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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

VOLUME XLVIII

%*nal Mu**:*^"

Hall of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

logan square

1923

^ T/i't^'^^i^

LIST OF PAPERS

Bell (E. L.)

A Now Species of Hesperiidae (Lei)idoptera; Rhopal-

oceni) 205

(Issued January 2, 1923.)

Caudp:ll (A. N.)

Zorotypus swezeyi, a New S])ecips of the Order Zora])-

tera from Hawaii 133

(Issued 8ci)tem})er 20, 1<)22.)

Crampton (G. C.)

The Genitalia of Male Diptera and Meeoptera Com- pared with those of Related Insects, from the Stand- point of Phylogeny 207

(Issued January 12, l'J2;).)

CreSvSon (E. T., Jr.)

The Bassett Types of Cynipidac (Hymenoptera) . . 197 (Issued Januarj' 2, 1923.)

Davidson (W. ]M.)

Notes on Certain S])ecies of Melanosloma (l)ii)lera;

Syr])hidae) 35

(Lssuud July 2.5, 1922.)

P'rison (Theodore II.)

New Neotro])ieal Species of I']nsiirii-fHes or lOvaiiiidae

(Hymeno])tera) 1

(Issued July 22, 1922.)

Notes on the Life History, Parasites and Incpiihiie Associates of Antho])hora al)ru])ta Say, with Some C()ni])aris<)iis with the Habits of Certain Other Antli-

ophoriiiae (Hymenoptera) 137

(Issued September 20, 1922.)

Systematif and Biological Notes on Bumblebees (Brcm-

idae; Hymenoptera) 307

(Issued March 2, 1U23.)

Hebard (M(ir(;an)

New (ienera and Species of JNIelanopli Found within the United States and Canada (Orthoptera; Acrididac). Part IV 49

(Issued July 25, 1922.)

North American Acrididae (Orthoptera). Paper One. A Study of the (iroup Achuri, as Found in the United States 8!)

Paper Two. Tin* (Iroup Hyalopteryges as Found in

the United States and Canada 103

(Issued September 25, 1U22.)

Notes on a Few Interesting Blattidae from Guatemala, with the Description of a New Species (Orthoptera) . 129 (Issued September 30, 1922.)

Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Part I. Dermaptera and Non-Saltatorial Orthoptera 157

(Issued January 2, 1923.)

Studies ill the JMantidae and Phasmidae of Panama

(Ortlioi)tera) , 327

(Issued March 7, 1923.)

]\IaLLO(II (J. II.)

Flies of the Aiithomyriid ( iemis Phaonia KobiiicMu- Dcsvoidy and Related (ienera,, Known to occur in

North America 227

(Issued January 12, 1923.)

SkINNKJI (lIlONJiv) AND W'll.MAMS (K. C., Jji.)

On the Mah' (ienitaiia of the Larger Hesi)eriid:ic of

North America \()\)

(Issued Sepleiidjcr 20, 1922.)

On the IVIale Genitalia of the Hcsperiichic of North Anieiica. Paper II 28:i

(Issued K("l)iii;iry 12, 1<»23.)

Williams (R. C, Jr.)

(See Skinner.)

WOLCOTT (A. B.)

New Species of (\)leoptei-;i of th(' Tribe Clerini, wilh

Notes on Others ()7

(l.ssucd .Jiilj' 2'), l«r22.)

Van Duzee (M. C.)

The Genus Xiphandrium Loew in North America (Dip-

tera; Dolichopodidae) 79

(Issued July 25, 1922.)

INDEX

The naiiics of ni'W genera and of new speeies are followed by the name of tlie author.

PAGE

Al)errans (Phaonia) 2-ir^, 272

abortivM(Euthlastoblatta) 161, 102

ahrupta (Anthojjhora) 137

abruptus (Clerus) 75

abruj)tu.s (Enoclerus) .74, 75, 7(), 77

Acanthinevania 3

Acanthops (see bidens, erosula,

falcata, godmani, griffini,

mexicana and tuberculata) Aehalurus 110

(see also alboc-iliata, epi-

gona and lycidas) Aehuri 89

key to North Aineriean

ficncra and 'species IK)

Aeliuriun S!), \K), \)l

(sec also acridodes, brevi-

penne, minimipenne and

siimichrasti)

aeolhua (Panchlora) 173

Aeontiothespinae 328

Acontiothespis (see cordillerae

and vitrea) Acraspis (see gillettei, inaero-

earpae and politus)

Acridinae 8!)

aeridodcs (Aehurum) 'Jl, ',)2

acridodes (Truxalis) 91

Acrydiuin (see ensieurnn)

aenielia (Cogia) 12), 121

aetolus (Bacteria) 193

aetolus (Hostra) 158, 193

affinis (Hrenius) 313, 324

affinis (C'ynips) 198

aftinis (Fegoniyia) 151, 152

agrifoliae (Cynips) 198

Agroecotettix (see aristus, crj'p-

sidomus and modcstus) Agrostia (see anioena and virid-

ipes) agunae (Chrouiatonotus) Ihh-

ard 129

IWC.E

alana (HelioiKites) 292

alaskeiisis (Brenmsj 319

akiskensis (Phaonia) Mallork

245, 272

alLida (Bradynotes) 58

alboealyi)trata (Phaonia) 243, 205

albociliata (Aehalurus) 121

albociliata (Cogia) 121, 122

albofasciatum (Spogostyluni) . 152

albofasciatus (Chioides) 117

albofaseiatus (Eudanuis) 117

aleaeus (Eudamiis) 118

aleeae (Careharodus) 293

aldriehi (Xiphandriuin) ['(in

DnziT 79, 86

alexanderi (Brenun) Frismi. .. 308

alliainbra (Alyzocallis) 4(5

-Mlograpta 35

(see also obliqua)

alphcus (Pholisora) 294, 295

ali)ic()la (Phaonia) 248

altieola (Phaonia) Malloch . 243, 260 amazoniea (Braehygaster) .... 17

aniazoniea (Hyptia) 10, 11

anibiguus (Brenius) 319, 320

Amelinae 183

americana (Blalta) 173

americana (Perii)laneta)

131, 157, 173 anii-ricaiioruni (Brcinus).. .320, 325

anioena (.Vgrostia) 340

.\nipliibolii)S (see badius, cai-o- linensis, gainesi, longieor- nis, palnieri and verna)

amyntas (Polygonus) 1 12, 1 13

Andrieus (see ashnieadii, eical- rieula, clarkei, eryst al- lium, exiguus, howertoni, ignolus, ineertus, indis- tinetus, kingi, juaxwelli, nu'xieanus, obtusilobac, operatola, parnnda, pali-

INDEX

ens, perditor, pihila, piper-

oides, pruinosus, piilchel-

lus, pulchra, ])usulatoides,

reticulata, ruginosus, sac-

cularius, seminosus, speci-

osus and tul^erosa) Angela 332

(see alno ((uinciuenuiculata

and sul)hyalina) angu-stata (Brachvga.ster) Fii-

son 14, 17

Anisomorphinae 347

Anisopygia (see jocosicluna) anisoura (Chorisoneura) Heb-

nrd 158, 180

annulicornis (Brizoides) Hcb-

ard 348

annuli])es (Euborellia) 157, 159

annulipcs (Forficelisa) 159

annulipes (Liturgiisa) 337

Antemna (see rapax)

antennatus (Aulicus) 77, 78

Anthomyia (see bysia, errans,

querceti, serva and soccata)

Anthoniyiidae 230

Anthomyiinae 230

Anthoniyza (see consobrina) Anthopliora 137

(see also abrupt a, boni-

boides, occidentalis, pari-

etina, sjjonsa, stanfordi-

ana and taurea)

Anthophorinae 137

Antistroplius (see leavcnwor-

thi) Aphis (see bi'assicae, coriiilul-

iae and nunicis)

ajjieata (Eupheniia) 277

apicata (Phaonia)

246, 274, 275, 277, 282

api)endigaster (Evania) 22

apta (Phaonia) 275, 282

Apyrrollirix (see arizonac)

areas (I'lphyriades) 302, 303

Archiinandrita (see iiiarniorata

and tessellata)

arcticus (lirennis) ;j5i)

Arenaria (see groenlaiidi(!a)

ariadne (Prisopus) Hcbnrd .... 352

Aricia (see brunneinervis, cae-

rulescens, deleta, f renata,

houghi, orichalcea, pvdvil-

lata and striata)

aristus (Agroecutef fix) Ilcbard

49, 53

annata (C)nc()toi)hasina) 34G

arsalte (Heliopetes) 292

arizonae (Apyrrothrix) .... 1 10, 1 11 arizonensis (Bremus) Frimit

309, 312

arizonensis (Codatraetus) 118

arizonensi« (Hesperojisis) 295

arizonensis (Pholisora) 295

arizonensis (Pol.ygonus) . . .112, 113

artifex (Enoclerus) 76

ascalai)hus (Helias) 298

asealaphus (Pholisora). . . .298, 299

ascalaphus (Htaphylus) 298

Asclepias (see purpurascens)

ashmeadii (Andricus) 198

asychis (CJhiomara) 305

atlanis (Phaonia) MaUoch

24(3, 279, 280 atopoganiia (Melliera) . . . .158, 185

atrieeps (Enoclerus) 75, 76

atrocitrea (Phaonia) M(dluc)i

243, 262 Aula>- (see ]H)dagrae and tu- niidus)

.Vulicus 77

(sec- also antennatus) aurea (Phaonia) Malloch. . .242, 256 auriconius (Brenuis) .320, 321, 325

Auroinant is 339

aurunce (Cloniurus) 114

australasiac (Blatta) 173

australasiae (Periplaneta)

131, 158, 173

australis (Chorista) 224

azteca (lloloconipsa) 132

azteca (Nyctibora) 171

azteca ('rheoclytes) 345

azygos (Phaonia) Malloch .'lA'i, 261

Bacteria (see aetolus) Bacunculinae 354

INDEX

111

badius (Ainphiljolips) IDS

barbata (Evaniaj Frison 22, 28

basalis (Brachygas(er) 17

basalis (Phaonia) 249

basiseta (Pliaoiiia) 240, 249

batabano (Phoci.lcs) Ill

bathyllus (Cogia) 122, 125

bathyllus (Thorybcs) 122

bella (Cynips) 19S

bella (Evania) Fri.son 22

bellus (Myzocallis) 46

berosus (Prisopus) 3o2, 353

bicolor (Caloblatta) 178

bioolor (Psit.hyru.s) 322

biconiuta (Isclmoplcra) Hclxinl

157, 165

bicuspis (Calyiida) 34t)

bidens (Acant Ik )p,s)//t /«/;•(/ 158, 189

bifarius (Bremus) 317

bigibbuB (Ceroys) 354

bigibbus (P.seudoceroys) 355

Bigotomyia 232, 23(5

(sec al.s() californiensis,

houghi and trispila)

bilobus (EnockiruH) 76

bimaculata (Melissodes). . . 141, 143

bimaoulatus (Bremus) 325

Bittacomorpha 225

Bittacus 219

(see also pilicornis)

Blaberinae 131

Blasturus (see cupidus) Blatta (see amcricana, austral-

asiae, cincrea, rhoinbi-

folia and surinaniensi>;j

Blattcllae 170

Blattidae 12'.t, 157, Kll

Blaitinae 131, 173

bogotensis (Pseudoniioptcryx) . 329 i)oinl)ifrons (Ein])li()r)

110, 141, 145, 147

boniboides (Anthophoraj 151

borealis (Bremus) 324

Boreus (see brumalis and nivor-

iundus) Bostra li)3, 346

(see also aetolus, dorsu-

aria, jaliscensis, lobata,

martini, podajirica and simili^)

Brafhygasfcr 6, 13

(see also amazoniea, an- gustala, basalis, eximia, fraterna, guyanensis, ?nin uta, jiarishi, peruviana, reticulifer and rubia)

Bradynut(>^ 58

(see also albida, caurus, chilcotinae, (;ompaeta, cx- celsa, obesa and satur)

brassicae (Aphis) 45

Bremidae 307

Bremus 307

(sec also aflinis, alaskcnsis, alcxandcri, ambijiuus, am- ericanorum, arcticus, ari- zonensis, auricomus, bi- farius, bimaoulatus, bore- alis, centralis, consimilis, derhamellus, dimidiatus, edwardsii, fernaldi, fer- vidus, flavieoUis, flavifrons, foNoini, franklini,. fratcr- nus, frigidus, huntii, hy- perboreus, impatiens, jo- hanseni, kinoaidii, kirby- ellus, lapponicus, lutzi, melanopygus, morrisoni, nearcticus, nc^vadensis, ni- valis, novae-angliae, occi- denlalis, perplexus, pleur- alis, ])olaris, rufocin(;tu«, sitkensis, sandersoni, sylvi- eola, ternarius, terrestris, tcrricoia, vagans, virfiini- cus and vosneseiiskii)

brenuus (Pholisora) 2'J8

brennus (Staphylus) 298

brevicornis (Gryllu.s) 104

brevicornis (Pseudo\'ates) 345

brevicornis (Truxalis) 103, 104

brcvipenne (Achurum) 101

bre^'ipemic (Kadinotatum)

91, 93, 94, 96, 101, 102 brcvipenne (Hhadinotatum) 96, 101 brcvipenne (Tryxalis) 91, 96

IV

INDEX

brevis])iiui (Pluioiiia) Malloch

244, 269

Brizoulcs 348

(see also amuiliciornis, gra- minea, lacteipeniiis and nigricorni.s)

l)ruiiKili8 (Boreus) 225

brunnea (Ephyriades) 302

brunneinervis (Aricla) 251

brunneinervis (Phaonia)

24] 250, 251 brunneipenuis (Psalidoj)hora) . 15!) l)rumu'ipennis (Vostox). . . . 157, 15!)

brunneri (Choeradodis) 33<S

burkhartianus (Oxycorypbiis) . 104

bysia (Anthoniyia) 277

bysia (Phaonia) 24G, 274, 277

Cabares (see potrillo)

oaerulescens (Aricia) 248

caerulescens (Phaonia) . . . .240, 248

caesia (Phaonia) 277

Cahita //(■/;«/■(/ 167

(see also nahua) cahita (Panchlora) Hulxird . 15.S, 174

caicus (( 'Ogia) 125, 12(5

caicus (Phoedinus) 12(3

calohas (Cogia) 125

calidus (Melanoplus) (il

californica (C'ynips) 1!)<S

cdlifornica (Stagniomant is) . . . 1S7 californiensis (Bigot omyia)

Malloch 236

Calo])latta 17S

(sec also bicoliir and lain])-

ra) ('aliirhylis (sec ccroplcroidcs,

clarkci and radicis)

(lalt.heila (I'lriocephala) 207, 224

calUu-lia (iMicroptcryx), . ,207, 224 Calynda 34(5

(see also bicuspis)

cameroni (lly])tia,) (i

canalic'ulalnni (Xcrosonia) .... 351

canesccns (ilolcaspis) 108

capsula (Cynips) IDS

( '.■ircli:irodus 2!)3

(see also alccae and nial-

varum) Carolina (Stagniomant is)

185, 1.S7, 340 (^arolinensis (Aniphibolips). . . . 198

carolinus (Ciryllus) 33!)

Cataboinba (see pyrastri)

catullus (Pholisora) 283, 2!)4

Caulonia (see molita)

caurus (Bradynotes) 58, 59

cayennensis (Liturgusa) 337

cayugae (Phaonia) 25(5

Ceanothus 14!)

Cecropterus (see eellus and

pseudocellus)

eellus (Cecropterus) 11 !i, 120

Celotes (see nessus and notab-

ilis)

centaureae (Hespcria) 2S4

centralis (Bremus) 318, 319

centralis (Uromantis) 342

ccos (Pholisora) 297

cephus (Prisoi)u&) 352

ceropteroides (Callirhylis) . . . . 198 Ceroys 354

(see also I)igi1/I)us and

laciniatus) cerviculata (Evania) Frison . .22, 30

ccylonicus (Zorotypus) 135

chaeto])o<la (Melanostonia)

Daihhon. . . .35, 3!), 41, 43, 47 Clialciilopterella 4

(.see also longistila, inao

gillivrayi and nianni)

cli.-dcinata (Phaonia) 248

chanipioni ('I'aiu'oniantis) 32<S

chapini (Enoclerus) Wolcall . .74, 77 chichinieca (Latiblattella) . . . . !(>3 chilcotinae (Bradynotes) H<li-

ard 58

('hioidcs (see albot'asciala an<l

zilpa) Chiornara (sec asychis) chiricahuae (M('lano|)lu'^) llili-

ard 61

chiriquensis (l)ynie) 31(1

chlorophaea (Mantis) 191, 344

INDEX

clilorophapa (PhyllDVutos)

158, 191, 344, 34t;

(•lil(jroj)haea ('riicooh'tes) 344

Chlorophasma 348, 349

(see also liyalina)

Choeradodinae 338

C'hoeradodis (sec hruimcri, per- uviana, rlH)tnl)ic()llis and servillcij

Chorisoueura 181

(see also anisoura, flavi- pennis, i'uscipennis, ])aiia- niao, peiiucida and tnms- lucida) Chorista (see australis) Chroinatonotus (sec agunae,

lamjinis and notatus) Chrysopila (see ([uadrata)

cicatricula (Andricus) 198

(•i(!atrieida (Cynii)s) 198

ein('tii)es (Stratoeles) 346

cinerea (Blatta) 17G

einerea (Nauphoeta) 158, 17G

I'inerosa (Cynips) 198

cingulata (Theoely tes) 345

eitreibasis (Phaonia) 243, 2()2

Citrina (sec venilia)

clara (Evaiiia) Friwn 22, 27

clarkei (Andricus) 198

clarkei (Callirhytis) 198

clarkei (Dryophanta) 198

C'lcrus (secal)ruplus, coccineus, corallinus, inccrtus, lacliis, nigripes, opifex, ((uadri- guttatus, subcostal us and thoracicus) Clisodon (see terminalis) C'occeius (see i)ylades)

coccineus (Clerus) 75

coccineus (Enoclerus) . . .75, 7(), 77 Codatractus (sec arizonensis and melon)

coelus (Coniurus) 111,115

Cogia no, 303

(see also aeinelia, albo- ciliata, balliyllus, caicus, calchas, coyote, daunus, drusius, epigona, hippalus,

iinniaciilata, lycidas, mexi- cana, moschus, mysie, nev- ada, outis and pylades)

collaris (Dolerus) 224

colorata (Stagniomant is) Hch-

bnnl 158, 187

communis (Ilesjieria) 289

compacta (Bradynotes) 58

conip|(>ta (Phaonia) Mdlloch

242, 258 compressus (Phaulotett ix) . ... 50 C'omps(jdes (s(>e schwarzi) Conalcaea (,s(>(> coj'otcrae, hua- chucana and miguelitana)

conciima (Smithomyia) 233

conHuens (Phaonia) 251

confusis (Thorybes) Bell 205

consimilis (Bremus) 312

consimilis (Neuroterus) 198

consobrina (Anthomyza) 250

consobrina (Phaonia) 240, 250, 251

conspersa (Musonia) 329

consultus (Psithynis) 321, 322

Convolvulus (see .se])ium) cordillerae (Acontiothes])is) . .. 328

corralinus (Clerus) 75

corallinus (Holcaspis) 198

cornuta ('i'heoclytes) 344

corrugis (('ynips) 198

corrugis (Dryoi)hanta) 198

cornifoliae (Ai)his) 47

Corydiinae 132

coxii (Cynips) 198

coj^ote (Cogia) 121

coyoterae (Conalcaea) Hclianl . 55

crassa (Hyptia) ti

crawfordi (Psithyrus) 313

crypsidonuis (Agroecotet f ix)

Hrbanl 53

crystallinus (Andricus) 198

cubensis (Panchlora) 158, 173

cubensis (Panunusonia) 330

Culicidae 207

cu))idus (Blasturus) 224

curvincrvis (!*haoni;i) Mdlloch

245, 275 cyanipennis (Piacopterus) . ... 07 Cyclorrhapha 230

VI

INDEX

Cynijiidae 197

CyniiJs (see aflfinie, agrifoliae, bella, californica, capsula, cicatricula, cinerosa, cor- rugis, coxii, ficula, floo- cosa, formosa, gemula, hirta, ignota, ilicifoliae, majalis, mamnmla, min- uta, noxiosa, nubila, osten- sackenii, papula, pattoni, petiolicola, pigra, polita, pomiformis, punctata, ri- leyi, rugosa, scitula, sculp- tus, similis, singularis, sut- tonii, tenuicornis, utricula, ventricosa and vesicula)

Damasippus (see fuscipes, stri-

atus and westwoodi)

Dasylirion 55

dasy toides (Placopterus) 68

daunus (Cogia) 122, 123

daunus (Thorybes) 205, 206

delicata (Evania) Frison 22, 24

deleta (Aricia) 258

deleta (Phaonia) 242, 258

deliciolus (Enoclerus) 76

Dendrophaonia Mulloch

232, 233, 237, 2()1

(see also hiiariforniis and

querceti) denticulata (Stagnioniant is) . . 340

dentipes (Lsagoras) 350

derhaniellus (Brenius) 317

Dennaptera 157, 159, 212

Dialyta 275

Diaphcromora 192

(sec also erytlirojjleura) Diastrophus (.see minimus, ni-

ger, potentillae, rndicum,

similis, turgidus and lurgi-

gus)

dilat.'ita (Latililnl Idla ) 163

dimi<li;i1us ( Urciiiiis) 31!»

diodes (Met riot csj 34()

Diptera 207, 227

dipteroidcs (Nannocliorista). . . 225 diruta (I'liuoniaj 247, 218

discors (Dyme) 346

discus (Dryophanta) 198

dispersa (Evania) 25

dissimilis (Phaonia) MallocJi

243, 263, 265

distinctus (Enoclerus) 76

distinctus (Philopotamus) .... 224

distortus (Neuroterus) 198

ditoma (Evania) 24

Dolerus (sec collaris)

domicella (H-liopetos) 283, 290

dorantes (Eudamus) 115, 116

dorantes (Goniunis) 115, 116

dorsalis (Hyptia) 6

dorsuaria (Bostra) 346

Doru (see lineare)

dorus (Plestia) 119

drusius (Cogia) 122

drusius (Thorybes) 122

Dryophanta (see clarkei, cor- rugis, discus, eburneus, longicornis, pallipes, par- vida, pedunculata, pumi- liventris, and similis)

dubia (Neuroterus) 199

dubium (Xiphandrium) V(m

Dtizrc 79, 85

dubius (Enoclerus) 70, 71

dulcis (Phaonia) 253

duricoria (Ilolcaspis) 199

Dyme 346

(sec also chiriqucnsis, dis- cors and modesta)

Eanti.s (sec thraso)

eburneus (Dryophanta). . .199, 202

edwardsii (Bronnis) 317

cdwardsii (Sirex). 224

elect ra (l<]phyriades) 303

Embiidae 209

Emphor 140

(see also bombii'rons ;ind fuscojubatus) Enoclerus (see abrupt us, arti- fex, atriceps, biiobiis chaj)- ini, coccincus, dcliciolus, distinctus, dubius, erro, flavosignatus, gerhardi.

INDEX

Vll

iclinounioneus laetu^;, lau- tus, lecontei, liljebladi, longissimus, muttkowskii, mysticus, nigrifrons, nig- ripes, nigriventris, ocrea- tus, opifex, palmii, pinus, pulchelhis, i)usillus, quad- riguttatus, recurvatus, ni- ficollis, rutivcntris, soeni- cus, sobriiuH and testaoc- ipes)

ensicornu (Afrydiuni) 104

Entechnia 137, 140, 141

(see also taurea)

Epaphroditinae 189, 328, 343

Ei)argyreus (see exadeus, tity- rus and zestos)

Ephemerida 208

Ephyriades 303

(see also areas, brimnea, electra, flyas, otreus, Velas- quez and zephodes)

epigona (Achahirui^) 120

epigona (Cugia) 120

PJpiphragnia (see fascipennis)

Ereiniai)liilinae 1S2, 328

ericctoruni (Heliopotcs) . . .290, 292 Erioeephala (sec caltliclla and

sei)ella) Eriooera (see fulton(Mi^is) Eristalis (see tenax)

erosa (Systasea) 301

erosula (Acanthops) 343

errans (Anthoinyia). 2.57

errans (Ph:umia)^ 230, 235, 242,

254, 255, 257

erratica (Fhaonla) 242, 254

erratica (Musca) 239

crro (Enoflerus) Wolcutt 68

erythroj)leura (Diaijheroinera)

Ildxird 15S, 192

esineraldus (Eudainus) 115

csiMcraldiis ((ioniums) 115

Eiihorellia (see annulipos)

Eudainus 110, 114

(see also albofasciatus, al- caeus, dorantes, esmeral-

dus, proteus, rauterbergi, Santiago, simplieius and zilpa)

Eupeodes 35

(see also volucris)

Euphaonia 232

Kuphcmia....232, 233, 237, 27(> (see also apicata)

curibates (Polygonus) 113

eurycles (Eudamus) 1 1<>

Euthlastoblatta (see abort iva, grata and orizabae)

Eutryxalis SO. 103

Evania 3, 6, 21

(see also appendigaster, barbata, bella, eerviculata, elara, delicata, dispersa, ditonia, lueulenta, niysti- ca and pulcherriina)

Evaniella 3

Evaniidae 1

exadeus (Epargyreus) 114

excelsa (Bradynotes) 58

exiguissinuis (Neuroterus) .... 199

exiguus (Andricus) 199

exiguus (Neuroterus) 199

exiinia (Brachvgaster) Frison 14, 19

Falcata (Acanthops) 190, 343

faseiata (Holcaspis) 199

faseipennis (Fipiphragma) . ... 224

favosus (Neuroterus) 199

feinineuni (Xiphandriuni) Van

Diizir 79, 84

feniorata (Musonia) 330

fenioratuni (Xiphandriuni)

Villi Diizee SO, 81

fcinur-nigrum (Melanoplus) .01, 02

fernaldi (Bremus) 317, 31S

fernaldae (Psithyrus) 321, 325

fervidus (Bremus) 320

festae (Panchlora) 173

festae (Stauroniantis) 340

ficula (('ynii)s) 199

fitcliii {Proinac-nus) 225

flava (Phaonia) 245, 274, 275

Havibasis (Phaonia) 245, 275

Vlll

INDEX

flavioollis (Bromiis) 311

flavicoxa (Xiphandrium) Van

Duzee 79, 84

flavifrons (Bnmus) 318, 322

flavipennis (Chorisoneura) . 1.58, 182 flavipennula (Prosparatta) . 159, 160 flavosignatus (Eiioclorus) .... 75, 70 flavithorax (Poecilophaonia) . . 234 flavofeinorata (Pliaoiiia) Mal-

loch 245, 271

floccosa (Cynip><) 199

flyas (Ephyriades) 302

folsomi (Brenius) Frimn 322

foroipat.U8 (Stratocles) 347

Forficelisa (see annulipps) Forficula (see linear in)

Forficulidae IGl

formosa (Cynips) 199

fragilis (Neuroterus) 199

franklini (Bremus) 313

fratercula (Neoblattella) . . . 1()4, 165

fraterna (Braehygaster) 21

fraterna (Paiiclilora) 174

fraterna (Pliaonia) Malloch 241, 251

fraternus (Bremus) 325

fraudulenta (Hyptia) Fns(,ti . .7, 12

frenata (Aricia) 260

frenata (Phaonia) 243, 260

frigidus (Bremus) 317

fulgidipennis (Mantoida) 328

fiiltonensis (Eriocera) 224

fultoni (Melanoplus) Hebard . . 63

fumosa (Hesperia) 287

fumosus (Thrinaconyx) 333

fusca (Phaonia) . .232, 246, 280, 281

fus(;a (Spilogaster) 280

fuscesecns (Mionyx) . .330, 331, 332

fuscicauda (Phaonia) 244, 270

fuscinervis (Phaonia) 270

fuscipennis (Chorisoneura). . . . 182

fusci])es (Damasi])i)us) 346

fuscisquama (Phaonia) 243, 264

i'lisfisciuama (Phorbia) 264

liiscojiilmtu'^ (I<;iiiplior) 110, 143, 115, 147, MS, 149

Gainesi (,.\.iiipliihoHi)sJ 199

geniuhi (Cynips) 199

gerhardi (Knoclerus) WoIcoK

70, 71, 72

gesta (Thanaos) 305

gigantea (Hornia) 151

Gillenia (see stipulaoea)

gillettei (Aeraspis) 199

gillettei (Neuroterus) 199

Cinopliomyia (see tristissima)

godmani (Aeanthojjs) 189, 190

Gonatista 337

Goniurus 114, 115

(see also aurunee, coehis, (lorantes, esmeraldus, eur- ycles, proteus, rauterbergi, Santiago, simplioius and talus)

graoilipes (Melanoplus) 63

Grais (see stigmaticuH)

graminea (Brizoides) 346, 348

granarium (Maorosii)hum) .... 42 grata (Euthlastoblatta) Heb- ard 157, 161

griffinii (Acaiithops) 343

griseocaerulea (Pseudoi)ha()nia)

Malloch 235

grisescens (Perliodes) 346

groenlandiea (Arenaria) 24?

Grylius (see brevicornis and

carolinus) guatemalae (Temnopteryx) . . . 129

guatemalensis (Hyptia) 6

p^uineensis (Zorotypus) 135

guyanensis (Brachygaster) .... 17

Hahneli (Telegonvis) 119

harroweri (Pseudooeroys) lid)-

ard 354, 335

harti (Phaonia) Malloch. . .244, 266

hayhursti (Staphylus) 298

hayhurstii (Phohsora) 297, 299

Helias (sec asealaphus)

Helina 22S

(see al'io nigricans)

ITelioi)etes 2S3, 290

(see also alana, arsalte, domicc'lla (•riccldniiii, lav- iana, loculin, ni;ic:iira, nivcUa and oceanus)

INDEX

IX

Heminyotibora 171

(see also truneata)

Hemiptera 207

Hesperia 283, 290

(see also centaureae, com- munis, fiimosa, maotlmi- noughi, montivagus, occi- (lentalis, philetas, ruralis, scriptura, syriditides, sy- richtus, tessellata and xati- tlms)

Hesperiidae 109, 283

Hesperiinae 109, 283

Hesperopsis (see arizonensis)

hesus (Nascus) 112

heterogamia (Stagmomantis)

339, 341

Heteroneminao 192, 354

Hibiscus (see moschatus) hilarifonnis (Dendrophaonia)

237, 238 liilariformis (Spilogaslcr). .237, 238

hippalus (Cogia) 125, 126

hirta (Cynips) 199

Holcaspis (see caneseens, coral- linus, duricoria, fasciata, perniciosus and sileri) Holocompsa (see azteca, nitid-

ula and scotaea)

Ilomoptera 220

Hornia 151

(see also gigantea and minutipennis)

houghi (Aricia) 236

lioughi (Bigotomyia) 236

howertoni (Andricus) 199

howertoni (Neuroterus) 199

huachucana (C'onalraea)

ori, 56, 57, 58

lmbl)ardi (Zorutypusj 133, 135

luunilis (Prosparatta) 159, 160

luuiiilis (Rosa) 148

huntii (Brenuis) 324

Iiyalina (C'Idoropliasma) 346

hyalina (Panchlora) 174

Hyaloptcryges 103

Hyalopteryx 89, 103

}lydn)])liylluin (sec virtiiiiicuni)

Ilydrotaea 264

Hymenoptera 207

hyperboreus (Brennis) 309, 316, 317

Hypnorna 178

Hyptia 2, 6

(see also amazoniea, ram- eroni, crassa, ilorsalis, fraudulenta, guatemalen- sis, jucunda, ncglecta, nig- riventris, rugosa, siniilis and si)inii"era)

Ichneumoneus (Enoclerus). ... 73

idas (Proteides) 113

ignota (Cynips) 199

ignotus (Andricus) 199

ilicifoliae (Cynips) 199

imbras (Pholisora) 298, 299

imbras (.Stai)hylus) 299

imitatrix (Phaonia) 243, 263

immaculata (Cogia) 122

impaticns (Brennis) 325

incerta (Pliaonia) Mallnch . 240, 250

incerta (Prosparatta) 159, 160

incertus (Andricus) 1 99

incertus (Clerus) 71

inculta (Phaonia) 282

indistinctus (Andricus) 200

infuscata (Pseudoniiopteryx). . 329

innocens (Ormosia) 225

insatiabilis (Stagmatoi)tera)340, 341 insignis (Paranisomorplia) .... 347

insular is (Psithyrus) 321, 325

iphicles (Metriotes) 352

Isagoras 351

(see also dcntii)es and vig-

nierj) Ischnoptera 167

(see also bicornuta. nalnia

and tolteca)

lschnoj)tera 170

Isoniantis 339

Jaliscensis (Hostra) . . . 193, I'M, 197

javanicus (Zorotypus) l.'>5

jocosiclima (Anisoi)ygia) 129

jolumseni (Brenuis) 310

jucunda (llyptia) Fritton 7

INDEX

Kincaiflii (Bromus) 31G

king! (Andriciis) 200

kirbycllus (Bremuss). . . .

307. ;ms, Slf), 317 ko(li:ikensis (Psithynis) 31(3

Lahiduridiic 159

Labiidae 159

laciniatus (Ceroys) 359

UuM'niatiifs (Pericontrus) 359

laciiiiatus (TryclioiK'plus) 359

lacteipennis (Brizdidcs) 346

laetus (Clerus) 75

laetus (Enoclerus) 74, 75, 70, 77

laevigatus (Pentstemon) 14S

lampra (Caloblatta) Ifcbanl 15S, 178 lampnis (Chromatonotus) . ... 129

lai^ponicus (Bremus) 311

Latiblattella (see chichimeca,

dilatata, lucifrons and pio-

turata)

laticornis (Lonchaea) 207

laticornis (Phaonia) Mnlinrli

240, 279 Latindia (see sohwarzi)

laurifolia (Phylloinantis) 32S

lautvi.s (Enoclerus) Walcott . ... 69

laviana (Heliopet.es) 290

l(!aven\vorthi (Antistrophus) . . 200

leoontei (Enoelenis) OS

lena (Pholisora) 295

lenticularis (Rhodites) 200

Leonidia (see neomexieana)

Lepidoptera 207

Lepisniatidae 20S

Leu(H)l)lKiea (see inaderae) Libetlira (see i)anainae and

venezueliea)

bl)ya (Pholisora) 295

lilea (Phoeides) HI

liljebladi (l-]noclenis) Woln.lf . . 73

Iirnl)a1a (Mantis) ISO, 339

liinhala (,Stantiioinan( is)

15.S, ISO, ISS

liiiil)iiici\is (Phaonia) 215, 272

iJrnnophiia (see nifibasis)

Liinnopliora 231

lineare (Dorn) ir)7 101

linearis (Forficula) 161

lineativentris (Musonia) 334

lineativentris (Pseudomusonia) 334 Liturgusa (see annulipes and

cayennensis)

Litiirgusinae 337

lobata (Bostra) 346

lobata (Phantasis) 346

locutia (Heliopetes) 293

Lonchaea (see laticornis and

polita) longicorne (Xiphandrium) ]'(ui

Duzee 79, 85

longicornis (Amphibolips) 200

longicornis (Dryophanta) 200

longissimns (Enoclerus) Wol-

cott 68

longistila (Chalcidopterella) ... 6 Loxaulus (see spicatus) lucifrons (Latiblattella). . .157, 163 luculenta (P]vania) Frisou . . .22, 25

lugubris (Panorpa) 224

lugubris (Phaonia) 248

lutzi (Bremus) Frmin 309

lycidas (Achalurus) 120

lycidas (Cogia) 120

Macaira (Hcdiopetes) .292,

niacduinioughi (Ilesperia) .... macgillivrayi (Chalcidoi)terella)

Frison

macroeari)ae (Acraspis)

Macromantis (see ovalifolia) Macronnisonia Hcbartl . . . .329,

(see also major) Macrosii)hum (see granarium,

pisi and rosae)

maculosa (Panorpa)

maderac (Leucophaea)

majalis (Cynips)

major (Macromnsonia)

major (Musonia)

malvarum (Carcharodus)

manmnda (Cynips)

maniii (Clialcidopterella)

Mnnlidae 15S, 1S2, 327,

IManlinae 1S5, 32S,

IMantis (sec chldroiiliaca, lini-

293 2S0

4

200

330

225 131 200 329 329 293 200 t> 328 339

INDEX

XI

bata, ovalifolia, rhombi-

collis and tolteca ) Mantoida (see fulgidipcnnis

and maya) tnarmorata (Arcliimandrita) . . 132

martini (Bostra) 358

martini (Oncotophasma) 358

marylandica (Phaonia) ^[(ll-

loch 244, 265

maxwelli (Andricus) 200

maya (iMantoida) . . . .158, 182, 328

maya (Thcoclyte.s) 344, 345

Mecoptera 207

mejicanus (Pholisora) 283, 284

Melanoplus (see calidus, chiri-

cahuau, femur-nigrum, f ul-

toni, gracilipc and sono-

maensis)

melanopygiis (Bremus) 311

Mclanostoma 35

(see also chaetopoda, mel-

linum, obscurum, Ontario,

pictipes, rostratum, steg-

num and trichopus) Melissodes (see bimaculata)

Melitoma 137

Melliera (sec atopogamia)

Mollierinae 185

mellinum (Melanostoma) .... 47

melon (Codatractus) 118

mcnius (Phasma) 350

inenius (Pseudoi)hasma) 350

Mermiria 89, 103

Merope 219

(see also tuber) Mertensia (see virginira) Mestocharis 152

(see also williamsoni) Metriotes (sec diocics and

iphiclcs)

mexicana (Cogia) 123

mexicana (Oligoniceila). . . . 158, 184

mexicana (Theoclytes) 345

mexicana (Thorybes) 123

mexicana (Yersinia) 158, 183

mexicanus (,\cantlio])s) 183

mexicamis (.\ndricus) 200

mexicanus (Oligonyx) 184

Micropteryx (.see calthella and

.sepella)

miguolitana (Conalcaea) 56

minor (Stagmatoptera) 344

minima (Phaonia) . . . .232, 244, 2(15

minimipenne (Achurum) 94

minimipenne (Radinotatum) .90, 94

minimus (Diastrojihus) 200

minuta (Brat-hygaster) 13

minuta (Cynips) 200

minutipennis (Hornia) 151

Mionyx ;')34

(sec also fuscescens and

saevus)

modesta (Dyme) 34(5

modestus (Agroecotettix) . . . .53, 54

molita (Caulonia) 350

Monodontomerus 154

montezuma (Panchlora) . . . 158, 175

monticola (Phaonia) 241, 251

montivagus (Hesperia) . . . .287, 288

morio (Phaonia) 251

morionella (Phaonia) 249

morrisoni (Bremus) 325

morrisoni (Phaonia) Maltoch

244, 264

moschatus (Hibiscus) 149

moschus (Cogia) 120

UKhvisi (Pericentrus) 359

muitilineatus (Stratocles) 347

multilobatus (Pericentrus) .... 359 multilo})atus (Trychopeplus) . . 359 Musca 230, 231

(see also errat ica)

Muscaridae 230

Musci(la(> 230

Musonia 329, 330

(see also conspcrsn, Iciiio

rata, lineal iventris, major

and surinamaj mutal)ilis (Phamphomyia) .... 225

muttkowskii (Enoclerus) 73

Mydaea (see nigricans and oc-

cidentalis)

mysie (Cogia) 120

mysie (Phoedinus) 120

mystica (Kvania) Frisoii 22, 32

mystiiMis (Knoclerus) 76

xu

INDEX

]\Iyzo('allis (see alliaiiil)ra and

hellu) IMj'zus (soc pcrsicao and nT^ar-

uni)

Nahua (Cahita) 157, IGS, 169

nahiia (Isohnoptera) 169

nahua (Stagmomantis) 339, 341, 342 Nannoohorista (see diptcroides) Nascus (sec hosus) Nau])hoi'ta (see cinerea)

nearetifUH (Brenius) 31S

nebulosa (Panorpa) 224

nebulosus (Rhodites) 200

neglecta (Hyptia) Fmo/( 7, 10

Neoblattella 16")

(see also fratcrciihi and sinaloae)

neoniexicana (Leonidia) 151

Neostylopyga (see rhombifolia) neotropious (Zorotypus) . . . 133, 135 nervatmn (RhaT)olosiphiini) .42, 46

nervosa (Phaonia) 256

nessus (Celotes) 293

Neuroptera 221

Neurotcrus (see consimilis, dis- tort us, dubia, exiguissi- mus, exiguus, favosus, fra- gilis, gillettei, howerteni, pallidus, pallipes, pernuni- mus, politus, tortus and umbilicatus)

nevada (Cogia) 123, 124

nevada ('rhoryl)es) 123, 124

nevadcnsis (Brcirnis) 325

niger (I)iastrophus) 200

nigri(!ans (Helina) 256

nigricans (Mydaea) 256

nigricans (Phaonia). . .241, 243, 256

nigricauda (Phaonia) 245, 274

nigricornis (Brizoides) 346

nigrifrons (Enoclerus) ()9, 70, 71, 72

nigrijjcs (Clerus) 71

nigripes (]*]ti<)ci("rus) . .69, 70, 71, 72

nigriventris (Knoclcrus) 6,S

nigriventris (Myi)tia) 11

nigrocincta (Phaonia) 261

nigro-graiiulosus (I'crliddcsj. . . ;{46

nitcns (SjTphus) 43

nitidula (Holocoinj)sa) . . . .132, 176

nivalis (Bremus) 317

nivella (Heliopetes) 292

nivoriundus (Boreus) 225

nodulosa (Bacteria) 346

Nolina 93

notabilis (Celotesj 293

notatus (Chromatonotus) 129

novae-angliae (Bremus) 324

noxiosa (('ynips) 200

nubila (Cynips) 200

Nyctibora 171

(see also azteca, t{>trasticf a

and truncata) Nyct iborinao 171

Obesa (Bradynotes) 58, 59

obli(iua (AUograjita) 35, 47

ol>scuruni (Melanostoma)

3.';, 3!), 40, 41, 47

obtusilobac (Andricus) 200

oceidentalis (Anthophora) .... 151

occidentalis (Bremus) 315

oceidentalis (Hesperia) 289

occidentaHs (Mydaea) 277

oceanus (Heliopetes) 292

ocreatus (I'inoclcrus) 69

OdontomeU 89

01cy})hides (see viridipes) Oligonicella (see mexicana,

punctulata and tessellata)

Oligonicinae 184, 333

Oligonyx (see mexicanus, scud-

d(>ri, tessellatus anil tul-

tecus) Oncotophasma 358

(see also armata, martini

and striata) Ontario (Melanostoma) Ddt'id-

xoii 35,37,41

operatola (Anch'icus) 200

o])irex (Clerus) 74

oi)ifex (Enoclerus) 74

orichalcea (Aricia) 234

orichalcea (Pscudophaonia) 234,235 ()rizai)ae (I'aithlastoblatta). ... 162 Ormosia (sec imioccns)

INDKX

Oroniaiitis 339

Orphula 103

Orphulcllao 103

Orlalidac 267

Orthoptera loT, 1(31

osteii-sackcnii (Cynip.s) 200

otreus (I']phyriades) 302, 303

otitis (("ogia) 125

ovalifolia (Macromantis) 337

ovalifolia (Mantis) 337

Oxycoryphus (see burkliartian-

us} Oxyhaluiuae ISO

Pachygastriiiae 207

pailieoniis (Phaonia) 277

pallida (Phaonia) 2-4o, 274, 275

])alli(lula (Phaonia) 241, 253

l);illi(iiis (Neuroterus) 200

[jaUipcs (Dryo[)hanta) 200

paliipes (Neurotonis) 201

palUpes (Placopterus) ()8

pahncri (AmphiboHps) 201

pahnii (Clems) 77

palniii (Enoelerus) 77

pananiae (Chorisoneura) 1.S2

pauamae (Libethra) HebanI . , . 356 Panohlora (sec acolhua, eahita, cubensis, festae, fraterna, hyaiina and niontczuina)

ranchlorinae 131, 173

Panorpa 21!)

