces constituted about 5 per cent (Table VI) of the dry material ingested with the food. The utilization of the food—protein and fat—has been almost con- stant throughout this part of the experiment. Of the 2.8981 grams of nitrogen fed, 0.9329 grams was retained. In the absence of exper- iments on the respiratory exchange, the retention of fat could not, of course, be worked out. Considering the amount lost with the feces, 96.1 per cent of the consumed protein was utilized, and 94.5 per cent of the fat. Not only has the utilization of the food through digestion been good, but as the ‘‘ Index of Growth”’ (ratio between increase in weight and quantity of consumed food per kilogram and twenty-four hours) will show, it furnished a considerable proportion of its material to the building up of the body tissues. The consumption of the trout per day and kilogram of weight amounted to 37.5 grams of food, while the increase in body weight per day and kilogram was 17.4 grams. In other words, 46.5 per cent of the food material was added to the organism (See Table VI). The trout was then allowed to fast for a fortnight, (F-4, Table I), in order to find out how this would affect the digestive power and general condition of the animal whose metabolic exchange had been carefully established by the previous study. Upon resuming feeding, the trout gained 15.7 per cent in two weeks. During the first four days of re-alimentation, the very small amount of nitrogen in the water (urine) is very marked. During the first part of the experiment, the urinary nitrogen represented on the average 63.9 per cent of the total nitrogen consumption, but during the first and second forty-eight hours following the fast, it was 39.7 and 57.2 per cent respectively. There was thus undoubtedly a retention of nitrogen. As the elimination for the next forty-eight hours shows, this this reten- tion was only temporary. Morgulis.—Studies on Fish Nutrition 41 During this third two-day period, the urinary nitrogen repre- sented 106.1 per cent of the consumed nitrogen. In other words, the nitrogen ingested since the fast was broken, was not excreted until six days later. The nitrogen elimination then gradually diminished, but even after two weeks, it was still 10 per cent higher than in the first part of this experiment. An examination of the feces also revealed that the amount of dry excreta has become 50 per cent greater than during the pre- ceding period, and furthermore that the feces became very fatty, in fact from the fifth until the tenth day of resumed feeding, the per cent of fat was extremely high; this apparently being due to delayed elimination of undigested fat rather than to a progressive impoverishment of the digestive functions. In this respect there is almost a direct relationship to the excretion of urinary nitrogen. The utilization of nitrogen during these two weeks was 94.8 per cent, not essentially different from the degree of utilization in the pre-fasting period, but the fat utilization was only 91.7 per cent. That the general condition of the trout was impaired by the starvation, is indicated best by the lowering of the ‘growth index’’ (See Table VI). During these fifteen days the trout received 26.7 grams of raw beef heart per day and kilogram of body weight, but it gained only 9.73 grams in weight; in other words, the “growth index’”’ was 36.5 per cent as compared to 46.5 per cent of the earlier part of the experiment. The experiment recorded in the next table presents much similarity to the preceding one. Six small fingerlings weighing all together only 33.6 grams, were used. During the first part of the experiment lasting twenty-six days, these small trout were fed thir- teen times and the excreta were collected and separately analyzed four times during that period. A glance at the tabulary summary (III) of the results will show that the animals consumed 25.41 grams of the raw beef heart, and gained 11.13 grams in weight. The quantity of dry feces eliminated in that time was 3.52 per cent of the total dry ingested food, and contained 21.2 mg. of nitrogen. The protein of the food, therefore, was utilized to the extent of 97.5 per cent, and the fat.96.2 per cent. The ‘“‘index of growth”’ was 42.7 showing that the fingerlings were growing at a favorable rate. Owing to the accidental death of one of the experimental animals, the experiment was renewed with the five remaining 42 American Fisheries Society survivors, and continued for another twenty-one days. During this time the excreta were collected and analyzed five times. A short fast of four days intervened between the first and second part of this experiment. The composite weight of the five finger- lings was 34.8 grams, and these increased 11.3 grams in the twenty-one days, or considering the average weight at the begin- ning and closing of the entire experiment, the fingerlings gained about 66 per cent in weight. By reviewing the data pertaining to the second part of the experiment, certain differences will be observed as compared with the results obtained in the first part, which to a certain extent substantiate the experience gained in the preceding experiment 000.5. In the first place the ratio of dry feces to the dry matter of food is 50 per cent higher, and this increase in the fecal discharge runs parallel to the diminished utilization of the nutriment. The conclusion, therefore, is warranted that in this instance also the digestive activity was somewhat impaired by the short fast. The growth capacity, was not affected in this instance, the finger- lings having grown more in the three weeks following the fast than during the twenty-six days preceding it. The gain in weight represented 49.8 per cent of the quantity of food per day and kilogram, as compared with 42.7 of the earlier period. Two things must be borne in mind in connection with these experiments: In both instances the evidence clearly indicates that fasting is deleterious to the digestive function of the trout. The difference in effect upon subsequent growth may probably be due to the fact that in experiment 000.5, the intervening fast was a much more protracted one. The last experiment on the effect of feeding raw beef heart is particularly interesting, as this was performed on the trout which had undergone a preliminary fast (F-1). In the course of fifteen days of the experiment, this trout consumed 27.71 grams of food with a content of 7.047 grams of dry matter. Examining the last three vertical columns of Table IV, the thing which strikes one’s attention at once is the high proportion of fat in the feces; then the apparent retention of nitrogen as is shown by the low nitrogen content of excretions passed during the first several days after Morgulis —Studies on Fish Nutrition 43 feeding was resumed. That the retention was purely temporary is seen from the fact that within the next few days the elimination was abnormally high, especially between the sixth and ninth day when it became actually 30.8 per cent more than the nitrogen contained in the food for that period. This delayed elimination of nitrogenous waste points to the possibility that the excretory mechanism of the trout suffered an injury in consequence of starvation, which it required several days, when food was given, to restore to normal functioning. The similarity of the results obtained in these three exper- iments is very striking, those of 000.5 and 000.7 being practically identical. The dry feces formed a much greater per cent of the dry matter consumed with the food, than in any of the previous experiments (9.95 per cent). The utilization of the protein during the entire fifteen day period is 94.4 per cent, which compares very favorably with the extent of utilization observed in the other experiments. The utilization of the fat which has been reduced to only 83.8 per cent demonstrates once more, and more poignantly than in any of the previous experiments, the particularly dele- terious influence of fasting upon fat utilization. The reason for this must unquestionably be looked for in the longer duration of the fast. To explain these facts it may be necessary to assume that a more lasting damage was done to the glandular structures of the animal, the pancreas and the liver, which lead to a defective digestion and absorption of fats. Further investigation of this question would at any rate be desirable. In spite of the low degree of utilization of the food materials, the ‘Index of Growth”’ was 50.1; in other words, half of the nutrient material fed has actually gone towards the building up of the body tissues. This result is of much significance, inasmuch as it adds further proof for the idea that neither the utilization of the food in digestion, nor indeed the actual quantity consumed, deter- mines the extent of the resulting growth of the organism. The trout in this experiment increased in weight at a greater rate than in any other of this series, while actually consuming the smallest quantity of food. 44 American Fisheries Society FEEDING COOKED BEEF HEART. In the practical feeding of fish in hatcheries, the question is frequently asked, ‘‘shall the food be fed raw or cooked?” The objection to cooked food on the ground that it is not the natural condition of the fishes’ nourishment, may well be dispensed with. Feeding fish in hatcheries is a problem in domestication, and the merits of a dietary system must be judged not by whether it resem- bles or deviates from the state of things in nature, that is, wild nature, but by the results which can actually be achieved with it. To anticipate what will be brought out in the description of the following experiments, cooked food is neither more nor less utilized than the raw food, though possibly it has less growth-promoting quality. For one thing it is not as palatable to the fish as the raw food, and in my experience, the trout ate it much less willingly and in smaller amounts. In only one respect does feeding of cooked food present a decided advantage. On raw food the feces are gelatinous and fairly massive, while those resulting from cooked food are more or less dry and scanty. The feces therefore have no tendency to adhere to the sides of the aquaria, being in well formed compact masses. Contamination of the water was, there- fore, never observed when cooked food was fed, and it remained remarkably clear for a number of days. The food was put up as before, except that it was brought to a quick boil with a small volume of water, the fluid completely drawn off, and the meat packed in stock jars, refrigerated and analyzed as usual. Experiment 00.2 was made on the same trout which served in experiment 000.5. The result of these two experiments are, therefore, well suited for comparison. The animal was fed on the cooked beef heart for a considerable time to get it thoroughly accustomed to this food before the actual metabolic study was begun. The trout did not relish cooked food, and at best would eat only small quantities. In the thirty-eight days which this experiment lasted, the trout consumed only 23.9 grams of the food; the feces for this period contained 51.9 mg. nitrogen and 34. mg. of fat. These two constituents of the diet were therefore utilized to the extent of 95.7 and 96.1 per cent respectively, which is very close to the values (96.1 and 94.2) which were found on Morgulis —Studies on Fish Nutrition 45 raw meat. The per cent of nitrogen and fat in the dry feces is much greater than on a diet of raw meat, and this condition is very general as can be seen by comparing the data in columns 5 and 6 of Table VI. This very high percentage, however, is of no sig- nificance, being merely due to the fact that the feces is more compact and dry when the trout are kept on the cooked meat regime. It is more significant that the amount of dry feces pre- sents the same proportion of the dry matter of the consumed food (3 to 4 per cent) no matter whether the food has been cooked or not. The results of experiment 00.3 are essentially the same, though this trout has shown a somewhat smaller increase in weight. Experiment 00.4 which lasted forty-eight days, was made on a trout which had been fasting a week before the experiment com- menced. The protein of the food was utilized as usual—95.7 per cent—but only 92.5 per cent of the fat was utilized. This is further confirmation of the point emphasized already on several occasions in this paper of the defective utilization of fat by trout that have undergone even a brief starvation. The amount of food this trout ingested per day and kilogram of body weight was 10.11 grams. The daily increment in weight per kilogram was 4.25 grams; in other words, the growth index was 42. When we com- pare the relative value of cooked and raw meat as the diet for trout, we can indicate the following advantages of the latter: Its greater palatability and greater growth-promoting quality. This can be seen at once when the average “growth index’”’ of the experimental series 000.5 to 000.7 which is 45, is compared with the same of the experimental series 00.2 to 00.4 which is only 39. This might perhaps be objected to on the ground that the difference in the body weight increments is due rather to the great difference in the quantity of food which the trout have consumed in these two series of experiments. It must be recalled, however, that the “growth index’’ does not furnish information as to the actual or absolute increment in body weight, but indicates the fraction of the nutrient material which has become permanently incor- porated as a part of the organism. The two kinds of food have been apparently ample in amount to insure not only maintenance, but a further increase in weight, but in the case of the cooked beef heart a smaller relative increase in body weight was secured. 46 American Fisheries Society It is possible that the lesser effect of the latter in producing growth was due to the fact that in the process of boiling, some of its “water soluble” growth-stimulating stuffs have been dissolved out. The fact that the food which has been boiled and thus lost a large part of its water content was as well utilized by the trout as raw meat, suggests that it would be practicable to utilize thor- oughly desiccated food as trout diet. This soaked in water before feeding would probably retain both its gustatory quality, as well as its growth-promoting quality. This could doubtless become an excellent method for preparing on a large scale and distributing the food for trout hatcheries. Experiments which were planned with a view of studying the metabolic value of such desiccated foods, remained unperformed owing to the unexpected interruption of the investigation. FEEDING BEEF LIVER. Beef or pig liver is one of the staple diets in trout hatcheries, and a series of experiments were started to study its nutritive value. The liver was freed from all blood vessels and ducts, and the parenchyma alone was frozen solid and ground in a meat grinder to a fine pulp. The food was then kept in the refrigerator and analyzed as usual. Unfortunately it was impossible to feed this food directly from forceps as was done with the beef heart. It was necessary instead to throw a quantity of food into the aquaria and leave it there for a half hour. The trout was then removed to another aquarium with fresh water, in which the excreta were collected, while the unconsumed food was collected over glass wool in a large filtering tumbler. The filtrate was made up to a definite volume, of which aliquot portions were used to determine the nitrogen, fat and sugar that was dissolved out from the food by the water. The solid residue was dried at 100°, powdered and the composite sample for the entire experimental period was analyzed in the usual way. Knowing the quantity of food thrown into the aquarium, the amounts of nitrogen, fat and carbohydrate were computed from the analytical data pertaining to the particular food sample. From this was subtracted the amounts of nitrogen, fat and carbo- hydrate both dissolved in the water and found in the solid residue. Morgulis —Studies on Fish Nutrition 47 The amount of each constituent consumed was then determined by the difference. In his study of the digestion of fish, Knauthe* made use of this method exclusively. Apart from the disadvantage which it shares with all indirect methods, the method is time-consuming and presents so many unforeseen difficulties as to render the results at times valueless. In the matter of recovering the fat, Knauthe’s procedure, though very simple, consisting merely in extracting an aliquot portion of the water with ether, on closer examination proves of little or no value. Knauthe has not performed blank experiments to determine how closely the recovered amount corresponded with that washed out by the water; he therefore had no occasion to be apprehensive about the acceptability of his results. As was pointed out in an earlier section, I considered the per- formance of blank experiments as very essential, and have relied on these in deciding whether or not the analytical procedure in use was adequate. By following Knauthe’s method, I found that the results were so widely off the expected value as to make them absolutely worthless. It will be noted further that in all the experiments, the animals were allowed to remain in the feed jars one-half hour, after which they were removed to fresh water. Knauthe on the other hand, allowed his animals to remain in the aquaria containing food for a very long time, and separated mechanically the feces from the solid food particles. It need hardly be pointed out that such a procedure is altogether too crude to warrant great confidence in the significance of experimental results. The bacterial growth in suspensions of nutrient material would be sufficient to vitiate the results. In a number of blank experiments a weighed quantity of liver pulp was put in the aquaria (without trout), left there a half hour as usual, then the solid residue and the filtered water were analyzed. In the case of the nitrogenous material and the sugar, the recovery was complete within less than one per cent, but in the matter of the fat, as determined by direct extraction of the water with ether, such low values were usually gotten as to render the data of no importance. The need of a different and *Zeitschrift f. Fischerei, Vol. 6, p. 139, 1898. 48 American Fisheries Society better method was keenly appreciated, and attempts in this direction were started. The main difficulty to be remembered, was in the fact that the relatively small quantity of fat had to be recovered quantitatively from a large bulk of water. All the determinations were in duplicate. The nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and one-tenth portions of the entire water were used for the analysis. The sugar was deter- mined by Bertrand’s method in one-quarter portions. The sugar analysis was made on the perfectly clear filtrate, which was obtained by treating the water with aluminum cream to free it of the protein. On extracting this clear filtrate with ether, I inva- riably found that there was no fat present. This suggested a method of determining the fat, which is evidently carried down with the aluminum precipitate. By drying this voluminous gelatinous precipitate, powdering it and extracting it with ether, it was hoped that accurate results on the fat suspended in the water would be obtained. While this method, or some similar modification of it, has good possibilities, a number of difficulties were encountered in its practical application, which were not entirely removed before this work had come to an unexpected halt, and the matter of utilization of the fat from liver remained untouched in this investigation. The feeding of liver has not met with success in my hands. A number of circumstances have probably conspired to make these experiments less definite than those of the preceding series. Many experiments terminated in failure, owing to the death or ill condition of the trout. Three experiments are recorded in Table VII, and these will perhaps throw light on the question of liver as a trout food. It will be seen that the trout did not grow as well as those fed on beef heart, indeed one specimen lost 8.5 grams. The utilization of protein (nitrogen) was very low (90.5 to 83.6 per cent). The utilization of glucose shows likewise wide fluctua- tion from 96.9 to 86.9 per cent. The utilization of the fat ranged about 90 per cent, but as the analytical data were not entirely reliable, these results have not been included in the table. Before concluding, one other point should be mentioned. In the course of the half hour during which the liver pulp remained in the aquaria, as much as 60 to 75 per cent of its nitrogenous Morgulis —Studies on Fish Nutrition 49 material had been dissolved by the water. It is a conservative estimate that 50 per cent of the fat was washed out, and none of the glucose was left in the residue, it having been entirely dissolved out by the water. This happened in spite of the fact that the food was contained in a limited quantity of water, agitated only by the swimming movements of the trout. In hatcheries where the trout are kept in rapid streams of water, it is questionable if a food which will so easily give up its components to the water, is a particularly valuable diet. 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By Car_Los AVERY, St. Paul, Minn. Immediately upon the entry of the United States into the war a great hue and cry arose urging relaxation of the fishing laws and regulations so as to permit the people to take fish anywhere and in any way that they chose. The pretext that the fish were greatly needed for food as substitute for meats was used as a plausible argument. This demand grew more and more insistent until it constituted a real menace to the well established conserva- tion policy of the state. Here is a sample expression from a banker in a country town, from a letter addressed to the Safety Commission: ‘Could not your Honorable Commission take up this matter with the State Game and Fish Commissioner and have the present game laws taken off for the present at least and allow us all to take whatever fish we could make use of for our own use in any way they could be caught.”’ This is another: ‘I hope that you will not be influ- enced by a few moneyed men, but will give the settlers their rights to kill game and catch fish at any time regardless of game laws.” The Governor, the Safety Commission and the Game and Fish Commissioner were deluged with such appeals during 1917, but after the state fishing got under way they gradually subsided until now such a letter is rarely received. The State War Board, in Minnesota known as the Public Safety Commission, which was appealed to, gave the Game and Fish Department an opportunity to make recommendations. The plan which is now in operation was recommended by the Game and Fish Commissioner as a substitute for the wide-open plan generally proposed. The Safety Commission approved by formal order, named the Game and Fish Commissioner as their agent to carry on the work according to his discretion, and appropriated $1,000.00 as his capital stock on which to commence business. With this small beginning the enterprise started and has been self-supporting from the outset, all equipment having been pur- chased from the fund accumulated from the small margins on fish sales. The value of equipment and other assets at the end of the first year will approximate $25,000.00. 57 58 American Fisheries Society FISHERIES, WHERE OPERATED. Red Lake, the largest lake in the state, is a comparatively shallow body of water some 440 square miles in area. It is nearly all included in the Red Lake Indian Reservation, abounds in cer- tain varieties of fish and has never been fished for market. By agreement with the Department of Indian Affairs, whereby the Indians of the reservation are to receive certain benefits, arrange- ments were made to open up state fisheries in these waters. The intention was, when the State fishing was first inaugurated, to confine it exclusively to Red Lake. It soon became apparent that this would result in a financial loss for several months and it was realized that in the great number of lakes of the state there were certain varieties of fish which were used but little, if at all, and there was no practical method recognized by law to take them in quantities. So we began to take tullibees with gill nets, bull- heads with hoop nets and pickerel with gill nets and spears, where they were abundant and a considerable portion could be spared for this purpose. In this way the demand for fish was met and the enterprise was made self-sustaining, while the preparation was going on for more extensive operations in Red Lake. It was not until late in May that pound nets were finally set in Red Lake, since when other state fishing has been gradually suspended as unnecessary. The fish were found to be so abundant that during May and June from two to four thousand pounds at a lift were taken from the pound nets in use. No fishing has been done anywhere that would interfere or conflict with regularly licensed commercial fishing or tend to deplete any waters of any species, or to interfere with or injure angling. It has been the policy to take only such species as are of value chiefly as food fish and of little or no value as game fish. The production of fish in the various localities in which operations have been carried on has aggregated as follows: Nov. 1, 1917, to Aug. 31, 1918. Redhtakey on. disse onus soil nce eke seer te oe eC IE tee 538,644 Ibs. Bena District, including waters of Cass, Winnibigoshish, and Meechtlbalkesiand:tributariesta... 46 eee eee eee 281,046 “ Miscellaneous, including carp fishing in the Minnesota River. .147,880 “ A GAY SEA BE-Vor ana Aer cit Sie er ee REN too nrrvrks omic arg ac 42,808 “ Winton District, chiefly from Basswood Lake, and other Inter- NAtiONAlkwatersiy asec is ilar ca eee ee 39,569 “ pofsnaCeyiga Welle oirts Wane ian E nine Nae at tae Ue ME Be ore ri SEreieto iG & ool e 9,681 “ Avery.—State Fishing in Minnesota 59 PRODUCTION, BY SPECIES. Of the total production of the state fisheries for ten months ending August 31, amounting to 1,059,628 pounds, nearly one- third, or 302,333 pounds, were pike-perch or wall-eyed pike. The greater portion of these have come from Red Lake, which is heavily stocked with this species. Next in volume came mullets or suckers, most of which were taken in April and for which there was a good demand at a low price at the beginning of the run, but which soon fell off, leaving us with a surplus difficult to dispose of. The pike, or the variety that we call pickerel and known to the trade in our country as jacks was third in volume, most of them having been taken by Indians with spears in winter through the ice. Peculiarly, Red Lake has produced very few pickerel. If they exist there they must be small and find their way through the pound net leads, as we do not get them. One of our staple varieties and fourth in volume, is bullheads, for which we find a lively demand the year round. We have caught these in a limited region around Lake Winnibigoshish with small hoopnets and they are marketed skinned and dressed. What we call a ‘“‘sheepshead’’—known farther south as the white perch—has never been regarded as a food fish to any extent in Minnesota, but we have induced our people to eat 58,000 pounds of them; they are now regularly displayed in the best markets in the Twin Cities at 7 cents a pound. The white fish we have caught—some 58,000. pounds—have been taken incidentally in our pound nets or by Indians with gill nets. We have not encouraged taking them. Our Red Lake white fish are light colored, range from three to five pounds in weight and are of very fine quality. We find in Red Lake great quantities of a species known locally as ‘‘goldeyes”’ and which is probably one of the mooneyes. These have been used as food but little in our locality until we began to urge their use on the ground of economy. We sell them at the same price as sheepshead, lake carp and mullets, and have disposed of 51,000 pounds of them. 60 American Fisheries Society Next, or eighth, come the tullibees or small mongrel whitefish of which we have great numbers in Minnesota. We sell them at about the same price as pickerel. They are obtained in quantities only in the fall. The quillback or ‘‘lake carp”’ is not very plentiful in our waters, but sells better than sheepshead, goldeyes or mullets. The 45,000 pounds which were taken includes a considerable proportion of Asiatic carp of which we did not keep a separate record. It might be said in passing that most of the Asiatic carp and buffalo- fish produced in Minnesota are taken by regularly licensed fisher- men and we send nearly four million pounds a year of them to New York. In some of our northern lakes the yellow perch is very abundant and attains a good size—often a pound or more. The 10,000 pounds of perch taken, mostly came from Mille Lac Lake and were taken when pike-perch were being caught in gill nets. One of the most despised fish with us is the burbot or ‘‘eelpout,”’ but we have succeeded in inducing the people to eat over 7,000 pounds of them. Our men sometimes camouflaged them “northern catfish”? which seemed to help some. The balance of our catch has been made up of rock bass, sturgeon, catfish and dogfish, or bowfin, a small quantity of each. Peculiarly, we have been disappointed in Red Lake as a producer of sturgeon. The total production of fish by varieties for the period named has been as follows: SIXTEEN VARIETIES. IBIKEVRERChy tat Sincyscrs teractions Siete oh eet 302,333 Ibs. IVINS Sep ct Se tacts ae Pherae at neta teen 185,242)" Rickerel er eheacne- testy se ee oie a cee aa ais 1815757 SE Bwllheadssck Hose atcee eee cei eee ee 104,089 “ Sheepshead ds. dos ssaakuens sy sioiot aera teat 58,875 “ Villy (sh a ho) a Leaceea ees Sonera Pree fcarey Senn | 0A eo 58,855 < Goldeyéss. 032.5 22 Nicler ek oe copa oes ree 51,504 “ Pali SeSee LF sind Reh else a ee ee AS Sit 7 1S Can AA. ete ee Oe A5 256) 5 Per hit ate. tego he cts: Leas race ick RR ea 10,295 “ BUGDOt et fick cio ese hoe ee nee cee aa 7678 = BttralOnsiNs ce rc h ect eee cone eee 2,866 “ IOC DASS toa) chs GA cate athac otra: tae er ae Mieke eich 2015s SEUTE SOM pee ne shh i MO AAT RA eR Mn beatae 390° = (OE mail ale ae eemP Car OUTER OT RiyraniS to ER tsi che ccd (ee sie DO SIS Aiperes Wine ot aleconis neta Men pam tear ete: Paey Wie Avery.—State Fishing in Minnesota 61 HOW FISH ARE HANDLED. Our pound net fish from Red Lake are packed round, with the exception of whitefish, which are always dressed. All other fish caught by Indian or white fishermen under contract for the state are required to be furnished dressed. They are required to be delivered at certain collecting stations where they are sorted, boxed, iced, (except in winter) and shipped and billed to cus- tomers. The standard boxes, holding about 150 pounds of iced fish are used, boxes to be returned by customers and used over again several times. HOW DISTRIBUTED AND SOLD. At first it was necessary to sell the fish in public markets, on the streets, in department stores, or anywhere to advertise the enterprise and acquaint the people with their opportunity to get cheap fish. Almost invariably the demand greatly exceeded the supply, as the people came in large numbers and bought eagerly of the state fish. There has in some cases been a reluctance on the part of regular retail dealers to handle the state fish on account of the margin of profit and selling prices being fixed. We have sometimes found it necessary to sell the fish on depot platforms, in barber shops, general stores, private houses, and on the streets, until a demand was created and the regular dealer recognized the desirability of handling the state fish. In public market places and city depart- ment stores people fought for preferred positions in line to get fish. Game wardens, who acted as agents, often reported selling out shipments of several boxes in short order and the demand not satisfied. Volunteer dealers in many communities are still handling the fish, sometimes with no profit whatever to themselves, purely as a patriotic service. Wholesale dealers have in some instances shown a disposition to co-operate, in others to object and obstruct. Finally they have all come to handle and distribute most of the fish sold in Minneapolis and St. Paul on a percentage basis, the price to retailer and consumer remaining the same as if sold direct by the state. Our plan is to ship by prepaid express to all points in the state. A large part of the distribution in southern Minnesota 62 American Fisheries Society is satisfactorily accomplished by shipping from Red Lake to St. Paul in refrigerator carload lots and distributing from there. This insures delivery of the fish fresh and wholesome in mid- summer. The following quotation from a country newspaper describes a typical instance: DOING HIS BIT. “J. E. Madden, the local real estate man, has been doing a valuable service in the interest of food conservation which many people in this community are no doubt unaware of. Early last spring the State Game and Fish Commission employed help to seine fish in the big lakes in the northern part of the state, the fish to be used as a substitute for meat and sold at cost. “The plan proved popular and has been continued ever since. Each week tons of fish are shipped to the larger cities of the state and disposed of in short order. ‘‘The first box which came to Waseca was sent in care of Mr. Madden. He tried to get some local retailer to handle it, but none of them cared to. Mr. Madden did not propose to send the fish back so he placed the box on the walk in front of his office, dug up a scales and some wrapping paper, started a curbstone market and soon sold the fish to the people as they passed on the street. ‘‘A box of fish arrived every week since and Mr. Madden has been right on the job as selling agent. But in this case he receives no commission or compensation for handling the fish, making change, remitting the money and other work incident to the job. Like war workers, he is doing his bit for the good of the cause. And in the meantime many a family in Waseca enjoys a fine mess of fresh fish each week at much less expense than the average cost of catching them.”’ It has not been practical in Minnesota to follow the admonition of the U. S. Food Administration to use the fish taken exclusively in the immediate vicinity of their production. We have found our opportunity in supplying those portions of the state which have no lakes or local fish from those other sections which abound in both. Where lakes abound, the people supply their own needs, but where there are no lakes the people have eagerly welcomed the opportunity we have given them to get fish. For some unac- countable reason there are scores of small towns in our state that never saw a fish on sale until they began to receive the state fish. POPULARIZING COMMON FISHES. Prior to the inauguration of the state fishing such common and lowly kinds of fishes as lake carp, sheepshead, mullets, and goldeyes (mooneyes) were seldom, if ever, seen in the better meat and fish markets of the cities and were wholly unknown in the smaller communities remote from lakes where they are produced. Avery.— State Fishing in Minnesota 63 By furnishing the fish in a fresh and wholesome condition and at low prices (retailing everywhere at not to exceed 7 cents a pound), and doing some advertising, we have built up a steady demand for the cheaper fishes in many places. Little if any success has attended efforts to introduce smoked fish, nearly all our fish being bought and consumed fresh, but further efforts will be made in that direction, and the salting of certain varieties will be encouraged at times when plentiful. The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries has assisted in educational work by sending demonstrators to illustrate approved methods of smoking and curing coarse fish. COMPARISON OF PRICES. It has been the intention to keep the prcies as low as possible and pay for equipment needed and running expenses. It has been aimed also to maintain prices as nearly uniform as might be the year around. For instance the state has sold walleyed pike uniformly at 12 cents wholesale (retail 14 cents), while the same variety produced through regular channels has retailed at from 18 cents to 24 cents in the same markets. State whitefish have been retailed at 14 cents and 16 cents; other whitefish 22 cents to 30 cents, no better in quality. State pickerel have sold at 10 cents to 12 cents; other pickerel up to 18 cents. State bullheads retail at 14 cents dressed, others up to 18 cents. The state rough fish at 7 cents have been the only fish of the kinds in the markets. NO INJURY TO LAKES. By careful selection of localities for fishing and discrimination in choice of varieties taken, this great quantity of fish has been taken with little or no injury of any kind. In some cases those varieties which are used but little if at all by local people and con- sequently exist in abundance have been taken. In other instances a limited number of the better varieties have been taken where an abundance will permit. Some remote and little frequented lakes have been made to furnish a portion. It is apparent that Red Lake can give up a large volume of fish for a long time before any diminution will be noted, and the quality of some varieties will probably improve from year to year. 64 American Fisheries Society It would seem that it were safer and less apt to result in depletion, to carry on some of our commercial fishing by this method rather than by licensing commercial fishermen. More discrimination as to waters fished, varieties taken and in methods of fishing is possible, and the quantity taken at any time and place is absolutely under control. Unrestrained legal commercial fishing has all but exterminated our Lake Superior whitefish and Lake of the Woods sturgeon, and is rapidly coming to the same unfortunate result with the Lake Superior herring. There should be more state or government control of fishing with a view to con- servation and our Minnesota State fishing may furnish suggestions as to more discretion and latitude in control of the industry. BENEFIT TO THE PUBLIC. The benefit to the people of the state and to the country has been unquestioned and apparent. Not only has a large quantity of fish at moderate prices been made constantly available, but they have been made use of, thus releasing a corresponding amount of meats and other foods for shipment and export. A distinct saving in cost has also resulted on account of the low price scale and much more fish have undoubtedly been used than would have been under ordinary conditions. The constant presence of low-priced state fish in the markets has also, without doubt, kept the prices of other fish at a lower average than would have been the case if there were no state fish to be had. Direct evidence is not easy to get, but one instance was a letter received from a St. Paul woman expressing her appreciation of the opportunity to get cheap fish. With seven in the family and her husband employed as a janitor at $60.00 a month, rigid econ- omy was imperative and state fish helped materially in her family to keep the larder supplied. Her case is undoubtedly typical of hundreds. Many expressions of appreciation have come from all parts of the state. The enterprise has also served as an industry from which many settlers in remote parts of the State have added to their income. It has also served to put the business of the Indians of the Red Lake agency and elsewhere on a cash basis and has enabled them to invest liberally in Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETS FOR NEGLECTED FISHES. LEWIS RADCLIFFE, United States Bureau of Fisheries. It is a common practice in the commercial fisheries to centralize efforts on the development of means for catching and marketing increasingly larger supplies of the more highly prized fishes and to destroy or return to the water species of little or no market value. Some of the results of this practice are that the supply of some of the choice fishes has been greatly diminished, with the attendant possibility of ultimate exhaustion; predatory species of lesser value have been allowed to multiply and feed upon other more valued forms; the housewife has acquired an acquaintance with the merits of but a small number of species, and is encouraged to ask for these only, while millions of pounds of wholesome food fish are destroyed annually for lack of a market. One of the important problems of the commercial fisheries of today is to create markets to absorb these millions of pounds of waste fish; to develop methods of preservation which will render them attractive to the consumer, and enable the fishermen to care for the surplus catch in seasons of abundance for use in periods of scarcity; to educate the public, not only to the merits of these species as food, but as to the best ways of preparing each for the table; and to provide for the utilization of the by-products. As in many fields of commercial enterprise, the waste product of yesterday has become the profit-producing product of today; so in the fisheries, the fishes which we destroy today may yield the profits of our tomorrow’s work. Upon entering this field, we should realize at the start that each species of fish, or each class, may call for special treatment; that each may present a distinct problem, varying from the simple to the very complex, and that in some cases tangible results will be attained quickly, while in others a large expenditure of time and effort will be required before the desired results are accomplished. In some cases, the fish may possess sufficient merit and strike the popular fancy so quickly as to require only a little judicious 65 66 American Fisheries Society advertising. In other cases, the range of our activities will be much broader, but along usual commercial channels, including all phases, from the development of fishing grounds to arousing the interest of the consumer to purchase the product. The campaign conducted by the Bureau of Fisheries to intro- duce the tilefish included all these phases. The summary of this work, contained in the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1916, is worthy of study here, and illustrates the effective manner in which the Federal Government can co-operate with the commercial interests in this field. ‘“‘The fishing grounds were found and pointed out to the fishermen; a regular commercial fishing vessel was engaged to demonstrate the financial yield of this fishery under regular industrial conditions; the wholesale trade was enlisted in the distribution of the fish; the retailer was furnished with attractive display advertising matter, calling his customers’ attention to the fact the fish was on sale; and the consumer was told about the tilefish and how to cook it, and his curiosity and interest was stimulated to the point where he wished to try it and asked his dealer for it.” The problem of creating markets for other species may prove even more intricate. In addition to the lines of development outlined above, it may be necessary to enlist the services of skilled technologists to solve problems of preparation and preservation of the fish for food, to determine by careful analysis the actual fitness for food and to develop methods of preparation of and uses for the by-products. It may even be necessary to overcome the aversion of fishermen to fishing for and bringing the fish to market, and to uproot deep-seated prejudice or actual repugnance on the part of the consumer to using them for food. We may be required to duplicate the work of the meat packing industry, of which it is said that commercial uses have been developed for every part of the hog but the squeal, and that even that is sometimes employed in phonograph records. On our ability, through extended research and a campaign of education to develop such uses and markets for all parts of these neglected fishes, may depend the margin of profit necessary to support the fishery. As the development of fisheries and uses for sharks presents such a problem, it will serve as an illustration. In this campaign, it has been necessary to: Radcliffe—Markets for Neglected Fishes 67 (1) Devise apparatus suitable for catching sharks in commercial quantities; (2) Assemble available data as to places where and seasons of the year in which sharks can be taken commercially; (3) Instruct the fishermen in the methods of extracting the liver oil and place them in touch with markets for it; (4) Create markets for the hides and develop methods of removing them economically, salting and boxing them in a manner acceptable to the trade; (5) Determine the actual fitness of the flesh of certain species for human consumption; (6) Develop methods of stabilizing and deodorizing the liver o1l with the object of using it for edible purposes, and analyze it to determine its fitness for food; (7) Work out satisfactory methods of pickling, smoking or kippering, drying, dry-salting and canning the flesh; (8) Conduct investigations to overcome special difficulties encountered in preserving the product; (9) Carry on cooking experiments to determine the best meth- ods of preparing the fresh and preserved products for the table; (10) Overcome the objections of the fishermen to engaging in the fishery; (11) Enlist the co-operation of the wholesale trade in dis- tributing the fish; (12) Aid the retailer to dispose of the fish, and furnish him with advertising matter to attract the consumers’ attention. (13) Conduct a campaign of education among the consumers to- uproot their prejudices against the product and to enlist their interest in the merits of it to the point where they will buy it of their dealers; (14) Lend encouragement to the establishment of fisheries and the installation of equipment necessary to render the by-products, that otherwise might be wasted, marketable; (15) Encourage the conversion of waste into fish meal or scrap, and the flesh also where it is impracticable to market it for food. As some of these individual lines of development present problems of considerable magnitude, with numerous ramifications, several of them will be discussed in greater detail. 