(see also .lugubris, macu- losa and nebulosa)

Panorpodes 224

p.-ipula (Cynips) 201

i'aradiapheroniera 35S

(sec also struniosa)

Pannnusonia 330

(sec! also cubensis)

Parapyghirynchus 354

Paratruxalis 89, 103

jjarictina (Anlhophora) 14(5

parishi (Brachygaster) Frison 14, 20

parninla (Andricus) 201

parviceps (Phaonia) 240, 277

parvula (Dryophanta) 201

patiens (Andricus) 201

pattoni (Cynips) 201

pectinata (Vates) 15S, 191

pectinicornis (Vates) 32<S

pedunculata (Dryophanta) . . . 201 Pcgoniyia (see affinis) pelluoida (Chorisoneura)

1X0, LSI, 1S2 pcninsularc (Radinotatuni)

91, 96, 97, 98, !)9, 101 pennsylvanicus (Bremus) . . 320, 321 Pentstemon (sec laevigatus and pubescens)

perditor (Andricus) 201

perezii (Phasma) 350

perfida (Phaonia) ... .241, 242, 255

Pericentrus 258, 259

(see also laciniatus, niowisi, multilobatns and restric- fus) Periplaneia (see anicricana and

australasiae) Perliodes (see grisescens and nigro-granulosus)

pt^nninimiis (Neiirotcrus) 201

perniciosus (Holcaspis) 201

perplcxus (Bremus). . .312, 313, 324

persicae (Myzus) 47

peruviana (Brachygaster) Fri- son 13, 14, 16

peruviana (Choeradodis) 338

])etiolicola (Cynips) 201

Phantasis (see lobata)

Phaonia 227,232,233,

234, 23(), 239 (sec also abcrrans, albo- caly|)tra(a, alaskcnsis, al- l)ic(ila, alticola, apicafa, apt a, atlanis, afrocilrea, aurca, azygos, basalis, bas- iseta, brevispina, brun- neinervis, bj'sia, eacrules- cens, ca(!sia, cayugae, (;hal- cinata, citreibasis, com- plcta, conflu(>ns, ("onso- brina, curvinervis, deleta, directa, dissimilis, dulcis, errans, crratica, flava, flav- ibasis, llavnt'cmurala, i'ra-

XIV

INDEX

tenia, frenata, fusca, fusci- cauda, fuscinervis, fusci- squama, harti, imitatrix, inoerta, inculta, laticornis, liiiibinervis, lugubris, mar- ylandica, minima, monti- cola, morio, morioncUa, morrisoui, nervosa, nigri- cans, nigricauda, nigro- cineta, pallieornis, pallida, jiallidula, parvieeps, per- tida-, prisea, jirotuberans, pulvillata, quieta, rufi- basis, savonoskii, serva, soccata, solitaria, striata, subfusca, texensis, tipnli- vora, trivialis, uniseriata, varipes, versicolor, winne- manae)

Phaoniinae 2o(), 2ol

key to (certain genera 231

Phasma (see mcnius and per- ezii)

Phasmidae 158, 192, 327, 34G

Phasminae 347

Phanlotettix (see compressus)

Phibalosominae 193, 358

philetas (Hesperia) 286

Philopotamus (see distinctus) Phocides (see batabano, lilea, sanguinea, texanus anc I urania)

Phoedinns 110

(see caicns and mysie)

Pholisora 283, 294

(see also al[)licus, arizon- cnsis, ascalapluis, bren- nus, (H'os, liayliurslii, ini- bras, Icna, libya, and nic'j- icanus) Phorbia (see fns(us(inama)

Phot ininae 337

PhyJIomantis (sec laurifolia)

l^hyllovat-es 191

(see also chloroi)liaea and stolli) Pliysoccpliala (sec; sagittaria) pictipes (Melanostoina) 35

pictnrata (Latiblattella)

157, lti3, 1()4

pigra (Cynips) 201

pilicornis (Bittacus) 225

pilula (Andrious) 201

pinus (Enoclerus) 69

piperoides (Andru-us) 201

pisi (Macrosiphum) 43, 45

Placopterns 67

key to North American

spe(!ies 67

(see also cyanijiennis, dasy-

toides, pallipes, snbcosta-

tus and thoracicus) Plestia (see dorus) pleura] is (Brenuis)

312, 318, 319, 320

[)loiaria- (Bacteria) 360

ploiaria (Phibalosoma) 360

podagrae (Aulax) 201

poihigrica (Bostra) 346

Poecilophaonia 232, 233

(see also flavithora>)

Pogonomyia 235

polaris (Bremus) 308, 316, 317

Polietes 232

l)olita (Cynips) 201

polita (Lonchaea) 267

politus (Acraspis) 201

])olitus (Neuroterus) 201

pollex (Xiphandrium) ['an Da-

zrc 80, 82

Polygoniis (see amyntas, ari-

zonensis and eiiribates)

])omif()rmis (C'ynips) 201

I'opulus (see trenuUoides) Porphyroi)s 79

(see also xipheres) P(jtentilla (see tridenlata)

jjotentillae (Diastropluis) 201

I)otrillo (Cabares) 12(), 127

prima (Steinella) 233

prisea (Pha(mia) 247, 281

Prisopus (see ariadne, berosus

and cephus) Promachus (see fitchii) Promusonia 329

(see alst) surinania)

INDEX

Prosparatta (see flavipcnnula,

liuniili.s, incerta and sina-

loao) Pri)((M<l(>s 114

(sei' also i(las)

protcus (Eudainusj 114, 118

profcus ((ioniums) 114, 11;")

proluberans (Phaonia) M((l-

loch 240, 247, 24S

pntinosiis (Andricus) 201

Psalidophora (see brunnt'ipcu-

nis)

Pseudacandiops I'Jl

pseudoci'llus (Cijcropterus)

111). 120 Psi'udoccroys Hdxtnl 354

(see also Ijiftibbiis and har-

rovvori)

Pseudoniiopterj'ginac ;52!)

Pscudoiiiiopteryx (see boKoten-

sis and infuscata)

Pscud()jnoi)inae 12'J, 101

I'scudoniops (see septentrion-

alis) Pseudomusonia (see lineativen-

tris) Pseudophaonia 2;:52 234

(see also griseocaerulea and

orichalcca)

Pscudopomala 8!)

Pseudovates (see brevicornis) Psithyrus 307

(sec also bicolor, consult us,

crawfordi, fernaldae, in-

sularis, kodiakensis, tri-

eolor and variabilis)

IVylla 225

I'tecficus (see trivittatus) I'terinoxylus (see spinulosus)

Ijiibescens (Pentstenion) 148

pulcliellus (Andrieus) 201

l)ulehellus (Enoclerus) 7(5

puleherrima (Evania) 24

])ulchra (Andrieus) 202

pulvcrulcnta (Systasea) . . .2<J3, 299

pulvillata (Phaonia) 241, 254

l)uniiliventris (Dryophanta). . . 202 puMclala (C'ynii)s) 202

l)unc<iila(us (Oligonieella) . . . . 185

purpurascens (Ascle])iasJ 148

pusillus (]'lnoel(>rus) 7()

pusulaloides (Andricus) 202

Pycnoscelus (see surinameiisisj

Pyghirynchus 354

l)yladcs (Cocceius) 205

pylades (Cogia) 122, 124, 125

py lades (Tliorybes) ... 122

pyrasfri (( 'atabomba) 43

Pyrrliopyginae ....■..•• 109

Quadrata (C'lirysoi)ila) 225

(luadrigutiatus (Clerus) 70, 71

(|uadrigul(a(us (Enoclerus)

69, 70, 72

<|Uerce(i (An(lioinyia) 238

(luercefi (Dendrophaonia) . 237, 238 (luiela (Phaonia). 241, 242. 254, 255 (|uin(iueinaculala (Angela). . . . 332

Ridicis (Callirhytis) 202

railicuni (Diastrophus) 202

Radinotatmn 89, 90, 92, 94

(see also brevii)enne and mininiipenne)

rapax (Antemna) 328

rauterbergi (Eudamus) 115

rauterbergi (Goniurus) 115

recurvatus (Enoclerus) 75, 76

reichei (Serriger) 77

reniphan (Bacteria) 360

restrict us (Pericentrus) 3.59

reticulata (Andricus) 202

reticulifer (Brachygaster) 21

Pliadinotatuni (.•^eebrevipenne) Khainphoinyia (see nuilabilis) Rhodites (see lenticularis, neb- ulosus, tiunitlus, ut alien- sis and variabilis)

rhonibicoUis (Choeradodis) 338

rlionil)ic()llis (Mantis) 338

rhonibifolia (Blatta) 173

rhonibifolia (Neostylopyga). .. 173 Rhopalosiphuni (see nervatum)

rileyi (Cynips) 202

Rohrella 232, 233

Rosa (see huniilis and setigera)

XVI

INDEX

rosae (Macrosiphiim) 42

rosaruin (Myzus) 42, 44, 46

rostnitum (Melaiiostoma)

35, 39, 41, 45 rubia (Brachygaster) Frison. . . 14

rufocinctus (Bremus) 313

rufibasis (Liinnophila) 225

rufibasis (Phaonia) 242, 255

ruficollis (Enoclerus) 7G

rufiventris (Enoclerus) 69, 71

rugiuosii.s (Andricus) 202

rugosa (Cynips) 202

rugosa (Hj'i)tia) 6

rumicis (Aphis) 41, 45

ruptifasciatus (Timocharos) . . . 305 ruralis (Hesperia) 284, 286

Saccularius (Andricus) 202

saevus (Mionyx) 334

sagittaris (Pliysocephala) . . 152, 153

sandersoni (Brenius) 325

sanguinoa (Phocidew) Ill, 112

Santiago (Eudamus) 116

Santiago (Goniurus) 116

Sarcophagidae 231

satur (Bradynotes) 58, 59

savonoskii (Phaonia) Mallovh

240, 248

scenicus (Enoclerus) 76

schwarzi (Conipsodes) . . . . 158, 178

schwarzi (Latindia) 178

Sciara (see scioj)hila)

sciophila (Sciara) 224, 225

scitvda ((^ynips) 202

scriptura (IlesixTia) 286

scotaea (lloloconipsa) J/dxnd

158, 176

scuddcri (( )lig()ny.\) 332

sculpt us (('ynips) 202

.Scniaeodogaslcr 13

Semaeoniyia 13

seininosus (Andricus) 202

s(!pella (Eriocei)hala) 207, 224

s(>pclla (Mi(-roptcryx) 207, 224

sepiuin ((convolvulus) 1 18

sei)t('ii( rionalis (I'scudoniops)

157, 170

septentrionalis (Stagmatop-

tera) 344

Serriger 77

(see also rcichcij

serva (Anthomyia) 248

serva (Phaonia) 232, 240, 248

249, 251, 259

servillei (Choeradodis) 338

setigera (Rosa) 148

sileri (Holcaspis) 202

similis (Bostra) 193

similis (Cynips) 202

similis (Diastrophus) 202

similis (Dryophanta) 202

similis (Hyptia) 9

similis (Uromantis) 342

simplicius (Eudamus) 116

simplicius (Goniurus) 114, 115

sinaloae (Neoblattella) Ihhanl 164 sinaloac (Prosi)aratta) Ihlxird

157, 159

singularis (Cynijjs) 202

Si rex (see edwardsii)

Sisantum 103

sitkensis (Bremus) 319, 320

Smithomyia 232, 233

(see also concinna)

snydcri (Zorotypus) 133, 135

sobrinus (Enoclerus) 76

soccata (Anthomjna) 259

soccata (Phaonia) 242, 259

solitaria (Phaonia) 246, 276

sonomaensis (Mclanoplus) .... 03

siKM'iosus (Andricus) 202

sjjical us (Loxaulus) 202

S|)ilogaster (see dirula, fusca and hilariformis)

si)init'era (Hyptia) Frison 7, 9

spinoso-lobatus (Trychojicplus) 359

spinulosus (Pterinoxylus) 361

Spogostylum (see albofascia- lum)

spoMsa (.\iil li()])lior;i) 137

Stagmatoptera 341

(see also insal iahilis, mi- nor, septentrionalis and tolteca.)

INDEX

XVll

Staginomanti'^. . . ISS, ISO, ;]o(), 34 i (see also californiea, Caro- lina, colorata, dentipulata, hcterogamia, limbata, na- hua, theoj)hila, tolteca and vieina) stanfordiana (Aiithophora)

137, 144, 14(), 149 Staphylus (see asfala{)lius, brennus, hayhursti and imbras)

Stauromantis 339, 241

(see also festae) stegnuin (Molanostoma)

3o, 37, 41, 47

Steinella 232,233

(see also prima)

stigmatieus (Grais) 306

stipulacea (Gillenia) 148

stolli (Phyllovates) 345

stolli (Theoclytes) 345

Stratocles (see cinctipes, forci- patus and miiltilineatus)

striata (Aricia) 207

striata (Pliaonia) 244, 207, 209

striatus (DainasippuB) 346

struniosa (Paradiaphcroinora) . 358

suboostatus (Clerus) 07

subcostatus (Placopterus) 07

subfusca (Phaonia) Malloch

242, 245, 273

subhyalina (Angola) 332

subhyaliTia (Thcspis) 332

subvolans (Bacteria) 300

sumichrasti (Achurum) 90, 91

suniichrasti (Truxalis) 91

surinama (Musonia) 329, 330

surinania (Pronnisonia) 329

surinama (Thcspis) 330

surinanicnsis (Blatta) 173

surinamcnsis (Pycnosccliis)

131, 158, 173

suttunii (C'ynijjs) 202

swczcyi (Zorotyinis) Caudrll

133, 135 syKicohi (Hrciims)

308, 309, 310, 311 Symploce 167, U)8

Syrbula 103

syrichtidcs (Hespcria) 288

syrichtus (Hcs])cria) . .287, 288, 289

Syri)liidao 35, 207

Syrphus 35

(see also nitons) Systasea 293

(soc also orosa and pulviT-

ulonta) Szopligotolla 3

Talus (Goniurus) 114

taurea (Anthophora) 137

taurea (Entechnia) ... 137, 140, 146 Tauromantis (see championi)

tectus (Nourotorns) 203

Telegonus (see hahneli) Tcmnoptoryx (see guatomalae)

tenax (Eristalis) 224, 225

Tenerella (see tenerrima)

tenerrima (Tenerella) 346

Tenthrodella (see verticalis).

tonuicornis (Cynips) 203

torminalis (Clisodon) . 140, 141, 143

tornarius (Bremus) 324

terrostris (Bremus) 315

tcrricola (Brcnuis) 323

tossellata (Archimandrita) .... 131 tpssellata (Hesperia) . .280, 288, 290 tossellata (Oligonicclla) . . . 158, 185

tessellatus (Oligonyx) 185

tcstacoii)os (Enoclcrus) Wolmll

70, 72 tctrasticta (Nyctibora) Ifchard

157, 171

toxana (Phocidos) 112

tcxonsis (Phaonia) Malloch

241, 245, 271,272 Thanaos 283, 303, 305

(see also gesta) Theoclytes (see aztoca, chloro-

})haca, cingulala, cormita,

maya and mcxicana) thoophila (Stagmomantis) .339, 340

Tht'spinae 332

Thcspis 332

(.see also suhhyaiina and

surinania)

INDEX

tlioracicus (('lonis) 07

thoraoicii.s (Placojjfcrus) ()7

Thorybcs 110, 12.5, 12G

(see also bathyllu.s, confu- sis, daiiiius, druHius, inexi- cana, novada ami pylades)

thraso (Eantis) 301

Thrinaeonyx (sec fumosiis)

Thyriptilon 103

Thyrsocera 178

Tiiiioehares (see ruptit'a.sciatiis

and trifasciatus) Tipula (see valida)

Tipulidae 207

tipulivora (Phaonia) MaUnch

241, 252

tilyrus (Epargyreus) 114

tolteca (Lschnoptera) 105, 166

tolteca (Mantis) 339

tolteoa (Stagmatoptera) . . . ISf), 339 tol teca (Stagmomantis)

ir),S, ISf), 330, 340

t,olte(uus (Oligonyx) 1S4

tnui.slii<;ida (Chorisoneura). . . . 182

tremuloides (Populus) (iO

triangulatiiin (Xi])liaiidiiuni)

]'an DuzGc SO, 83

'i'richoptera 207

trichopus (Melanostoma) 40

tricolor (Psithyriis) 321, 326

tridentata (Potentilla) 247

trifasciatus (Timocliares) 306

trispila (Bigofomyia) 236

tristissiiiia ((inoplioniyia) 224

trivialiH (Pliaoiiia) jl/(///or/;.24(), 278

trivittatus (Pto(^iicus) 225

truncata (floMuiiyctil)ora) . , .. 171

tnincata (Nyc.ti))ora) 171

Truxalinac! S9

Truxalis 103

(see also acridodes, hicvi- ])cniie,brevicorniHand siiiii- iclirasti)

'rryclioju'plus ii.lS, 3r)9

(sec also laciiiialus, nmlli- lohaliis iiiid spiiioso-lo- l)atiis) tryxus (Xcnopliaiu's) 301

tuber (Mcrope) '. 225

tulierculata (Acanthop.«) 343

tuberosa (Andricus) 203

tumidus (Aulax) 203

tumidus (Rhodites) 203

turgidus (Diastrophus) 203

tiu'gigus (Diastroi)hus) 203

Unibilicatus (Neuroterus) 203

uniseriata (Phaonia) 244, 268

urania (Phocidcs) 112

Uromantis 339

(see also centralis and sim-

ilis)

utahensis (Rhodites) 203

utricula (Cynips) 203

Vagans (Bremus) .... 312, 313, 325

valida (Tipula) 224

variabilis (Psithyrus) 322, 326

variabilis (Rhodites) 203

varipes (Hyetodesia) 258

varipes (Phaonia) . . . .242, 257, 258 Vales (see pectinata and jx-c- tinicornis)

Vatinae 328, 344

velas(iu(>z (Ei)liyriades) 302

venezui^lira (Libcthra) 356

venilia (Citrina) 348

ventrieosa (Cynii)s) 203

verna (Amphibolips) 203

versicolor (Phaonia) 240, 249

vosicula (C'ynips) 203

verticalis (Tenthrcdella) 224

vicina (Stagnioniant is) 342

vigni(>ri (Isagoras) 351

vignieri (Xerosoma) 351

virginica (Mertensia) 148

virginicuin (llydropliylluiii). . . 148

virginicus (Hremus) 325

viridipos (Agrostia) 348

viridipcs (Olcyphides) 348

vitrcji (.\contiotlu'si)is) 328

volucris (Eupcodes) 35, 43

vosnescnskii (Mrciiius) 324

Vostox (sec brunncii)(>nnis)

Westwoodi (Daniasippus) 346

INDEX

XIX

w'illiamsoiii (Mc'stDclmris) .... 152 winiieiiuiime (Phauiiia)

24(), 27.3, 277

XantliUH (ilcsiKiria) 2S.{]

Xenophanes (see try.vus)

Xcrosoiiia .'551

(sec also canaliciilatuin and vi<rnieri)

Xipliaiidriuiii 7'J

key to Norili Aiiicricaii

species 7'.)

(sec also aldriohi, duhiuin, feniiiieuin, fciuoratum, fiav- icoxa, longicornc, pollex tii- angiilat urn and xiphcres)

xipluMCs (l*()ri)liyrops) 79, <S1

xiplieres (Xij)liaiidriuiii). .80, SI, S3 Xylocopa 141

Yersinia (see mexicaua)

Zepliodes (l-'.pliyriades) 302

zestos (Ki)argyreus) 113, 114

zilpa ((jhioides) 1 17

zilpa (Eudanius) 117

Zorotypus 133, 135

key to species 135

(see also ceylonicus, guin- eensis, liubbardi, javan- icus, neotropieus, snyderi and swezeyi)

VOLUME XLVIII

NUMBER 1

MARCH, 1922

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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMKIMCAN ENT()3r()L()(n( AL S()( IiyPY

VOLUME XL VIII

NEW NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF ENSIGN-FLIES OR EVANIIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)i

BY THEODOllE II. FRISON

Urbana, Illinois

This i)ap('i' is tlic result of a study of u colloctioii of Evaniidae, su])fiiniily Evaniiiiao, collected l)y Mr. Herl^ert S. Parish in Brazil and Peru. For a detailed account of this expedition the reader is referred to an article recently published on the crane- flies by Dr. Charles P. Alexander.- Briefly: Mr. Parish landed on the Brazilian coast, near the mouth of the Amazon, in the early part of June, 1919. From there he gradually travelled up that river, and several of its tributari(>s, to Yurimaguas in Peru. Collections were made at various places. Twenty-six specimens of Evaniinae were taken in Brazil at Igarape-Assii, Prata, Par- intins, 01)idos, Flores, Teffe, and in Peru at Iquitos and Yuri- maguas. Several of these places, such as Teffe (Ega of Bates), and Obidos (Obydos of Bates) are of Intercast in that they were among the favorite collecting gi'ounds of the great naturalist Bates.

'Contributions from the Entomological Laboraloiics of the University of Illinois, no. 65.

'^ New or Littic-Jvnown Cranc-Flies from the Amazonian Reiaon. I'rocecd- ings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 192b pp. 39-103, pi. iv.

TKANS. AM. KNT. SOC, XLVIII.

2 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

A brief survey of the literature dealing with these parasitie Hymcnoptera, discloses that most of the described species are known from but one or two specimens. Further, that the sexes have noti)een associated, or in the great majority of cases only a single sex is known. There is always the probability that some species now regarded as distinct may eventually be found to be the opposite sex of some other described species. However, in the majority, if not all, of the known cases where males and females are associated, both have many structural points of agreement, the difference being principally in the antennal measurements, shape of the abdomen, etc. In numer- ous, cases, particularly in the genus Hyptia as previously point- ed out by Bradley, the sexes are so similar externally that it is almost impossible to distinguish them without dissecting the specimen. For this reason many previous descriptions are unaccompanied by a statement relative to the sex of the in- dividual under discussion. Familiarity with the l^iology of these archaic insects would no doul)t throw much light on specific limits and sexual dimorphism. Unfortunately the life-histories of but very few of the most common species are known. While the species as a whole are to be regarded as rather rare insects, there is, nevertheless, quite an abundance of species, and more are being added almost every year. Each new collection from the Neotropical, Oriental, Australian and Ethiopian llegions contiimes to produce new si^ecies. Since the rather recent appearance of Kieffer's Monograph^ over fifty species and varieties have been descril)cd.

No intensive study of the morphology of these insects was made. The terminology employed, with few exceptions, is that commonly used in other works relating to this group of insects. The word metunapleura has been used here to denote the pleural area formed by the fusion of the metathorax and the first abdominal segment or pro])()(leum. In manj^ instances it has been difficult to recognize the limils of these two segments on the lateral aspect, and in describing the scul])turing of this area it has been convenient to refei' to the nvva as a whole.

^ Evaiiiidae. J. .1. Kicffor. ])as 'llt'ircich — Scliulze. Berlin, H)12. 4;]! pages.

THEODORE II. PRISON 3

The prol)lem as to the exact numl^cr of genera within the sul)family under discussion is a difficult one. Bradley, in 1908,'' considers ten genera, whereas Kieffer, in 1912, recognizes only nine. The difference in number is not so marked, but the different criteria as to the validity of the genera are noticeable in many places. For instance the Evania of Kieffer comprises the genera Evania, SzepligeteUa, Acanthinevania and Evaniella recognized by Bradley. The generic classification of Bradley takes into consideration the structure of the mouth-parts in conjunction with certain other characters. Kieffer, well aware of Bradley's work, bases his generic classification solely on wing venation. Only an intensive study, supplemented by dis- section, of a large series of specimens and species, particularly type material, can be productive of a workable, natural or phylogenetic classification in this group.

Practically all the types of the species of this group from Brazil and Peru are in Europe, and hence it has been necessary to rely solely upon the published descriptions. In many cases the descriptions are so general that several closely allied species may be easily included under a single description. Likewise, it happens, that species easily sepai'able if closely compared run to the same place in the published keys. Thus, whenever the author has dealt with a species which did not thoroughly agree with a previous description, he has described it as a new species. In the opinion of the author it is far better to create a synonym where a description is unrecognizal)le or characters of importance are not considered, than to list what is probably a new species under an old name. The former course usually brings about a better understanding of the type or species, where- as the latter can only cause confusion, wrong conceptions of g(^ogra])hic distribution, (>tc.

At this place I wish to acknowledge the many courtc^sies and suggestions of Dr. AU^xander D. MacGillivi-ay, under whose h('l])ful and constant guidance this study was conducted; to Dr. 8. A. Forbes, IMr. J. \\. Malloch and Dr. C. P. Alexander, for access to the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and for numerous favors; to Dr. F. C. Baker, for the

^ The Evaniidac, Ensign-Flics, an Archaic Family of Ilyinenoptcra. J, C. Bradley. Trans. Amer. Ent. So-.., xxxiv, 1908, pp. 101-194.

TRANS AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

4 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

loan of specimens in the Bolter and Nason Collections belong- ing to the University of Illinois; to Mr. E. T. Cresson Jr., and the American Entomological Society, for many courtesies.

There are representatives of four genera recognized in this article, all based upon specimens from Brazil and three from both Brazil and Peru.

All types are in the collection of the author. Paratypes are in the collection of the American Entomological Society.

CHALCIDOPTERELLA Enderlein

There is but a single specimen of the genus ChalcidoptercUa Enderlein in the collection, and that is from Brazil. This genus is numerically very small, containing but six described species, all from South America and the West Indies. The genus was erected by Enderlein in 1909, and contains three species listed by Bradley under the name Evcmicllus Enderlein. The genus Evmiiellus is now restricted Ijy both Enderlein and Kieffer to a single species. The two genera are distinguished solely by the presence or alisence of a trace of the suljmedian vein. The difference is so slight that recently Brues^ has de- scribed a species from Haiti under the generic name Chalcid- optereUa, which he says could be placed in the genus Eimmelhis because of the presence of a chitinous fleck denoting the j^resence of the submcdian vein. This he judges is too trivial a character \\\)o\\ which to base a genus.

Chalcidopterella macglllivrayi new species

Female. Length, 3 mm.

Head above antennae, cheeks, antennae distad of first flagellar segment, metapleura, propodeum, dorsal half of leticle, abdomen and hind legs distad of trochanters, black. Base of mandibles, pronotum and mesothorax, dark ferruginous. Anterior legs, posterior coxae, postc^rior trochanters, testaceous.

Head below antennae, first flagellar segment, pedicel, and particularly the scape, dark with a reddish suffusion. Head below antennae with punctures of moderate size, often confluent, the intervals between the i)uncturcs of moderate size, often confluent, the intervals between the punctures faintly striate; face separated fiom the nalar sj ace by an elevated, faintly striate carnia; malar sjjace al)out one-third as long as eye and aliout one-half as long

''Tluce New S[)ccies of Evaniidae. C'has. T. Brues. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV. 191G, pp. 717-720.

THEODORE H. FRISON O

as scape; mandibles moderately punctate. Head abo\e antennae with a slightly concave area, with numerous pvmctures of moderate size, limited on each lateral margin by a row of large punctures and above by numerous large punctures; behind ocelli coarsely punctate. Head viewed from above transversely subquadrate, nearly twice as broad as long, but slightly convex in region of antcnnal fossae; viewed from the front with vertex slightly round- ed, eyes oblitiuc, the distance between them noticeably greater below the antennae than above; oceUi arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli about twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye, area between ocelH i)unctate; setae sj^arse, pale. Antennae inserted far below middle of eyes, flagellum davate, sixth flagellar segment twice as l)road as first or pedicel, setaceous; scape over three times as long as distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, longer than pedicel and first two flagellar segments combined; pedicel as long as first flagellar segment; second and third flagellar segments about equal in length.

Alitrunk somewhat less than twice as long as broad, about one-thinl longer than high; with numerous pale setae, those on the dorsum and extreme ventral ])ortions longest, short, dense and whitish on truncature. Pronotum not forming a collar visililc from above, humeral angles rounded. Mesoscu- f,um coarsely punctate, with slight, obliciuc imi)ressions indicating para{)sidal grooves. Mesoscutellum impressed along cephalic margin with adjacent large, deeply set punctures; remaining portion, except mesal part of caudal margin, with large, more scattered punctures. Metanotum narrow, moder- ately depressed, and coarsely punctate. Propodeum cephalad of articulation of jietiole, except for a slightly elevated, ])olishcd, impunctate area at base of petiole, with numerous large i)unctures. Mesoi)lcura with dorsal half, sulcus and anterior swelling, except for very faint punctures, smooth and polished; cephalodorsal angle with a shallow impressed basin; dorsal margin with a row of irregularly shaped punctures. Metunapleura with ventral area with large rounded punc-tures, sharjjly limited above by an obli(]ue carina and a wide depressed sulcus; dorsad of carina two rows of elongate, narrow^, somewhat irregular reticulations; dorsad of this latter an area of large, more rounded reticulations. Truncature concave, reticulate. The articulation of petiole somewhat dorsad of or vertical to mctacoxal fossae, the mctimaplctu'a subquadrate in outline. Metastcrnal processes i arallel. Posterior tibia and posterior tarsus setaceous, longitudinally aciculate; posterior coxa i)unctate and setaceous on distal half. Outer jjosterior tibial spur slightly longer than inner, less than one-half as long as the i)osterior metatarsus; pos- teiior tarsus longcir than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings liyaliiie; front wing with but one closed cell, submedian vein lacking.

Petiole over twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of propodeum; with distinct longitudinal carinae on lateral and dorsal aspects; intervals between carinae with erect pale setae on dorsum, smoother and more i)olishe(l on latus. Abdomen (compressed, smooth, polished and impunctate.

TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC, XLVUI.

6 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

Differs from C. manni Brucs in having petiole lonsitudinall}^ carinate and space behind the ocelli punctate. It differs from C. longist'ila Kieffer principally in the comparative length of petiole, tibial spurs, and the prominence of parapsidal grooves.

One specimen, the holotype, from Igarape-Assu, Brazil, col- lected on July 16, 1919.

This species is named in honor of Dr. Alexander D. Mac- Gillivray.

HYPTIA llliger

There are six specimens of the genus /////>/ /a in the collection, representing four species. Hyptia as here used is equal to Hyptia of Kieffer (1912), in which there is only one closed cell in the front wing. It may be noted that Kieffer in his mono- graph has placed the species riujosa Cameron, cameroni Schletterer ( = dorsaUs Cameron), and guatemalensis Cameron in the genus Brachygastcr. All three were originally descril)ed by Cameron as Eranio. Bradley (1908) referred these species to the genus Hyptia. This was also the view of Kieffer in 1903, where he says that these species belong to the genus Hyptia, but does not give any reason for this interpretation. If the colored figures illustrating Cameron's work are correct, they show that the fore wings of rugosa and cameroni each possess but a single closed cell, and under Kieffer's own generic key run to Hyptia. Likewise there is nothing in the description of these species to suggest that they have three closed cells in the fore wing, as have the members of the genus Brachygastcr. These species should therefore be placed under Hyptia. Al- though guatemalemsis Cameron is not figur(Hl in the Biologia Central-Americana, according to the description it may be either a Brachygastcr or Hyptia. However, as it is keyed through the same alternative by Cameron as rugosa and cameroni, the prol)a})ilities are that it likcnvise belongs to the genus Hijptia. Kieffer in the work cited above (1912), also places Cameron's species crassa under the genus Evania. Bradley, in 1908, con- sidered this species as belonging to Hyptia, as did Kieffer in 1903. Crassa is figured in comuH'tion with Cain(>ron's work, and foi- the same reason as stated above for rugosa and cameroni, this speeies ran not belong to the genus Evania. Crassa, as figured,

THEODORE H. FRISON 7

lias only one closed cell in the front wing, wliereas the genus Evania has seven such cells. The figure also shows another vein, placed as an anal vein. This is very probably only a fold or furrow in the anal region; in which case crassa belongs to the genus Hyptia. If not a fold or furrow, the illustration depicts a type of wing not noted or found elsewhere in this subfamily.

One specinien, a paratypc of H. spijiifera, was dissected in order to determine the sex. This specimen was a male. As the dissected specimen agreed in all details with the other two, I assume they are also males. The antennae of H. jucunda re- mind one of those of the females of other related genera, and so I have doul)tfully considered tliis species as a female. Without dissecting, I judge two other species of Hyptia dcscril)ed here to be males.

Key to Species of Hyptia here dcscnhed

1. Hind tibia with distinct, long, prominent si)inulae; head and thorax entire-

ly or partially ferruginous or fulvous 2

Hind tibia without prominent spinulae; head and thorax entirely black.

jucunda new sjiecies

2. Occipital orbits with a douljle row of shallow punctures adjacent to the

eye; dorsum of petiole with rather coarse punctures interrupting the

longitudinal striae spinif era new species

Occipital orbits with but a single row of shallow piuicturcs adjacent to the eye; dorsum of petiole with distinct, uninterrupted, longitudinal carinae 3

3. Metunapleura and petiole black; truncature with a small, medial, polished

area neglecta new species

Metunapleura entirely ferruginous, petiole with a reddish suffusion; trun- cature with reticulations extending over the entire surface.

fraudulenta new species

Hyptia jucunda new species

Female. Length, .5 mm.

Head, thorax, propodeum, pedicel, abdomen and hind legs, i)la(k. Fla- gelkir segments distad of first segment greyish-black. Mandibles, scape, pedicel, proximal half cf first flagellar segment, tegulae, fere and middle legs, fulvous.

Head bek)w antennae with a small cresrcntic area of closely-placed, shallow, irregular punctures, ventrad of this area the pimcttires are coarser, fewer and often confluent; face separated from malar space by a smooth, elevated, inipunctate carina; occipital orbits over twice as wide below as above, with a single row of small punctures al)out mifl-way between row of pimctures

TR.\NS. AM. ENT. SUC, .XLVUI.

8 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

adjacent to the outer margin of the eye and row Hmiting lateral aspect of head; malar space about cne- third as long as eye, about one-half as long as scape, with scattered ccarse punctures; mandibles with a few faint puQctures on proximal half, polished. Head above antennae very slightly concave, with scattered punctures of moderate size; area behind ocelli with punctures somewhat smaller than those below. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, about t-ftice as broad as long, but slightly convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from front with ocellar area not noticeably elevated, eyes slightly oblique; oceUi arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli n.early three times as far apart as distance from inner margin cf eye; with sparse, su])presscd pale setae. Antennae inserted very close together, well below middle cf eyes, finely, densely setaceous, flagellum somewhat clavate, tapering to distal end, last flagellar segment nearly twice as long as any other flagellar segment; scape in length over three times the distance froin its articulation to inner margin of eye, as long as pedicel and first two flagellar .segments together; pedicel as long as first antennal segment; second and third flagellar segments of about equal length.

Alitrunk about one-third again as long as broad, about one-sixth again as long as high; with numerous, suppressed pale setae. Pronotum not forming a collar visible from above, humeral angles slightly angular. Mesoscutum with a deep, somewhat rounded impression and a slight indication of parap- sidal grooves on cephalic margin, lateral grooves indistinct, with well separated, moderate-sized punctures. Mesoscutellum impressed along cephalic margin adjacent to weak transverse suture with large rather deep ])unctures; re- mainder of area with scattered moderately-sized jiunctures. Metanotum narrow, with ])unctures of moderate size, except upon middle portion. Pro- podeum ce])halad of articulation of i)etiole, excejit for a small, elevated, polished, impunetate area at base of petiole, with numerous moderatelj' sized punctures, abruptly limited laterally by reticulations of lateral aspect. Propleura, except cephalad of tegulae, concave, polished, impunetate. Mes- opleura, except for faintly punctate area ventrad of anterior swelling, im- punetate, smooth, polished; cephalo-dorsal angle with a shallow, impressed area; caudo-dorsal angle impunetate. Metunai)leura with a ventral moder- ately punctate area, sharply limited above by an oblique carina and broad depressed sulcus; sulcus impunetate, polished; dorsad of this latter an area of large, irregular reticulations. Truncaturc slightly concave, finely, densely setaceous; with a large carinately outlined, vertical, oblong reticulation or (lei)ression dorsad of each metacoxal fossa, the space between them somewhat concave, polished and impunetate; area just ventrad of articula- tion of petiole reticulate. The articulation of petiole almost directly dorsad of or vertical to metacoxal fossae, the metunapleura somewhat subquadrate in outline. Metasternal i)rocesses slightly divergent at distal ends. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus setaceous; posterior co.xa above with distal li;iir punctured and wrinkled. Outer i)osterior tibial spur slightly longer than imier, outer si)ur less than one-half as long as posterior metatarstis; postc^rior metatarsus n(!arly a third again as long as remaining (arsal segments together; (ooth of chiw not longcsr than .'i:|)ical ray. ^^'ings hyaline; front wings with one closed subcostal cell, ni('(ii;in vein well formed.

THEODORE H. FRISON V

Petiole somewhat less than twice as long as distance from point of articu- lation to cephalic margin of proi)odeum; with oblique carinae on lateral aspect and longitudinal cai'inae on dorsal aspect, interrupted by small punctures on dorsal as])oc(.; with sparse sui)pressed setae. Abdomen c()ini)resse(l, polished.

Closely related to //. si milt s Szepk^geti, from Brazil. One specimen, the holotype, collected on October 9, 1919, at Parintins, Brazil.

Hyptia splnifera new species

Male. Length, .5.5 mm.

Head, scape, j)edicel, thorax, propodeuni, petiole, legs, c\'ce])t darker distal portion of the hind pair, light-ferruginous. Flagellum, dentes of man- dible, abdomen, exclusive of the petiole, black.

Head below antennae moderately punctate, with two elevated, impunctate, oblifiue faintly striated carinae, interval between the carinae with a row of large punctures; face separated from malar space by the outer of the (wo carinae; occipital orbits over twice as broad below as above, exee])ting the two rows of large ))imctures adjacent to the eyes, but sparsely and moderately punctured; malar s])ace somewhat less than one-half as long as length of eyes, about three-fifths the length of scape; mandibles weakly punctate, polished. Head above antennae nearly flat, coarsely punctate, the i)unctures much larger than those below; area behind ocelli punctate. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, about twice as jjroad as long, but slight)}' convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from fi-ont with vertex weakly rounded, eyes slightly obli(]U(^; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; setae erect, light-colored. Antennae inserted below mitldle of eyes, densely seta- ceous, flagellar segments of nearly equal thickness throughout; scajjc with setae longer than on flagellum, finely punctate, length slightly over twice; the dis- tance from its articulation to inner margin, of ey(;, slightly longer than pedicel and first two flagellar segments combined; i)edicel one-half as long as first flagellar segment; sc^cond and third flagellar segments of equal length.

Alitrunk about one-third again as long as broad, somewhat longer than high; numerous erect, golden setae on dorsum and venter. Pronotuin not forming a collar visible from above, humeral angles slightly angular. Meso- scutum without ])arapsidal grooves, lat(>ral grooves weakly formed, with rather numerous, large, rounded punctures. Mesoscutellum impressed along cephalic margin with a transverse row of deep, very large ])unctures; remainder of area, except for a small, median, impunctate, jjolished s[)()t, with large punctures. Mctanotum narrow, moderately depressed, coarsely punctate. Propodeiun ccphalad of articulation of ])etiole, except at very base of petiole, coarsely pimctate, sharply limited on each side by reticulations of lateral asjjcct. Pro])leura mostly polished and impunctate. Me.sopleura witli dorsal half jjolished, im[)unctate; cei)linl()-dorsal angle with (wo large, shallow

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVlll.

10 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANlIDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

impressions; caudo-dorsal angle with a single large puncture; ventral portion and anterior swelling with a few, scattered, rather small punctures, polished. Metunajileura with a ventral coarsely punctate area, sharply limited above by an oblique carina and depressed sulcus; sulcus polished and imi)unctate, except for several punctures near ventral limits; dorsad of this latter an isos- cles-shaped triangular area of somewhat parallel reticulations, limited above by three rows of subquadrate reticulations. Truncature setaceous, nearlj' flat, with reticulations somewhat similar to those on uppermost of metuna- pleura. The articulation of i)etiole almost directly dorsad of or vertical to metacoxal fossae, the metunajileura subquadrate in outline. Metasternal processes rather long and slightly divergent at distal ends. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with long, stiff spinulae among the numerous setae; posterior coxa above punctate and setaceous on distal half. Posterior tibial spurs nearly equal in length, less than one-half the length of posterior meta- tarsus; posterior metatarsus longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw shorter than apical ray. Wings hyaline; front wing with one closed subcostal cell, median vein well formed.

Petiole somewhat less than twice as long as distance from point of ar- ticulation to cephalic margin of projjodeum; longitudinally and obliquely striate on lateral aspect, striae on dorsum interrupted by coarse punctures; with numerous golden setae on dorsum. Abdomen compressed, polished, with a few pale setae on caudo-dorsal margin of segments.

This species is apparently related to H. amazonica Schlettcrer and varieties, from which it can be separated by the differences in the comparative length of the petiol?, color and scidpture.

Three specimens from Parintins, Brazil.

Holotype, October 3, 1919. Paratopotypes, September 27, 1919 and October 10, 1919.

Hyptia neglecta new species

Male? Length, 5 mm.

Head above antennae, flagellum, venter of mesopleura, lateral and ventral aspects of metapleura and propodeum, jx'tiole, alxlomen and hind legs, black. Head below antennae, greater i>art of gena, mandibles, scrape, peilicel, prono- tum, upper portion of mesopleura, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum, dorsal portion of propodeum, fore and middle legs, dark ferruginous.

Head below antennae with numerous ])unctures of moderate size, somewhat arranged in arcs, face wi(h a small (ubcrcic on iiiiddlc portion; face sei)arated from malar sjjace by a smooth, elevated ridge; occipital orbits over twice as wide below as above, except for a few, scattered punctures, bare and iiolished; malar space more than one-third the length of the eyes, over one-half as long as scai)e; mandibles with a few punctures on i)roximal half, polished. Head above antennae nearly flat, with jnmctures slightly larger than those on face, arranged in arcs; area behind ocelli willi three transverse rows of rather iai'gc punci urcs, between t lie (icclli niosl ly inipniictalc, |Kilislicd. 1 lead viewed

THEODORE H. FRISON 1 1

from above broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, about twice as ))road MS loiij;-, but sh'ghtly convex in region of antennal fossae; \ie\ve(l fioni the front with ocellar area distinctly elevated, eyes slightly obli(|ue: ocelli large, arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli nearly three times asfar apai't as distance from inner margin of eye; with scattered golden setae, longest on face. Anten- nae inserted well below middle of eyes, densely, finely setaceous, {lagellar segments of nearly equal thickness through out; scape with setae longer and more sparse than on flagellum, length over twice distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, longer than ]iedicel nnd first two flagellar segments to- gether; pedicel slightly over one-half as long as first flagellar segment; second and third flagellar segments of equal length.

Alitrunk one-third again as long as broad, slightly longer than high; with numerous, erect golden setae. Pronotinn not forming a collar visible from above, humeral angles somewhat angulnr. Mesoscutum without parapsidal or lateral grooves, with mmierous, large, rounded punctures. Mesoscutellum impressed along cephalic margin adjacent to transverse suture with large, deep jnmetures; remainder of area with large rounded punctures. Meta- notum narrow, moderately depressed, coarsely punctate. Propodeum ce})h- alad of articulation of petiole, except for a small, elevated, polished, imj^unctate area at base of petiole, with punctures somewhat smaller than those on meso- scutellum, limited laterally by reticulations of lateral aspect. Propleura mostly polished and impunctate. Mesopleura with dorsal half impunctate, polished, with a few oblique, rather carinate ridges; cephalo-dorsal angle with several shallow impressions; caudo-dorsal angle with a single, large puncture; anterior swelling with a row of small punctures parallel to depress- ed sulcus, punctures cephalad and ventrad more numerous and minute. Metunajjleura with a ventral coarsely punctate area, sharply limited above by an oblicjue carina and depressed sulcus; sulcus impunctate, except for a row of large punctures adjacent to the- ventral limits; dorsad of this lattcn- an area of fine, irregular, oblique carinae, limited above bj' large, irregular, subquadrate reticulations. Truncature setaceous, nearly flat, reticulat(% except for a small, bare, polished area below middle on the centrtd portion. The articulation of petiole almost directly dorsad of or vertical to metacoxal fossae, the metunapleura subquadrate in outline. Metasternal j)rocesses divergent at distal ends. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with long stiff spinulae among the numerous setae; posterior coxa punctate on distal half, setaceous. Posterior tibial spurs almost e(iual in length, somewhat over one-third the length of posterior metatarsus; j)osterior metatarsus much longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw shorter than apical ray. Wings hyaline; front wing with one closed subcostal cell, median vein well formed.

Petiole slightly over twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of propodeum; with sharp longitudinal carinae on dorsal and lateral aspects, with a few, weak punctures between the striae; si)arsely setaceous. Abdomen compressed, polished, with a few jxalc setae on dorsum.

Ill jiuuiy respects sirnihir to //. vigriventris Szepli',<;<'li iu\d II. amazonica Sclilettercr, from liruzil, but differs from the ih scrij)-

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIIl.

12 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

tions of those species in many ways, such as the comparative length of the petiole, malar space, tibial spurs, punctuation, etc.

One specimen, the holotype, collected May 4, 1920, at Iquitos, Peru.

Hyptia fraudulenta new species

Male? liength, 5 mm.

Head in region of onelli, pedicel, flagellum, denies of mandibles, hind legs, and abdomen, black. Remainder of head, mandibles, sca])e, thorax, fore and middle legs, posterior coxa and posterior trochanter, ferruginous. Petiole mainly ferruginous, but with a black suffusion above.

Head below antennae with numerous punctures of moderate size, intervals between punctures finely striated, tubercle on face very small; face separated from malar .space by a smooth, elevated, impunctate ridge; occipital orbits over twice as wide below as above, excej/t for a few, scattered, large punctures, bare and polished; malar space over one-third the length of eye, two-thirds the length of scape; mandibles with a few shallow punctures on proximal half, polished. Head above antennae nearly flat, with punctures of same size as those below, but somewhat arranged in arcs; area behind ocelli longitudinallj' wrinkled and punctate. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, about twice as broad as long, but slightly convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from front with ocellar area elevated, eyes slightly oblique; ocelli large, arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli nearly three times as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; with sparse golden setae. Antennae inserted below middle of eyes, densely, finelj^ se- taceous, flagellar segments slightly bead-like or moniliform, the fovu'th flagel- lar segment less than twice as broad as the first; scape with setae somewhat longer and more sparse than those of flagellum, length nearly three times the distance from its articulation to inner margin of ej^e, as long as pedicel and first two flagellar segments together; pedicel about one-half as long as first flagellar segment; second and third flagellar segments of ecjual length.

Alitrunk about one-third again as long as broad, little longer than higli; with numerous, golden setae. Pronotum not forming a collar visible from above, humeral angles somewhat angular. Mcsoscutum without parai)sidal or lateral grooves, with numerous, large, roundcnl i)unctures, those on the very median cephalic margin smaller. Mesoscutellum impressed along cephalic margin adjacent to transverse suture with large, deep, i)uncturcs; remainder of area, except for a small, elevated, polished, imi)unctate area at base of petiole, with moderate-sized punctures limited laterally by retic- ulations of lateral aspect. Proi)leura mostly polished and impunctate. Mesopleura with dorsal half imi)unctnte, i)olished; ccphalo-dorsal aniilc^ with a shallow, impressed area; caudo-dorsal angle with a single, weak, rounded puncture; ventral portion and anterior swelling sjjarsely and finely punctate. Metunajjleura with a ventral coarsely i)unctate area, sharply limited above by an oblique carina and a narrow depressed sulcus; suhnis

THEODORE H. FRISON 13

l)<)lished, with a few large punctures along cephalo-ventral liniits; dorsad of this latter an area of fine, irregular, oblique carinae, limited above by several rows of irregular, subquadrate reticulations. Truncature nearly flat, setace- ous, entirely covered with reticulations. The articulation of petiole directly dorsad of or vertical to metacoxal fossae, the metunaplcura subquadrate in outline. Metasternal processes slightlj^ divergent at distal ends. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with long, stiff spinulae, among the numerous l)ale setae; posterior coxa above with proximal half impunctate, polished, distal half finely punctate and setaceous. Posterior tibial spurs almost equal length, a little over one-third the length of posterior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus much longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw shorter than apical ray. Wings hyaline; front wing with one closed subcostal cell, median vein well formed.

Petiole slightly over twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of propodeum; with sharp longitudinal carinae on dorsal and lateral aspects, intervals between carinae on dorsal and lateral aspects, intervals between carinae polished, almost impunctate; modei'ately setaceous. Abdonuui compressed, polished, with a few pale setae on dorsum.

One specimen, the holotypc, collected July 1, 1919, iit Prata, Brazil.

BRACHYGASTER Leach (^Semaeomyin)

Tlu! <:;enus Brachygader is represented by seven specimens, six of which are from Peru and one from Brazil. Bradley, in 1908, erected the genus Semacomyia for the Neotropical sp(;cies of certain Evania and Brachygaster of authors. Bradley also proposed Semaeodogaster for the one species of Brachygaster occurring in Europe, saying Brachygaster was a nomen nudum. According to Kieffer the European B. minuia Olivier is con- generic with the South American species. Viereck, in 1914*^, re- tains the name Brachygaster.

One spechnen of this genus is not includt'd in ni}^ key or de- scriptions, as it is badly mutilated. It is a female and was collected by Mr. Parisli on ^^lay 18, 1920, at Iquitos, Pjru. Apparently it is closely related to my peruviana and runs to that species in the following key. However, it readily can be separated from peruviana in many ways and i)roba])ly represents another new species.

*Tyiie Species of the Genera of IclincuiiKin I'lics. Henry L. Viereck, Bull. s;3. United States National Museum. P.M 1. 1,S() pages.

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

14 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANllDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

Key to Species of Brachygaster here described

1. Petiole and thorax entirely ferruginous or fulvous; species from G to 8 mm.

in length 2

Petiole dominantly black, thorax entirely or partially black; species not over 4.5 mm. in length 3

2. Alitrunk nearly twice as long as high; head above antennae with a concave,

somewhat faintly, transversely striate, mesal area .... rubia new species

Alitrunk about one and one-half times as long as high; above antennae

nearly flat, coarsely punctate peruviana new species

3. Metunapleura with an oblique i)olislicd, imj)unctate area; thorax not

entirely black 4

Metunapleura without an oblique iiolishcd, impimctate area; thorax entirely black angustata new species

4. Humeral angle rounded, pronotum not forming a narrow collar visible

from above; caudo-dorsal angle of mesoi)lcura with some large punctures.

exitnia new species Humeral angle angular, pronotiun forming a collar visible from above; caudo-dorsal angle of mesopleura impunctate, polished.

parish! new species

Brachygaster rubia new species

Female. Length, 8 mm.

Head,' mandibles, scape, pedicel, first two and proximal ])ortion of third flagellar segments, thorax, propodeum, jietiole and legs ferruginous, partic- ularly above antennae nearly carmine. Dentes of mandible, flagellum distad of proximal portion of third segment and abdomen, black.

Head below antennae with coarse, irregular, often confluent punctures and a small, slightly elevated, impunctate tubercle on clypeus; face separated from malar space by a distinct, elevated, impunctate carina which extends from ujiper angle of the base of the mandible upward along inner margin of eye as far as antennae; occipital orbits greatly constricted above and one- half as wide below as length of the scape, with a few scattered punctures of moderate size; malar space about one-fifth as long as eye, less than one-third as long as scape, with several moderately-sized punctures; mandibles weakly jjunctate. Head above antennae with a concave, somewhat faintly trans- versely striate mesal area, limited laterally and above by coarse, irregular, often (ionfluent punctures; area behind the ocelli with some i)unctures, mucli smaller than those below. Head viewed from above much broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, about twice as broad as long, noticeably convex in region of fossae; viewed from front with ocellar area not elevated, eyes almost parallel; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli about twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of ej'c; with numerous golden setae, largest and most abundant below antennae. Antennae inserted close together well below middle of (^yes, fineh', densely setaceous, flagellum clavate, tai)ering to distal end, ventral surface of clavate segments flat, scai)e finely,

THEODORE II. PRISON 15

densely juinctate, in length six times distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, somewhat longer than pedicel and first flagellar segment to- gether; pedicel less than one-half as long as first flagellar segment, longer than wide; second flagellar segmcuit nearly as long as first flagellar segment and pedicle together, about one-third again as long as third. Antennal fossae with lateral rims elevated, polished, impunctate.

Alitrunk nearly two and one-half times as long as broad, almost twice as long as high; with numerous golden setae, most abundant ventrally. Pro- notum forming a very narrow collar visible from above, much wider laterall}% humeral angles slightly angular. Mesoscutum with distinct, almost parallel I)arapsidal grooves, lateral grooves but weakly impressed; densely, minutely punctate along cephalic margin, remainder of area, except for a few small punctures along parapsidal grooves, impunctate and highly polished. IVIeso- scutellum impressed along cephalic margin adjacent to transverse suture by a row of moderately large, subquadrate punctures; remainder of area finely and densely punctured laterally, disk polished and with scattered small pimctures. Metanotum comparatively long, nearly as long as pedicel, coarse- ly reticulate. Propodeum cephalad of articulation of petiole reticulate, except for a small, elevated, finely longitudinally striated area on middle portion near cephalic margin and a small elevated, polished impunctate area at base of petiole. Propleura punctate about humeral angle, lower two-thirds concave impunctate, polished. Mesopleura with dorsal half, except for small impressed area in ccphalo-dorsal angle, impunctate; and highly polished: anter- ior swelling and ventral portion with small scattered punctures and numerous minute punctures; caudo-dorsal angle with an oblique row of several punctures; sulcus prominent. Metunapleura with a ventral moderately punctate area, limited above by an oblique carina and shallowly depressed, impunctate, polished sulcus; doisad of this latter an area with rows of irregular, subquad- rate reticulations. Truncature nearly flat, with numerous gol(l(>n setae, coarsely reticulate. The articulation of petiole twc -thirds of length of petiole cephalad of metacoxal fossae, metunai)leura subquadrate and about one-half the length of petiole caudad of base of petiole, abruptly sloping off to metacoxal fossae. Metasternal processes long, slender, liistal cndis slightly divergent. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with prominent aciculae among numerous setae; posterior coxa above sparsely, moderately i)unctate, polishetl. Inner posterior tibial spur twice as long as outer, and one-half as long as posterior metatarsus, posterior metatarsus longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw much longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with three closed cells.

Petiole slightly over twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of propodeum; striate and reticulate on lateral aspect, dorsum with scattered coarse punctures more niunerous on the distal half; with sparse golden setae. Abdomen depressed, polished, with ;i few pale setae at apex.

The hirgc'st species of this <2;enus thus fur (lescril)e(h One s])ecinieii, thi' holotype, collected Aju'il 2G, 1920, at Yuriniaguas, Peru.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

16 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

This species is named for my wife, who has helped me in the typing of this and many other manuscripts.

Brachygaster peruviana new species

Female. Length, 6 mm.

Head, mandibles, scape, pedicel, first three flagellar segments and proximal half of fourth segment, thorax, propodeum, petiole and legs, fulvous or fer- ruginous. Abdomen, exclusive of petiole, dentcs of mandibles and flagellum distad of middle of fourth segment, black.

Head below antennae, except for a bare interantennal line extending ventrad of antennae, with many i:)unctures of moderate size; face separated from malar space by a distinct, elevated, impunctate carina, which extends from near upper angle of the base of mandible upward along inner margin of eye as far as antennae; occipital orbits greatly constricted above and about one-half as wide below as length of scape, polished, almost impunctate; malar space somewhat less than one-third as long as eye, slightly less than one-third as long as scape, with several small punctures; mandibles weakly punctate. Head above antennae nearly flat, coarsely punctate, with punctures gradually diminishing in size and number on vertex and occiput; area behind ocelli with small sparse pimctiu'es. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, trans- versely subquadrate, about twice as broad as long, noticeably convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with ocellar area but slightly elevated, eyes slightly divergent below; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli about twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; sparse, golden setae. Antennae inserted rather far apart and far below middle of eyes, finely, densely setaceous, clavatc from third flagellar segment, tapering gradually again to distal end, ventral surface cf clavate segments rounded; scai)e finely, densely punctate, in length five times distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, about the length of the pedicel longer than pedicel and first flagellar segment together; pedicel one-half as long as first flagellar segment, twice as long as wide; second flagellar segment not as long as pedicel and first flagellar segment together, much longer than the thirtl. Antennal fossae with lateral rims convex, polished, impunctate.

Alitrunk twice as long as broad, about one-half again as long as liigli; willi numerous goklen setae, most abundant ventrally. Pronctum forming a very narrow collar visible from above, humeral angles roundetl. Mcsoscutum with distinct parapsidal and latc-ral grooves; sparsely puncitate along cephalic margin, remainder of area, except for a few scattered punctures much larger than those cephalad, imi)uru;tate and polished. Mesoscutellum iini)ress('(l along cephalic margin adjacent to transverse suture by a row of large sul)- quadrate j)unctuics; remainder of an>a polished, with scattered punctures of smaller size. iVIetanotum narrow, coarsely punctured. Propodeum (cephalad of articulation of petiole with a few large, oblong punctures along cei)halic margin, disk i)olished, limited laterally by reticulations of lateral asi)cct. Propleura concave, finely punctate and slightly wrinkled cephalad of attachment of front wing, minutely punctate and polished below. Mcso- pleura with dorsal half ijolished and imjjunctate, except for two elongate,

THEODORE H. FRISON 17

setaceous impressions; anterior swelling and ventral portion finely punctate, |3olished; cauflo-dorsal angle with a crescentic row of punctures, ventral l)unctures largest; sulcus prominent. Metunapleura with a ventral coarsely punctate area, limited above by a polished, impunctate area; dorsad of this latter an area of large, irregular, somewhat elongate reticulations; dorso- cephalic angle, ventrad and caudad of articulation of hind wings densely setaceous; ob]ic|ue sulcus very shallow. Truncature nearly flat, coarsely reticular, with ninnerous golden setae. The articulation of petiole far ceph- alad of metacoxal fossae, truncature gradually sloping off from above to the metacoxal fossae. Metasternal processes long, slender, nearly parallel through- out. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with prominent longitudinal rows of aciculae among the dense setae; posterior coxa above polished, sparsely, finely punctate. Inner posterior tibial spur much longer than outer, about one-half the length of posterior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw much longer and stouter than apical raj*. Wings hyaline, front wings with three closed cells.

Petiole somewhat less than three times as long as distance from point of articulation to cephahc margin of propodeum; with a band of reticulate punctures on lateral aspect, dorsum with some small punctures, sparsely setaceous. Abdomen compressed, polished, with a few pale setae on caudo- dorsal margins of segments; ovipositor lighter in color than abdomen, at apex with numerous short seta^.

Easily separable from the three previously descri])ed species of this genus from Peru because of the presence of a carina separating the face from the malar space. Other species having certain characters in common are B. basalis Schlettcrer from Coloml)ia, B. amazonica Roman from Brazil and B. guyanensis Cameron from British Guiana.

One specimen, the holotype, collected April 10, 1920, at Yurimaguas, Peru.

Brachygaster angustata new species

Male. Length, 4.5 mm.

Head above antennae, ocicijiital orbits, flagellum, pedicel, thorax, propodeum, petiole, abdomen and hind legs, black. Head below antennae, proximal portion of mandibles, scape, and anterior legs, fulvous.

Head below antennae densely and rather finely punctate; face separated from malar space bj- a weakly elevated setaceous carina; occipital orbits, somewhat wider below than above, about as wide below as length of scape, polished, with a few small scattered pimctures; malar spiicQ about as long as scape, over onc'-third as long as eye, polished, with several small scattered punctures; mandibles polished, weakly punctate. Head above antennae nearly flat, densely and finely punctate; area behind ocelli jjolished, with a few small, scattered {)unctures. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, broader than long, but slightly convex in

TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

18 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with ocellar area but sUglitly elevated, eyes somewhat divergent below; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lat- eral ocelli about twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; with numerous golden setae, more abundant and longer below antennae. Antennae inserted close together and below middle of eyes, finely setaceous, flagellar segments of about equal thickness throughout, scape finely punctate, in length three times the distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, as long as pedicel and first flagellar segment together; pedicel about one-half as long as first flagellar segment, slightly wider than long; second flagellar segment longer than the first, third and second segments of nearly equal length.

Alitrunk nearly three times as long as broad, nearly t%vice as long as high; with numerous whitish setae. Pronotum not forming a collar visible from above on the same plane as the mesoscutum, but with neck noticeably length- ened; humeral angles rounded, finely punctate. Mesoscutum with distinct pa rapsidal grooves; finely punctate along cephalic margin, remainder of area, except for a row of small punctures adjacent to parapsidal grooves, polished and impunctate. Mesoscutellum slightly convex, with scattered punctures of moderate size. Metanotum narrow, coarsely sculptured. Propodeum ceph- alad of articulation of petiole coarsely reticulate. Propleura finely pimctate and striate. Mesopleura with dorsal half, except for irregular impressions in cephalo-dorsal angle, somewhat pohshed and impunctate; anterior swelling and ventral portion finely punctate; caudo-dorsal angle with several large punctures. Metunapleura with a ventral coafsely punctate area, limited above by a finely transversely-striate area which in tiu'n merges with a dorsal irregularly reticulate area; with but a faint trace of the oblique sulcus. Trun- cature reticulate, plainly convex, with numerous whitish setae. The articu- lation of petiole far cephalad of metacoxafossae, nearly dorsad of or vertical to mesocoxal fossae, the truncature gradually sloping off from above to meta- coxal fossae and when viewed from the lateral aspect somewhat triangular in outline. Metasternal processes rather long, slender and parallel. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with some rows of aciculae among the dense setae; posterior coxa above rugose. Inner posterior tibial .spvu" somewhat longer than outer, about one-third the length of posterior metatarsus; jjosterior metatarsus longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of ciaw stouter but not longer than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with three closed cells.

Petiole three times as long as distance fr.)ni ])oint of articulation to c(>phal](' margin of propodeum, somewhat reticulate on lateral asi)ect, dorsum polished, with several fine punctures, very sparsely setaceous. Abdomen compressed, smooth and polished, with a few light-colored setae on caudo-dorsal margins of segments.

A very slciulci' proiXJiiioiunl sjiecics.

One specimen, llie hoh)ty])e, collected .\]>ril 13, 1920, at Yurini.'iguas, Peru.

THEODORE II. PRISON 19

Brachygaster eximia new species

Male. Length, 4 mm.

P'ace, cheeks, pro.ximal portion of mandibles, anterior Ic^s, and proximal portion of ])ostcrior trochanters, fulvous. Vertex, occiput, pro-and mesothorax, and i)roi)odeum between articulation of petiole and cephalic margin, dark ferruginous. Antennae, metathorax, propodeum, petiole, abdomen and hind legs black, but in places with a reddish suffusion.

Head below antennae finely punctate, with a small, elevated carina extend- ing from antennae ventrad to a small polished tubercle on face; face not dis- tinctly separated from malar space by a carina; occipital orbits much wider below than above, a little less wide than length of scape, poUshed, nearly impunctate; malar space nearly one-third as long as eye, somewhat shorter than length of scape, polished, nearly impunctate; mandibles weakly punctate. Head above antennae nearly flat, densely, rather finely punctate; area behind ocelli polished impunctate. Head viewed from above slightly broader than thorax, subquadrate, about one-third its width broader than long strongly convex in region of antennal fossea; viewed from the front with ocellar area not noticeably elevated, eyes almost parallel; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; with lumierous golden setae, more abundant and longer below antennae. Antennae niserted close together and below middle of eyes, finely setaceous, flagellar segments of nearly (Hjual thickness throughout; scape about twice as long as distance from its articulation to inner margm of eye, as long as j)edicel and first flagellar segment together; pedicel about as long as broad, one-third the length of first flagellar segment; second flagellar segment longer than first, third and second segments of nearly equal !em.;th.

Alitrunk twice as long as broad, about one-third its length longer than liigh; with numerous golden setae. Pronotum not forming a collar visil)le fiom above on same plane as mesoscutum; humeral angles rounrlcd and densely jiunctate. iVIesoscutum with deep parapsidal and weak lateral grooves; finely i)unctate along cephalic margin and between ])arapsidal and lateral grooves, remainder of area polished and impunctate. Mesoscutellum wit h some punctures along cei)halic margin adjacent to deep transverse suture, disk slightly convex, i)olishe<l, almost impunctate. Metanotum narrow, coarsely and deeply reticulate. Propoileum cephalad of articulation of petiole coarsely punctate cxcei)t for a small elevated, polished area at base of I)etiole. Propleura finely and densely punctate. Mesopleura with ventral jiortions and anterior swelling finely punctate; sulcus prominent, polished, impunctate; cephalo-dorsal angle setaceous, with several coarse impressions; caudo-dorsal angle with a crescentic row of punctures of moderate size limit- ing a small [)olishcd, elevated area dorsad of sulcus. Metunapleura with a v'entral coarsely punctate area, limitcnl above by a narrow, iKjhshed impunctate area; this latter area with an adjacent dorsal area with longitudinal rows of elongate reticulations; sulcus very weakly developed. Truncature slightly convex, coarsely reticulate, with numerous pale setae. The articulation of

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

20 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

petiole far ccphalad of mctacoxal fossae, nearly dorsad of or vertical to nieta- coxal fossae, the truncature gradually sloi)ing off from above to rnetacoxal fossae; metunapleura somewhat triangular in outline. Metasternal i)rocesses slender, almost parallel throughout. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with longitudinal rows of aciculae among the demise setae; posterior coxa above finely ])unctate. Inner poster or tibial spur longer than outer, a little less than one-half the length of j)Osterior metatarsus; jiosterior metatarsus much longer than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw stouter and longer than aiiical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with three closed cells.

Petiole three times as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of propodeum, somewhat reticulate on lateral aspect, dorsum polished, with a few scattered fine punctures, very sparsely setaceous. Abdomen com- pressed, polished, with a few light-colored setae on dorsum.

One specimen, the holotype, collected January 28, 1920, at Teffe, Brazil.

Brachygaster parish! new species

Male. Length, 4 mm.

Head above antennae, occipital orbits, ventral portion of mcsopleura, metapleura, proi)odemn below articulation of petiole, petiole, abdomen and hind legs, black. Face, mandibles, malar space, scape, pedicel, and anterior legs, fulvous with dark discolorations. Pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutel- lum, upper portion of mesopleura, metanotum, and })ropodeum above ceph- alad of articulation of petiole, ferruginous.

Head below antennae finely punctate; face with a small polished, elevated tubercle and separated from malar space by a weak, polished carina; occipital orbits much wider below than above, about as wide as length of scape, pblishcd , with some minute punctures; lateral brims of antennal fossa strongly convex, polished and extending down on face; malar space two-fifths as long as eye, somewhat shorter than length of scape, polished, sparsely and finely punctate; mandibles polished, with some small punctures. Head above antennae almost flat, with numerous small punctures excei)t on median line; area be- hind ocelli polished and impunctate. Head viewed from above slightly wider than thorax, transversely subquadrate, twice as broad as long, somewhat convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with occUar area slightly elevated, eyes nearly parallel; ocelli arranged in triangle, lateral ocelli twice as far ajiart as distance from inner margin of eye; with light- colored setae, most abundant ami longest l)elow antennae. Antennae insert- ed rather close together and below middk^ of eyes, finely setaceous, flagellar segments of nearly e(jual thickness throughout; scaj^e over twice as long as dis- tance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, shorter than pedicel and first flagellar segnu^nt together; i)edicel about as thick as long, nearly one-third as long as first flagellar segment; second flagellar segment nuicli longer than first; third and second segments nearly e(|ual in length.

THEODORE H. PRISON 21

Alitrunk scarce!}' longer than high, about one-third again as long as broad; with numerous pale setae. Pronotum forming a narrow collar distinc^tly visible from above; humeral angles somewhat angular and punctate. Meso- scutum with deep parapsidal and faint traces of lateral grooves; highly f)olish(>d and impunctate excejjt for a very few small punctures. Mesoscutellum with a few large puntures along cephalic margin adjacent to deep transverse suture, somewhat convex, highly polished, disk almost impunctate. Metanotum rather long, one-half as wide as first flagellar segment, coarsely sculptured. Propodeum cephalad of articulation of petiole convex, divided into two areas by a transverse row of large punctures; the anterior area polished and with some small punctures, the smaller posterior area highly polished and impunc- tate. Propleura narrow, concave, wrinkled. Mesopleura with dorsal por- tion, except for elongate depressed area in cephalo-dorsal angle, highly polished, impunctate; ventral portion and anterior swelling polished, minutely punc- tate; caudo-dorsal angle impunctate. Metunajjleura with ventral area, except along interpleural suture where it is impunctate, irregularly retic- ulate, limited above by a wide, polished, imjiunctate area; this latter area sharply limited above by large, irregular reticulations; sulcus weakly devel- oped. Truncature almost flat, reticulate, with numerous pale setae. The articulation of petiole slightly cephalad of metacoxal fossae, the truncature rather steeply ascending to metacoxal fossae; metunapleura somewhat sub- ((uadrate in outline. Metasternal processes distinctlj' cleft and slightly diver- gent at distal ends. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with irreguiar rows of aciculae among the numerous setae; posterior coxa above with distal portion punctate. Inner posterior tibial spur much longer than outer, above one-half as long as posterior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus and remaining tarsal segments together of nearly equal length; tooth of claw longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with three closed cells.

Petiole somewhat less than three times as long as distance from \vnni of aiticulation to cephalic margin of propodeum, with a longitudinal carina on lateral aspect, polished and impunctate. Abdomen compressed, polished, somewhat triangular in outline.

In many respects related to B. rcticulifer and B. fraterna Enderlein, described from Peru.

Two specimens from Iquitos, Peru.

Holotype collected on May 18, 1920. Paratopotype collected on the same date.

This species is named after Mr. H. S. Parish, who has collected so many new species of insects in South America.

EVANIA Fabricius

The genus Evania, in the sense of Kieffer, is represented in this collection by twelve specimens, separable into nine species. There are specimens from ])oth Brazil and Peru.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUl.

22 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

Key to Sjjecies of Evania here considered

1. Malar space over one-half as long as eye; head smooth and onlj^ minutely

punctate; thorax entirely black appendigaster Linnaeus

Malar space less than one-half as long as eye; head with some coarse or conspicuous punctures; thorax not entirely black 2

2. Metunapleura with a conspicuous, i«jlislied, impunctate, oblique-longi-

tudinal area 3

Metunai)leura without a consi)icuous, })olishcd, impunctate, oblique- longitudinal area 0

3. Dorsum of petiole with pronounced longitudinal carinae and rows of large

irregular punctures bella new species

Dorsum of petiole without pronounced longitudinal carinae, polished, at most with some small, scattered punctures 4

4. Mesopleural sulcus of average depression, species 5 mm. or over in length,

head, thorax and petiole entirely light ferruginous 5

Mesopleural sulcus noticeably depressed, species 3 mm. in lengtli, i)etiole and ventral and caudal portions of thorax black . . . delicata new species

5. Mesopleura with a row of conspicuous reticulate or subcjuadi'ate punctures

adjacent to interpleural suture luculenta new species

Mesopleura without a row of conspicuous reticulate or subquadrate punc- tures adjacent to interpleural suture clara new species

6. Pronotum forming a collar visible from above on same plane as mesoscutum,

and about one-half as wide as length of pedicel; petiole coarsely striate and piuictate; posterior fennu' with numerous long, slender stiff setae.

barbata new species Pronotum not forming a collar visible from above on same plane as meso- scutum; petiole polished and with but few small punctures; posterior fenuu' with short hair-like setae 7

7. Head with a sharply outlined, polished, V-shaped carina ventrad of in-

sertion of antennae; mesopleura ferruginous; petiole with distal half yellowish-white; flagellar segments one to three yellowish-white.

cerviculata new specues Head without a sharply outlined, jjolishetl, V-shaped carina ventrad of in- sertion of antennae; mesoi)leura black; petole and antennae l)lack.

mystica new species

Evania appendigaster Linnaeus

IVjur iiuilcs, taken at Parintins, Flores and Obidos, Brazil, and Yuiimagiias, Peru, on October 3, 1919, November IS, 1919, August 14, 1919 and April 20, 1920, respectively. The six'cinien from Peru is slightly smaller than those from Brazil.

Evania bella new species

Mal(!. I^ength 5.5 nun.

Head, scaj)e, pedicel, proximal half of llagellum, tliora.x, i)r()p()(lciiiii, ix'liole, fore and middle legs, hind coxa, trochanter, tarsus, i)n)\iiii;d end nf femur and

THEODORE H. PRISON 23

tibia, fulvous. Distal half of flagellum, distal two-thirds of hind tibia and fenuir and dontes of mandibles, brownish. Abdomen, exelusive of tlio i)otiolo, black.

Head below antennae closely and moderately punctate, with a small tuber- cle on face; lateral margins of clyi)eus somewhat carinate, but not distinctly separating face from malar space; occij)ital orbits twice as wide below as above, in widtli about one-half the length of malar space, with numerous fine punc- tures; malar si)ace about one-fourth as long as eye, about one-half the length of scape, with numerous fine punctures; mandibles weakly punctate. Head above antennae nearly flat, coarsely punctate; area behind ocelh somewhat punctate. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, transversely sub- (juadrate, strongly convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with ocellar area not elevated, eyes slightly oblique below; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli less than twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; with short golden setae, most numerous below antennae. Antennae finely setaceous, inserted close together and below middle of eyes, with a faint inter-antennal carina, flagellar segments of nearly equal thick- ness throughout; scajje over twice as long as the distance from its articulation to iiiiii'r margin of eye, slightly less than as long as pedicel and first flagellar segment together; ]5edicel about one-third as long as first flagellar segment; first, second and third flagellar segments nearly equal in length.

Alitrunk over a third longer than broad, one-seventh longer than high; with numerous pale setae, most abundant on ventral portions. Pronotum not forming a collar visible from above; humeral angles slightly angular. Mesoscutum with distinct parajisidal and lateral grooves, the parapsidal grooves much the deeper of the two; between parapsidal grooves with both large scattered jjunctures and small punctures; lateral lobes mainly with small punctures. Mesoscutellum with faint irregular, longituflinal striae, betwecTi which are many irregular, coarse punctiu'es which often interrupt the striae. Metanotum narrow, well depressed, with large subquadrate reticulations. Propodeum cejjhalad of articulation of petiole coarsely j)unctate, limited laterally by deeji reticulations of lateral aspect. Propleura concave, polisl.ed below and finely punctate above. Mesoplcura with fore part of sulcus polish- ed, imjjunctate; cephalo-dorsal angle with narrow, longitudinal depressions; anterior swelling with large shallow' punctures, except for fine punctures adjacent to i)ropleura; a row of large reticulations adjacent to interpleural sul ure. \'ent ral area of metunapleura with large, shallow, scattered punctures between which are many fine punctures, with an adjacent i)olished, narrow, longitudinal dorsal area; this latter area limited above by irregular reticula- tions; sulcus weakly developed. Truncature nearly flat, finely reticulate, with numerous golden setae. The articulation of the petiole slightlj' cei)halad of a line drawn vertical to or dorsad of metacoxal fossae; the metunapleura .some- what subfiuadrate in outline. Metasternal processes with distal ends slightly divergent; median coxae close together and with distal portion of mesosternal processes divergent. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with stout setae and a very few scattered aciculae on the outer surface of posterior tibia:

TU.\NS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

24 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

posterior coxa coarsely punctate above. Inner posterior tibial spur twice as long as the outer, two-thirds as long as posterior metatarsus; posterior meta- tarsus three-fourths as long as remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw much longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, subdiscoidal vein in the distal portion of front wing well chitinized and cubital vein but weakly so.

Petiole robust, nearly three times as long as distance from i)oint of articula- tion to cephalic margin of propodeum, with pronounced longitudinal carinae and longitudinal rows of large irregular punctures on lateral and dorsal aspects. Abdomen compressed, polished, with some pale setae on dorsal portion.

Related in many ways to E. ditoma Kieffer, from Bolivia, but differs greatly in size, comparative length of malar space, petiole, etc. E. pulcherrima Szeplegeti, from Brazil and Peru, likewise has many points in common with this species.

One specimen, the holotype, collected April 2G, 1920, at Yurimaguas, Peru.

Evania delicata new species

Male. Length, 3 mm.

Head, dentes of mandibles, flagellum, ventral portion of mesopleura, meta- pleura, propodeum, middle and hind legs, petiole and abdomen, black. Pro- pleura, mesonotum, metanotum, tegulae and mesopleura above, ferruginous. Scape, proximal jiortion of mandibles and distal portion of fore legs, pale yellowish-brown. Tibial spurs yellow.

Head below antennae slightly convex, cephalic margin of clypeus almost impunctate, face finely punctate with a faint tubercle in middle; clypeus not separated from malar space by an elevated carina, but partially so separated by a short furrow extending from near precoila half way to the antennal fossae; occipital orbits as wide above as below, shiny, finely punctate; malar space about one-fifth as long as eye, longer than the pedicel, finely punctate; mandibles minutely punctate and setaceous. Head above antennae feebly convex, more strongly and densely punctured than below, punctures some- what arranged in arcuate rows. Head viewed from abcjve broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, slightly convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with eyes almost parallel; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; with short whitish setae, most numerous below antennae. Antennae finely setaceous, inserted close together and below middle of eyes, with a faint interantennal carina, flagellar segments nearly of equal thickness throughout; scajjc three times as long as distance from its articulation to inner margin of (>ye, as long as pedi(!('l and first flagellar segment together; pedicel about one-third as long as first flagellar segment; scconil flagellar segment longer than either the first or third segments, third flagellar segment kmger than the first.

Alitrunk one-third longer (lian broad, as high as long; with numerous j)ale setae. Pronotmn not forming a collar visible from above; humeral angles somewhat rounded. Mesoscutum with tlistinct j)arapsidal anil very weakly

THEODORE 11. FRISON 25

developed lateral grooves; cephalic portion with punctures of moderate and minute size intermixed, caudal portion somewhat polished and minutely punctate. Mesoscutellum on cephalic margin with a row of rather large punctures adjacent to transverse suture; disk somewhat pohshed with scat- tered jjunctures, lateral margins slightly reticulate. Metanotum narrow, well depressed, coarsely sculptured. Propodeum cephalad of articulation of petiole of very small area, roughly punctate, limited laterally by reticulations of lateral aspect. Propleura concave, punctate; humeral angles small. Meso- {)leura with sulcus noticeably impressed, dorsal portion of sulcus polished and impunctate; cephalo-dorsal angle weakly impressed; anterior swelling with large, shallow punctures; a row of punctures adjacent to interpleural suture. Metunapleura with a large, shallow, punctate ventral area, hmited dorsally by a narrow, polished impunctate area; this latter limited dorsally by an area of fine punctures and reticulations. Truncature concave, finely reticulate, reticulations in middle portion largest; with some short whitish setae. The articulation of petiole slightly cef)halad of a line drawn vertical to or dorsad of metacoxal fossae. Metasternal processes slightly divergent at distal ends; median coxae about the length of first flagellar segment apart, mesosternal processes short and well separated. Posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with numerous stout setae and a few irregular rows of aciculae; posterior coxa above rugose. Inner posterior tibial spur over twice as long as outer, two-thirds as long as posterior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus somewhat over one-half as long as remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw stouter but not longer than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, subdiscoidal and cubital veins indicated in distal portion of front wing by faint lines but not chitinized.

Petiole twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of jjropodeum, polished, but faintly punctate and setaceous. Ab- domen compressed, polished, with a few i)ale setae on dorsal portion.

Because of the presence of distinct aciculae among the hair- Uke setae, this species will run closest to E. dispersa Schletterer, in Kieffer's key of 1912. E. dispersa Schletterer is said to have the longer metatibial spur not one-half the length of the ])oslerior metatarsus, a statement which does not hold true for E. dcUcata. Also in E. delicata the posterior metatarsus is not as long as the remaining tarsal segments together.

On(i s])ecinien, the holotype, collected A])ril 13, 1920, at Yurimaguas, Peru.

Evania luculenta new species

Male. Length, 7. .5 mm.

Head, antennae, thorax, ])ropodeum, legs and petiole, light-ferruginous or rusty-yellow. Abdomen black.

Head below antennae slightly convex; with a distin(;t, elevated, polished, impunctate V-shaped caruia ventrully limiting anteiuial basin; except on

TR.^NS. AM. ENT. SOC, .XLVIII.

26 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

polished cephalic margin of clyjieus, with small punctures; face with a small polished tubercle; with a small furrow extending from near precoila dorsad to antenna! fossae. Malar space about one-half as long as scape, about one- fourth as long as eye, with minute punctures; occipital orbits broad, much wider below than above, polished and with numerous small [)unctures; mandi- bles minutely jjunctured. Head above antennae nearly flat, with many punctures of moderate size, with interantennal carina extending towards median ocellus. Head viewed from above much broader than thorax, trans- versely subquadrate, conspicuously convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with eyes noticeably divergent, farther a]iart below antennae than above; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli somewhat farther apart than distance from inner margin of eye; with numerous short golden setae, more sparse and longer behind ocelli. Antennae inserted rather close together, slightly below middle of eyes; scape about four times as long as distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, five times as long as pedicel, not as long as pedicel and first flagellar segment together; pedicel about one-fifth as long as first flagellar segment; flagellar segments of nearly equal thickness throughout, first and third segments nearly equal in length, second slightly longer than eith(M\

Alitrunk about one-third longer than broad, somewhat longer than high; with numerous golden setae, particularly on ventral jiortions. Pronotum not forming a distinct collar when viewed from above; humeral angles angular and wrinkled. Mesoscutum with deep i)arapsidal grooves, lateral grooves but weakly indicated; median lobe with punctures of moderate and minute size intermixed, lateral lobes with minute punctures dominant. Mesoscutellum separated from mesoscutum by a deep transverse suture; with numerous punctures of moderate size somewhat arranged in longitudinal rows. Meta- notum narrow, not deeply depressed, coarsely sculiilured. Proijodeum above cephalad of articulation of petiole with numerous, irregular, often confluent ])unctures of moderate size, sharply limited laterally by large retic- ulations of lateral aspect. Propleura concave, oblifjucly wi'inkled below and with niiiiulc punctures above. Meso])Ieura witli vciilrnl portion, anterior swelling and caudal half of sulcus with numerous shallow, rounded punctures of moderate and minute size intermixed; ce])halic half of sulcus and area ad- jacH'ut to propleura highly polished and impunctate, limited above by wrinkl- ed impressed ceplu-do-dorsal angle and a strij) of large sub(|uadrate reticulations and many minute punctures adjacent to interpleural suture. Metunapleura with its ('ephalo-dorsal angle forming a- somewhat polished finely punctate triangular area; sulcus feebly impressed, willi small p(ilisli(>d iiiipunclalc area on cei)halic portion extending half \v;iy fidiii iiiiely ])iuictate triangular area to metacoxal fossa; ventral portion and cauilal half of sulcus with large, shallow, rounded punctures, donsad of sulcus willi large irregular reticulati.'ns. Truncatiu'e nearly flat, reticulate setaceous. 'Hie articulation of pclinlc (!ei)halad of a line drawn vertical to metacoxal fossae. Median coxae rather close together and about one-half length of i)etiole removed from posterior coxae, mesosternaJ ])rocesses more divergent at distal ends than met asternal processes, metasternal pi'ocesses long antl divergent at dist;i! ends. Posterior

THEODORE H. PRISON 27

coxa above irregularly transversely wrinkled ; j)osterior tibia and posterior met a- tarsus with some aciculae among the numerous s-maller stout setae, inner posterior tibial spur over twice as long as outer, three-fifths as long as i)oste- rior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus thrce-lourths as long as remaining tarsal segments together, tooth of claw nuuih stouter and slightly longer than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, subdiscoidal vein well chitinized in distal portion of front wing, cubital vein but weakly so.

Petiole about twice as long as distance from jxiint of articulation to cephali(! margin of propodeum; polished, with some small ])unctures on dorsal and lateral aspects. Abdomen compressed, polished, with a few pale setae on dor- sum of segments.

The holotj'pic male was collected at Teffe, Brazil, on January 20, 1920. A second male, a paraty]:);^, is from Iquitos, Peru, and was collected March 4, 1920.

Th(^ specimen from Peru differs sli<>;htly from the holotype in that tlu^ interantennal carina does not extend so far doi-sad, the posterior coxa is less wrinkled, and the tooth of the claw is much longer than the apical ray. As the differences involved are simply differences of degree, I have considered the specimens as belonging to the same species.

Evania clara new species

Male. Length, 6.5 mm.

Head, jjroximal portion of mandibles, scape, pedicel, proximal flagellar segments, thorax, propodeum, anterior legs and proximal portion of hind legs, and petiole, ferruginous. Dentes of mandibles, distal jjortion of fia'icl- lum, and distal portion of hind legs, fuscous. Abdomen black.

Head b(>l.)w antennae slightly convex, polished, minutely punctate, with a small tul)(>rcle on fa(!e; clypcus separatcnl from malar space by a fuiiow extending from near precoila dorsad, and an adjacent slight elevation; occii)ifal orbits bro.ad, somewhat wider below than abov{>, polished, faintly punctate; malar space nl)out three-fifths as hmg as eye; antennal basin limited below by a V-shaped polished ridge; pedicel polished, minutely punctate; mandibles sparsely, finely punctate and setaceous. Head above antennae slightlj^ convex; with large, irregular, often confluent punctures. Head viewed from above broader than thorax, transversely subciuadrate, proj{>cting in region of antennal fossae; viewed from front with eyes somewhat con- vergent below; oceHi arranged in a triangle, the lateral ocelli but slightly farther apart than distance from inner margin of eye; with numerous golden setae, most abundant below antennae. Antennae finely .setaceous, inserted closer together than distant from inner margin of eye and below middle of ej^es, with a feeble interantennal carina, fiagellar segments gradually- decreasing in thickness from proximal to distal end; scape nearly foui- times as long as distance from its articul;ition to iiuier margin of eve, four times the

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLMll.

28 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

length of pedicel and nearly equal to length of pedicel and first flagellar seg- ment combined; second flagellar segment slightly longer than the first.

Alitruidc nearly one-third longer than broad, somewhat longer than high; with numerous golden setae, more dense and abundant on ventral portions. Pronotum not forming a collar visible from above; humeral angles slightly angular. Mesoscutum with deep parapsidal and faint lateral grooves; polished and minutely punctate, except for a few large shallow punctures on cephalic portion and adjacent to inner margin of parapsidal grooves. Mesoscutellum separated from mesoscutum by a narrow transverse suture; disk polished, impunctate excejit for a few large scattered punctures; lateral margins with large and small punctures intermixed. Metanotiun narrow, wrinkled, median portion not well depressed. Propodeum cephalad of articulation of i^etiole minutely punctate, limited laterally by reticulations of lateral aspect. Propleura obliquely concave; wrinkled and setaceous on ventral portion, dorsal portion finely punctate. Mesopleura with dorsal portion of sulcus and cephalic margin above polished, impunctate; anterior swelling densely and minutely punctate; with a narrow, minutely punctate, setaceous strip adjacent to interpleural suture extending to cephalo-dorsal angle; cephalo- dorsal angle with several short longitudinal carinae and small punctures be- tween carinae. Metunapleura with a ventral area of fine punctures below and large, shallow almost reticulate punctures above; this area limited dorsally by a short narrow polished impunctate area, in turn limited on dorsum by irregular reticulations of propodeum. Truncature almost flat, irregularly setaceous. The articulation of petiole nearly vertical to or dorsad of meso- coxal fossae. Mesocoxal fossae and metacoxal fossae placed close together, mesosternal processes nearly similar to the metasternal processes, which are rather broad, divergent at distal ends and somewhat directed ventrad. Posteri- or tibia and posterior metatarsus with numerous stout setae, and a few scattered aciculae; posterior coxa above polished, minutelj^ ])un('tate and setaceous. Inner posterior tibial spur over twice as long as outer, about two-thirds as long as jiosterior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus about four-lifths of length of remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw much longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, sub- discoidal vein in distal portion of front wing well chitinized and cubital vein but weakly so.

Petiole over twice as long as distance from ])()int of articulation to cephalic margin of jjropodeum, polished, with but few punctures and setae. Abtlomen compressed, i)olished, with munerous i)ale hair-like setae on dorsum of all segments and lateral margins of apical segment s.

One specimen, the holotype, collected May 4, 1920, at hiiii- tos, Peru.

Evania barbata new species

Male. Length, 4.5 mm.

Head, ventral half of mesopleura, met;ii)k'ura, ))roi)odeuni, |)cl idle, abdomen, |X)sterior coxae and hind legs, black. Prothorax, dorsal lialf of mesopleura, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and metanotum, ferruginous. Anleiuiae, i)r()\- imal portion of mandibles and .-intcrioi' legs, testaceous.

THEODORE H. FRISON 29

Head below antennae slifjlitly convex, cephalic margin of clypeus iin- jjunctate and polished., remainder of area moderately punctate, the punctures ventrad somewhat arranged in ohli(jue-lonsitu(hnal rows; a small tubercle on face, connected with antennal basin by a slightly swollen ridge; antennal basin limited below by a slightly swollen punctate ridge, area between antennae faintly elevated in middle and polished; malar si)ace not distinctly separated from face by a carina, less than one-fourth as long as eye, nearly twice as long as pedicel, finely wrinkled; occipital orbits broad, wider below than above, finely punctate and somewhat finelj^, longitudinally wriid-cled; mandibles with a few scattered, moderately-sized punctures on proximal half, with numerous pale setae. Head above antennae nearly flat, moderately and densely punctate, a small longitudinal carina extending a short distance below median ocellus. Head viewed from above scarcely broader than thorax, transversely subquadrate, slightly convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with eyes almost parallel; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli somewhat farther apart than distance from inner margin of eye; with numerous whitish-yellow setae occurring from cephalic margin of clj'peus to half way between articulation of antennae and median ocellus, those about and dorsad of ocelli sparse and more erect. Antennae inserted somewhat farther apart than distance from inner margin of eye, far below middle of eyes; scape about four times as long as distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, four times as long as pedicel, almost equal to length of the pedicel and first flagellar segments together; pechcel about one-fourth the length of first flagellar segment; flagellar segments of nearly equal thickness throughout, first flagellar segment longer than either the second or third.

Alitrunk one-third longer than broad, somewhat longer than high; with numerous pale setae, unusually long on ventral portions. Pronotum forming a distinct collar when viewed from above, cephalic margin strongly cariiiate; humeral angles angular. Mesoscutum with deej) parapsidal grooves, slightly intermitted anteriorly by weak transverse ridges; lateral grooves distinct, but weakly impressed; cephalic portion with a few large and numerous minute punctures, besides some weak transverse wrinkles; caudal portion polished, minutely punctate. Mesoscutelkun separated from mesoscutum by a narrow transverse suture and a few small adjacent punctures; disk polished, with several large scattered puruitures; lateral margins with several longitudinal rows of coarse, often confluent punctures. IVIetanotum narrow, deeply im- j)r(\ssed, with a row of large subquadrate punctures. Propodeuin above cephalad of articulation of petiole with irregular {junctures of moderate size, shar])ly and abrujjtly limitetl by reticulations of lateral aspect. Propleura concave, oblicjuelj- longitudinally wrinkled, minutely punctate. IMesopleura with ventral portion of anterior swelling minutely punctate, dorsal i)ortion coarsely punctate; dorso-cephalic portion of sulcus and area adjacent to pro- pleura pDJisluMJ, impunctate; polished area bordered above by a narrow band of small ptmctures adjacent to interpleural suture and impres.sed, wrinkled cephalo-dorsal angle. Metuiuipleura with its cephalo-dorsal angle forming a finely punctate triangular area; sulcus shallowiy imiiressed, without a

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

30 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

polished, impunctate oblique area; ventrad of sulcus with rounded reticu- lations of moderate size, dorsad of sulcus with reticulations larger and more irregular than those below. Truncature slightly concave, reticulate, seta(;eous. The articulation of petiole somewhat cephalad of a line drawn vertical to n.etacoxal fossae. Median coxae widely separated and far removed from pos- terior coxae, mesosternal processes short, widely separated and slightly diver- gent; posterior coxae placed much closer together, metasternal process broad, deeply cleft, outer margins slightly divergent. Posterior coxa above moderately wrinkled and punctate, with numerous conspicuous, long, pale setae; posterior trochanter and femur with many short pale setae and stiff, erect, bristle-like setae intermixed; posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with dense stout setae. Inner posterior tibial spur twice as long as outer, half as long as posterior metatarsus; posterior metatarsus much shorter than remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw weakly developed. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, subdiscoidal and cubital vein in distal portion of front wing not chitmized and but faintly indicated.

Petiole over twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cephalic margin of propodeum; coarsely, irregularly striate and punctate on dorsum, obliquely- longitudinally striate on lateral aspect; conspicuously setaceous at proximal end. Abdomen compressed, ];)olished, with numerous pale setae on dorsum.