68 American Fisheries Society Hiwes. In attempting to create markets for the hides, it was first necessary to assemble a supply of raw skins and distribute them among tanners and others desirous of ascertaining their fitness for special uses. By so doing, a large number of persons were interested to experiment with these skins. In many cases, tanners found that their methods were unsuited to these products and some of them, therefore, assumed that good leathers could not be produced. In other cases, some success was attained, and such tanners were encouraged to continue their experiments, with the result that they have evolved satisfactory methods of tanning these hides into leathers suitable for making shoes, bags, etc., and have become interested in the development of the industry. In the course of this work in tanning and finishing the hides, one of the principal difficulties met with was the problem of removing the shagreen, composed of minute horny denticles. Some attempted to remove this before the hides were tanned, others after tanning. The latter has been the more satisfactory. After the hides are tanned, neutralized, dyed, rendered pliable and drained, they are given a coat of paraffin and oil, tacked and dried slowly. They are then smooth-plated and shaved on the grain side to remove the coarsest part of the grain or denticles. The hide is then gone over lightly on a rapdily revolving car- borundum wheel, when it is ready for finishing. Tanners were also interested to test the hides of the different species of sharks to determine whether differences in quality exist, and the fitness of each for special uses. Having aroused the interest of the tanners, it then became necessary to develop methods for skinning the sharks, pickling and boxing them in a manner acceptable to the trade, to supply the fishermen with this information and encourage them to save the hides. Here again difficulties arose. Unlike mammal hides, in which the flesh and hide are held together by a thin layer of con- necting tissue, shark skins are firmly joined to the flesh by tough septa extending into the flesh, which have to be severed with the knife. Asa result, the task of skinning sharks, particularly those of large size, was a laborious, time-consuming one, threatening to make the undertaking unprofitable. Steps have been undertaken to overcome this difficulty, and, of one device that has been Radcliffe——Markets for Neglected Fishes 69 perfected, it is claimed that by its use the hide can be removed in four minutes, as compared with from one to two hours by hand. With the accomplishment of satisfactory progress in these fields, it was necessary to make various tests as to tensile strength, - wearing qualities, etc., to determine the uses to which such leathers are best suited, and to call to the attention of manufacturers of leather goods such qualities of excellence as these leathers possess, that they may be interested to purchase available supplies. Asa matter of passing interest, it may be mentioned that the average tensile strength per square inch of three tanned hides was 3,479; 3,905; and 4,742 pounds respectively. Ors. With the increased demand for and advance in price of edible oils and fats, interest has been aroused in the possibilities of rendering fish oils suitable for edible purposes. This has already been accomplished in the case of whale fat. In 1914, Denmark used 20,000 barrels of hardened whale fat in the margarin industry, and it is reported to be well suited for making margarin that keeps well and tastes well, and to be even better suited for making lard. Processes of hydrogenation have been evolved, which, it is claimed, will render fish oil suitable for edible purposes. Our responsibility does not end here. For example, one technologist has discovered the presence of a large percentage of hydrocarbon oil in the liver oil of some sharks. In such cases, the oil may be unsuitable for food purposes. It is important that information of this character be ascertained and made available. As hydrogenation is usually accomplished by the use of a metal catalyist such as nickel, presence of traces of which may render the oil unsuitable for food, it is important that care be exercised to avoid this contingency, or methods developed which do not require the use of such metals. In addition, hydrogenation should not be carried so far as to raise the melting point of the fats above 98.6° F., the temperature of the body, as otherwise they are not liquefied in the body. PRESERVATION. In developing satisfactory methods of pre- serving the flesh, difficulties have been encountered, some of which may require extended research and experiment before they are overcome. For example, the flesh contains small quantities of urea, a substance of itself practically harmless. By various methods, the urea may be converted into ammonia, which in 70 American Fisheries Society itself is harmless, but, on account of its odor, gives the impression that the product is spoiled, unfit for food. We have learned by experiment that in pickle the urea slowly dissolves out, uniting with the salt in the brine, thus tending to eradicate this objection- able feature. Little or no trouble has been experienced with the flesh which has been pickled and smoked or kippered, and the canned, kippered fish is very attractive indeed. To some, it may appear that the writer has wandered afield in this discussion, has laid undue stress on the difficulties which have to be met. ‘This has been done purposely, with the hope of bringing about a more complete appreciation of the varied char- acter of the problems and the way in which they may be met. It is to be feared that some may be discouraged by the mag- nitude of the task which confronts them in developing markets for these neglected fishes. However, by concerted effort on the part of those engaged in the fisheries, state and federal agencies and skilled technological investigators, it can be done. In fact, much has already been accomplished. By way of illustration, it is estimated that on the basis of the weight of the fresh fish, the following quantities of certain of these neglected fishes were marketed during 1917: burbot, 500,000 pounds; grayfish, 4,000,000 pounds; sablefish, 4,000,000 pounds; Alaska Scotch- cured herring, 2,000,000 pounds; tilefish, 6,000,000 pounds; and whiting, 20,000,000 pounds. As yet, no estimates are available as to the results of the campaign in introducing drumfish, eulachon, menhaden, sharks, fish roe and buckroe, etc. The markets absorbed these 35 millions or more pounds of fish in a single year and will absorb increasingly larger quantities. For every time that we create a place in the market for one of these new fishes, we weaken the consumers’ objections to trying new fishes. Is not this question of marketing the neglected fishes one of the big problems of the commercial fisheries of today, and is it not worthy of our concerted effort to continue the development of such fisheries, observing proper safeguards to prevent depletion, until we have no more waste than in other highly organized industries? My answer is in the affirmative. PRODUCTS OF THE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES. By JoHN N. Coss. The heavy drain upon the ordinary food resources of the world, as a result of the devastation wrought throughout the countries of Europe by the warring armies, and the reduction in producing power through this and the drafting of the erstwhile tillers of the soil into these fighting armies, has focused attention upon the denizens of the fresh and salt waters of the world as a source from whence the shortage caused by the above factors may be partly, if not wholly, met. The U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, ably seconded by various state fish commissions, and public and private organiza- tions, firms and individuals, has done excellent work in creating new and extending old markets for fishery products, and also in creating a demand for hitherto neglected aquatic products. Owing to its extremely favorable situation, with the Atlantic on its eastern and southeastern side, the Pacific on the west and the Great Lakes on the north, with its interior covered with a network of rivers, some of them amongst the largest in the world, while thousands upon thousands of big and little lakes dot the country, the commercial fisheries of the United States have been extremely important and valuable from early times. For a number of years they have surpassed those of any other country in both extent and value, and this superiority has been more than maintained since the great drive upon the fisheries began three years ago. As a result of the lack of a central body collecting annual statistics of our fisheries (Congress has never provided the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries with sufficient money and personnel to make possible a thorough statistical canvass of all our fisheries each year), it is not an easy matter to arrive at the proper quantity and value of the same. Where available, and of sufficiently late date, data collected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries have been used. A few states collect fairly accurate statistical data annually and these have been used in such cases, while by correspondence and in various other ways the author has collected much valuable data 71 72 American Fisheries Society which have been incorporated in the table shown herewith. Great conservatism has been used in collecting and handling the data, with the result that it undoubtedly understates rather than overstates the actual production. No account has been taken of the enormous quantity, in the ageregate, of fishery products caught and consumed annually by ‘ sportsmen and semi-professional fishermen. In Alaska, it is estimated, on very reliable information, that the natives alone catch and consume some 30,000,000 pounds of fish, none of which appears in the above table, and the same is true to a much less extent in a number of other states. The table below shows the production by states under three headings. ‘‘Fishes proper’’ include all those used for food. “Other edible products” include the meats of mollusks, crusta- ceans, etc., while ‘‘Non-edible products’’ comprise fishes (such as menhaden) used solely for fertilizer and oil, shells, skins of aquatic animals, kelp, seaweed, etc., The products are shown just as landed by the fishermen, and the value is that received by him for the same. Large quantities of products landed are either canned, salted, mild-cured, smoked, or otherwise prepared, which work gives employment to many thousands of persons, and con- sumes millions of dollars’ worth of tinplate, box shooks, barrels, salt, oil, and the thousand and one things needed in the prepara- tion of secondary products, all these vastly increasing the value of the goods. In 1917 the canned salmon produced in Alaska alone sold for about $45,000,000, but in the table only the value of the raw fish has been shown. "2061 120k OY} IOJ SUOIYBSISOAUL sNeaIMg SalI0YySIyy Pue snsudO *g§ *Q PeTIquIOD 04} JO sz[NSoe1 pe -4stjqnd 04} wo St eyep SIq) WeMeH pure eysery Jo UoIydeoxe 049 HITM + 849°600'89 168219 seen eee . 000'290'T O00'9TL'F eet ewes 000‘9FF 000‘'9¢E'T 000'922'T Q00'F62'F 000‘690'E 000'S¢ 000'22 |. 000‘T2Z 000'9S¢ 000‘261 Q00'E2F'T 000°S60'L 000'908'e 000'292'E 000‘699'T 000‘0IT 000'E2z 000‘92F'T 000‘TOZ 000'68E'°S 000‘ 1S 000°286'S 000° 026'T 000° L0G. 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""* @TOTSIEA 180M *"WO9SUTGSe MA a ard eIUISILA "++ 99ssouue,, “**-e107eq FING “*-euTTOIeD WINOS puris] epoyry ‘+ emealAsuued eee *** "TOS01O “ -eULOyeTHO eee Beep De “ejoHed YIION -BUT]OIeO T4ION "yIOK MON +++ oorKoT. MON "tt *KasIof MONT “-oaysdureH MON ++" BDBAON +++ + “pySBIqa NI “"-eueqyaopy "** *TIMOSsIfAL ** "td dISSISSIJAL *** "Bq OSOUUITAL + TR SIOITAL * sqgosntqorsse AL “+> puepsre AL ouleyl +) -BURISMOT “++ Kyonguey tts OWepT "+ *** BIB.100) +++ -gDLOTT nike ead Kia *qnoto0um0g *- OpeR0[oD ** eTIOJTeO “+ -sesueyIy s 299: eUOZIIW Foss BESET "7" eureqely $9215 ‘SHLVLS Ad ‘SLONOGdOUd 74 American Fishezies Society PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION. Much interest has been exhibited in the per capita consump- tion of fish in the United States. We are heavy importers and exporters of fishery products. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1917, we imported 320,876,663 pounds, valued at $22,635,983, while during the same period we exported 183,355,571 pounds of domestic products, valued at $19,875,614, and 6,529,627 pounds of foreign products, valued at $655,034, a total of 189,885,198 pounds exported, valued at $20,530,648, leaving the net quantity of imports over exports at 130,991,465 pounds and $2,105,335. The total production of edible products in our commercial fisheries amount to 2,426,784,857 pounds, to which should be added 130,991,465 pounds, representing the net imports, making a total of 2,557,776,322 pounds consumed in this country. Estimating the population of the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) at 100,000,000, this would show a consumption of 25.57 pounds each year by every man, woman and child. CONTENTS The Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York State, a NS eh hae West ate CCHt ak Sar Aan eR Henry B. Ward 3. H Results of Some Trout Feeding Experiments Carried On in the Experimental Hatching Station of Cornell Uhiversity A. Ve es G. C. Embody 26 — Studies on the Nutrition of Fish; Experiments on Brook = 4 Minnesota’s Experiment in State Fishing....... Carlos Avery 57 ' The Development of Markets for Neglected Fishes, 3 Products of the Commercial Fisheries of the United q Sint re Sy ee RS Segoe SRR AU LIL RACE John N. Cobb “1 Py / Divielon of Fishes, 3% S. Nationkl Musewa —____—_—_- = AMERICA FISHERIES SOCIETY Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Society at Columbus, Ohio Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Che American Fisheries Society — Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 @fficers fur 1918-1919 VireSUERE ne ceo eco te M. L. ALEXANDER, New Orleans, La. Vice-President...........000% Cartos Avery, St. Paul, Minn. Recording Secretary.......... Joun P. Woops, St. Louis, Mo. Cor. Secretary. ...CHas. H. TowNsSEND, The Aquarium, N. Y. C. WW veussitte ee OS ho a te A. L. Mittett, Gloucester, Mass. Pian s fie ee aN RayMonpD C. Osspurn, Columbus, Ohio Executive Commitiee IN, RY BuceEe.? Chiarmak: 3 eee Harrisburg, Pa. Ga 24 BE Sa. a ga enn, pee, San] SDE Rp. Albany, N. Y. Wishes TQUND! 2!) So 2S Rr ae he eee ee oe Ottawa, Canada I oN oe BReg Wut SO OB a Le al | A Se West Buxton, Me. WHS Ele Pm he hs Se a I Se ee ee Lacrosse, Wis. Wat KasA. da tus Sere ae os ee Baltimore, Md. CARL WESTERFELD ..... Cee oa, eth ey ee San Francisco, Cal. Commitier on Foreign Relations Gro. Surras, 3d, Chairman..............2.2: Washington, D. C. — HGH IVE. (METH Cee. Coe tasco ne oes ee Washington, D. C. AV AES SAS, RRS Se ek oo Fee we een os Sie Boston, Mass. ha? SWtia Te ese ee Ne. ro tee Ottawa, Canada CCAS L412 > WIERD Oe See Wiis Se he Es eis Glens Falls, N. Y. Committers on Relations with National and State Governments Geo. H. Grawam, Chairman..............4- Springfield, Mass. Ds .8s -SPINDES cyte Rae oo. en oa Portland, Ore. PACOR ReIcHAeH eS - M52 See ee ieee Ann Arbor, Mich. — Be PHA MBERS. LS se. Se LAE eae Quebec, Canada HENgvGy MAtEer. tt bok ke ws ae een Seattle, Wash. Publication Committee RaymonpD C. OsBURN BASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NICHOLS TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVIII NUMBER 2 1918-1919 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn MARCH, 1919 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS PAGE AT OCCCORI IS. Meare erst Seo ce ats enter © aca dN ages we 77-112 Discussion.of Dr. Embody’s paper... =. 5: ). ...4. See 78 Discussion of ‘Dr: Morgulis’ paper... f..:.<24...%..2 2 eee IDEN Sut S Address eee pene tae ake cia ae 89 Report-of “Treasurer: 2.3050. ie <2) eee 93 Report of Committee on Resolutions.................. 95 Discussionof Mr. Avery’s paper. :.c.4..40 >.>. eee 98 Pia PEAY AOL OOTUASTNISH. shee oa ee aoe eee W. H. Rowe 100 An A crating Devices 2.3 eictaat os es John W. Titcomb 102 Modeliofa Rifle Ponds? ites nce o45 3 Geo. A. Seagle 104 Report of Committee on Time and Place.............. 106 Report of Committee on Nominations................. 107 Report of Committee on Amalgamation of Societies..... 109 Report of Committee on By-laws..................0- 110 Reportof Committee on. Awards. .2........2... 0:0 eee Miho mhaAMOUloOk. ..o ccc cent on be eens J.P. Snyder 113 A Study of the Effects of Certain Oils, Tars and Creosotes iW ponBbrook WM routes eos 6 cces ces eee Adrian Thomas 121 PROCEEEDINGS of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society NEW YORK CITY September 9, 10 and 11, 1918 Opening Session, Morning, September 9, 1918. The Forty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society was convened in New York City, in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, on the morning of September 9, 1918. Mr. Henry O’ Malley, the President of the Society, presided throughout the various sessions. The members present were requested to register. Fifty-four members were present at the opening session and twenty-six registered later, making a total of eighty-one members present during the meeting. Twenty-four States, the District of Columbia, Canada and China were represented. President O’Malley appointed the following Committees: Committee on Nominations: Messrs. Henry B. Ward, Geo. H. Graham, A. H. Dinsmore, Eben W. Cobb and S. M. Cowden. Committee on Time and Place of Meeting: Messrs. John P. Woods, T. Roualt, Geo. D. Pratt, Grant E. Winchester and John M. Crampton. Program Committee: Geo. C. Embody, Adrian Thomas and Carlos Avery. 77 78 American Fisheries Society Auditing Committee: Messrs. John P. Woods, Geo. H. Graham and Jas. Nevin. . Committee on Resolutions: Messrs. M. L. Alexander, A. J. Crandall and John R. Woods. Committee on Awards: Messrs. John W. Titcomb, Henry B. Ward, G. E. Jennings, A. L. Millett, J. G. Needham and G. C. Leach. The Secretary, Mr. John W. Titcomb, presented the names of applicants for membership, who were then admitted by vote of the Society. The names of these new members have already been published as an appendix to the List of Members, TRANSAC- TIONS, Sept., 1918, p. 185). Mr. A. L. Millett, Treasurer of the Society, reported that he had attended the annual meeting of the Canadian Fisheries Society at Halifax, a couple of weeks previously, and that he was much impressed with the fine character of the meeting and the high quality of the program. He brought with him the greetings and best wishes of the Canadian Society. Following a number of announcements by the Secretary, the meeting adjourned early in order to allow the various committees ample time for their work. Monday Afternoon Session, September 9th. The Session was devoted to the reading and discussion of papers. Results of Some Trout Feeding Experiments carried on in the Experimental Hatching Station of Cornell University. BY DR. GEO. C. EMBODY. This paper, which was given first place in competition among the papers on fish culture, has already been published (TRANSAC- TIONS, Dec., 1918, p. 26). Discussion. In the discussion which followed the reading, Professor Embody replied to a number of brief questions, explaining that the temperature (Fahrenheit) ranged from about 65° down to about 37°. In most of the experiments the A el > Proceedings Forty-eighth Annual Meeting 79 temperature ranged from 55° to 65°. The experiments were made at all times of the year, but most of them were made during the summer months. Ordinary pure spring water was used, without filtration, as it came directly from a spring. Mr. JAs. NEVIN, of Wisconsin: We have found horse meat much superior to any other for our brook trout. At one hatchery we are using sheep liver and find it very good food, provided that Red Dog Flour is boiled and mixed with it. But I find that the greatest success in fish culture is in connection with the water. In some of our hatcheries we have success with some kinds of fishes and not with others. We have one hatchery where we will run about sixty-five per cent of losses with pike-perch eggs, while in another we hatch 90% to 95% of them. Mr. JoHN W. Titcoms, of New York: Dr. Embody’s paper is a most valuable and timely contribution, because the cost of food in these days is a very serious one. In addition to the cost value of the fish foods, Dr. Embody’s experiments have in mind the effect upon the quality of the flesh, which is very important, but in the production of fingerlings for dis- tribution the food that will produce results at minimum cost, taking into consideration both labor and material, is the one which will be most gen- erally adopted. Assuming that the fish which are planted as fingerlings will thereafter depend entirely upon natural food, the quality of the flesh will be adjusted by the time the fish have grown to edible size. Since knowledge of negative results of experiments may prevent waste of energy through repetition, I will briefly review some experiments at the State Fish Hatchery at Caledonia, New York. The experiments were under the immediate supervision of Mr. Thomas Chamberlain, a student of Dr. Embody, operating under my direction. One of the objects of the experiments was to apply in a practical manner, in regulation rearing ponds, the knowledge obtained from the experiments in the small and limited number of rearing boxes available at Cornell Uni- versity and to supplement them with other experiments suggested by hatch- ing customs and conditions. The experiments were terminated rather abruptly when Mr. Chamber- lain was drafted into the army, where he is now patriotically serving his country ‘‘over there.”’ For some of the experiments concrete rearing pools 3 feet by 36 feet to the number of ten were utilized. For other experiments, hatching troughs 14 inches by 12 feet were used. The species fed under observation consisted of brook trout, lake trout and rainbow trout and the following tables give the results. (The tables are a condensation of a portion of Mr. Titcomb’s remarks). 80 American Fisheries Society TABLE No, 1. OcToBER 27, 1917—FeBRuARY 7, 1918. (Petiodiaf 108 days, minds 7.) RAINBOW TROUT YEARLINGS. OOGsGsSed tenn icecielte cc cite eorexeisisieisysisveracasslers 75% melts | 75% lungs | 75% liver | 50% lungs | 50% liver 25% meat | 25% meat | 25% meat | 50% melts | 50% melts meal meal meal Sizerote basiteacctecitas cts. ciesesecsis.cine siete 36’x3/x10” | 36’x3’x10” | 36’x3’x10” | 36’x3’x10” | 36’x3’x10” Number of fish: Beginning Of Period. ..iiidsi ia on We . t+ ze aso x ney a. ws 7 . “ *; =? - 5 7 a - u % Sate 4 El = = - a 5 Poa = : Ps dal 2 By Ra tie Prince—A New Form of Fishway 171 THIS FISH-WAY IS SIMPLE, PORTABLE, AUTOMATIC. The invention may be described as a fish-trap into which the fish swim and are enclosed, and then lifted up, and dumped over fish swim and are enclosed and then lifted up, and dumped over the top of the obstruction. It works automatically by means of a counterpoise or tank which is filled with water by gravitation or by means of a pump, and when full it descends, and in doing so pulls up the fish-trap below containing the fish. Any fish that can be induced to enter a fish-trap can be enclosed and lifted up by this apparatus. It consists of a comparatively light frame work of wood, iron, or other material so as to be portable, and it can be taken to pieces and stored away during the winter. One of the greatest dangers to the ordinary fish-passes is the accumulation of ice in winter about water-falls, dams, etc., which may amount to many tons, and which, during the freezing and thawing periods in winter and spring, often breaks up the fish-pass and carries parts, or it may be the whole of it away. Moreover, freshets in spring damage and destroy many of the fish-passes now in use. In the new fish-elevator the frame work, as I have said, can be taken to pieces, and the structure is not in use during the winter, when no fish are ascending. It is erected just prior to the first runs of fish in spring, and remains in operation only until the last runs of fish in the fall. As a fine-meshed wire net-work covers the whole frame work, rubbish cannot get into it and fill it up. Moreover, its success does not depend upon the varying supply of water, as the filling of the counterpoise can be arranged by taps and valves so that it will operate at regular intervals, whatever the state of the river. There is no necessity for erecting this fish- elevator at the point where the main body of water falls over; but it can be placed to one side, or indeed in any position where the fish can find their way into it, and being raised automatically and dumped out on a level with the height of the obstruction, a sluiceway of greater or lesser length can be devised to convey into the stream above the falls, the fish when dumped out. It can be placed anywhere where fish can be trapped, and there is no neces- sity for placing it directly against the face of the obstruction for if dumped into a sluice-way the fish can easily swim, as stated, to the pool or stream above the obstruction. 172 American Fisheries Society FISH LED IN AND ENTRAPPED. The entrance to the fish-compartment or fish-trap is wide, and as the whole structure is a ight frame work, there is no shadow or darkness about it, and the fish are not deterred on that account. It has been found that many kinds of fish object to entering a dark hole or chamber, but in this case there is no more difficulty in inducing the fish to enter the fish-compartment than in entering any automatic fish-trap along the sea-shore or along the banks of rivers. In order to compel the fish to enter the fish-trap, a wall of wire netting or ‘‘a lead” is suspended across the river diagonally which prevents the fish from ascending as far as the foot of the falls or dam and forces them to lead or be guided along the wall of net and enter the fish-trap, as in the case of ordinary commercial fish-traps. HEIGHT, OPERATION INTERVALS, ETC., CAN BE VARIED. The height of this structure can be varied for every different condition, and as it works automatically by gravitation, or if necessary, by electric or other power, it will operate as success- fully for a low dam, 10 feet high, as for an obstruction, 30 or 40 feet in height; in other words, it is independent of the height of the obstruction. By the arrangement of special valves the counter- poise can be filled at the top of the elevator, and emptied at the bottom of the elevator, at any desired interval of time. In some cases it is desirable that the fish should be lifted up at intervals of not less than two or three hours, in other cases, where great schools of fish are ascending, it should ascend and carry the fish up every 15 or 30 minutes. This can be easily arranged by adjusting the valves. OTHER FISH EXCLUDED WHEN TRAP ASCENDS. When the fish-trap has ascended, the vacant space, which it occupied at the bottom, would be a danger to the fish trying to enter during the interval. To shut off the entrance of fish when the fish-compartment is ascending or descending, a special door has been devised which drops down and keeps the fish out, so that they are compelled to wait until the emptied compartment completes its descent. Then, by a special device, Prince —A New Form of Fishway 173 the outer door lifts up, and the fish can enter. There are indeed three doors to this elevator. One is at the back, which opens only when the compartment is at the top of the structure, and the fish find exit by it. The second door is at the front of the com- partment, and opens only when the compartment is at the bottom of the elevator, and thus admits the fish, and a third door at the bottom of the elevator which drops down only when the com- partment has ascended, and thus prevents fish from entering the space left vacant when the compartment is going up or down. OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. The only objections which have been raised to this device are objections which are not really of very great force. Reference may be made to one or two of them. Thus, it is claimed, that the fish-elevator affords no means for the descent of adult fish after spawning, or of the young fish. Young fish can overcome all difficulties, however, in descending streams, and they can be trusted to look after themselves; the main purpose is to enable the parent fish to ascend to the spawning grounds. It has also been objected that the fish might be damaged when being lifted out of the water, and carried up in the fish-trap or wire-compart- ment; but inasmuch as salmon and other fish damage themselves considerably in jumping precipitous falls, there can be little harm to the fish during the few seconds occupied in being carried up to the top of the elevator. It has been objected, also, that logs and floating debris, and especially an excessive flow of water, might damage the fishway, but as a rule it would not be placed in position until the logs and high water have disappeared, and to avoid danger, it could be safely placed at one side of the obstruc- tion. It need not be placed against the dam or falls, but at 50 or 100 yards away, and longer or shorter horizontal sluices con- structed to carry the fish from the top of the elevator to the water above. ADVANTAGES SUMMARISED. To summarise the advantages possessed by this elevator fish-pass, which has been protected by patent in the United States, it may be claimed that it is (1) suitable for every kind of fish which ascends rivers. (2) It is not affected by freshets or by 174 American Fisheries Society accumulations of ice, as it is dismantled during winter and operates only when the fish run in the spring, summer, and fall. (3) It is automatic and operated by a counterpoise supplied from an elevated tank which fills by gravitation or by hydraulic ram. It may also be operated by electrical or other power. (4) It is adapted to all heights, 10 feet to 100 feet or more. (5) It is capable of being placed in any position in front, or at the side, or some distance below, the obstruction. A longer or shorter horizontal sluiceway enables the fish to pass from the top of the elevator to the pools — of water above the dam or falls. No mill or power house is deprived of any water-power. (6) By adjusting the valves, the ascending and descending movements of the fish-trap or fish cage can be arranged at any interval, 15 or 30 minutes, or many hours; thus allowing ample time for a sufficient number of fish to enter the cage. (7) Should more enter the cage than the counterpoise can raise there will be no movement until some of the fish swim out, but the counterpoise is sufficiently heavy to raise the quantity of fish likely to enter during the short intervals allowed. (8) The cost of this device is much smaller than most other fishways in existence. It can be built for a few hundred dollars, being little more than a frame work, lightly but strongly made; whereas, some of the best fishways are costly structures of cement, masonry and timber, and cost many thousands of dollars. fa os TERRITORIAL WATERS AND A SUGGESTED EXTENSION OF THE THREE MILE LIMIT. By Pror. E. E. Prince, M. A., LL. D., D. Se. Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. On May 19, 1917, a German submarine seized the Norwegian steamer ‘‘Thorum”’ about four miles off the coast of Norway, and all who are interested in fisheries questions regarded this occurrence with special attention. It is generally thought that a three-mile limit is universally carried out, but in this case Norway protested that her territorial waters had been invaded, and international law violated, because she had always adhered to a limit of four miles. No doubt many people who regard themselves as well informed on the question of territorial rights on the sea coast, learned with surprise that Norway had, for over seventy years, enforced a limit greater than three miles, and in various national and munici- pal agreements had consistently carried this out. As long ago as June 18, 1745, Norway had enforced a four-mile limit. MANY COUNTRIES CLAIM MORE THAN THREE MILES. But Norway is not the only country that has enforced a more extended territorial limit of three miles, although her course is one of the few that has been recognized generally by other maritime nations. Spain, as long ago as December 17, 1774, also claimed six nautical miles along her coasts and the coasts of her colonies, and _ re-asserted this in several royal decrees, in 1775, 1785 and 1867. In 1869 it may be remembered that Spain re-asserted a claim to a six-mile limit around Cuba and her West Indian possessions. Spain’s last decree, dated August 4, 1874, aroused, however, serious objections on the part of Great Britain and the United States. Italy has also enforced a limit of four or five miles; although in some special conventions with Austria, she adopted a three-mile limit, but it is doubtful how far this latter limit has been adopted. Indeed, when discussing this territorial question with the Western Powers in 1891, the Italian Government refused to recognize a three-mile limit, and certainly Genoa has never relinquished her claim to complete territorial rights extending over the waters 175 176 American Fisheries Society of the Ligurian Sea. It is interesting to note under the Treaty of Paris, 1768, it is specified that French fishermen shall have the liberty of fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence on condition that they do not come within a limit of nine geographical miles of the coast, nor nearer Cape Breton Island than 45 miles. The large claim of Great Britain to exclusive authority over the waters all around her shores, and extending in the North Sea to France and to Norway, was considerably interfered with by various Royal and Parliamentary Concessions. Indeed, up to 1851 the fishermen of Belgium had the right to fish within three miles of the British shores under a charter of Charles II, and the French fishermen also claimed privileges, which up to then, the Dutch fishermen had solely enjoyed. These concessions were of so uncertain a character that the British Government admitted until 1851 that the foreign fishermen referred to, might continue to fish within territorial limits if they proved to the satisfaction of the English Courts the validity of their claim. As M. Luis Maria Drago stated at The Hague Tribunal in 1910, in the coastal waters a century or two ago (when the doctrine of Selden’s ‘‘Mare Clausum”’ was at its height), distances were fixed by various nations up to 60 miles, 100 miles, or a two days’ journey from the shore, and the like. There was the utmost diversity and contradiction in the regulations which it was attempted to enforce in various seas. Indeed, the principle of “‘land kenning,”’ i. e., claiming as much water as was covered by the distance land was visible from a ship at sea, had been adopted before the time of Grotius. INTERNATIONAL THREE-MILE LIMIT INVALID. It is an error, therefore, to claim, as has been very generally claimed, that a three-mile limit is an ancient accepted rule, universally recognized and admitted down to our own time. If it be asserted that such a limit is a canon of international law we are driven to ask, ‘‘ What is international law?’’ about which so much has been said and written. INTERNATIONAL LAW IS REALLY INTERNATIONAL MORALITY. It is true that quite an extensive legal literature has grown up since the time of Grotius (1625), and other less known jurists, who gave definiteness to the general tendency of civilized nations Prince —Territorial Waters Vad on this subject, chiefly in the famous “De jure belli et pacis.”’ Yet even great jurists have felt that international Jaw is a flimsy thing, and one of the greatest modern writers on the matter found himself compelled to speak of it as a branch of jurisprudence, which is the creation of moralists, merely moulded by the acumen of legal authorities and the wisdom of statesmen. It was so well-known a writer as Professor Sheldon Amos who admitted that international law was very immature, ambiguous, and indefinite, and was lacking in legislative authority. The opinion of John Austin, an eminent authority on jurisprudence, is generally admitted to be sound, and he does not hesitate to say that “international Jaws are improperly so termed,” the laws being framed and emphasised merely by the opinion of an indeterminate body of men. As the three-mile limit derives its authority from such indefinite moral and ethical principles and summaries of international sentiment and obligation, its founda- tion is vague and unstable. John Austin very properly designates it ‘positive international morality.’’ Law, to have any force or meaning as Sir Henry Maine stated, implies not only an author- ity to pronounce it law and to define it, but a tribunal capable of enforcing it. There exists no international tribunal sufficiently powerful to bind sovereign States by its decrees, and use com- pulsion if they transgress those decrees. During the great war some interesting questions arose as to the cargoes held in seized German steamers at the Antipodes, and the New Zealand Chamber of Commerce, in the capital city of Wellington, when discussing the question of charging certain costs against the seized ships found the objection raised that such could not be done under international law, because at the end of the war these seized steamers must be handed back to the German owners. The President, Mr. C. W. Jones, a prominent New Zealand merchant, thereupon declared to his colleagues that “‘there has been no such thing as international law since the great war began.’’ International law, it was claimed, can be violated with impunity and amounts to little more than international etiquette or morality. Important maritime powers in former days assumed authority over vast oceans and seas, and had even Papal sanction for these extensive territorial claims. The known oceans of the world were 178 American Fisheries Society largely divided amongst the leading states as their national property. Britain, when she became a great maritime power, and rival of Spain and the Netherlands, asserted very wide claims over the seas. The House of Commons, in 1660, declared that foreign vessels were prohibited from fishing within eight or ten miles of British coasts; but the prohibition was generally ignored. During the eighteenth century the principle of ‘‘armorum vis’’ became pre-eminent, owing to the great naval wars, and waters within cannon-shot of the shore became regarded as territorial. Bynker- shoek’s principle “‘terrae dominum finitur ubi finitur armorum vis”’ appealed to warring nations, so that a 3-mile limit became regarded as equivalent to armed power, or force of arms, i. e., equivalent to the range of guns, and the exclusive right of fishery within such limit became an implication; but it is doubtful if three miles ever was the real limit of artillery range and certainly the limit is obsolete in modern warfare; even for civil and national protective and other purposes. A three-mile limit has always been regarded as quite insufficient. When Venice was an independent power, she exercised absolute dominion over the whole of the Adriatic sea. Every ship entering that sea had to acknowledge her authority, consent to be examined, and pay the tribute enforced. The Pope, who possessed Ferrara, about 50 miles south of Venice, was annoyed that his ships were overhauled and their cargoes taxed by Venice, and he called the Venetian Ambassador to Rome to explain the position. That officer explained that Venice had absolute and perpetual dominion over the Adriatic sea by enact- ment of the ‘‘Donation of Constantine.’’ The Adriatic Sea is about 500 miles long, and averages more than 100 miles in width. Although the excessive and obsolete claims over the ‘‘common ocean,’’ to use M. Drago’s words, have been largely relinquished, the assertion of exclusive property over large tracts of water, has not been abandoned by many of them. It is an interesting fact that the very first definition of the three-mile limit of coastal jurisdiction was contained in the Treaty of 1818, between the United States and Britain, but neither of the powers signing that Treaty has rigidly carried out a three-mile limit even on its own shores. The United States has always exercised the rights of exclusive property over Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and other areas, and Britain quite recently insisted upon her i aie Prince.—Territorial Waters 179 rights in the Moray Firth, beyond the distance of three miles from shore. THREE PREVALENT ERRORS REGARDING THREE-MILE LIMIT. Prevailing ideas upon the question of territorial waters seem to me to urgently require revision, hence I venture to bring the subject before the American Fisheries Society for consideration. The members of this Society are interested in everything pertaining to the conservation of the fisheries, and if it can be shown that the so-called three-mile limit is insufficient and unsatisfactory from a fisheries’ point of view, I venture to hope the Society may place itself on record as favoring a satisfactory readjustment of the matter, and that the leading maritime nations may adopt a limit better fitted to conserve the just rights and interests of all concerned. Space will not permit reference to the ‘‘headlands question”’ and other points, and I shall keep the fisheries mainly in view. There are three common errors in the minds of many so-called experts regarding the three-mile limit. (1) It is regarded as very ancient and venerable, and as established by antiquity and usage and by the general consent of nations. (2) It is regarded as universally applied and adopted. (3) It is asserted to be a canon of international law. None of these assertions are true. Let me take the last first. If it be claimed that international law has laid down the principle that no territorial sovereignity exists, or can be claimed, beyond the three mile zone, we must ask, I repeat, ‘““What is international law?” It is true that there are Conventions and Treaties and understandings between nations. These are the only definite materials which can be regarded as having any force or binding power. Apart from these, international law is a compound of vague affirmations and claims with little possibility of enforcement, and liable at any moment to be violated or to be ignored with impunity. A great modern authority said that international law is “jus inter gentes’’—con- sisting of natural and conventional elements, and so far as it is a law of nature, it is of uncertain obligation, while even the positive elements in the shape of treaties, agreements, precedents, etc., 180 American Fisheries Society are only obligatory in so far as the nations concerned regard them as having moral force. International law is indeed derived originally from general and abstract theory, and it is difficult to see how it can have the same force and obligation as the criminal and civil laws of nations. Germany, when she ignored her solemn treaties and violated the requirements of international morality, showed how futile are the claims made on behalf of international law. It fails when most needed. It is merely a collection of requirements in which the opinions of an indeterminate body of men are crystallized, and these opinions may or may not govern the conduct of those independent political societies which we call nations. If the three- mile limit is an essential part of international law, it has neither weight nor imperative obligation to support it. A country like New Zealand, with no foreign neighbors near at hand, and not bound by treaties or formal agreements with sister countries, is free to establish any territorial limit which she is prepared to enforce. Indeed, in some recommendations which I made to the New Zealand Government five years ago, I recommended that owing to her isolated situation she could be justifiably the first to announce a 10-mile or 12-mile territorial limit for the benefit of her sea fisheries. The principle applies, of course, to all countries, except in so far as they are bound by treaties with particular nations, or groups of nations. It is a mistake to claim that the three-mile limit is universally recognized or adopted. The main ground for this opinion is based on the fact that some of the most important nations in the world in their treaties and conventions with one another have, at times, specified three miles as a territorial coastal area. Such nations as the United States, Great Britain, and France, and some of the nations bordering on the North Sea, have done so, but because, in certain instances, two or more nations have bound themselves by such limitations, there is no reason why any country that desires to do so, and is free to do so, may not claim more than three miles as its territorial boundary waters. The examples already given of maritime people like the Norwegians, or the Swedes, who have asserted their authority over more than three miles suffice. That Norway has not hesitated in her claim, is proved by the fact that she recently promulgated a new law Prince.