One specimen, the holotype, collected January 2, 1920, at Teff4, Brazil.

Evania cerviculata new species

Female. Length, 6.5 mm.

Head, scajie, pedicel, flagellum beyond second segment, metapleura, pro- podeum, proximal two-thirds of posterior coxa, ijroximal half of petiole, abdomen, black. Prothorax, mesothorax, metanotum, ferruginous. First and second flagellar segments, distal ends of median and i)osterior coxa and proximal half of median and posterior trochanter, and distal half of j)etiok% whitish yellow. Fore legs light brownish-yellow, middle and hind legs darker.

Head below antennae slightly convex; with a distinct, sharply elevated, polislunl, impunctate, V-shaped carina ventrally limiting the antennal basin, the i)oint of V slightly extending ventrad on face; with numerous, oblong punctures arranged in longitudinal rows; with a small furrow extending from near precoila dorsad half way to antciunae. Malar spac^e about one-(hird the length of eye, with numerous small punctures; occii)ital orbits very broa<l, wid(!r below than above, with sparse i)unctures of moderate size and numer- ous minute punctures; mandibles finely punctate. Head above antennae with a sharp interantennal carina extending nearly to the median o(?ellus; lateral brim of antennal fossa extending as a carina half way to ocelli, and adjacent to outer edge of this carina, a longiludiiinl row of course punctures extending to ocelli; intervals between carinae slightly conceive, densely, finely i)unctate; area behind ocelli rather (ioarsely punctate. Head viewed from above bi'otider than the thorax, transversely subciuadi'af c, sliglilly con-

THEODORE H. PRISON 31

vox in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with eyes slightly oblique; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli less than twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; dense, short, white setae extending from cephalic margin of clypeus to half way between antennal fossae and ocelli; setae about ocelli scattered, longer than those below, pale-brownish. Antennae inserted about one-half length of petiole apart, far below middle of eyes; scape four times as long as distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, much longer than pedicel and first flagellar segment together; pedicel less than one-half as long as first flagellar segment; flagellar segments slightly enlarged distad of second segment, second segment much longer than first segment, first segment longer than third.

Alitrunk nearly twice as long as broad, nearly one-third again longer than high; with numerous short, pale setae, on truncature particularly dense and whitish. Pronotum not forming a distinct collar on same plane as mesoscutum when veiwed from above, but with neck strongly produced forward; humeral angles rounded. Mesoscutum with deep parapsidal grooves, lateial grooves inflicated by i)olished lines; with scattered i)unctures of moderate size an'l numerous minute punctures intermixed. Mcsoscutellum se] aiated from mesoscutum by a transverse suture, punctured about hke mesoscutum. Metanotum narrow in center, widened somewhat laterally, coarsely punctured. Propodcum above cephalad of articulation of petiole coarsely punctate, l)unctures at base of petiole often confluent. Propleura wrinkled below, above punctate. Mesopleura with ventral portion and anterior swelling coarsely punctate; caudal half of sulcus wriid^led, a small jjolished spot in the middle, cei)halic portion and area adjacent to pro])leura densely and minutely liunctate. Metunapleura with cephalo-dorsal angle finely punctate; ventral half with large, coarse, shallow punctures, limited above by irregular r(>ficula- fions. Truncature nearly flat, with irrc^gularly subquadrate reticulations and dense whitish setae. The articulation of petiole cephalad of a line vertical to metacoxal fossae, the metunapleura somewhat triangular in outline. Metaster- nal processes slightly divergent at distal ends. Posterior coxa reticulate above; posterior tibia and posterior metatarsus with some aciculae arranged in irrc-gu- lar longitudinal rows among the numerous smaller setae. Inner posterior tibial spur nuich longer than outer, one-half length of posterior m(>tatarsus; posterior metatarsus nearly as long as remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw much longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, subdiscoidal .-uid cubital vein in distal portion of front wing not citinized and but faint l\- indicated.

Petiole twice as long as distance from point of articulation to cepiialic margin of prt)podcum, polished, with but few scattered, minute punctures. Abdomen c()in])ressed, polished, triangular in outline; first four segments beyond petiole bare, following two segments with dorsum and up|)er half of lateral asp(>ct with dense whitisli setae, npicnl scgnient with s|);irs(' gulden S(>tae.

One spcM'idicii, i\\v holotyix', collcclcd (in S('])1('nil)('f 11, I'.M'.), lit Obidos, Biiizil.

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

32 NEW NEOTROPICAL EVANIIDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

Evania mystica new species

Mule. Lcnj;;th, 4.5 mm.

Head, mesopleura, metathorax, propodeum, petiole, abdomen, middle and hind legs, black. Pronotmn and mesonotum, ferruginous. Antennae and fore legs fuscous.

Head below antennae slightly convex; with punctures of moderate size, except on polished cephalic margin of cly])eus; a small tubercle on face; with a small furrow extending from near precoila about to articulation of antennae. Malar space shorter than scape, about one-fourth as long as eye, with numerous pvmctures of moderate size; occipital orbits broad, somewhat wider below than above, portion adjacent to outer margin of eye with punctures of moderate size, remaining portion polished; mandibles with proximal half finely punctate. Head above antennae and behind ocelli with punctures of moderate size. Head viewed from above much broader than thorax, transversely subquad- rate, convex in region of antennal fossae; viewed from the front with eyes nearly parallel; ocelli arranged in a triangle, lateral ocelli less than twice as far apart as distance from inner margin of eye; with numerous golden setae, most abundant below antennae. Antennae inserted rather close together, below the middle of the eyes; scape over twice as long as distance from its articulation to inner margin of eye, over three times as long as pedicel, not as long as pedicel and first flagellar segment together; pedicel about one-third as long as first flagellar segment; flagellar segments of nearly equal thickness throughout, first and second segments nearly equal in length, third slightly longer than either.

Alitrunk nearly twice as long as broad, about one- third again longer than high; with dense whitish setae on ventral parts and i)leura, dorsum with sparse golden setae. Pronotum not forming a distinct collar visible from above; humeral angles rounded, wrinkled. Mesoscutum with deep parap- sidal grooves, lateral grooves weakly developed; area between parapsidal grooves with scattered punctures of moderate size and minute punctures intermixed; lateral lobes minutely punctate. Mesoscutellum separated from mesoscutum by a transverse suture and an adjacent row of small punctures, with many punctures of moderate size. Mctanotum narrow, well depressed, reticulate. Proi)odeum above cephalad of articuilation of petiole reticulate, except for a small, elevated, polished, impunctate area at base of petiole. Propkiura concave, wrinkled. Mcsoi)leura with ventral portion, anterior swelling and caudal portion of sulcus wi(h many shallow, rounded punctures of moderate size; cephalic portion of sulcus polished and impunc^tate, except for a small strip of minute punctures adjacent to propleura; cephalo-dorsid angle impressed. Metunapleura with cephalo-dorsal angle finely punctate and setaceous; ventral half with small reticulations, limited above by a very narrow strip of small punctures; this latter area limited above by irregular reticulations. Truncature slightly concave, with irregular sulxiuadrate r('ti(;ulations and dense whitish setae. The articulation of the petiole far cc'phalad of a line vertical to metacoxal fossae. Metasternal processes sligliily divergent at distal entls. J'osterior coxa rugose above; jjosterior tibia with aciculae arranged in irregular longitudinal rows among the numerous smaller

THEODORE H. FRISON 33

setae, posterior metatarsus with a few aciculae on outer surface. Inner posterior tibial spur twice as long as outer, one-half as long as posterior meta- tarsus; posterior metatarsus not as long as remaining tarsal segments together; tooth of claw longer and stouter than apical ray. Wings hyaline, front wings with seven closed cells, subdiscoidal and cubital vein in distal portion of front wing not chitinized and but faintly indicated.

Petiole about twice as long as distance from point of articulation to ce[)halic margin of propodeum, polished, with some minute punctures and light- colored setae. Abdomen compressed, polished, first four segments beyond petiole with whitish setae on dorsal portion, remaining segments with short setae very abundant both on lateral and dorsal jiortions.

One specimen, the holotype, collected July 15, 1919, at Igarape- Assu, Brazil.

TRANS. AM. ENT, SOC, XLVIII.

W. M. DAVIDSON 35

NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF MELANOSTOMA

(DIPTERA; SYRPHIDAEj'

BY W. M. DAVIDSON

U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Vienna, Va.

The following paper is an attempt to deal with the commonei North American species of Melanostoma wherein the facial ground color is obscured by whitish pollen, more or less in rii)ple- like formation, and the abdomen is banded with metallic fasciae.

The writer has placed Bigot's M. rostratum as a variety of the common obscurum Say of the Eastern States. From the de- scription M. pictipes Bigot is not with certainty applicable to any species known to him.

Three of the species, stegnum Say, obscurum Say var. rodralain and chaetopoda new species were bred from the ovum, the larvae feeding on aphids and transforming much in the same manner as contemporaneous larvae of species known to Ije normally aphidophagous (Eupeodes valuer is Osten Sacken, Allograpta obliqua Say, etc.). Whether or not Melanostotna larvae are nor- mally aphidophagous appears still in doubt; it is certain that field collections of larvae associated with aphids are very rare, when the abundance of the adult flies is taken into consideration.

In the laboratory, however, the larvae are easily reared on an aphid diet, while gravid females, collected in the field, deposit ova in cages about as readily as species of Syrphus, Eupeodes or Allograpta.

Acknowledgment is due to IVIr. C. Howard Curran, Vineland, Ontario, for the type material of Melanostoma Ontario new species for other material used in the preparation of this paper, and also for helpful suggestions.

Melanostoma chaetopoda new species (Text-fig. A.)

Male. Antennae oval, third joint twice as long as wide; brownish black, lighter below; arista black. Vertex and frontal triang'e shining bluish-ljlac-k; pile black, of moderate length. Face with whitish punctate pollen, a median shining black stripe not reaching the antennae, facial pile white; breadth

' Published with the permission of the Secretary cf Agriculture.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

36 NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA (dIPTERA; SYRPHIDAE)

of the face between the eyes below greater than the distance between the antennae and the mouth edge. Cheeks shining bhick, gray poHinose, white pilose; profile of face almost perpendicular below antennae, receding below the obtuse facial knob. Eyes red, bare. Occiput silvery pollinose, pile white beneath, dark above.

Thorax and scutellum shining bluish-black, pile light gray; at apex of scutel- lum a few longer blackish hairs. Wings exceeding abdomen in length, hyaline, stigma light amber. Halteres dull grayish white. Tegulae dull white, fringe fulvous. Legs black, knees yellow, front and middle tibiae and tarsi testace- ous; front tibiae with a row of six long and rather stout black bristles, middle til)iae with four similar, but slenderer bristles; pile elsewhere on legs mostly whitish; pile on the sides of the thorax white.

First segment of the abdomen shining bronze. Second segment opaque black, on each side at the margin an elongate shining spot. Third segment opaque black, two narrowly interrupted rhomboidal shining bronze spots, extending from the anterior margins two-thirds of the length of the segment. Fourth segment similar to the preceding, but the bronze spots do not extend beyond the middle of the segment and the posterior border is narrowly shining bronze. Fifth segment and venter shining bronze. Hyj^opygium shining black. Aljdominal pile white.

Length, 7 to S.5 mm.

Text-figures. A. — Melanodoina chactopoda new species; i)roIile of li(>ad of female (outline). B — Mdanostoma ohacurum var. rostratuin Bigot; profile of head of male (outline). C — Mdanodoum onlnrio new species; profile of head of male (outline).

This species may l)e i-ecofijiiized hy Hie hroad face which re- cedes l)elow and is almost ])ej'])eiHhculur in ])r()fde, liy the hhick facial stripe and by the thickened bi'istles of tlu; front tibiae.

Described from six specimens collected in tlu^ vicinity of Aihambra, California, and from two individuals reared from the egg at Aihambra, 1919 and 1920.

Female. Antennae oval, brownish black, distal joint at l)ase below .yellow- ish red. Vertex shining black with black j)ile. Face with whitish punctate pollen below antennae, a shining ]ila(;k median strijjc not reaching the anten- nae Cheeks shining black, grayish ])()]iiiiose, while i)ilose. In i)rofile the face

W. M. DAVIDSON 37

is .slightly concave below the antennae, the facial knob protrudes beyond the antennaltubercle, below the knob the face recedes. Eyes bare. Occiput sil- very pollinose, white i)ilo.se.

Thorax and scutellum shining bluish-black, pik; white. Wings exf-cHnhag the abdomen, hyaline, stigma light amber. Halteres pale }a>llow. Tegulae whit(!. Legs testaceous, femora except apices black; hind libiac with an obscure dark brown ring at apical third; pile of legs whitish.

First abdominal segment shining metallic g7"cen. Second segment shiin'iig metallic green, posterior border and a median emarginated i)roj(>ction opatiue black. 'I'liird segment similar to preceding, excejit that the shining emargi- natioii is narrower and reaches deeply into the opaciue jjortion. Fourtli segment shining metallic green, with two oblique opaque black sjiots which touch the margin at the posterior angles of the segment, and do not (juitc; reach llie middle of the segment at tlunr anterior ends. Fifthsegmentshining metallic green. The opaque bands of the second and third segments narrowly reach the lateral margins and in the middle reach be3'ond the middle of the segment. Pile of abdomen white.

Length, 6.5 to S mm.

Descril)C(l from ten specimons collected in the vicinity of Alhiunbra, California, and from one s])eci(nen reared from the ess iit Alhambra, 1920.

Holotype (male) and allotype (femakO in the U. S. National Musemn.

The female^ may be recognized from that of other species treat- ed in this paper l)y the greenish abdominal l)an(ls and pimctate facial pollen; from M. stegnum 1)}^ the longer facial stripe.

In general this species approaches M. f^fcgninti more nearly than any of the others. Both have punctate pollen on the face and the black hairs of the fore til)iac are thickened. In stegnum the shining alxlominal spots are greeenish or greenish-gray in l)oth sexes, in chactopoda those of i\w male are distinctly bronze. That the two sexes above described under this name belong to- gether has been proved bj- l)reeding exi)eriments.

Melanostoma Ontario new species (Text-fig. C)

IVLale. Antennae brownish black; third joint oval, twice as long as wide, yellowish at the base below; arista bare, black. Vertex black, black jjilose. Frontal triangle black, obscurely shining; pile black, of moderate length. Face whitish jiollinose, in obscure ripple-like formation; in the middle a bare shin- jug bluish stripe not reaching base of antennae. Profile below antennae shal'owly excavated, the facial tubercle protruding slightly beyond the anten- nal; below this concave, the epistoma protruding eciually witli the facial tubercle; thus the face is perpendicular in profile. Cheeks shining bhush with scant white jwllen, white pilose. Eyes red, bare. Occiput silver}' pcjlinose; pile bi>low white, above fuscous.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVTII.

38 NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA (dIPTERA; SYRPHIDAE)

Thorax and scutcllum shining bhiish-gray, pile fulvous; scutellum with a border of longer fuscous hairs; pleura white jmIosc. Halteres gray. Tegulae white, fringe fulvous. Wings exceeding the body in length, hyaline, stigma dilute yellow. Legs testaceous, femora black except at apices; front and middle tibiae with a narrow fuscous ring, hind tibiae with a broader black ring; tarsi except the basal joint of four anterior legs fuscous; all the tibiae with a row of long slender black hairs, pile on legs elsewhere mostly white.

First abdominal segment shining bronze black. Second segment opaque black, on each side with an elongate shining greenish-gray spot; this spot is produced along the anterior borders and again at the middle of the segment, and is narrowly separated from the posterior border. Third segment opaque black, with two triangular shining greenish-gray spots extending along the anterior border and reaching along the sides two-thirtls the length of the seg- ment; an indefinite narrow shining stripe runs down the middle of the seg- ment. Fourth segment shining greenish-gray; on the posterior half two slightly oblique opaque black spots, narrowly separated in the midtUe and narrowly cut off from the posterior border of the segment; these spots touch the lateral margin just anterior to the posterior angles. Fifth segment shining greenish-gray. Hypopygium shining black, jmIc of abdomen white, on opaque portions black and whit(> intermixed.

Length, 7.1 mm.

Descril^ed from two individuals collected in Ontario, Canada, (C. H. Curran), in 19L3.

Female. Antennae brownish-black; third joint yellow below, oval, twic(> as long as wide; ar-sta fuscous. Vertex shining black, pile black. Face witli obscure ripple-like whitish pollen, which extends "upward on the side to the vertex; in the middle a black shining stripe not reaching the antennae; iiile of the face white. Cheeks shining black, with scant grayish-white pollen, white pilose. In profile the face is shallowly excavated below the antennae, the facial tubercle slightly protruding beyond the antennal tubercle; below the facial tubercle the face recedes. Eyes bare. Occiput while jiollinose, white pilose.

Thorax and scutellum shining bluish-gray, pile light yellow; on the bonlei- of the scutellum two longer pale hairs. Wings exceeding the abdomen in length, stigma dilute yellow. Halteres dull yellow. T(;gulae white, fringe fulvous. Legs testaceous, basal half of front and middle femora, basal two- thirds of hind femora, black; hind tibiae fuscous; hind tarsus and last two joints of four anterior tarsi black.

First abdominal segment shiiu'ng black. Second segment opaciue black with two triangular shining bronze spots, broadly sei)arate(l, reaching behind almost to the posterior angle of the segment. Tliiid segment ojiaque l)lack, with an anterior shining bronze fascia, wliicli is |)rodiic(Ml lit crnlly almost to the j)osterior angle of the segment. Fourtli scguiciit shining bluish gray, in front with two triangular bi'onze spots; on the postciinr half of the segment two slightly ()l)li(|U(' o|ia(|ue black spots narrowly scpaialcd and joining the

W. M. DAVIDSON 39

margin of the segment briefly' at the posterior angles. Fifth segment shining gray; on the second and third segments there is a narrow shining median stri])e. Pile white, on opaque portions black and wliite intermixed. Length, 6.7.5 mm.

One specimen, Canada wliicli apparently lielongs with the two males.

Ho](jtype (male) and allotype (female) in the U. S. National Museum.

This species chffers from M. ubscurum and il/. nhscurmn var. rostratum in the fact that the head is not produced below beak- like: from M. chaclopodd in the abdominal s]:)ots of the female being distinctly' Ijronze, and not greenish, and in the pollen of the face of l)oth sexes l)eing non-punctate.

Melanostoma obscurum Say, varietj- rostratum Bigot (Text-fig. B.)

Male. Antennae brownish-black; joint three oval, twice as long as broad, yellow below at the base, sometimes the whole underside 3'ellowish; arista black, bare. Vertical triangle bluish-black, black pilose. Frontal triangle bluish- l)lack, obscurely shining, black pilose. Face grajnsh pollinose in indistinct ripple-like formation, a median rather narrow shining bluish-black stripe not reaching the antennae; facial pile black above, white below. Cheeks shining black with scant whitish pollen and white pile; facial tubercle protruding considerably beyond antennal tubercle, the epistoma protruding Ijcj^ond the facial tubercle; giving the face in })rofile a rostrate appearance; below the antennae gently concave. Eyes red, bare, contiguous, ten facets. Occi])ut white pollinose, pile white below, fuscous above.

Thorax and scutellum bluish-graj', shining; pile fulvous, scutellar pile long, black and fulvous mi.xed; on the humeri a tuft of black hairs. Wings equal to or exceeding the body length, hyaline. Halteres dull graj'. Tegulae white, fringe fulvous. Legs black, apical third of four anterior femora testaceous; iiind knees yellow; anterior tibiae except a broad ring near the apex, whole of midtlle tibiae, base and apex of hind tibiae, basal joints of all tarsi, testace- ous; hind metatarsi slightly incrassate; pile of legs mosth' light; all tibiae with a row of about eight long slender black hairs.

First abdominal segment shining bluish-graj'. Second segment oi)a(jue black along the side with a shining silvery-gray spot, which is produced along the anterior border, again at the middle of the segment, and reaches along the sides three-quarters the length of the segment. Third segment opaque black, with two shining bronze trigonal spots; these spots reach on the lateral mar- gins tw^o-thirds the length of the segment; second and third segments also with a narrow median shining strij)e. Fourth segment shining bronze, on its posterior half with two narrowlj' separated slightly obliciue opaque t)lack spots, which reach the margin of the segment just before the jwsterior angle. Fifth s(>gmenl shining bronze. Hypojjygium shining black. Venter shining ])urplish- l)lack. Pile of abdomen white, on the oi)a(iue areas short black and white uitermixed. Sides of the abdomen nearlj' parallel. Length, (j.o to 9 mm.

TR.\X.S. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVUI.

40 NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA (dIPTERA; SYRPIIIDAE)

Descril^ocl from twenty individuals from Alhaml)rft and B(M-k- eley, California, 1919 and 1920.

Female. Antennae brownish-blaek; tliird joint oval, twice a.s long as broad, yellowish red below; arista dark brown, bare. Vertex shining bhiish-blaek, pile black, above the antennae a band of gray pollen. Face on the sides below grayish i)ollinose in obscure ri]i]^le-lik5 formation, a median shining bare stripe not reaching the antennae. Cheeks shining gray w^th scant whitish pollen and white pile; i)ile of the face white below, and black above, the antennae. In profile the face is rostrate, the epistoma projecting beyond the facial tubercle and this in turn projects beyond the antennal tubercle.

Thorax and scutellum shining bluish-gray, pile white, a few longer black hairs on the margin of the scutellum. Wings project slightly beyond the body, hyaline; stigma light amber. Ilalteres gray. Tegulae white, fringe fulvous. Legs black, apical half of the four anterior femora reddish-brown, hind knees fuscous, anterior and middle tibiae reddish-brown, basal joints of the four anterior tarsi yellowish brown; base and ai)ex of hind tibiae fuscous; pile of the legs mostly white.

First abdominal segment shining grayish-black. Second segment on tlie sides and anterior margins shining grayish-black, posterior margins oi)a(iue black; in the middle of the segments two bronze spots. Third segment opacjue black, with two shining orange colored spots narrowly separated from the anterior border. Fourth segment shining grayish with two similar orange spots and with an interrupted ojiaque black band on the jjosterior half. Fifth segment shining greenish-gray, the pile of the abdomen white, on the o))aque areas black and white intermi.xed. Abdomen narrowly oval, widest at the apex of the second segment.

Length, 6 to 8.5 mm.

Described from twelve individuals collected and Ijretl at Alhaml)ra, California, 1919 and 1920.

This appears to be the form described by Bigot as ilf . rostra- tum~; it differs from typical ohscurum in the facial stripe being narrower, the thorax more of a bluish-black instead of greenish- black, the scutellar hairs longer and more black on the disc as well as at the edge.

This species is very abundant in Southern California in Spring.

Melanostoma trichopus Thomson

In th(> National Museum collection are several specimens from Alaska which have been identified as this sjiecics. In the facial characters, including rostrate eiiisioma, they closely re- seml)l(> M. ohscurum Say and the variety /v».s7/7/////// liigol. The abdomen of the male is narrower than in these tvvo Hies, while

2 Bigot, Ann. Hoc. Ent. France, 1884, p. NO.

W. M. DAVIDSON 41

the shining spots ave (Ustinctlj'' gruy and not bronze. In the female these spots are orange, and the; abdomen is more oval. Thomson described his species from California.

Key to the Species of Melanostomn described or mentioned al)ove

I

Pollen ot'faco in obscure ripjjlcs, im])uiicf ;it(> 3

Pollen of face punctate 2

2. Face with a shining black stripe, vertical chaetopoda new species

Face with but the tubercle shininji stegnum Say

3. Profile of face almost perpendicular, not obviously rostrate.

Ontario new species

Profile of face rostrate, the epistoma i)rojectino; considerably bej'ond the

facial tubercle 4

4. Thorax shining sreenish-})lack, the facial stripe broad obscurum Say

Thorax shining bluish-black or bluish-gray, facial stripe narrow.

obscurum Say, var. rostratum Bigot II

Facial tubercle alone shining stegnum Say

Vertical shining stripe on the face, but not reaching the antennae 2

2. Facial profile njstrate, tlie epistoma jirojecting considerably i)eyond the

facial tubercle of knob 3

Facial j)rofile j)crjjendicular, the epistoma not iirojecting beyond Ihc facial knob 4

3. Thorax greenish-black, facial stripe broad obscurum Sa^-

Thorax bluish-black or bluish-graj', facial stripe narrow.

obscurum Say, var. rostratum Bigot

4. Facial pollen punctate chaetopoda new species

Facial pollen in obscure rip))Ie-like formations and iiiii)unctatc.

Ontario new species

Biological Notes

Melanostoma stegnum Sa}- (PI. I, fig. D.)

A gravid female was collected in the field at Alhambra, Calif- ornia, on March 11, 1920, and transferred to a ehinniey cage en- closing a young broad })ean plant infested with Aphis rumicis Linnaeus. The fly was fed with sugar water and died March 20, after having deposited ninety-seven ova on the foliage. These ova in many cases were ranked side ])y side or end to (muI, but a few were laid singly. The ovum is cylindrical, elongat(>, rather sharply tapei-ing at each, more so at the non-microiiylar end; white, not chalky; clioi'ion sculjitured with regular hexagonal markings, small and not elevated; size of ovum .88 nnn. x .32 mm.

TliANS. AM. ENT. .SOC, XI.\ ni.

42 NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA (dIPTERA; SYRPHIDAE)

The majority of the eggs laid in captivity were fertile and eighty-eight larvae issued after an average incubation period of seven and one-half days.

The newly-hatched larva is pale yellowish-white and unarmed. Just previous to the first molt the general appearance is grayish, the integument being very transparent and smooth. The shape of the larva is cylindrical. Following the second molt the color is a yellowish-brown with a darker dorsal line, the internal tissues plainly visible through the integment. Each body seg- ment bears a transverse row of short pale bristles. The full grown larva is 8.5 mm. in length and 2.3 mm. in maximum width; vis- cera plainly visible through the hyaline integument giving a general color of grayish-brown. Shape sub-cylindrical, slightly flattened dorsally, sides shallowly wrinkled and carinate, each segment armed with short pale spines; anterior spiracles light brown; posterior respiratory tubes brown, fused for their entire length, the combined width twice the individual length, each tube sub-cylindrical.

In the insectary ten larvae were raised on a diet of aphids, the species consumed being Myzus rosarum Walker, Rhopal- osiphum nervatum Gillette, Macrosiphuni rosae Linnaeus, and M. granarium Kirby.

These larvae transformed after a larval instar averaging thirty-three and one-half days, the expermental period running from March 20 to April 28. Nine of these subsequently issued as adult flies (five males, four females) after a pupal instar averaging sixteen days.

The mature flies were smaller than nearly all the specimens of stegnum. that the writer has ever collected in the field, and this fact suggests that the larvae of this species are not normally aphidophagous, or that these larvae were not sup])lietl with their normal host aphids. In California as far as \\w writer recollects the species of Melanostoma have always been abundant in spring, but on only one occasion has he taken a larva in 1lu> field. Theref()i-(> it would appear that either the larvae ni'e not ;iphid()])h!igous or thnt normally th(>y f(HMl at night. In the insectiuy at Alhanibi'a the larvae did most but not all of their feeding at night, and were very sluggish in the daytime, being

W. M. DAVIDSON 43

adept at concealing tlie(ns(^lves from the lit»;lit. TIkmt 1)(>liavi()ur in this respect was very (Hssimikir to that of tiic larvae of other aphidophao'ous species, such as Catahomha ]>yraMri Linna(>us, Syrphuf; nitcns Zettcrstedt, and Eupeodes volucrtH Osten Sacken, under sinmltaneous ol)servations. This fact suggests that nor- mally McUinostouia larvae feed at night.

The ])ui)ai-ium of M. xlegnuw is light brown in general apjx'ar- ance. The integument becomes slightly more opaque with age, but is never more than semi-transpai'ent. Tlie an((M-ior end is nioderately bulbous. In outline the dorsum descends posttM'iorly in an even ai'ch and the center is hardly coucma'c. Length, li mm., maximum height and width, 2 nun.

Allowing file female flies a pre-oviposition pei'iod of five days Ihe life cycle of M. stcg/nnn was completed in two months.

Melanostoma chaetopoda new species

Two gi'avid females were collected in a field of peas infested with MacroKiphum pisi Kalt., on Novembei- 5, 1919, transported to the laboratorj^ at Alhambra and placed in small wire screen cages enclosing pea plants infested with this ajihid. The flies were fed diluted honey. Both died on November 7, each having deposited one egg. These eggs hatched in eight daj^s, and the i-esul1ant larvae were placed in glass vials and offered a])hids. One pupated on December 2 after a larval instar of twenty-six days, and the other was full grown on Novemljer 29 and remain- ed alive without pupating until January 9, 1920. Both lai'vae were fed Alacrosiphiim pisi, and after November- 23, when they cast the second molt, food records were ke])t. These showed that each of the larvae consumed nineteen a])hi(ls in the fourth instai'. On January 2, 1920, a male fly e:aierged.

]^etwe(-n February 16 and April 4, 1920, seven females were collected in th(^ field, transported to th(^ insectaiy and i)lacetl in cag(^s enclosing plants infested with a])hids. Three deposited res])ectively four, six and three ova, the other four failing to oviposit and were possibly sterile. These females were fed with sugar water and livcnl in the cages from two to thirty days. Ten out of thirteen ova hatched after an average inculcation stage of five and one-half days. On March (i three larvae issued; from March (3 to 12 these were fed MacrosipliKni pisi, fi-om March

TKAN'S. A.M. ENT. SOC, XI.XIII.

44 NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA (dIPTERA; SYRPIIIDAE)

13 to 23 aphids on rose, from March 24 until pupation Myzns rosamm Walker. All three cast the second molt March 24 and thereafter the number of aphids (Myzus rosnrum Walker, all instars) eaten was recorded. One larva consumed ninety aphids between March 24 and April 1, the date of its pupation; a second consumed two hundred and forty-seven between March 24 and April 4, whcni it pupated; the third died on April 1 aftei- having eaten seventy aphids. Subsequently two male flies emerged after pupal stages of eighteen and twenty days respect- ively.

A female fly emerged April 22 after larval and pupal stages of seventeen and eighteen days respectively. This larva was rais- ed on Myzus rosarum Walker and no incubation record was secured.

The egg and larval stages were shorter and the pujial stage longer than the corresponding stages of M. stegnum Say. The life cycle occupied about seven weeks in the insectary.

The egg is .9 mm. long by .24 mm. wide, chalk white; elevat- ions of the chorion about twice as long as broad, in shape ir- regular. Eggs were deposited singly and not ranked.

The newly-hatched larva measures 1. mm. x .24 mm., and is pale yellow with the integument unarmed. Prior to the second molt the color changes to and remains greenish-yellow and the integument is smooth. At the time of the second molt the larva measures about 4.8 mm. x 1.4 mm. After this molt the color is light green with a dorso-median white stripe on the anterior two-thirds of the body. Towards the end of the instar the color becomes light brown with a pinkish suffusion. The posterior respiratory tubes are fused from the base almost to the apex; there is a slight constriction in the middle; the spiracular plates at the apices of the tubes are remote, l)rown, the spiracles straight nari'ow slits. The tubes a]-(> concoloi-ous with the l)ody color of the larva; each is slightly shorter than the combined basal width. The full grown larva is 10 mm. long, sub-cylindrical, very little flattened dorsally, transversely \vritd<Ied and armed with few short pale hairs.

The puparium is 5.2 arm. long, 2.2 mm. wide, and 2.1 mm. in height. Color is light brown, the integument shows a black dorsal transverse bar at the anterior end, two black wavy lines

W. M. DAVIDSON 45

on the sides, a narrow black dorso-median stripe on the caudal half and many small black maculations all over. The anterior face of the puparium is bulbous, the dorsum evenly arched, the venter gently and shallowly concave. The l)ody tapers latei-ally on thf caudal half. Melanostoma obscurum, variety rostratum Hip!;ot (PI. I. fiK- E.)

Collections of adult females in the field, their transference to insectary cages containing plants infested with aphids, and ol)- servations on the habits of the forms were made as follows: On April 10. 1920, a female fly was placed in a cage containing a cabbage plant infested with the aphid Aphis brassicae Linnaeus. The following day eighteen ova were deposited on leaves and stem of the plant. Seventeen eggs were infertile, the single fertile egg hatching on April 19. On April 10 a second female was placed in a cage enclosing a horse bean plant infested with Aphis nirnicis Linnaeus. The following day eighteen ova were deposit- ed on the bean leaves. On April 17 fifteen eggs hatched. Both the flies died within two days of their capture. Between April 10 and 13 one male and six female flies were placed in a cage containing a pea plant lightly infested with the aphid Macro- siphum pisi Kalt. Thirty-three ova were oljtained, and twenty- eight larvae hatched after an incubation period of four and five days. The last fly died eight days after its capture.

The egg measures .85 mm. in length by .36 mm. in width; elliptic oval, chalk white. The elevations of the chorion are irregular in shape and size, from six to two times as long as broad, the long axis parallel to that of the egg; they are connected by the usual fine I'ldges and occupy in the aggregate considerably more of the surface of the egg than the intervening sunken hyaline spaces do. The eggs were laid singly and not ranked.

The newly-hatched larva is cylindrical, smooth, and yellow in color.

liecords of three lai'vae I'aised on an a])hi(l diet in vials in I he insectary at Alhambra, during the months of A])ril and May 1920, indicated a larval stage of nineteen, Iweniy, twenty-tLree days. A fourth larva was full grown in thirty-one days after hatching from tlu> egg l)ut failed to pupate. Food i-ecords of these four larvae were made daily after the first molt, which in each case

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIU.

46 NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA (dIPTERA; SYRPHIDAE)

•

occurred five days after hatching. One larva during its two final instars was supplied with rose aphids Myzus rosarum and Rhopalosiphuiii nervatum (instars iii and iv). It consumed a total of two hundred and seventy-eight aphids in fifteen days. A second supplied with the same aphids (instars iii, iv, v) con- sumed two hundred and eighty-two aphids in seventeen days. A third supplied with oak aphids Myzocallis bellus Walsh and M. alhamhra Davidson (instars i to iv) consumed three hundred and forty-six aphids in thirteen days. The fourth larva which failed to pupate was supplied with similar aphids and consumed two hundred and nineteen in twenty -five days. xVlthough the cast- ing of the second molt was not observed, it ai)pearcd, from the rate of feeding of the larvae, that this skin was cast three or four days after the first molt had taken place. There is always a notalile increase in the number of aphids eaten immediately following a molt of the syrphid larva. During the last three days of the larval stage few aphids were eaten.

After the first molt the larva is light green, on the medio- dorsum a white interrupted longitudinal stripe occurs. The Cauda is truncate, the body inconspicuously armed with short pale hairs and wrinkled transversely. The dorsal stripe is doubl}^ interrupted so as to leave a diamond-shaped whitish spot. Toward the end of the second instar the general color turns brown and the median stripe fades.

In th(i third instar the color is light blown. The whitish dorsal stripe is In-oken up to form a series of diamond-shaped spots. The vestiture is scanty and short.

The full grown larva is aljout 10 mm. long and 2 nnn. wide. The ground color is light brown. On each side is a narrow longitudinal dull wliiU; stri])e and down tlu; medio-dorsum is an interru])tcd whitish stripe, the interruptions ctiusing the fonnatiou of three diamond sliai)ed spots. The body is trans- versely wrinkled and laterally ("arinate. The vestiture^ consists of scanty short pale hairs. The posterior respiratory lubes are light brown, fused c'xce])t at their a]Hces; each tube as broad at the base as it is long. The spiracular plates are remote, dark brown, each bearing three straight slit-like spiracles.

Th(; pupariuu) measures 5.8 mm. x 2.7 nnn. X 2.4 nmi., light bi'own in coloi-, ])al("r on doi'sum and sides; dorsum arcuate, more

W. M. DAVIDSON 47

abruptly so on the anterior end, behind descending in an even curve to the cauda; venter gently concave; body narrowing caudad so that at the base of the posterior respiratory tubes its width is half that at the widest part-anterior third.

In Mfiy 1920 three individuals passed the pupal stage respect- ively in sixteen, sixteen, seventeen days.

The cycle, egg to adult, occupied about forty-two days for this species. This cycle is about as long as that of M. chaetopoda but shorter than that of M. stegnuin Say.

The cjuestion as to whether the larvae of IMelanostotnae are normally entomophagous has been referred to above. Prof. C. L. Metcalf found that in Maine those of Melanostoma mellinum Linnaeus readily ate the aphids Mrjzus persicae Sulzcr and Aphis cornijoliae Fitch, but refused several other species"'. ]\Ir. C. Howard Curran in a letter to the writer stated that in Ontario he found that the larvae of M. obscurum Say consumed both aphids and decomposing chickweed, and that they were more successful on the latter diet. In this connection it can be said that from the writer's observation the young larvae of the well- known aphidophagous syrphid Allograpta obliqua Say, are alile to sustain themselves at least through the first few days of their larval life on ]ilant food. In the cages at Alhambra there? was no decomposing plant matter and the female Mclanosto)na flies deposited all their eggs on the plants, indicating some at- traction to the aphids or to the healthy plants. While the in- dividuals of M. stegnum raised on a diet of aphids Ijccame uiuKm-- sized imagines, those of the other two species bccime normal adults. It is possil:)le that several of the species of Melanostoma are both ])hytophagous and entomophagous in tlie larval stag(% and even that these are inidergoing a transition in hal)i1, chang- ing from plant- to insect-feeders. The nocturnal hal)it of teed- ing and desiie for concealment suggests that it may not have been so long ago that the larvae normallN' lived in obscurity inside plants, or in the open in darker situations than growing i)lan(s normally afford.

Explanation of Plate I

Fig. D. — E{>;gs of Mdnnodnnxi slcgnuin Willi.ston on I)c;in leaf. Photn- graph taken at Alhaml)ra, California, March '20, 1920.

Fig. E. — Melanosloina obscurum Say, var. ro.slrahau I5i!j;<)l. I'lill giown larvae. Photograph taken at Alluunhra, California, Ajiril 27, l',)20.

3JMe. Agr. Exp. Sta.. Bull. 253, "Syrphidae of Maine."

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIH.

MORGAN HEBARD 49

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES ON MELANOPLI FOUND

WITHIN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

(ORTHOPTERA; ACRIDIDAE)

BY MORGAN HEBARD

Part IV

Over a. year ago, the third part of the present series of papers appeared.' Since that time our study of the North American MeUmoph has made some progress, the manuscript having })een l)repared as far as the genus Acoloplus. Press of work on exotic material has proliibited a more rapid advance, however, and for iliis reason we beheve it best to describe, at the present time, the four additional new species and two geographic races which have been encountered.

Among these the distinctive Bradytiotes c/u7co///;ac is of partic- ular interest. Added to the very large series of specimens availaV:)le for study, the valua])le information on this insect furnished by Mr. E. H. Buckell requires our very cordial thanks to that gentleman for such kind and thorough cooperation.

The discovery, by Dr. Witmer Stone, of another species of Melanoplus in the isolated Canadian Zone of the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona, shows again the necessity for further careful work in such environment on all of the higher ranges of the Southwest.

A total of five hundred and seventy-thrcH' specimens are her(> recorded. In the present series of papers to date, a total of two genera, thirty-eight species and six geogra[)hic races have been described.

As is our custom, the location of all the material is indicated excepting that collected by Rehn and He])ard. This material is at present all in the Philad('li)hia Collections. Agroecotettix modestus aristus new subspecies (Plate II, figs. 1, 2 and 3.)

Comi)ared with the female type of A. modeslus modestus Bruner, described from Lerdo, Durango, Mexico, females

1 Trans. Am. Ent. 8oc., m.vi, j)]). 3.55 to 403, (1020).

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

50 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTHOPTERa)

assigned to the present geographic race arc distinguishal)lc l)y their more robust form, with i)ronotum presenting a shghtly more swollen appearance and less definition between the disk and lateral loljes, much broader tegmina, which are attingent, and caudal tibial coloration, these members being bright red distad.

Males of the present race are similar to the females except as described below, the deeply forked ccrci being distinctive. In general form they are more nearly comparal)le to males of PhauJotettix compressus (Scudder), than to those of the species of other North American genera of the Melanopli. From the latter they differ in the more flattened frontal costa, more inflated pronotum, with transverse sulci more decided and caudal margin feebly but distinctly convex, much broader and nearly attingent tegmina, small blunted and well separated furcida, much broader supra-anal plate, furcate cerci, prominent pallium, shallower and dift'erently shaped subgenital i^late and distinctive color- ation.

Type.— d'; Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas. Elevation, 1000 to 1100 feet. August 21, 1912. (Rehn and Hebard.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 749.]

Size medium large; form robust, when compared with species of nearest afhnity. Head large, eyes large and jirominent, the greatest width across the eyes approximating the greatest ])ronotal breadth. Vertex much as in Phaulotettix, slightly produced and bluntly rounded, its dorsal surface moder- ately concave particularly between the eyes, where delicate convex lateral carinae are distinct and approximate. Frontal costa broad and flat, showing weak depression about the median ocellus, below that point gradually dis- appearing into the face.

Pronotum with dorsal and lateral ))ortions of prozona smooth, l)ut with a few impressed punctae laterad and somewhat inflated between the decided transverse sulci, which sever the medio-longitudinal carina, this carina distinct except between the transverse sulci, when> it is very weak.- Pronotal lateral carinae, which are subobsolete through the lateral margins of (he disk, are apparent on the prozona, due to the color pattern; metazona impresso-punc- tulate, the caudal margin of the disk weakly but distinctly convc^x. l^-gmin-i very Ijroad oval, extending slightly beyond caudal margin of iiictaiiotuin, separated by a very slight interval. Minute, very elongate oval, vestigial wings ])resent, concealed by the tegmina. Large, ojuni tymv)ana covered by the tegmina.

''Apparently variable in (his portion, as it is subobsolete to distinct in (lie large scries before us of i\w Trans-Pecos Texan race (A. m. crypsidomus) of the species.

MORGAN IIEBARD 51

Distal portion of abdomen distinctly, though not decidcMlly, enlargod. Fur- riila represented by two broad and well sei)arated, very brief eonvexities, which extend very slightly beyond the margin of the tergite. Siipra-anal plate with length about equal to width, broadly rotundato-triangular, latL'ral portions broadly and weakly concave, with a minute node mesad; median ])ortion weakly elevated and rather broadly and weakly concave. Cercus over four times as long as its proximal width, bifurcate at end of i)roximal three-fifths, i)roximal portion narrowest at its median point (where it is alwut one-third as broad as long) due to the concavity of the tlorsal margin, ventral margin straight throughout, except that feeble convexity is indicated proximad; internal section of distal portion produced in a straight, flattened finger, sub- (M|ual in width, about three times as long as broad, with greatest thickness vertical and apex rounded, this finger directed meso-caudad; external section of distal portion jjroduced in a straight slender spike, with apex very narrow- ly rounded, longer than internal section and directed caudad, so that the axes of these portions form an angle of something less than ninety degrees.

Subgenital plate with depth about one-half length of the free margin, that margin weakly concave laterad and feeblj' angulato-convex mesad. Pro- sternal spine rather sharply conical, showing a weak flexure cephalad. Inter- space between mesosternal lobes nearly twice as long as wide. Cephalic and median femora heavy, inflated and bowed. Caudal femora rather short and very robust, though proportionately not as short and robust as in Phaiil- nkttix comprcssus. Caudal tibiae with eight to ten sj)ines. Caudal tarsus distinctly less than half as long as caudal tibia.

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type. [Hel^ard Collection.] .\grees closely with male in coloration and relative proportions; ditT(!ring in the following features. Size larger, form moderately stouter. Vertex pro- lK)rtionately slightly broader. Tegmina proportionately broader, attingent. Genitalia normal, the ovipositor valves stout, with denticulations of dorsal margin of dorsal pair blunt, heavy and irregular and with the stout apices acute and well curved. Inters[)a(;e between mesosternal lobes about one and one- lialf times as long as broad.

Measurements {in niillinieters)

Length Lcngtli Widtli lA'iintli Width Length

_7I of of of of of of

l)0(ly pro- pro- tefiiiK'ti tc^nu'ii caudal

iiotum notuin fumur

I'valde, Texas, <//pc 21.7 o.;^ 4.9 4 .'i 12.2

Uvalde, Texa.s,/wrf%pes. 21. 7-23.3 r).()-r).S 5.1-5.2 3.8-4 3-3.2 12.S-13

Laredo, Texas 22.3 5.S 5.2 4 3.S 12.<)

9

Uvalde, Texas, allotijpe .31.2 7.S 7 4.S 4.0 l(i

Uvalde, Texas, /xim/y/X!S. 30.3-30 7.3-7.3 ().7-G.S 5-4.3 4.2-4.2 15.S-15.3

Laredo, Te.xas 28 G.8 6 4.8 4.3 14.2

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

52 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLl (oRTHOPTERA)

111 the present series the width of the eaudal femur is; cf , 4 to 4. 1 ; 9 , 4. 8 to 5 mm. The tegmina slightly overlap in the Laredo male, in the others the interval between these organs is .25 to .35 mm.

Larger series are needed to determine whether the tegminal differences, which appear to aid in separating the races of this sjjccies, are constant in this race and Jiiodistus modestus.

General color ochraceous-buff (individually tinged with ochraceous-tawny, varying to yellow-ocher), with a conspicuous round spot of ochraceous-buff hit(!rad near base of tegmina. Head marked with blackish as follows: medio- longitudinally on the dorsal surface in a band which is divided by a pale line caudtul, with a postocular streak, flecks on the genae and with a transverse band on each side beneath the antcnnal sockets terminating at the margins of the frontal costa. Pronotum with medio-longitudinal band continued on prozona, there dividing and then converging and forming a very narrow oval, thence quickly becoming obsolete on the metazona; medio-longitudinal carina, sulci and prozonal portion of lateral lobes pictured with blackish, the sutures of the pleura and periphery of the pale spot also blackish. Tegmina with tlie multitude of minute veins ochraceous-tawny, the minute interstices mummy-brown. Abdomen with proximal tergites irregularly suffused with blackish meso-laterad. Ventral surface paler, usually tinged with yellow- ocher, sutures of abdoniinal stcrnites black, male subgenital [)late with a median fleck of black. Cephalic and median limbs inniiaculate, of the gen- eral (;oloration. Caudal femora with two heavy transverse bands and a ilorso-proxiinal suffusion of blackish, the first (median) band becoming ob- li(^ue on the external joagina, ventral margin of external pagina with a few heavy black flecks, genicular areas black laterad except for entire area of genicular lobes which is yellow-ocher; internal face of caudal femora antimcmy yellow, tinged with coral-red ventro-proximad and crossed by the more distal of black bands. Caudal tibiae of general coloration proximad, with a black- ish ring at end of swollen i)ortion, and with flecks of blackish or suffused with that color at end of proximal third, remaining two-thirds bright coral-red, si)ines and sjiurs buffy tipped with black, except proximo-internal s])ines which are wholly black.

Sjjccniuns Examined: 8; 4 males and 4 females.

Texas: Uvalde, Uvalde County, 1000 to 1100 feet, VIII, 21, 1912, (R. and IL), 3 cf, 3 9, type, allotype, paratypcs. Laredo, Webb County, 550 fi'et. VIII, 12, 1912, (R. and H.), 1 d^, 1 9 .

Like Hhabdok'ttix, this species is thaniiiopliilous and usually found in llioiii bushes, l)ul it is also frefiiunitl}^ encouiitcred in other ve}z;el at ion alTording security. I'lu; c();(n])ai'ative scarcity of the ]>resent I'ace, in the small ])()iiion of the Uni((>d States in wliicji it occui's, causes us to Idiexc thai, in adjaccMil northern ]\lexico, t/iodcstus arislus will l)e found to have a very much wider distribution, occuning there much more ubiuidantly.

MORGAN HEBARD 53

Agroecotettix tnodestus crypsidomus now subspecies^ (Plate II, fijis. 4, 5

and 6.)

1917. Agroecotettix vwdestus Hebard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1D17, p. 263. [ 9 ; Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico.]

The present geographic race is separated from A. modestus aristus, here described, l^y the average smaller size and less swollen pronotum. Males are further separated by the shorter cerci, the forks of which are much shorter, with the external arm short- er than the internal arm. Females are less readily distingished by the proportionately smaller tegmina, which are separated by a moderate interspace.

Compared with the type of A. modestus modestus Bruner, a female, individuals of that sex of the present race are distin- guished by their smaller size and red coloration of the distal portions of the caudal tibiae. The slightly more swollen pro- notum and form and position of the tegmina show a development approximately intermediate between that of tu. modestus and m. aristus.

The discovery of males of m. modestus will aid greatly in de- fining accurately the relative position of the races of the species.

Type.- — cf : Marathon, Brewster County, Texas. Elevation, 3940 to 4160 feet. Septem})er 12, 1912. (Rehn and He])ard.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 750.]

Agrees fully with »i. aristus, described on i)age 50, except in the following characters Size smaller, medium. Vertex distinctly narrower. Inflation of prozonal portion of pronotum less decided. Cercus about three times as long as its proximal width, proximal portion narrowest at its median jKjint (where it is about one-third as broad as long), due to the concavity of the dorsal margin, ventral margin straiglit throughout, except that feeble convexity is indicated proximad; internal section of distal ])ortion produced in a straight, flattened finger, sulx'Cjual in width, about twice as long as broad, with internal surface moderatelj^ convex and external siu'face flattened and moderately oblique, apex rounded, this finger directed meso-caudad; external section of dorsal j)ortion produced in a straight, rapidly tapering spike, with apex very narrowly rounded, very slightly shorter than internal section and directed caudad, so that the axes of these parts form an angle of something less than ninety degrees.

In the large series at hand the extremities of the male cerci show som-; variation in length and form. The external production is usually decidciUv shorter than the internal production, rarelj' nearly as elongate.

^ From KpU']^(-0OiJ.o? = dwelling in secret places.

TRAN.S. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

54 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTHOPTERA)

Allotype.— 9 ; same data as type. [Hebard Collection.] The female sex of the present race differs from males as described for the female of vl aristus on page 51 except that the tcpinina are more similar and are always moderately well separated.'* Interval between the mesosternal lobes less than one and one-half times as broad as long.^

Measurements {in millimeters)

&

Length

of body

Sanderson, Texas (6) . .17-18.8 Marathon, Texas, type, 20 Marathon, Texas,

paratypes, (42) 17.4-22.2

Persimmon Gap,

Texas, (2) 10.4-17

Moss Well, Texas, (22) 18-20

Lengtli

of

pro-

notum

4.6-4.8

Width

of

pro-

notiim

4.1-4.2

4.8

Length

of tog men

2.8-3.2 3.4

Width

of tegmen

2.3-2.8

2.8

Length

of caudal femur 10.1-11.

11.8 .

4.2-5 4.1-4.8 3-3.G 2.7-3 10.5-12

3.8-4 4.1-5.1

3.7-3.9 4-4.9

2.G-3 3-3.6

2.3-2.4

2.6-2.9

9.8-10.4 10.4-12

Sandeison, Texas, (7) 19.3-25 5-6 Marathon, Texas,

aUolijpe, 26.3 6.2

Maiatlioii, Texas,

paratypes, (42) .... 22.2-27.2 5-6.7 Pine Mountain, Tex., 28 6

Persimmon Gap,

Texas, (4) 19.2-24.2 4.8-5.6

Moss Well, Tex., (19)22.3-28.6 5.1-5.9

4.8-5.4

5.9

5-6.3 6

3-4

4

3.2-4.3 4.2

2.7-3.3

3.3

2.8-3.3 3.4

4..5-5.2 3-3.8 2.8-3.1 5-5.9 3.9-4.2 2.8-3.3

11.3-13.8

14

12.3-14.2 14

11.5-13.7 12.1-13.8

For convenience in comparing the measurements, we give the following for the type of modestus ?nodestiis Bruner, a female from Lerdo, Durango, Mexico. Length of body, 31.1; length of pronotum, 6.9; width of iironotum, 6.5; length of tegmen, 4.9; width of tegmen, 3.7; width between tegnuna, 2.3; length of caudal femur, 15.8; width of caudal femur, 4.8 mm.

The extremes of caudal femoral width are; cf , 3 to 3. 8; 9 , 3. 1 to 4. 4 nun, I'he variation in width of th(> interval between the tegmina is; cf, .1 to .8; 9 , .8 to 1.7 mm.

In general coloration the present race agrees closely with moiiestas aristus except that the majority of specimens have the general coloration darker, sayal brown, sometimes as d(;ep as suffused bister. In consequence, the markings are less striking and the general appearance not as brilliant. Thi> dark markings of the pronotal disk show decidedly less curvature, in Ih" great majority of sj)ecimens being subjiarallel and in a few of maxinuim in-

■* Varying in the large series at hand fr )m .8 to 1.7 mm.

'' \'arving in the series to very slightly broader tlian long, thus sliowing anew th;it this sp;ice is individu;illy decidedly variahie in the M('lano])li, and can c(^rtainl\' not be used as of high geiu'i'ic or specific significance as was supposed l)V Scuddcr.

MORGAN HEBAED 55

tensive coloration fusing, so that in this region there is a dark medio-longitu- dinal band. In the darker specimens, the dark bars of the caudal femora are much less conspicuous and indeed are obsolete in a few of these.

The markings of the pronotal disk and darker general coloration show clost'r agreement with the type of jnodcstus vindcstiis. The present material, like that of itwdcMiis aristus, however, differs from that race in the red of the distal ix)rtions of the caudal tibiae anfl the vent ro-proximal portion of the internal faces of the caudal femora.

Specimens Exandncd: 192; 88 males, 102 females and 2 immature individ- uals.

Texas: Sanderson, Terrell County, 2800 to 3150 feet, VIII, 25, 1912, (R. and H.), 6 c?, 7 9- Marathon, Brewster County, 3900 to 41G0 feet, VHI, 26 to IX, 13, 1912, (R. and H.), 43 d", 43 9, lype, allotype, paratypes. Garden Spring, Brewster County, IX, 2, 1912, (R. and H.), 1 d', 3 9 , 2 juv. Persimmon Gap, Brewster County, 3000 feet, IX, 10, 1912, (R. and II.), 2 cf , 4 9 . Avery Canyon, Grapevine Hills, Brewster County, 3000 feet, IX, 4, 1912, (R. and H.), 1 o^. 1 9. Neville Spring, Brewster County, 3250 to 3300 feet, IX, 8, 1912, (R. and H.) ,1 d^, 2 9 . Moss Well, ChLsos Mountains, 4500 to 5000 feet, IX, 5 to 8, 1912, (R. and H.), 22 d', 19 9 . Lost Mine Peak, Chisos Mountains, 6000 feet, IX, 6, 1912, (R. and H.), 1 d", 1 9. Canyon behind Pulliam Bluff, Chisos Mountains, 5000 feet, IX, 7, 1912, (R. and H.), 9 d', 17 9. Pine Mountain, Davis Mountains, 6250 feet, VIII, 29, 1912, (R. and H.), 1 9 ■ Maguires Ranch, upper Limi[)a Canyon, Davis Mountains, 5600 feet, VIII, 29, 1912, (R. and H.), 1 9. Quitman Mountains, El Paso County, 4800 to 5400 feet, IX, 14, 1912, (Hebard), 2 c^, 2 9 .

Mexico: Monclova, Coahuila, IX, 20, (E. Palmer), 19, [Mus. Comn. Zool.].

Not only was this insect often found al)undant in the cat- claw and other thorny shrubs, in the semi-desert areas of Trans- Pecos Texas, but it was also seen frequently to seek shelter in the sotols (Dasylirion sp.). It was found at elevations from 2800 to 6250 feet, but was never met with in any numbers above the 5000 foot l(>vel in either the Chisos or Davis Mountains. Conalcaea coyoterae" new species (Plate III, figs. 1, 2 and 3.)

This insect is related to C. huachucnna Rehn. It asrec.^ closely in all features except that in inost of the specimens ])e- fore us the caudal femora are not conspicuoui^ly Iticolored', the

'The Coj'otero Apaches, "Wolf-Men", inhabited the region from which the present species is known.

'• In a single male, from Bill Williams ISIountain, the coloration of the caudal femora is exactly as in hnachiicana. It would ajipear that no feature of C()k)ration is of sufficient constancy', over tiie range of these species, to warrant its use as an unciualified diagnostic criterion.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

56 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTHOPTERa)

male cerci are shorter with distal portion proportionately much broader and distal margin rounding strongly to the less produced ventro-caudal angle, while the male subgenital plate is shorter and not as sharply conical (for hiiachucana see plate III, figures 4 and 5).

In the coloration of the caudal femora, coyoterae agrees more closely with C. miguelitana (Scudder), in all other respects being, however, the opposite extreme of the forms of this stock, huachucana occupying an intermediate position in the form of the male cerci.

Type.— d^ ; Prescott, Arizona. Elevation, 5400 feet. July 21, 1917. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 751.]

Size rather large compared with species of alhed genera; form robust, sub- fusiform. Head as iii huachucana ^, small in proportion to the body bulk, distinctly narrower than greatest pronotal width, scutellum of the fastigium weakly concave between the very delicate but distinct lateral carinae, frontal costa weakly concave toward the median ocellus, eye distinctly over one and one-half times as Jong as infra-ocular sulcus. Pronotum, tegmiiia and abdomen as in huachucana. Furcula represented by thickenings of the tergite, caus- ing weak and well separated angulations of the margin. Supra-anal plate triangular with apex blunted, nearly as long as wide, msdian sulcus broad and percurrent, deepest in proximal half, lateral portions weakly and broadly concave, with a minute conical projection near the lateral margins at two- fifths the distance to the apex.^

Cercus narrowing in proximal third, thence widening greatly, due to ex- pansion dorsad, the ventral margin being broadly and evenly convex through- out, the dorsal portion of the expanded section (which is nearly twice as wide as the proximal width and nearly half as wide as the cereal length) convex to the acute-angulaf e, briefly produced ventro-caudal angle (the apex). Sub- genital {)late coni(!al, its apex blunt, shorter and blunter than in haaclnicaiia. Cephalic and median femora somewliat inflattnl antl weakly bowi'l.

Allotype. — 9 ; Prescott, Arizona. Elevation, 5400 feet. July 31, 1917. (O. C. Pohng.) [Ilebard Colleclion.]

Very similar to females of huachucana, exce])t that the caudal femora are not contrastingly colored, the external pagina of the general brown coloration, fe(>bly and not solidly suffused with a darker shade.

Differs from the male in the following features. Size decidedly larger, form nuich more robust. Eye less than one and one-half times as long as infra- of'ular sulcus. Even widening of flic |)roiio(al disk as regular but decidedly stronger. Ovipositor valves with stout ai)ices moderately elongate and weakly curved, blunt teeth of dorsoexlernal margin of dorsal valves larg(> and irreg- ul;ir, ( "ephalic and lucdiaii rciiior:! nol iii(l;i(cd; llic former nearlj- straight. 1 he la( ler straight.

' Heliri's excellent description is best referred to; I'roc A(;ad. Nat. Sei. Phila., i<)()7. i>. 48, (li)07). " Also fcjund in huiuliucanu.

MORGAN HEBARD 57

Measurements {in millimeters) of extremes

Length Length Width Longtii Width Lcmmth

of of of of of of

(j liody pro pro- tcgmcn tegmen cniidal

notum notum fcniur

Prescott, Arizona, /,///5e, 18.5 4.2 4.2 4 1.9 11.2 Prescott, Arizona,

parattrpes, i^S) 17-19.2 4.24.4 3.9-4.2 3.2-3.S 1.9-1.7 11-11.1

Mount Union, Prescott,

Arizona 20 4.9 5 3.9 2 12.,S

Bill Williams Mountain,

Arizona 21 5 5 4.2 1.9 13

9

Prescott Arizona, allotype, 2G ,5.9 ().3 5.5 2.3 14.8

Prescott, Arizona,

paraty pes, (42) 21-30 5.1-G.3 5.4-7.2 4.7-5.4 1.9-2.5 12.7-15.7

Mount Union, Prescott,

Arizona, (3) 24.7-29.4 G.3-G.1 G.7-6.8 4.8-4.G 2.1-2.1 15-15.4

The width of the caudal femur in the series is: a', 3 to 3. 4; 9 , 3. 4. 4-4. 1 mm.

Coloration very similar in the series, except that in the males the average is slightly more contrasting and brilliant. Occiput, disk of pronotum and dorsal surface of mesonotum and metanotum dull sayal brown (individually varying from cinnamon to warm sepia in the specimens of maximimi recessive and intensive coloration). Cephalic and median limbs of this coloration, showing vague irregularities of shade. Dorsal surface of male abdomen, in proximal half shining blackish brown laterad, with a narrow medio-longi- tudinal band of pinkish cinnamon, remaining portions sayal brown; in females much more uniform, less shining, with latero-jjroximal portions only slightly darkened and medio-longitudinal band very weakly defined, in some individ- uals unicolorous. Remaining portions of head, lateral lol)cs of i)ronotum and underjiarts clay color, except for a weakly defined postocular bar on each side of the head (heavy in occasional specimens), which is continued on the dorsal portion of the pronotal lateral lobes as a broad, solidly colored, shining black band, in females often weak cephalad and caudad. On the sides, the meta-epistermnn and the meta-epimerum are shining black. Tegmina cinnamon-buff to clay-color in dorsal half, blackish brown to black and usually shining in ventral half. Caudal femora of the general coloration dorsad, paling to the ventral coloration vcntrad, the exteriud i)agina vaguely and not solidly suffused with a darker shade, which in some females shows a faintly greenish tinge. Caudal tibiae varj'ing from grcMiadine to peach red.

This type of caudal femoral coloration is strikingly different from the n<jrmal for huof-hucana, but a single male is before us agreeing fully in this respect with that species. In that individual the t>xternal pagina is strikingly bicolored, the dorsal port inn .dmost black, the ventral portion ochraceou.s-bul'f.

We would note tliat the usual difference from hiinclmeana. in the caudal femoral coloration is also shown in the inunature stages, when dark markings

TKANS. AM.. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

58 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTIIOPTERa)

arc there present. In some of the juveniles the caudal femora are immaculate, the majority having, however, the entire external pagina black, except for invasions of the light general coloration. These invasions, when decided, break the black area into characteristic Melanoploid bands, which are continued across the dorsal surface of the femora.

Like the other species of this genus, the present is probalily strictly geophilous, agreeing with huachucana in being an in- habitant of the Encinal, or Ilcgion of Oaks, in Arizona. The entire series was taken at elevations of from 5400 to 0500 feet.

Specimens Examined: 115; 20 males, 76 females and 19 immature individuals.

Arizona: Bill Williams Mountain, IX, 14, 1917, (O. C. Pohng), 1 d^, [Ilebard Cln.]. Prescott, VII, 5 to VIII, 24, 1917, (Poling; Kusche), 19 d", 68 cf , 19 juv., type, allotype, paratypes, [Hebard Cln.]. Granite Peak, Pres- cott, VIII, 17, 1917, (J. A. Kusche), 4 9, [Hebard Cln.]. Mount Union, Prescott, VIII, 15, 1917, (J. A. Kusche), 1 c?, 3 9, [Hebard Cln.]. Senator, Yavapai County, VIII, 12, 1917, (J. A. Kusche), 1 9, [Hebard Cln.].

Bradynotes chilcotinae new species (Plate III, figs. 6, 7 and 8.)

This species is readily separable from any of the previously known forms by the large triangular furcula of the male and other genitalic features in this sex.

In form it agrees best with B. caurus Scudder, the definition between the disk and lateral lobes of the pronotum being weakest in these speci(>s. In coloration it is dark, showing the greatest reduction of the brilliant colors found on the caudal limbs in the majority of the species of Bradynotes.

The caudal til^iae are buffy, as in B. albida Hel)ard, B. excelsn Rehn and B. satur Scudder, but these memlxn's are often strongly suffused in the present insect.

The male cerci often fail to reach as far distad as the apex of the supra-anal plate and are as slender at their ai)i('es as in B. conipacta IVIorse^". The male supra-anal i)lat(^, though subject to considerable variation, is seen to be never of the simple, long- er type developed in B. ohcsa (Thomas) and its closer allies, in which the latei'al margins are weakly concave convergent to 1lic broadly rounded apex.

Type. — cf ; liiske Creek, Chilcotin, British Columl)ia. July 22, 192]. (]<]. R. Buckell.) [Canadian Nalional (\)llec1iou.l

Size iiicdiurn hirge for I he genus; form heavy, lliougii not as licavy as iti ulie.sa and its closer allies; surface moderately pilose. Head broad and full, vertex gently tumid; fastigium shallowly concave, the lateral margins thick,

"'Compare, Trans. Anicr. En{. Soc, XLV, pi. xxix, lig. 11, (1919).

MORGAN IIEBARD 59

rounded and very weakly defined, the width at the ocelli decidedly ^^reatc^r than between the eyes; frontal costa comparatively broad and shallowly con- cave, with lateral margins rounded and very weakly tlefined, surfa(!e rather decidedly imi)resso-j)unctate; least width distinctly greater than that of piox- imal antcnnal joint, greatest width between antennal bases. Eyes slightly longer than infra-ocular sulcus.

Pronotum much as in caurus, the weakly convex disk curving into the lobes, with the low and broadly rounded lateral caiinac subobsolete; disk expanding very slightly caudad, medio-longitudinal carina obsolete, except very briefly cephalad on prozona and on metazona caudad of the piiiicipul sulcus, continued on abdomen but very weak and obsolete on ])rox- iinal tergites. Tegmina and wings absent.

Furcula represented by a pair of large, triangular jirojections, which form mesad an obtuse-angulate emargination and have their external margins straight, longitudinal; these processes are broader than long, but in length from base of their tergite exceed one-fourth the length of the supra-anal plate. ^' Supra-anal plate broad, its length equal to (varying in the series to slightly greater than) its basal width; lateral margins weakly convergent and very weakly convex to distal portion, where on each side a very strongly obtuse- angulate emargination is indicated ; (in the series at hand the apex of the plate varies from sharply triangular to very strongly rounded-triangular, the emargi- nation laterad varying from obsolete to strongly defined,) suifaco deeply con- cave laterad, with a broad medio-longitudinal concavity, which is strong proximad, very weak mesad and shallow distad.^-

Cerci shorter than (varjnng in the series to as long as) the supra-anal plate, tapering gradually from the broad base to the very slender, roiuided apex. Subgenital plate full, conical, free lateral margins weakly convex to the very blunt apex, which is entire and is produced caudad but not elevated. Cephalic and median femora nioderateh^ inflated, very feebly bowed.

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type, ])ut taken June 24, 1921. [Canadian National Collection.]

Larger and more robust than male. Fastigium of vert>x and front; 1 costa much broader and with surface much more weakly concave, the surface of the latter impresso-puuctulate. Eye in length apfiroximately that of infra- ocular sulcus. Pronotum moderately broadened caudad, its convexity' verj' weakly interrupted by the subobsolete lateral carinae, which scarcely delinu't the disk from the lateral lobes; medio-longitudinal carina subobsolete, ob.so- lete on the three succeeding segments, but again weakly indicated on the ab- dominal tergites. Ovipositor valves much as in satur, the dorsal pair showing weaker cmvaturc than in ohesa. Cephalic and median femora neither inflated or bowed.

" Thougii somewhat variable in length and width, these i)rojections are seen to be constant in general contour in the very lai"g(^ sei'i(>s under consid- eration.

*' In no specimens could the tyi)e of tliis jilatc he confused witii that of ohctici and its closer allies.

TK.VNS. A.M. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

GO

NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTHOPTERa)

Measurements {in millimeters) of extremes

Length Length Width of Width of Length

of of pronotal pronotal of

hody i)ro- disk disk at caudal

notuni cephalad principal femur sulcus

cT

Type 21.4 4.2 2.8 3.4 11.7

Paratypps, (Sr^y 21-25 4-5 .... .... 11-12.5

BigBar.Biiti.sh Columbia, (4) 17-18.5 3.7-3.8 2.5-2.0 3.2-3.3 10.3-10.4

9

Allotype 24 4.8 3.8 4.8 13.4

Pnratijpes, (JK)^^ 24-40 4.8-6 .... .... 12.5-15

Big Bar, British Columbia, (2) 21.5-22.2 4.2-4.3 3.3-3.3 4.1-4.2 12.3-12.2

The size reduction shown by the Big Bar specimens is probably attrilnit- able to different local environmental conditions.

General coloration of dorsal surface of males chestnut-brown, deepening to shining blackish brown proximad on sides of abdomen, except ventrad toward margins of tergites, where narrow invasions of the buffy color of the ventral surface occur. Ventral surface light ochiaceous-salmon, or antimony-yellow with a salmon tinge. Frontal costa, face, genae and ventro-lateral portions of pronotum and thorax buffy, darkened by very numerous dots and flecks of dark brown. Cephalic and median limbs similar, but not as much darkened. Pronotal lateral lobes with dorsal portion slightly darker and more shining than tlisk, this weakly defined band continued on the sides of the thorax.

Caudal femora buffy, with mimite flecks and dots of dark brown, dorsal and external faces with two broad bands of chestnut-brown, which are oblique on the external pagina, the genicular areas also darkened. In many specimens these portions are often greatly suffused, in some so dark that the bands have become almost obsolete. Internal surface of caudal femora proximad and ventro-internal stn-face distad vinaceous rufous or dragons blood red. Caudal tibiae buffy, frecjuently strongly washed with mummy brown; spines and sj)urs buff jM-oximad, black distad.

The females vary in general colmatioii from cliest nut-brown lo prout's brown and are much more uniform, the dark(>r bands of the body and caudal femora being subobsolete or ab.sent. In (his sex the ventral surface of the doby appears to be light brown, but is seen to lie usually niuili discolored and darkened in dri(>d sjx'cimens.

Mr. ]')Uckcll wrilcs thul this insect is "extronioly comiiioii in soini-sylvun locutions, cspccijilly in nplnnd pjisturos l)enealh the aspens {Pojyulii.s Ircnivloidcs). In so'iic ])Uices it is the connnon- est grassli()p])('i' lo he lonnd." 'riic species was found hatching

'^ These measurements were taken l)y Mr. i^iickcll, Ikuii the material l)efore drying.

MORGAN HEBARD 61

as early as May 1st, while adults were numerous and freely pairing l)y July 20th. In early August it had become scarce, but about the middk^ of September many adults were again found, pairing freely, and the species was still common in Octoljer

These interesting notes by the energetic discoverer of this new species indicate that, in the Chilcotin, it is probably double l)rooded.

We are told that individuals are much souglit after by the Indians for fish bait.

Specimens Examined: 245; 137 males and 108 females.

British Columbia: Riske Creek, Chilcotin, VI, 20, 1920, 3 cf , 3 9 ; IX, IS, 1920, 1 cf , 1 9 ; IV, 18, 1921, 38 cf , 27 9 ; V, 30 to VIII, 1, 1921, 91 d", 7n 9 , type, allolijpe and all others parati/pe.s, (all taken by E. R. Buckell).'* Bis Bar, 7400 feet, VII, 9, 1921, (E. R. Buckell), 4 d^, 2 9 •

Melanoplus chiricahuae new species (Plate III, fiss. 9 and 10.)

This handsome insect agrees closely in size, coloration and general appearance with M. femur-nigrum Scudder, a species known from the northern portion of the Arizona Plateau.

In male cereal development nearest approach is found in M. calidus Scuclder, which species occurs in the White and Sac- ramento INIountains of south-central New Mexico. The cerci of that species are, however, much broader and shorter, with l)roadened apical portion more conspicuously truncate. In other features wide differentiation between these two species occurs, chiricahuae being clearly much more closely related to femur-nigrum.

Type. — c?" ; Ida's Peak, Chiricahua [Mountains. Cochise County, Arizona. Elevation, 8000 feet. June 28, 1919. (Witmer Stone.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5381.]

Size and form medium for the group. \'ertcx and frontal costa as in femur- nigrum. Eye large, nearlj^ twice as long as infra-ocular sulcus. Pronotum as in femur-nigrum: medio-longitudinal carina weak on prozona, very weak between transverse sulci, moderately decided on remaining portion of meta- zona, sulci distinct but not deep; lateral margins of pronotal disk subparallel to principal sulcus, caudal margin of same broadly obtuse-angulate produced with apex rounded. Prosternal spine longer than broad, slightly transverse, cylindrical to distal portion which tapers off strongly to the rounded apex. Tegmina very slightly longer than pronotum. almost attingent, oval, with apex rounded, though not broadly so.

"The bulk of this scries is in the Canadian National and Philadelphia Collections. Sets, however, will be sent to the other larger North American collections of Orthoptera.

TRANS. A^l. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

62 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MBLANOPLI (oRTHOPTERa)

Furcula re])rcsent.ed by two minute projections, with bases weaky convex to base of their tcrgite, the projecting portions shghtly longer than wide. Supra-anal plate shield-shaped, with lateral margins proximad straight and parallel for a short distance, then moderatc^ly raised, very weakly concave and convergent to the short, thick, weakly elevated disto-lateral carinae, the small apical portion triangular with apex bluntly rounded. Surface of sui)ra-anal l)late broadly concave laterad, with a broad medio-longitudinal sulcus in proximal half, which is very weak (absent in paratype) in distal half.

Cerci nearly two and one-half times as long as basal width, straight, narrow- ing gradually, then expanding, so that the distal third is slightly enlarged with dorsal margin slightly more convex than ventral margin, apical portion with external siu'face weakly concave, broadly rounded dorso-distad, but forming a moderately (sharply, in paratype) rounded rectangulate disto-ventral angle, the distal margin transverse. Subgenital plate j^roduced meso-dorsad in a large, bluntly rounded tubercle, directed caudad, which tubercle is slightly more i:)roduced and less heavy than in fcniur-tiigriuii.

Allotype.- — 9; same data as type. [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.]

Agrees with type except as follows. Size larger, form more robust. Sul- cation of vertex and frontal costa weaker and broader. Eye about one and two-thirds times as long as infra-ocular sulcus. Pronotum with lateral margins of disk weakly divergent to principal sulcus. Prosternal spine heavier toward its base. Ovipositor valves moderately elongate, with distal curvature rather broad; the dorsal valves with dorsal surface and margins proximad rather well sup])licd with serrations.

Measurements {in millimeters)

Length Length Caudal Length Width Length

of of width of of of of

hody pro- pro- tcgmcn togmen caudal

CT iiotum notal femur

disk

Type 20.2 4.7 2.S ^^ 2.S ■ 10.8

Paratype Vy^ 4.6 2.7 4.9 2.6 10.7

9

Allotype 24 .5.3 3.9 ,5.9 3.4 12.7

Dorsal suifacie of male blackish chcstinit-brown; the lateral margins of (lie pronotal disk outlined in buffy to the principal sulcus in the paratype (a frequent color feature in si)eci(>s of this grouj)). Oth(>r portions of head, vi'utral portions of i)ronotal lateral lobes, cephalic and median limbs and under- parts clay color, often with an oliva(aH)us ting(>; the head with a broad shining postocular l)Iack bar, which broadens and is continued on the lateral lobes of the principal sulcus. Lateral portions of thorax blackish, witli a striking, obli(|ue bar of light, buff. Sides of abilonuMi heavily ov(>rlaid with shining bhick, (his narrowing sdongly caudad.

'■'' l';s(inia(e(l, the abdomen being ciuved upward in (his specimen.

MORGAN HEBAKD 63

Dorsal surface of caudal femora hazel, with all of genicular areas, two bars and a proximal fleck of chestnut-brown, the first bar extendiiig a bri(>f distance on the internal surface, the second bar crossing the internal surface, which is elsewhere buff-yellow, becoming paler before the genicular area. Ext(>rnal surface of cautlal femora colored as is chara(;teristic of the group; chestnut- brown, with the rather narrow ventral portion buff-yellow; ventral surface faintly tinged with orange. Caudal tibiae rich glaucous-blue, spines black, spurs white proximad and black distad.

The female is very similarly colored, the dorsal surface being ]:»aler, chesdnit - brown.

In addition to the type and ailoty[)(', a single paratypic- male, lieai'lng the same data, has been cxa:iiine<l.

Melanoplus fultoni*^ new .species (Plate III, figs. 11 and 12.)

This divninutivc species is a member of the Alarginatus Group, belonging to that section which includes the forms very closely allied to M. (jraciliyes Scudder.

It is nearest M. sonomaensis Caiidell, differing in the male sex in the proportionately longer ami more slender furcida, sniira-aiial plate wnh transverse median carina (sul;ob.solete in soiioniacnsi;<) raised in a small l)ut ])rominent rounded la;.nella on each side of the medio-longitudinal sulcus, and subgenital plate which rounds evenly to the blunt a])ex (where, in sunumnen- sis, there is a small but conspicuous suljapical tuborcleb

In the female sex these species are almo.st inseparable. The females oi fulfoni before us differ from those of sonoiHOctisis only in being slightly more rolmst, with fastigium of vertex a trfiie less protubei-ant. The females of the other closely related species of this grou]) are likewise al:most indistinguishable. The difficulty in the present case is aggravated by the fact that wo have sonontaensis, not only from north and south of Lagimitas, California, ])ut from that locality as well.

Type. — cf ; Lagunitas, Marin County, California. Augu.st 7, 11)21. (B. B. Fulton.) [Hcbard (\)llection, Type no. S32.]

Size small, form slender; agreeing closely with Honoinartisis. Head nnicli as in that sj)ecies. hlye distincth' more than twice as long as infra-ocular sulcus. Pronotum as in Konomaensis and other closely related species; elongate, disk of almost eciual width throughout, median carina well defined and percurrent: caudal margin broadly obtuse-angulate produced. Prosternal spine conical xsilh apex moderately blunt (varying from blunt to a condition in which the

"* Named in honor of the collector of this insect, Mr. H. P. Fulton, whose masterly "Tree Crickets of New York" is one of the finest of recent entomo- logical contributions.

TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

64 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTHOPTERA)

spiiu^ is mon; slondtT with apex much more sharply roundod in the paratypes). 'IVginina considerably shorter than pronotum, ahnost attingent, with apex broadly rounded.

Fincula represented by a pair of minute, slender processes, three times as long as broad, which do not taper to their rounded apices (varying to more slender and weakly tapering in the paratypes), are faintly divergent (varying to moderately divergent in the paratypes), with length contained in that of supra-anal plate nearly four times (varying to three and one-half times in the paratypes). Supra-anal plate moderately elongate, shield-shaped; median sulcus decided, with lateral margins distinctly carinate to slightly beyond median point; transverse carina there, toward the lateral margins of this sulcus, devclojied into a small but conspicuous lamella on each side, with margin rounded; lateral portions of plate rather strongly concave, disto-lateral carinae subobsolete.

Cerci faintly bent slightly beyond end of ])roximal two-thirds, ajiproximately twice as long as basal width, tai)ering strongly ijroximad; dorsal margin broad- ly concave, ventral margin straight, becoming weakly convex distad; distal portion very slender to the rather sharply rounded apex, the external surface showing faint subapical concavity. Subgenital plate with median section of (Hiual dejjth laterad and mesacl, curving and tapering meso-distad to the blunt ajiex, which shows no trace of tuberculation. Limbs as in sonomaensis.

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type. [Helmrd Collection.]

Size larger, form heavier, fastigium of vertex broader and less deeply sulcato than in male. Compared with females of soii<nnac>isiti above.

Mvatiurcuiciils {in DnlUinctcris)

LoiiKtli Length Caudal Lengtli Widtli Length

of of width of of of

Cr I)ody i)ro- jn-o- teginen tegmen caudal

iiotum notum femur

Tijpe i;3 3.3 1.9 2.7 1.9 8

Para</y7j(s, (6) .... 13-14.7 3.3-3.4 1.9-2 2.1-3.2 1.3-2.2 7.9-8.5

AUonipe IX. 8 4 3.1 4 2.7 10 1

I 'a nil,/ pes, ('2).. . 17.7-18 4-3.9 3-2.9 3.() 4 2.7-2.7 10 10.1

Head tawny-olive, except occii)iit which is verona brown and a broad, shining, sharply defined, postocular bar of blackish brown. Eyes cinnamon- brown tinged with tawny. Antennae tawny-olive proxhnad, russet in other I)ortions. Pronotum with disk verona brown, lateral lobes with a band of shining blackish l)rown occujjying <lorsal two-fifths of prozomil portion, cor- responding melazonal portion verona brown deepening to warm sei)ia in dorsal pcnlion, lower iiorlidii of lateral lobes taw^ny-olive. Tegmina verona brown, somcwlKil (linker vcnirad. Alxhmicn cinnamon dorsad, cinnamon- bulT vcninid, wilh ;i broad band of shining blackish brown on each side, which

MORGAN HEBARD 65

narrows and decreases into small flecks on the distal tergitcs. Other port- ions of ventral surface clay color. Cephalic and median limbs r laj- color, tinged with cinnamon. Caudal femora similar, but showing faintly the characteristic Melanoploid pattern in a slightly darker brown, ventral surface orange-cinnamon. Caudal tibiae weak grayish glaucous; external s[)ines black, internal spines and all spurs whitish proximad, black distad.

In the intensive examples the markings of the caudal femora are more distinct, the ventral surfaces brick red. In one female the caudal tibiae arc grayish, showing no trace of glaucous. Another female is pale greenish yellow, showing no darker markings.

In addition to the described pair, a paratypic series of six males and two females is before us, belonging to the Fulton and Hebard Collections.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate II

Fig. 1. — Agroccnkilix vindcdtis ariatus new subspecies. Uvalde, Texas. Male Uupc). Lateral view. (X23^)

Fig. 2.- — Afjroirotttlix inodciilus aritilus new subspecies. Uvalde, Texas. Male iii/i'(). Lateral view of cercus. (Greatly enlarged.)

Fig. 3. — Ayruvcohtlii modest us aristus new subspecies. Uvalde, Texas. Fe- male (allolupc). Lateral view. (X2J0

Fig. 4.^ — Agroccoldtix nmkstus crypsidonius new subspecies. Marathon, Tex- as. Male (type). Lateral view. (X2J^)

Fig. o. — Af/roccokUix modcstm a-ypsidomus new svibspecies. Marathon, Tex- as. Male (^/?«). Lateral view of cercus." (Same scale as fig. 2.)

Fig. 6.^ — A f/roccokUix itindcsdis crypsidonius new subsiiecies. Marat hon , Texas. Female, {allotype). Lateral view. (X2}j)

Plate III

Fig. L — ('otinledrn coyolerde new species. Prescotl, Arizona. Male {lype). Lateral view of cercus. (Greatly enlarged.)

I'ig. 2. — Conalcaea eoyolerae new sjjecies. Prescott, Arizona. Female (alkt- lypt). Lateral view of caudal femur. {X2]4)

Fig. 3. — Conalcaca eoyolerae new species. Prescott, Arizona. Female {(dlo- lype). Lateral view of dorsal ovipositor valve. (Greatly enlarg- ed.)

" Due to the fact that the internal section of the distal portion of the cercus is of necessity foreshortened in this aspect, it appears as long as the external section, but is in reality vc>ry slightly shorter.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XIAIII.

66 NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI (oRTHOPTERA)

Fig. 4.^ — Conalcaca huachucana Rehn. Carr Canyon, Huachiica Moiuitains, Arizona. Male (li/pc). Lateral view of cercus. (Same scale as fig. 1.)

Fig. 5. — Co7ialco.ca huaclmcntia Rehn. Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Fcnuile (alloti/pc). Lateral view of caudal femur.

(X2M) Fig. 6. — Bradynoks chilcotinae new species. Riske Creek, Chilcotin, British

Columbia. Male (type). Porsal view of furcula and supra- anal plate. (Greatly enlarged.) Fig. 7. — Bradyrioles chilcotinae new species. Riske Creek, Chilcotin, British

Columbia. Male (paratypc). Dorsal view of distal portion of

sujira-anal pinto, showing variation in the species. (Same scale

as fig. G.) Fig. 8.^ — Brady notes cldlcotinac new species. Riske Creek, Chilcotin, British

Columbia. Male {type). Lateral view of cercus. (Greatly

enlarged.) Fig. 9.^ — Melanoplus chiricahuae new species. Ida's Peak, C'hiricahua

Mountains, Arizona. Male {type). Dorsal view of furcula and

supra-anal plate. (Scale same as fig. 6.) Fig. 10. — Melanoplus chiricahuae new species. Ida's Peak, Chiricahua

Mountains, Arizona. Mide {type). Lateral view of cercus.

(Scale same as fig. 8.) Fig. 11. — Melanoplus fultoni new species. Lagunitas, California. Male

{type). Dorsal view of furcula and su])ra-anal i)late. (Same

scale as fig. 6.) Fig. 12. — Melanoplus fultoni new species. Lagunitas, California. Male

(type.) Lateral view of cercus. (Same scale as fig. 8.)

A. B. WOLCOTT 67

NEW SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI, WITH NOTES ON OTHERS

BY A. B. WOLCOTT Chicago, Illinois

The ])rinuiry intention of the writer was to give in this paper merely the description of a recently acquired and very interest- ing species of Enoclerus. In looking over the material in my collection, however, a few other non-descripts came to my notice and, as most of these have been in my possession for many years, it was thought advisable to make them known now. To these descriptions I have added notes on some known species.

Placopterus subcostatus Schacffer

Clems thoritciriis var. subcosldlus Scliarffer, Jouni. X. Y. Knt. Soc, xxv, p. V.n, 1017.

This form was descriljed as a variety of thoracicua Olivier, and placed by me (in Leng's Catalogue of Coleoptera) as a variety of cyanipennis Klug. Renewed stud}' of my material shows beyond a doubt that I was in error in placing this as a variety of cyanipennis, as subcostatus is entirely distinct, not alone by the longer, less broadly rounded prothorax, but also by the color of the decumbent pubescence, which in subcostatus is dark brown (nearl}^ black in one specimen from Marion County, Florida). In cyanipennis the decumbent pubescence is grayish- white, although the erect hairs arc black, just as they are in P. thoracicus.

I am unwilling to believe that the color of the vestiture and the scul{)ture of the elytra arc of less than specific importance, and hence must regard subcostatus as a valid and distinct species.

Our few species of Placopterus may be separated by means of the following table:

Decumbent pubescence of elytra l)io\vn or black subcostatus Schaeffer

Decumbent pubescence of elytra whiti.sh or gra\'ish.

Prothorax sliort, sides broadly and evenly rounded to near the ba.><e. Prothorax reddish, the posterior marjiin narrowly, the anterior margin broadly, blue, elytra dark blue cyanipennis Klug

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

08 COLEOrTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI

Prothorax red with anterior margin black, varying to entirely blaek, elytra dark green with metallic reflections.

cyanipennis var. dasytoides Westwood Prothorax longer, sides evitlently constricted near apex. Elytra dark blue or black.

Legs black thoracicus Olivier

Legs pale yellowish thoracicus var. pallipes ^^\)lcott

Enoclerus erro new species

Form similar to E. lecontei Wolcott {nigrivcntris Leconte, preoccui)ictl), but more robust and more depressed. Black, slightly aeneous, shining, apical and basal thoracic margins (the former broadly, the latter narrowly), basal fourth of elytra and trochanters rufo-castaneous. Head sparsely, finely punctate, more densely so toward the eyes and on occiput, densely clothed with recum- bent and erect long, very coarse white hairs, a few rather long black hairs on occiput. Prothorax finely, rugoscly punctate, pubescence as in hcoidci. Elytra finely subgranulose, very finely and densely punctate, basal region nearly sinooth, with a small number of large, shallow, scattered punctures, showing no tendency to become lineal in arrangement excepting a few which form a feeble subsutural row, basal fourth and apical third clothed with coarse whitish pubescence, the entire surface with erect and semi-erect sparse black hairs. Metasternum alutaceous, minutely, very sparsely punctate, with a few feebly impressed large punctures. Abdomen more densely and coarsely punctate than in lecontei. Length, G.2 mm.

Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, 5,000-8,000 feet, July. (F. H. Snow.) Holotype, a female (No. 121), in iny collection.

Allied to lecontei but differing from that species by the wider head and jirolhorax, the ])roader and more depressed form and lh(> nio]'(> si)arsely and less uniformly punctate head. The median anguhitcd l;and of whitish i)ul)escence seen in lecontei is here entirely wanting, and llie whole of the liasal foinlli of the elytra ((>xcei)1ing Die two lai'ge, olrLuse basal tubercles) is rather (k'lise- ly cloliictl with whitisli hairs, wh(M'("as in lecontei there is a band of these haiis at about basal fourth niid (he suture from this band to the base is also clothed with siinihu' hairs.

Enoclerus longissimus new species

El(ii:g:il(', slender, iiidderately convex, shining, blacU, mandibles, antennae, front tibiae and all the larsi ruro-i)iceous; sparsely clothed with erect and semi- erect black hairs with a few gray lecumbent hairs intermixed; elytra with an antemedian fascia of grayish-white hairs. Head, including the eyes, sub- equal in width to the prothorax, minutely, remotely punctate. Prothorax as long as wide, minutely, sj)arsely punctate. ]';iylra one-third wider than the I)n)thorax, two and two-thirds as long as wide at base, sides subparallel, very shghliy l)roader at apical third, thence arcuate to apex, the apices separately

A. B. WOLCOTT 69

rounded, surface punctured as in ocreatus Horn, but with four subsutural striae at middle on each elytron, basal tubercles feebly developed, jjost- scutellar depression feeble. Abdomen finely, remotely punctate, closer and coarser at the sides. Length, 6.5 mm.

New IMcxieo. (John D. Sherman, Ji-.) Ilnloti/pc, a female (No. 167), in my collection.

Allied to E. ocreatus Horn, l)ut the form is much more slender, the s('ul])ture of the elytra and alxlomen finer and the elytral apices with the conspicuous jrray liaii-s of that species wanting.

Enoclerus lautus new species

]*]longate, shining, head, prothorax, basal fifth of elytra, trochanters, tibiae and tarsi rufous; the head with a broad black maculation starting on middle of front and furcate upon occiput; thorax with two large rounded black dis- cal maculations, a smaller one each side on the flanks, these all narrowly con- nected; elytra with a transverse median fascia, arcuate upon each elytron, comijosed of white pubescence, the rufous basal portion bordered ])osteriorly and the apical fifth clothed with white pubescence, vestiture elsewhere com- j)()sed i)rincipally of long erect black hairs. Head, including the eyes, slightly narrower than prothorax at widest part, rather evenly and closely punctate, front with two well developed longitudinal impressions; antennae red, man- dibles black. Prothorax very slightly longer than wide, more finely and sparsely punctate than the head. Elytra one-fourth wider than prothorax, sides feebly divergent from basal sixth to apical fifth, apices separately round- ed, post-scutellar region feebly depressed, surface rugulose, finely punctate, coarsely, sparsely so at base. Posterior margin of abdominal segments pale yellow. Length, .ify mm.

Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, 5,000-8,000 feet, June. (F. H . Snow.) Holotype, a female (No. 882), in my collection.

The relationship of this species to the other members of the genus is difficult to indicate; it is perhaps best placed in prox- imity to E. pinus Schaeffer.

The species of Erioclerus allied to nigrifrons Say and nigripes Say appear to be about the most misunderstood, and in collect- ions the most confused, species of this ratluM- extensive genus. The following table is offered as an aid lo Iheii' recognition:

A. Elyta black with one or two, usually interrupted, whitish fasciae; moder- ately robust, a. Head ;md jjrothorax red, abdomen black, legs brown.

quadriguttatus Olivier an. 1 lead and pro! horax black, abdomen n'(|, legs l)l;i('k.

nigripes var. ruflventrls S|)inola

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC., XLVUI.