—Territorial Waters 181 specially prohibiting foreign trawlers from approaching within four miles of her coast. The violation of this law renders the offenders liable to a penalty of from one thousand to five thousand kroners, and the confiscation of the offending vessels. The British Government directly called the attention of trawlers from British ports to the existence of this law, and in the official notice from the Board of Trade, London, dated November, 1908, and signed by the Assistant Secretary, Mr. Walter J. Howell, and headed, ‘‘ Notice to owners and skippers of trawlers in territorial waters,’’ it is stated that ‘‘The Board of Trade desires to call attention to the fact that a new law has recently come into force in Norway under which fishing with a trawl is forbidden in Norwegian territorial waters. * * Territorial waters of Norway are four English miles, not three miles.”’ Attempts have been made at various times to induce Norway and Sweden to reduce this coastal limit, and when these two nations separated from each other the British foreign office urged Norway to join in the North Sea Convention of 1882, but she rejected the proposal, because it would have bound her to a three-mile limit. It is interesting to note that Denmark enforces a three-mile limit in her western waters, but a four-mile limit in the Baltic Sea. It is by no means true, moreover, that the three-mile limit has the authority of antiquity or the universal consent of leading nations, and some of the most famous jurists, such as Martens, admitted that any nation might acquire marine dominion beyond a three mile limit; indeed he asserted that three leagues, not three miles, was really the limit. Nor is the idea correct that gun- range in old times was three miles, and that the limit was based on that. Indeed, the earliest authority to announce the theory was the Sicilian Secretary of the Italian legation at Paris, Galiani, who first stated that a distance of three miles was equivalent to the range of guns, yet that two leagues, or twice that distance, should be the area for observing neutrality, or in other words should be the limit for enforcing territorial rights. Moreover there was uncertainty as to the base from which the three miles might be measured. Norway and Denmark and some other countries adopted a straight line drawn from point to point along their coast, and measured the three miles from that. An ancient 182 American Fisheries Society authority establishes a much greater distance than three miles, and the limits were fixed at 60 miles, or 100 miles, or two days’ journey from the shore, and so on, and it was not until the Treaty of 1818 that three marine miles assumed definiteness as a limit of coastal jurisdiction. M. Luis M. Drago, in his important addendum to the Award of The Hague Tribunal on the North Atlantic Fisheries (Sep- temper 7th, 1910), says ‘“‘ The Treaty of 1818 is one of the few which mark an era in the diplomacy of the world. As a matter of fact it is the very first which commuted the rule of the cannon-shot into the three marine miles of coastal jurisdiction,’’ and Kluber specially referred to the Treaties of October 20th, 1818, and August 2nd, 1839, as fixing a distance of three miles from low-water mark for coastal jurisdiction, but it must be added it fixes the limit only for the nations who are party to such conventions. The unratified Treaty of 1888, between Great Britain and the United States, specified three marine miles seaward from low water mark. It is to be noted, however, that unless the nature of the mile is defined, great uncertainty arises when three miles are mentioned in a Convention or Treaty, because the length of a mile varies in different countries and has undergone great changes at different periods of time. Before the reign of Elizabeth, an English mile was 5,000 feet, but in the thirty-fifth year of her reign, it was defined as eight furlongs, or 1,760 yards of 3 feet each. The English nautical or marine mile is 2,025 yards; but the German geographical mile is equivalent to four nautical miles, i. e., one-fifteenth of a degree. The German short mile is 6,859 yards, the French mile 4,263 yards, the Dutch mile 8,240 yards, and the Spanish mile is 4,635 yards. There is no uniformity in the terms used to define territorial limits, in various treaties. Thus in the North Sea Convention of 1882, between Great Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Belgium and Holland, three geographical miles are specified, whereas a marine league, or three marine miles is the distance mentioned in the Treaty (unratified) of 1888, between the United States and Britain. Three marine miles are specified in an early Fisheries Act in Canada, viz., the New Brunswick Act, passed on April 30th, 1851, by the Legislative Council and Assembly of New Brunswick (Act 14, Victoria, Cap 31). Prince —Territorial Waters 183 NO THREE-MILE LIMIT ON INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY WATERS, GREAT LAKES, ETC. The Great Lakes, though from a legal point of view regarded as “high seas,’’ and so defined by the Supreme Court of the United States, are really wholly territorial, being Canadian on one side ’ of the boundary line and American on the other, a breadth ranging from 5 to 200 miles. The fishermen of one country are prohibited from operating in the waters on the further side of this imaginary line and the fishermen of nations other than the two bordering on the lakes are absolutely excluded altogether. They are in every sense extensive territorial waters separating two great countries. In the Gulf of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Straits, Canada and the United States, by the Award of October 21, 1872, each acquired territorial waters on either side of the boundary line (‘‘the line of demarcation between the territories,’’ the Treaty of 1846 expresses it), from one to twenty miles from shore, while by the Award of October 20, 1903, the United States acquired territorial waters on the Alaskan boundary extending from four or five to thirty miles north of the line* extending from Cape Muzon to Cape Chacon; and Canada on the south side of that line acquired territorial waters of forty miles in breadth. LARGE TERRITORIAL LIMITS FOR SPECIAL FISHERIES. There are numerous instances where a special industry has required limits far in excess of those generally recognized for ordinary fishing operations, and large limits have been adopted without hesitation. The Russians, for example, reserved for a long time the White Sea for sealing, and in 1911 established a 12- mile limit in that sea or rather in Barents Sea; and Great Britain and Norway, assented to that claim. The line is drawn from Cape Svtoai to Cape Kanin. Norway, in like manner, closed Vanagar Fjord, in order to preserve the supply of whales. Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Germany and Holland passed con- current legislation to preserve the Jan Mayen Sealing Industry east * The Treaty defines the line as ‘‘the line of boundary between the territories.”’ 184 American Fisheries Society of Greenland. The Behring Sea Tribunal in 1893, established a 60-mile zone for fur-seals. A similar zone of 10 miles in the north part of Behring Sea, and a 30-mile zone around Robbins Islands were determined by an agreement between the United States, Russia and Great Britain. Delaware Bay, which is 20 miles wide at the entrance and 30 miles across inside, and 70 miles long, is recognized as within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States, while Chesapeake Bay, which is 12 miles wide at the entrance expands into a large arm of the sea, 270 miles long, and it is entirely closed to all foreign fishermen. Thus, when the fishery interests of a nation require it, the so-called three-mile limit has been repeatedly set aside. There has been a strong feeling in Canada that the waters inside Queen Charlotte Islands, on the Pacific coast, are really territorial, and so long ago as 1896 Canadian patrol vessels warned foreign fishermen against operating in those waters.Captain Walbran of the D. G. S. ““Quadra’”’ reported to the Department when this warning had been issued that his coming had been made known to many United States’ vessels that had been fishing there, and he found only one operating, which left at once for Alaskan waters after being reminded of the warning, and, said the Captain, ‘‘not another vessel appeared in those waters for five weeks,” during which he continued his patrol. The fishermen, in other words, recognized that they were fishing in Canadian waters, and the area is certainly almost entirely enclosed on three sides by Dominion territory. The waters at one point are 75 miles wide, but the mere width is not conclusive, as the entrance to Long Island Sound is 10 miles, and to Delaware Bay is nearly 30 miles wide. By the Alaska Treaty the northern end of Hecate Straits, or rather Dixon Entrance is territorial, and in Juan de Fuca Straits, in the south, the waters north of the boundary line are also terri- torial, and it is difficult to see how any waters between these two boundary lines can be claimed to be “‘high seas.” VALIDITY OF LARGER LIMITS THAN THREE MILES. It may be said that the larger limits which have been referred to are special cases, which are exceptions to the general rule. This is not so. Quite recently on the Scottish coast a Norwegian steam fishing vessel, the ‘‘Niobe,’’ was seized when trawling Prince —Territorial Waters 185 in the Moray Firth.* Captain Mortensen, in command of her, was found guilty of operating in waters five miles from the shore, on the ground that the Firth had been set aside by the Scottish Fishery Board under the authority of the British Parlia- ment as an area in which trawling was forbidden. The offender, when found guilty, protested that five miles from land was “high seas,”’ but the Appeal Court, in London, dismissed this protest on the ground that the British Parliament had assumed jurisdiction over the waters in question, and it was not for a Law Court to decide whether it had gone beyond its authority, merely because a three-mile limit had been defined in the North Sea Convention in 1882, and Norway was a party to it. Doctor Bassett Moore, one of the most eminent and scholarly authorities on International Law, said that this final decision was in accordance with United States’ policy, for the Courts follow the decision of those Depart- ments of the Government to which the assertion of its interests is confined, i. e., legislative and executive. It is an error, therefore, to claim, as has been very generally claimed, that a three-mile limit is universally recognized and admitted. A slight examination of the facts shows that it is by no means universally recognized. Uruguay, ten or twelve years ago, claimed jurisdiction five miles from shore, and only receded from her position when Great Britain strongly protested; but she still exercises domination over one-half of the river La Plata. The other half belongs to the Argentine Republic. The river is 135 miles wide at the mouth of the estuary, and as much as 50 miles wide over 100 miles from the open sea. In 1876 the Chief Justice of England decided that a German captain had been illegally convicted of having caused the death of a number of British subjects in a collision with his steamer, the ‘‘Franconia,”’ inside the three-mile limit. He stated that the conviction was based on International Law, not on a British Parliamentary Statute. It is very remarkable that no three-mile limit had been authorized by statute in Britain until forty years ago (1878) and in that year Parliament in London passed an Act * The Moray Firth, 148 square miles in area, had been closed by the Scottish Fishery Board, but foreign trawlers persisted in fishing there, maintaining that the prohibition did not affect them, as a large portion of the Firth is outside territorial limits. 186 American Fisheries Society to remove the uncertainty. By this action of the British House of Commons, jurisdiction was declared to extend, according to International Law, to three miles from the coast line. The United States had taken like definite action long before. Indeed, it was no other than George Washington who enforced authority over waters extending to one marine league, or three geographical miles, from the coast of the United States, and he added that this did not fix the distance to which the United States might ulti- mately extend its authority. In conclusion, it is only necessary to point out (1) the three- mile limit has not been universally adopted or recognized.* (2) Ancient writers and modern writers who have been regarded as authorities have specified more extended limits. (8) Britain and the United States, though they have both specified three miles as the limit in various Conventions and Treaties, have them- selves claimed more, when occasion required, and have legally justified their claim. In Britain, until recently the three-mile limit had practically no legal force because it had no statutory authorization. (4) Important legal institutions and Congresses have favored a greater limit than three miles. It is necessary only to refer to the International Law Association which took action at its annual meeting in 1895, the International Fisheries Conference, Bergen, 1898, the French International Law Institution, and other important bodies, all of which have urged that a greater limit than three miles should be adopted, and in many cases a ten-mile limit was specified. (5) For the object of fishery conservation a larger limit is very necessary. The spawning grounds for fish, and nurseries for the young, require to be pro- tected, and in a vast number of instances these are beyond the three-mile limits; while important industries such as the whale, mackerel, halibut, and other fisheries, have been threatened with total extinction, and require closed areas or sanctuaries against the intrusion of outsiders, so that when special reserves are established they can be effectively protected by the nation having jurisdiction, and a three-mile limit is usually not enough. *M. Luis M. Drago (op. cit. p. 37) candidly admits that ‘‘there does not seem to be any general rule of international law, which may be consid- ered final, even in what refers to the marginal belt of international waters.” Apel dee - Prince —Territorial Waters 187 The great salmon fisheries both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts require a larger limit than three miles, if they are to be safeguarded in the future. We know that on the Pacific coast the King or Quinnat salmon do not wander far from the rivers in which they spawn, probably twenty-five miles distance is the limit, but the great schools of sockeye salmon no doubt go further out, and descend into deep water to their feeding grounds. To protect these fish when approaching the estuaries of the most famous salmon rivers, a larger limit than three miles is essential. There has always been the danger that Oriental nations might find it worth their while to send their fishermen across to the Pacific shores of the United States and Canada, and by the use of purse-seines, and other destructive implements, within five or ten miles of shore, destroy great masses of fish before they reach the estuaries or inshore waters, just as the French, Portuguese, and other European nations found it worth while to cross the Atlantic and exploit the cod and other fishing banks on our eastern Atlantic shores. The danger on the western coast is not imaginary, for fishing vessels from Asia have already visited American inshore grounds close to territorial limits. One such vessel, the Japanese halibut schooner, ‘“‘Sunburst,’? was wrecked in the summer of 1908, while fishing close to Victoria, B. C. It is claimed that larger territorial limits would ward off many of the dangers, to which reference has been made, and would ensure that salmon and other fish within ten or twelve miles from the coast would be free from the risk of reckless destruction by foreign fishermen. In the interest of the fisheries of most countries, a wider territorial jurisdiction is urgent, and would ultimately be beneficial even to other nations more distant who would gain by the plentitude of fish that would ensue. In recent years there have been numerous respesentations in favor of a larger territorial area, and in 1893 one of the most prominent Parliamentary advocates of British fisheries protection and preservation, the late Lord Tweedmouth, strongly advocated a limit of six miles as desirable for adoption by maritime nations generally. He had been chairman of various fishery commissions in Britain, and was looked upon as the mouthpiece of fishing interests in the British House of Commons, and his emphatic opinion after long years of experience was, that the present limits 188 American Fisheries Society of three miles were altogether inadequate. Following the lead of this eminent man, that important and powerful association in Britain called ‘‘ The National Sea Fisheries Protective Association,”’ meeting in Fishmongers Hall, London, on January 16th, 1894, passed a resolution which included the following: “That in view of the difficulties of making international fishery regulations, they are of opinion that the best method for effectively governing fishing operations, and, at the same time, for securing, so far as it may be found possible, the proper protection of spawning and immature fish, would be to throw the responsibility of these duties, so far as the waters immediately adjacent to the various countries are concerned, on those various countries; that, for the effective realization of this object, the present territorial limit of three miles is insufficient, and that for fishery purposes alone this limit should be extended—provided such extension can be effected upon an international basis and with due regard to the rights and interests of all nations.”’ It may also be noted that Inspector W. E. Archer, one of the leading fishery authorities in Britain, laid great stress in some evidence he gave before the Sea Fisheries Commission in 1907, that the three-mile limit for fishery purposes was practically insignificant. Of special moment is the fact that at the commencement of the great war, in 1914, twenty-one American Republics, including Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Uruguay, etc., were moved to urge co-operation with the United States Government to extend the territorial marine limits, mainly to increase coast-wise trade between North and South America, but indirectly for the benefit of the sea-fishing industries also. Quite a large and representative body of men from these various republics arranged to confer with President Wilson upon this momentous subject. It has been widely felt that six miles was not a large enough limit, and the fishermen of Scotland twenty-five years ago urged upon the British Government that the territorial limits should be extended and the line fishermen, who formed the majority, specified a thirteen-mile limit as necessary, and demanded that within this limit no trawling should be permitted. The Govern- ment officials in London replied that the consent of foreign nations concerned would be required; but as we have seen this opinion was entirely baseless, as proved by the decision of the High Court Prince—Territorial Waters 189 of Appeal of England in the ‘“‘ Mortensen case.’’ The well known Canadian Herring Commission, 1889, which published a splendid report upon all phases of the industry, refer on p. 79, to the prohibi- tion of trawling in the three-mile limit, and they say: ‘‘We consider trawling, especially within the territorial limits, to be exceedingly injurious to the herring fishery. It is established on undoubted authority in Britain and Ireland that trawling scares away the herring from the fishing grounds, drives them away from the spawning grounds, and disturbs and destroys the spawn when deposited. The salmon, halibut, lobster, and flatfish fisheries generally, have been seriously injured, and in many cases destroyed, by the operations of the trawlers. We, therefore, consider that trawling and the use of all destructive seines and traps, calculated to disturb the herring in any way and to destroy large quantities of immature fish and spawn should be prohibited within the three-mile limit, and that efforts should be made by the Government to effect an international arrangement whereby the trawling on the high seas should be regulated and restrained when the herring schools are in close to the coasts so as not to drive them away from the fishing or spawning grounds, or disturb or destroy the spawn when deposited on banks outside the terri- torial waters.”’ From a strictly scientific point of view the grounds stated by this Commission, for the action suggested, are not altogether well-founded, but it must be admitted that there is great force in the view that excessive fishing operations within short distances of the shore must injure all fisheries. The extension of the territorial limits would enable better supervision to be carried out, at greater distances from shore, and in 1915, the Canadian Government authorized by Order in Council a prohibition of trawling operations within a distance as great as twelve miles. Owing to war conditions, enforcement was post- poned. There is no reason, however, why such a special method of fishing as trawling only should be curtailed or controlled within that distance, but that all methods of fishing should be under wise regulation within a distance much greater than the present territorial limits off the shores referred to. Lastly, in order that some practical results may be possible, I have, as urged by some leading members of the American Fish- 190 American Fisheries Society eries Society, framed the following resolution,* which I would submit to the Society and ask for their valuable support. This draft resolution reads as follows: PROPOSED RESOLUTION. “The American Fisheries Society places itself on record as being in full agreement with L’Institut de Droit International, Paris, 1894; the International Law Association, London, 1895; The International Fisheries Conference, Bergen, 1898; and other important representative bodies, which have urged the extension of the territorial limit in coastal waters, and have emphasized the fact that the three-mile limit popularly regarded as inter- nationally valid is entirely inadequate, and that in the interest of fishery conservation and protection, and in furtherance of inter- national amity, approves of a suggested larger territorial limit extending beyond the usually accepted three-mile limit on the coasts of the various maritime countries of the world.” * By vote of the Society, Dr. Prince was requested to frame this resolution to be printed in connection with his paper, in order that it may have proper consideration before the 1919 meeting. Members of the Society will please take notice that this resolution will come up for action at the comming meeting at Louisville, Ky., Oct. 8 to 10, 1919.—EbITor. a... ~ —_— ry » a, < we | § \ ty % - my Mi i 5 aay rr! i “ps eh CONTENTS PAGE E i The Protection of Pond Embankments Against Wave Rctioed 35 Oe Foe Ss SEO ER H.L. Canfiedd 141 — “ Hatching Fry In'Gravel...2.........2.00..... A. Robertson 146 ‘— The Raceway As a Fish Trap........... 2.2.4. Robertson 157 : The Parent Fish As a Food Supply........... A. Robertson 158 yj White Perch Notes and Method of Propagation.......... am URES o5 Dy cei et ee ae ES SR Fred J. Foster 160 a Indiscriminate and Inconsiderate Planting of Fish...... an ACRE § OS ned SE ee Dr. James Alexander Henshall 166 aa A New Form of Fishway................ Edward E. Prince 170 Territorial Waters and a Suggested Extension of the q Whee Mile Taner so. fs ks Pe Edward E. Prince 175 Be i WdetR | | 2 C Kran ‘dia DEGHE 2 1919 | ) ADV - No. 4 | Z Division offfFishes, B. &. Nationa Museurt f ### TRANSACTIONS f AMERICAN © . FISHERIES =>. m SOCIETY (2 er | QZ i q Bi} SOTERA, EOS Bi SEPTEMBER, 1919 a i 2 ee .- = Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Society at Columbus, Ohio SS = - — —s Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Ee a Che American Fisheries Society Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 @ffirers for 19158-1919 President iia Une hs M. L. ALEXANDER, New Orleans, La. Vice-President. >... .00..0) 6.6. Cartos Avery, St. Paul, Minn. © Recording Secretary.......... Joun P. Woops, St. Louis, Mo. Cor. Secretary....CHas. H. TowNsEND, The Aquarium, N. Y. C. TD PEDSUTER AUN SE Cae MENLO te A. L. Mitiett, Gloucester, Mass. — LEO eI OEE: Raymonp C. Ospurn, Columbus, Ohio Executive Commitive Ni REN BULEER CHEUNG Ooi es Me ONS NE Harrisburg, Pa. GED SAT PIRAIED. 2.05 5s cate Gunite cuit nt ae as Albany, N. Y.g WA CA OUND aye lA Fe, Pag MCAS SUA MAMMAL Ragen aaa Ottawa, Canada IV ETN RR OW ee os URN SO EN Ue tacit aa West Buxton, Me. ~ AV > GA ES Ae BOR ST CS Uy NEN VERN Gee Lacrosse, Wis. AVES SEY SIR UED AINE ie ah DOR WEE Miints hana icoine KO aR RED Baltimore, Md. CARE WESTER EET DI Ui Cag OU EON ttn) it ae San Francisco, Cal. Commitier on Horrign Relations GEo. SHIRAS, 3d, Chatrman..... 0.0.00. 0000- Washington, D. C. © HuGay Ms: Sarre. i ee Ne AU ee Washington, D. C. | IVY AE. AC AN TARTS) GST URNA AS Dea eae era Boston, Mass. — LL PASKEEG SUPE 6 Gr go sag OAS Ta NCR MI ABC AIN ss SD SIZ elon ea PAN Ottawa, Canada OAS YMA TESON yeh toeaeveas sl i ate ta oat Glens Falls, N. Y. © Conuitier on Relations with National and State Governments | Geo. H. Grawam, Chairman.........6.0000 Springfield, Mass. © IY Gre! Dept! Sie G(s) Os de AAR Sea DR hh Aa Sy eR COT Portland, Ore. — JACOB RETERARD 8. Rie ccs Ann Arbor, Mich. ~ BOD MGHAMTRERS So) oth Net MUN Neen cate dere Quebec, Canada ~ HENRY O Mabey ROR ea La Seattle, Wash. — Publication Committee . Raymonp C. OsBURN BASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NicHOLS ’ TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society *To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVIII DEC 1918-1919 Wis Edited by Raymond C. Osburn Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO aa SPS) Sia te , CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVIII. No. 1, DECEMBER, 1918. The Elimination of Stream Pollution in New York State. . Henry B. Ward Results of Some Trout Feeding Experiments Carried on in the Experi- mental Hatching Station of Cornell University....... G. C. Embody Studies on the Nutrition of Fish; Experiments on Brook Trout, Sergius Morgulis Minnesota’s Experiment in State Fishing................. Carlos Avery The Development of Markets for Neglected Fishes...Lewis Radcliffe Products of the Commercial Fisheries of the United States, John N. Cobb No. 2, Marcu, 1919. Proceedings of the Forty-eighth Annual Meeting....... Roc, So Ae MiltesSnad Outloolew.c, cones ces: metas titiam ane sitesi cherie J. P. Snyder A Study of the Effects of Certain Oils, Tars and Creosotes Upon Brook MIEPOU Geter te ty een es pees ce eaten ee eee _. Adrian Thomas No. 8, JUNE, 1919. The Protection of Pond Embankments Against Wave Action, H. L. Canfield Hatching Fry in Gravel...... ee _...A. Robertson The Raceway as a Fish Trap......... ee .......A. Robertson The Parent Fish as a Food Supply............ Bin ..A Robertson White Perch Notes and Method of Propagation.......... Fred J. Foster Indiscriminate and Inconsiderate Planting of Fish. . James A. Henshall AeNeWwelormiomhishwayarsc meee. ca: isnot een anes. Edward E. Prince Territorial Waters and a Suggested Extension of the Three Mile Limit, Edward E. Prince No. 4, SEPTEMBER, 1919. A Preliminary Report on a Fish Cultural Policy for the Palisades Interstate Park....C. C. Adams, T. L. Hankinson and W. C. Kendall Certificate of Tcomparcon Ey Oat Me ey os Presidents, Terms of Service and Places of Meeting. . eee isto Vem bersierr ree ter ee et otis oie ant ce een uae BOUStItUbION ss donc coc: Hee an Nee eure a a RR CaO ee 113 121 141 146 157 158 160 166 170 175 193 205 . 206 . 207 . 222 TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLVIII NUMBER 4 1918-1919 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn SEPTEMBER, 1919 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS PAGE A Preliminary Report on a Fish Cultural Policy for the Palisades Interstate Park, Chas. C. Adams, T. L. Hankinson and W. C. Kendall 193 CertificaterofIncor poration: 4.0 e Sek eke: cae eee 205 Presidents, Terms of Service and Places of Meeting......... 206 List of Members— ROMOTAT Ya ae kare hae oh le OL ee ee 207 Correspondinie (cies et See eee te ee eee 208 IPAGLONS oie caste ts Pe ao i ee ee 208 INCHING ee oa teat tata Aa tee ee See nee ee ee 210 Supplementary List. sassnn gas Aine ees oe ee eee 221 Recapitdlationns4. 3 he fo cee a Sores are eh 221 Constitutions 234 5 8 or ee ees fae eee 222 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A FISH CULTURAL POLICY FOR THE PALISADES INTERSTATE PARK.* By Cuas. C. Apams, T. L. HANKINSON, and W. C. KENDALL. 1. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The Palisades Interstate Park is located on the west shore of the Hudson River, and extends northward, as a narrow strip along the famous Palisades to south of West Point, where it broadens out in the Bear Mountain and Harriman Park sections, and extends westward about fourteen miles to the Ramapo River near Tuxedo. There are about 35,000 acres in the Park. It is under the supervision of Commissioners, of whom Mr. George W. Perkins is the President, appointed by the States of New York and New Jersey. For two seasons the Department of Forest Zoology of The New York State College of Forestry, at Syracuse, has been conducting an ecological survey of the Park. This work has been in direct charge of Mr. Edward F. Brown, Manager of the Camp Department in behalf of the Park, and of the senior author of this paper in behalf of the College. The United States Bureau of Fisheries has co-operated in this survey during the past season. The present paper is the result of a study of one phase of this survey, other lines of work under way being investigations of the birds, water bloom, mosquito control by fishes (in co-operation with the Bureau of Fisheries) and leech control. This is a wild forest park largely in the mountainous Hudson Highlands, with many lakes and ponds and a few fine streams. It is the largest camping park in the world, with facilities for 70,000 campers. Last season (1918) with smaller equipment, there were about 50,000 campers who averaged ten days in the Park. The fish cultural problems of such a Park are thus not those of the usual sort. * Investigations conducted by the Department of Forest Zoology, of The New York State College of Forestry, at Syracuse, in co-operation with the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park, and with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 193 194 American Fisheries Society The present paper is a summary of a fish survey made of the Bear Mountain and Harriman Park sections of the Park, mainly from the standpoint of stocking the waters with food and game fish. Mainly practical problems of immediate importance are here considered. The educational-recreational aspects are being given secondary consideration at this time, but are not ignored. Both popular and technical reports are in preparation on the Park fishes. The field examinations were made by our party during August, 1918, and from June to the middle of July, 1919. At present we are reporting on six ponds or lakes, and on two stream systems. The waters so far examined are mainly those along the Seven Lakes Drive. Other important waters have not been examined at all, because of the lack of time at our disposal. These waters present a number of unusual features which complicate the problem of fish culture more than is usually the case. The uses to which the waters of the Park are devoted are relatively more diverse than those of the usual wild waters. Furthermore the newness of the waters, having been formed or enlarged by dams, and their frequent changes of level, introduces uncertain factors which are not usually met with in fish cultural operations, and only time and further study can resolve this influence. The growth of aquatic plants has been changed funda- mentally by these changes of level, and in the future as water plants become established on the new shores, the conditions for feeding and breeding of the fish, and fish food as well, will be materially changed, and the chances are that the mosquito prob- lem will become more serious, because such vegetation offers retreats for mosquito larvee away from the fish, as Dr. J. Percy Moore’s studies in the Park have shown. At present the control of the mosquito problem by fish is relatively efficient in most of these waters. The plan upon which the present recommendations have been based has been to learn for a particular water of the general inten- tion of the Park officials and then to harmonize our formulations of policy and recommendations with this plan. As the purposes of the Park officials change, these plans must be modified. Fish Cultural Policy for Palisades Park 195 As a result of our survey certain outstanding facts are evident and are of primary importance. These may be summarized as follows: 1. The waters of the Park are well suited for the cultivation of valuable food and game fish, such as: the Large- and Small- mouth Blackbass, Chain Pickerel, Rock Bass, Mud Channel Cat, Hornpout (Bullhead), Common Sunfish, and Perch. 2. With a reasonable effort the capacity of the waters may be greatly improved, both in the quality and in the quantity of fish. 3. The wholly new lakes furnish a favorable condition for starting right in stocking the waters. 4. The large pond and lake area is a distinctly favorable fea- ture for fish culture. 5. Stream conditions are at a great disadvantage, and have been sacrificed for standing waters. It is now desirable to add streams to the Park area. 6. The police system of the Park is a distinctly favorable condition for fish production and use. 7. When a fish policy is once accepted for a given water this policy should be followed strictly until another policy has been definitely formulated and accepted. Errors in stocking waters and the miscellaneous planting of fish are often very difficult to remedy, often involving years of work to correct. Miscellaneous planting should not be permitted in the Park. 8. The planting of new waters should be made to harmonize with the general system of the Park. 9. An educational campaign should be a regular feature at all camps on lakes and ponds, in order to make the campers appreciative and intelligent about the use of the fish resources. 10. A few well-planned tramping trails along streams, par- ticularly brooks, can be made a very valuable and attractive feature of the Park, and such waters should be well stocked with fish. The clear water, the fish and the beauty of those brooks, are at present but little appreciated parts of the Park today to most campers. City children deserve to know these streams. 11. Considering the importance of food and game fish in the Park waters, and at the same time the growth of water bloom which interferes with bathing, it is evident that these two interests 196 American Fisheries Society must be adjusted to one another. The copper sulphate treatment of the waters not only kills, to some degree, the food supply of young fish, but some fish as well. At present we do not have sufficient data to make this treatment wholly satisfactory, and a technical investigation of the problem is urgently needed, before intelligent practice can advance safely. 2. REPORT ON LAKES AND PONDS. Hessian Pond (Highland Lake). 1. PHysicAL CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION. This is a deep lake, a large area covering from 25-85 feet in depth. The deepest sounding found was about 40 feet. The lake is clear and spring fed. The west shore is rocky and steep, and the other shores havea narrow shelf, largely sandy and gravelly. Near the north end is a small island with a shallow bayou on the north. There are but few water plants, most of which were at the south end and in the shallow bayou at the north. 2. KInDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FisHES. Golden Shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), abundant; Eastern Pickerel, Esox americanus Gmelin, one taken; Chain Pickerel, Esox tride- cemlineatus Mitchill, probably abundant; Rock Bass, A mbloplites rupestris Rafinesque, one seen; Long-eared Sunfish, Lepomis auritus (Linneeus), abundant; Common Sunfish, Eupomotis gibbosus (Linneus), not abundant; Large-mouth Blackbass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), few taken; Small-mouth Blackbass, Microp- terus dolomieu (Lacepede), reported abundant; and Perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill); few taken. 3. CONDITIONS FOR Fisu. As a whole the natural food supply is not abundant. Artificial food, from lunches, is very abundant during July and August. The breeding conditions for the kinds of fish present are favorable. Very few natural fish enemies. Anglers numerous. 4. PoLicy FOR THE WATER. This lake on account of its prox- imity to Bear Mountain Inn and its large number of boaters makes its fish cultural use wholly secondary. It is believed that the fishing in this lake should be devoted mainly to the smaller fishes and Perch, which should be encouraged to full capacity. Fish Cultural Policy for Palisades Park 197 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. In harmony with the preceding sug- gested policy it is recommended that: (a) Young Common Sun- fishes and Perch can be spared from Cedar Pond and should be added here. A large number is desirable because of the intensive fishing in Hessian Pond. (6) Chain Pickerel and Small-mouth Blackbass should be encouraged in these waters by planting. (c) That Golden Shiners be planted. A supply of the young fish can easily be secured from Cedar Pond. These are needed as food for the predaceous fish. Lake Number Five. 1. PuysicAL CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION. A shallow lake, formed by damming Queensboro Brook. Deepest water found was about twenty feet. The upper end of the lake is very shallow, abounding in water plants, Sparganium, Potamogeton and large patches of Nymphea. July temperature, at depth of twenty feet, 53° Fahrenheit. A formerly cultivated farm, now flooded. 2. KINDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FisH. Fallfish, Semotilus cor- poralis (Mitchill), abundant about mouth of stream; Golden Shiner, abundant; Bridled Minnow, Notropis bifrenatus (Cope), abundant; Common Shiner, Notropis cornutus (Mitchill), not abundant; Common Sucker, Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede), probably abundant; Hornpout, Ameiurus nebulosus (LeSueur), one taken; Eastern Pickerel, abundant; Long-eared Sunfish, abundant. 3. CONDITIONS FOR FisH. A shallow warm water pond, with an abundance of water plants in the upper end. Shallow water breeding conditions favorable for fish. Stream inlet available for stream breeding kinds of fish. 4. PoLicy FOR THE WATER. As a part of the Queensboro Brook system, these waters should be stocked with trout, as this is one of the best brook water systems within the Park area. It deserves to be carefully preserved as an example of that kind of a beautiful and valuable natural resource. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. (a) That the Lewis and Queensboro Brook drainage system be reserved as a trout system. (6) That Lake No. 5 be stocked and managed to harmonize with this plan. 198 American Fisheries Society (c) That Brook Trout be planted in the brook, and thus the lake will be stocked. (d) That the Eastern Pickerel be discouraged in this system. Nawahunta Lake (Lemmons Lake). 1. PHysIcAL CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION. A very shallow pond, from 7 to 10 feet deep, formed by damming Lewis Brook. Temperature in July 68° Fahrenheit at 10 feet. A flooded and formerly cultivated farm. Few water plants present. 2. KINDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FisH. MHornpout, very abundant; Common Sucker, abundant; Eastern Pickerel, one young fish taken. ; 3. CONDITIONS FOR FisH. A warm, very shallow lake with little aquatic vegetation. Inlet stream suitable for trout. More aquatic vegetation desirable. A water particularly suitable for Hornpout and sunfishes. 4. PoLicy FORTHE WATER. The inlet stream, Lewis Brook, is tributary to Queensboro Brook, and the entire system is advised for trout. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. (a) Planting Calico Bass, Pomoxis Sparoides Lacepede. ; Cedar Lake. 1. PHysIcAL CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION. This is a lake formed by damming a valley and uniting two ponds. The shore is largely rocky and with numerous small bays or coves at the southwestern end. No inlets; spring fed. The floating islands were formed by the bog floated by flooding, at both northern and southern parts of the lake. A single large and a few small rocky islands. The coves abound in stagnant water caused by the rich forest humic soil. A very large area of the lake is between 20-30 feet deep, with a small area, reported by Mr. W. A. Welch to be of about three acres in extent and about 40 feet deep. A large mar- ginal belt is of about 16 feet in depth. The shores are steep with little sand or gravel, on account of their newness. Aside from the floating bog islands, at the north and south ends of the lake, and in most of the protected coves there are few water plants. Most of these are in the coves on the southwestern shore. There is a periodical growth of water bloom. Fish Cultural Policy for Palisades Park 199 2. Kinps AND ABUNDANCE OF FisH. Eel, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur), reported; Golden Shiner, very abundant, the most abundant fish in the lake; Black-nose Dace, Rhinichthys atro- nasus (Mitchill); a few taken at one place; Common Sucker, one taken; Chub Sucker, Erimyzon sucetta oblongus (Lacepede), not abundant; Mud Channel Catfish, Ameiurus catus (Linnzus), abundant; Hornpout, abundant; Chain Pickerel, abundant; Blue-spotted Sunfish, Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook), abun- dant, in coves; Common Sunfish very abundant, in excess; Pike Perch, Stizostedion vitream (Mitchill), reported; Perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), very abundant. 3. CONDITIONS FOR FisH. A large, deep lake with clear spring water. Water of coves stagnant. Main food-producing areas about the floating islands, in the better parts of the coves, and in the marginal shallow water. Favorable breeding conditions for all the abundant species. The coves are favorable especially for the Golden Shiner and the Blue-spotted Sunfish. The natural enemies of fish are not numerous. Conditions appear favorable for the Small-mouth Blackbass. Fish planting sites easily accessible from the automobile roads. 4, PoLIcyY FOR THE WATER. This lake has been a favorite fishing ground for fishermen who come by means of teams and automobiles. This is possibly capable of being the main fishing lake for adults in the Park. It should be devoted to such fish as: Mud Channel Catfish, Hornpout, Chain Pickerel, Common Sunfish, Perch and Small-mouth Blackbass. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. (a) Planting a large number of Small- mouth Blackbass. (6) Planting Chain Pickerel. (c) Reduce the number of Common Sunfish, by encouraging angling for the smaller lake fish, and netting the fish for planting other waters, as suggested elsewhere. Kanahwauke Chain of Lakes. 1. PHysicAL CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION. This chain of lakes was formed by damming Stillwater Creek and raising the water level in the valley until the water backed up and joined Little Long Pond. The water is deepest in the lower lakes, and in Little Long Pond a depth of 48 feet has been sounded. All 200 American Fisheries Society these basins have a large area of shallow water. On account of the newness of two of the basins and the rising shore line, water plants are not well established at present, except on Little Long Pond there is considerable swamp margin at the west, and along the northeastern end. The most stagnant water is in the western end. There are no large inlets in this chain of lakes. The bottom temperature in July at 40 feet was 52° Fahrenheit. 2. KINDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FisH. Eel, one taken; Golden Shiner, abundant; Common Sucker, scarce; Chub Sucker, abun- dant; Hornpout, very abundant; Chain Pickerel, abundant; Mud Minnow, Umbra pygmea (DeKay), probably abundant; Freshwater Killy, Fundulus diaphanus (LeSueur), a few taken; Rock Bass, apparently scarce; Common Sunfish, very abundant; Large-mouth Blackbass, abundant; Perch, very abundant. 3. CONDITIONS FOR FisH. The conditions are favorable for an abundance of fish food, and for breeding. The predaceous enemies of fish are not abundant. These include Water Snake, Snapping Turtle, Kingfisher and Green Heron. Many Common Sunfish eggs were found moulded, even when protected by the parents. Considerable angling is done in these waters. These waters are easily accessible by automobile for fish planting. Large-mouth Blackbass breed in great numbers. 4. Poticy FoR THE WATER. This series of lakes is devoted to the Boy Scout camps, where much attention is given to bathing and boating. The large number of boys here means that much fishing will be done. Large-mouth Blackbass and Chain Pickerel should be made the chief predaceous fish. The waters can not be seined easily on account of the brush and stumps. Fishing rules and plans for cooking should be formulated, similar to those later suggested for Car Pond. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. (a) Leave these lakes alone and allow them to become stabilized under present conditions, as they are already well stocked with valuable kinds of fish. (b) Develop some fishing and cooking rules for this water, in order to conserve the fish supply, and to teach the boys proper use of such food. Fish Cultural Policy for Palisades Park 201 Lake Stahahe or Car Pond. 1. PHysicaAL CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION. The water is not clear and is somewhat stale. This was originally a bog pond, greatly enlarged. The floating bog has been largely removed. The shores are chiefly rocky, the bottom muddy, and with only a moderate amount of water plants. Subject to considerable growth of water bloom. The July temperature at 21 feet was 60° Fahrenheit. 2. KINDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FisH. Fallfish, found at mouth of small inlet; Golden Shiner, abundant; Bridled Minnow, not abundant; Common Shiner, at mouth of inlet; Chub Sucker, abundant; Hornpout, abundant; Tadpole Cat, Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill), abundant; Chain Pickerel, not abundant; Mud Minnow, probably abundant; Freshwater Killy, not abundant; Blue-spotted Sunfish, abundant; Common Sunfish, abundant; Perch, abundant. 3. CONDITIONS FoR Fisu. That it was originally stocked with fish food is important. The increased depth has doubtless had much influence. The breeding conditions are apparently favorable for the most valuable kinds of fish found present. Planting sites are easily accessible from the automobile road. Liable to over- fishing, and to influence of copper sulphate treatment for water bloom. Leeches unusually abundant, and they prey upon the fish. Other predaceous animals not excessive in number. Con- siderable mortality of fish observed, but the cause is not known. Frogs very abundant, a good food for Pickerel. 4. PoLicy FOR THE WATER. This is primarily a camping lake for women and children, where much attention is given to bathing. The waters are subject to a growth of water bloom, and the copper sulphate treatment must be reckoned with. Fish suited to line fishing, such as the Hornpout, Common Sunfish, Perch and Chain Pickerel, are all worthy of encouragement, because good fishing of these larger kinds may be made to add much to the pleasures of campers, and as well are of educational value to children. The Blue-spotted Sunfish is particularly adapted to aquaria, and to mosquito destruction. The furnishing of aquaria to each camp is worthy of consideration. 202 American Fisheries Society There should be some simple rules for children’s fishing, so as to avoid unnecessary destruction of fish, and some provision made for cooking those caught. On conference with camp leaders we can prepare such fishing rules, which should be posted at each camp and on the shores. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. In harmony with the preceding dis- cussion of policy we suggest the following: (a) The kinds of fish encouraged should harmonize with a bathing lake, and the copper sulphate treatment. (b) Introduce no new kinds of fish until the present fish found become adjusted to the increased depth. (c) Plant Chain Pickerel to encourage a predaceous fish, and to provide a large fish to create enthusiasm for anglers. 3. REPORT ON TROUT STREAMS. Lewis Brook and Queensboro Brook. 1. PuysicaL ConpiTions. These streams are a part of Popolo- pen Creek drainage. The establishment of lakes along these streams are destroying them as trout streams by restricting their area, hastening evaporation and by warming the waters. The clearings along these streams also hasten evaporation, increase temperature, and decrease the food supply. The water supply is unfortunately limited. The establishment of a new dam at Queensboro will destroy a large area of favorable trout stream. 2. KINDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FIsHES. Rainbow Trout, Salmo irideus Gibbons, a few young taken; Fallfish, abundant; Horned Dace, Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill), not abundant; Golden Shiners, abundant in quiet pools; Bridled Minnow, abundant near ponds; Common Shiner, abundant; Long-nose Dace, Rhinichthys cataracte (Valenciennes), few taken; Black-nose Dace, very abundant; Cut-lip Minnow, Evxoglossum maxillingua (LeSueur); Common Sucker, very abundant; Eastern Pickerel, abundant near ponds; Chain Pickerel, a few taken ; Long-eared Sunfish, few taken near ponds. 3. CONDITIONS FoR Fisu. Water supply limited in volume and area, waters relatively warm on account of clearing and damming the stream. The food supply is not abundant. Streams probably Fae Fish Cultural Policy for Palisades Park 203 over-fished. Natural enemies relatively few, with possible excep- tion of the Water Snake. Planting sites easily accessible to auto- mobile roads. Favorable breeding conditions for the Fallfish. 4, PoLicy FOR THE WATER. On account of the paucity of favorable trout streams in the Park, it is advised that this stream be made as favorable as possible for trout. This stream can also be made a source of bait minnows for Cedar Pond. This stream and Cedar Pond Brook are two of the most acces- sible and beautiful trout streams in the Park, and should be preserved so that city children will have a chance to know a fine brook. This is a natural resource of such value. A couple of attractive brook trails should be developed along these streams, and the presence of trout would lend much to their interest. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. Brooks are an important natural resource in the Park. There are only a few of these, and several have been destroyed in pond and lake constructions. This should not be carried too far, and destroy all brooks. Therefore: (a) After the dam at Queensboro has been constructed no others should be made on this drainage. (b) That no clearing be done along the stream, and that open fields be planted to trees. (c) That Brook Trout be planted on a large scale and be given all possible encour- agement. (d) That no fishing be allowed on these streams for a few years to assure complete stocking. (e) That this be made a trail stream. Cedar Pond Brook. 1. PHysicAL ConpiTions. This is the outlet of Cedar Pond, its headwarters having been destroyed by the pond. It isa steep succession of falls and pools and is the most beautiful stream in the Park. There is not an abundant supply of water during the summer. 2. KINDS AND ABUNDANCE OF FisHES. Brook Trout, Salve- linus fontinalis (Mitchill); Golden Shiner, very abundant; Long- nose Dace, not abundant; Black-nose Dace, very abundant; Cut-lip Minnow, abundant; Common Sucker, abundant; Tesse- lated Darter, Boleosoma olmstedi (Storer), abundant near Park boundary. 3. CONDITIONS FOR FisH. The water volume is limited. Many large pools. The food supply is limited. Breeding condi- 204 American Fisheries Society tions favorable for all the species. Fish enemies not abundant. The stream is over-fished. Planting sites are easily accessible to the automobile road. 4. PoLicy FOR THE WATERS. This is the most beautiful trout stream seen in the Park, also the most favorable for trout. This stream is such a fine one that it should be made a trail stream, as is suggested for the upper Queensboro Creek. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS. (a) Plant with Brook Trout, in large numbers and in the small tributaries. (6) Discourage fishing for a few years, at least by adults. (c) Make this a trail stream. American #isheries Suoriety ORGANIZED 1870 CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION. We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizenship of the United States, and a majority being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 599 to 603, inclusive, of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia, enacted March 3, 1901, as amended by the Acts approved January 31 and June 30, 1902, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing: 1. That the name of the Society is the AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. 2. That the term for which it is organized is nine hundred and ninety- nine years. 3. That its particular business and objects are to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish with power: (a) To acquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and to establish general and special funds. (b) To hold meetings. (c) To publish and distribute documents. (d) To conduct lectures. (e) To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of fishery and fish-culture science. (f) To acquir and maintain a library. (g) And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to a learned society. 4. That the affairs, funds and property of the corporation shall be in general charge of a council, consisting of the officers and the executive committee, the number of whose members for the first year shall be seven- teen, all of whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Society. Witness our hands and seals this 16th day of December, 1910. SEYMOUR BOWER (Seal) THEODORE GILL (Seal) WILLIAM E. MEEHAN (Seal) THEODORE S. PALMER (Seal) BERTRAND H. ROBERTS’ (Seal) HuGu M. SMITH (Seal) RICHARD SYLVESTER (Seal) Recorded April 16, 1911. 205 Presidents, Terms of Service and Places of Meeting. The first meeting of the Society occurred December 20, 1870. The organization then effected continued until February, 1872, when the second meeting was held. Since that time there has been a meeting each year, as shown below. The respective presidents were elected at the meeting, at the place, and for the period shown opposite their names, but they presided at the subsequent meeting. RosBeErtT B. RosBERT B. RosBeErtT B. ROBERT B. ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT Aneto IROOSEVELT ane ns.0 ROOSEVELT IROOSEVELT. ow. 5: SSS hoe ao RoBERT B. RosBERT B. ROBERT B. JAMES BENKARD ‘THEODORE LYMAN MARSHALL McDONALD........ W. M. Hupson JouNn H. BISSELL EUGENE G. BLACKFORD EUGENE G. BLACKFORD 21. James A. HENSHALL........... 22. HERSCHEL WHITAKER......... Jase LiPNRWAG. HORD.sss.c2 6 heece 24. WILLIAM L. May.............. 29. Ls De EVUNTINGION: cae seek ee 26. HERSCHEL WHITAKER.......... Dy (eed WILT HAM ioe VAC es a ese 28. GEORGE F. PEABODY.......... 29) JOHN Wa GITCOMB yai.c). ane es 30. EB DICKERSON Sessa cee Bile 1D gel Dy lea uNataeee So ee os eles 32. GEORGE M. BOWERS......... Soe, THRANK NE (CUARK: snacneiee er Odes TPN RV ol I OOT ion: conse ol elses Sse) SJOSLVNiesan cise eee ee SO Me eA TR GE flea ee ch neta rane Sie ELUGHaIVI OMIT: 2.2. ce che viet s'e SO eLAREETONGE SUB BANK cee. feu 39. | SEYMOUR BOWER. <.6 sci0 ce ssicuse 40. WiILLiAM E. MEEHAN........... Ae er Oe EVULEERTON tessa oniete 42. CHARLES H. TOWNSEND........ 43.4 HHIENRY 'B. WARDS. gee -s - AA” SDANTEL Bs PRARING? 24.010. 45s. i | ACOB; REIGHARDis. che tis os BALCH, "Howarp K., 158 W. Austin Ave., Chicago, II. "18 BALDWIN, DRA: ice Pleasant Hill, Mo. 701 Baipwin, O.N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Saratoga, Wyo. 98 BALL, E. M. 5 Wi: ’S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, DEC: 10 BALLARD, S. THRUSTON, Louisville, Ky. "16 BARBER, WM. E., Lacrosse, Wis. 05 BARBOUR, THOMAS, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 712 *BaRNES, EARNEST W., Supt., R. I. Fisheries Experiment Station, Wickford, Re Se "15 Barnes, F. Cc Front St., Portiands Ore. 17 BARNEY, RAYMOND Ie; U. S. Fisheries Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C. 710 Barron, JAMEs T., 1210 Yeon Bldg., Portland, Ore. 16 Barrows, Morton, 1415 Pioneer Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 19 BARTLETT, Morr ioe Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Concord, N. H. ’86 Bart ett, Dr. S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Quincy, II. 12 Bauer, A., 25th and Dearborn Sts., Chicago, Ill. "16 BAXTER, C. E., Lakefield, Minn. "04. BEAN, Barton A., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. "16 BEATTY, JAMES, Cook, Minn. it BEAUCHAMP, Das Game and Fish Commissioner, Paragould, Ark. 700 BEEMAN, Henry W., New Preston, Conn. "13 *BELDING, Davin L. , Biologist, Massachusetts Department of Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass. List of Members 211 BELL, J. C., Alaska Packers Association, San Francisco, Cal. BELLISLE, J. A., Inspector General of Fisheries and Game, Quebec, Canada. BELMONT, PERRY, 1618 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C. BENNETT, C. A., Granite Falls, Minn. . *BENSON, JOHN T., Director Zoological Garden, Boston, Mass. BERG, GEORGE, Indiana Fish Commission, Indianapolis, Ind. BERKHOUS, JERRY R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Torresdale, Pa. BiuisoLy, E. Nasu, 517 Law Bldg., Norfolk, Va. *BrrGce, Dr. E. A., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. BittinG, Dr. A. W., National Canner’s Association, Washington, D. C. Brack, C. H., Sunny Point Packing Co., Seattle, Wash. BLACKFORD, CuHaAs. Minor, M. D., Staunton, Va. Biair, FRANK D., Excelsior, Minn. Boom, J. H., Game and Fish Commissioner, Devils Lake, N. D. BLysTaD, CHESTER N., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. BOARDMAN, W. H., Secretary, Board of Inland Fisheries Commis- sioners, State House, Providence, R. I. Botton, C. C., 404 Hickox Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Bootu, Dewitt C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Spearfish, S. D. BORDENKECHER, WILLIAM, R. R. 19, Haughville Station, Indianapolis, Ind. BoucH_Er, E. C., 431 New Call Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. BowER, SEYMOUR, Superintendent, Michigan Fish Commission, Detroit, Mich. Bower, Warp T., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Bowers, GEORGE M., Martinsburg, W. Va. Briccs, A. B. Ashaway, R. I. Briccs, ARTHUR, Supt. Hatchery, Winthrop, Me. *BrRowER, J. F., Fish and Game Commission, Holmesburg, Pa. Brown, DELi, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Brown, ERnEsT C., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. Brown, ERNEST CLIVE, Copake, N. Y. Brown, G. W.N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Orangeburg, S. C. BRYAN, Pror. WM. ALANSON, College of Hawaii, Honolulu, H. T. BucxstarFF, Geo. A., 1101-1501 S. Main St., Oshkosh, Wis. *BuLLER, A. G., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Corry, Pa. Bu.ier, G. W., Pleasant Mount, Pa. *BULLER, NATHAN R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Harrisburg, Pa. Burke, WM. H., Old Forge, N. Y. BuURKHART, JOE, Lewis, Wis. BuRNHAM, Cuas. W., U.S. Fisheries Station, Louisville, Ky. BuRNHAM, JOHN B., Pres. Am. Game Protective Ass’n, 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. CALDWELL, F. M., 341 St. Peter St., St. Paul, Minn. CALDWELL, JAS. H., 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y. CANFIELD, H. L., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. Carter, E. N., Bullochville, Ga. CasLerR, Wo. A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Hartsville, Mass. *CASSELMAN, E. S., Dorset, Vt. CASTING CLUB DE FRANCE, Place de Concorde, Paris, France. CaTTE, EUGENE, Langdon, Kan. CayuGA COUNTY SPORTMEN’S ASSOCIATION, (JOHN L. ALNUTT, Pres.), Auburn, N. Y. CHAMBERLAIN, THOMAS KNIGHT, 423 Third St., Brooklyn, N. Y. CHAMBERLAIN, W. R., Game Warden, Wabasha, Minn. CHAMBERS, E. T. W., Deputy Commissioner, Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. 212 American Fisheries Society "19 CurpisTER, Pror. F. E., 88 Lawrence Ave., New Brunswick, N. J. "18 CuHRIsToFFERS, H. J., 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. "18 CHURCHILL, WINSTON, Cornish, N. H. "11 Crark, H. Watton, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. 17 CreEassy, E. A., 900 Cameron St., Eau Claire, Wis. "11 *CLEVELAND, W. B., Burton, Ohio. "11 CLUB SHAWINIGAN, care of Geo. K. McDougall, 511 St. Catherine St. W., Montreal, Canada. ‘00 Coss, EBEN W., Superintendent of Fisheries, Board of Game and Fish Commissioners, St. Paul, Minn. 704 Coss, JoHN N., Director, School of Fisheries, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, Wash. "14. CorrMan, J. Y., 4248 Cleveland St., St. Louis, Mo. ‘04. CoKer, Dr. RoBert E., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 7138 CoLEs, RUSSELL J., Danville, Va. "17 Coox, Warp A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. "16 CopELAND, T. H., Orangeburg, S. C. "00 *Cor.iss, C. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass. "17 CownEN, S. M., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. "18 COYKENDALL, Epwarp, 22 Ferry St., Kingston, N. Y. "10 CRAMPTON, PRor HENRY Epwarpb, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. "14 Crampton, JOHN M., State Superintendent, Board of Fisheries and Game, New Haven, Conn. 138 CRANDALL, A. J., Ashaway, R. I. "11 CRAsseErR, Huco, 1304 Charles St., LaCrosse, Wis. 17 Cress, H. A., Booth Fisheries Co., St. Paul, Minn. 708 CuLLer, C. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. "17. CurRRAN, JOHN L., Commissioner of Inland Fisheries, 602 Grosvenor Bldg., Providence, R. I. 716 CusHMaN, O. P., Mammoth Springs, Ark. 712 DANGLADE, ERNEST, Vevay, Ind. 17. Davipson, Henry, Fish Hatchery, Bath, N. Y. 706 Davirs, Davin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Tupelo, Miss. 91 and’10 DEAN, Pror. BASHFoRD, Columbia University, New York City. 701. Dean, HERBERT D., Fisheries Station, Bozeman, Mont. 701 *DENyYSE, WASHINGTON I., Gravesend Beach, Borough of Brooklyn, INISIYS: 18 DerRocuer, JAs. D., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. 705 DePuy, Henry F., 32 W. 40th St., New York City. ‘08 DETWILER, JOHN Y., Honorary President, Florida Fish Commission, New Smyrna, Fla. 718 Dickinson, P. A., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 14 Drinick, F. F., Boston Fish Bureau, Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. 99 Dinsmore, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johnsbury, Vt. "07 *DomINY, JEREMIAH M., South Haven, N. Y. 15 Dow, FRANK P., Tacoma, Wash. 99 Downline, S. W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. 09 DoyLre, Henry, Winch Bldg., Vancouver, B. C. 700 Duwnvap, I. H., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D.C. 17. Dunn, ANDREW C., Northern Fish Co., Duluth, Minn. 716 Dunn, W. W., 397 Bates Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 18 DuRant, Dr. G. W., Board of Fisheries of S. C., Georgetown, S. C. "17 EASTGATE, ALFRED, St. John, New Brunswick. 10 Eaton, Howarp, Wolf, Wyo. 16 Exner, J. M., Hutchinson, Minn. List of Members 213 Empopy, GEo. C., Assistant Professor of Aquiculture, Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, N. Y. ERICKSON, C. J., 328 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Evans, Lizut.-CoL. KELty, Metropolitan Club, New York City. EVERMANN, Dr. Barton W., Director of the Museum, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. EVERMANN, J. W., First Vice-Pres., St. Louis South Western Railway of Texas, Dallas, Texas. FARRELL, JOHN J., 3283 Sixth Ave., Troy, N. Y. FARRINGTON, Ray G., Ortonville, Minn. Fassett, H. C., 2557 San Jose Ave., San Francisco, Calif. *FEARING, Mrs. D. B., Newport, R. I. FeEaRNow, E. C., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Feick, JoHN A., Sandusky, Ohio. FEILDING, J. B., Technical Superintendent, Department of Fisheries, Barrie, Ontario. FEerGuSON, JAMES A., Duluth, Minn. FIELD, Dr. GEORGE W., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. FIELD, Pror. IRviNG A., Clark College, Worcester, Mass. Fitxins, B. G., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. FINLEY, W. L., 651 E. Madison St., Portland, Ore. FisHER, A. K., U.S. Biol. Surv., Washington, D. C. FISHER, JOHN F., Chapinville, Conn. FITZGERALD, E. J., Minneiska, Minn. FLETCHER, EMERY L., 2361 S. Ninth St., Salt Lake City, Utah. FLYFISHERS’ CLUB, 36 Piccadilly, W. London, England. *FoLceR, J. A., Pres., J. A. Folger Co., Howard and Spencer Sts., San Francisco, Cal. FOLLETT, RICHARD E., Detroit Club, Detroit, Mich. Forses, Dr. S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IIl. ForsyTH, RoBErtT, 1157 Rookery, Chicago, Ill. *FoRTMANN, HENRY F., 1007 Gough St., San Francisco, Cal. FosTER, FREDERICK J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. Founp, Wm. A., Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Fow _er, C. F., Waterloo, Iowa. FowLerR, KENNETH, Washington, D. C. FRENCH, ALBERT, International Agric. Corporation, 61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. FRIDENBERG, ROBERT, 22 W. 56th St., New York, N. Y. *GARDNER, Mrs. CHARLES C., The Cliffs, Newport, R. I. GARNSEY, LEIGH G., 451 Summit Ave., Redlands, Cal. GavitTtT, W.S., Lyons, N. Y. GERRY, Rosert L., 258 Broadway, New York City. Grps, C. D., Game.Warden, Wilder, Minn. Grips, H. A., Detroit, Minn. GrpBs, CHARLES E., U. S., Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. Gripss, H. L., Moorehead City, N. C. GorFIN, RoBert A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. Saat S. L., Lake Superior Fish Co., 203 East First St., Duluth, inn. Goopwin, O. C., Peace Dale, R. I. GoruHaM, W. B., Cedar Island Lodge, Brule, Douglas Co., Wis. GraHAM, E. A., Berkeley, Taunton, R. F. D., Mass. GRAHAM, GEORGE H., Massachusetts Commission on Fisheries and Game, 423 Main St., Springfield, Mass. GRATER, CHARLES B., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville, Colo. 214 American Fisheries Society Gray, GEORGE M., Woods Hole, Mass. GRAY, STEDMAN H., 2511 W. Second Ave., Seattle, Wash. GREEN, Mayor Huau A., St. Nicholas Bldg., Montreal, Canada. GREEN, J. C., 4730 London Road, Duluth, Minn. GREENE, Dr. CuaAs. W., University of Missouri, 814 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo. GUERIN, THEOPHILE, Treasurer, Rhode Island Commission of Fish- eries, Woonsocket, R. I. GUERNSEY, Guy, 1644 Vernon Ave., Chicago, II1. GuNCKEL, Witt H., M. and C. Savings Bank, Toledo, Ohio. GUNTHER, F. E., 420 S. Fifth St., Lacrosse, Wis. *HaAs, WILLIAM, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Spruce Creek, Pa. Haun, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boothbay Harbor, Me. Hatey, Caen, Fulton Market, New York City. HALTER, LAWRENCE, 637 S. Main St., Akron, Ohio. Hancock, W. K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. HAND, E. R., Fairmont, Minn. HANKINSON, Pror. T. L., Charleston, I11. HANSEN, FERDINAND, Russian Caviar Co., 170 Chambers St., New York City. Hansen, G., Osceola, Wis. HarpPELL, JAMES JOHN, Garden City Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Province of Quebec, Canada. HARRIMAN, AVERILL, Arden, N. Y. Harron, L. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Hart, W. O., 134 Carondelet St., New Orleans, La. HARTMANN, PHIL, Erie, Pa. HAUSCHILDT, CHAs., Timmins, Ontario, Canada. Hawks, 8. B., Supt. Hatchery, Bennington, Vt. Hay, Pror. W. P., Kensington, Md. HAYFORD, CHARLES O., Supt., State Fish Hatchery, Hackettstown, N Herman, A. J., Barberton, Ohio. Hemineway, E. D., 123 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Phila., Pa. HENSHALL, Dr. JAMEs A., 811 Dayton St., Cincinnati, Ohio. HEROLD, R., 235 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. Herrick, PRor. FRANcIS HoBART, Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio. HickMAN, J. R., 4th and St. Charles Sts., St. Louis, Mo. Hiacerns, ALF. S., 142 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. HILDEBRAND, SAMUEL F., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. HILL, Howarp Rice, 1108 W. Illinois St., Urbana, Ill. HINRICHS, HENRY, JR., Keystone Fish Co., Erie, Pa. Hopart, T. D., Pampa, Texas. Horrses, G. RaymMonp, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Hoven, H. S., Syracuse, N. Y. Hoopen, K., Monterey, Cal. *Hoprer, GEORGE L., Baird, Cal. Howarp, ARTHUR D., Ph. D., Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Ia. Howe ., G. C. L., care of H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, London S. W., England. Hoxsiz, F. D., Superintendent, American Fish Culture Company, Carolinas Real Hupsarp, WALpDo F., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Nashua, N. H. HUuDERLE, JoHN, Hutchinson, Minn. Hunsaker, W. J., Board of State Fish Commissioners, Saginaw, Mich. List of Members 215 HuntsMan, A. G., Ph. D., Asst. Prof. of Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. *Hurvsut, H. F., 13 Iveson Ave., East Lynn, Mass. Hussaxkor, Dr. Louis, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Hustep, JAMEs D., Denver, Colo. - IKEMOTO, SEICHI E., Univ. of N. Mex., Albuquerque, N. Mex. INGALLS, Geo. M., 124 Commerce St., Boston, Mass. IRONDEQUOIT FISH AND GAME ASSOCIATION, (J. W. JOHNSTON, Cor. Sec.), Rochester, N. Y. JACKSON, CHAS. F., Pine City, Minn. Jackson, R. C., Whitney Realty Co., Sabattis, N. Y. JENNINGS, G. E., Fishing Gazette, 203 Broadway, New York City. JENNINGS, R. H., Orangeburg, S. C. JENSEN, Haroip, Spooner, Wis. Jounson, A. S., 300 Exchange Bldg., Duluth, Minn. Jounson, Dr. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. JOHNSON, JAMEs G., "R. I. Commission of Inland Fisheries, Riverside, Ree JOHNSTON, J. W., Box 578, Rochester, N. Y. JONES, Cot. E. LESTER, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, DEC: Jones, J. H., Fergus Falls, Minn. Jones, TuHos. §., Louisville, Ky. Jostyn, C. D., 200 Fifth Ave. (Suite 840), New York City. KAUFMANN, R. M., The Star, Washington, D. C. KAVANAUGH, W. P., Bay City, Mich. KEESECKER, A. G., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Erwin, Tenn. Ket, W. M., Tuxedo Park, N. Y. KEMMERICH, JOSEPH, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Concrete, Wash. KENDALL, F. P., Farling Bldg., Portland, Ore. KENDALL, NEAL, Farling Bldg., Portland, Ore. KENDALL, Dr. WiILLtAM C., U. S. Bureau of Fsiheries, Washington, KEntT, EpwIn C., Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. Keyes, H. W., Ranier, Minn. KIERULFF, T. C., Flat Iron Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Kaiiian, Wn. H., 572 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Kinney, M. J., 510 Corbett Bldg., Portland, Oregon. KIPPENDORF, CARL H., Sagamore and New Sts., Cincinnati, O. Kirk, J. H., State Fish and Game Commission, Bottineau, N. D. KISTERBOCK, JOSIAH, JR., 3824 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. KITTREDGE, BENJAMIN R., Carmel, N. Y. KLEVENHUSEN, F., Altoona, Wash. Knicut, Dr. Aucustus S., 1 Madison Ave., New York City. Knicut, H. J., Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco, Cal. Komo it, C. F., Dundas, Minn. KRAIKER, CARL, 1745 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Kuntz, W. J., Waconia, Minn. Lamsson, G. H., Calif. Fish Commission, Sisson, Cal. Lanpry, D. J., Lake Charles, La. LANGLOIS, CONRAD J., New Road, La. Lau, H. C., Star Prairie, Wis. 216 American Fisheries Society ay, 08 16 98 Alg; "10 av "02 "15 10 "16 19 06 "16 "16 "16 98 10 "13 "18 lof Lawyer, Geo. A., U.S. Biol. Surv, Washington, D. C. Lay, CHARLES, Sandusky, Ohio. Lea, CHARLES M., West Thorpe Farm, Devon, Pa. Leacy, G. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. LEAvINS, Linus, Fish and Game Commission, Cambridge, Vermont. LEE, W. McDOona _p, Irvington, Va. LEOPOLD, ALDO, Forest Service, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Lewis, CHARLES E., Chamber of Commerce, Minneapolis, Minn. LINDAHL, SETH H., 7732 Chauncey Ave., Chicago, IIl. Linton, Dr. Epwin, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa. Lipinsky, M. N., Winona, Minn. Lioyp, JoHN Tuomas, College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. LocHER, WILLIAM, Kalamazoo, Mich. LowRANnceE, W. J., Berwick, La. LupwiG, JoHN, Grand Isle, La. LycaNn, FRANK S., Bemidji, Minn. LYDELL, Dwicut, Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock Park, Mich. MABIE, CHARLES H., Maywood, N. J. MacCa.ium, G. A., M. D., 981 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. Mackenzie, WM. M., The Linen Thread Co., 96 Franklin St., New YiorlesN 2 MacLacuian, Dr. CHAs., Pres. Game and Fish Board, New Rockford, D McDownatp, Cart K., Armstrong, Okla. McDona_p, E. B., Ligget and Myers Tobacco Co., St. Louis, Mo. McDougal J. M., Gunnison, Colo. McIntyre, Geo. A., Fish and Game Commissioner, Milford, N. H. McReEyno.tps, B. B., Water Superintendent, Colorado Springs, Colo. Manone, A. H., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, San Marcos, Texas. MAILLIARD, JOSEPH, 1815 Vallejo St., San Francisco, Cal. MANNFELD, GEo. N., 223 N. Penn. St., Indianapolis, Ind. Manton, Dr. W. P., 82 Adams Ave., West Detroit, Mich. MARDEN, Cuas. S., Moorehead, Minn Marporr, H. F., 4068 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. MARINE, Dr. Davin, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Marks, JAY G., Box 534, Munising, Mich. Marks, J. P., Michigan Fish Commission, Paris, Mich. Mars, M. C., 113 High St., Buffalo, N. Y. MARSCHALK, PAUL, Warroad, Minn. Mason, C. C., Hermit, Colo. MATTLADGE, HENRY, 335 Greenwich St., New York City. *MEEHAN, W. E., 422 Dorset St., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. MERRILL, ARTHUR, Wilkinsonville, Mass. MERRILL, M. E., Pittsford, Vt. MersHoN, W. B., Saginaw, Mich. MEYER, Gustav J. T., 829-831 South Delaware St., Indianapolis, Ind. MILLER, ALBERT P., Constantia, N. Y. MILLER, Dan E., Constantia, N. Y. MILLER, FRANK, Ohio Fish and Game Commission, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. MILLER, FRANK M., Box 5386, Hammond, La. MILLETT, ARTHUR L., Daily Times, Gloucester, Mass. Miner, Roy W., American Museum of Natural History, New York City. MITCHELL, Pror. PHittp H., Brown University, Providence, R. I. *MIXTER, SAMUEL J., M. D., 180 Marlboro St., Boston, Mass. Motian, Wo. K., Board of Fisheries and Game, Bridgeport, Conn. Jee. "18 List of Members 217 MonkeEr, C. C., Grand Marais, Minn. Monroe, Orts D., Supt. State Fish Hatchery, Palmer, Mass. Moore, ALFRED, 618 American Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Moore, Dr. EMMELINE, 642 State St., Madison, Wis. Moors, Dr. H. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. MorcuHER, GEORGE, London, Ohio. Morcutis, Dr. SERGIUS, Creighton Univ., Omaha, Nebr. Mor ey, E. C., Sodus Point, N. Y. Morris, Dr. Ropert T., 616 Madison Ave., New York City. Morton, W. P., 105 Sterling Ave., Providence, R. I. MosER, CAPTAIN JEFFERSON F., 1605 Lincoln Ave., Almeda, Cal. Mottey, JAs. N., 15 E. 48th St., New York, N. Y. Muncu, WM. F., Crookston, Minn. Monty, M. G., 1006 Yeon Building, Portland, Ore. Myers, I. S., 604 Norwood St., Akron, Ohio. NEEDHAM, Pror. JAS. G., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 73 and 10 NEIDLINGER, PHILIP, 2225 Emmons Ave., Sheepshead Bay, N.Y. "16 NEtson, CuHas. A. A., Lutsen, Minn. NELson, J. O., State Fish Hatchery, Dayton Bluffs, St. Paul, Minn. NEVIN, JAMES, Conservation Commission, Madison, Wis. *NEWMAN, Epwin A., President Aquarium Fisheries Co., 4305 8th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. NEweort FREE Liprary, Newport, R. I. Newport Historica Society, Newport, R. I. New York Pustic Lisprary, 476 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. New York STATE Liprary, Albany, N. Y. NICHOLS, JOHN TREADWELL, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Nixson, L. A., Orangeburg, S. C. OaKEs, WM. H., 24 Union Park St., Boston, Mass. O’BriEn, J. P., Box 1, Reno, Nev. O’Brien, Martin, Crookston, Minn. O'BRIEN, W. J., Supt. of Hatcheries, Nebraska Game and Fish Com- mission, Gretna, Neb. OHAGE, Dr. Justus, St. Paul, Minn. O’Ma Ley, Henry, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. OPDENWEYER, JOHN W., Sorrento, La. ORSINGER, FRED G., 123 S. Oakley Boulevard, Chicago, III. *OsBURN, Pror. RAYMOND C., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Otis, Mito F., State Fish Hatchery, Upper Saranac, N. Y. OtT1s, SPENCER, Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. PACKER, ARTHUR, 423 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. PALMER, Dr. THEODORE S., United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ParkKHuRST, Hon. C. FRANK, 54 Barnes St., Providence, R. I. PATCHING, FRED, Loring, Alaska. PEARSE, Pror. A. S., Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis. PELL, Geo. W., 520 16th St., Denver, Colo. PrEopLes, HrraM, New Providence, Pa. PFLEUGER, J. E., Akron, Ohio. PINKERTON, J. A., Glenwood, Minn. PooLe, GARDNER, Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. POHOQUALINE FisH ASSOCIATION, care of C. Wetherill, 17th and Lehigh Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 218 American Fisheries Society Pomeroy, Geo. E., Toledo, Ohio. Pore, T. E. B., Curator, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. PorTER, RICHARD, Board of State Fish Commissioners, Paris, Mo. Pratt, Geo. D., Telephone Bldg., Albany, N. Y. *PRINCE, PRor. E. E., Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Purpy, Dorman S., 407 Temple Ave., Dunkirk, N. Y. Race, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake, Me. RADcLIFFE, Lewis, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. RANKIN, Epwarp P., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. RASMUSSEN, Dr. A. T., Lacrosse, Wis. RAVENEL, W. DE C., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Ray, J. E., Alexandria, La. REDWoop LisrARy, Newport, R. I. REED, Dr. H. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. REID, Gro. C., 1007 N. George St., Rome, N. Y. REIDEL, F. K., Pleasant Mount, Pa. REIGHARD, Pror. JAcoB E., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. REYNOLDS, O. J., Game Warden, Alexandria, Minn. RicHarps, G. H., Sears Building, Boston, Mass. RIcHARDSON, A. P., Supt. Hatchery, Caanan,Vt. RICHARDSON, RoBErT E., State Biological Laboratory, Havana, Ill. RICHTMAN, S. P., Fountain City, Wis. RILEY, Mark, San Marcos, Tex. RIsLEY, A. F., State Fish Hatchery, Linlithgo, N. Y. ROBERTSON, ALEXANDER, Dominion Hatchery, Harrison Hot Springs, Bae sCanada- RovuaLt, THEO. JR., State Game Warden, Santa Fe, N. M. Rowe, Henry C., Daytona Beach, Fla. Rowe, Wn. H., West Buxton, Me. Royce, JAMEs, DeBruce, Sullivan County, N. Y. RUSSELL, GEO. S., Bank of Commerce of N. A., Cleveland, Ohio. RyANn, Cavin D., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Ketchikan, Alaska. *SAFFORD, W. H., Ten Pound I. Hatchery, Gloucester, Mass. SANTA BARBARA PUBLIC LIBRARY, Santa Barbara, Cal. SCHOFIELD, N. B., Sunnyvale, Cal. SCHRADER, FRANZ, Route 1, Prince Bay, N. Y. SCHRADIECK, H. E., Dept. Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. SEAGLE, GEo. A., Wytheville, Va. SEAGRAVE, ARNOLD, Woonsocket, R. I. SEAMAN, FRANK, Napanoch, N. Y. SeEiz, B. F., Deputy Game Warden, Red Wing, Minn. SELLERS, M. G., 1518 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. SeLvoc, Hans R., Warroad, Minn. SHELLFORD, Victor E., Dept. Zool., University of Illinois, Urbana, III. Sura, AUSTIN F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Lowa. SHrRAS, GEO., 3D, Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C. SHOLL, C. E., Box 62, Burlington, N. J. SINGLETON, J. ERNEST, Woonsocket, R. I. *SLADE, GEORGE P., 809 Broadway, P. O. Box 283, New York City. SmiTH, G. A., Oklahoma City, Okla. SMITH, HERBERT C., White Cloud, Mich. SmitH, Dr. Hucu M., U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, SMITH, LEwIs H., Algona, Iowa. List of Members 219 SNYDER, J. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Cape Vincent, N. Y. SPEAKS, GEN. JOHN C., Columbus, Ohio. SPENSLEY, CALVERT, Mineral Point, Wis. SPORTSMENS REVIEW PUBLISHING Co., 15 W. Sixth St., Cincinnati, Ohio. SPRAGLE, L. H., Henryville, Pa. Stack, F. GeorGE, ‘‘Kamp Kill Kare,’’ Raquette Lake, N. Y. Starr, G. D., Lewis Bldg., Portland, Oregon. STarR, W. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners, Eau Claire, Wis. STEELE, G. F., Sun Life Bldg., Montreal, Canada. STEVENS, ARTHUR F., Ramapo, N. Y. Stivers, D. Gay, Butte Anglers’ Association, Butte, Mont. Story, JoHN A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Grand Lake Stream, Me. STRONNER, JESSE LEE, Orangeburg, S. C. STRUVEN, CuHas. M., 114 S. Frederick St., Baltimore, Md. STUCKE, EDwIn W., 3811 Brown St., Philadelphia, Pa. SULLIVAN, WALTER E., Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. Sun, Dr. F. T., President, School of Fisheries, Tientsin, China. Sutro, ADOoLPH NEwrToN, 1155 Pine St., San Francisco, Cal. Sworp, C. B., New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. TuHau, Aucust B., 521 W. 29th St., Indianapolis, Ind. THAYER, W. W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. THomAS, ADRIAN, 2012 Hanover Ave., Richmond, Va. TuHompson, W. F., 930 E. Ocean Ave., Long Beach, Cal. Tuompeson, W. P., 123 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. Tuompson, W. T., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bozeman, Mont. Tuomson, G. H., Estes Park, Colo. TIcHENOR, A. K., Secretary Alaska Packers Assn., San Francisco, Cal. TILLMAN, ROBERT T., Beacon Paper Co., St. Louis, Mo. *Timson, WM., Vice-President, Alaska Packers Assn., San Francisco, Cal: TitcomsB, JOHN W., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. TONGUE, LEONARD M., 906 American Bldg., Baltimore, Md. ToRREY, Pror. HARRY BEAL, Reed College, Portland, Ore. and 712 *TOWNSEND, Dr. CHARLES H., Director New York Aquarium, New York, N. Y. TREXLER, Cot. HARRY C., Allentown, Pa. Triccs, Cuas. W., Booth Fisheries Co., 22 W. Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. Troyer, M., Astoria Iron Works, Seattle, Wash. TRULL, Harry S., 317 E. 196th St., Fordham, N. Y. TULIAN, EUGENE A., Box 1304, New Orleans, La. TuRNER, Pror. C. L., Wooster College, Wooster, O. *VALLETTE, Luciano H., Chief of Section of Fish Culture, 827 Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, ‘Argentina. Fes] VAN ATTA, CLYDE H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay Hatchery, Ketchikan, Alaska. *VANDERGRIFT, S. H., 1728 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C. Voct, JAMES H., Nevada Fish Commission, Verdi, Nevada. Von LENGERKE, J., 200 Fifth Ave., New York City. WADDELL, JOHN, Grand Rapids, Mich. WAGNER, JOHN, School House Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. WAKEFIELD, L. H., 1810 Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. WALKER, BRYANT, Detroit, Mich. WALKER, Dr. H. T., 210 Main St., Denison, Texas. WALLACE, FREDERICK WILLIAM, 600 Read Bldg., 45 St. Alexander St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. American Fisheries Society Watters, C. H., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. WARD, Pror. H. B., University of Illinois, Urbana, Il. WARD, J. Quincy, Executive Agent, Kentucky Game and Fish Com- mission, Frankfort, Ky. WARD, ROBERTSON S., 172 Harrison St., East Orange, N. J. WASHBURN, Pror. F. L., 1112 Sixth St., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. WEBB, W. SEWARD, 44th St. and Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. WEEKS, ANDREW GRAY, 8 Congress St., Boston, Mass. WELSH, Wm. W., Washington, D. C. We scu, H.N., Box 4, Salt Lake City, Utah. WELscH, R., Bellingham, Wash. WERRICK, FRANK J., Bigrock Creek Trout Club, St. Croix Falls, Wis. WESTERFELD, CARL, New Call Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERMANN, J. H., Harrietta, Mich. WHEELER, CHARLES STETSON, Union Trust Building, San Francisco, Cal. WHEELER, FRED. M., 546 Fulton St., Chicago, I11. White, JAS., Conservation Commission, Ottawa, Canada. WuitE, R. Tyson, 320 Bridge St., Brooklyn, N. Y. WHITMAN, EpwarpD C., Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada. WHITESIDE, R. B., 204 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth, Minn. WitiiaMs, J. A., Shell-Fish Commissioner, Tallahassee, Fla. Witson, C. H., Glen Falls, N. Y. WINCHESTER, GRANT E., Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Bemus Points News Winn, Dennis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. Wires, S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. *WISNER, J. NELSON, Director, Institute de Pesca del Uruguay, Punta del Esto, Uruguay. *WoLTERS, CHAS. A., Oxford and Marvine Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Woop, C. C., Plymouth, Mass. Woops, JOHN P., President, Missouri State Fish Commission, First and Wright Sts., St. Louis, Mo. Work, GERALD, Perkins Hill, Akron, Ohio. Wort, S. G., 518 Colonial Ave., Norfolk, Va. YERINGTON, EpWARD B., Board of Fish Commissioners, Carson City, Nevada. Youncer, R. J., Houma, La. ZALSMAN, P. G., Grayling, Mich. List of Members 221 ADDITIONAL LIST OF ACTIVE MEMBERS ELECTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, OCTOBER 8-10, 1919. ALBERT C. Moore, 326 Frisco Bldg., Joplin, Mo. C. R. Kas, 1214 and 1215 Pierce Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Gro. ASHTON, 1217 Pierce Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Roy S. Corwin, U.S. Fisheries Station, Homer, Minn. R. D. JorpAN, Drayton Plains, Mich. Harvey Moss, Comstock Park, Mich. A. E. Hart, Comstock Park, Mich. CLAUDE LYDELL, Comstock Park, Mich. ALBERT HAZEN WRIGHT, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. H. S. HEprick, Pierre, S. D. FRED FIsHER, Madison, Wis. CLYDE B. TERRELL, Oshkosh, Wis. Gus. BERNARD, Atchofolaya, La. CaLeB HALey, 14 Fulton Fish Market, New York, N. Y. THE Post FisH Co., Sandusky, Ohio. CHARLES E. WHEELER, Stratford, Conn. C. F. MIscHLer, Sandusky, Ohio. Epwarp L. WIcKLIFF, 1309 Atchison St., Columbus, Ohio. Wo. L. GLOVER, care Edison National Bank, Orangeburg, S. C. W. D. Howser, Nashville, Tenn. J. K. RENAup, 207 New Court Bldg., New Orleans, La. Percy ViosiA, Jr., Natural History Bldg., New Orleans, La. R. D. Forses, New Orleans, La. J. J. SCHRANK, Sandusky, Ohio., Booth Fisheries Co. H. C. Cross.ey, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. E. E. SHERWOOD, Seattle, Wash. CHARLES A. BuLLock, Bullochville, Ga. W.S. VINCENT, Mammoth Springs, Ark. FRANK E. Hare, Manchester, Iowa. Benjy. DucKREE, Wild Rose, Wis. TALBOT DENMEAD, 508 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. E. LEE LECompteE, 512 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Wo. HoLtmMEs, Cosmopolitan Hotel, New Orleans, La. Rap P. BRApDForRD, Dept. of Agriculture, Springfield, Il. A. P. Dapit, New Court Bldg., New Orleans, La. CoL. JoHN H. WALLACE, JR., Montgomery, Ala. RECAPITULATION,. ELOMOR APY cer cetera tious oleae ae maetace ce ana Ss eT ee SE Aree nets 67 Correspondin gress nai on ee ey oct eee 14 LEONG pear ine ee oe ah ERO Nee Antu eas oN ok ak tang erectus es 53 CS ESSA ee NAO ee POSTER IEC SEN Str Ok Pe a 569 222 American Fisheries Society CONSTITUTION (As amended to date, recent changes in italics). ARTICLE I NAME AND OBJECT The name of this Society shall be American Fisheries Society. Its object shall be to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; the uniting and encour- aging of all interests of fish culture and the fisheries, and the treatment of all questions regarding fish, of a scientific and economic character. ARTICLE II MEMBERSHIP Active Members—Any person may, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of two dollars, become a member of this Society. In case members do not pay their fees, which shall be two dollars per year after first year, and are delinquent for two years, they shall be notified by the treasurer, and if the amount due is not paid within a month thereafter, they shall be, without further notice, dropped from the roll of membership. Any library, sporting or fishing club, society, firm or corpora- tion may upon two-thirds vote and the payment of the regular annual fee, become a member of this Society and entitled to all its publications. Life Members—Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of twenty-five dollars, become a life member of this Society, and shall thereafter be exempt from all annual dues. Patrons —Any person, society, club, firm or corporation, on approval by the Executive Committee and on payment of $50.00, may become a Patron of this Society with all the privileges of a Constitution 223 life member, and then shall be listed as such in all published lists of the Society. The money thus received shall become part of the permanent funds of the Society and the interest alone be used as the Society shall designate. Honorary and Corresponding Members——Any person can be made an honorary or a corresponding member upon a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting. The President (by name) of the United States and the Governors (by name) of the several States shall be honorary members of the Society. Election of Members Between Annual Meetings—The President, Recording Secretary and Treasurer of the Society are hereby authorized, during the time intervening between annual meet- ings, to act on all individual applications for membership in the Society, a majority vote of the Committee to elect or reject such applications as may be duly made. ARTICLE III SECTIONS On presentation of a formal written petition signed by one hundred or more members, or by vote of a Society together with the written request of the officers thereof, the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society may approve the formation in any region of a Section of the American Fisheries Society to be known as the Section. Such a Section may organize by electing its own officers, and by adopting such rules as are not in conflict with the Constitution and By-Laws of the American Fisheries Society. It may hold meetings and otherwise advance the general interests of the Society, except that the time and place of its annual meeting must receive the approval of the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society, and that without specific vote of the American Fisheries Society, the Section shall not commit itself to any expression of public policy on fishing matters. It may further incur indebtedness to an amount necessary for the conduct of its work not to exceed one-half of the sum received in annual dues from members of said section. 