70 COLEOPTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI

B. Elytra black, the humeri red, fasciate as in secton A, very robust. Head, prothorax, venter, abdomen and legs black gerhardi new species

C. Elytra black, the basal thiril or more red, fasciate as in section A.

b. Shining; head and prothorax red, the occiput and front of the former usually black, the prothorax usually with a large discal black maculation, but varying from head and prothorax entirely red to tlie same j^arts entirely black.

c. Rather slender, legs and ventral surface entirely black, nigrifrons Say

CO. More robust, sutural margin of elytra from base to apical third,

coxae and legs pale testaceous . nigrifrons var. testaceipes new variety

bb. Feebly shining; head and prothorax usually red, sometimes in part

or entirely black, the legs black, abdomen red.

c. Elytra red in nearly basal half, front of head immaculate.

nigripes Say

cc. Elytra red in basal third only, front of head with a more or Ic^s devcl-

oj)ed black maculation nigripes var. dubius Siiinola

Enoclerus quadriguttatus Olivier

Citrus quadriguttatus Olivier, Entomologie, iv, genus 7G, no. 23, j). 18, pi. 2, figs., 23, a, b, 1795.

No species of Enoclerus found in the United States, so far as known to the writer, can be referred to the jii-esent species, the original description of which follows:

"23. ('lairon (luatre-taches.

CUrus quadriguttatus. PI. 2. fig. 23. a. b.

C. noir; tete et corcelet fauves; elytres avec quatre taches blanches.

C. Niger, capite thoraceque rufis, elytris maculis quatuor albis.

Parvus. Antennae fuscae. Caput rufum oculis nigris. Thorax rufus Iiubcsccns. Elytra punctata nigra, fasciis duabus interrupt is albis. Corpi nigrum. Pedes fusci.

11 est petit, les antenncs sont brunes. La lete est fauve, avec les j'exu noirs. Le corcelet est fauve, jjubescent. L(\s elytres sont ponctuees, noir(>ss avec tleux bandes blanches, interrompu(>s, (jui i)aroissent fonnci- (juatre taches, deux sur chnque elytre. Le dessous du corps (>st noir, avec les jjattes brunes.

11 se trouve dans la Caroline.

Du Cal)inet du cit. Bosc. "

The figures cited by 1h(> nuliior of lliis s])('ci(>s ai'e colored and agree ix-i-fcctly with the description, as far as it goes, both as regards color and markings. One of the figures represents the insect imich cnlaiged, 1lie oilier intended lo indicate 1h(> natural size is exactly five niilliineters in length, thus agi'ceiiig in size and in geneial form wil h it'njripcs Say. TIk^ ])roth()rax is, however, represented a,s being nuicli more eloiig;itc I hail in titgripes and

A. B. WOLCOTT 71

its allies. Quadriguttatus, as shown, has the elytral maculations of a different type from its supposed allies: in nigripes, and its varieties, nifiventris and duhius, as well as in nigrifrons and al- most imperceptibly in gerhardi, the basal maculations trend ob- liquely forward from near the lateral margins of the elytra to near the middle of each elytron, they are also more remote from base of elytra being at or but slightly before the middle of their length, while in quadriguttatus the basal maculations are confined entirely within the limits of the basal third of the elytra, and the trend of these is obliquely l)ackward from near the side margin to near the suture; the subapical spots are somewhat triangular in form.

The writer has examined many hundred specimens of nigripes and allied forms without finding anything that could be con- sidered as being Olivier's species. Special appeals to quite a few of our most enthusiastic and diligent collectors have utterly failed to bring to light this coveted species.

It is inexplicable that this species, so distinctively colored and strikingly marked, should have ])een allowed for such a long period of time to stand unchallenged as a member of our fauna, and especially so in view of the fact that Dr. John L. Leconte as long ago as 1849^ placed this species under the caption "Species dubiae, an hujus patriae", both nigripes and nigrifrons having been rather fully described in the preceding pages. Nearly all subsequent writers seem to have l)een reluctant to take this view and as a result imposed the name upon an entirely distinct species. The occurrence of E. quadriguttatus within our faunal limits is so extremely doul)tful that, in the writer's opinion, it would be better removed from our lists.

Enoclerus nigripes Say

Clenit; niyripes Say, Journ. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ni, p. 191, 1823. Clerus incertus Lee, Smiths. Miso. Coll., vi, p. 55, 1863. Clej-us qnadrlguttatm Auctt., nee ()livi(>r, Loronlo, Schenklin<i.

This is the species that has been wrongly identified by nearly all writ(M-s as E. quadrigattatus Olivier. It is, however, very distinct from that species, as it also is from nigrifrons Say. In the last mentioned species the abdomen is always ])lack, i-ed in nigripes. E. nigrifrons is a more slender species in which llie upper surface is more finely sculptured and decidedly shining

> Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, p. 25 (p. 17 of separates).

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, Xt.VllI.

72 COLEOPTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI

Dr. Geo. H. Horn- in the space of a single sentence sinks both nigrifrons and nigripes as synonyms of quadrigiittatus OUvier, l)iit Signiund Schenkhng^ with whom the wi'iter agrees, regards quadriguitatus OHvier as an unknown species.

Enoclerus nigrifrons variety testaceipes new vailety

Differs from the typical form as follows: Less robust; elytral surface more roughly sculj^tured, basal tubercles much less developed, surface more de- pi-essed; the median fascia broader, its margins straight and parallel, not at all oblique, broadly interrupted at the suture; sutural margin from base to apical third pale testaceous. Legs pale testaceous. Color otherwise as in typical form. Length, 5.5 mm.

Miller, Indiana, June 27, 1915. (Wm. J. Gerhard.) Holo- type, a male (No. 88G), in my collection.

Enoclerus gerhardi new species

Similar in general form to nigripes Say. Black; two basal joints of antennae, mandibles (except apices), and the elytral humeri rufous; shining; moderately pubescent throughout. Head finely punctate, front with the nearly smooth and somewhat elevated area (evident in nigripes) wanting. Prothorax minutely and very sparsely punctate, more coarsely and densely so at sides and apex; sides feebly rounded, moderately constricted subapically, nearly straight and convergent toward base, the latter narrow. Elj'tra flistinctly granulate- l)unctate, ante-median fascia and sub-apical maculations white, densely clothed with white j)ubcscence, the fascia trending but slightly obliquely for- ward from extreme elyti'al margin to about one-third from suture, thence turning abrufjtly and obiitjuely backward to near the suture. Metasternum nearly smooth at middle, very minutely punctate at sides. Abdomen rather finely punctate. Length, 5.2 mm.

Miller, Indiana, July 18, 1915. Holotype, a male (No. 880), in my collection. Collected and presented to me bj'- mj^ friend Mr. Wm. J. Gerhard, to whom I dedicate this charming little species, as a slight token of appreciation of the numberless favors he has shown me.

Nearest allied to nigripes ^ay, but differing fi-om that species in having the head more finely punctate, the sides of prothorax less rounded and more nearly straight and oblique toward base, the base narrower, the elytra less roughly sculptured and the ab- domen a little more (inely ))un('tate.

■-Trans. Amer. t^iit. Soc, xu, p. 154, 1SS5. ^ Deutsche Entoniol. Zeitsclirift, j). 27:3, 1«)00.

A. B. WOLCOTT 73

Enoclerus liljebladi new species

Similar in form and general appearanrc to E. iclnirinnoneu^ Fabriciiis, from which it differs as follows: Head entirely red (the manflibles, jjaipi and antennae excepted), more finely and sparsely punctate. Prothorax with disc more finely punctate, the sides less strongly rounded, the subajjical con- striction stronger, the transverse impression much less sinuate. Scutellum subtransverso, obtusely rounded at apex (elongate triangular in ichneuinoyieas). Elytra black at base, basal fourth transversely rugulose and very finely punc- tate (coarsely and deeply punctate in icliiiciimoneiis). Abdomen more punc- tate, intercoxal jjortion of first abdominal segment non-carinute, somewhat tumid near apex. Length, 7.5 to 12 mm.

With l-lio form and color nearly as in ichneumoneiis, this insect is upon examination found to possess but few characters in connnon with that species. Fifteen specimens have been seen and all agree among themselves in possessing the characters given above. This species also bears some resemblance to muttkowsldi, Init that species is l)roader, more depressed and 1he scutellum is orbicular. In lUjchladi the anterior mai-gin of the mesosternum is prominently lo1)ed at middle, its anterior face nearly vertical and almost smooth, the submarginal carinae oli- solescent at middle (this condition pi'oduccd by the coarse strigose sculpture) : in mntikowskii the lobe is feeble, ])road, its anterior face arcuatelj^ descending, the outer margin finely cai'inate: in ichneumonens the loho is broad but rather pro- minent, its anterior face vertical, the lobe with a large, deep, irregularly hexagonal, depressed area, the margin of whicli is strongly carinate; the sulimarginal carinae are strongly devel- oped and confluent with the carinate margin of depressed area near the middle of the sides. Many other differences are ob- serva])le, but the above are amply sufficient to differentiate this particularly interesting species, the discovery of which is due to the assiduous collecting of my life-long friend, Mr. Emil Liljel)lad, by whom it was taken on dead jMue tnn^s.

Pentwater, Michigan, July 11 to 22, 1920. Holotype, a male (No. 1203); allotype, a female (No. 1204); parntype, a male; paratype, a female, in the collection of the American Entomolog- ical Society. Paratypes are also in the collection of Air. Lilje- blad and that of Dr. Edward A. Chapin, of Washington, D. ('.

The males average nmch smaller than the females, one veiy large niale attains a length of 10.5 mm. In the mal(» the l.isf

THANS. AM. KNT. .SOC, XLVIU.

74 COLEOPTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI

ventral segment is broadly arcuate -emarginate, red: in the female the same segment is bi'oadly and obtusely rounded, nearly truncate at apex, and more or less piceous or l)lack.

Enoclerus opifex Gorham

Chriis (ipijcx Gorham, Biol. Ccntr.-Amer., Col., iii, p. loG, pi. vni, f. 3,

1SX2.

This Central American species has been recorded as occurring in our fauna but once; in 191 P the writer recorded this species as taken at Alpine, Texas. No further representatives have been seen by me, but Mr. Chas. Liebeck has informed me that a specimen of this species is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, which was taken bj'- Messrs. Hebard and Rehn at Alamogordo, New Mexico, July 1907.

Enoclerus chapini new .species

Moderately robust; feebly shining; red, occiput of head ])iceous, mctaster- num and elytra black, the latter with the lateral margin from base to apex, the elevated sutural margin, apical fourth, base somewhat narrowly at the humeri but more broadly in scutellar region, red, a curved median fascia and a small maculation at base, pale yellow; ventral abdominal segments red, their i)osterior margins (except fifth and sixth), black; pubescence moderately dense, the long pale hairs most evident at prothoracic flanks, base and apical fourth of elytra. Head (including the eyes) distinctl}' narrower than j)rothorax at wiliest part, finely but not very closely i)unctate. Prothorax as long as wide, apex one-third wider than base, subapical constriction and tran.sverse impressed line very nearly obsolete, ante-basal constriction and the sub-basal transverse impressed line distinct; sides very feebly rounded, widest neai base, strongly narrowing to about basal fourth, thence parallel to base; fine'y and very sparsely punctate, morts densely so at the sides. Elytra moderately depressed; sides straight, nearly parallel to apical third, thence broadly and evenly rounded to the suture, the apices being conjointly rounded; very coarsely, closely jjunctate, es])ecially in basal half of the elytra, at apex less c()ars(!ly and more sliallowly punctate, in about the anterior two-thirds the punctures are somewhat distinclly seriate, three ratlu>r f(M>bk^ costae being l)resent ui)on each ("lytroii. I^eiiglh, 4.S nnu.

Ai'izonn, (Moi'rison). Ilololnpc, a male (No. 009) in my collection.

Named in honor of Dr. Ivlward A. ('ha])in, who has contribu- ted greatly to our knowledge of tiiis family.

The specimen upon which this species is fonndctl bears a slight reseni1)lan('e to h\ huliix va,i'. (ihriii)his l.cconte, and has for many years Ix'cn placed witii tlial species in my cabinet,

' ImiI. News, xxii, p. 120,

A. B. WOLCOTT iO

but never in a satisfactory way. The coarse sculpture of the basal portion of elytra will immediately separate it from the allied hietus and its variety n1)rupt>(s. It is, however, more closely related to atriceps Gorliam, of Chiatemala. In atnce])>< the head may be either l)lack or red, it is also a larger species (7.3 mm.) than chapini, the color pattern is, however, quite similar, the principal difference being that in chapini the median fascia forms a distinct curve upon each elytron, the convexity toward the base, in atn'cepft the fascia is straight, the pale yellow- ish basal maculation wanting, and the apical margin of the prothorax narrowly Ijlack, the head is somewhat more coarsely and deeply punctate than in chapini Init the elytral sculpt are is ({uite simihu" in the two species. Enoclerus laetus Klug and Enoclerus coccineus .Sfhenkling

Clerus ladu.-< Klus, Abh. Berl., Akad., p. 301, 18-12.

Clerus abruptu.s Leconte, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 72, 1S58. Clerus coccineus Schenkling., Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., p. 272, 190G.

Clerus corallinus Fall, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc, xxxm, p. 240, 1<)07.

Under the name Clerus corallinus Fall, Mr. Chas. Schaeffer'' has published a note in which he places coraUimis as a variety of ahrupius Leconte, failing to appreciate the fact that abniptus is but a variety of laetus, the latter name having priority; also that Prof. Fall's species is a synonym of coccineus Schenkling. Schaeffer also alludes to the prol)ability of flavosignatus Spinola, recnrvatus Gorham, and laetus Klug being merely variations of abrnptus.

The writer feels compelled to tlissent fro^n the expressed oi)in- ion of Mr. Schaeffer so far at least as it relates to the identity of laetus and coccineus. It is the author's firm conviction that we have here two distinct species, and while it may l)e true that we have little more than type of color pattern to enable sei)ara- tion of these species, this appears to me to ])C, in this gemis, of e([ual value to other specific characters. There is, in my opinion, always a distinct line of demarcation existent in the tyiie of pattern in tliese two species. In all the specimens having a

^Journ. N. Y. ImiI. Sue x\i, j). Ill, I'.IO^.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XL\H1.

76 COLEOPTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI

rather narrow, more or less lunate median fascia which it has been my privilege to examine, the fascia is distinctly interrupted at the suture, and these are referal^le to laetns and its variety (ih- ru'ptus. In coccineus the medium fascia is very broad, occupjang one-third or more of the length of the elytra and is distinctly wider at the elytral margin and at the suture, where instead of being interrupted it extends along the sutural bead for a short distance toward the apex, and also extends along the suture from the fascia usually (piite to the scutellum; the form is a trifle more slender and the elytral sculpture finer than in laetus or abmptus.

Mr. Schaeffer seems to have been influenced primarily l)y the f:)ct that the two species in question, and also those mentioned by him as veiy likely varieties, have at base an identical mac- ulation. It would l^e entirely unsafe to assume that the presence of these maculations tlenoted specific identity; as an illustration, there are numerous species, mostly South and Central American, possessing this basal fleck or spot, in which the type of elytral pattern is so distinctive that even the most conservative of students must regard them as specifically distinguishable.

The writer believes that the species possessing this basal mac- ulation, which is almost invariably a paler color than the surround- ing color and usually more shining and smoother than the rest of the surface, situated at the base of each elytron, and a little closer to the scutellum than the humeri, form a natural group. The origin of this maculation may l)e perhaps ti'aced to those species having a ])asal striga, that is, a slightly elevated elongate narrow whitish spot or line at liase, such as is seen in the Brazil- ian scenicus Klug, from which we may pass to such types as mysticus Klug, in which the basal half of elytra is yellow with <lark mai'kings, leaving the location of the maculation (and more) l)a,le. Thence we pass on to ruficoUis Castelnau, n which the elytra ai-e dark at base with a pale marking stai-ting frt)m iho position of 1lie usual maculation, running obliquely to near the suture which it pai'allels to just in front of the middle, thence tui-ning forward to the marginal flanks at a point just behind 1 he humeri. By successive stei)s we then pi'occed through such species as ariifcx Spinola, pulcheUus Klug, sohn'tius Castcltiau, deUciolns CJoi-ham, jnisillus Klug, dislwcins Sinnola, bilohus S])iiioIa., rcciinuiliis ( ioi'li.-ini, Jl<ir<).si(jn<itiis Sjjiiiola, and <itric('j)s

A. B. WOLCOTT 77

Gorham, to those of our own limited fauna, that is chapini, lactus and its variety abruptus and finally reach coccineu.s.

Enoclerus palmii Schaeffcr

Clerus palinii tSchaei'fcr, Journ. X. Y. Eiit. Soc, xn, p. 218, 1904.

This species, described from one specimen, was known from Arizona (Senator), only. It is known to me from Las Vegas and Gallup, New Mexico, and just recently Mr. Warren Knaus sent me for determination a series of four specimens Ijearing labels reading as follows: — "Coal Creek Canon, Cedar City, Utah, 6500 ft. July 25, '21. Knaus, Nininger, Hoover." This series is remarkaljly uniform in size, form, color and pattern of elytral fascia.

Serriger reichei .Spinola

Scrrigvr reichei Spinola, Mon. Clcritcs, p. 171, pi. xii, fifz;. 3, 1844. Aulicus antennatus Schaeffer, Proc. V. S. Xat. Mu.^., lix, p. 158, 1921.

If the writer has correctly identified Mr. Schaeffer's species, it is the same as Serriger reichei, a genus and species which from the time of the appearance of the original description seem to have remained unknown to all writers, including the great savant Lacordaire, Although it was described from Reiche's collection as from "Le ]\Iexique, " it was entirely unknown to the Rev. H. S. Gorliam, author of that portion of the Biologia Centrali- Americana which deals with the family Cleridae, but he re- marks that Serriger is a genus about which there is room for a good deal of doubt. In 1917, in rearranging a portion of my Clcrid material, this species was recognized by me, mixed amongst some Aulicus species, where it had been placed without i)ro])er study being given to it. The specimen at hand is a male from "So. Cal." The form, color and color i)att(n-n, sculpture and size agree so well with Si)inola's description and figure that the present specijnen might be said to fit i)(M-f(H'tly in every detail. There is, however, a slight difference in tlie stiucture of tiic antennae; the fifth joint, in the d(>tail drawing accompanying th(> figure, is represented as rather strongly dihiled, in my s])ecimen it is scarcely discernibly dilated. It is a well eslablisluMl fact that quite a few of the detail figures given in llic " AIon()graphi(>" are more or less inaccurate, sometimes even as to the number

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIU.

78 COLEOPTERA OF THE TRIBE CLERINI

of joints shown. My specimen agrees so well with the descrip- tion of Aulicus antennatus thai I feel sure that we have the same species in hand. It was upon the record afforded l)y the spec- imen in my collection that the writer entered this as a member of our fauna in Leng's Catalogue of Coleoptera.

M. C. VAN DUZEE 79

THE GENUvS XIPHANDRIUM LOEW IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA; DOLICHOPODIDAE)

BY M. C. VAN DUZEE Buffalo, New York

111 1S99, Dr. Wheeler descrilied as Porphi/rops xipherea, a tyjiical species of the genus Xiphnndiiuiii, although hitherto it has never been placed therein. This is the only described s])ecies of the genus from North America. Having five new species and a variety in my collection, I am descril)ing these; no doul)t others have unrecognized material in this interesting little genus.

I have taken them only by sweeping in rather swampy, sunny ]ilaces where there was short grass.

They reseml)le small PorphyropH, being from 2.5 to 3.5 nnn. in length, with long strap-lik(^ third antennal joints, usually from six to ten times as long as wide; tlu; arista is terminal, rather thick and short, usually about as long as the width of the front; the middle coxae usually have a spine or thorn at tip as in many of the Porphyrops, these spines are often pale in color. The wings are much like those of Porphyrops, except that they are narrower, especially at base. When once recognized the genus is easily cHstinguished from the related genera.

Table of North American Species, Males

1. All coxae yellow 2

At least middle and hind coxae blackened at base for half t heir leiifil h }

2. Hind femora wholly yellow; hind tibiae brownisli yellow, darker apically.

(Georgia) flavicoxa new species

Tips of hirul femora and the whok; of their tibiae and tarsi black 3

3. Outer lamellae short; hypopygium as in figure 5. (New York.)

femineum new species Outer lamellae rather long as in figure 7. (Xew "^'ork.i

femineum var. dubium new variety

4. Third antennal joint nearly, or even more than, twice as long as tiie height

of the head 5

Third antennal joint about as long as the height of the head 6

5. Outer hypopj-gial appendages filiform, as in figure 2. (Colorado.)

longicorne new sjiecies Outer hy])()pygial appendages lamellae-like, as in figure 9. (.\laska.)

aldrichi new species

TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

80

GENUS XIPHANDRIUM IN NORTH AMERICA

6. Hind femoru and their tibiae almost wholly yellow; outer hypopygial

lamellae as in figure 6. (Arizona.) trlangulatum new species

Hind femora blaek at tip; hind tibiae wholly deep black 7

7. Inner hypopygial appendages club-shaped. (Pennsylvania.)

xipheres Wheeler Inner appendages more shovcl-shapcd (about as in figures 3 and <Sj S

8. Inner hypopygial appendages (figure 3) with a horn-like protuberance

near the middle of their length. (Nevada, Oregon. Alaska.)

f emoratum var. pollex new variety

Inner ap])endages without such a protuberance; hypo])vgium as in figure 1,

(Nevada, Alaska.) femoratum new species

Explanatiou of Jiguren of Xiphandrium V\g. 1, fcinordluni new species, hypopygium of male. ]''ig. 2, htngicornc new species, hypoi)ygium of male. Fig. 3, fotionituin variety pollex new variety, inner apjiendages of the hypopygium of male. Fig. I, /< iHoralnDi new species, outer lamella cf the hypopygium of male. Fig. 5, fcniuK uin new species, hypopygium of male. Fig. G, triatu/ulatiini new species, outer hypoj)yg- ial lamella of male. Fig. 7, fonincuni variety diibium new variet.y, outer hyi)0[)ygial lamella of male. Fig. 8, Jciaiii'-tun. variety dubiuin new variety, inner appendages of the hypopygium of male. Figs. 9 and 10, aldricki new species, a|>pendage; of the male liypopygium.

M. C. VAX DUZEE 81

Xiphandrium xlpheres Wheeler

!'(,)■ Iihjiroj.s xi iilii n.s Whvch'v, Proc. ("al. Acad. Sci., ii, |). '.',A, pi. ii, fij;;. 53.

The followiiif^ is a copy ol Prof. Wheeler's de.si'ript.ioii; I have not seen any specinien of this fonu.

cf : Length, 3.5 mm.; of wmg, 3 mm. Palpi small, du.stcd with white.

Face broad for a male, covered with silvery white; dust. Antennae black; first and second joints short, third joint flattened, as long as the thorax, slowly tapering to the tip and covered with sliort and almost imjierceptible pile; arista terminal, very short pubescent, its basal segment somewhat thickened. Front black, rather ojiaquc. Postocular cilia abundant, snow white. Thorax and scutellum blackish metallic green, the latter with bluish reflections. Ab- domen dark metallic cupreous green; edges of the segments black; basal seg- ments bearing long pale hairs on their sides. Hypoi)yginm shining black, with the i)r()truding app(>ndages; lamellae triangular, taj)ering, covered with erect hairs, black, each with a small wliite spot at its base; internal appendages club-shajx'd. Pleura thickly (covered with gray dust, except above the base of the middle coxae where the metallit; gnM'n ground-color is exposed. Coxae concolorous with the pleiu'a, only their extreme tips yellow; anterior surfaces of fore coxae clothed with conspicuous silvery white hairs. Middle coxae each with a tuft of similar hairs and a couple of stout curved, black bristles. Legs plain, yellow, anterior tarsi from the tij) of the first joint, the hind tibiae, which are somewhat incrassated, hind tarsi and the hind femora on their ui)per sm-faces near the tip, black. Wings grayish hyaline, not narrowed towards their base; veins brown; third and fourth veins nearly parallel. Hal- teres and tegulae yellow, the latter with long white cilia.

Dehaware County, Pennsylvania. Xiphandrium femoratum new species (Text-figs. 1 and 4.)

cf: Length, 2.8 to 3 nnn. Face narrow, of nearly parallel width, silv(>ry white. Palpi black, their tips with white pollen like the iace. Front violet. All! eiinae black; third joint fully as long as the height of the head, rather bi-oad at base, gradully tapering; arista as long as the width of the front at vertex. Upper orbital cilia black, the white beard long and abundant.

Thorax and scutellum dark shining green with just the suggestion of a broad median vitta of blackish or violet; pleura with thin grayish white pollen.

Abdomen metallic green, more blue on the sides, sometimes almost wholly coppery, wuth conspicuous white hairs on the sides and venter. Ilj'popygium (fig. 1) black with stiff black hairs; the outer lamellae (fig. 4) lanceolate, black, more or less yellow at base, fringed with rather long pale hairs, some of which appear nearly black; inner appendages small, black, somewhat shovel-shaped, rather obliciuely truncate at tip, with a pale stout bristle at the acute apical (H)rner and a few stiff hairs back of this spine.

Fore coxae black with about apical half j'ellow, their anterior surfa('e cover- ed with long white hairs; middle and hind coxae black with narrow yellow tips, the former with two long black bristles on outer surface and with a few

TRAXS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

82 GENUS XIPHANDEIUM IN NORTH AMERICA

long yellowisli hristlos at tip, which do not seem to form a spine as they usually do in this genus; hind coxae with one large black bristle and a few minute white hairs on outer surface. Fore femora black with extreme base and tip yellow; middle femora wholly yellow, with three preapical bristles, one in front and two on posterior side; hind femora yellow with apical half or two- fifths black, this black extends nearly to basal third on upper edge; they have one preapical bristle; all femora with short black hairs, no longer ones below. Fore and middle tibiae wholly yellow, each with several bristles above; hind tibiae wholly black. Fore and middle tarsi about as long as their tibiae, in- fuscated from the tip of the first joint, which is nearly as long as the remain- ing four taken together; hind tarsi scarcely as long as their tibiae, wholly black, slightly comj^ressed, with the first and second joints of nearly equal length. Calypters and halteres pale yellow, the former with whitish cilia.

Wings grayish; third and fourth veins approaching each other a little and then parallel for a short distance at tip, the fourth ending in the apex of the wing; last section of fifth vein three times as long as the cross-vein and reach- ing the wing margin; sixth vein very close to the wing margin and nearly parallel with it, the wing being much narrowed at base.

9 : Face wide, green, thicklj' covered with gray pollen, divided near its middle by a suture, below which the ground color shows through a little; palpi large, black with gray pollen and black hairs; proboscis black; front violet edged with blue; antennae black, third joint elongate triangular, nearly twice as long as wide, arista thick, apical; a little longer than the antennae, its first joint short; the white beard very thin. Body color about as in the male; coxae, fore and middle femora, their tibiae and tarsi about as in the male, except that the fore coxae are mostly blackish and all coxae have shorter white hair. Hind femora yellow with apical fifth black ; hind tibiae yellow with about apical third black; otherwise about as in the male.

Described from nine males and six females which I took at Wells, Nevada, June 6, 1915; several males and females taken by J. S. Hine, at Kodiak, Alaska, in June, 1917, and fifteen males and seven females taken by J. M. Aldrich, in Alaska in 1921; cisht taken at Skagway, June 4; ten at Anchorage, June 10 to 18; three at Fairbanks, July 1, and one at Healy, June 21.

The hololypc and allotype were taken at Wells, Nevada, and are in the author's collection.

Xiphandrium fcmoratum vaiicly pollcx new vari(!ly (Te\(-fig. li.)

This foim differs from the above (k'scribed male in the inner ai)pciidages of t he hypopygium having a thumb-like projection on their lower edge near th(> middle (fignre [{); the fore coxae also seem to be less yellow at tip. The third antennal joint of what seems to be the female is slightly shorter than <hat of the femak's desci-il^cd above.

Described fro)n two males and five females which I took at Wells, N(!vada, June 0, 1915; one male taken by Mr. Cole at

M. C. VAN DUZEE 83

Hood River, Oregon, June 21, 1917; several specimens taken l)y Prof. James S. Hine, at Kodiak, Alaska, in June, 1917, and one male taken by J. M. Aldrich, at Skagway, Alaska, June 4, 1921.

Holotijpe and allotype in the autlior's collection and taken at Wells, Nevada.

The ?nale of Jemoraium differs that of xipheres Wheeler in having the inner appendages of the hypopygium more shovel- shaped, not at all club-shaped, and in having the hind femora much more blackened at tip. Wheeler's species is from the First, these forms from the West.

Xiphandrium triangulatum new species (Toxt-fis;. 6.)

o^: Length, 2 mm. Faec very narrow, in the type the ej'es seem to touch in the middle of the face; below, it has silvery white pollen. Front blackish. Antennae black; third joint as long as the heafl-height, about as wide at base as the width of the front and tapering a little towards the top; arista thick, not much longer than the width of the third joint at base. Lateral aud in- ferior orbital cilia white.

Thorax shining green; plevu'a dulled with white pollen.

Abdomen green with bronze reflections. Ilyjiopj'gium black with rather long black hair; the outer lamellae (fig. G) yellowish, with upper edge black and fringed with pale hairs; thej^ are triangular with a stem at base; inner aj)pendages very small.

Fore coxae pale yellow, a little l)lackened at base, their anterior surface covered with long white hair; I cannot see any black bristles or hairs at tip. Middle and hind coxae black, narrowly yellow at tip, the former with three black bristles near the tip on outer surface, the latter with one lilack bristle, middle pair with minute yellow hairs on the front surface and a yellow spine at tip. Femora yellow, the hind ones a very little blackened above at tip and with one preapical bristle. Middle femora with two preai)ical bristles, one on each side, and ciliate below with long yellow hairs on lower posterior etlge, which are longer than femoial width. Fore and middle tibiae yellow, eac^h with several bristles on upper surface; hind tibiae brownish yellow. Fore tarsi about as long as their tibiae, black from the tip of the first joint, which is not quite as long as the remaining four joints taken together. Middle tarsi a little longer than their tibiae, infuscated from the tip of the first joint, the base of the joints still paler, their tips blackish. Hind tarsi brown, their first joint a little shorter than the second. Calypters, their cilia and the halteres, yellow.

\\'ings graj'ish; beyond the cross-vein the third and fourth veins are a little arched so as to separate and then aj)proach each other, still they are nearly parallel towards the tips, the fourth ending in the apex of the wing; last section of the fifth vein more than four times as long as the cross-vein; sixth vein nearly parallel with the margin of the wing, the wing being nar- rowinl at base.

TU.\NS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

84 GENUS XIPHANDRIUM IN NORTH AMERICA

Described from one male taken at Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, in August, at G,000 ft. elevation, by F. H. Snow. Type in the author's collection.

Xiphandrium flavicoxa new species

d^: Length, 2 nun. Face very narrow below, wider above, silvery- wliite. Front shining violet. Antennae black; third joint scarcely as long as the height of the head and not much wider at base than the width of the front; arista about as long as the width of the front. The orbital cilia seem to be wholly black (I can only see two or three of the lower ones).

Thorax greenish. Abdomen green with bronze reflections. Hj-popygium black with four black hairs above, its lamellae small, triangular with a stem, yellowish at base, apical half black, fringed with minute jiale hairs; I cannot see any inner a]jpendages.

Coxae yellow; anterior and middle ones with yellow hairs on the front sur- fac(>, the latter with a short yellow spine at tip and two or three black bristles on outer surface near the tip; hind coxae with one black bristle. Femora yellow, nearly bare below; middle ones with one small black bristle on each side near tip : hind pair With one preapical bristle ; fore and middle tibiae yellow, the former with minute bristles and the latter with large ones. Hind tibiae brownish. Fore and middle tarsi a little longer than their tibiae, first joint as long as the following three joints taken together, yellow, becoming darker from the tip of the first joint. Hind tarsi black, with the second joint a littl(» longer than the first. Calypters, their cilia and the halteres, yellow.

Wings tinged with yellowish brown; fourth vein nearly paiallel with third from near the cross-vein, ending in the apex of the wing; last section of fifth vein about three times as long as the cross-vein; sixth vein short, i)ar;illel v\ith the margin of the wing.

Described from one male; taken at Lavender, Floyd County, Georgia, August, 1910, by J. C. Bradley. Type in the author's collection.

Xiphandrium femineum new species (Text-fig. T).)

(f : Length, 2.0 mm. face wide, nearly as wide as usual in the female sex, a little narrowed below, silvery white. Palpi largely yellow. Front bright blue-green. Antennae black; th'rd joint .•il>iiiit as long as the height of the head, rather narrow and of about ('(|ii;il width to nc;ir its tip; arista about as long as the width of the face. Lateral and inferior orbital cilia and beard wliite.

Tlioiax greenish, dorsum dulled with l)ro\vnish pnlien; scutcliuni blue-green; posterior edge of the i)leura yellow. Abdomen bronze gi'een. llypopygiuni (figure /j) black, with short black hairs .and two spines at tip; outer lamellae sorn(!what triangular, small, apical half black, b;is;il half yellowisli; inner appendages nilher large, black, pointed at tij) with tlire(> stout yelliw liaiis.

('oxae wholly yellow; fnie coxjie with long white hairs; middle ines with ;i short yellow spine at tip and tw.) small bristles on (uiter surface; i)osteiior i);iir with one black bristle. I'emora yellow, nearlj- bare below; posteiior pair

M. C. VAN" DUZEE 85

ronsi(l(M-ahIy infuscated above at t'.p. Fore and middle tibiae yellow; hind tibiae wholly black, with thiee bristles above. Fore tarsi as long as their tibiae, black from the tip of the first joint, which is slightly widened at ti]) and as long as the remaining four joints taken together; middle tarsi as long as their tibiae, yellow, darker at tip; hind tarsi wholly black, with the first joint a httle shorter and thicker than the second. Calypters their cilia and .the halteres, yellow.

Wings dark grayish; third and fourth nearly parallel beyond the cross-vein, then slightly convergent and again nearly parallel at their tip, last section of fifth vein about two and one-half times as long as the cross-vein; wing nar- rowed at its base.

Described from one male, which I took at Rochester, New York, AFay 2*), IUKj. Type in the author's collection.

Xiphandrium femmeum variety dubium new variety (Text-figs. 7

and 8.)

This form is like femirjeum, except that the outer lamellae are longer (figure 7) and appaiently with longer stem; it is possible, but not probable, that they appear so on account of being more extended; the inner appendages (figure S) are about the same in both forms. The first joint of the fore tarsus is a little shoiter, being as long as the two following joints taken together, not as long as the following three joints, as is the case in femineuni. The last section of fourth vein is very nearly straight in this form, being only shghtly bent near its middle, while m feviineum its bend is very distinct, although not great.

These are all structual characters and, although slight, would if constant give specific rank to this form, but until more material is secured I think it better to i)lace it as a variety oi fcinineiun.

Described from one male, which I took at (iasport, N(!\v York, August 28, 1021. Ti/pe in the author's collection. Xiphandrium longicorne new species (Text-fig. 2.)

a' : Length, 3 mm. Head rather small. Face very narrow, silver}- white, in the ty|)e the eyes touch in the middle of the face, probably because the head is shrunken. Palpi and proboscis black. Antennae l)lack, its white pubescence consjjicuous; third joint very long, nearly as long as the abdomen; in the t3-l)e it is wa\'y, like a ribbon, of nearly equal width for nearly its entire ieiigl h; arista short and thick, but as long as the width of the front. Front gieenish, very short, not much more than a line and without bristles. Orbital cilia and beardwhite; I cannot see any black cilia above.

Dorsum of thorax and the scutellum shining green; i)leura slightly dulled with whitish j)ollen. Abdomen green with coppery reflections, the lower portion of its sides with pale hairs. H}'poi)ygiuiu (fig. 2) black, without hair, but with scales of jiollcn; its lamellae develojxd into long ribbon-like black filaments, which are fringed with long bristly liaiis: tiie inner ai)pendages are also long filaments with long bristles at tip, enlarged a little at base.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XKVIH.

86 GENUS XIPHANDRIUM IN NORTH AMERICA

Foie coxae wholly yellow; middle and hind ones black with yellow tips; fore and middle pairs with yellow hairs on their anterior surface, hind pair with yellow bristle on the outside; middle ones with a yellow spine at tip. Femora yellow, nearly bare below; posterior pair a little infuscate near the tip above. Tibiae yellow with only very small bristles; posterior tibiae slightly infus(;ated at tij). Fore and middle tarsi slightly longer than their tibiae, infuscated from the tip of the first joint; fore metatarsi as long as the following four joints taken together and with a row of minute bristles below. Hind tarsi scarcely as long as theii tibiae, black from the tip of the first joint, which is dark j^ellowish and about as long as second joint. Calyjiters, their cilia and the halteres, yellow.

Wings grayish; last section of fourth \^ein bent near its middle, where it is quite widely separated from third vein, the third vein running rather close to second as far as this point, from this point the third and fourth veins approach each other a little, then run nearly parallel to their tips, the fourth ending in the apex of the wing; last section of fifth vein about two and one-half times as long as the cross-vein; sixth vein quite widely separated from the wing margin, the anal angle of tlK> wing being somewhat ])rominent.

Descriljed from one male, taken by L. 0. Jackson, at Geneva Park, Grant Goiinty, Colorado, July 23, 1910, at an elevation of aljout 9,000 feet. Type in the author's collection.

Perhaps a new genus should be formed to receive this species, l)ased on the small front and its lack of bristles, but as it is possible that the bi'istles may have been broken off in the single speciinen we have, it see:<ns best to wait until more material is found. Otherwise it fits well in this genus.

Xiphandrium aldrlchi ninv species (Text-figs. 9 and 10.)

cf: Length, 2.7.5 to 'A nun. I'ace white, not very narrow. Front green, dull. Palpi blackish er yellowish brown, small. Antennae black, nearly twic(> as long as the height of the head; third joint of about equal width, ril)bon-like, somewhat folded up, inibescent; arista very short, scarcelj' as long as tlu! width of the third joint. Lateral and inferior orbital cilia white.

Thorax gieen, dulled with gray i)o]lon. Abdomen green with black hair, those on the lower edge of the si<lcs yellow, llypopjgium and its appendages black; there arc Iwo pair of l;\nicll;ic-lik(' appendages (figs. 10 and 9), these do not .seem to be united at base, but I do not see that either can be called an outer or inner ajjpendage as in other species; one is long and furnished wit h long pale hairs, the other pair have an oval tip tapering into a slender stem, these also have long pale hairs.

Fore coxae yelicjw, slightly darker on outer side at base; middle and hind coxae black on })asal, yellow on apical half; the hairs and bristles of all coxae yellow. Femora and til)iae yellow, only the tii)s (,f posterior tibiae brown, their bristles very .small. .All tarsi blackened from the tip ( f the first joint: fore tarsi ;il)()iit .-is long as llieii- I ibiac, the lirsl joint but lill e lungci' tiiini the

M. C. VAN DUZEE 87

second: middle pair one and one-fourth times as long as their tibiae, hind tarsi slightly thickened, about equal to their tibiae in length, first and second joints of about equal length. Cah'pters, their cilia and the halteres, yellow.

Wings gray; third and fourth veins ai)i)roaching each other from about the middle of the last section of the fourth vein, but nearly jmrallcl at tips, fourth ending in the apex of the wing; last section of fifth vein fully twice as long as the cross-vein; anal angle rounded, the wing being rather abruptly nar- rowed at its root.

9 : Color, venation and form of the tarsi about as in the male. Face wide, whitish; palpi black, large; antennae with the thiid joint somewhat triangular, but little longer than wide; arista about as long as the height of the head, slender.

Descril)e(] from two males and one female, taken at Healy, Alaska, June 24, 1921, Ijy J. M. Aldrich, for whom I am naming this interesting species. Holuiij}K' and allotype in the United States National IVluseum.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

I

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XLVIII.

PI. I.

Fie. D.

Fig. E. DAVIDSON NOTES ON MELANOSTOMA

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XLVIII,

ri. 11.

W

to 'M W

f-r

HEBARD— NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XLVllI.

PI. III.

HEBARD— NEW NORTH AMERICAN MELANOPLI

CONTENTS

New Neotropical Species of Ensign-flies or Evaniidae

(Hymenoptera) . By Theodore H. Frison 1

(Issued July 22, 1922.)

Notes on Certain Species of Melanostoma (Diptera;

Syrphidae). By W. M. Davidson 35

(Issued July 25, 1922.)

New Genera and Species of Melanopli found within the United States and Canada (Orthoptera; Arcididae)

By Morgan Hebard 49

(Issued July 2.5, 1922.)

New Species of Coleoptera of the Tribe Clerini, with Notes

on Others. By A. B. Wolcott 67

(Issued July 25, 1922.)

The Genus Xiphandrium Loew in North America (Diptera;

DoUchopodidae). By M. C. Van Duzee 79

(Issued July 25, 1922.)

VOLUME XLVIII

NUMBER 2

JUNE, 1922

TRANSACTION^pi^ra^i:

.'f^ SEP 2 11934

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MORGAN HEBARD 89

NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (ORTHOPTERA)

PAPERS 1 AND 2 BY MORGAN HEBARD

PAPER ONE

A Study of the Group Achuri, as Found in the United States

The Achuri, here separated for the first time, come first among the North American groups in the Subfamily AcricHnae ( = Truxahnae of authors). As our field work has resulted in the assembling of material of all the forms found in the United States, we have decided to present the results of the study of the series now available.

No affinity with the Group Hyalopteryges exists, the nearest relationship apparently being with the Old World Group Odon- tomeli. In the linear arrangement of the North American Acridinae, Achurum and Radinotatum come first, then Pscudo- yomala and Mermiria of the Group Mermiriae, followed by Truxalis, a true Hyalopterygine genus.

Comparison has been made with material of the other Hyal- opterygine genera Hyolopteryx, Eutnjxalis and Paratruxalis, as well as several genera of the Group Odontomeli in the Phila- delphia Collections.

The Achuri are distinguished by the very slender, elongate form; the produced, horizontal head, with vertex laterally and medio-longitudinally carinate; the weakly defined lateral or ventro-lateral foveolae; the ensiform antennae; the long pro- notum with disk flattened, lateral and medio-longitudinal carinae parallel and straight and the very shallow lateral lobes; . die slender, acuminate tegmina and wings (when fully devel- oped), the latter with no fenestrate area in either sex; the pro- sternum with cephalic portion slightly convex; the very slender caudal femora with dorsal and ventral genicular angles produced, and the conical (strongly to greatly) i)rodu('('(l male subgenital plate.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

90 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERa)

Two genera, three species and one geographic race are included, all occurring in the territory under consideration, though two of the species find their northernmost hmit of distribution just over the Mexican line in the United States.

In the present study nine hundred and nine specimens have been examined, four hundred and fifty of these having been previously reported by Rehn and Hebard, individually or jointly. We feel that the limits of distribution of each form are now roughly definable for the regions being studied. Unless otherwise stated the material collected by Rehn and Hebard, individually or jointly, is in the collection of the author or that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The following key includes the features by which the forms here discussed may be readily distinguished.

(Form very slender, linear. Antennae ensiform. Head horizontal, dorsal length greater than that of pronotum. Pronotum with metazona one-half as long as prozona or shorter; disk deplanate, with lateral and medio-longi- tudinal carinae distinct and parallel. Tegmina and wings vestigial or fully developed; the former, when fully developed, with apices sharply rounded, nearly acute and without a fenestrate area in either sex. Caudal femora with dorsal and ventral genicular angles well produced.)

A. Head with lateral carinae of vertex overhanging the very weak lateral foveolae; the latter with ventral delimiting carina very weak, but best indi- cated mesad. (Pronotum with caudal margin convex, showing weak obtuse- angulation.) Tegmina and wings fully developed. Male subgenital plate with length nearly equal to length of preceding sternite. Dorso-external genicular angles of caudal femora slightly the longer. Mountains of extreme southern Arizona, southward. Achurum Saussure

Genotype. — sumichrasti Saussure

AA. Head with lateral carinae of vertex not overhanging the very weak lateral foveolae; the latter with ventral delimiting carina very weak, but best indicated distad. Tegmina and wings greatly reduced or vestigial. Male subgenital plate with ventral length decidedly greater than that of preceding sternite. Dorso-intcrnal genicular angles of caudal femora the longer.

B. Pronotum with caudal margin broadly convex. Tegmina and wings

greatly reduced, overlapping; tin; former with apices well rounded in males,

sharply rounded to different degrees in females. (Male subgenital {)late

with length nearly twice that of preceding sternite.) Dorsal genicular angles

of caudal femora distinctly more produced than ventral. Brownsville

region of Texas, southwaid into eastern Mexico.

Radinotatum minimipenne (Caudell)

MORGAN HEBARD 91

BB. Pronotum with caudal margin weakly concave. Tegmina and wings vestigial, linear, lateral; the former with apices sharply rounded, nearly acute. Dorsal genicular angles of caudal femora much more strongly produced than the ventral.

C. Head shorter, vertex less produced and face less concave. An- tennae shorter. Pronotum with lateral lobes deeper. Male subgenital plate shorter and heavier. Caudal femora shorter and heavier. South- eastern states, in Florida south to central peninsular portion.

Radinotatum brevipenne brevipenne (Thomas)

Genotype of Radinotatum

CC. Head longer, with vertex much more produced and face more

concave. Antennae longer. Pronotum with lateral lobes shallower.

Male subgenital plate longer and more slender. Caudal femora longer

and more slender. Southern peninsular Florida.

Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare R. & H. Tuberculation of the prosternum and number of caudal tibial spines are of hardlj' any value as generic criteria in this group. The prosternum does not bear a small tubercle, as has l)een stated in past literature. The numl)er of spines on the dorso- external margin of the caudal tibiae is individually variable and unsafe as a generic character. The extremes and average for the species before us show the difference between Achurum and Radinotatum to be much less in this respect than has been sup- po.sed.

Achurum sumichrasti (Saussure) (Plate IV, figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.)

1861. Tr[uxalis {Achurum)] sumichrasti Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,

xm, p. 313. [ 9 , Temperate Mexico.] 1873. T[ruxalis] acridodes StB, Ofv. K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1873, no. 4,

p. 52. [cf, Mexico.] 1897. Achurum sumichrasti McNeill, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., vi,

p. 202, pi. I, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c. [Fort Grant, Arizona.^] 1904. Rhadinotatum brevipenne Bruner (not Tryxalis brevipenne Thomas,

1873), Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., ii, p. 34. [" cT", juv.; Orizaba, [Vera

Cruz], Mexico.^]

' This is the first record of the species from the United States. Scudder (Index, N. A. Orth., p. 5, (1901)) is in error in crediting to Thomas a record of A. acridodes from the western United States. Thomas stated, "The following new species is described from Mexico by StS.1," after having re- marked on page 851 that no adult Truxalids were in the collection there reported. (Rept. Geol. Geogr. Expl. Surv. \\'est of 100th Merid., Wheeler, v, p. 805, (1875).)

^ The specimens upon which this record, from memory, was based are in the Hebard Collection ex Bruner. The reason that author was unable to find them when preparing the manuscript for the Biologia appears to be that, in the interim, he had recognized them as immature examples of Achurum sumichrasti and had so labelled them, afterwards forgetting that assignment.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

92 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERA)

1907. Achurum acridodes Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, pp. 31 and 69. [cf, 9; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains; Palmerlee, and Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona.]

1907. Achurum. acridodes Snow, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xx, part ii, p. 36. [Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona.]

The type of this species is probably in the Geneva Museum.

The sides of the vertex normally show weak convergence. In rare examples, however, they are parallel to the rounded apex, as is normal in Radinotatum. The disk of the pronofum toward the cephalic margin and the entire metazonal portion is minutely impresso-punctate, individually varying through all stages to minutely and longitudinally rugulose. This variation and the sexual difference (the male being smaller and distinctly more slender) led Stal to describe, as acridodes, a male showing the impresso-punctulate type. The validity of that name has constantly been questioned and the material now l^efore us satisfactorily proves the synonymy indicated above.'' Those individuals having the pronotal disk brown appear to be more liable to have it more generally roughened with rugae more decided. The genicular lobes of the caudal femora vary slightly in length and slenderness, but this does not ap])ear to be suf- ficiently decided or stable to warrant racial or other nominal recognition. The number of dorso-external spines of the caudal tibiae varies from thirteen to seventeen, the average being fif- teen.

In the half-grown and larger innnatures of this species the supra-anal plate is short and truncate, but beyond it projects, as a slenderly conical process, an elongate terminal segment (plate IV, figure 4). This process is similar in the series, longer than the pronotum, straight, with dorsal surface concave between

^ The following Mexican material i.s before us.

Cluadalajara, Jalisco, (D. L. Crawford), 0 cf , 7 9 ; VIII, 20 and IX, IS, 1903, (J. F. McClendon), 2 9, [all A. N. S. P.].

Vera Cruz, (A. Salle), 1 cf , [Hebard Cln.].

Orizaba, Vera Cruz, I, 1892, (L. Bruner), 2 juv. d", 1 juv. 9 , [Ilebard Cln.].

Cuernavaca, Morelos, (D. L. Crawford), 1 cf , 1 9 ; I, 4, 1899, (L. Bruner), 1 juv. cf , [all Hebard Cln.].

Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 4G00 feet, VI and VIII, (11. 11. Smitli), 1 a", 1 9, [Hebard Cln.]

Toriala, Chiapas, VIII, 7, 1909, (A. Petrunkevitch;hill about 1000 iwi liisli), 1 9, [A. M. N. II.].

I

Length of	Length of	Caudal	Length of	Length of
body	pronotum	width of pronotal disk	tegmen	caudal femur
26.8	4 1	1.7	23.8	12
28.2			24.8	12.6
29.8	4.5	1.9	24 .2	12.1

MORGAN HEBARD 93

lateral carinae, its surface convex elsewhere, with a strong medic- longitudinal ventral carina. This entire segment disappears in the adult, the supra-anal plate in both sexes being small, trigono- shield-shaped, with apex bluntly rounded. It was the purely superficial, but quite apparent, resemblance of this appendage to the subgenital plate of males of Radinotatum brevipenne (Thomas) which misled Bruner into recording immatures of the present insect as that species.

Measurements {in millitncters)

Carr Canyon, Hua- chuca Mt.s. , Ariaona .

Fort Grant, Ariaona . . .

Fort Grant, Ari.aona. . .

Black Dike Prospect,

Ariama 28.8 4.3 18 24 3 12

Baboquivari Moun- tains, Ariaona 29 4.5 1.9 25.3 12.8

9 Fort Grant, Ariaona... .36.2 5.5 2.1 30 14.8

Fort Grant, Ariaona .. . 38.5 5.3 2.1 30.8 14.8

The largest female before us, from Tonala, Chiapas, Mexico, measures: length of body, 37 (shrivelled); length of pronotum, .5.9; caudal width of pro- notal disk, 2.2; length of tegmen, 34; length of caudal femur, 16.8 mm.

The color phases are as follows. A. All brown. B. Brown, with dorsal surface of head, pronotum and tegmina green. C. All green, with a post-ocular band of brown, continued along the dorsal margin of the pronotal lateral lobes and expanding to different degrees on the lateral surfaces of the tegmina. ^'ari- ation from brown to yellowish-brown is also shown.

The habits of this species have never been discussed. Rehn secured a single specimen in the Sierritas above Black Dike Prospect, Arizona, while beating "bear grass" (Xolhta sp.). No further specimens were found during three hours' work.

In addition to twenty-five Mexican individuals, seven from the United States are before us, all of the latter having been re- corded previously and belonging to the Philadelphia Collec- tions, except the following male.

Seven miles above Black Dike Prospect, Sierritas Mountains, Pima County, Arizona, 4700 to 4825 feet, VII, 28, 1916, (J. A. G. Rehn), 1 cf , [A. M. N. H.l.

TRANS. .\M. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

94 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERa)

Radinotatum minimipenne (Caudell) (Plate IV, figures 5, 6 and 7.) 1904. Achurum minimipenne Caudell, Sci. Bull., Mu.s. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci., i, p. 110, pi. vi, figs. 3 and 4. [9, Brownsville, Texas.'']

The type is in the collection of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

As Caudell has stated, "this species seems to form a con- necting link between Achurum and Radinotatum." Nearer affinity is, however, with the latter and, from study of the material before us, we feel fully justified in transferring minimi- penne to that genus.

The vertex is much like that of R. brevipenne (Thomas), the lateral margins not overhanging and less convergent than is normal in Achurum. The lateral foveolae are subobsolete, agreeing with brevipenne in facing laterad, with delimiting ventral carina indicated only distad; in Achurum the lateral foveolae face ventro-laterad, with delimiting ventral carina indicated only mesad. The caudal margin of the pronotum is not concave as in brevipenne, nor is it nearly as strongly angulate-produced as in Achurum. It is very possible that the differences shown in this feature in these species, is wholly attributable to modifi- cation resulting from degree of reduction of the organs of flight. Such difference should, in consequence, be given little generic value. In the genicular lobes of the caudal femora we find much closer agreement with brevipenne, the dorsal pairs being decidedly the more produced, the dorso-internal the longer. In brevipeiine the only difference is that the production of the dorsal lobes is much greater. Similar closer affinity is found in the form of the male subgenital plate. The dorso-external spines of the caudal tibiae vary individually in number from fourteen to seventeen in the material here recorded, the average being sixteen.^ When we consider that brevipenne has from sixteen to twenty-three such spines, and Achurum thirteen to seventeen, we see that this feature is of little value from a gen- eric point of view.

The genera Achuriun and Radinotatum are close, but the for- mer, as here limited, may be quickly separated by the structure of the fastigiuin of the vertex, of its lateral foveolae and the proportions of the g(nii('ular lo])es of the caudal femora.

^ Both sexes were at tlie same f imc recorded from Esperanza Ranch, near Brownsville, Texas.

^ In one specimen from Tampico, Tainaulii)as, Mexico, one of the caudal tibiae has nineteen sucli spines.

MORGAN HEBARD

95

Measurements (in millimeters) of extremes

Length of Length of Caudal Length of Length of

body pronotum ^vidth of tegmen caudal

cf pronotal femur

disk- Brownsville, Texas

(8) 24.8-26 3.7-3.9 1.1-1.2 6.7-7.5 12.9-13.8

Piper Plantation,

Texas (23) 24.1-26.5 3.5-4 1.1-12 6.8-7.3 12 7-14. S

Lyford, Texas (2) . . 26-26.1 3.7-3.8 1.2-1.2 7.2-7.3 12.8-13.8

Tampico, Mexico.. . 25 3.8 1.3 7 14.2 Pueblo Viejo,

Mexico 21 4-25.3 3 3-4 1.2-1 4 6.7-7.7 11.8-13.2

9

Lyford, Texas 33.8 5.3 2 7.8 16.7

Piper Plantation,

Texas (17) 30.8-34.2 4.8-5.1 1.8-2 6.2-7.8 15.5-17

Tampico, Mexico

(2) 32.1-31.5 5.1-5.1 2-2 6.7-7.5 15.2-16

Pueblo Viejo, Mex- ico 30 5 1.9 6.8 14.8

In addition to a light l)rown color phase, the following are noted. Male: dorsal surface of head and pronotum, all of teg- niina and caudal femora to distal portions light green, other portions light brown. Female: face and genae, lateral lol^es of pronotum, lateral portions of tegmina and caudal femora to distal portions light green, other portions light ])rown, the dorsal surfaces of the head, pronotum and tegmiua palest. In one brown female from Tampico, Mexico, the tegmina alone are greenish.

Near Brownsville, Texas, the species was found locally quite numerous in the low, coarse grass growing in openings of the thorny tangle, choking the low-lands near the Rio Grande. The species is not very active and, once found, a series was easily secured.

This insect was previously known only from the material originally reported by Caudell. Its distri])ution is now found to extend from Mercedes and Lyford, in the Brownsville region of Texas, south to Pueblo Viejo, at the extreme northern ex- tremity of Vera Cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico.

Specimetis Examined, in addition to a pair i)reviously recordcil: 68; 37 males, 21 females and 10 immature individuals.

Texas: Lyford, Cameron County, VIII, G and 7, 1912, [R. and IL), 2 d". 19. Mercedes, Cameron County, II, 1909, (T. D. Urbahns), 1 juv. 9, [U. S. N. M.]. Brownsville, VII, 31 to VIII, 5, 1912, (Hebard), S d", 1 juv.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

96 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERA)

cf , 2 juv. 9 . Piper Plantation, near Brownsville, VIII, 3, 1912, (R. and H.), 23 cf, 17 9,3 juv. cT.

Mexico: Tampico, Tamaulipas, XII, 1905, (C. A. Hart), 1 d', 2 9, [Heb- ard CIn.]. Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, XII, 8, 1909, (F. C. Bishopp), 3 c?, 1 9 ,

[U. 8. X. M.].

Radinotatum brevipenne brevipenne (Thomas) (Plate IV, figure 8.) 1873. Tr[>jxalis] brevipenne Thomas, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., v, pi.

Synopsis Acrid., fig. 12. [ 9 ; Palatka, Florida.] 1897. Radinotatum brevipenne McNeill, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci.,

VI, p. 200, pi. I, figs. 1, la and lb. [cf , 9 ; Orange, Florida.] 1902. Rhadinotatum brevipenne Blatchley, A Nature Wooing, p. 219. [Or-

mond, Florida.]

1904. Rhadinotatum brevipenne Morse, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. no. 18, p. 28. [Juv.: Savannah and Waycross, Georgia; De Funiak Springs, Live Oak and Tallahassee, Florida; Greenville, Alabama.]

1905. Radinotatum brevipe?ine Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 783. [cf, 9, juv.: Thomasville, Georgia; Leon County, Florida.]

1907. Radinotatum brevipemie Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1907, p. 285. [d^, 9, juv.; Pablo Beach and Gainesville, Florida.] 1912. R[adinotatum] brevipenne Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1912, p. 247, figs. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. (Comparison with Radinotatum

brevipenne peninsulare R. and H.) 1914. Radinotatum brevipenne Davis, (in part). Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xxii,

p. 194. [cf , 9 ; La Grange, Florida."] 1916. Radinotatum brevipenne brevipenne Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., 1916, p. 153. [cf, 9, juv.: Yemassee, South Carolina;

Augusta, Warm Springs, Macon, Isle of Hope, Sandfly, Jesup, Brunswick,

Homerville, Hebardville, Suwannee Creek, Billy's Island, Honey Island,

Albany and Spring Creek, Georgia; Jacksonville, Atlantic Beach, Pablo

Beach, Live Oak and Cedar Keys, Florida.] 1920. Rhudinotatum brevipenne Blatchley, (in part), Orth. N. E. Amer.,

p. 195, figs. 72 and 73. [Dunedin, Florida;" Agricultural College, Mississippi.]

Typical brevipemie and the south Floridian race b. peninsulare were thoroughly compared by Rehn and Heljard in 1912. Blatchley, in the last paper referred to above, refuses to recog- nize the southern race of this species. He (piotes our statement that "Lakeland indivi(hials are absolutely intermediate," and that "In central Florida tiie species (i. e., l)y inf(u-(Mice the typical race) intergrades with its geographic race R. brevipenne peninsulare" as proof of our error. Appai'ently he do(^s not realize that an area of intergradalion li(>s between the geograi:)hic races of a species, uidess the lalter be insular or has in some other manner been completely sc^parated from tlie parent stock. We reiterate that Lakeland material is intermediate; that

"The Miami female shoukl have been referred (o R. b. peninsulare. " I'robably intermediate between h. brvviptunv and b. peninsulare.

MORGAN HEBARD

97

locality in central Florida being in the area of intergradation between the races of hrevipenne. Blatchley's experience with the present species has been almost wholly with material from Dunedin, another locality in the area of intergradation, where strong individual variation is often found. His statement that ''All distinctions as given are comparative only and may be found in any large series of specimens taken almost any- where in Florida" is correct in the first part, but erroneous in the second. Both races are individually variable, but any series from southern Florida may be easily separated from any series from the northern portions of the species' range.

The dorso-external spines of the caudal tibiae vary in number from sixteen to twenty in the material before us, the average being eighteen.

The following measurements are given to show the differences in proportions found in hrevipenne hrevipenne, atypical hrevipenne and hrevipenne peninsulare.

	Length	Length	Length	Length	Ventral	Length
	of	of	of	of	length of	of
	body	vertexs	pronotimi	tegmen	subgenital plate	caudal femur
cf
Brevipcnnc hrevipenne
Macon, Georgia. .	26.8	1.65	3.8	4.8	3	15
Thomasville,
Cieorgia (.5). . . .	30-28.4	1.65-1.75	4-3.9	5.8-6	3.0-3 6	14.3-13.8
Hebardville,
Georgia (7). . . .	28-29.8	1.54-1.7.5	3.8-4	5.3-5.2	3 4-4	14.2-14.9
Ocala, Florida (9)	29-30.3	1.7-1 .84	4-4.1	4-4.8	3.1-3.8	13.2-14.1
Atypical brcvipi	nnc
Kissimmee,
Florida (28) . . .	27.8-33	1.84-2.02	3.7-4.3	3.8-5	2.8-4.3	12.9-15.8
Lakeland,
Florida (10). . .	26.8-29	1.7-1.86	3.2-3.6	3.8-4.3	3-4	12. 5-13. 7
Arcadia, Fla. (12)	29.5-34.7	1.84-2.15	3.8-4	3.9-4.7	3.3-4.9	13.8-15.2
Brevipennc peninsulare
Fort Myers,
Florida (3.5) . . .	32.3-.35.5	2.04-2.16	3.8-4.1	3.6-4.1	4.2-5	13.7-15.1
Fort Reed,
Florida (2)	33.6-34.7	1.95-2.18	4-4.1	4-5 . 2	4.4-4.8	. . . -15.4
Miami Beach,
Florida (4)	33-35.6	2.02-2.31	3.9-4	4.3-4.1	4 . 1-5	15-15.4
Homestead,
Florida (8.5)... .	34.2-35	2.06-2.18	4.1-4	4.7-4.8	4.3-4.7	15-16.3
Big Pine Key,
Florida' (30)...	28.8-31	1.72-1.91	3.3-3.7	3.1-3.8	3. .3-4.1	12.7-14.2

* These measurements and the proportions given below the tables were taken by micrometer.

' This series is decidedly depauperate, the proportions, however, being typical of h. peninsulare.

TRANS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVUI.

98

NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERa)

	Length of	Length of	Length of	Length of	Length of
9	body	vertex*	pronotum	tegmen	caudal
				femur
Brcripcnne brevi	penne
Thomasville,
Georgia (2)	37-38.8	2.15-2.31	5.8-5.8	7-7.1	17.8—. . .
Hebardville,
Georgia (5)	35.8-39.6	2.08-2.38	5-5.9	G.8-6.2	15.9-18.6
Jacksonville, Fla..	40	2.36	5.9	6.4	17.8
Ocala, Florida (4).	36.4-39.8	2.1-2. 16	5-5.7	5.4-5	15.8-17.4
Atypical brevipenne
Kissimmee,
Florida (19)	39.8-45.8	2.31-2.79	5.3-6	5.7-6.4	16.8-18.8
Lakeland, Fla. (7)	37-39	2.15-2.18	5-6	4.7-5.3	15.7-16.8
Arcadia, Fla. (5) . .	38-43.5	2.18-2.58	5.1-5.8	5.2-5.9	16.5-18.3
Brevipenne peninsulare
Fort Myers, Flor-
ida (6)	40-42 49	2.38-2.69 3.1	5.3-5.8 6.6	5.1-4.8 6.8	17-16.5
Chokoloskee, Fla..	21.5
Homestead,
Florida (41). ..	42-47	2 . 65-2 . 7	5.2-5.8	5.8-5.9	17.8-19
Big Pine Key,
Florida^ (6)	37-.39.5	2.16-2.31	.5-4.9	4.6-4.8	16.4-17.2

The extremes of the series show the width of the vertex contained, the following number of times in its length:

Males. Brevipenne brevipenne. Macon, 1.29; Thoma.sville, 1.2.3 to 1.24; Hebardville, 1.18 to 1.44; Billy's Island, 1.34; Ocala, 1.3.5 to 1.37. Atypical brevipenne. De Leon Springs, 1.53; Kissimmee, 1.5 to 1.74; Lakeland, 1.47 to 1.84; Tampa, 1.5 and 1.5; Arcadia, 1.46 to 1.77. Brevipenne peninsulare. Fort Myers, 1.7 to 1.84; Fort Reed, 1.56 to 1.63; Miami Beach, 1.71 to 2.04; Homestead, 1.6 to 1.83; Big Pine Key, 1.51 to 1.79.

Females. Brevipenne brevipenne. Thomasville, 1.21 to 1.22; Hebard- ville, 1.17 to 1.23; Jacksonville, 1.23; Ocala, 1.25 to 1.27. Atypical brevipenne. Kissimmee, 1.36 to 1.54; Lakeland, 1.25 to 1.39; Arcadia, 1.31 to 1.41. Brevi- penne peninstdare. Fort Myers, 1.45 to 1.52; Fort Reed, 1.31 to 1.37; Home- stead, 1.43 to 1..59; Big Pine Key, 1.45 to 1.49.

These proportions for brevipenne brevipenne are seen to be: cf, 1.18 to 1.44, a mean of 1.31; 9, 1.17 to 1.27, a mean of 1.22. For brevipenne peninsulare they are: cf, 1.51 to 2.04, a mean of 1.77; ?, 1.31 to 1.59, a mean of 1.45.

The measurements serve better to separate the races of this species than any diagnosis we could give. Though in general appearance very different, careful comparisons of series show both h. brevipenne and b. peninsulare to be subject to consider- able individual variability. Only in the area of intcrgradation, however, are individuals encountered in the same series referable to both types. It is of interest to note that this area of inter- gradation lies much more to the north on the East than on the West Coast of Florida, apparently forming a broad oblique

MORGAN HEBARD

99

band across the state. It includes the following localities as indicated by material before us: De Leon Springs to Trilby on the north, Fort Reed/" Kissimmee and Arcadia on the south.

The following color phases are developed in this species. A. Both sexes often with general coloration light yellowish brown to dark brown, sometimes speckled with darker brown, rarely with lateral caiinae of pronotum very narrowly buffy. Rarely the dorsal surface of head, pronotum and alxlomen is blackish brown in this and the laterally green phase. B. Frequent males are brown with dorsal surface of head, pronotum, prox- imal portion of abdomen and tegmina green. C. Frequent females, very rarely males, are green, with dorsal surface of head, pronotum and all of abdomen brown, the caudal femora some- times suffused distad with brown.

Map 1. Showing distribution of Radinolatum brevipenne brevipenne by dots, of Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare by squares, and of material intermediate between these races by circles.

This insect is everywhere met with in the pine-needles and slender grasses of the pine forests which extend over the greater portion of its distri])ution, where its remarkably slender form

^'^ The series recorded from this locaHty by Scuthlcr is before us.

TRAN.S. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

100 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERA)

and coloration are unusually protective in character. As is usual with such forms of insect life, it is not particularly active. The species is also found, however, among grasses in open areas, along the borders of forests and in damp situations.

Over the greater portion of its distribution hrevipenne brevi- penne is a spring form, frequent immatures, but adults almost never, being met with, after midsummer. In the southern por- tion of its distribution, however, like its more southern race, it is to be found adult both in Spring and Fall, and is probably present in that stage throughout most of the year.

The northern limit of distri])ution of typical hrevipenne, as now known, runs through Yemassee, South Carolina; Augusta, Macon and Warm Springs, Georgia; Montgomery and Selma, Alabama; Agricultural College and Jackson, Mississippi. It is probably limited in western distribution by the eastern escarpment and delta country of the Mississippi River. In peninsular Florida it is found typical as far south as Palatka, Ocala and Dunellon.

Specimens Examined, in addition to 123 previously recorded: 218; 26 males, 15 females, 177 immature individuals.

Georgia: Groveland, IX, 21, 1917, (R. and H.; juv., few in forest under- growth), 3 juv. cf , 4 juv. 9 . Billy's Island, Okeefenokee Swamp, VII, 16 to 19, 1917, (Hebard; undergrowth in long-leaf pine forest), 1 9. Bainbridge, IX, 5, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. occasional in pine and oak woods undergrowth), 4 juv. cT, 5 juv. 9 .

Alabama: Dothan, IX, 6, 1915, (R. and H.;juv. occasional in drier spots of low long-leaf pine woods), 3 juv. cf , 4 juv. 9 • Montgomery, IX, 8, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. occasional in grasses of short-leaf pine woods), 1 juv. cf, 3 juv. 9 . Greenville, VIII, 3, 1915, (Hebard; juv. in grasses on edge of forest), 1 juv. 9 . Flomaton, VIII, 27, 1915, (R. and H.;few juv. in undergrowth of pine woods), 2 juv. 9. Selma, IX, 9, 1915, (R. and H.; few juv. in grasses on edge of lowland woods), 1 juv. cf, 4 juv. 9 . Mobile, VIII, 26, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. occasional in undergrowth of long-leaf pine flat-woods), 3 juv. cT, 2 juv. 9 . Springhill, Mobile County, VIII, 25, 1915, (R. and H.), 3 juv. cf, 2 juv. 9 . Irvington, VIII, 26, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. occasional on damp ground among bog plants and grasses), 2 juv. cf, 5 juv. 9. St. Elmo, VIII, 26, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. occasional in undergrowth of long-leaf pine flatwoods), 2 juv. d^, 5 juv. 9.

Mississippi: Meridian, IX, 10, 1915. (R. and II.; juv. scarce about small areas of coarse grass in mixed forest), 3 juv. cf, 3 juv. 9. Hattiesburg, IX, 11, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. moderate numbers in undergrowth of long-leaf pine forest), 3 juv. cf, 8 juv. 9- Jackson, IX, 12, 1915, (R. and H.;.juv. moderate numbers in grasses of mixed forest on hills), 6 juv. 9 . Brook- haven, IX, 1.5, 1915, (Rehn; juv. in mixed forest), 12 juv. o", 13 juv. 9-

MORGAN HEBARD 101

Louisiana: Breckenridge, IX, IG, 1915, (Rehn; juv. occasional in virgin long-leaf pine forest), 2 juv. 9 •

Florida: Pomona, IX, 7 and 8, 1917, (R. and H.; juv. not scarce on edge of marsh and in pine woods undergrowth), 3 cf , 7 juv. 6^, 3 juv. 9 . Ocala, IX, 19 and 20, 1917, (R. and H.; juv. common, adults moderately numerous, undergrowth of sandy pine flat-woods), 9 d^, 4 9,4 juv. cf , 10 juv. 9 . Dunellon, IX, 18, 1917, (R. and H. ; few in area of short grass growing on damp sand), 1 juv. 9. Tallahassee, IX, 2, 1915, (R. and H.), 6 juv. d", 1 juv. 9. Woodville, IX, 1, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. occasional in long-leaf pine flat- woods), 4 juv. cf , 1 juv. 9 . Carrabelle, IX, 2 and 3, 1915, (R. and H.; juv. moderate numbers in grasses of undergrowth of pine woods and in grasses and plants on edge of swampy areas), 1 juv. cf, 3 juv. 9. River Junction, VIII, 31, 1915, (R. and H.), 4 juv. d", 3 juv. 9. Grand Ridge, IX, 1, 1915, (R. and H.; juv., undergrowth of pine woods), 1 juv. cf , 2 juv. 9 . DeFuniak Spriiags, VIII, 30, 1915, (R. and H.), 4 juv. d', 2 juv. 9. Pen- sacola, VIII, 29, 1915, (Hebard; one juv. in wire-grass of higher long-leaf pine woods), 1 juv. cf.

Intermediates nearest hrevipenne brevipenne

Florida: DeLeon Springs, IX, 8 and 9, 1917, (R. and H.), 1 d, 3 juv. cf . Trilby, IX, 16, 1917, (R. and H. ; occasional in pine woods undergrowth), 3 cf , 3 9,3 juv. d, 2 juv. 9 . Lakeland, IX, 11, 1917, (R. and H.; moder- ately numerous in i)ine woods undergrowth), 10 cf , 7 9,2 juv. cf- Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare Rehn and Hebard (Plate IV, figure

9.) 1877. AchuriDti brevipenne Scudder, Proc. Bost. .Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 88.

[Adults and juv.; Fort Reed, Florida.] 1888. Achurum brevipenne Comstock, Introd. Ent., p. 101. [Florida;

Maryland (unquestionably in error).] 1902. Rhadinotatum brevipenne Rehn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxvii, p. 331.

[d, 9 ; Miami, Florida.] 1905. Rhadinotatum brevipenne Caudell, Ent. News, xvi, p. 217. [Arcadia

and Miami, Florida.] 1905. Radinotatum brevipenne Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1905, p. 35. [Tampa and Miami, Florida.] 1912. Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., 1912, p. 246, figs. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. [cf , 9 ; Homestead,

Miami, Fort Reed, Gotha, Tampa, Fort Capron and Chokoloskee, Florida.] 1914. Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., 1914, p. 389. [cf, 9, juv.; Homestead, Detroit and Big

Pine Key, Florida.]

1914. Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare Rehn and Hebard, Jour. X. Y. Ent. Soc, XXII, p. 103. [cf, 9, juv.; Long Boat Key, Punta Gorda, Fort Myers, La Belle, INIarco and Allen River to Deep Lake, Florida.]

1915. Radinotatum brevipenne peninsulare Hebard, Ent. News, xxvi, p. 402. [Miami, Florida.]

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

102 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERa)

1916. Radinoiatum hrevipenne peninsulare Hebard, Ent. News, xxvii, p. 17.

[Pineland on Pine Island, Charlotte Harbor, Florida.] 1920. Radinotatum brevipenne Blatchley, (in part), Orth. N. E. Amer.,

p. 197, fig. 74.

This geographic race is fully discussed in the original descrip- tion and co.mpared further with typical hrevipenne under the treatment of that insect in the present paper.

The small size of the Big Pine Key series has already been commented upon. The series before us shows a still more im- portant regional differentiation. The material from Miami to Homestead, on the East Coast, and from Big Pine Key, has the genicular angles of the caudal femora less elongate than is normal in typical brevipenne. The material from Fort Myers to Chokoloskee, on the West Coast, however, has these angles decidedly more elongate than in typical brevipenne, as would be expected in specimens showing more decided attenuation. This feature indicates a slight divergence of development in the race in the extreme southern portions of Florida, separated by the Everglades and the Bay of Florida.

Typical peninsulare appears adult throughout the year. Its habits and color phases are in every way similar to those of the more northern race. The typical condition has not been found north of the northern limits of the Caribbean Pine.

Specimens Examined, in addition to 319 previously recorded: 147; 86 males, 51 females and 10 immature individuals.

Atypical brevipenne peninsulare Florida: Kissiramee, JX, 10, 1917, (R. and H.; very abundant on wet "prairie", very grassy with an abundance of water-loving plants), 30 c?", 19 9 , 2 juv. d", 1 juv. ? . Arcadia, IX, 12, 1917, (Rehn and Hebard; moder- ately common in undergrowth of long-leaf pine woods, largely wire-grass, saw- palmetto and bayberry), 12 cf, 5 9,1 juv. cf, 2 juv. 9.

Typical brevipenne peninsidare Florida: Fort Myers, IX, 13 to 15, 1917, (Rehn and Hebard: moderately common, generally distributed through wire-grass of the Caril)bcan Pine woods), 35 cf , 21 9,2 juv. cf, 1 juv. 9. lona, Lee County, IX, 13, 1917, (Rehn and Hebard; generally distributed through pine woods), 2 cf , 2 9. Boca Raton, III, 1, 1916, (Hebard; in field of scanty grass in sand region), 1 juv. cf . Ojus, II, 29, 1916, (Hebard; undergrowth of Caribbean Pine forest), 1 9 . Miami, II and III, (J. H. Comstock), 1 d', [Cornell Univ.]: Ill, 3, 1916. (Hebard; undergrowth of Caribbean Pine forest), 6 cf, 3 9 .

MORGAN HEBARD 103

PAPER TWO

The Group Hyalopteryges as Found in the United States

AND Canada

A single species of this group is found in the area under con- sideration. This is Truxolis hrevicornis (Johannson), the only species of the genus. The insect is a simple Hyalopteiygine type, as shown by the general structure and particularly by the strikingly fenestrate wings of the male. The highest speciali- zation in the group occurs in the South American genus Hyalop- terijx. There are no other North American genera of the group, though Thyriptilon Bruneri and Orphula Stal," species of both of which genera occur in Mexico, are aljerrant Orphulellae showing convergence toward the Hyalopteryges in having the male wings strikingly fenestrate.

The genera of the Group Hj^alopteryges now recognized are: Hyalopteryx Charpentier, Eutryxalis Bruner, Truxalis Fabricius and Paratruxalis Rehii. In linear arrangement of the North American genera, found north of JNIexico, we place Truxalis after Mermiria and before Syrbula, which, of course, represent other genera groups.

The following characters are important in distinguishing this genus and species.

Head weakly ascending, its dorsal length shorter than that of the pronotum. Vertex roundly produced, a little longer than wide, showing a very weak medio-longitudinal carina; lateral foveolae weakly indicated, small, triangular, facing laterad; face rather strongly oblique. Pronotum with disk flattened, having distinct, straight, weak medio-longitudinal and lateral carinae; metazona nearly three-fourths as long as prozona; lateral lobes vertical, distinctly, but not decidedly, longer than deep. Tegmina and wings fully developed; the former obliquely truncate distad; the latter, in the male sex, with a fenestrate area as figui'cd. Caudal ftnnora with dorsal genicular lobes alone feebh' produced, the internal very slightly

^ Bruner's Sisantum is a syncnjin of Thyriptilon, as comparison of the types of the two geiiotypic species convincingly shows.

"The difficulties surrounding the proper application of this generic name have been eradicated by Rehn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xlii, p. 275, (1916) and Idem, xlhi, p. 344, (1917).

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIH.

104 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERA)

the more so. Male supra-anal plate shield-shaped. 'Male sub- genital plate elongate conical, its ventral length less than that of the preceding sternite.

Truxalis brevicornis (Johannson) (Plate IV, figure 10.) 1764. [Gryllus] brevicornis Johansson, Amoenit. Acad., vi, p. 398. [Xorth

America.] 1773. Acrydium ensicornu DeGeer, Mem. I'Hist. Ins., in, p. 499, pi. 42,

fig. 7. [Pennsylvania.] 1861. Ox[ycoryphus] burkhartianus Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xiii,

p. 314. [cf, Mexico.] 1894. Truxalis brevicornis BeutenmiiUer, Bull. Amer. Mus. Xat. Hist., vi,

p. 291, pi. VIII, figs. 1 and 2. [New York, New York.] 1896. Tryxalis brevicornis Morse, Psyche, vii, p. 383, pi. 7, figs. A, Aa and

Ab. 1916. Truxalis breincornis Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1916, p. 155. (Discussion and many records from the southeastern United

States.)

Though frequentlj^ appearing in the literature, the other records of this species add little but distributional data to those given a])ove.

An average increase in size southward occurs in the species. Individuals from different localities in the same region, how- ever, sometimes show very marked size difference. This is particularly demonstrated by males before us from Houston and Harrisburg, Texas.

Comparison of North American individuals with material from Mexico, Costa Rica, British Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina shows no tendency whatever toward racial differen- tiation.

Measurements {in millimeters) of average specimens and extremes

	Length of	Length of	Length of	Caudal width of	Length of	Length of
West Creek, N. J	body 21.2	vertex 1.2	pronotiini 4.1	pi'onotal di.sk 2 .2	teginen 20.8	caudal femur 13.2
Raleigh, N. C Billy's Lsland, Ga. . .	20.8 26	1.4 1.4	4.7 5.4	2.6 2.8	22 .7 27.2	14.8 17.7
J'ort Myer.s, Florida. Wolf Lake, Illinois. .	2.5 20 . :}	1.3 1 .2	5.2 4.1	2.9 2.1	26 20.7	17.8 13.4
Cireenville, Alabama.	24	i.;i	4.8	2.7	23.7	15.9
Orleans Canal, La. . .	2:i . r,	1.5	5.4	2.7	24.2	16.3
Orleans Canal, La. . .	2."> r)	l.G	5.5	2.8	26.3	17.8
Houston, Texas	22 . :i	1.3	4.4	2.3	20.3 •	14.3
Harrisburg, Texas. . .	2.5.9	1.4	5.2	2.8	25.8	16.6
San Antonio, Texas.	27.2	1.7	5.8	2.8	26.4	17.7

MORGAN HEBARD 105

	Length	Length	Length	Caudal	Length	Length
	of	of	of	width of	of	of
	body	vertex	pronotiim	pronotal	tegmen	caudal
9 Anglesea, New Jersey				disk		femur
34	1.7	6.3	3.3	26.6	18
Anglesea, New Jersey	36.5	1.8	6.8	3.8	31	20.2
Raleigh, N. C	35	1.8	6.7	3.7	30.8	20.8
Fort Myers, Florida . .	39.3	l.S	7.3	3.9	32.8	23.3
Everglade, Florida . . .	39.5		7.8		38	25
Wolf Lake, Illinois. . .	31.5	1.4	5.8	3.3	25.4	18
Orleans Canal, La. . . .	45	2	7.8	4.3	37.4	23.7
Harahan, Louisiana. .	38 . S	1.9	7.3	4.1	33.3	22
Lake Charles, La. . . .	43 5	2	8	4.7	39.3	23.2
San Antonio, Texas. .	43 2	2	8.2	4.2	37.7	24.2
San Antonio, Texas. .	43.7	2.1	8.8	4.7	37	26

Several distinct color phases are developed. Frequent indi- viduals of Ijoth sexes are brown, this rarely dark in shade, the dorsal surface usually slightly paler. The majority of the males, however, are brown, with face, occiput, disk of pronotum, dorsal surface of tegmina and cephalic and median femora bright green. Frequent females are almost entirely green, often with a slender post-ocular streak of brown running along the lateral carinae of the pronotum and breaking into a series of dots on the tegmina. A few females are green, with dorsal surface buffy brown, this spreading distad on the tegmina to include all of their distal portion. The caudal tibiae are buffy brown, rarely green proximad in individuals showing that color strongly elsewhere.

The distribution of brevicornis in North America is now known to extend northward on the Atlantic Coast to New York City and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in Ohio and Indiana reaching the Great Lakes. In Canada it has been found at but one locality, Point Pelee, Ontario. The known western limits are Fond du Lac, Wisconsin; Wolf Lake, Illinois;^ central Arkansas, and on the Gulf Coast of Texas a.s far inland as Houston, Burnet County, and San Antonio. Its range southward extends over much of continental America to Paraguay and Argentina.

^ We can not give Bruner's record of "eastern Nebraska" recognition. No material of the species is in that author's collection from that state and his Nebraska list has been found to contain names of several other species which do not occur in Nebraska.

TRANS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

106

NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERA)

The species is a marsh dweller, preferring areas of cat-tails, high reeds and grasses. In such situations colonies are usually located by hearing a sharp and peculiar ticking sound, made by the males in flight. Individuals fly rapidly, usually curving quickly back into the vegetation fiom which they have been

Map 2. Showing distribution of Truxalis brevicornis (Johaniison) in North America.

flushed, where they often cling high above the ground. So peculiar to such environment are they, that individuals will not be seen in the regions where the species is very abundant, unless the proper environment is visited. Like many semi-aquatic insects, brevicornis appears to have the habit of migrating from one favorable spot to another dui'ing the night.

In the extensive marshlands of southern peninsular Florida, and in the lowlands of the lower Mississippi region, this insect is, naturally, more generally encountered than elsewhere in the United States.

MORGAN HEBARD 107

Specimens Examined, in addition to 156' previously recorded: 159; 84 males, 67 females and 8 immature individuals.

New Jersey: May's Landing, VIII, 29, 1914, (Hebard; common in small fresh-water marsh), 2 9. Tuckahoe, VIII, 26, 1914, (Hebard; in fresh-water marsh), 1 cf, 5 9. Cedar Springs, VIII, 14. 1914. (Hebard; small colony in rushes of fresh-water marsh), 2 cf , 1 9 . Cape May Court House, VIII. 21,

1914, (Hebard; in cat-tails and rushes bordering salt-marsh), 1 9. Cape May, VIII, IS to 31, 1917, (W. Stone), 12 a', 13 9,1 juv. 9, [A. X. S. P.].

North Carolina: Asheville, VIII, 1897, 2 c?, 2 9, [Cornell Univ.].

Georgia: Dillard, Rabun County, 2200 feet, IX, 4, 1917, (R. and H.; numerous colony in swampy spot, covered with low weeds), 3 d^, 3 9,1 juv. 9 . Billy's Island, Okeefenokee Swamp, VII, 16 to 19, 1917, (Hebard; in swamp vegetation on edge of lake). Id'.

Florida: Fort Mj-ers, IX, 13 to 15, 1917, (R. and H.; one small colon}- in "hammock" undergrowth), 3 cf, 1 9.

Ohio: Columbus, (Wood), 1 9, [Hebard Cln.].

Indiana: Kosciusko County, VIII, 11, 1902, (W. S. Blatchley), 1 9, [Heb- ard Cln.]. ^'igo Countv, IX, IS, 1894, (\\. S. Blatchley), 1 cf, [Hebard Cln.].

Wisconsin: Fond du Lac, (Mitchell), 1 d, [Hebard Cln.].

Illinois: Wolf Lake, near Havana, IX. 10, 1S9S, 1 cf , 1 9 , [Hebard Cln.].

Tennessee: Chattanooga, (B. Shimek), 1 d, 2 9, [Hebard Cln.].

Alabama: Opelika, VIII, 2, 1915, (Hebard; moderate numbers everywhere in marshy areas), 19,1 juv. cf. Montgomery, IX, 8, 1915, (R. and H.; common in marshy river bottom areas), 2 d, 2 9. Greenville, Butler County, VIII, 3, 1915, (Hebard), 4 cf , 1 9. Evergreen, Conecuh County VIII, 4, 1915, (Hebard; moderate numbers in marshy area), 2cf . Flomaton, Escambia County, VIII, 27, 1915, (R. and H.; moderately large colony in grasses of opening in ''branch"), 2 cf , 1 9 •

Mississippi: Meridian, IX, 10, 1915, (R. and H.; locally common in marshy areas in bottom), 2 0^,3 9. Winona, IX, 15, 1915, (Hebard; in grasses bor- dering slough), 1 cf, 1 9.

Louisiana: Arcadia, VIII, 20, 1915, (R. and H.), 1 d. Spanish Fort, Orleans Parish, VIII, 5 to 7, 1915, (R. and H.; common in high gra.ss marsh bordering Lake Pontchartrain), 7 cf , 4 9 . Orleans Canal, near Spanish Fort, Orleans Parish, VIII, 6 and 7, 1915, (R. and H.; very common in high mar.sh grass), 5 cf , 4 9. New Orleans, VI, 29, 1916, (Rehn), Icf, [A. M. X. H.]; VIII, 6, 1915, (R. and H.), 1 cf, 19. Harahan, Plaquemines Parish, VIII, 7, 1915, (R. and H. ; one in short grass of levee, one in heavy willow swamp bordering river), 2 9. Rhoda, St. Mary Parish, VIll, 8, 1915, (R. and H.; common in swampy areas about small pond), 1 cf- Morgan City, VIII, 8,

1915, (R. and H.; everywhere common in swamp vegetation), 5 cf, 6 9. Lafayette, VIII, 9, 1915, (R. andH.; swamp grasses near bayou), 1 cf , 1 juv.

9 . Lake Charles, VIII, 10, 1915, (R. and H.; common in marshy areas, two seen at light at night), 19,1 juv. 9.

* Of these, sixty-eight are from localities ranging from Mexico south to Argentina.

TR.\NS. am. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

108 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE (oRTHOPTERa)

Texas: Beaumont, VII, 23, 1912, (Hebard; occasional in tangles of weeds m forest), 3 d", 2 9. Nome, Jefferson County, VI, 30, 1916, (Rehn; at- tracted to light on train after dark), IcT. Houston, VIII, 12, 1915, (R. and H.), Id", 1 juv. o^. Harrisburg, Harris County, VIII, 13, 1915, (R. and H.; common in flag-like, saw-edged grass near stream), 2 cf. Dickinson, Gal- veston County, VII, 20, 1912, (Hebard; scarce in tall green plants near stream in pine woods), 2 d", 1 9,2 juv. 9 ■ Burnet County, X, 1884, (F. G. Schaupp), 1 9, [Hebard Cln.]. San Antonio, VIII, 16, 1912, (R. and H.; San Antonio river bottom, common in rank, high, green grasses and nettles), 13 o^, 3 9 .

Explanation of Plate IV

Fig. 1. — Achurum sumichrasti (Saussure). Fort Grant, Arizona. Male. Dorsal view of tegmen and wing. (X IM)

Fig. 2. — Achurum sumichrasti (Saussure). Fort Grant, Arizona. Male. Lateral view of distal portion of abdomen. (X 8)

Fig. 3. — Achurum sumichrasti (Saussure). Fort Grant, Arizona. Male. Dorsal view of distal extremity of dextral caudal tibia. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 4. — Achurum sumichrasti (Saussure). Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Immature male. Lateral view of distal portion of abdomen. A. Supra- anal plate. B. Tergite beyond supra-anal plate, which in the adult dis- appears. C. Cercus. D. Subgenital plate. (X 8)

Fig. 5. — Radinotatum minimiyenne (Caudell). Piper Plantation, near Brownsville, Texas. Male. Lateral view. (X 2H)

Fig. 6. — Radinotatum minimipenne (Caudell). Piper Plantation, near Brownsville, Texas. Male. Lateral view of distal portion of aljdomen. (X8)

Fig. 7. — Radinotatum minimipenne (Caudell). Piper Plantation, near Brownsville, Texas. Male. Dorsal view of distal ext remit}' of dextral caudal tibia. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 8. — Radinotatum brcvipenne brevipenne (Thomas). Pomona, Florida. Male. Lateral view of distal portion of abdomen. (X 8)

Fig. 9.— Radinotatum brevipe7me peninsulare Rehn and Hebard. Home- stead, Florida. Male (type). Lateral view of distal portion of abdomen. (X 8)

Fig. 10. — Truxalis brevicornis (Johannson). Fort IMycrs, Florida. Male. Dorsal view of tegmen and wing. (X 2)

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 109

ON THE MALE GENITALIA OF THE LARGER HESPERIIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA

BY HENRY SKINNER AND R. C. WILLIAMS, JR.

It is now generally conceded that in some of the groups of butterflies the male genitalia offer characters of very great importance in classification. This was recognized as applying particularly to the Hesperiidac by Godman and Salvin, who, in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, give many excellent figures of the Central American species, including many of those which find their way into our fauna across the Mexican border. It is our object in this paper to present figures of all the larger North American species of which we have availa])le material.

The Biologia, an unusually carefully prepared and scientifi- cally correct publication is, however, not available to the average student as the parts were not sold separately, and the three volumes dealing with the Rhopalocera are now quoted separ- ately at a very high ])rice. For this reason, and because the details of the aedoeagus were omitted, we are again figuring the Biologia species, although the correctness and excellence of these figures commands our highest praise.

Dyar in 1905^ reviewed the Hesperiidae, generall}' adopting Scudder's classification; Skinner in 1911- contributed to our knowledge of our larger species, and Lindsey's valuable paper of 192P is the basis for our work, which covers the single species in the sub-family Pyrrhopyginae and Group A of Dyar and Lindsey in the Hesperiinae.