224 American Fisheries Society Such bills duly approved by the Chairman and Recorder of the Section shall be paid on presentation to the Treasurer of the American Fisheries Society. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS The officers of this Society shall be a president and a vice- president, who shall be ineligible for election to the same office until a year after the expiration of their term; a corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, an editor, a treasurer, and an executive committee of seven, which, with the officers before named, shall form a council and transact such business as may be necessary when the Society is not in session—four to constitute a quorum. In addition to the officers above named there shall be elected annually five vice-presidents who shall be in charge of the following five divisions or sections: Fish culture. Commercial fishing. Aquatic biology and physics. Angling. oR ON Protection and legislation. Vice-presidents of sections may be called upon by the President to present reports of the work of their sections, or they may voluntarily present such reports when material of particular value can be offered by a given division. ARTICLE V MEETINGS The regular meeting of the Society shall be held once a year, the time and place being decided upon at the previous meeting, or, in default of such action, by the executive committee. bo bo oO Constitution ARTICLE VI ORDER OF BUSINESS Call to order by president. Roll call of members. Applications for membership. fen Reports of officers. a. President. b. Secretary. c. Treasurer. d. Vice-Presidents of Divisions. e. Standing Committees. 5. Committees appointed by the president. a. Committee of five on nomination of officers for ensuing year. Committee of three on time and place of next meeting. Auditing committee of three. Committee of three on programme. Committee of three on publication. Committee of three on publicity. Phi es Oo 6. Reading of papers and discussion of same. (Note—In the reading of papers preference shall be given to the members present.) 7. Miscellaneous business. 8. Adjournment. ARTICLE VII CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION The constitution of the Society may be amended, altered or repealed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting, provided at least fifteen members are present at said regular meeting. CONTENTS we A Preliminary Report on a Fish Cultural Policy for the i Palisades Interstate Park, Chas. C. Adams, T. L. Hankinson and W. C. Kendall 193. My Certihcate of Incorporation wy Ae iit sowie os pte ee cee 205 Presidents, Terms of Service and Places of Meeting........ List of Members— re TLONOLALY ciehieie)c Mee anne ees nae Re Hoo), ea Gorresponding 5 ou nek i NUMER MS GARY AIS). 208 PEO Se iN NUON CE I UE VAN ae Ot OG) ee Active. . Pe Me ARES lel tee ceo ei We baa a nan ‘Piatt ghie toh. ial Reca pila tion Anus ahs ae a RN Constitution....... BOS US TAI OURO TO RRA ar el eee Se PPA 0 SA My 4 Dion of Fishes, affonal Museum TRANSACTIONS OF THE + AMERI ICAN FISHERIES SO VE Lay DECEMBER, 1919 .".. , Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Society at Columbus, io t the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, ea st 24, 1912 Che American Hisherivcs Society Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 Officers for 19159-1920 WAV ESTIC TS TN RPE NRO Receptor al a Cartos AVERY, St. Paul, Minn. ) Vice-President............. NATHAN R. Butter, Harrisburg, Pa. Executive Secretary.........RAMOND C, OsBuRN, Columbus, Ohio Recording Secretary..............JoHN P. Woops, St. Louis, Mo. PP COSUP ER i LU AN BIEN SRA, A. L. M1Liett, Gloucester, Mass. Hire-Presitents of Divisions STN GATE OND orca ORO Gat Marge JAmeEs Nevin, Madison, Wis. Aquatic Biology and Poe We! tee Henry B. Warp, Urbana, II. Commercial Fishing......J. ASAKIAH WILLIAMS, Tallahassee, Fla. Angling. . _Joun M. Crampton, New Haven, Conn. Protection and Legislation eA ARAN ih J. G. NEEpuaw, Ithaca, N. Y, Executive Comumitier Ga race: Charman iii us BORE oe Washington, D.C. | We Ao Oc, fe emcee GUS ate Ottawa, Canada ANC HD: BARBER OS ry LCM aol (ale east hy se eee Lacrosse, Wis. DOVES (REE ETT DA A ep the A AEH UN cE Baltimore, Md. | CBOs dG RA EARN VAN hha Me Wie Be Ra) ghboie ae Springfield, Mass. — TD roy rcoeiay Wen ee CT Net Me es Se ie Comstock Park, Mich. ~ Nan se OSH OD YEN ie Fie GRR a APU MANE ER A NU eT Seattle, Wash. Commitier on Foreign Relations | i GEORGE SHIRAS, Chairman...........0- 0005. Washington, D.C. ~ Ta VIA OMITME LT wiry. Ununlae a wii GRAD ane aint. Washington, D.C. | AY VN ae) GE a py) RoR MEE ALA Ca AOI RE RAS A AL To Boston, Mass. 4 ARREST BNO Seta Rc hAML aT Sel RL ART Ta ah Ottawa, Canada EDWARD EA RINCB 1 ho o's catia ao vale ek ee lames Ottawa, Canada ; Conunitier on Relations with National and State Gourruments ; Henry OUvEAT UE yh Phe yk a a) ae Un al ean een oe Seattle, Wash. TAU BSB EST OR ORL WI MNT OR RAEI Ag VU CN Vy RI JN Portland, Ore. (ACOR ERR TeH ADEN Shae ey eae te Ann Arbor, Mich. 1 ea Ba BD ea Gis Nar sh ASIN Me Ua HAN CRS Quebec, Canada GEORGE VANS PAG tye Nu RIMS ae Meee i ak ob Wytheville, Va. Publication Commnitier Raymonpd C. OSBURN BaASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NICHOLS Se ye ee ee TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLIX NUMBER 1 1919-1920 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn DECEMBER, 1919 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS PAGE Fishery Products Laboratories Afford the Greatest Promise of Relief of Unsolved Problems Affecting Commercial Fisheriéshcis 00. vaste...) Sid's oes ewe Rade ices ae Growth: OF PiSHeS: 4.1.08; et on eee Ree A. G. Huntsman 19 Changing Food Conditions of the Trout Family..James Nevin 24 Fresh-Water Mussels as a Fish Food............... D. Lydell 29 The Great Decline of the Oyster Industry in Connecticut and hode:tslaride |. y.o0 0) en anaes cme as Henry C. Rowe 33 The Necessity of State Legislation in the Conservation of resh=\Waiter MiISSeisa sae tacts Wappen rece a eee A. F. Shira 38 Editorial— Prizes: tor Special: Comtributions. 2. 2% 4.46 2 eis <4. ee eee 42 Changes inv the! By-Laws: soca 6. 2. iss's 2 deue ta ys Coe 43 —— FISHERY PRODUCTS LABORATORIES AFFORD THE GREATEST PROMISE OF RELIEF OF UNSOLVED PROBLEMS AFFECTING COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.* By Lewis RADCLIFFE, Assistant in Charge, Division of Fishery Industries, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Agriculture, our greatest food producing industry, is abundantly supplied with experiment stations and other facilities for its advancement, with agricultural colleges and universities for the training of men and women for the industry, and highly skilled scientists to solve the difficulties obstructive to its fullest develop- ment. Its present high plane of perfection is due in large measure to the accomplishments of skilled workers in the field, in experiment stations and in institutions liberally supported by the federal government and individual states. The fisheries, the other great food producing industry, have lacked and suffered for lack of advantages of this character. It is true that much has been done on the biology and natural history of fishes and in the restocking of our waters through fish-culture. But the field of preparation, preservation, trans- portation and utilization of fish and their products has been invaded only here and there, usually by the clever experimenter ordinarily without technological training, or the occasional scientist without a broad and comprehensive understanding or appreciation of the problems or adequate facilities for their solution. The ill effects of our neglect in this field are in evidence throughout the fisheries and many millions of pounds of valuable food are wasted annually. The methods in practice have been developed empirically, without definite knowledge of the basic principles governing the operation or their application to the best and most economical advantage. The fact that a method has worked, has sufficed. Fuel, time, labor, food and valuable by-products are wasted and fisheries remain undeveloped for want *This paper was awarded a prize of $100.00 for the best contribution on the solution of problems affecting commercial fisheries work. 3 4 American Fisheries Society of satisfactory methods of preservation and utilization of the products. Even in the highly organized salmon industry there is insufficient knowledge of what actually takes place within the can, whether the time of processing is too long or too short. There is need for a more careful study of the methods of capture, handling and distribution of fish to provide more economical, less wasteful methods, to prevent unnecessary destruction of the sup- plies in our waters and to furnish the consumer with a wholesome, attractive article of food in which the minimum of deterioration has taken place. There is need for exhaustive studies of the methods of preservation and utilization of fishery products, for the development of improvement and economies in practice, and for a much fuller development of uses for all products of the sea. There is need of determining definitely the dietetic qualities and peculiarities of the different species, of educating the consumer to the value of fish as food and to the best and most economical methods of preparation for the table. There is need for fully equipped laboratories and an adequate personnel for the solution of these difficulties. And finally, there is need for fisheries colleges to train men, and women as well, to enter the industry, to develop highly skilled technologists who shall devote their energies to the solution of these important problems. In the United States there are about sixty agricultural experiment stations and a considerable number of institutions for training workers in this industry. A year ago the fisheries were without such provision. Today there is one laboratory for this work and one college of fisheries. THE FISHERY PRODUCTS LABORATORY IN WASHINGTON, D. C. The war need for food conservation served the more forceably to emphasize the want of fishery products laboratories, fully equipped for the conduct of investigations. On July 2, 1918, the President of the United States made an allotment to the Bureau of Fisheries from the fund for the National Security and Defense for the erection and equipment of a Fishery Products Laboratory in Washington, D. C. As Assistant in Charge of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheries (now Fishery Industries), it has been the good fortune of the writer to have immediate supervision of the preparation of the plans for this building and its equipment, of the technological investigations Radcliffe.—Fishery Products Laboratories 5 in this field and of making plans for future work, to all of which reference will be made. In-the absence of laboratories of this character for guidance, it has been necessary to devote much thoughtful study and care to the plans for the building and the selection of the various units of equipment. The Bureau’s objective has been to provide equipment in which all possible factors could be controlled and recorded, that the trustworthiness of the final results of an investi- gation might be reasonably assured. In addition sight has not been lost of the value of the laboratory as a demonstration plant wherein visiting members of the fishing trade may view apparatus and processes of approved type in operation, and wherein the Bureau’s employees may acquaint themselves with methods, processes and products of the fisheries to enable them the more intelligently to deal with problems in the field. A brief reference to the building and equipment which has been provided may be of interest in this connection. The building, which was completed in June, 1919, and is nearly equipped, is 45 x 80 feet, two floors and an attic, of hollow tile and concrete construction. On the first floor there is a large mechanical laboratory, a refrigeration plant, chemical laboratory, incubation room, smokehouse and stock room. On the second floor there is a small laboratory, exhibit room, experimental kitchen and offices. The mechanical laboratory is equipped with a steam boiler, vacuum and compressed air pumps, hydraulic press, filter press, grinder, steam-jacketed kettle, lathe, etc. For canning purposes there is a complete plant for sealing tin cans by a double seamer, a retort with controlling and recording instruments, complete equipment for sealing and processing glass containers by a vacuum process and another for tin containers also by a vacuum process. For freezing fish in brine, a small experi- mental plant has been imported from Denmark and has been used to demonstrate this method to interested persons in the fisheries. This plant freezes fish by the Ottesen method and was the first of its kind to be brought in and used in this country. In addition to serving to demonstrate a new method to the trade, it will afford the Bureau’s technologists means of investigating the various brine freezing methods and comparing them with the usual methods of freezing in air. For experiments in drying fishery 6 American Fisheries Society products there is an experimental dryer in which the heat, humidity of the air, and volume of air driven over the product can be con- trolled and measured and the weight of the product recorded. By this machine, the exact conditions governing the drying of different products may be worked out. For vacuum dessication, a small vacuum shelf dryer, with pedestal condenser and hollow shelves, so that steam, hot water, or brine can be circulated, and a vacuum pump capable of producing a high degree of vacuum, have been provided. With this apparatus it will be possible to dessicate such products as clam bouillon and to dry materials for analytical work. For experiments in smoking fishery products there is a built-in smokehouse of hollow-tile and cement construc- tion, lined with white glazed wall tile and provided with a flue, iron door, ventilators, shavings pans heated with gas, long- distance recording thermometer and dampers for control of heat and ventilation. The refrigeration plant is equipped with a five-ton carbon dioxide machine and recording instruments and three rooms of different temperature for storage and refrigeration. The chemical laboratory is provided with soapstone furniture, including hood, chemical cabinets, and has in its equipment a centrifuge, colori- meter, polarimeter, refractometer, viscosimeter, specific gravity balances, apparatus for determination of amino groups, for gas analysis, and other equipment required for the chemical study of materials and processes. Recording hygrometers and ther- mometers, thermostats, pitot tubes, pressure and vacuum gauges, will supply means for measuring and controlling the factors which influence the character of the product. The incubation room is of hollow tile and concrete construction, provided with double doors and an ante-room. It is electrically heated with automatic controls for holding any temperature up to 112° F. and is equipped with a recording thermometer and hygrometer. The exhibit room will afford a place in which to display fishery products and for demonstrations and meetings. The experimental kitchen is fully equipped for testing fishery products and determining the best methods of preparation for the table. Offices in the same building for the Division’s personnel make for economy and efficiency in supervision and operation. Radcliffe —Fishery Products Laboratories 7 More detailed reference will now be made to some of the problems of the industry, most of which fall within the province of fishery products laboratories, and to investigations in progress. SOME OF THE PROBLEMS IN THE INDUSTRY. Capture, handling and distribution: In many cases present methods of capture are exceedingly wasteful, and millions of pounds of immature or unmarketable fish are destroyed annually. Laws intended to afford protection too often are more or less futile, wholly inadequate or unnecessarily obstructive. To illustrate, in certain waters tons of small butterfish are destroyed each summer. The form of these fish prevents their ready passage through the meshes of nets required for the capture of other food fishes, the law prohibits their sale for food or fertilizer, and as they are dead when taken from the nets, the loss is complete. In some cases methods of capture are inadequate and private individuals lack the funds and facilities for large-scale experiments to effect improvement. The general use of the hook-and-line in the tuna fishery will illustrate. Thorough investigations by experienced workers conversant with the fisheries will undoubtedly develop improved forms of apparatus and means for lessening losses, will reveal the necessity for the exercise of greater care in taking the fish, of culling the catch where practicable and, where destruc- tion is unavoidable, the need of permitting the use of the fish for some economic purpose. There is equal need for effecting improvement in the methods of handling and distributing fish. For example, the practice of many small boat fishermen of leaving their catch in the bottom of an open boat exposed to flies and the direct rays of the sun is entirely toocommon. Inthe majority of cases it should be possible to remedy such conditions with little additional labor and equip- ment, in fact crude experiments recently made indicate that it is entirely feasible. Careful study should be made of the methods of preparation of fresh fish for market. For instance, one investi- gator has recently called attention to the point that eviscerated fish with the gills left in spoil more quickly than if the gills are removed and indicates the cause for this difference. I believe that in some of our larger fisheries, experiments will prove it to be practicable to freeze the fish on the vessels as they 8 American Fisheries Society are taken from the water and, after transporting them in refriger- ator cars, to distribute them in trucks with low temperature storage, placing them in the hands of the consumer in the original frozen state, a product when thawed out properly, quite comparable to the fish as taken from the water. Preservation and Utilization. Conservation in its broadest sense has to do not with the saving of some waste product such as fish scales, but with the development of improved methods of doing things, methods which will result in the saving of expense, time, labor and materials. There is a very real need for conserva- tion in the preservation and utilization of fishery products. Our knowledge of the underlying factors governing the preservation of fish is wholly inadequate. The effects of icing, refrigeration and cold storage on different species and on the same species for varying conditions or periods of time, the factors of decomposition, including a study of the bacteriological phases of the subject, should receive thorough study, and practical application made of the results to effect economies and improvements in methods and the prevention or retardation of decomposition. Abroad the freezing of fish in brine is being advocated. Of this method, it is claimed that fish may be frozen in one-tenth or less of the time required to freeze in air, and that a superior product is produced. ‘This is explained by the fact that in rapid freezing the formation of water crystals in the tissues of the fish and the consequent disruption of cell-walls and losses of juices is prevented. The several methods of refrigeration and the qualities of the finished products, including the histology of the effects on the tissues, should be investigated that we may know definitely the merits and defects of the different processes and the physical and chemical changes which tend to impair the edible qualities of the frozen fish. At first thought, the problems of drying fish by artificial means may appear quite simple. Because of the many factors which enter in to influence the character of the product, they are in reality highly complex. The temperature and humidity of the air and the volume of air passing per unit of time over the product affect the rate of drying. The manner of application of the warm air is also important, for if warm dry air is used from the start, the Radcliffe —Fishery Products Laboratories 9 product will be ‘‘case hardened” and slower drying will result than if the air at first were moist and cooler, the humidity being lowered and the temperature raised as drying progresses. Unless all these influencing factors are known and measured, it will be impossible to judge what can be expected from efforts to dry fish under circumstances different from those under which the experi- ments were conducted. With all these factors under exact and measurable control, the reproduction of the air conditions which prevail in any part of the country and the experimental drying of fishes under these conditions is a possibility. Remarkable progress is being made in the dehydration of vegetables. Until the subject has been investigated, who is able to forsee the possi- bilities of dehydration and dessication of fishery products? The practice of preserving fish by smoking is very ancient and the products properly prepared may be numbered among the tastiest of foods. Yet how little attention has been given to the finesse of their preparation by trained technologists, how much of that offered for sale is only mediocre in quality. The varying composition of smoke from different fuels and at different tem- peratures, the penetration of the smoke, the subsequent fractional evaporation of the deposited smoke constituents from the fish, the possible addition of flavoring oils to the fuel, the coloring of the product, the prevention of mold on the smoked fish, possibilities of other improvements in keeping qualities and in technique of preparation, all should be given careful study. The preservation of fish by means of dry salt, of pickles including brine, vinegar, etc., with or. without the addition of spices and the prevention of spoilage of the prepared products, present a wide variety of problems, the solution of which would be of the greatest value to the industry. There has been need for information as to the relative values of the different grades of salt, of the advantages or disadvantages of the dry salting method as compared with brine salting, etc. Considerable losses are sus- tained due to the reddening of dry salted fish and the ‘“‘souring” of the pickle in brine salted fish. The salability of fish is hurt by rust and production is curtailed on account of our inability to salt fish at high temperatures and therefore in warm climates. Although the process of preserving foods by canning is more than a hundred years old, it is only within the last decade that this 10 American Fisheries Society important industry has begun to receive the interest of bacterio- logists, chemists and technologists which it so richly deserves. In the canning of fishery products, present practices are greatly in need of careful study and standardization. Much of that which is now put into tin and glass can undoubtedly be improved upon and the markets of still other fishery products enlarged, with the development of suitable canning methods. Difficulties are encountered in the canning of crabs, shrimp, lobsters, sea crayfish, barracuda, rockfishes and sharks. The preparation of special products, such as caviar, the roe and buckroe of fishes, chowders, fish balls, fish loaf, fish sausage, and fish pastes, and their preserva- tion in tin or glass are fruitful subjects for study. The utilization of the waste products of the fisheries, the unutilized products of the sea, presents an alluring field for investi- gation and promises important additions to our resources. Mention may be made of the seaweeds, hydroids and possibly bryozoans, starfishes, fish scales, hides and membranes, fish waste and waste fish. The annual production of fish scrap and meal in the United States will approximate 60,000 tons. During the first five months of this year over 32 millions of pounds of sardines were used for fertilizer at San Pedro, Calif., alone. While the practice of converting food fishes into oil and scrap or meal should be dis- couraged, it is quite within reason to believe that if all the waste, including that of the Alaskan salmon industry, were fully employed, our annual output might be doubled. Progress is retarded for the lack of suitable, low-priced machinery, capable of handling small quantities of waste economically. The annual waste of salmon offal has been estimated as representing the loss of several millions of dollars of marketable products. Because of its isola- tion, the Alaskan field presents a distinct problem in itself. Fish scrap and meal under present methods of manufacture contain percentages of fat which are undesirable in fertilizers and objectionable in meal, compelling the exercise of greater care in feeding. There is at present no extraction apparatus which is at the same time economical and practical on a small scale and very few of the larger plants have felt able to install extraction machinery. ———S OE Radcliffe—Fishery Products Laboratories Lid The annual production of edible fishery products in the United States, including Alaska, amounts to about 1,850,000,000 pounds, and the estimated per capita consumption is about 18 pounds. Both production and consumption should be increased. The chemical composition and food valve of fish should be studied in greater detail. Such analyses as have been made reveal the need of analyses of fishes of different sizes and ages, from different localities, for different seasons of the year, with due consideration of the life history and habits of the fish. Experiments on the digestibility of certain species show a very complete utilization of the protein and fat in these fishes and confirms the value of fish as food and the need of its more extended use. These investiga- tions should be extended to other species. There is a lack of information on the presence of vitamines, the medicinal value of various fish oils, the substances in fish that give taste and odor, etc. The consumer should be acquainted with the pertinent facts brought out by these investigations, with the dietetic qualities of fish and with the best and most economical methods of prepara- tion and cooking. INVESTIGATIONS NOW IN PROGRESS. Reference having been made to some of the problems of the industry, attention will be directed to investigations which are now in progress. These fall within the scope of or are dependent upon investigations of the fishery products laboratories. Salting Fish—Large quantities of fish preserved by salting are lost annually by spoilage and still larger quantities of fresh fish, for which there is no immediate market, are thrown away because of the risk of lossif cured. At times of high temperature or during the warm months in warm climates, such as obtains in the south, little or no attempt is made to salt fish, for lack of suitable methods of preserving the product. To determine the practicability of overcoming these difficulties and to gather more definite informa- tion about the basic principles governing the processes, an investi- gation was started over a year ago and has yielded significant results. This investigation has shown that impurities in salt, such as the chlorides of calcium and magnesium, even in small quantities, have a marked effect on the process of salting and on the quality 12 American Fisheries Society of the product. Sodium chloride (common salt) penetrates the fish very rapidly and completely. Small amounts of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride or sodium sulphate added to the pure brine retard penetration. It may thus be seen how such impurities may adversely affect the proper preservation of fish in hot weather by prolonging the time of penetration until after decomposition has set in. As to quality of fish, pure salt produces a soft, more flexible meat, brownish or grayish in color. Calcium salts, which occur in commercial salts in sufficient quantities to affect the quality, retard penetration more than do magnesium or sulphur salts and cause the most noticeable whitening and hardening of the tissues. The investigation has also shown that salt penetrates the cut flesh of fish twice as rapidly as it penetrates unskinned fish. By exercising unusual care in removing all blood and viscera, including roe and milt, and soaking the fish for thirty minutes, the investigator salted river herring at a temperature above 88° F., while the highest safe temperature at which salting may be done by methods in common practice is 60° F. Experiments indicate that the blood spoils at a temperature at least 25° F. lower than the spoilage temperature of the flesh of the fish. In the practical application of these methods it appears that the removal of all blood and viscera, including roe and milt, may have an important bearing in solving the problem of salting fish in warm climates. An investigation of the chemical changes taking place in the fat and protein of the fish during storage is in progress. As yet opportunity has not been afforded for the practical application of these results to determine in what ways they may be made to serve the industry. Brine recovery—Because of the usual practice of discarding used brine employed in the salting of fish, much salt has been wasted. The possibilities of producing better fish by the use of high grade salts as indicated above and the high cost of refined salts, make economies in the use of such salts imperative. For these reasons, during recent months attention has been given to the development of a process for the recovery of used brine, with such success that it now appears that it will be a practicable economical procedure. In this process, advantage has been taken of the adsorption of exceedingly fine precipitated particles of tasteless and inert matter which carry down most of not only the Radcliffe —Fishery Products Laboratories 13 suspended, but dissolved organic matter which is subject to decay. The fact that the precipitate does remove most of the organic matter has been demonstrated and an experimental plant has been installed at a commercial fish packing establishment. If, as the experiments indicate, this recovered brine can be rendered suitable for use again, the old brine used in preserving the fish brought to this plant will, when recovered, supply all the brine needed and will practically eliminate the firm’s bill for salt, provided the amount of the brine used is sufficiently large to warrant the use of the recovery plant. In addition the process provides for the filtering off and drying of the precipitate, which is rich in protein and may be used for fertilizer or possibly for fish meal as an animal feed. Until the practicability of the process has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of all concerned, details of method will be withheld. Canning fish—Although noteworthy progress has been made in California in developing the tuna and sardine industries, there are still large, undeveloped fishery resources in the barracuda, mack- erel, rock-fishes, smelts, etc. The Bureau of Fisheries is now attempting to develop suitable methods of canning these fish in its temporary experimental laboratory at San Pedro. A schedule has been worked out by which each species is subjected to sixteen preliminary methods of packing. After being held under uniform storage conditions for six weeks, these are examined as to appear- ance, quality, taste and the like, and analyzed to determine whether any important chemical change has taken place. Selecting the most promising of the preliminary packs for further tests, finished packs are then put up. To these are added the usual condiments or oils, or the fish are subjected to some prior method of treatment, such as smoking. These packs are then stored under uniform conditions and are to be examined at the end of three, six and twelve months, which is believed to be a reasonable time in which to determine keeping qualities. Careful records of all operations are kept, making it possible to determine the cost price at any time, if the cost of the ingredients is known. Mackerel put up in olive oil, tuna style, and in cotton- seed, corn or olive oil, after kippering, are particularly promising packs. In fact, packers who have examined these have been so impressed with the appearance of the product that request has 14 American Fisheries Society been made for the release of the methods at once. Methods for canning various fishes of other sections, such as the black drum, crevallé and menhaden, should be developed and improvements in existing methods made. Experiments and demonstrations in fish cookery—In the experimental kitchen, skilled domestic science workers have been determining the best methods of preparing new or little known fish and fishery products for the table. Among those receiving attention are groupers, black drum, menhaden, rockfishes, sea mussels, sharks, squid, tullibees, whale, whiting and the roes and buckroes of fishes. This information is for the use of the trade and the consumer. In addition, practical lectures and demonstrations in the best and most economical methods of preparing and cooking fish have been given at various centers throughout the United States. In the course of a year, some 125 demonstrations were given and about 15,000 housewives were reached directly and many more indirectly. Housewives have been taught the value of fish in their dietary and the relative merits of many little known varieties. They have been encouraged to buy fish in the round, the viscera alone being removed, and to use the head, trimmings and bones, parts usually richest in flavor in making soups and gravies. Many of these fishes were purchaseable for from five to twenty-five cents less per pound than those the housewife was accustomed to buy and the additional saving of waste parts has meant real economy to the frugal homemaker. In place of the frying pan, the hot-oven method of cooking has been advocated. This eliminates practically all the unpleasant odors of cooking fish and affects economies in the use of fats and in time in cooking and serving. Through the medium of these lectures and demonstra- tions, many wrong impressions and false prejudices against the use of fish have been dispelled. Judging by the letters and reports from housewives, steward’s associations, cafeterias, agents inter- ested in food conservation and demonstration, fish retailers, wholesalers and producers and the publicity given the work by the press, this has been one of the most beneficial activities taken up by the Bureau of Fisheries in recent years. It will be noted that the experimental work of the laboratory kitchen is coupled with practical demonstration in the field. This is important, Radcliffe-—Fishery Products Laboratories 15 for of what value is an exhaustive scientific investigation or principle if hidden away in a musty book out of reach of those who might put the principle to work for the betterment of them- selves and mankind? Marketing.—It is important that experiments and demonstra- tions illustrating the food value of fishes, particularly the little known forms, should be accompanied by aid in the development of larger markets for fish. This function has not been neglected. For example, the producers of groupers have been receiving aid in extending the markets for these fishes. On the fishing banks in the Gulf of Mexico, groupers are more abundant than the highly prized snappers. The demand for the latter is in excess of the supply, while that for groupers is usually not sufficient to care for more than half of what the fishermen could bring in, with the result that quantities of these wholesome, white-meated fishes are wasted and the fishermen lose valuable time in search of the choicer snappers. The trade has been furnished an illus- trated placard recommending the use of these fishes and a cook- book for distribution to consumers. In addition, agents skilled in the marketing of fish have actively assisted in increasing the consumption of these fishes, giving special attention to the restaurants and cafe trade. The black drum, a species particularly destructive to oysters, is in little demand. Experiments in canning this fish indicate that it is most excellent when preserved in this form. Information has been gathered as to its habits, places of abundance and methods of capture. This information is being made available to the trade to further the development of the fishery. The whale fishery has also received attention and in 1918, 30,000 cases of the meat were canned and 195 tons frozen for market, the latter being wholly insufficient to supply the demand. Provision has been made for a pack of 50,000 cases and for freezing 1,000 tons of this inexpensive, wholesome food this year. The production and use of various other products have been stimulated. Waste products—In an effort to furnish a new source of supply of leathers, at a time when such materials were becoming scarce and high in price, the development of a fish leather industry, including the use of the hides of other unutilized aquatic animals was undertaken. Nets suitable for the capture of sharks in 16 American Fisheries Society commercial quantities have been perfected, methods of removing, curing and boxing the hides in a manner acceptable to the tanner ascertained and the information supplied to inquirers. Tanners have been supplied with hides for experimentation without cost and encouraged to overcome difficulties in tanning. Tests have been made as to tensile strength and other qualities of fish leather as a basis for comparison with other leathers, and manufacturers interested to determine to what uses such leathers are best suited. As a result the production of fish leather is an established fact. One company has a tannery devoted to the production of such leathers and fishing stations for the assemblage of raw hides, and a second company advises that it is collecting large stocks of hides and equipping a tannery in which to tan and finish such leathers. Other companies are still experimenting with these hides. Leathers which are soft and pliable, of adequate strength for many uses, are being produced and used for the manufacture of bags and the like. It is understood that the supply is entirely inadequate. Our present annual production of fish oils is in the neighborhood of six million gallons. The demands for and uses of such oils are increasing and the prices are attractive. For illustration, because of thesscarcity and high price of linseed oil, makers of paints and varnishes are concerned about the supply of drying oils and are turning to the fisheries to determine the suitability of such oils for their purposes and the proper available supplies of oils. In line with the Bureau’s efforts to build up a fishery for sharks, in addition to saving the hides for leather purposes it is urging the extraction of the liver oil to supply the deficiency and the con- version of the balance of the fish into scrap for fertilizer. Samples of the liver oils of various sharks and rays are being assembled and subjected to careful chemical analysis to ascertain more definitely their properties and to what uses they are best suited. An effort is being made to meet the need for new and enlarged sources of supply of protein feeds for hogs, cattle and poultry. As experiments made by the Bureau of Animal Industry indicate that fish meal is a satisfactory feed, fully the equal of tankage for feeding purposes, the production of this product is being encouraged. On the east coast where but little has been made, methods for producing a satisfactory meal from menhaden have Radcliffe —Fishery Products Laboratortes 17 been developed and companies interested in its preparation, with the result that they are prepared to make from 2,000 to 5,000 tons this year if sufficient farmers can be acquainted with its merits and interested to purchase it. NEED OF ADDITIONAL FISHERY PRODUCTS LABORATORIES. The Washington laboratory is intended for the study of general problems. It is also specially equipped for the careful investiga- tion and analysis of the properties of fishes and fishery products, such as oils and fertilizers, a place in which to make an examination and tests of the manifold products referred to the Bureau. Therein its technologists may try out new ways of operation and methods suggested by their visits to the fishing centers and receive valuable training which will enable them the better to cope with field problems. Consideration of the problems needing and receiving attention will, I think, convince you of the need of this laboratory and that it should render efficient service to the industry. There are many special problems which of necessity must be conducted at the seat of the industry. For these, provision should be made for several additional fishery products laboratories, possibly one for each of the main geographical divisions of the fisheries. In addition to assisting those in the industry to effect economies and improvements in methods of preparation of fishes, of the region for market, in preservation, in the prevention of spoilage and in developing new or untried methods of preservation and uses for by-products, such laboratories might profitably give attention to the perfection of apparatus and methods of capture and handling, to the study of the needs of conservation, that timely attention may be called to dangers of depletion or ultimate exhaustion, and the prevention of unnecessary waste or destruction. There is a growing demand for such work. To meet this in so far as has been practicable, a small temporary experimental plant has been established at San Pedro, California, especially for the developing of methods of canning mackerel, barracuda, etc., to which reference has been made. If such laboratories are to produce the results for which they are intended, skilled technologists must be employed for the technological work. These should be university graduates in chemistry and technology with training in chemical technology in 18 American Fisheries Society the preparation of foods, animal and vegetable products, and laboratory management, with practical experience in the tech- nology of fisheries, plant design and machinery. If men with these qualifications are to be obtained and retained, they must be paid salaries comparable to those received by men in similar lines of work, for example, the technologists of the National Canners Association, meat packers, sugar producers, etc. In most cases, it will be necessary to employ men with the necessary basic training and to develop them for the fisheries work. Their value should greatly increase with length of service. If on the other hand the training of new men is constantly required, the output of the laboratories will be greatly curtailed and their effectiveness minimized. Further, the opportunities for co-operation with trained workers in universities and other laboratories should not be lost sight of. For illustration, in the course of investigations of technical or commercial processes, it often happens that the work is hampered or delayed for lack of pure scientific data. By close co-operation with other institutions and acquainting them with the laboratory’s needs, they may be able to assign the problem in pure science to one of their investigators and thus relieve the products laboratory worker of the necessity of dissi- pating his energies on collateral investigations. In conclusion, the writer is convinced that the development of the fishing industry has been seriously retarded by the lack of facilities comparable to those supplied to agriculture, and that fishery products laboratories, fully equipped and with adequate provision for personnel, afford the greatest promise of relief of the unsolved problems affecting commercial fisheries. THE GROWTH OF FISHES. By Proressor A. G. HUNTSMAN, University of Toronto, Biologist to the Biological Board of Canada, “Greater production” is the cry of the present day and the imperative need of the hour. In the realm of living things, either plant or animal, this production is virtually synonymous with growth. The desired product is the result of growth, and the problem of growth is, therefore, one of extraordinary interest to us. With the broad lines of this problem we are familiar through our knowledge of the life history of man, if from no other source. The early part of life is the growing period and under suitable conditions, such as with sufficient food of certain kinds, sufficient water and air, a temperature not too extreme, and no unfavorable circumstances of poison or disease, the growth of man proceeds uninterruptedly, but with gradually decreasing intensity, until the period of maturity is reached, when general growth ceases. The problem of growth is an enormously complex one and has ever new angles. This is shown by the comparatively recent discovery in certain foods of special substances, to which the name of vitamines has been given, and which have a wonderful effect in accelerating growth. That, from the standpoint of growth, we can improve upon what nature shows us, is demonstrated by the use of the method of forced feeding in poultry and of caponization for cockerels. We are greatly handicapped in our study of growth in fishes by their living in the medium of water, to which we have only imper- fect access. It is a comparatively easy matter to watch the growth of plants, and in the case of animals, if they live on land, one can keep them under almost constant observation. But we can see only a short distance into the water, and even that view is interrupted by every breeze, however slight, that agitates the surface. Consequently our knowledge of the growth of fishes has been extremely limited, for until very recent years it was a moot point as to the age attained by the commonest fishes, except for a few that could be kept in restricted bodies of water under more or less artificial conditions. 19 20 American Fisheries Society The special difficulties of the case have been overcome in indirect ways. The statistical method was popularized by C. G. J. Petersen towards the close of the last century. In this method the population of a certain kind of fish in a given locality is examined by taking samples at random and measuring these. It is found that, if the sample be comprehensive enough, the individuals fall naturally into groups according to size, the groups of smaller size being most distinct. Seeing that the fish has a definite spawning period, which is annual, each group is to be considered as consisting of fish born in a certain year, that is, belonging to a certain year-class. One group will consist of those individuals that are in their first year, another of those in their second year, and soon. In this way the average size at any given age may be found. Not only this, but we may follow the growth of any group by taking samples from time to time and determining the average size of that group, from which data the average increase per unit of time can readily be calculated. This method has disadvantages. It is often difficult or even impossible to obtain comprehensive samples, owing to segregation of different ages. Also, if the growth be slight, compared with the amount of individual variation in size of those of the same year- class, the groups overlap in size and cannot be distinguished. The discovery of another method has been, therefore, of the greatest value. Over three centuries ago, when the microscope was first invented, Van Leeuwenhoek, the pioneer microscopist, living in the eel-eating country of Holland, discovered not only that eels have scales, but that their scales show rings, which he interpreted as indicating years. Only at the beginning of the present century was this discovery extended and used in the study of the life history of fishes. The scales are not the only parts of the fish that exhibit such annual markings. Similar lines to those of the scales can be seen in the ear-stones and in the bones, particularly the vertebrae; but in the majority of fishes the scales have proven to be the most valuable of all the parts in this respect. It is, indeed, astonishing for one to be able, as I was recently, to say on returning home and noticing a fish scale adhering to the oilcloth of the kitchen table: “Vou have been having a five-year old whitefish to eat lately.” ee Huntsman.—The Growth of Fishes 21 One might have gone further and have given its probable size and perhaps even the name of the lake in which it was caught, as well as other features of its history. It is known that the arrest of growth due to disease or other causes is recorded in the scales. C. K. Gilbert maintains that the salmon from different rivers on the Pacific coast can be distinguished by the peculiar effect of each river on the growth of the salmon in early life as shown in its scales. E. Lea has shown that the herring of the year-class of 1904 had a peculiar growth in their third year, in the north of Norway, that made it possible to distinguish them from those of other regions. A certain Atlantic flatfish grows so slowly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as compared with the Bay of Fundy, that it was possible for me to correct a dealer as to the source of his fish after an examination of the scales. The formation of annual rings or zones in the scales is dependent upon a yearly periodicity in growth. ‘“‘Warm-blooded” or, more strictly speaking, homoiothermal animals are in large measure independent of outside temperature, for they are able by means of a heat-regulating mechanism to maintain an optimum tem- perature in their bodies. Poikilothermal or ‘‘cold-blooded”’ animals, like plants, vary in temperature with their surroundings, and their activities, including growth, must await a favorable season. In the majority of fishes that have been investigated there is a diminution or arrest of growth during the cold part of the year, and therefore, the age rings on the scales are to be interpreted as ‘‘winter checks.” When these checks can be seen, the determination of the age of a fish is simple enough, but caution must always be exercised. In fishes, such as the salmon, which have a long period of embryonic development including the winter season, it would not be expected that this first winter would be shown on the scales. But, even after hatching, a considerable time must elapse before the scales begin to appear in the skin of the young fish. It is at the time of metamorphosis from the larval or postlarval condition to the final stage, that the scaly coat makes its appearance. Even in the fishes that have a rapid development, such as the saltwater herring, if spawning takes place in the late summer or in autumn, the young fish will remain scaleless during the first winter. Not only so, but a spring-spawning fish may pass the first winter with many 22 American Fisheries Society of its scales undeveloped or so small that no check is registered. Another difficulty arises when the growth for any year is slight, for the checks may come so close together as to be indistinguishable, which is particularly the case in the later years. Unlike so many animals with which we are familiar, the majority of fishes do not reach a definite full size beyond which growth ceases; but under favorable conditions, many continue to grow throughout life, although at a greatly diminished rate when well advanced in years. In these the size attained is limited only by the rate of growth and the duration of life. Carp and pike are reputed to have lived for as long a period as one hundred years, but if the conditions are unfavorable no great size will be attained. It is doubtful whether the age of such long-lived fishes can be deter- mined from the scales, although the annual markings do show that certain fish have lived for at least a quarter of a century. When the checks are definitely marked, it is possible from measurements of the distances between successive winter checks to determine the amount of growth in each year of the life of the fish, as has been practised by J. Hjort and other Norwegian investi- gators working with him. Here also it is important to use dis- cretion in our interpretation. We have found that the ratio of the growth of the scale to the growth of the whole fish is a changing one, but by allowing for this a fair approximation to the actual amounts can be made. The scales of certain fishes exhibit, in addition to the checks, a varying width for certain, usually concentric, structures known as circuli. The interpretation of the width of these as depending upon the rapidity of growth would indicate that growth is more rapid during the first part of the growing season, which view is confirmed by other methods of investigation. The seasonal growth may be studied by the statistical method, the scale method, or by a combination of the two, as well as by the method of direct observation, when this is practicable. Great differences in seasonal growth have been found. Many of our fishes begin rapid growth in spring or in early summer, but we have found that a certain flat-fish (Hippoglossoides) begins the season’s growth in the Bay of Fundy in the winter when the temperature of the water where it lives is still going down. This fish is remarkable because of being able to grow when the temperature is below 32° F. Although Huntsman.—The Growth of Fishes 23 the Bay of Fundy, from its having a higher bottom temperature than have other parts of our Canadian eastern coast, promotes the most rapid growth in this fish of which we have knowledge, it is unfavorable for it in other ways, giving a slower growth in later life, a lower maximum size, an earlier death, and no oppor- tunity for successful breeding. We have perhaps surveyed the ground sufficiently to show what an interesting and virgin field of research has been opened up by these recently developed methods for the growth-study of fishes. The importance of this work should be evident to every- one. Much of our fishery legislation will be altered by the results obtained in it, and it should show among other things beyond what age it ceases to be profitable to leave the fish of a certain species in the water, how intensively it is wise to fish a certain species, and how long it should take for recovery from overfishing. (Read by Dr. E. E. Prince, Commissioner of Fisheries of Canada.) Discussion. Dr. E. E. Prince, of Canada: When Dr. Hjort, the Norwegian investi- gator referred to in the paper, visited Canada and the United States, he did some work for the Canadian Government. By studying the scales of the sea-herring, he determined that some of these fish were actually twenty years old. It seems remarkable that small fish, such as the sea-herring, should reach that age. Dr. Huntsman was particularly interested in these studies of Dr. Hjort and continued the investigation on the ear-bones or otoliths, which show the growth year by vear, and also on the rings of growth on the vertebrae. He found some reason to question the determination of the age by the scales alone. There should be a combination of all three kinds of study to determine the age with accuracy. If a large number of fish from any area are taken, you can almost determine how many years are repre- sented in the mass, and when the earbones, scales and vertebrae confirm this you can be certain as to the results. Mr. J. W. Titcoms, of New York: If I remember rightly, Dr. Hjort and our U. S. Bureau of Fisheries are agreed that the scales behind the pectoral fins, where there is no abrasion, are the ones to be used in determining the age. Dr. Prince: That is a very good point. There is a certain amount of wear and tear on the scales and they cannot be taken haphazard, but must be selected from parts where there is the least abrasion. On some fish the rings on the scales are so distinct and regular that the determination of the age is more easy in some species than in others. FRESH WATER MUSSELS AS A FISH FOOD. By D. LYDELL, Comstock Park, Michigan. During the time when the price of liver, etc., was almost prohibitive for feeding fish, we began the search for a substitute. We found tons of fresh-water clam meats going to waste along our rivers in Michigan, so conceived the idea of using them for fish food. Some of the fresh meat was taken to our hatcheries and ground up and the adult fish seemed to take it very readily, but it was impossible to get the fresh meat fine enough for our fry and fingerlings. Fresh clam meats do not keep for any length of time, and the season for collecting them covers only a few months in the summer, so we attempted to devise a way to preserve the meats for feeding throughout the year. Drying seems to be the only method. At first we dried a few of them in the sun, which is a very suc- cessful way, providing you do not have cloudy or rainy weather, in which case the clams will sour very shortly and be unfit for feeding. Several experiments and methods were tried, but the most practical and economical drier and one that can be moved to any point along the stream where the clams are collected, is a box-like arrangement 3 or 4 feet square, and 5 or 6 feet in height, fitted with trays made of quarter inch galvanized wire. These are filled with clams and set directly one above the other. An old-fashioned box stove is put in the bottom and fired with wood or coal, or refuse picked up along the stream. In this way the clams are dried in nice condition in about 20 hours. These clams, when thoroughly dried and stored away, will keep indefinitely. I have some here on exhibition that were dried in 1916. By placing them in warm water, they will return to their natural size in about 15 hours. The next problem was to get the clams fine enough for our small fish and grinding seemed to be the only method. After some experiments we found they could be ground up into a nice meal. This meal when put into hot water swells up very quickly, and a very little of it makes a large amount of food, and it is fine enough to feed to the smallest fry. 24 Lydell.—Fresh-W ater Mussels as Fish Food 25 Other experiments were then tried in regard to feeding the meal to our adult fish. This we accomplished by making a thick mush, similar to a corn-meal mush, simply by stirring the meal into boiling water slowly until the mush was as thick as it could possibly be stirred. This was set away to cool and then run through a grinding machine or a press, with holes in it the size of the food required. The food came through the press or grinder in wormlike masses. We found our adult fish would take this a great deal more readily than they did the ground up clams. REDUCING THE DEATH RATE AMONG OUR STOCK FISH. During the summer of 1918 and 1919, clam meal was the only food used to feed all of our fish at the Mill Creek Station, and the death rate has been reduced to a minimum. Not enough fish died in 1919 to justify us in keeping a record of them. Prior to 1918 the death rate among our stock fish, such as bass, blue- gills and perch, was always about 25%. From the Drayton Plains Hatchery, in Michigan, comes the following report: “T have lost less than 20% of my blue-gill breeders this season, where every season before we have lost 75% and I firmly believe that it is all due to clam meal diet. We have fed it almost clear to both the large and small fish, and they have certainly done well on it. J. L. Brass, Overseer.” At Mill Creek Station this season 89,000 blue-gills and 57,000 perch were raised to the fingerling stage. The last of these were distributed on October 4th, when they ranged from 11% to 5 inches in length. At first they were fed five times a day, but later only one feeding was given each day. CLAM MEAL AS A NATURAL FISH-FOOD PRODUCER. During the season of 1918, when our ponds were drawn down and being cleaned, I scattered about 25 pounds of clam meal around the shores of one pond. Several days after the ponds were re-filled with water, I noticed large quantities of crustacea, which seemed to be more abundant in this particular pond. Whether this was due to the clam meal, of course, we do not know. During the season of 1919, this experiment was carried further, part of our ponds were treated and the others were not. The 26 American Fisheries Society result seemed amazing, as though there was twice as much natural food in the ponds treated as in those not treated. Whether this natural food supply is increased, or simply fed by this meal, is a matter, I think, for science to decide. These are only some facts that have been discovered and jotted down to get information and provoke a discussion. Several tons of this food has been sold by Comstock Park Fish Food Company, and possibly some of the men that have been using it are present at this meeting. If so, I would appreciate hearing what success they have had, how the meal has been prepared for use, etc. The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, of Philadelphia, Pa., seems to be having great success in feeding it to their colony of white rats. They claim that their death rate has not only been reduced, but that their litters have been increased. Discussion. Mr. Geo. H. Grauam, of Massachusetts: I would like to ask Mr. Lydell if he ever fed this meal to trout or salmon. Mr. Lype.v: I have not had occasion to feed it to brook trout. We fed it exclusively to chinook salmon one season until they were about six inches in length. They did better than on liver and there were only thirteen deaths among 600 fish in one small pond. A MemBer: What is the difference between the cost of liver and this preparation? Mr. LypeE.t: I cannot say exactly, but this meal costs about ten cents a pound and we feed less than one-third as much of it as we would of the liver. Besides we can rear the fish better on it. Mr. GraHAM: To what other fish can it be fed? Mr. LypDELL: We have fed this food exclusively for two years to yellow perch and large- and small-mouth black bass. The mussels are shipped to us from the button factories. After they are dried they are stored in that condition. When we want them for food we put them in the dryer and then run them through the grinder, which is connected with a gasoline engine. Mr. GraHam: Is there any limit to the amount we can get? Mr. Lypet: I should judge that we could have secured forty or fifty tons within thirty miles of Grand Rapids. Mr. GRAHAM: What is the name of the company and are they now selling the meal? Mr. LypeLtt: The Comstock Park Fish Food Company is preparing now to handle the meal in a commercial way. (Mr. Lydell then exhibited samples of the dried mussels and various grades of the meal intended for use with fish of different sizes.) Lydell.—Fresh-W ater Mussels as Fish Food 27 Mr. G. C. Leacu, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. I believe the clam meal is a very good fish food. I have ordered fine clam meal and the whole clams with the intention of having five or six of our superintendents try them out in the way Mr. Lydell has described. We have used it in Washing- ton, under ideal conditions, with good success, feeding nothing else but clam meal, mixed with water into a thick mush. We fed salmon, brook, rainbow and steel-head trout, whitefish and perch. When the meal was dropped on the water some fish were quite wily, but later, when it had settled to the bottom, they sucked it up. At the stations where bass and other such fishes had been fed on beef heart they did not take readily to the dried clam, but I believe that they could have been trained to take it. We have not had a full report from the stations that have used the meal, so I cannot say as to the results, but in Washington we found it satisfactory. What results did you have, Mr. Seagle? Mr. Geo. A. SEAGLE, Wytheville, Va.: After feeding the young trout on beef heart and liver they did not take to the clam meal readily, but I believe that if we feed them on the meal first and nothing else they will take it readily enough. Mr. JoHN P. Woops, St. Louis, Mo.: I wish to give the benefit of some experience I had during the years 1914 to 1918. When seining our ponds in the summer time we took large numbers of crayfish. These were run through a grinder with stale bread and substituted for other fish food. When this could be had there was a great demand for the crayfish substitute. A MempBer: The grinder we use is the same as for grinding beef hearts. By using the fine plates and mixing with corn meal or low grade flour or shorts we get any desired length or thickness we desire. But I think that probably the greatest success with the clam meal, as Mr. Lydell suggests, is as food for Daphnia, by scattering it around the edges of the pond where it serves as food for the small organisms. Mr. LeacuH: We use crayfish a good deal at the Ocean Station, grinding it and mixing with low grade flour or shorts. It makes a very nice food. Pror. E. E. Prince, Commissioner of Fisheries of Canada: I believe the fish get rather tired of heart or liver when fed continuously, though it appears, as Mr. Seagle says, that they don’t take readily to new food when offered. But experiments in fishing show, in the east at any rate, that fish can be caught more readily by a change of food. For instance, if the fisher- men have been using soft-shell clams and then change to mussels they will do better. In one locality I know sea-anemones were used as a change and the boats using them caught more fish than the other boats, as though the novelty attracted the fish. But there is one thing about Mr. Lydell’s clam meal which I think note- worthy. It isa diet that embodies a variety of foods. The mussels contain liver, muscle tissue, connective tissue, etc., and I think such a mixed diet has much to do with the success of this food and the healthy character and growth of the fish. 28 American Fisheries Society Mr. N. R. BULLER, of Pennsylvania: I would like to inquire in this con- nection whether the increase of Daphnia in ponds in which this meal is scattered is not simply because the meal acts as a fertilizer. My impression is that the Daphnia feed on algae. In other words doesn’t this meal simply furnish ammonia and ammonium nitrate which could be as easily and more cheaply furnished by commercial fertilizers? Doesn’t it act only as a fertilizer? - Mr. LypDELL: That may be true. It is up to some one better versed in science than I am and I only know the results we obtained. In regard to the trouble experienced in feeding the clams to bass, I may say that if the whole clam is scalded and ground, you do not get the worm-like masses. The feet of the mussels are very hard and do not soften readily. By being pulverized in the dry condition and then soaked, that part is prepared so the fish will eat and relish it. An eighth of a teaspoonful of this finest meal put in a cup of hot water will make as fine a bouillon as you ever drank. Mr. Kityian, of Maryland: There is a preparation being manufactured from oysters at Hampton, Va., and sold under medical recommendation as human food. It is the very same proposition. a eS ee eee CHANGING FOOD CONDITIONS OF THE TROUT FAMILY. By JAMEs NEVIN, Wisconsin Conservation Commission, Division of Fishertes. FISH AND GAME WITHIN THE STATE ARE THE PROPERTY OF THE PEOPLE. The degree of success achieved in planting fish is determined by the conditions of the water in which they are planted. Some lakes and streams are more productive of fish and the life upon which the fish feed than others. The problem with which we are confronted is, how can those conditions be maintained? The farmer who sows and reaps without returning anything to the soil soon has a barren field. We have been planting fish in streams for years and the time has arrived when many of our streams cannot support greater numbers of game fish and the question to be solved is, what can be done to restore these streams to their former pristine conditions so they can be stocked to meet the increased demand? The principal food of large and small trout and which is in most all spring water fed streams, is the caddis or the May-fly larva. The May-fly larva lives under water and adheres to the stones on the bed of the stream till ready to emerge in the adult state. The caddis larva is a wormlike creature and looks as if it might be encased in bark from the tree or an alder bush. Then again, in most all of our spring water holes, where water-cress will ° grow, there will be found vast numbers of fresh water shrimp all along the stream clinging to roots, logs or stones as they drift along down the stream. These the fish feed upon. Brook trout prefer streams that contain hiding places and clear spring water with a maximum temperature of about 60°. In many of the counties of the state intensive farming has caused the removal of brush and trees from the banks of streams, destroy- ing the conditions that provided natural haunts for the fish. Many farmers set aside for pasture that portion of their farms through which the stream flows. Cattle and hogs wade and wallow in the stream, making it unfit for trout, with the con- sequence that the fish are driven away or die. After a heavy 29 30 American Fisheries Society rainfall, the wash from cultivated fields also makes the streams unfit for trout. It would be a good idea for farmers and others interested in fish and fish life to plant willow and tag alder along the streams, making shade for the fish. I have one trout stream in mind in Wisconsin that in years gone by attracted more sportsmen and men of note than any other. Some thirty years ago when visiting this stream, I observed that it was bordered by a dense forest of pine and hemlock trees. Trees frequently were found fallen across the stream and logs and brush formed pools—ideal hiding places for trout. Several well-to-do sportsmen from nearby cities bought small tracts of land along the stream and built elaborate summer homes and others built cottages, and in time there got to be quite a settlement along the stream. Practically all of the marketable timber had been cut, except the small areas that were privately owned and used as sites for summer homes. The time came when the sportsmen thought the river ought to be cleared of all brush and logs so they would be able to fish from the bank of the stream and also be more convenient to wade to catch the fish. All those having an interest in the stream got together and raised a sum of money to have the stream cleared of all logs and brush. A man was hired to do the work and the result was not what the sportsmen desired. The condition of the stream was so altered and the former haunts of trout removed, that today there is not one trout in the stream where formerly there were twenty. The man who cleaned the stream kept a resort and acted as guide for the accommodation of the many sportsmen who visited the stream each year. Two years ago he made the remark that he had been guilty of ruining his own business and the reputation of the stream by accepting the con- tract to clean out the river. He drove the fish away by destroying their hiding places. Personally, I do not feel that we are getting as good results from trout planting today as we did twenty or thirty years ago. In the earlier days when the streams were first stocked there was an abundance of insect life in the water, upon which the trout seemed to thrive and grow much faster and larger than they have in the past fifteen years. In the earlier times small fish, such as shiners and others, on which the larger trout fed, were more Nevin.—Changing Food Conditions of Trout 3l numerous. Then too, there were not as many fishermen in the early days to deplete the streams. With the automobile for transportation, a fisherman can cast his line in many trout streams during the day. The theory of some sportsmen that trout of fingerling size only should be planted to get the best results is not proven by the results of experience. Brook trout are cannibalistic and are not particular what variety of fish they eat. When fry are planted under instructions in the smaller streams their natural instincts prompt them to seek shelter from their enemies. If they are kept in the ponds and fed by the hand of man until they have reached some size and then turned loose, they have lost a part of their instinct and will not seek shelter when in danger. Hence they become an easy prey to their enemies. Twenty-five years ago the Wisconsin Commission planted 800 lake trout two years old and over, averaging in weight a pound or more, in Lake Mendota. The morning following the planting four of these trout were taken from the stomachs of pickerel that had been speared during the night by Mr. I. C. Troan. The trout taken from the pickerel were exhibited in Dunning & Sumner’s drug store, Mr. Dunning being at that time president of the Fish Commission. BROWN TROUT. The brown, or Lochlevin trout, is not native to this country, but was introduced some thirty years ago by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Through the Bureau of Fisheries various state com- missions secured limited quantities of eggs from which to grow a stock of breeders, these in turn to furnish a supply of eggs to produce fry with which to stock public waters. The brown trout is a very hardy and gamey fish and grows toa large size. As a table fish its eating qualities are surpassed by none. For a number of years we did not make much of an effort to propagate this particular species, as it was reported that the brown trout was cannibalistic and destructive to other fish. Our experience and observations do not bear out the report. They are no more destructive of fish than the brook trout or other species of trout. We have been planting from 100,000 to 500,000 each 32 American Fisheries Society year for the past twenty-five years; they were mixed and dis- tributed along with the brook trout fry; hence they can be found in most of the streams where brook trout were planted. The brown trout have thrived in many streams and a report has been received of a single fish being caught that weighed seventeen pounds. One fisherman caught three in one day, that weighed thirty-six pounds, from the Kinnickinnic River in Pierce County. The Kinnickinnic seems to furnish ideal conditions for this variety of fish and at present probably contains more brown trout than any other stream in the state. The demand for the brown trout for planting is constantly on the increase, more especially for the streams in the southern half of the state. Some people are of the opinion that the brook trout is not doing as well in our southern streams as formerly and are ordering brown trout to take their place. To meet the increased demand, we have endeavored to increase our stock of breeders. So far this season we have taken over 1,000,000 eggs, the most we have ever taken in one season. THE GREAT DECLINE OF THE OYSTER INDUSTRY IN CONNECTICUT AND RHODE ISLAND. By Henry C. Rowe. Daytonia Beach, Florida. The Oyster Industry of Connecticut and Rhode Island is progressing rapidly toward extinction. Between 1875 and 1881 a vast oyster farming industry was developed in the State of Connecticut, which furnished for over thirty years employment for thousands and food for millions. Later, the same men, who created the Connecticut enterprise, extended their operations into Rhode Island waters. During the past ten years, however, the industry in both of these States has been diminished by more than one-half and is rapidly declining toward the point from which it commenced more than forty years ago. We who devote our efforts to increase the production of food, must consider the reverses and disasters, as well as the successful enterprises, in order to intelligently point the way to a remedy. The public interest requires that the facts should be known, because the destruction of a great food producing industry is a public calamity, especially when the demand for food so much exceeds the supply that prices are more than double what they were four years ago. Should we not, therefore, consider the impending extinction of oyster production in these states, with the cause and the remedy, if it is not too late? It appears that more than one-half of those formerly engaged in the oyster industry in these two states have abandoned this occupation and that the product is now less than one-third what it was eight years ago. The official report of the Rhode Island Commission of Shell Fisheries for 1918 (page 45) shows that the total annual rental of oyster grounds was reduced in 1917 to $74,413. This was a decrease during five years from $135,000, being a loss of about 45%. According to a statement of Hon. Brayton A. Round, Clerk of Shell Fisheries, made in February, 1919, a still further decrease of rental occurred during the year 1918, so that the 33 34 American Fisheries Society decline in rental in six years was over $70,000 per year; and we learn from the office of Shell Fisheries that the cancellation of ground during the first nine months of the present year amounts to over $10,000, so that the business is now shrinking more rapidly than in any previous year, and the total decrease of annual rentals in less than seven years amounts to over $80,400, leaving an annual rental of $55,000, in place of $135,000 annual rental seven years ago. Mr. Round in his statement also shows that there was a shrinkage of over seventy-five per cent in the volume of product of oysters in six years. While the loss of revenue in Rhode Island alone will amount in ten years to over $800,000, this loss is of trifling importance compared with the destruction of a great food producing industry. In Connecticut the decrease in volume of product has been in greater proportion; in fact, the development and later decline of the industry preceded that in Rhode Island. It is impossible to secure exact figures, but it is safe to say that there are not one-fifth as many oysters on the grounds in Connecticut as there were eight years ago. In Connecticut the business was successful and prosperous until eleven years ago. How was this great industry started on its downward course? In 1908 the Governor of Connecticut, just before the close of his administration, violated gubernatorial precedents by issuing a special message recommending the exaction of a large increase of revenue from this industry. He afterwards explained to a Committee of the Connecticut Legislature that he did this because at a banquet at which some of the officials of Rhode Island were present, he learned that Rhode Island received much more revenue per acre from her oyster grounds than did Connecticut. His superficial investigation did not extend to the primary fact that in Rhode Island the state owns the oyster grounds, whereas in Connecticut the state had sold the grounds over thirty years before and naturally should not expect as much revenue from what the state does not own as Rhode Island might expect from grounds which she owns and leases to planters. His message urged that Connecticut follow the policy of Rhode Island in exacting a heavy direct revenue on oyster grounds. That policy has proved ruinous to the industry in both states. As many of the Connecticut politicians knew that the oyster growers of Rowe.—Decline of Oyster Industry 35 Connecticut had but few votes with which to defend their interests, some of them were ready to follow the lead of a Governor whose policy might be good politics but was not good statesmanship, and for the past ten years, the assessments on oyster grounds in Connecticut have been made, in many cases, at five and ten times their market value, although the fair market value is all that is sanctioned by the law. During the same period chemical manufacturing wastes have been discharged into the waters of the state in greatly increased quantity, with the result that the embryo oysters have been destroyed, together with swimming fish, in vast quantities, so that the set of embryo oysters for several successive years has been practically a failure. Under such unfavorable conditions, public policy dictated that the industrial wastes should have been kept out of the waters, and that a great food producing industry should have been fostered and encouraged. Instead of such an enlightened and intelligent policy, this time was chosen to unjustly and unlawfully exact from the oyster farmers a great amount of direct revenue, thus “‘killing the goose that laid the golden eggs.” Rhode Island followed the same short-sighted policy by increas- ing her revenue per acre from oyster grounds. It was proposed, several years ago, to add a tax amounting to thirty or forty per cent of the rentals to the revenue from oyster grounds. The writer pointed out to the Tax Commissioner of Rhode Island that the industry was already carrying “‘more than the traffic would bear” and that if any considerable increase was enacted, the industry would decline so that the state would receive less annually at the end of five years than it would if no increases were made. In view of the facts which the writer presented to the Tax Commissioner at that time, the proposed increase was reduced from thirty or forty per cent, as at first planned, to ten per cent, but even that proved too much, and instead of increasing the revenue, it is now less than one-half what it was when the increase of rate was enacted. The prediction of the writer was thus more than fulfilled. The same difficulty exists also in Rhode Island as in Connecticut by reason of the discharge of industrial waste into the waters of the state, and the failure of the state authorities to police and 36 American Fisheries Society protect the oyster grounds so that oyster propagators, who expend many hundred of thousands of dollars yearly in propagating or planting oysters, lose much of the fruits of their labor through depredations of a class who do not expend anything to produce shell fish or any other crop, but depend for their livelihood upon catching the natural products of the waters, supplemented by what they can secure by trespass upon the thickly planted grounds of oyster planters. Production cannot continue where depredation is not suppressed. In 1916 the writer presented a paper to this Society in which he pointed out the result which must follow such a policy as was then being pursued by the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. At that time, oyster grounds, to the extent of thousands of acres, were being abandoned because they were being assessed at five to ten times what they would bring in the market. In that paper it was shown that oyster grounds that were assessed at five thousand dollars were publicly offered for sale for $500 and even $250. The oyster farmers were thus wrongfully deprived of many thousands of acres of land under forms of law, but which were really confiscation. The owners were forced to give up their lands rather than to pay the taxes that were exacted. These lands had been bought for cash from the state, and taxes paid upon them for thirty years, but they were practically confiscated by the state. The same official who in 1908 assessed a piece of ground at between eight and nine thousand dollars, assessed it in 1914 for $128,938, more than fourteen times what he had assessed it atin 1908. The rule of assessment, according to law, on both of these dates was the “fair market value,’’ and it was worth much less in 1914 than in 1908. This is only one illustration of many hundreds in which oppressive injustice was inflicted upon the oyster farmers. Not only was the law violated with reference to assessments, but the rate of taxation was doubled, so that it is now twenty mills on the dollar of valuation, and oyster grounds three miles from land, that can enjoy none of the protection or benefits of city government, are required to pay more than real estate in the centre of a populous city! Rowe.—Decline of Oyster Industry 37 The oyster growers were unjustly deprived of the police which they paid for by special tax, and were compelled to go to each legislature and refute misrepresentations intended to procure additional legislation against them. They were persecuted by short-sighted politicians, so that a large number of those formerly engaged in the business have abandoned it entirely, others have sold out their interests and many of the leading firms have removed their business partly or wholly from the state, and their capital is being transferred to other lines of investment. Farmers on land are encouraged and assisted by federal and state appropriations of many millions of dollars annually. Swimming fish are propagated for the benefit of the fisherman and the angler, at great expense, by both state and federal govern- ments. Is it then public policy to make impossible the work of the oyster farmer, who at great labor and expense produces his own crops without assistance, and pays a large revenue besides? The writer believes that public policy requires that steps should be taken to revive the oyster industry in these states before it becomes practically extinct, and that the influence of the members of this Society will be exerted in this direction. The oyster farmers no longer expect or ask for prosperity, but public policy requires that this industry should at least be allowed to continue to exist and to produce food, of which the nation and the world are so much in need. THE NECESSITY OF STATE LEGISLATION IN THE CON- SERVATION OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. By A. F. Sutra, U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. In an attempt to adequately preserve the very valuable fresh- water mussel resources of our streams the two expedients, ustially resorted to in such cases, have been advocated and to a certain extent practiced: (1) artificial propagation and planting, and (2) protection by legislative enactment. All of you are, no doubt, somewhat familiar with the work of artificial mussel propagation carried on by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, through its Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa. The successful results of this work are apparent, and experiments in the rearing of mussels under control to a sufficient size for making definite plants on particular bottom areas, have been successfully carried out on a small scale, and give promise of far-reaching results. Yet it must be stated that the main dependence for a continued supply of mussels must be placed upon sufficient and wise pro- tecting laws, which can be furnished only by the states concerned. The protection of mussels is not a new subject and its need has been repeatedly emphasized. (Coker, 1914 and 1916). (Smith, 1919).* My object in the present paper is to detail what the states have already done in making the necessary provisions and to outline what still remains to be done. The first move for protective measures resulted in a conference at Madison, Wis., in 1914, participated in by representatives of the Bureau of Fisheries, state officials from Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois and Iowa, and other interested persons. At this con- ference a bill was drawn up and endorsed, the principal features of which provided for a size limit on the mussels, a limitation on the manner and means of capture, a license fee for resident and * “The Protection of Fresh-Water Mussels,’’ by R. E. Coker. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 793. 1914. “The Utilization and Preservation of Fresh-Water Mussels,’’ by R. E. Coker. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. December, 1916. “‘Fresh-Water Mussels: A Valuable National Resource Without Suf- ficient Protection,’’ by Hugh M. Smith. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Eco- nomic Circular No. 438, 1919. 38 Shira.—State Legislation for Fresh-Water Mussels 39 non-resident clammers and, what is most important, a provision permitting the state to close certain portions of its waters to commercial clamming for a period of years to permit natural recuperation and artificial replenishment of the beds. This bill also provided for reciprocal action between states with reference to boundary waters. This measure was immediately enacted by Minnesota and in a modified condition, by Illinois. During the past year the measure has been favorably acted upon by Wisconsin and Iowa, so there are now four Mississippi River states with quite uniform mussel laws in all essential features. These states are to be congratulated on their far-sighted policy and their praiseworthy action should lead to closer co-operation in the future, and should be a stimulus to other states confronted with the same problems. Adequate and early action in the protection of mussels is most urgent and necessary because of the peculiar conditions involved. Owing to their rather sedentary habits they are subjected to capture to an unusual degree. A stream may become so depleted that it will no longer support a regular fishery and the last professional sheller may leave it for more productive fields. Instead, however, of being left to recuperate, the remaining mussels are subjected to haphazard and sporadic methods of fishery by persons in various walks of life until they are reduced to the last degree of exhaustion. During times of very low water, persons gather the mussels wantonly, or in search for pearls, discarding the shells. These small quantities of shells mean that in the aggregate a large amount of valuable raw material is unused and wasted. Not only this, it means the removal of nearly the last remnant of mussel life for procreation. A suitable license fee and proper law enforcement will largely do away with such practices and shelling will only take place when it can be conducted profit- ably from a commercial standpoint. The effect of this has been shown in the states where the protective provision has been in force. As stated above, one of the most important measures for the conservation of mussel life is that feature which makes pro- vision for the closing of streams or sections of streams to clamming for a period of years. The fresh-water mussel is a comparatively slow growing animal and the extensive mussel beds that once 40 American Fisheries Society flourished in our streams and lakes were not established in a short period of time. Consequently it cannot be expected that the resources can be perpetuated by artificial propagation and half- way methods of protection. While the Bureau of Fisheries is at present carrying on the propagation work over a large territory, the protection is in itself purely a function of the individual states. Concerted action between the states is necessary for the best interests of all. The Bureau has and is at present carrying on its work where the beds are being worked and reworked by clammers. As a result the young mussels are subjected not only to the naturally destructive agencies, but also to the injuries imposed by the implements of capture. The provision for closing certain waters to commercial shelling makes it possible to conduct the work of artificial planting under most propitious and favorable conditions, and to note to a certain extent the results that are being obtained. The practical application of this closing feature may be illus- trated by the work that is being done in Minnesota waters. Lake Pokegama, in Pine County, Minnesota, supported a good mussel fishery up to a few years ago, when the beds were brought to a condition bordering on depletion. During this fishery probably more and finer pearls were taken from this lake, for its size, than from any other body of water in the country. On this evidence of depletion the Minnesota Game and Fish Commission closed the lake to commercial fishing for a period of four years and, since this closing, the Bureau of Fisheries has carried on the artificial propagation of mussels, and I may say in this connection that there is evidence that the mussels are on the increase as a result. As a further evidence of the value of the protective measure and its practical working, the Minnesota and Wisconsin Com- missions are going to confer relative to closing certain portions of the Mississippi River bordering on the two states. Such a conference is also going to take place between the Commissions of Illinois and Iowa. Further, in line with the above, the state of Iowa is preparing to close certain of its interior streams, such as the Iowa, Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, to commercial shelling for a period of + acl saat a iit aa: Shira.—State Legislation for Fresh-Water Mussels 41 years, the details of the closing to be based primarily upon informa- tion obtained by the Bureau of Fisheries for the purpose. With the action of these states as a guide, it is hoped and confidently expected that other states such as Missouri, Arkansas, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, etc., which are so vitally concerned with the preservation of mussels, will take a cor- responding interest and action. The whole-hearted and co-operative action of the four states above mentioned with reference to the preservation of mussels presages a different policy in dealing with our natural resources in the future. What has been and is being done for the mussels can be made applicable to fishes as well. Concerted and uniform action, when possible, should be the rule. Once problems are thoroughly threshed out, obstacles to uniform action, that once seemed to be insurmountable, slowly fade away. Efforts of the Bureau of Fisheries to develop interest in the conservation of mussels have met a cordial response from state officials, button manufacturers and commercial shellers, when they have once realized the seriousness of conditions and the consequent loss to the country. 42 American Fisheries Society EDITORIAL. Prizes for Special Contributions. For the past two years the Society has offered prizes for contributions of special merit. At the last annual meeting a prize of $100 was awarded to Mr. Lewis Radcliffe, of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, for his paper on “Fishery Products Laboratories Afford the Greatest Promise of Relief of Unsolved Problems Affecting Commercial Fisheries.” Mr. Radcliffe’s paper appears as the leading article in this number of the TRANSACTIONS. It is the intention of the Society to continue the offer of prizes for the present year under three heads, as formerly: 1. For the contribution showing the greatest advance in practical fish cultural work. 2. For the best contribution to biological work connected with fish problems in general. 3. For that which offers the greatest promise of the solution of problems affecting commercial fisheries work. It is expressly stipulated that the papers offered in competition for prizes shall be in the hands of the Secretary at least one month in advance of the date of the annual meeting of the Society, in order that the Committee on Awards may have time for careful consideration of the papers. This means that such contributions in 1920 should be submitted before August 20th. Papers previously published, or those intended for publication elsewhere than in the TRANSACTIONS are not admitted to compe- tition and the Society reserves the right to reject all the papers in any class if none of them is considered of sufficient importance to merit the award. Editorial 43 Changes in the By-Laws. The most important of these provide for two new classes of members. 1. Any sporting or fishing club, or society, firm or corporation, upon the payment of an annual fee of five dollars, may become a member of the Society and entitled to all its publications. 2. Any state board or commission, upon the payment of an annual fee of ten dollars, may become a member of this Society and entitled to all its publications. The first of these By-Laws makes it possible for fishing clubs, or for firms dealing in fish or in fishermen’s and angler’s supplies, to contribute to the support of this Society which, for the past fifty years, has taken a leading part in furthering the sport of the angler and the production and propagation of fish upon which the industries of many dealers and manufacturers are based. It is hoped that many such clubs and firms may see fit to give their financial support to this Society which has contributed so greatly to their pleasure or welfare. As the various state commissions have profited in many ways by the work of the Society, an opportunity is offered for such as are in a position to do so, to contribute financial aid. Executive Secretary. A further change in the By-Laws abol- ishes the offices of Corresponding Secretary and Editor and com- bines the duties of these offices with certain others in the office of Executive Secretary. CONTENTS PAGE Fishery Products Laboratories Afford the Greatest Promise of Relief of Unsolved Problems Affecting Commercial |B TS\ 1512 SMD Gs OR aie Pap POAC I SN Lewis Radcliffe 3 vie Aarowen OfBashes. ah oot. ete ere A. G. Huntsman 19 Changing Food Conditions of the Trout Family. .James Nevin 24 Fresh-Water Mussels as a Fish Food............... D. Lydell 29 The Great Decline of the Oyster Industry in Connecticut and hose Fsiamg) iii) To ee a ie Pca Henry C. Rowe 33 The Necessity of State Legislation in the Conservation of Fresh-Water Musselsio 2.3. care Siecle sie A. F. Shira 38 Editorial— Prizes for, Special Contributions. .) .. . 2. 222 ea ee 42 Changes. in the By-Laws. 300.00) .)o. sos so. oes ee eee 43 vm r ‘ = ~~ rhino TRANSACTIONS AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY MARCH, 1920/— Published Quarterly by the American Fisheries Society at Columbus, Ohio Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, under the Act of August 24, 1912 Che American Hisheries Soriety Organized 1870 Incorporated 1910 Officers for 1919-1920 PESTO OMEN Oey Ieee igre Wale, URL e Cartos AvErY, St. Paul, Minn. Vice-Prestdent: 2. cece ccs. NATHAN R. Butter, Harrisburg, Pa. Executive Secretary......... RamonpD C. Ospurn, Columbus, Ohio Recording Secretary.....05002. 0.3 Joun P. Woops, St. Louis, Mo. DTEISUPEM Eaten eo a Gia sieea ain A. L. Mititett, Gloucester, Mass. Hice-Presitients of Divisions PASH CUTE No Ae de RL Mes wnat James Nevin, Madison, Wis. Aquatic Biology and Physics....... Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIl. Commercial Fishing. .....J. ASAKIAH WILLIAMS, Tallahassee, Fla. VA PLAC Noe deh ieee tales Joun M. Crampton, New Haven, Conn. Protection and Legislation......... J. G. NEEDHAM, Ithaca, N. Y, Executive Committee GEC PACH CUCIFING I NIUE ae Nan Withana oe Washington, D. C. A AM OG NDD U eMac aT MOM LSB OME WS Sana Mag Ottawa, Canada UV NEDO ES AR LCG See WANED ip Ak abs An ML CY a Lacrosse, Wis. TURD RAND EA or 0/8 YR Ga RRR Baltimore, Md. GEOMESIGRREAM IN hop er Ute err, BAe San Springfield, Mass. DP WiGH EYELET On Uae eee LT a Ue Comstock Park, Mich. Dp ET IIA UE Se ee RB a RL a RRL AN RS Hi Seattle, Wash. Commitier on Foreign Relations GEORGE SHIRAS, Chairman. ........0c00e000: Washington, D. C. 1 ANG, Sa Gs PARR MO Pe NA ey A BURA SRC RONEE Net Washington, D. C. RAMEE ATA RES LR Csi Otte Pe ein wl SiMe tae Glare atlas aksas Boston, Mass. STAIRS SVE ETC teh Cpa Pagel Me hayate Ais etre lope’ Adela yee Ottawa, Canada PODWARD TE. VP RINGH ON UU sue, CNM n Cui y Ui VD | Ottawa, Canada Committee on Relations with National and State Gourrnments TIEN ERM COVERT EM isl einai eos oo hah akoliche Wepencieratane le Seattle, Wash. NY 000 ORE A se. Oia aA NVM OR at a PA ADC LO 9 Portland, Ore. JACOB MREIGHARD ne ise. ne ait ciceiele e eeielewe Ann Arbor, Mich. HSA 4 Dees BS, Obes sf ot Sea ay PERCE PTR CO PA Quebec, Canada (GEORGE'A: GEAGLE NZ eis sulk ela ae) o alnlerers ebay Wytheville, Va. Publication Conunitice Raymonp C. OsBURN BASHFORD DEAN Joun T. NIcHOLS <—e Se TRANSACTIONS of the American Fisheries Society “To promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish.” VOLUME XLIX NUMBER 2 1919-1920 Edited by Raymond C. Osburn MARCH, 1920 Published Quarterly by the Society COLUMBUS, OHIO CONTENTS PAGE PEORCCCNIINS 2 et hy ay ce me ner mr ae ck eee 47-71 Report Or. wae: Treasurer. 2. 8a te: Se 48 Report of the Corresponding Secretary................ 49 Report of the Committee on University Courses in Fish Sra tire oak ef Sie ae ee es ee ne 50 Appointment of Committees... +a .4..05- 26. ee 54 Report of Committee on Time and Place of Meeting.... 56 Report‘ot Auditins Committees: 5..c...2 6.42 ee 57 Report; of Committee on Awards... <..<.22.. 4523s 64 Report of Committee on Resolutions...............%.. 65 Changes in the Constitution. . scene 68 Report of the Committee on Wesniunteas haloes se eee 69 The Prime Essential in Commercial Fish Conservation, William K. Mollan 72 he (Chesapeake: Baye. wee. 228 tees ae Talbot Denmead 78 Raising Freshwater Mussels in Enclosures....Roy S. Corwin 81 Beneficial Results of the Introduction of Plant Life in Trout Ponds at the New Jersey State Fish Hatchery, Chas. O. Hayford 85 ‘The Preservation of the Alewife........... David L. Belding 92 PROCEEDINGS of the American Fisheries Society Forty-Ninth Annual Meeting Louisville, Ky., October 8th, 9th and 10th, 1919 Headquarters, Seelbach Hotel Opening Session, Wednesday Morning, October 8th, 1919. The meeting was called to order by the President, Hon. M. L. Alexander, Conservation Commissioner of Louisiana. Hon. Edward J. McDermott, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of Kentucky, was then introduced and welcomed the Society to Louisville and Kentucky in a pleasing address. Hon. W. H. Killian, Conservation Commissioner of Maryland, was called upon to respond to the address of welcome. A short business meeting followed. Owing to the defection of the stenographer who took the report of the earlier sessions, the exact record of the proceedings with all of the discussion, has been lost, up to the afternoon session of October 9th. Fortunately, certain matters were preserved in the hands of the officers of the Society and among these were the reports of the Treasurer and Corresponding Secretary, the list of new members elected, etc. 47 48 American Fisheries Society REPORT OF THE TREASURER. GLouCcESTER, Mass., Sept. 27, 1919. To the American Fishertes Soctety: I herewith submit my annual report as Treasurer from the meeting in September, 1918, to the 27th of September, 1919. RECEIPTS. Balances FeCRSUn Yeas a fo Sse ee ee Eee Se ee $142.59 Annual dues: ORICON er ars ie pena eee ER or $ 2.00 GPS VOO tet Bleecker BGR earl OPS eet eee Re ee ee 8.00 ROE GOAT IO nna o 5. Sais Woe Ras cae ane 18.00 Mor wear 191G oe ee oe aes ees ee 36.00 BOP Vea IQR Rios Fae ce ee 48.00 ar year Sisco tccte 5 orn COR RON ee 602.00 RON VORP IOlO ee Oe Ar, ce ee ee 36.00 Bar year 1990) c5 0 chat Cee Oe A ete 6.00 —— $756.00 SSIES Oe TANSACHIONS . .1.+eus. ose e nee eee 169 Presidents, Terms of Service and Place of Meeting.......... 170 Honorary ‘Members: oc s.oas cca a oe en ae ec ieee bral IPACPOMS fecte ys 2 tc tigt ot3 eck clea ene nee ee 172 Correspondine. Members.ne. 28s eek cen ae ee 172 INCtavie Miembersitsi ict nc pokeheeas cote een et ae 174 Members Admitted at Meeting, September, 1920........... 185 Neca pitulatro me hac cute chem neo ene ne cre 185 BGnshitinttomen cies bee eco nea ih eR CO ee ee 187 A WORD ABOUT FLORIDA’S FISH AND HER FISHERIES. By J. ASAKIAH WILLIAMS, Shell Fish Commissioner of Florida. Man, in his earlier stages of existence, found nature a free storehouse from which he could draw at will. As population increased, the demands upon this storehouse increased. Then there came a time when the demand exceeded the available supply and man began to assist in his own support by conserving what he had on hand and by improving on nature, making ‘“‘two blades of grass grow where only one grew before.’”’ To encourage such assistance, personal property rights became a rule of society. As men increased in numbers and greater demands were made upon nature’s storehouse, 1t was found necessary to conserve further, and the laying hen was not killed, the sow heavy with pig was spared. Thus again was nature further assisted. But man, fulfilling God’s command to “replenish the earth,’’ became in some localities so numerous that even with this assistance, nature’s storehouse was failing in its supply. Especially was this true in the fish of the streams, the game of the woods, the useful trees of the forest. Then society exercised its sovereign power over its nature’s storehouse and passed regulations concerning the taking of the same. Education as to the necessity for conservation is, of course, a forerunner of all conservation measures, and the enforcement of such measures is dependent to a large extent upon such education. Sometimes even our trial judges and prosecuting attorneys, learned in the law, fail to sympathize with conservation measures. Where there are such judges and attorneys, it is difficult to get convictions for violations of the law. It is needless to say that these men are honest and learned, yet they are ignorant of the reasons for and need of such laws. Fortunately, there are but few such judges and attorneys. Conservation laws are curtailments of a man’s natural privileges for the good of the majority. The taking of fish and game when not forbidden by law is not evil per se, because society has not seen 159 160 American Fisheries Society fit to regulate the taking. But where society has undertaken to regulate it, then the taking contrary to such regulations is evil per se; the community has exercised its sovereign power over its own property. ‘‘Thou shalt not steal,’’ and he who violates society’s regulations for taking from nature’s storehouse, to his own advantage, steals from the rest of the community. Experience has shown that conservation laws are necessary and that to get the best enforcement of such laws it also is necessary to remove (as far as is possible) from localities affected and from local politics, the power of such enforcement. Such laws have failed of enforcement where left to sheriffs and county police officers. A state head has been found to get the best results. The best possible protection and benefit to the fishing industries comes from state supervision. By this means, local conditions do not bias enforcement of the laws, and enforcement throughout the state is uniform. At the same time, the head is sufficiently close to be in touch with all circumstances arising and to familiarize itself with the peculiar conditions of each stream, lake, bay, and river. For these reasons a state control is the best solution so far found. Federal aid and assistance should be had upon request and by way of suggestion, but not by right of authority, for the reason that a federal head would be too far removed, and it would be far more difficult to regulate and legislate for each locality so as to conserve, and at the same time draw, to the greatest extent consistent with conservation. Through ignorance and procrastination, a calamity has been and is being wrought upon us by the wanton destruction of our fish, game and timber in the greater portion of our country. At last, and too late for the pigeon and buffalo, a few of the states have awakened and have adopted good conservation laws, well enforced, for fish, game and forest. Other states are rousing from their slumber and have some kind of conservation laws, more or less enforced, for game. Fewer still have laws for fish, and a very few for forests. Our Florida laws governing fresh-water fish are not worthy of the name. Such as they are, they are under the county police officers for enforcement; and that means no enforcement except occasionally in some localities. A large number of the counties Williams. —Florida’s Fish and her Fisheries 161 have local fresh-water laws, passed without scientific or working knowledge, and the results are unsatisfactory. Our salt-water fishing legislation covers a period of many years without any general repealing act. As a result, it is almost impossible to tell what laws govern in many instances, and we have laws galore, probably 150 pages, ordinary book size. At the last session of the Legislature a general bill covering all needful legislation, (some 30 pages), and repealing all other laws on the subject, was introduced, but for want of time for discussion when it came up for passage and because of ignorance of its need and of its provisions, and also because of politics, its passage was prevented. Such a law would have been greatly beneficial to Florida. We will get it next time. There are indications of a coming conflict in Florida between those interested in sport fishing and those engaged in commercial fishing. The sport fishermen are backed in their demands for waters in which commercial fishing shall be prohibited, by our coast cities and towns, which receive many tourists during the winter season; while the commercial fishermen are backed by the fish dealers of the state. There are fish in abundance for both and the solution to this problem must soon be had, for it would be a great detriment to commercial fishing industries if large sections of the state were unnecessarily closed to net fishermen. For the purpose of this discussion, Florida’s fishing will be divided into— (1) Fresh-water fish. (2) Salt-water fish, under which heading we include all fish except those that live in the fresh waters only. For convenience, the salt water fish will be divided further into— (a) Shore fish, or those fish usually taken in bays and inshore waters; and (b) Deep-sea fish. From a commercial standpoint, Florida’s fresh waters furnish large quantities of cat, perch, bream, and big-mouth bass. Each kind furnishes a supply in about the order named. As large as this commercial fishing is, it is but about half of what it should be. The rainfall of our state is great, hence we have numerous rivers, lakes and streams. The climate is subtropical, hence fish food abounds. By reason of mistaken ideas, there are many local 162 American Fisheries Society conservation laws prohibiting from being fished, except with hook and line, many lakes which should yield large quantities of fish for commercial purposes without injury to sport. Now I wish to be clearly understood. Where sport fishing and commercial fishing conflict to the extent that the angler is deprived of his sport, and there is a demand for such sport, I stand for sport fishing in preference to commercial fishing. Sport fishing tends to clean living and good health. It is a sport enjoyed by old and young, male and female; and these are things much to be desired by the state for its citizens and to be much more highly prized than gold and silver. Yet in our state there are many lakes and rivers closed to all but hook and line fishing, upon which but little sport fishing is done. Again, the supply of fish in other waters is far greater than necessary for the angler, and in such cases the larger fish eat the smaller ones and, growing wise with age, refuse to take the hook and there is poor sport in fishing such waters. In many waters now closed, much valuable fish might be taken by trap and other such devices, so constructed as to permit the escape (or the return alive and uninjured, to the water) of all small fish, the waters being so fished as not to destroy or injure the fishes food or their breeding grounds. In Lake Okechobee much destruction of food fish is wrought by commercial fishermen. This lake is about 55 miles in diameter and yields enormous quantities of food fish. It is said to have yielded $3,000,000 annually in catfish alone for several years. Seines a thousand yards long or more are used. The catch is held until the cats are skinned and weighed. The dealers prefer the cats and, to encourage cats only to be taken, foolishly limit the quantity of perch, croppie, bream and bass to be taken to, say, 20 pounds of scale fish to 100 pounds of cats. After weighing up the cats, the quantity of scale fish permissible is saved from the catch and the remainder is thrown dead overboard or, more often, cut up and used to bait another section of the lake to be seined hours later. This doubtless shocks you, as it does me. This practice is not generally known throughout the state. It must cease, for it is a crime against civilization, but we now have no law to prevent such acts, owing to our pernicious local laws. Our salt-water shore fishes consist of shell and scale fish. We have in shell fish the scallop clam, which is not commercialized, Williams.—Florida’s Fish and her Fisheries 163 yet I am of the opinion that in some of our waters they are of sufficient quantities to be profitably taken. In commercial importance, the oyster ranks first among our shell fish. In many of our brackish waters they are found in paying quantities. Appalachicola has probably the largest natural oyster beds south of the Chesapeake. There oysters grow rapidly and to a great size. They are fat throughout the year, being eaten at all times by the citizens of the country. Probably one of the largest known clam beds of the world is on the southwest coast of Florida. It is some five miles wide and fifteen miles long. Two large, modern, sanitary canning factories operate there throughout the year. Of our scale fish, the mullet is by far the most important from a commercial and economic viewpoint. Commercially, it con- stitutes almost one half of all our scale fish industries; and economically it is the cheapest as well as one of our best fish. There are two distinct varieties: (1) The common mullet, which is always with us; and (2) The silver mullet, which visits our shores in the spring to spawn. The common mullet (Mugil cephalus) spawns in the fall. There are reasons for believing that this mullet should be further divided into two separate classes, one of which lives in the fresh waters, only going to the salt waters for spawning. This type appears to be darker along the back and to have a blunter snout. To those of you who are scientific, I suggest that here is a field for investigation. Before passing from mullet, I wish to say that we have a closed season on them from November 20th to January 20th for the east and south-west coasts of Florida, the time during which they mainly spawn. Recently on a trip along the east coast, I was informed that there are enough mullet now, about two years old, (too small to be taken this year, but which will be large enough for next season) to supply our catch for the next five years. As important to us (and also to North Carolina) as the mullet are, there has been, so far as I know, but little investigation of their habits, haunts, food, and manner of reproduction, either by individuals, by the state, or by the federal government, not- withstanding they are a shore fish. 164 American Fisheries Society We made some investigations concerning their reproduction during the fall of 1918. The Florida Shell Fish Commission caused one of its deputies, C. H. Nesley (who claimed to have had some thirty years experience in artificial hatching) to make experi- ments. From other sources and from his reports, we know the following to be true: (1) Mullet when ripe, by handling give forth freely both eggs and milt. (2) The eggs are not adhesive, but separate freely. (3) The eggs are heavier than salt water. (4) Their eggs have been artificially taken and fertilized and within ten minutes thereafter have been found to be greatly increased in size. I beg to refer you for details to the Third Biennial Report of the Shell Fish commission, pages 29, 30, 31 and 32. Owing to the fact that some fishermen of that section (who are densely ignorant) made statements, at the request of a design- ing politician, to the effect that this Charles Nesley never hatched any mullet, some question has arisen whether he really obtained the results which he has claimed. Yet some of these same fisher- men have informed me, by mouth and by letter, that the eggs so taken and fertilized grew in ten minutes to be ten times as large as when they were stripped from the fish, and that they personally had not seen anything further of the operations. Nesley knew how to hatch fish. After this experiment, I had him hatch shad on the St. John’s River. We purchased the jars and he erected the outfit. I saw the eggs hatching, and have some of the fish preserved. Before he made the investigation, Nesley was of the opinion that mullets spawned in fresh waters only. A change in his convictions is, in my opinion, an inward evidence that his report is worthy of acceptance. In the next place the small per cent of ripe mullet found with the catch of roe mullet was exceedingly small in comparison with our expectations; and, again, this in my opinion is an inward evidence of truthfulness and reliability. Again, he had no motive for deception. He is careful of his reputation as a fish culturist and he knew that his reputation was at stake. For the reasons given I would be pleased, when I have finished, to have a discussion on these questions: Se eee Williams —Florida’s Fish and her Fisheries 165 (1) Where fish eggs can be stripped easily, are non-adhesive, are heavier than water, and when fertilized readily ‘“‘set up,”’ becoming many times larger than when stripped, is it probable that such eggs can be hatched by artificial methods? (2) Could they probably be hatched by the method which Nesley claims to have proved? Before passing, I must say a few words concerning investiga- tions made by me regarding turtle. In Florida we have four varieties of sea turtle. In commercial importance, the green turtle (which is vegetarian) ranks first. Next in commercial value is the bastard turtle, which appears, in flavor, habits and form, to be a cross between the green and loggerhead turtles, although in my opinion it is a distinct species. However, I have no knowledge as to this. Then we have loggerhead turtles, which are flesh eaters. Their flesh is coarse and strong and is eaten by the natives, but has only a local commercial value. We also have tortoise-shell turtle, but they are rare. Heretofore it has been held that the green turtle laid only in the West Indies. But from investigations I have made, I find they deposit their eggs also on the coast of Florida. A turtle lays from 60 to 110 eggs at a laying. They commence laying in April or May and continue to lay until August or Sep- tember. Upon the opening a turtle ready to deposit its eggs I found eggs shelled ready for laying; other eggs about grown, but unshelled; and still others in the earlier stages. Turtles lay on moonlight nights and also on dark nights. It is my opinion that they lay once every two weeks during the season. Once ready to deposit her eggs, the mother turtle cautiously approaches the beach and, protruding her head above water, looks and listens. If any unusual sight is seen, or unusual sound is heard, she draws back her head and goes back to sea to approach the beach at some other point. After being satisfied that there is no danger, she crawls upon the beach at some point above high tide and first usually stirs up the ground in several different places. Then with her hind flippers she digs a hole about eighteen inches deep—remarkably deep considering the length of her flippers. In this hole she deposits her eggs, allin a pile. Then she covers them up and again, for five feet all around, turns up the sand so as to conceal from man or beast the exact location of the nest. Having 166 American Fisheries Society thus camouflaged the nest before and after depositing the eggs, she makes for the sea. It is while laying that turtles are generally taken. The hunter, finding them out on the beach, turns them on their backs and they become powerless. The nest is deep enough not to be overheated by the sun’s rays or chilled by the waters of the sea. An examination by day or night will show a warm, even temperature, the nest being just a little less heated than is a hen’s nest. How the turtle in the first place ever found out that, in a hole eighteen inches deep and just above high tide, the heat of the sun and the cool of the sea would mingle and keep a steady temperature that would hatch her eggs and save her the trouble of sitting on the nest, is to mea mystery. The fame of Florida’s citrus fruits are known the world over. Fancy concerning them fills the minds of those who have not seen them and Florida is justly famous for them. But Florida’s fishing industries are even greater; and when the superior quality of her fish become better known and her fishing operations are wisely conducted, improved and extended, they will increase many times in value. Recently one packer showed me his books and from his records we found that the fish he handled had brought gross to his firm a sum that, when added to what the carriers received for carrying the fish, amounted to about one and one half million dollars for one year. We have in Florida about 100 fish packing firms, of which some twenty each handle as much fish as this particular firm. One dealer once told me that he had on a certain day paid two men $800. for their week’s hook-and-line catch of fish. If you will pardon the digression, I will tell what befell me and what I learned within the last week, which illustrates the hospitality of a native Florida fisherman and his success. A deputy was accompanying me on an inspection tour of his district. We were traveling by auto. He was mistaken as to the quantity of gasoline we had and about eleven o’clock at night, when seven miles from any hotel or similar institution, the gas gave out. My deputy said he knew a fisherman who lived near, a Mr. Carver, who was doubtless out fishing. ‘‘This man,’ he said, ‘‘has an outhouse with two single cots in it. We will go there and take charge.’’ Following his suggestion, I found things Williams —Florida’s Fish and her Fisheries 167 as he had described them. The outer door was unfastened. In we went and to bed. Before day in came the fisherman and, to his astonishment and evident delight, he found us in his beds, one on each cot. I offered to relinquish to him the cot I was occupying, but he would none of it, though he had fished all night and was weary. He reclined on the floor and told anecdotes for half an hour or more for our entertainment and kept us roaring with laughter. Many of the stories he told were on himself and equaled anything ever written by the immortal Mark Twain. After thus entertaining us, he informed us that his wife was away on a visit and that he was an excellent cook and clean, neat housekeeper and that he would prepare breakfast; for us to go to sleep and he would have breakfast at sunrise, then wake us up, We protested until we saw that further protest would grieve him. We had a good breakfast; fat fresh mullet, perfectly cooked grits. (something we eat as bread and of which you know nothing, but the sooner you find out the happier your stomachs will be and the less indigestion you will have), and delicious coffee. Our host was a typical Florida cracker fisherman, unlearned, talkative, honest, industrious, hospitable, confiding. He was about thirty-five years old. He fished as the law provided. He drank, at times getting drunk and would fight at the drop of a hat. He informed me that he never did anything for a living but fish; that he had $4,200 in the bank and had twelve $20 bills in his pocket, and showed me the bills. He took down another purse, well filled, from the rafters from behind cobwebs. How much money his wife had taken with her on her visit to Georgia he did not say. He had a comfortable little home, a launch and fishing net and about $1,000 worth of hogs. It is likely he fought, drank and spent his money until twenty-five years old and, since marrying (in ten years), by legal fishing had supported a wife and accumu- lated in cash and other property some six or seven thousand dollars. Who, being a man who must earn his bread by the sweat of his brow, would not prefer to be a Florida commercial fisherman? No noxious gas of the mine to suffocate him; no smoke and noise of the factory to stifle and deafen him; no burning sun to blister him as he turns the furrow; no hard-hearted boss to find fault and bulldoze him. Pure air fills his lungs. Instead of deafening 168 American Fisheries Society noises and stifling smoke, he hears the songs of birds and smells the perfume of flowers. No man his superior, the equal of kings. Enjoying all these advantages, he yet by frugality and industry can earn more than a living and be able to lay by something for a stormy day. He is his own master. During the summer he goes forth in the night and cool breezes blow upon his brow. During the winter he goes forth by day and the warm sun cheers him. If fishing by night, ever the stars shining brightly above give him hope; if fishing by day, the wavelets as they break against his boat murmur encouragement. To those of you who are scientific, no field is so pregnant with discussion as Florida waters. To those of you who represent states that furnish for their own consumption less than their demands, I suggest to you that you refer your dealers to Florida markets for their supplies. To all of you, and to all those you represent, who delight in the sport of fishing, we invite you to any of our waters. American Fisheries Suorivty ORGANIZED 1870 CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION. We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizenship of the United States, and a majority being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 599 to 603, inclusive, of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia, enacted March 3, 1901, as amended by the Acts approved January 31 and June 30, 1902, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing: 1. That the name of the Society is the AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. 2. That the term for which it is organized is nine hundred and ninety- nine years. 3. That its particular business and objects are to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish with power: (a) Toacquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and to establish general and special funds. (b) To hold meetings. (c) To publish and distribute documents. (d) To conduct lectures. (e) To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of fishery and fish-culture science. (f) To acquire and maintain a library. (g) And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to a learned society. 4. That the affairs, funds and property of the corporation shall be in general charge of a council, consisting of the officers and the executive committee, the number of whose members for the first year shall be seven- teen, all of whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Society. Witness our hands and seals this 16th day of December, 1910. SEYMOUR BOWER (Seal) THEODORE GILL (Seal) WILLIAM E. MEENAN (Seal) THEODORE S. PALMER (Seal) BERTRAND H. ROBERTS (Seal) HuGu M. SMITH (Seal) RICHARD SYLVESTER (Seal) Recorded April 16, 1911. 169 Presidents, Terms of Service and Places of Meeting. The first meeting of the Society occurred December 20, 1870. The organization then effected continued until February, 1872, when the second meeting was held. Since that time there has been a meeting each year, as shown below. The respective presidents were elected at the meeting, at the place, and for the period shown opposite their names, but they presided at the subsequent meeting. WHEETAWCLIRT: sae ae ane 1870-1872... Wal PA @ erent are 1872-1873... WHEErAw ©ChInTI ere tae ye 1873-1874... RoBERT B. ROOSEVELT........ 1874-1875... RoBERT B. ROOSEVELT........1875-1876.. Roser? B. ROOSEVELT........ 1876-1877*. .. RoBERT B. ROOSEVELT........1877-1878... ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT........ 1878-1879... RoBERT B. ROOSEVELT........ 1879-1880.... ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT........ 1880-1881... RoBERT B. ROOSEVELT........ 1881-1882... GEORGE SHEPARD PAGE....... 1882-1883.... JAMES BENKARD ssn. sence eet 1883-1884. ... ‘THEODORE LYMAN..........-- 1884-1885... MARSHALL MCDONALD........ 1885-1886. .. Wi MEElUDSONGaa tea co tae 1886-1887... IWARIDTE WAI I ee VIEAN Von ecesrer ei 1887-1888. . . JOHNVE PBISSELLas-cae rent 1888-1889... EUGENE G. BLACKFORD....... 1889-1890... EUGENE G. BLACKFORD....... 1890-1891... JAMESUA., HIENSHALL) taco eae 1891-1892... HERSCHEL WHITAKER......... 1892-1893... HENRVAGehORDssseoe eae 1893-1894. ... VWVATISTETAI I eV eaten see te apace 1894-1895... PD VEUNDINGLONG ec ae 1895-1896. ... HERSCHEL WHITAKER......... 1896-1897. .. Wine TAIT HE IVUACV ye ee eye ne 1897-1898. ... GEorGE F. PEABopDY..........1898-1899... JOHN Wi hit COMB aes eee e 1899-1900.... EER aOIGKERSON Ss sone are 1900-1901... Ey sr Ss RS VAN te aces, eee: 1901-1902... GEORGE M. Bow_Ers.......... 1902-1903.... RANGING Y CEARKG hes ncee cic 1903-1904. . . EIEN Vode ROOT sete tener 1904-1905.... CRD Aa) OSEVING crane See: 1905-1906. . . eA BIRGE ae Geant: 1906-1907... EMU GHEE OME iss ee emer 1907-1908. ... ALAREE LON GEL DEANE es seine 1908-1909... SEYMOUR BoOwWER............. 1909-1910... WILLIAM E. MEEHAN.......... 1910-1911.... Seb MULE ERTONS oer 1911-1912... CHARLES H. TOWNSEND....... 1912-1913... ELENIRG Da ANVIARD ie een era 1913-1914... DANIEL B. FEARING.......... 1914-1915... JACOBIREIGHARD yan. ae el olo—lOl Grr. GEO AW ES DIELDES le eae 1916-1917... ELEN RV? OFMIATER Yass as seo 1917-1918... MEE ALEXANDER sno .cmiee oe 1918-1919.... CARTOSTAVER Vs ee er eee 1919-1920.... .New York, N. .Albany, N. Y. .New York, N. .New York, N. ..New York, N. .New York, N. .New York, N. .New York, N. .New York, N. is New York, N. New York, N. New York, N. New York, N. ech iasas astast a lesisches as .Washington, D. C. .Washington, D. C. .Chicago, Ill. Washington, D. C. .Detroit, Mich. .Philadelphia, Pa. .Put-in-Bay, Ohio. .Washington, D. C. .New York, N. Y. Chicago, Il. . Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. .New York, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. .Omaha, Neb. Niagara Falls, N. Y. .Woods Hole, Mass. .Milwaukee, Wis. Put-in-Bay, Ohio. .Woods Hole, Mass. Atlantic City, N. J. .White Sulphur Spgs, W. Va. .Grand Rapids, Mich. Erie, Pa. .Washington, D. C. .Toledo, Ohio. New York, N. Y. .ot. Louis, Mo. . Denver, Colo. .Boston, Mass. Washington, D. C. San Francisco, Cal. . New Orleans, La. .St. Paul, Minn. New York, N. Y. Louisville, Ky. *A special meeting was held at the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia, , October 6 and 7, 1876. LIST OF MEMBERS, 1919-1920 Showing Year of Election to Membership HONORARY MEMBERS ‘hevPresident of thesUnited’Statess. ...0.480ces0e-e- cer « WooprRow WILSON The Governors of the several States: JANIE Y ove nina eget aaa mn Ne alta Une sors hoa eae Noe eae a eee er THOMAS E. KILBY TNS CHICA 0} a ES Eee a aoe oa eres re Ne se PLS EPA LA oe NO anne THomaAsS E. CAMPBELL JINGREELEDTIGYIST wens it tates NLA UD 7 a ee ee po ne Cuas. H. BrouGH CUTE aireratleet eee Rey ott ted Ne er eb a Oe A WILLIAM B. STEPHENS WON OLAC Orr RAR eee Cea a as rare ot one che Mei ees ait OLIVER H. SHONT © OUIMSCULC Ub ae eee TAT Re Ee ENG Cece e ty itil trcaavepaaevnte als Marcus H. Hotcoms IDOE EN Ree nae io eteee in et cra Cem ene he eater aan erat JoHN G. TOWNSEND, JR. TRO NENG IE) 5 atte cnet ie Sok een Sere eee Pe Pare rier Amn Gre SIDNEY J. CaTTS A CON Oe ere eA RESO niet eee UNE petra eI elcS Sacer ean HucGu M. Dorsey TIGL AW)s 5 Gis sence 2 cee Re USE DRI pO A a MPRA i he a D. W. DAvis JUIN tra YONI ss Pls Bees i OPA ON se oR eer a a ap FRANK O. LOWDEN Arve ars eens seers chee ects oeeiciiceels MoMA S Suatsieoeisl wie mise es Jas. P. GooprIcH awit ees nner ee rar cree Ne hem one nue: eo bh ity) A eee Wo. L. HarDING TECSATENG HEN. = iar ele ee a Cea nm ae my lead Ld 5 a Rae DATE A ACN el HENRY ALLEN CIFIC Kaye ren ae CMe MAR oes: aOR Eee Epwin P. Morrow IBOUMIG AT aver ee ee ENR E SINE no ie et Rei et ce RUFFIN G. PLEASANT Iain errr tree ares ea at hei hen at he yee, ee fee Ee Car E. MILLIKEN INU eis rata Fe aX lei ete ag ae at cc ar a a eae ee ra Re eS re ALBERT C. RITCHIE INISSSaAChUSEEESH cee aan ar ae aetna eine Cn a tt ee CALVIN COOLIDGE TVA CGI DNS Se Sane A sc he Aare aa ane CE ALBERT E. SLEEPER Whim CSO LARS nc ey ctete yeu set csv haven yccorataawe pace as due are IEtOR, J. A. A. BURNQUIST IANA GISISSTESASS I 09 OL Seer Fi gk le eer ge te ee BU RE LEE M. RUSSELL JNGETESRSYO NDT Gries sere are A Os a UB Va A FREDERICK D. GARDNER INA Koay neem), Pe up as ie a pec apes Neel) OS ee SAMUEL V. STEWART INebras cattery vance Chere Sere eae Rena Sak eysreniets SAMUEL R. McCKELVIE IN(Gyicl ale eee ee licrge eR erete eyte montis nis aiase Bio y= enone Emmet D. BoyLe INiewallamps linear: art cmicicnin daar ienoerosmcie ue melon ana JouNn H. BARTLETT ING WeCESC Verret re etd cues neuter Coen Mee since ats hpmiaut EDWARD I. EDWARDS ING? IMIG ICON. aot Rene one een Ee GSO Te Ee OcTAVIANO A. LARRAZOLO INI@ aie AGG ESD a re ia ll ag ee ae ALFRED E. SMITH IN[@arteln; (Skagen bakeh ees yet yeaa renee Goel ieee vee eee Tuomas W. BICKETT NOt ie) alco Gare Serre io cet eras aie o Set tara hia Camere LYNN J. FRAZIER (OG UO), «ices cots os ich talent Gg Every eC co CERIO Oe Sa JaAMEs M. Cox Okla Oma aretoh ri aree weeks Gene nen NM tore tape hs cela auntie J. B. A. ROBERTSON ONTEIRG ate eae tear titre inc SUSE as neh RES PUES a a RR IC OLE B. W. OLcoTT Rents ylyjaiiacers etre etncr home even reste coeiegh asia earsca cistey: Wo. C. SPROUL Rn Od egislandeere arcane este sm yan hanes UN aye R. LIVINGSTON BEECKMAN DOuUtMCanolinasn eee) Ree eens pe eel ge come RoBERT A. COOPER SOG Mle) AES Garis eye tetncences estate eee orca nonauta cca, cl tea Es ee ueeee PETER NORBECK MREMTIESSE CWA eaten, ot ar eer NMR A sa N nD AN ue a contabs, 2 A. H. RoBERTS “AES GEIS tals eet seetintey Oc Ren OTC OR iat PONT TUE Ae Ee A We OE SC he W. P. Hossy Witla Pie eee ar eee ae Tin eeu na deme SS Sl SIMON BAMBERGER \WG IR TYG) TRA eR ere settee, Saran larder | Gers ar meg De Reamer i Ae Horace F. GRAHAM AG's Ost TAT Wore genre sacra et venenelea te ouAleae ever ey SEAS tp ewe lave, a camciel her ei WESTMORELAND Davis AUIS aise eg eo) ota aaa BAe er et Page eT gg RL Louris F. HART WES Nabe init reece aero oc. cto u oecl io Oat ten Rprcl OR Cena JOHN J. CORNWELL WWHISC ONS trate yaa erect entre eee ea er ea Sua ee SEG ithe tel cece E. L. PHILLIPS Way Omraita OP oa iaratetc ic cyoneaepsnertke cover Meriaeiese tes aie A eualenein se whee RoBert D. CAREY "84 84 American Fisheries Society ANTIPA, PROF. GREGOIRE, Inspector-General of Fisheries, Bucharest, Roumania. BESANA, GIUSEPPE, Lombardy Fisheries Society, Via Rugabello 19, Milan, Italy. BLUE RIDGE Rop AND Gun Cuus, Harper’s Ferry, W. Va. Boropin, NIcoLAs, Petrograd, Russia. CALDERWOOD, W. L., Inspector of Salmon Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland. DENBIGH, Lorp, London, England. Fish PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 1020 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. FRYER, SIR CHARLES E., Royal Automobile Club, London, England. Grimm, Dr. Oscar, Petrograd, Russia. KISHINOUYE, Dr. K., Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan. Kirawara, Dr. TAsaku, Imperial Fisheries Bureau, Tokyo, Japan. LAKE ST. CLAIR SHOOTING AND FISHING CLUB, Detroit, Mich. Mercier, Honore, Minister of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. NAGEL, Hon. Cuas., St. Louis, Mo. New York ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF FISH AND GAME, New York City. Norpovist, Dr. Oscar Fritjor, Superintendent of Fisheries, Lund, Sweden. PERRIER, Pror. EpMonp, Director Museum of Natural History, Paris, France. VINCIGUERRA, Pror. Dr. Decio, Director Royal Fish Cultural Station, Rome, Italy. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS APOSTOLIDES, Pror. Nicoty Cur., Athens, Greece. ARMISTEAD, J. J., Dumfries, Scotland. Ayson, L. F., Commissioner of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. FLEGEL, CuHas., Canea, Crete. HiGGiInson, Epurapo, Consul for Peru, New York City. LANDMARK, A., Inspector of Norwegian Fresh-Water Fisheries, Christiania, Norway. Marston, R. B., Editor of the Fishing Gazette, London, England. PorrEAU, CHARNLEY, Lommel, Belgium. RAVERET-WATTEL, C., Director of Aquicultural Station at Nid-de- Verdier, 20 Rue des Acacias, Paris. Sars, Pror. G. O., Christiania, Norway. Sotsky, Baron N. be, Director of the Imperial Agricultural Museum, Petrograd, Russia. STEAD, Davip G., Fisheries Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. PATRONS ALASKA PACKERS ASSOCIATION, San Francisco, Cal. ALLEN, Henry F. (Agent, Crown Mills), 210 California St., San Fran- cisco, Cal. AMERICAN Biscuit Co., 815 Battery St., San Francisco, Cal. AMERICAN CAN Co., Mills Building, San Francisco, Cal. Armour & Co., Battery and Union Sts., San Francisco, Cal. Armsby, J. K., Company, San Francisco, Cal. Attas Gas ENGINE Co., INnc., Foot of 22d Avenue, Oakland, Cal. BaALrour, GUTHRIE & Co., 350 California St., San Francisco, Cal. "15 15 15 "15 15 "15 "15 "15 15 "15 "15 15 15 "15 15 "15 "15 "15 "15 "15 15 "15 "15 "15 "15 "15 15 "15 "15 15 "15 "15 15 15 "15 "15 "15 15 "15 "15 15 "15 L15° "15 "15 List of Members 173 BANK oF CaLirorniA, N. A., California and Sansome Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. BLOEDEL-DONOVAN LUMBER Mitts, Bellingham, Wash. Bonp AND Goopwtn, 485 California St., San Francisco, Cal. BurPE AND LETSON, Ltp., South Bellingham, Wash. CALIFORNIA BARREL Co., 22d and Illinois Sts., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA Door Co., 43 Main St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA STEVEDORE AND BALLAstT Co., INnc., 210 California St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA WIRE CLotH ComMPANY, San Francisco, Cal. CaAswELL, GEo. W., Co., INc., 503-4 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. Curncu, C. G., & Co., Inc., 144 Davis St., San Francisco, Cal. CorFIN-REDINGTON Co., 35-45 Second St., San Francisco, Cal. Co.tumBIA Rrver Packers’ Association, Astoria, Ore. Crane Co. (C. W. Weld, Mgr.), 301 Brannan St., San Francisco, Cal. DopcGe, SWEENEY & Co., 36-48 Spear St., San Francisco, Cal: First NATIONAL BANK OF BELLINGHAM, Bellingham, Wash. Fuuier, W. P., & Co., 301 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. Grays HARBOR COMMERCIAL Co., Foot of 3d St., San Francisco, Cal. Henpry, C. J., Co., 46 Clay St., San Francisco, Cal. Jones-THIERBACH Co., THE, Battery and Merchant Sts., San Francisco Cal. Knapp, THE Frep H., Co., Arcade-Maryland Casualty Building, Baltimore, Md. LINEN THREAD Co., THE (W. A. Barbour, Mgr.), 443 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. MartacE, Cuas. F., Company, 335 Greenwich St., New York City. Nauman, C. & Co., 501-3 Sansome St., San Francisco, Cal. OLIVER SALT Co., Mt. Eden, Cal. Morrison Mitt Co., Inc., Bellingham, Wash. Morse Harpware Co., Inc., 1025 Elk St., Bellingham, Wash. Pactric HARDWARE AND STEEL Co., 7th and Townsend Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. Paciric STATES ELECTRIC Co., 575 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. PHILLIPS SHEET AND TIN PLaTE Co., Weirton, W. Va. Porr AND TALBOT, Foot 3d St., San Francisco, Cal. Pucet SounD NAVIGATION Co., Seattle, Wash. Ray, W. S., Mee. Co., Inc., 216 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. Scumipt LirHoGrarH Co., 2d and Bryant Sts., San Francisco, Cal. SCHWABACHER-FREY STATIONERY Co., 609-11 Market St., San Fran- cisco, Cal. Sure OWNERS’ AND MERCHANTS’ TuG Boat Co., Foot of Green St., San Francisco, Cal. SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co., THE, 454 Second St., San Francisco, Cal. iets rea MacuInE Co., 2423 South First Avenue, Seattle, asn. STANDARD GAS ENGINE Co., Dennison and King Sts., Oakland, Cal. eh head O1t Co. or CALIFoRNIA, Standard Oil Building, San Francisco, ale U. S. RuBBER Co. or CALIFORNIA (W. D. Rigdon, Mgr.), 50-60 Fremont St., San Francisco, Cal. U. S. STEEL Propucts Co., Rialto Building, San Francisco, Cal. WELLS FARGO NATIONAL BANK OF SAN FRANcIsco, Montgomery and Market Sts., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERN Fuet Co., 430 California St., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERN Meat Co., 6th and Townsend Sts., San Francisco, Cal. WHITE Hoa Harpwoop LUMBER, 5th and Brannan Sts., San Fran- cisco, Cal. 174 American Fisheries Society ACTIVE MEMBERS Life Members Indicated by Asterisk (*) ADAMS, Pror. Cuas. C., State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. as Wo. C., Director, Division of Fisheries and Game, Boston, ass. AINSWorTH, G. G., Manchester, Iowa. AINSWORTH, SETH M., Charlevoix, Mich. ALEXANDER, GEORGE L., Grayling, Mich. ALEXANDER, M. L., President, Louisiana Conservation Commission, New Orleans, La. ANDERSON, AuGustT J., Box 704, Marquette, Mich. ANDERSON, Dr. F. E., Red Wing, Minn. ANDERSON, J. F., 3136 Front St., San Diego, Cal. ANDERSON, SAM G., Hutchinson, Minn. ANDERSON, T. T., Liggett and Myers Tobacco Co., St. Louis, Mo. ANNIN, JAMES, Caledonia, N. Y. ANNIN, Howarp, Caledonia, N. Y. ANNIN, H. E., Margaretville, Del. Co., N. Y. ARTHUR, STANLEY CLIsBY, New Orleans, La. ASBURY PARK FISHING CLUB, John F. Seger, 703 Cookman Ave., Asbury Parke Nie) AsHTON, GEo., 1217 Pierce Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Atwoop, ANTHONY, 73 Waterest St., Plymouth, Mass. Atwoop, Irv1iNG M., 31 Boston Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. Aucur, W. A., 33 Fulton St., New York City. AVERY, CARLOS, State Game and Fish Commissioner, St. Paul, Minn. BABCOCK, JOHN P., Provincial Fisheries Department, Victoria, British Columbia. Bascock, WILLIAM H., 520 The Rookery, Chicago, II. BAILEY, ARTHUR T., Nashua, N. H. BaliLey, S. C., Bemidji, Minn. BatcH, Howarp K., 158 W. Austin Ave., Chicago, Ill. BALDWIN, Dr. A. H., Pleasant Hill, Mo. BaLpwin, O. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Saratoga, Wyo. Batt, E. M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. BALLARD, S. THRUSTON, Louisville, Ky. BARBER, Wo. E., LaCrosse, Wis. BarBour, THOMAS, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. *BARNES, EARNEST W., Supt., R. I. Fisheries Experiment Station, Wickford, R. I. BARNES, F. C., Front St., Portland, Ore. BARNEY, RAYMOND L., U. S. Fisheries Laboratory, Fairport, Iowa. BARRON, JAMES T., 1210 Yeon Bldg., Portland, Ore. Barrows, Morton, 1415 Pioneer Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. BartTLett, Morr L., Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Concord, N. Ei: BaRTLETT, Dr. S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Quincy, Ill. Bauer, A., 25th and Dearborn Sts., Chicago, Ill. Baxter, C. E., Lakefield, Minn. BEAN, Barton A., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Beatty, JAMES, Cook, Minn. BeaucuampP, D. C., Game and Fish Commissioner, Paragould, Ark. BEEMAN, HENRY W., New Preston, Conn. 13 "13 "18 *80 13 List of Members 175 *BELDING, Davip L., Biologist, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass. BELL, J. C., Alaska Packers Association, San Francisco, Cal. BELLISLE, J. A., Inspector General of Fisheries and Game, Quebec, Canada. BELMONT, PERRY, 1618 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C. *BENSON, ‘JouN T., Director Zoological Garden, Boston, Mass. BERG, GEORGE, Indiana Fish Commission, Indianapolis, Ind. BERKHOUS, Jerry R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Torresdale, Pa. BERNARD, Gus., Atchafalaya, Wass Biisoty, E. NAsH, Commissioner of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Va. *BirGE, Dr. E. A., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. BITTING, DR. AY W., National Canner’s Association, ‘Washington, Dc. BLACK, €.H. , Sunny Point Packing Co., Seattle, Wash. BLACKFORD, Cnas. Minor, M. D., Staunton, Va. BLAIR, FRANK DF Excelsior, Minn. Bioom, J. H., Game and Fish Commissioner, Devils Lake, N. D. BLYSTAD, CHESTER N., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. BOARDMAN, W.H. , Secretary, Board of Inland Fisheries Commissioners, State House, Providence, Ree Botton, C. C., 404 Hickox Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Boot, ‘Dewitt C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Spearfish, S. D. BORDENKECHER, Wiuiam, Ree R19: Haughville Station, Indianapolis, Ind. BoucH_Er, E. C., Postal Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. BOWER, SEYMOUR, Superintendent, Michigan Fish Commission, Lansing, Mich. Bower, WARD T., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. BOWERS, GEorGE M. , Martinsburg, W. Va. BRADFORD, Racpu P., , Dept. of Agriculture, Springfield, Il. BRIGGS, A. 1B Ashaway, Ree BricGcs, ARTHUR, Supt. Hatchery, Winthrop, Me. *BROWER, Aleks, Fish and Game Commission, Holmesburg, Pa. Brown, ‘DELL, "Bureau of Fisheries, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Brown, ERnEsT C., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. BRown, ERNEST CLIVE, Copake, N. Y.. Brown, G. W.N., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Orangeburg, S. C. Bryan, Pror. WM. ALANSON, P. O. Box 38, Honolulu, H. T. BucxstaFF, Geo. A., 1101-1501 S. Main St., Oshkosh, Wis. *BULLER, A. G., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Corry, Pa. Buiter, G. W., Pleasant Mount, Pa. *BULLER, NATHAN R. , Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Harrisburg, Pa. BULLOCK, Cuas. A., 'U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bullockville, Ga. BURKE, Wo. Blo. Old Forge, N. Y. BURKHART, Jor, Star Prairie, Wis. BurNuHAM, Cuas. W., U.S. Fisheries Station, Louisville, Ky. BURNHAM, JOHN B., Pres. Am. Game Protective Assn., 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y CALDWELL, F. M., 341 St. Peter St., St. Paul, Minn. CALDWELL, JAS. H., 115 Broadway, New York, N. Y. CANFIELD, H. L., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. CarTER, E. N., Bullochville, Ga. CasLerR, WM. A., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Hartsville, Mass. *CASSELMAN, E. S., Dorset, Vt. CASTING CLUB DE FRANCE, Place de Concorde, Paris, France. CaTTE, EUGENE, Langdon, Kan. 176 18 18 al, "19 ‘19 18 13 all 17 all "00 04 American Fisheries Society CayuGA COUNTY SPORTSMEN’S ASSOCIATION (JOHN L. ALNuTT, Pres.), Auburn, N. Y. CHAMBERLAIN, THOMAS KniGut, Drumlin Trout Hatchery, Barneveld, CHAMBERS, E. D. T., Deputy Commissioner, Colonization, Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Canada. CHAPMAN, OSwWILL, De Bruce, Sullivan Co., N. Y. CHIDISTER, Pror. F. E., 88 Lawrence Ave., New Brunswick, N. J. CHRISTOFFERS, H. J., 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash.. CHURCHILL, WINSTON, Cornish, N. H. Cxiark, H. WALTON, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. CieaAssy, E. A., 900 Cameron St. Eau Claire, Wis. *CLEVELAND, W. B., Burton, Ohio. Cops, EBEN W., Superintendent of Fisheries, State Game and Fish Department, St. Paul, Minn. Coss, JOHN N., Director, School of Fisheries, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. CoFFMAN, J. Y., 4248 Cleveland St., St. Louis, Mo. Coxer, Dr. RoBerT E., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. CoLEs, RuSSELL J., Danville, Va. COLLEGE OF FISHERIES, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. COMMERFORD, Wmo., Booneville, N. Y. Coox, WarD A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. CopELAND, T. H., Orangeburg, S. C. *CorLiss, C. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass. Corwin, Roy S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. CowDEN, S. M., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. COYKENDALL, EDWARD, 22 Ferry St., Kingston, N. Y. CRAMPTON, JOHN M., State Superintendent, Board of Fisheries and Game, New Haven, Conn. CRANDALL, A. J., Ashaway, R. I. CrasskErR, Huoco, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, La Crosse, Wis. Cress, H. A., Booth Fisheries Co., St. Paul, Minn. Cross.LEY, H. C., Put-in-Bay, Ohio. erste J. A., The American Angler, 220 W. 42nd St., New York ity. CuLLerR, C. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. CurRRAN, JoHN L., Commissioner of Inland Fisheries, 602 Grosvenor Bldg., Providence, R. I. CusHMAN, O. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Mammoth Spring, Ark. DANGLADE, ERNEST, Vevay, Ind. Daspit, A. P., New Court Bldg., New Orleans, La. Davipson, Henry, Fish Hatchery, Bath, N. Y. Davies, Davin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Tupelo, Miss. 91 and’10. DEAN, Pror. BASHFORD, Columbia University, New York City. Ol "19 01 "13 05 08 14 8) 07 "99 09 DEAN, HERBERT D., Fisheries Station, Bozeman, Mont. DENMEAD, TALBoT, 508 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. *DENYSE, WASHINGTON I., New York Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City. DeERocHER, JAs. D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. DePuy, Henry F., 32 W. 40th St., New York City. DETWILER, JOHN Y., Honorary President, Florida Fish Commission, New Smyrna, Fla. Dimick, F. F., Boston Fish Bureau, Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. Dinsmore, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johnsbury, Vt. *DOMINY, JEREMIAH M., South Haven, N. Y. DownlIina, S. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. DoyLE, HENRY, Winch Bldg., Vancouver, B. C. DO ee eee List of Members Ve. DucCKREE, BENJ., Wild Rose, Wis. Dun ap, I. H., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D.C. Dunn, ANDREW C., Northern Fish Co., Duluth, Minn. DuRant, Dr. G. W., Board of Fisheries of S. C., Georgetown, S. C. Eaton, Howarb, Sheridan Library Association, Sheridan, Wyo. Exe, J. M. Hutchinson, Minn. EmBopy, Pror. Geo. C., College of Fisheries, University of Washing- ton, Seattle, Wash. Erickson, C. J., 328 Washington St., Boston, Mass. Evans, Lieut.-Cot. KELLy, Metropolitan Club, New York City. EVERMANN, Dr. Barton W., Director of the Museum, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. EVERMANN, J. W., First Vice-Pres., St. Louis South Western Railway of Texas, Dallas, Texas. FARRELL, JOHN J., 3283 Sixth Ave., Troy, N. Y. Fassett, H. C., 2557 San Jose Ave., San Francisco, Cal. *FEARING, Mrs. D. B., Newport, R. I. FEARNOW, E. C., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. FEIcK, JOHN A., Sandusky, Ohio. FEILDING, J. B., 82 Wellington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia. FERGUSON, JAMEs A., Duluth, Minn. FIELD, Dr. GEORGE W., Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. FIELD, Pror. [RvinG A., Clark College, Worcester, Mass. Fitkins, B. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. FINLEY, W. L. 651 E. Madison St., Portland, Ore. FisHer, A. K., U.S. Biol. Surv., Washington, D. C. FIsHER, JOHN F., Chapinville, Conn. FITZGERALD, E. J., Fish and Game Commission, St. Paul, Minn. FLYFISHERS’ CLUB, 36 Piccadilly, W. 1, London, England. *FOLGER, J. A., Pres., J. A. Folger Co., Howard and Spencer Sts., San Francisco, Cal. Fo.Liett, RICHARD E., Detroit Club, Detroit, Mich. Forses, R. D., New Orleans, La. ForsBes, Dr. S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. ForsytTH, RoBertT, 1157 Rookery, Chicago, II. *FORTMANN, HENRY F., 1007 Gough St., San Francisco, Cal. Foster, FREDERICK J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. Founp, Wm. A., Asst. Deputy Minister of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. FOWLER, KENNETH, Woolworth Bldg., New York City. FRENCH, ALBERT, International Agric. Corporation, 61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. FRIDENBERG, ROBERT, 22 W. 56th St., New York, N. Y. *GARDNER, Mrs. CHARLES C., The Cliffs, Newport, R. I. GARNSEY, LEIGH, 451 Summit Ave., Redlands, Cal. Gavitt, W. S., Lyons, N. Y. GERRY, RoBERT L., 258 Broadway, New York City. Grips, C. D., Game Warden, Wilder, Minn. Gisps, H. A., Detroit, Minn. Gipss, CHARLES E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. GLOVER, Wo. L., Edison National Bank, Orangeburg, S. C. GorFIN, Ropert A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. GotpisH, S. L., Lake Superior Fish Co., 203 East First St., Duluth, Minn. Goopwin, O. C., Peace Dale, R. I. GorHAM, W. B., Fisheries Station, Anaconda, Mont. 178 American Fisheries Society GrauHaM, E. A., Berkeley, Taunton, R. F. D., Mass. GRAHAM, GEORGE H., 423 Main St., Springfield, Mass. GramMEs, H. A., care L. F. Grammes and Sons, Allentown, Pa. GRATER, CHARLES B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville, Colo. Gray, GEorGE M., Woods Hole, Mass. GRAY, STEDMAN H., 2511 W. Second Ave., Seattle, Wash. GREEN, Major Huai A., St. Nicholas Bldg., Montreal, Canada. GREEN, J. C., 4730 London Road, Duluth, Minn. GREENE, Dr. Cuas. W., University of Missouri, 814 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo. GUERIN, THEOPHILE, Treasurer, Rhode Island Commission of Fisheries, Woonsocket, R. I. GUERNSEY, Guy, 1644 Vernon Ave., Chicago, III. GUNCKEL, WILL H., M. and C. Savings Bank, Toledo, Ohio. *HaAS, WILLIAM, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Spruce Creek, Pa. Haun, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boothbay Harbor, Me. Hacey, Caves, 14 Fulton Market, New York City. HALTER, LAWRENCE, 637 S. Main St., Akron, Ohio. Hancock, W. K., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. Hanp, E. R., Fairmont, Minn. HANKINSON, Pror. T. L., State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. HANSEN, FERDINAND, Russian Caviar Co., 170 Chambers St., New York City. HANSEN, G., Osceola, Wis. HARE, FRANK E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Manchester, Iowa. HARPELL, JAMES JOHN, Garden City Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Province of Quebec, Canada. HARRIMAN, AVERILL, Arden, N. Y. Harron, L. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Hart, W. O., 184 Carondelet St., New Orleans, La. HARTMANN, PHIL, Erie, Pa. HAvuSCHILDT, CHAs., Timmins, Ontario, Canada. Hawks, 8S. B., Supt. Hatchery, Bennington, Vt. Hay, Pror. W. P., Kensington, Md. HAYFORD, CHARLES O., Supt., State Fish Hatchery, Hackettstown, Nee: Heprick, H. S., Pierre, S. Dak. HEIMAN, A. J., Barberton, Ohio. Hemineway, E. D., 123 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Philadelphia, Pa. HENSHALL, Dr. JAMeEs A., 811 Dayton St., Cincinnati, Ohio. HEROLD, R., 235 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. HERRICK, Pror. FRANcIS HOBART, Western Reserve University, Cleve- land, Ohio. HEWETT, FRED, Route 6, Madison, Wis. Hickman, J. R., 1426 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. HiGcains, ALF. S., 142 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. HILDEBRAND, SAMUEL F., Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Hinricus, HENRY, JR., Keystone Fish Co., Erie, Pa. Hopart, T. D., Pampa, Texas. HorrseEs, G. RaymMonp, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Hotiann, R. P., Am. Game Protective Association, 283 Broadway, New York City. HoimMEs, WM., Cosmopolitan Hotel, New Orleans, La. Hooven, K., Monterey, Cal. *HoprerR, GEORGE L., Havre de Grace, Md. HowarbD, ARTHUR D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Ia. “9 95 "16 List of Members 179 HowELL, G. C. L., care of H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, London, S. W., England. Howser, W. D., Nashville, Tenn. HUBBARD, Wa po F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Nashua, N. H. HUNSAKER, W. J., Board of State Fish Commissioners, Saginaw, Mich. HuntsMaNn, A. G., Ph. D., Asst. Prof. of Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. *HuRLBUT, H. F., 18 Iveson Ave., East Lynn, Mass. Hussakor, Dr. Louls, American Museum ‘of Natural History, New York City. HustTebD, JAMES D., Denver, Colo. IRONDEQUOIT FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION, (J. W. JOHNSTON, Cor. Sec.), Rochester, N. Y. Jackson, Cuas. F., Pine City, Minn. Jackson, R. C., Whitney Realty Co., Sabattis, N. Y. JENNINGS, G. E., Fishing Gazette, 465 Central Park West, New York City. JENNINGS, R. H., Orangeburg, S. C. JENSEN, HAROLD, Spooner, Wis. Jounson, A. S., 300 Exchange Bldg., Duluth, Minn. Jounson, Dr. F. M., 438 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. JOHNSON, JAMEs G., R. I. Commission of Inland Fisheries, Riverside, R. I JoHNSTON, J. W., Box 578, Rochester, N. Y. JONEs, Cot. E. LEsTEr, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, IDS (C Jones, J. H., Fergus Falls, Minn. JONES, THos. S., Louisville, Ky. JORDAN, R. D., 12 Stebbins St., Springfield, Mass. Jostyn, C. D., 200 Fifth Ave. (Suite 840), New York City. Kate, C. R., 1214 Pierce Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. KAUFMANN, R. M., The Star, Washington, D. C. KAVANAUGH, W. P., Bay City, Mich. eee, A. G., U. 5. Bureau of Fisheries, Erwin, Tenn. KEIL, W. , Tuxedo Parks INGeOY: Rees: "JOSEPH, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Concrete, Wash. KENDALL, FP. , Farling Bldg., Portland, Ore. KENDALL, NEAL, Farling Bldg., Portland, Ore. KENDALL, Dr. Wiuram C., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, WashiipicaeD: (Ge KENT, EpwIn (Cha Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. KEYES, HAW Ranier, Minn. KiERuLFF, T. C., Flat Iron Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. KILuian, Wn. H., 572 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. KINNEY, M. J., 1005 Yeon Bldg., Portland, Ore. Kirk, J. H., State Fish and Game Commission, Bottineau, N. D. KISTERBOCK, JOSIAH, JR., 3824 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. KITTREDGE, BENJAMIN R., Carmel, N. Y. KLEVENHUSEN, F., Altoona, Wash. Knicut, Dr. AuGustus S., 1 Madison Ave., New York City. Knicut, H. J., Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco, Cal. Koetz, Dr. Water, Dept. Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Komo i, C. F., Dundas, Minn. KRAIKER, CARL, 1745 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. KRIPPENDORF, CARL H., Sagamore and New Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. Kuntz, W. J., Waconia, Minn. 180 American Fisheries Society 03 "16 16 217 ale 08 "16 98 alr, "19 10 "02 "15 "10 "16 "19 06 "16 "16 "16 19 98 LAMBSON, G. H., Calif. Fish Commission, Sisson, Cal. Lanpry, D. J., Lake Charles, La. LANGLOIS, CONRAD J., New Road, La. Lau, H.C., Star Prairie, Wis. LAWYER, GEo. A., U. S. Biol. Surv., Washington, D. C. Lay, CHARLES, Sandusky, Ohio. LEA, CHARLES M., West Thorpe Farm, Devon, Pa. Leacu, G. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. LEAVINS, Linus, Fish and Game Commission, Cambridge, Vermont. LE CompTE, E. LEE, 512 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. LEE, W. McDona Lp, Irvington, Va. Lewis, CHARLES E., Chamber of Commerce, Minneapolis, Minn. LINDAHL, SETH H., 7732 Chauncey Ave., Chicago, I1l. LINTON, Dr. Epwin, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Lipinsky, M. N., Winona, Minn. Lioyp, JoHN THomas, College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. LocHER, WILLIAM, Kalamazoo, Mich. LOWRANCE, W. J., Berwick, La. LupwiG, JoHN, Grand Isle, La. LycaNn, FRANK S., Bemidji, Minn. LYDELL, CLAUDE, Comstock Park, Mich. LyYDELL, Dwicut, Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock Park, Mich. MasiE, CHARLES H., Maywood, N. J. MACKENZIE, WM. H., The Linen Thread Co., 96 Franklin St., New WOrks NeW: MacLacuian, Dr. CuHAs., Pres. Game and Fish Board, New Rockford, D McDonaLp, Cart K., Armstrong, Okla. McDona_p, E. B., Liggett and Myers Tobacco Co., St. Louis, Mo. McDouaat, J. M., Gunnison, Colo. McIntyre, Geo. A., Fish and Game Commissioner, Milford, N. H. McKInn_ey, Rosert E., 505 Huntington St., Boston, Mass. McREyYNOoLDs, B. B., Water Superintendent, Colorado Springs, Colo. Manone, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Edenton, N. MAILLIARD, JOSEPH, 1815 Vallejo St., San Francisco, Cal. MANNFELD, Geo. N., 223 N. Penn St., Indianapolis, Ind. Manton, Dr. W. P., 32 Adams Ave., West Detroit, Mich. MARDEN, CHAs. S., Moorehead, Minn. MarINE, Dr. David, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Marks, JAY G., Box 534, Munising, Mich. Marks, J. P., Michigan Fish Commission, Paris, Mich. Marsu, M. C., Springville, N. Y. MarscHALK, PAuL, Warroad, Minn. Mason, C. C., Hermit, Colo. MATTLADGE, HENRY, 335 Greenwich St., New York City. *MEEHAN, W. E., 422 Dorset St., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. MERRILL, ARTHUR, Wilkinsonville, Mass. MERRILL, M. E., Pittsford, Vt. MersHON, W. B., Saginaw, Mich. Meyer, Gustav J. T., 829-831 South Delaware St., Indianapolis, Ind. MILLER, ALBERT P., Linlithgo, N. Y. MILLER, DAN E., Constantia, N. Y. MILLER, FRANK M., Box 536, Hammond, La. MILLETT, ARTHUR L., Gloucester, Mass. Miner, Roy W., American Museum of Natural History, New York Citye MIscHLeR, C. F., Sandusky, Ohio. —————— "19 "13 "18 hd 13 "19 "13 18 04 05 15 18 04 99 "10 "18 "16 10 14 "18 List of Members ~ 181 MiTcHELL, Pror. Puitie H., Brown University, Providence, R. I. *MIXTER, SAMUEL J., M. D.. 180 Marlboro St., Boston, Mass. MoLLan, Wo. K., Board of Fisheries and Game, Bridgeport, Conn. MONKER, CAG: Grand Marais, Minn. Monroe, OTIS D. , supt. State Fish Hatchery, Palmer, Mass. Moore, ‘ALBERT Gy 326 Frisco Bldg., Joplin, Mo. Moore, ALFRED, 618 American Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Moore, Dr. EMMELINE, Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. Moore, Drees. Us S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, ID), (Cr MorcHeEr, GEORGE, London, Ohio. MorGULIS, Dr. SERGIUS, Creighton Univ., Omaha, Nebr. MORLEY, E. C., Sodus Point, Ne Morais, Dr. ROBERT Abe 616 Madison Ave., New York City. Morton, W. P., 105 Sterling Ave., Providence, Re I. MOSER, CAPTAIN JEFFERSON F., 2040 Santa Clara Ave., Alameda, Cal. MOTLEY, Jas. N., 15 E. 48th St., New York, N. Y. Muncu, Wo. F., ’ Crookston, Minn. Monty, MiGs; 1012 Yeon Bldg. .. Portland, Ore. Myers, I. S., 604 Norwood St., Akron, Ohio. NEEDHAM, Pror. Jas. G., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 73 and ’10 NEIDLINGER, PHILIP, 2225 Emmons Ave. , Sheepshead Baya Naya "16 NELSON, CHAS. A. A., Lutsen, Minn. NELSON, J. O., State Fish Hatchery, Hawick, Minn. NEVIN, James, Conservation Commission, Madison, Wis. *NEWMAN, EpwIn A., President, Aquarium Fisheries Co., 4305 8th St., N. W., Washington, DAC: NEWARK Balt AND FLY CASTING CLuB, Split Rock Lake, Boonton, N. J. New York Pus ic Lisprary, 476 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. New York STATE LisrRARY, Albany, N. Y. NICHOLS, JOHN TREADWELL, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Nitson, L. A., Orangeburg, S. C. Oaxes, Wm. H., 24 Union Park St., Boston, Mass. O’BRIEN, J. P., Box 1, Reno, Nev. O'BRIEN, MARTIN, Crookston, Minn. Oi BRIEN, Weel. Supt. of Hatcheries, Nebraska Game and Fish Com- mission, Gretna, Neb. O’HAGE, Dr. Justus, St. Paul, Minn. O’MaALLey, Henry, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. OPDENWEYER, JoHN W., Sorrento, La. ORR, ARTHUR, App. Committee, ‘Capitol Bldg., Washington, D. C. ORSINGER, FRED G., 123 S. Oakley Boulevard, Chicago, Til. *OSBURN, Pror. RAYMOND C., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Otis, Mo F., State Fish Hatchery, Upper Saranac, N. Y. Otts, SPENCER, Railway Exchange, Chicago, Il. PacKER, ARTHUR, 423 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. PALMER, Dr. THEODORE S., United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1D), (Ce Parkuurst, Hon. C. FRANK, 54 Barnes St., Providence, R. I. Parry, W. ip CROOSE, Laurentian Club, Lac la Peche, P. Q., Canada. PATCHING, FRED, Loring, Alaska. PEARSE, PROF. < S., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. PELL, GEo. W., 520 Sixteenth St., Denver, Colo. PEopLEs, H1rAM, New Providence, Pa. 182 American Fisheries Society 09. ~PFLEUGER, J. E., Akron, Ohio. 17 PINKERTON, J. A., Glenwood, Minn. "13 PooLe, GARDNER, Fish Pier, Boston, Mass. "11 PoHOQUALINE FisH AssociATIon, care of C. Wetherill, 17th and Lehigh Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 709 Pomeroy, GEo. E., Toledo, Ohio. ‘04 Pore, T. E. B., Curator, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. 06 Porter, Ricuarp, Board of State Fish Commissioners, Paris, Mo. "19 Post Fisu Co., Sandusky, Ohio. "17 Pratt, GEorGE D., Telephone Bldg., Albany, N. Y. "19 PRENSKER, Dr. G. A., 1848 Wellington Ave., Chicago, Il. 08 *PrINCE, PRor E. E., Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. "16 Purpy, Dorman S., 407 Temple Ave., Dunkirk, N. Y. 703. Rack, E. E., Boothbay Harbor, Me. "10 *RapciirFE, Lewis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. "18 RANKIN, Epwarp P., care Miss O'Connor, San Lorenzo, Cal. "93 RAVENEL, W. DE C., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. "16 Ray, J. E., Alexandria, La. 09 Reep, Dr. H. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. "18 Rep, Geo. C., 1007 N. George St., Rome, N. Y. 13 REIDEL, F. K., Pleasant Mount, Pa. 93 REIGHARD, Pror. JAcos E., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. "19 RENAND, J. K., 207 New Court Bldg., New Orleans, La. "17. ReyNno ps, O. J., Game Warden, Alexandria, Minn. "98 RicHArDs, G. H., Sears Building, Boston, Mass. "18 RicHARpDson, A. P., Supt. Hatchery, Caanan, Vt. "15 RicHARrDSON, Ropert E., Box 155, University Station, Urbana, Ill. "17 RICHTMAN, S. P., Fountain City, Wis. "16 Ritey, Mark, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, San Marcos, Texas. "19 Ruitey, Pror. Wm. A., University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. "17 ~Ristey, A. F., Old Forge, Herkimer Co., N. Y. "18 RosBertson, ALEXANDER, Dominion Hatchery, Harrison Hot Springs, Bac. @anada: ’20 *RoBERTSON, Hon. JAs. A., Skerryvore, Holmefield Ave., Cleveley’s, Blackpool, England. "19 Ropp, J. A., Dept. Naval Service, Ottawa, Canada. "10 Rowe, Henry C., Daytona Beach, Fla. "16 Rowe, Wm. H., West Buxton, Me. "16 Royce, JAMES, DeBruce, Sullivan County, N. Y. "14 Russet, Geo. S., Bank of Commerce of N. A., Cleveland, Ohio. 138 Ryan, Carvin D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Ketchikan, Alaska. "05 *SAFFoRD, W. H., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Gloucester, Mass. "13. Santa BARBARA PuBLic LIBRARY, Santa Barbara, Cal. "15 ScHOFIELD, N. B., 480 Kingsley Ave., Palo Alto, Cal. "19 SCHOOL OF FISHERIES, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. "16 SCHRADER, FRANZ, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. "18 ScHRADIECK, H. E., 211 South Eighth St., Olean, N. Y. "19 ScHRANK, J. J., Booth Fisheries Co., Sandusky, Ohio. "00 SEAGLE, Geo. A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wytheville, Va. "138. SEAGRAVE, ARNOLD, Woonsocket, R. I. "18 SEAMAN, FRANK, Napanoch, N. Y. "17 ~Seiz, B. F., Deputy Game Warden, Red Wing, Minn. 700 Sevvers, M. G., 1518 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. SELVOG, HANS R., Warroad, Minn. List of Members 183 SHELLFORD, VICTOR E., Dept. Zool., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. SHERWOOD, E. E., Seattle, Wash. SuHrRA, AUSTIN F., Mason City, Iowa. SHIRAS, GEO., 3D, Stoneleigh Count, Washington, D. C. SHOLL, C. E., Box 62, Burlington, N. J SINGLETON, J. ERNEST, Woonsocket, R. I. *SLADE, GEORGE P., 309 Broadway, P. O. Box 283, New York City. SmitH, G. A., Oklahoma City, Okla. SmitH, HERBERT C., White Cloud, Mich. SMITH, a HuGuH M., U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, D SmitH, Lewis H., Algona, Iowa. SNYDER, J. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Cape Vincent, N. Y. SPEAKS, JOHN C., Columbus, Ohio. SPENSLEY, CALVERT, Mineral Point, Wis. SPORTSMEN’S REVIEW PUBLISHING Co., 15 W. Sixth St., Cincinnati, Ohio. SPRAGLE, L. H., Henryville, Pa. St. JoHN, Larry, Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Il. STACK, F. GEORGE, Summitville, Sullivan Co., N. Y. Starr, G. D., Lewis Bldg., Portland, Oregon. STaRR, W. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners, Eau Claire, Wis. STEELE, G. F., Sun Life Bldg., Montreal, Canada. STEVENS, ARTHUR F., Ladentown, R. F. D. 44-A, Suffern, N. Y. Stivers, D. Gay, Butte Anglers’ Association, Butte, Mont. Story, JoHN A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake, Me. STRONNER, JESSE LEE, Orangeburg, S. C. STRUVEN, Cuas. M., 1148S. Frederick St., Baltimore, Md. STUCKE, EDWIN W., 3811 Brown St., Philadelphia, Pa. SULLIVAN, WALTER E., Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. Sun, Dr. F. T., President, School of Fisheries, Tientsin, China. SuTRO, ADOLPH NEwrTON, 1155 Pine St., San Francisco, Cal. SworpD, C. B., New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. TayLor, H. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. TERRELL, CLYDE B., Oshkosh, Wis. Tuau, AuGustT B., 521 W. 29th St., Indianapolis, Ind. THAYER, W. W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. THomas, ADRIAN, 190 E. Grand Boulevard, Detroit, Mich. TuHompson, CuHAs. H., Colonial Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. TuHomeson, W. F., 9380 E. Ocean Ave., Long Beach, Cal. THomeson, W. P., 123 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. Tuompson, W. T., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bozeman, Mont. TuHomson, G. H., Estes Park, Col. TICHENOR, A. K., Secretary, Alaska Packers’ Assn., San Francisco, Cal. TILLMAN, RoBERT L., Beacon Paper Co., St. Louis, Mo. *TImMson, Wm., Vice-President, Alaska Packers Assn., San Francisco, Cal. TitcomB, JOHN W., Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. TONGUE, LEONARD M., 906 American Bldg., Baltimore, Md. and 712 *TOWNSEND, Dr. CHARLES H., Director New York Aquarium, New York, N. Y. TREXLER, CoLt. Harry C., Allentown, Pa. TricGs, Cuas. W., Booth Fisheries Co., 22 W. Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. Troyer, M., Astoria Iron Works, Seattle, Wash. TRULL, Harry S., 317 E. 196th St., Fordham, N. Y. TULIAN, EUGENE A., Box 1804, New Orleans, La. TURNER, Pror. C. L., Beloit College, Beloit, Wis. 184 American Fisheries Society “td 09 "99 *VALLETTE, LUCIANO H., Chief of Section of Fish Culture, 827 Riva- davia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Van ATTA, CLYDE H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay Hatchery, Ketchikan, Alaska. VAN CLEAVE, Pror. H. J., University of Illinois, Urbana, I11. *VANDERGRIFT, S. H., 1728 New Hampshire Ave., Washington, D. C. Vios1A, Percy, Jr., Natural History Bldg., New Orleans, La. VINCENT, W. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Mammoth Spring, Ark. Voect, JAMES H., Nevada Fish Commission, Verdi, Nevada. Von LENGERKE, J., 200 Fifth Ave., New York City. WADDELL, JOHN, Grand Rapids, Mich. WAGNER, JOHN, School House Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. WAKEFIELD, L. H., 1810 Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. WALKER, BRYANT, Detroit, Mich. WALKER, Dr. H. T., 210 Main St., Denison, Texas. WALLACE, FREDERICK WILLIAM, 600 Read Bldg., 45 St. Alexander St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada. WALLACE, CoL. JOHN H., JR., Montgomery, Ala. Watters, C. H., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Warp, Pror. H. B., University of Illinois, Urbana, II. Warp, J. Quincy, Executive Agent, Kentucky Game and Fish Com- mission, Frankfort, Ky. WARD, ROBERTSON S., 172 Harrison St., East Orange, N. J. WEBB, W. SEWARD, 44th St. and Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. WEEKS, ANDREW GRAY, 8 Congress St., Boston, Mass. WE tscH, H. N., Box 4, Salt Lake City, Utah. WEtscH, R., Bellingham, Wash. WERRICK, FRANK J., Bigrock Creek Trout Club, St. Croix Falls, Wis. WESTERFELD, CARL, 702 Postal Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. WESTERMANN, J. H., Harrietta, Mich. WHEELER, CHAS. E., Stratford, Conn. WHEELER, FRED M., 546 Fulton St., Chicago, Ill. WHITE, JAS., Conservation Commission, Ottawa, Canada. WHITMAN, EpwarpD C., Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada. WHITESIDE, R. B., 204 Sellwood Bidg., Duluth, Minn. WIckLiFF, EpwarD L., 1809 Atchinson St., Columbus, Ohio. WiuiaMs, J. A., Shell-Fish Commissioner, Tallahassee, Fla. Witson, C. H., Glen Falls, N. Y. WINCHESTER, GRANT E., Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Bemus Points Ne Ye Winn, Dennis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 1217 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. Wires, S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. *WISNER, J. NELSON, Director, Institute de Pesca del Uurguay, Punta del Esto, Uruguay. *WoLTERS, CHAs. A., Oxford and Marvine Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Woop, C. C., Plymouth, Mass. Woops, JoHN P., President, Missouri State Fish Commission, First and Wright Sts., St. Louis, Mo. Work, GERALD, Perkins Hill, Akron, Ohio. Worth, S. G., 518 Colonial Ave., Norfolk, Va. Wricut, Pror. ALBERT HAZEN, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. YERINGTON, EpwArD B., Board of Fish Commissioners, Carson City, Nevada. YOUNGER, R. J., Houma, La. ZALSMAN, P. G., Grayling, Mich. es a, ss Se Oe ee ——_ ey i List of Members 185 MEMBERS ADMITTED AT MEETING, SEPTEMBER, 1920. BARBOUR, F. K., 96 Franklin St., New York, N. Y. Baxter, A. C., Chief, Ohio Fish and Game Division, Columbus, Ohio. Crig, H. D., Director, Sea and Shore Fisheries Commission, Rockland, Me. DREISBACH, LEON, Erie, Pa. DoLaNn, GEorGE A., Fish Commissioner, Westerly, R. I. FInLayson, ALEX C., Dominion Inspector of Hatcheries, Ottawa, Canada. GREENE, JOHN V., Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. GouLpD, EDWIN W., State Sea Food Protective Commission, Portland, Me. KIPLINGER, WALTER C., 2234 Park Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. MacKay, D. A., Collegiate Institute, Ottawa, Canada. Mites, Lee, Probate Judge, Little Rock, Ark. RicH, WALTER H., Agent, Bureau of Fisheries, Falmouth, Me. STUBER, JAMES W., Bureau of Fish and Game, Columbus, Ohio. TRAVERS, JOHN T., Fish and Game Dept., Columbus, Ohio. VICKERS, HARRISON W., Chairman, Conservation Commission, 512 Munsey Building, Baltimore, Md. WALEER, S. J., District Inspector of Hatcheries, Ottawa, Canada. WELLS, WM. F., Conservation Commissioner, Albany, N. Y. WHITEWAY, SOLOMON P., St. Johns, Newfoundland. WILBUR, HARRY C., Commissioner, Sea and Shore Fisheries, Portland, Me. RECAPITULATION. da NOs aOR EEN AN/e, 2a: OG neue cae eb BCT OMe Bee HODES SUIT LOMO IOS 67 Worcespomeim gee, oes 5 ay No ORT Cae ane vaio en Groen aor 12 IPACEON SEN ey er he ne ee ee ae Ste eee cote 53 JMOL Erni eiel sie bs Gos CERERERER I ork ORTOR one ORO ee eae 563 CON ot) UT lon (As amended to date) ARTICLE I NAME AND OBJECT The name of this Society shall be American Fisheries Society. Its object shall be to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; the uniting and encour- aging of all interests of fish culture and the fisheries, and the treatment of all questions regarding fish, of a scientific and economic character. ARTICLE II MEMBERSHIP Active Members.—Any person may, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of two dollars, become a member of this Society. In case members do not pay their fees, which shall be two dollars per year after first year, and are delinquent for two years, they shall be notified by the treasurer, and if the amount due is not paid within a month thereafter, they shall be, without further notice, dropped from the roll of membership. Libraries may become members on the payment of the two dollar annual fee. Any sporting or fishing club, society, firm or corporation may upon the payment of an annual fee of five dollars, become a member of this Society and entitled to all its publications. Any State board or commission, upon the payment of an annual fee of two dollars, may become a member of this Society and entilled to all its publications. Life Members.—Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of twenty-five dollars, vecome a life member of this Society, and shall thereafter be exempt from all annual dues. Patrons.—Any person, society, club, firm or corporation, on approval by the Executive Committee and on payment of $50.00, may become a Patron of this Society with all the privileges of a 187 188 American Fisheries Society life member, and than shall be listed as such in all published lists of the Society. The money thus received shall become part of the permanent funds of the Society and the interest alone be used as the Society shall designate. Honorary and Corresponding Members.—Any person can be made an honorary or a corresponding member upon a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting. The President (by name) of the United States and the Governors (by name) of the several States shall be honorary members of the Society. Election of Members Between Annual Meetings.—The President, Recording Secretary and Treasurer of the Society are hereby authorized, during the time intervening between annual meet- ings, to act on all individual applications for membership in the Society, a majority vote of the Committee to elect or reject such applications as may be duly made. ARTICLE III SECTIONS On presentation of a formal written petition signed by one hundred or more members, the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society may approve the formation in any region of a Section of the American Fisheries Society to be known as the Section. Such a Section may organize by electing its own officers, and by adopting such rules as are not in conflict with the Constitution and By-Laws of the American Fisheries Society. It may hold meetings and otherwise advance the general interests of the Society, except that the time and place of its annual meeting must receive the approval of the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society, and that without specific vote of the American Fisheries Society, the Section shall not commit itself to any expression of public policy on fishing matters. It may further incur indebtedness to an amount necessary for the conduct of its work not to exceed one-half of the sum received in annual dues from members of said section. Constitution 189 Such bills duly approved by the Chairman and Recorder of the Section shall be paid on presentation to the Treasurer of the American Fisheries Society. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS The officers of this Society shall be a president and a vice- president, who shall be ineligible for election to the same office until a year after the expiration of their term; a corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, an editor, a treasurer, and an executive committee of seven, which, with the officers before named, shall form a council and transact such business as may be necessary when the Society is not in session—four to constitute a quorum. In addition to the officers above named there shall be elected annually five vice-presidents who shall be in charge of the following five divisions or sections: Fish culture. Commercial fishing. Aquatic biology and physics. Angling. Protection and legislation. eee oe Oe Vice-presidents of sections may be called upon by the President to present reports of the work of their sections, or they may voluntarily present such reports when material of particular value can be offered by a given division. ARTICLE V MEETINGS The regular meeting of the Society shall be held once a year, the time and place being decided upon at the previous meeting, or, in default of such action, by the executive committee. 190 American Fisheries Society ARTICLE VI ORDER OF BUSINESS Call to order by president. Roll call of members. Applications for membership. Reports of officers. a. President. b. Secretary. c. Treasurer. d e. Seana pe) lee . Vice-Presidents of Divisions. Standing Committees. 5. Committees appointed by the president. a. Committee of five on nomination of officers for ensuing year. b. Committee of three on time and place of next meeting. c. Auditing committee of three. d. Committee of three on programme. e. Committee of three on publication. Committee of three on publicity. 6. Reatins of papers and discussion of same. (Note—lIn the reading of papers preference shall be given to the members present.) 7. Miscellaneous business. 8. Adjournment. ARTICLE VII CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION The constitution of the Society may be amended, altered or repealed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting, provided at least fifteen members are present at said regular meeting. Sed h ' f ! { ‘ i Pai Mice ; ; / i id OVA Lr un f . ; 4 lareeey ae «.¥ i " . ‘ 4 b 1 . ae Froth AT Svctah Say oe At Aiel v Py AY rt " a me ty : i ' - Vv, ae. \ eal oa! ha AON " i von Y : , Poe oo ¢ Sh Dena en a ERA ’ Ae, i) if ’ q en, : ' en 44 Ay Ar Fy ry f ’ lay Ok i ey / : fie fi ) a 7 ry ] : va ie . ‘ “ \ i. \ i 1 | x } i ' j CONTENTS PAGE A Word About Florida’s Fish and Her Fisheries, J. Asakiah Williams 159 Certificate ol Mncorporation 2) adie eu tis ei tena ee 169 Presidents, Terms of Service and Place of Meeting.......... 170 Plonorary, Members...) i) i SU se eo ca MeN dor a 1A 11866) 01 ACREAGE MIEN ABS AMR ACSA A AC 172 Corresponding Members.) 50000 SU Ae Sn ee ie 172 HeNoroh (chau leven) ofc ecueanap awn anon aan ten anes Way ian ACG NM Mn Mb NHE yh. 31) 174 Members Admitted at Meeting, September, 1920........... alee RECA PIL MEAT Ne Vee wus TERE s See nee a ees TED 185 Consint tia i. 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