Scudder in his "Butterflies of Eastei'ii United States and Can- ada" has figured in volume III, ])late 35, the male genitalia of five of the species of this group coming within the territory covered by him.

The genitalia were prepai'ed by separating the tegumen, valvae and aedoeagus, and mounting them separately on slides;

'Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, xni. p. Ill, 1905. ^ Trans. Am. Ent. Sop., xxxvii, p. 159. 'Univ. of Iowa, Studies Xat. Hist., ix, no. 4.

TKAXS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

110 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

sketches were made directly from these as they lay under the cover glass. There is distortion of course, but, as the general shape and the relationship of the parts in life is well known, we beheve this to be the best method for this group. Only the chitinous parts were outlined and hairs and other vestiture are omitted.

In regard to the classification followed, we are frankly op- posed to the splitting up of the older blanket genera, believing that substantial scientific characters only should be used in such separations, and that the utilitarian value of the generic name should not be lost sight of. We have followed Lindsey in many of his conclusions, but prefer to retain for the present the older conception of the genus Eudamus, and unite Achalarus, Thoryhes, Cogia and PhoecUnus under the oldest name, Cogia, for while in some instances the genitalic characters in the species tend to confirm his conclusions, in other cases the reverse is true, and we are of the opinion that male secondary characters, such as the costal fold and wing and tibial tufts, have specific value only.

We have thirty-seven species attributed to our fauna, of which three are doubtful and eight are Central American species with a single record of capture over the border.

Fig. 1. Ajnjrrothrix araxer, arizonae. Mount Gnduuii, Arizona.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

111

Pyrrhopyginae

1. Apyrrothrix araxes arizonae Godman and Salvin (Fig. 1.)

The genus has been erected by Lindsey for this species. The male genitaha of the typical Mexican form figured in the Biologia'* is practically the same as that of the Arizona race. There is a tooth towards the extremity of the aedoeagus. The third central projection in the uncus, present in the allied gen- era, more or less developed, is typical of this group.

Hesperiinae

2. Phocides batabano Lucas (Fig. 2.)

The third long central projection in the uncus with its curious beaked terminus is tj'pical of this genus, and the scaphium is absent as in most of the other species. The aedoeagus is pro- vided internally with a number of candle-shaped teeth and the external end is shagreened.

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

Fig. 2. PhocifJcs hatahano. Cuba. Fig. 3. Phocides lilea. Honduras.

3. Phocides lilea Reakirt (Fig. 3.)

Biologia, pi. 76, fig. 24.

There is a specimen in the Academy collection, agreeing with the figure in the Biologia, which came to Dr. Skinner from Dr. Scudder, bearing the label "Type sanguinea, Texas, Pope Exp." Scudder had this insect before him when he described the

' Plate 73, fig. 16.

TRANS. AM. ENT. .SOC, XLVHI.

112 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

species under the latter name in "A systematic review" etc., published in the Fourth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science for the year 1871, printed in Salem, Massachusetts, 1872, pages 24 to 83; and we select this specimen, a male, as the type of sanguinea Scudder, falling to lilea Rea- kirt. We have the 'species from Alahuela, Costa Rica, (Har- rower) .

4. Phocides urania Westwood-Hewitson.

There is a male specimen in the Academy Collection labelled by Scudder " Texaiui Type." It agrees with the Biologia figure of urania, but does not agree with his description of texana in the paper referred to above, which may, however, have been based on a worn female. As both {urania and texana) are recorded as obtained froxn the Pope Texas Boundary Expedi- tion, they may have been caught in the same locality and not recognized by Scudder as male and female of the same species, until after the description of the texana had been published.

5. Xascus besus Westwood-Hewitson (Fig. 4.)

This is another species included in our fauna through Scudder's record "Texas, Pope, Mexican Boundary Survey" in the same publication. Of course all of these records are doubtful, as the survej^ covered both sides of the Rio Grande, and it is prolxible

Fig. 4. Fig. 5.

Fig. 4. Nascus hesus. Fig. 5. I'olygonus amynias arizoiieusis. Florence, Arizona.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

113

that the insects collected were brought in ])y interested natives and may have come from some distance. None of the three have been captured north of che river since the date of their description (1871).

The females in this group are remarkably dissimilar from the males. Euribates Cramer is a female, and Skinner followed Godman and Salvin, who in the Biologia, sunk the name hesus under euribates. However, it is perhaps best to use the former name until the two sexes are definitely proved to be those of the same species. The male genitalia show a single shagreened scaphium, and the aedoeagus includes numerous floating spines.

0. Polygonus amyntas arizonensis Skmiier (Fig. .5.)

Typical aiinjntds, Biologia, pi. 77, fig. 9.

There is no difference in the male genitalia between the typical Florida and Arizona forms.

The uncus terminals are bifid, two long arms of scaphium shagreened at terminus, aedoeagus slender and naked and this species has a well developed juxta which may act as a support for the last.

The type and paratypes of arizonensis are in the Academy Collection, (Florence, Arizona; Biederman).

7. Proteides idas Cramer (Fig. G.)

Biologia, plate 77, fig. .5.

The scaphium is somewhat shagreened above and the aedoe- agus contains two short candle-shaped spines.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. G. Proteides idas. Yucatan. Fig. 7. Epargyreus zestos. Key West, Florida.

TRAN8. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

114 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

8. Epargyreus zestos Gej'er (Fig. 7.)

In addition to Miami and Key West examples in the Academy- Collection, there are some from the Bahamas.

In this and the following species of this genus, the aedoeagus is ragged and dentate at its terminus and slightly shagreened.

The conspicuous central costal projection on the valves bearing rather long stout spines readily separates the species of this genus from those of Proteides.

9. Epargyreus tityrus Fabricius (Fig. 8.)

The male genitalia are very close to those of the preceding and following species which, however, are readily separated by their color and maculation.

Fig. 8. Fig. 9.

Fig. 8. Epargyreus tityrus. Cloudcroft, New Mexico. Fig. 9. Epargyreus exadeus. Chapada, Brazil.

10. Epargyreus exadeus Cramer (Fig. 9.) Biologia, Plate 75, fig. 5.

We have specimens from San Luis Obispo, California, March.

11. Eudamus (Goniurus) proteus Linnaeus (Fig. 10.)

Biologia, plate 75, fig. 5. Scudder, fig. 37.

The genus Eudamus was erected l)y Swainson in 1832. with proteus as type. Goniurus was erected by Hubner in 1820 for simplicius, coelus, proteus and six other species. Watson in 1893 selected coelus Cramer (aurunce Hewitson) as type of

SKINXER AND WILLIAMS

115

Goniurus, and is followed by Godman and Salvin in the Biologia, who place with it talus, a similar untailed hesperid, but with the generic distinction from Ei(damus open to question. Lind- sey puts simplicius as the type of Goniurus, presumably as the first mentioned species. Now if coelus is declared congeneric with the tailed hesperids now usually included under Eudamus, the latter name must fall for the former, but if the contrary obtains, Goniurus should be confined to coelus and talus, neither coming in our fauna, and Eu(hn)ius still holds for the considerable group of tailed skippers headed by proteus; the writers are inchned to follow this course.

The male genitaha with its cleft uncus, conspicuous but simple scaphium and rather normal clasp, may be called typical of this entire group of the Hesperiidae. The aedoeagus contains a stout, many-branched spine.

A very closeh^ related species, esmemldus, veiy difficult to distinguish from its color and maculation, has a very different terminus to its valve.

Fig. 10. Fig. 11.

Fig. 10. Eudamus (Goniurus) proteus. Miami, Florida. Fig. 11. Eu- damus (Goniurus) dorantcs. Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.

12. Eudamus (Goniurus) dorantes rauterbergi Skinner (Fig. 11.)

Typical daranUs Biologia, plate 7'), fig. 7.

This species has a wide range to the south from our l)order, and is subject to considerable variation in series from any locahty. Rauterbergi, the type of which is in the Academy

TRANS. .\M. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

116 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

Collection, represents the small dark form Santiago, from Cuba, and a similar form, though still darker, from Porto Rico (Wil- liams) are the insular representatives of dorantes.

The tegumen is typical, valve with flat toothed extremity cleft deeply on costal extremity and the aedoeagus carries a long, stout, curved spine.

13. Eudamus simplicius Stoll (Fig. 12.)

Biologia, plate 75, fig. 1.

We have this species from Guatemala (Rhoads) ; Canal Zone, Panama (Harrower) ; Vera Cruz, Mexico (Williams), and Texas (Aaron) .

The male genitalia of this and the following species are almost identical. The aedoeagus carries a long slender spine, and the tip of the valve is rounded with a projecting tooth curiously like a bird's head and beak.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 12. Eudamus siniplicius. Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. damns eurydcs. Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.

Fig. 13. Eu-

14. Eudamus eurycles Latreille (Fig. 13.)

This species is without the costal fold present in the male of that al)ove, and the hyaline band is conspicuous. We have it from Guatemala (Rhoads) ; Bocas del Toro, Panama (Wil- liams) and other Central American localities, including Colima, Mexico. Skinner's record is undoubtedly correct, as most of the species recorded in the list in 1901 have sin('(> been confirmed by subsequent captures.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

117

lo. Eudamus (Chioides) albofasciatus Hewitson (Fig. 14.) Biologia, phit'o 7.1, tig. 11.

Lindsey places this and the following species in a genus he erects for them, leased on characters which may or may not be of sufficient importance to warrant this action. We are inclined to deplore the splitting up of the older genera in general, and as we do not find important characters in the male genitalia to support this separation, prefer to retain these species in the genus EudamuK.

In this and the following, the scaphium is shagreened, aedoe- agus simple and the principal differences are confined to the shape of the valve, especially its terminal structure, these having strong specific l)ut little generic value.

Fig. 14. Fig. 1.5.

Fig. 14. Eudunuta {Chioides) alhofaaciatus. Vera Cruz, iMe.xico. Fig. 15. EuddnniH {Cliinides) zilpn. I'nkiiowii locality.

16. Eudamus (Chioides) zilpa Butler (Fig. 1.5.)

Biologia, plate 75, fig. S.

A striking species, the under side of the male being well figured in Lindsey's paper.

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118 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

17. Eudamus alcaeus Hewitson (Fig. 16.)

Biologia, plate 75, fig. 12.

We have specimens from Huigra, Ecuador (Rhoads), and Williams has caught it in Vera Cruz, Mexico. It is another species entering our fauna through the Runj''eon capture, which is authentic.

The male genitalia show a highly developed shagreened scaphium, the cleft uncus terminals show a tendency only to the short and spatulate condition obtaining in the following species {melon), and the aedoeagus carries a branched spine similar to that of proteus. We prefer to leave this species in Eudainus.

Fig. 16. Fig. 17.

Fig. 16. Eudamus alcaeus. Huigra, Ecuador. Fig. 17. Codatractus melon arizone.fisis. Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona.

18. Codatractus melon arizonensis Skinner (Fig. 17.)

The type and paratypes of the Arizona form (Poling) are in the Academy Collection.

The male genitalia show, as indicated above, comparatively short, widely separated spatulate terminal projections to the uncus. The aedoeagus carries a branched spine, which has the forks leaving the stalk rather lateral than distal.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

119

19. Telegonus hahneli Staudinger

This is another species recorded in our faumi througli the Runyeon catch. The identification was made from the Godman and Salvin figure in the Biologia, wliich differs from the Staud- inger figure in the absence of the yellowish outer border of the wings, and the shape of the secondaries, which are rounded in the former and with a projecting anal angle in the latter.

The type of hahneli is from Merida, Venezuela, but Staudinger mentions, in the description, having specimens from Chiriqui, Panama. It is possible that two species are involved, and that Godman and Salvin had before them a Chiriqui specimen instead of the Venezuela type, and so identified it with their own Chiriqui and Costa Rican material.

We have specimens from Jamaica and the Island of St. Thomas.

Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20.

Fig. 18. Plesiin donis. Jemez Hot Springs, New Mexico. Fig. 19. Cec- ropterus cellus. Mount Graham, Arizona. Fig. 20. Cecropterus pseudocellus. Ranasay Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.

20. Plestia dorus Edwards (Fig. IS.)

There is a specimen in the Academy Collection from the type catch. Dorus has the normal cleft uncus projections and the aedoeagus contains a stout branciied spine.

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120 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

21. Cecropterus cellus Boisdiival and Leconte (Fig. 19.) Biologia, plate 89, fig. 8.

This species has a normal tegumen, but the general shape of the valvae is quite different in plan from that obtaining in the preceding and following genus. The aedoeagus is long and slender and carries a pair of slender connected spines.

22. Cecropterus pseudoeellus Coolidge and Clemence (Fig. 20.) There are cotypes in the Academy Collection, and a specimen

from Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, April 13, 1908. These have the pale ring at the base of the antennal club mentioned by Lindsey.

23. Cogia (Achalarus) lycidas Abbott and Smith (Fig. 21.) Scudder, fig. 44.

Fig. 21. Fig. 22.

Fig. 21. Cogia (Achalarus) lycidas. Unknown lorality. Fig. 22. Cogia (Achalarus) epigotia. Arizona.

24. Cogia (Achalarus) epigona Herrich-Schac'ffer (Fig. 22.) Biologia, j)late SO, fig. 11. The male genitalia of these two species are almost identical.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

121

25. Cogia (Achalarus) albociliata Mabille (Fig. 23.)

Birlogia, plate SO, fig. 14.

We have specimens of this from Alta ]\Iira, ^Mexico, August 14, and San Pedro Sula, Honduras, January 5, 1922, (Lienhart), which agree with the Godman and Salvin figures. The male genitalia are very similar to those of the two species above, even in the shape of the valve terminus, though in this char- acter it differs remarkably from the following species, with which it has been associated since 1905. It is doubtful if this species enters our fauna, as the records probaljly apply to the following species.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 23. Cogia (Achalarus) albociliafa

Cogia coyote. Corpus Christ i, Texas.

Fig. 24. San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

Fig. 24.

26. Cogia coyote Skinner (Fig. 24.)

This species, described from southern Texas near Corpus Christi, (Aaron), is represented in the Academy Collection by the types and a paratype from which the genitalia is figured.

In appearance they differ from albociliata in slightly smaller size, much lighter color, coyote being brown and albociliata almost black above, the fringe is not so white, the markings on the secondaries below in coyote are of a darker brown than the ground color, while in albociliata they are somewhat lighter than the ground color, but outlinotl in a darker shade.

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122 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

The male genitalia differ from those of the previous species in the very much shorter terminals to the uncus, as well as the very remarkable difference in the valves.

The records of albociliata by Dyar from the Patagonia Mts., Arizona, (Oslar), and Kerrville, Texas, and Leussler's Bee- ville, Texas, October 16, 1916, (Patty Hutchinson), probably apply to this species.

27. Cogia (Thorybes) drusius Edwards

The two specimens in the Academy Collection are from the type catch. The Lindsey record "Western Nebraska" is an error, as Mr. Leussler has had nothing like it from that locality.

28. Cogia (Thorybes) pylades Scudder (Fig. 2.5.) Biologia, plate SO, fig. 23.

Scudder, fig. 35.

The type of the aberration immaculata Skinner is in the Acad- emy Collection.

Fig. 25. P'ig. 26.

Fig. 25. Cogia (Thorijhes) pijladcs. Avon, Connecticut. Fig. 26. Cogia {T/tori/bes) bathyllus. Philadelphia, Penna.

29. Cogia (Thorybes) bathyllus Al)bott and Smith (Fig. 26.)

Scudder, fig. 38.

Lindsey in using the name daunus Cramer follows Dj'ar, who in turn perhaps follows a reference in Godart, Encyclopedie

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

123

Methodique.^ Godart says bathyllus approaches daunus in ap- pearance. From the Cramer figure of daunus it is doubtfully possible to identify the species, which may be an unidentified Surinam insect. Bathyllus appears to be confined to America north of Mexico, as it has not been recorded in the Biologia. The figure of bathyllus in Abbott and Smith's Insects of Georgia is excellent, and it seems unwise to place it as a synonym of daunus without additional evidence.

Fig. 27. Fig. 28.

Fig. 27. Cogia (Thorybes) mexicana. Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico. Cogia (Thorybes) nevada. Mono Lake, California.

Fig. 2S.

30. Cogia (Thorybes) mexicana Herrich-Schaeffer (Fig. 27.)

Biologia, plate SO, fig. 17.

We have this species from Uruapan, Mexico, April 15, 1919; Popocatepetl Park, Mexico, September 17, 1906 (Calvert), and Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico, August 40, 1908 (Van Nos- trand). We beheve that the male genitalia, however, warrant its separation from nevada Scudder (aemelia Skinner). The tegumen and aedoeagus are alike, but the extremity of the valve in mexicana is somewhat convex and slightly serrate, while that of nevada is concave or well cut into with a rounded excavation, and the serrations or teeth are much stronger. Mexicana probably does not enter our territory.

^ X, p. 764, 1823.

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124 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

31. Cogia (Thorybes) nevada Sciulder (Fig. 28.)

The types of aemelia are in the Academy Collection. We have typical nevada from Fort Klamath, Oregon, June 6 to 18; Lundy, Cahfornia, July 9 (Wickham) ; Deer Park, Placer Co., Cahfornia, July 11, 1908; Cloudcroft, New Mexico, May 7 to 26 and July 27 (some dark individuals) ; Jemez Springs, New Mexico, July 21 (Woodgate), and Colorado.

A darker form, in which also the hyaline spots are not so large, we have from Mt. Graham, Arizona (Morrison) ; Park City, Utah, July 6, 1895, and Silver Lake, Utah, July 13 (Skinner). This is the form that has been considered mexicana in collections. We have intermediate forms from City Creek Canyon, Utah, July 17, 1898, and Sierra la Sal Mts., Utah, July 25, 1920 (Skinner).

Fig. 29.

Fig. 30. Summerville, South Carolina.

Fig. 29. Cogia (Thoryhcs) species

Cogia calchus. Texola, Vera Cruz, Mexico

Fig. 30.

32. Cogia (Thorybes) species (Fig. 29.)

This species will be described by Mr. E. L. Bell on a subse- quent page of this volume of the Transactions.

The present species is in the Academy Collection from Tampa, Florida, March 19, (Bell); Wilmington, North Carolina, April 25; Tallulah Falls, Georgia, July 7; Summerville, South Caro- lina (Jones), and Kound INIountain, Blanco County, Texas, determined genitalically.

While the general appearance of this ius(M't has lead lo its con- fusion with pyladcs in collections, in addition to the absence of

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

125

the costal fold, the male genitalia are quite different from both pylades and bathyUus in the shape of the valve, and the fact that the aedoeagus is as in the subgenus Phoediniis, instead of a single thoi-n present, as in the balance of the species of the Thorybes group which we have examined.

It does, however, agree with the others of the Thorybes grouji in that the terminus of the uncus is Ijifurcate.

33. Cogia calchas Herrich-Schaeffer (Fig. 30.) Biologia, plate S], fig. 6.

This species has an extended range from Texas into South America. We have it from Brazil, ]\Iexico, Colombia and Colon, Panama, February 19, 1912, (Williams).

The aedoeagus of this and the two following species encloses numerous short spines.

34. Cogia outis Skinner (Fig. 31.)

The types from Texas are in the Academy Collection. The terminus of the uncus of this species, the two following and caicus is not split, l)ut on the contrary there is a similar single beaked terminus as though che double ends were fused together.

Fig. 31. Fig. 32.

Fig. 31. Cogia outis. Round Mountain, Texas. Fig. 32. Cogia hippalus. Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona.

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126 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

35. Cogia hippalus Edwards (Fig. 32.) Biologia, plate 80, fig. 31.

There are specimens from the type locality — Arizona (Mor- rison, 1882) — probably of the type catch, and from Colima, Mexico.

The male genitalia of this and the above species are very close.

36. Cogia (Phoedinus) mysie Dyar

This species is not represented in the Academy Collection and we are not familiar with it.

37. Cogia (Phoedinus) caicus Herrich-Sehaeffer (Fig. 33.) Biologia, plate 80, fig. 20.

There is a series in the Academy Collection from Arizona (Morrison), the locality from which Edwards received the material upon which his moschus was described.

The general appearance and maculation of this species is very similar to that of the species of the Thoryhes group, and the male genitalia are very close in their characters to those of the group above.

Fig. 33. Fig. 34.

Fig. 33. Cogia (Phoedinus) caicus. Mount Graham, Arizona. Fig. 34. Cabares polrillo. Jamaica.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 127

38. Cabares potrillo Lucas (Fig. 34.)

Biologia, plate SO, fig. 26.

There are examples in the Academy Collection from Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, San Domingo, Jamaica and Tortuga. The shape of the secondaries, as well as of the male genitalia with its pe- culiar valve and nude aedoeagus, seems to well separate it from the previous group.

The terminus of the uncus is strongly bifurcate, the aedoeagus is simple without spines or other attachments, and the valve terminates in a long spine somewhat serrate externally, and which in nature is bent back towards the base.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLYHI.

MORGAN- HEBARD 129

NOTES ON A FEW INTERESTING BLATTIDAE FROM GUATEMALA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (ORTHOPTERA)

BY MORGAN HEBARD

PSEUDOMOPIXAE

Anisopygia jocosicluna Saussure

1S93. A[nif!opygiu] jocosicluna SsMssure,Soc.'Ent., Zurich, viii, p. .57. [[&], Guatemala.]

Vicinity of Guatemala City, 1 9 , [Hel)ard Chi.].

At the time Sau.ssure and Zehntner described and figured the male sex, recording it from Capetillo, Guatemala, those authors described Temnopterijx guatemalae^ from a female and numerous immature individuals taken in Guatemala City. It appears more than prol)able that the opposite sexes of one species were represented, but in the absence of a series representing both sexes we are not able to establish definitely this synonymy.

We Ijelieve the female before us to represent jocosicluna, though it agrees with the female of guatemalae as described. The supra-anal plate is minutely incised mesad, but is sub- chitinous medio-longitudinally from that point to near its base. Length of body, 10.2; length of pronotum, 3; width of pronotum, 4; length of tegmen, 3.1 mm.

Chromatonotus agunae new species (Text figures 1, 2 and 3.)

This species is closely related to C. Jamprus Hebard, agreeing

rather with C. tiotntus (Brunner) only in the slightly l)roader

pale cephalic margin of the pronotum. The male genitalia are

distinctive.

Tijpe.— (^; Aguna, Department of Escuintla, Guatemala.

Elevation, 650 meters. [Heljard Collection, Type no. 863.]

This specimen shows all the generic features originally described,- in addi- tion we note the following. Size small, form slender, much as in Inmprus.

' Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, p. 53, (1893). - Alem. Amer. Ent. Soc, no. 4, p. 4.5, (1920).

TRAXS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVHI.

130

GUATEMALAN BLATTIDAE

Interocular width slightly over three-quarters that between antennal sockets, as in that species.^ Supra-anal plate weakly transverse, length slightly over half proximal width, free margins nearly straight, convergent to weakly bilobate distal portion, which is less strongly chitinous and is supplied with long hairs. Cerci small, elongate and slender (having eleven joints), the sutures well marked, the dorsal surface fiat; generally as in lamprus. Con- cealed genitalia as follows. From the base of the sinistral cercus an elongate, somewhat irregular, chitinous finger extends two-thirds the distance across the anal chamber, expanding slightly dorsad at its rounded apex, its caudal surface moderately concave throughout.^ Subgenital plate rather strongly convex except in small meso-distal area, where it is weakly concave; surface supplied with elongate scattered hairs; free margins evenly convergent and ghowing very slight convexity to median fourth, which section is symmetri- cally trapezoidal with angles rounded. Sinistral style situated at base of

Chromatonotus agunae new species. Fig. 1. Dorsal view of pronotum. Fig. 2. Ventral view of subgenital plate. Fig. 3. Caudal view of con- cealed sinistral genital process. (All much enlarged.)

this median and produced portion, minute, simple, cylindrical, very feebly tapering to the rounded apex, about three times as long as its basal width. Dextral style situated at dextral angle of produced portion, minute, rounded, conical, slightly longer than broad, terminating in a miiuite but stout spine, which is slightly decurved, the dorsal surface of the style occupied by a sim- ilar, but smaller, spine, while the margin of the plate, just sinistrad of the base of this style is armed with three similar spines. Limb armament, pul- villi, tarsal claws and arolia as characteristic of the genus.

Head blackish carob brown, ocellar si)ots buffy. Antennae proximad buckthorn brown, beccmiing darker in remaining portions. Mouthparts, maxillary palpi and limbs ochraceou.s-bufT tinged with tawny, the maxillary

" Ocellar spots not conspicuijus, probably becau.se this specimen is a dried alcoholic.

^ Soft integument unfortunately conceals the dextral si)ecializati(>n.

MORGAN HEBARD 131

palpi with distal joints darkened. Ventral surface of abdomen buckthorn brown. Pronotum much as in notatus; shining, with cephalic margin rather narrowly and lateral margins more broadly ochraceous-buff; remaining por- tions blackish carob brown except for a large, transverse area of ochraceous- buff meso-caudad, the outline of which is vague,' but its form appreciably rounded trapezoidal.* Tegmina as in la)nprus, translucent suffused with prout's brown, this regularly distributed but deepest at the humeral trunk, except the costal margin which is broadly buffy, the transition to the darker portions of the tegmina gradual. Wings transparent, very weakly tinged with prout's brown, this heaviest in area of costal veins to near their apices. Dorsal surface of abdomen buckthorn brown, darkened laterad but margined with ochraceous-buff. Cerci ochraceous-buff weakly suffused with prout's brown in proximal portions dorsad, prout's brown ventrad.

Length of body, 9.3; length of pronotum, 2.9; width of pronotum, 3.7; length of tegmen, 11; length of caudal tibia, 4.G; length of caudal metatarsus, 2 mm.

Large series of two species of the genus before us show that there is Httle variation in the distinctive male genitaha de- veloped in each. In other respects close general similarity is shown by the known species of Chromatonotus.

The type is unique.

Blattinae

Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius)

Guatemala City, 2 adults.

Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) Guatemala City, 1 cf .

Panchlorinae

Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius) Guatemala City, 1 cf, 2 9 .

Pycnoseelus surinamensis (Linnaeus) Guatemala City, 4 9,3 juv.

Blaberinae

Archimandrita tessellata Rehn

Guatemala City, 4 d^, 1 9 , [Paris Museum and Hebard Chi.]. All of these specimens are heavily tessellate. All show a

* The broad base forming the cephalic margin is seen to be invad(>d on each side by a weak suffusion from the darker area cephalad.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

132 GUATEMALAN BLATTIDAE

pronotal marking not found in any of the Costa Rican or Pana- manian material we have seen. The caudal margin of the pro- notum between the shoulders is blackish brown, this gradually broadening at the shoulders and then as gradually disappearing. In the female this marking does not broaden at the shoulders. This feature gives to the material a distinctive appearance, but detailed comparison fails to show any other difference from the typical series. It is of interest to note that, between the region in which this material was taken and the previously known distribution of the species, far to the southward, all specimens of the genus we have seen from Nicaragua have represented a distinct species, marmorata of Stoll.

Blaberus trapezoideus Burmeister

Guatemala City, 3 cT, 2 9, 1 juv. d^, [Paris Museum and Hebard Cln.].

CORYDIINAE

Holocompsa nitidula (Fabricius)

Guatemala City, 2 9 , [Paris Museum and Hebard Cln.]. Aguna, Escuintla, 650 meters, 1 9 , [Hebard Cln.].

Holocompsa azteca Saussure

Guatemala City, 1 9 , [Paris Museum].

A. N. CAUDELL 133

ZOROTYPUS SWEZEYI, A NEW SPECIES OF THE ORDER ZORAPTERA FROM HAWAII

BY A. N. CAUDELL Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The species of Zorotypus herein descril^ed is based on speci- mens received from Hawaii by Mr. Hebard, of Philadelphia, who kindly submitted them to the writer for determination. Considering the paucity of indigenous forms of Hawaiian in- sects, it seems doubtful if this is a native species. It was natur- ally surmised that this would prove to be an introduced species and probably a described form, more likely one of the East Indian species erected by Silvestri. It is still very probable that this may indeed be an introduction into Hawaii, but a careful comparison with descriptions and figures of the known forms of the genus shows it to differ from them all. It is thus herein described as new, and the specific name swezeyi proposed for it in honor of the collector of the specimens; this name is also suggestive of the supposed habitat, Mr. Swezey having been so intimately associated for many years with Hawaiian Entomology.

The subecjual second and third segments of the antenna will at once differentiate this new species from the Old World forms and from the Nearctic species snyden, while the more strongly armed ventral margin of the posterior femora will readily separ- ate if from huhhardi. No specimens of Z. neotropicus are avail- able for comparison, l)ut these Hawaiian specimens do not appear to agree with the description of that species sufficiently well to warrant considering them as belonging there. The ventral armature of the posterior femora of neotropicus is apparently less robust than in the species here described and the antennae are also somewhat different. Direct comparison of specimens of both species would probably show various features of morphological dissimilarity.

Description. — (Unchitinized adult female): General color, shape and ap- pearance very like that of Z. hubbardt.^ The hirsute covering of the entire

1 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xxii, pi. vi, fiji. 1, (1920).

TH.WS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

134 ZOROTYPUS SWEZEYI (zORAPTERA)

body seems slightly more sparse than in hubbardi, the front in some speci- mens showing one or two irregular blackish subcutaneous spots, perhaps vestiges of degenerate eyes which are no longer present, though the spaces the eyes would occupy if developed are generally of a slightly different ap- pearance, when carefully examined, from the rest of the surface of the head, due apparently to a slightly less degree of transparency at those points. Mouth parts not noticeably differing from those of hubbardi as described in the original diagnosis of that species. Antennae consisting of nine segments and essentially as those of hubbardi.

Pronotum about as in hubbardi but more narrowed posteriorly, due prob- ably to shrinkage in drying. Meso- and metathorax usually decidedly shorter than the pronotum but shrinkage in drying varies proportionate measure- ments very decidedly, and fresh material or individuals preserved in spirits would very likely show these segments to be about as in the illustration of hubbardi mentioned above.

Abdomen apparently broader and more broadly rounded posteriorly than in hubbardi and, in all specimens examined, the tip has the terminal one or two segments turned inwards, but here again shrinkage may be the cause. The cerci are like those of hubbardi but are more or less concealed by the turning in of the apical segments of the abdomen as noted above; the terminal bristle is considerably longer than the cercus itself. Along the sides of the thorax and abdomen are some thicker and more bristly hairs than are most of those with which the entire insect is more or less sparsely covered.

Legs in general similar to those of hubbardi but differing decidedly in the ventral armature of the posterior femora; tibiae bearing short hairs, generally shorter than the tibial depth, some of the ventral ones, especially on the pos- terior tibiae, somewhat thickened and spur-like, but very small; anterior and intermediate femora not noticeably armed beneath except with some slightly thickened hairs; posterior femora armed beneath with eight or nine moderately stout chitinized spines, the apical one situated very near the apex of the femora and the others at more or less subequal intervals, the basal one or two generally somewhat longer and stouter than the others, and sometimes separated from each other and from the others by spaces a little greater than that between the more apical spines; the basal of these spines is situated some distance from the base of the femora, usually a distance about equal to the length of that spine; there seems to be much variation in this ventral armature of the posterior femora, as in some specimens the spines are more uniform in l(>ngth than in others, or more equally spaced.

Measurements. — The total length is clearly somewhat greater than in hubbardi, but the only specimens seen are dried and evidently much shrunken. Certain measurements of the type specimen are as follows: length, antennae, 1.75 mm.; pronotum, .4 mm.; jwsterior tibia, .9 mm.; posterior femora, .85 mm.; width, pronotum anteriorly, .6 mm., posteriorly, .3 mm.

The great inequality of the pronotal width as shown by the above meas- urements is very surely due mostly to shrinkage and would not be so striking

A. N. CAUDELL 135

in fresh material, though the prouotum is very hkely proportionately broader than in huhbnnli.

Holotrjpe, female, Kokee, Kauai, Hawaii, August 19, 1921, collected by Swezey in decayed log. Paratypes a, b, c and d, females, same data as tj^pe except the last, which was collected on August 21.

Holotype and paratype a in collection United States National Museum; paratypes b, c, and d in collections of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Aluseum and Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia. Catalogue No. 2.5416, U. S. N. M.

Mr. Swezey writes that the region where this insect occurs is a forested plateau, at an elevation of 3500 feet. It was found quite common in decayed logs.

The following key, based on that given by Silvestri,- maj- be found useful in distinguishing the seven species of Zorotypus now known:

Key to the Species of the Genus Zorotypus

1. Second and third segments of the antennae noticeably unequal in length. 2 Second and third segments of the antenna of about the same length .5

2. Second segment of the antenna longer than the third . . guineensis Silvestri Second segment of the antenna shorter than the third 3

3. Second segment of the antenna no more than one-half as long as the third. 4 Second segment of the antenna more than one-half as long as the third.

ceylonicus Silvestri

4. Cerci with some lateral setae fully twice as long as the cercus; habitat,

Java javanicus Silvestri

Cerci with lateral setae noticeably less than twice as long as the cercus; habitat, North America snyderi CaudcU

5. Posterior femora armed beneath with but two stout chitinized s])in(>s:

habitat. United States hubbardi C'audell

Posterior femora armed beneath with six or more chitinized s])ines: habi- tat, Central America or Hawaii tj

6. Spines on ventral margin of posterior femora rather robust; habitat,

Hawaii (introduced?) swezeyi Caudell

Spines on ventral margin of posterior femora scarcely robust; habitat, Costa Rica neotropicus Silvestri

2 Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, vii, p. 20.5, (1913).

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THEODORE H. FRISON 137

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY, PARASITES AND

INQUILINE ASSOCIATES OF ANTHOPHORA

ABRUPTA SAY, WITH SOME COMPARISONS

WITH THE HABITS OF CERTAIN OTHER

ANTHOPHORINAE (HYMENOPTERA)

BY THEODORE H. FRISON

Urbana, Illinois

Not many years have elapsed since Ashmead (1894), in his retiring address as President of the Cambridge Entomological Club, said in regard to the genus Anthophora that ''Almost nothing is known of the nesting habits of our species." When this quotation was written our literature contained only a few short contributions to the hfe history of the American species of Anthophora. The first account is that given by Walsli (1868) and deals with certain phases of the biology of Anthophora sponsa Smith, as he observed them in Ilhnois. The Anthophora sponsa of Smith is now considered by the authorities on the subject as identical with Anthophora abrupta Say, the latter name having priority. Riley (1877) also published a few ol)ser- vations on the habits of Anthophora sponsa in connection with the description of a new genus and species of Meloidae found infesting the cells of this mining bee. In addition to these ac- counts. Say (1837) added to his specific description oi Anthophora taurea a few observations on the habits of this species. This latter bee, however, is no longer regarded as belonging to the genus Anthophora. It was first removed by Patton (1874) when he erected the genus Entechnia, making taurea of Say the type. Since then this generic assignment has been adhered to by the authorities on the group. In the most recent list of the North American Anthophoridae, by Lutz and Cockerell (1920), taurea is still retained in the genus Entechnia, but the authors state ''It seems quite probable that the name Entechnia must give way to Melitoma.'^ As the two genera involved are closely related, in fact belong to the same subfamily, the original obser- vations of Say are doubly interesting from a ('om])arative stand- point. Since the time of Ashmead's addn^ss some additional

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138 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

information has been obtained concerning the hal^its of a few species of the Anthophorinae and certain other insects that hve in their cells and burrows. Reference is given to all such publications of interest from the standpoint of this article as they are mentioned in the text of this paper.

A. Nest Situations

My attention was first called to a colony of Anthophora abrupta Say, when collecting insects near Oakwood, Illinois in the Spring of 1917. Oakwood is a small town about twenty miles east of Urbana, Illinois. Within a radius of two or three miles of Oak- wood are many small areas, ecologically quite different, which offer ideal collecting grounds for this section of the state. One day while collecting Hymenoptera on flowers near the margin of a small rocky stream in this territory, I chanced upon several bees of this species eagerly lapping up moisture held by the fine sand bordering a tiny rivulet flowing into the main channel. As I watched I saw these bees hurriedly leave and others take their places, the whole performance being repeated again and again. As their going and coming seemed to be over a definite course I decided to follow them to their rendezvous if it were possible. In so doing I soon realized that the bees in their flight were following the line of least resistance, in this instance a passage-way, broken through the underbrush lining the river bank, and used by fishermen and other wanderers as myself. Scarcely two hundred feet from where I saw the bees zealously lapping up water I came upon a small clay bank which appeared literally alive with them. Figure 1 is a photograph of this bank, taken on July 11, 1919.

For various reasons I was una])le to make further observa- tions on the habits of this species in 1917 and 1918, but an opportunity was again presented in 1919 and 1920. One of the outstanding features of the hal)its of the adult Anthophora abrupta is its preference for the old colony site, at least such was the case with the mem})ers of this colony. This is evident when one considers that nearly all my observations relating to this species are centered about this one colony, first found in the late Spring of 1917, tenanted in 1919 and 1920, and with

THEODORE H. PRISON 139

every indication that the same state of affairs existed in 1918. The chiy Imnk in which the bees made their homes was about three feet high, two to three feet wide and twelve feet long. It was situated but a short distance from the river beneath a steel bridge connecting with the opposite bank and beside one of the concrete foundations supporting the structure. Here the bank was in a semi-protected situation, but still at times exposed to the glare of the sun and rain blown about by the wind. To all appearances, the clay bank was simply a pile of clay removed by workmen when engaged in excavating for the concrete foundation pillars of the bridge. The clay was the same as that found anywhere along the river and any num])er of situa- tions possessing about the same qualifications might have been selected by these mining bees.

Besides the colony just mentioned I found another one of the same species in the same year. This also was at Oakwood, Illinois, but on the opposite side of the river and about an eighth of a mile from the first colony. It is interesting to note that again I located the colony by following the flight of the bees returning to their homes after collecting water at the river bank for their mining operations. When I first came upon the bees going and coming from the moist sand near the river's edge, I knew by reason of previous experience the significance of this and immediately looked about for the site of the colony. This happened to be the precipitous clay wall of the river bank, not far from where the bees were obtaining their water supply. The colony was situated just l^elow a large tree growing on the very brink of the almost perpendicular clay wall. Here, in the clay more compactly held together by the major root system of the tree, the bees had made their l)urrows. The colony was only about one-fifth the size of the one under the bridge and so hard of access that I made no further study of it.

When speaking of the situations selected by Anthophora ahrupta for their mining operations it is interesting to note what other authors have to say concerning this species and certain other Anthophorinae. Walsh found this species making burrows in the mortar between joints in brick work and also in "the face of a precipitous clay bank." Riley says this same

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140 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

species "builds mostly in steeply inclined or perpendicular clay banks." Evidently, judging from my observations and those of Walsh and Riley, Anthophora abrupta has a preference for a perpendicular or steeply inchned surface. Under natural con- ditions a compact clay bank is usually selected, for such a soil type seems better adapted to the peculiar mining activities of this bee and does not weather away so rapidly. A similar pref- erence is exhibited by Anthophora stanfordiana Cockerell, a western species. Kellogg (1905) found a colony of this latter species near Stanford University, "in a roadside cutting exposing a clayey bank." Nininger (1920) reports finding two colonies of this same species occupying on one occasion, "the sunny slope of a moist clay bank in the foot hills of the San Gabriel Moun- tains of southern California", and another time, "a steep bank, facing south at the shore of the bay", on Angel Island.

Similar and different nest situations are chosen by allied bee genera. Say writes that Entechnia taurea "digs a cylindrical hole in a compact clay or adhesive earth on the side of a bank, or in earth retained amongst the roots of an overturned tree." Upon one ocdasion I found a colony of this same species located in a perpendicular clay bank beneath a railroad ])ridge crossing a stream at White Heath, Illinois. Clisodon terminalis Cresson, according to the late F. W. L. Sladen (1919), nests in wood and thereby differs biologically from the genera Anthophora, En- technia and Emphor. Nichols (1913) has given us an account of the situation selected by Emphor fuscojubatus Cockerell. This species made numerous nest openings, "by the side of a road, for a distance of about one-eighth of a mile, in soil consisting of a mixture of clay, sand and pebbles." Grossbeck (1911) says that Emphor bombiformis [ = fuscojubatus] "seems to prefer hard, shaly soil in which to nest though small colonies occur in sandier soil."

B. Size of Colonies and Gregarious Habits

A glance at figure 1 will show the portion of the l)ank occupied by the bee burrows and figure 2 shows how close the Inirrows are to one another. In order to get some idea as to how many bees belonged to this colony and to examine the contents of the cells, I dug from a fairly representative section of the 1)ank

THEODORE H. PRISON 141

a piece containing about eight cubic inclies of the hard, dry clay. This was on May 31, 1919. In a portion of this clay lump, containing two and one-half cubic inches of soil, I found eleven cells containing pupae of this bee. If the entire bank supported such a proportion it would have a total of one hundred and four thousand, two hundred and seventy-four cells. Such was not the case, however, for the burrows were most abundant on the upper part and on the most precipitous side. In 1921 the bees were harder pushed for desirable locations, for many made their burrows all over one end and some even took posses- sion of the fiat top surface. In many places the burrows and cells went back into the clay bank ten or twelve inches. A con- servative estimate would indicate that in summer this Antho- phora bank harbored about five thousand cells. A marked gre- gariousness is therefore exhibited by these so-called solitary bees. The same tendency towards a social type of existence characterizes the habits of Anthophora stanfordiana. Kellogg mentions a "great colony" of these bees and Nininger says that one colony of this same species occupied an area "extend- ing over several square rods" and that it contained several thousand bees, while a second community was but "a small aggregation." Judging by Say's account of the habits of En- technia taurea, as he observed them in Indiana, and by what I have noted in Illinois, these bees also like to nest close together. The colony of this latter species that I found at White Heath, lUinois, was composed of not over three hundred cells. Nichols says that Emphor fuscojubatus made numerous nest openings in the soil by the side of the road for a distance of about "one eighth of a mile." There is nothing in her account to indicate that these bees ever formed such concentrated colonies. Gross- beck, however, found several colonies of this same species of bee scattered short distances from one another, the largest hav- ing in the neighborhood of seventy bees, and the smallest eight to twelve bees each. The fact that Clisodon tenninalis burrows in wood much in the manner of Xylocopa suggests that verj' large colonies are a rarity if they ever occur. It was once my fortune to rear adults of Melissodes bimaculata Lepeletier from cocoons found after they had been exposed by plowing. Ap- parently this species of Eucerine bee has habits comparable

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142 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

with those of many of our common sohtary bees. Ashmead has seen the same species of bee entering its burrow beneath a stone in an open field.

C. Hibernation

Like many other Hymenoptera this bee hibernates as a larva within its cell. I have never examined an Anthophora bank during the winter months, but have other evidence in support of this statement. A visit to Oakwood on September 20, 1919, revealed the fact that the cells then contained full grown larvae. At this time I again brought back to the laboratory a lump of clay containing Anthophora cells. I divided this in halves, placing one portion in an old deserted bee-hive outdoors, thus subjecting the cell inmates to almost natural winter conditions. The other portion I kept in the laboratory under temperature conditions averaging about seventy degrees Fahrenheit. In March, 1920, I examined these two separate lots of Anthophora cells. On this date the inmates of the cells kept outdoors under approximately natural winter conditions were still in the larval stage. Those kept in the laboratory were still in the larval stage in February, but the influence of warmer conditions caused the larvae to begin to pupate in March. Thus we see that this bee normally hibernates in the larval stage protected by its earthen cell.

D. Cell Formation

The adult bees use some liquid substance when first fashion- ing the cell, and it is probable that the larvae when they attain their full growth also contribute something to give the cell its characteristic dural)ility. When a clod of clay containing these cells is broken apart, under ordinary conditions of stress the cells never collapse but hold their shape and may be readily sorted out from the debris. This again is pi'oof that the liees and perhaps the larvae use a cementing substance. When a cell is broken open its inner lining has a smooth glazed appear- ance. This is due to the su])stance used in forming the pro- tective cell and causing it to retain its charactei-islic shape. A complete cell is usually slightly recurved at its anterioi' end, which is an indication that the cells radiate off from the main stem-burrow which leads to the entrance of the nest. The

THEODORE H. FRISOX 143

interior measurements of the cells average sixteen millimeters long by nine millimeters wide. Cells freed from all soil not actually entering into the formation of the same average twenty- five millimeters long and have a diameter of ten millimeters at the anterior end and twelve millimeters at the posterior ex- tremity. Several times I have opened the over-wintering cells, removed the larvae within and then filled the cells full of water. On such occasions it was evident that the substance which held the cells together and gave them a glazed appear- ance on the inside, also served to make the cells impervious to water. Such a protection against soil moisture would seem to be a necessity in the case of bees like these which do not spin a silken cocoon within their surrounding cell.

I am sure that the adult bee when making her brood cells waterproofs them with some secretion. If she did not do so the semi-fluid mass of pollen and nectar on which she lays her eggs would be partially aljsorbed by the cells. Nininger speak- ing of AnthopJiora stanfordiana says that this bee in making her cells used "a thin layer of waterproofing which seemed to be a salivary secretion." Whether the larvae of any or all instars further improve the cell resistance by secretions or exudates I do not know. The larvae do not spin cocoons as do those of MeUssodes himacidata and many other bees not far removed phylogenetically or morphologically. If the larvae of Anthophora ahrupta do improve their cells by a salivary secre- tion, it is possible that the basic substance of the cementing fluid used by this species, may be of a chemical composition quite similar to that of the silk spun by the larvae of MeUssodes himaculata. Another bee, Emphor fuscojubatus, differs bio- logically from Anthophora ahrupta because of its cocoon spin- ning propensities, thus pointing to its closer biological relation- ship with MeUssodes himaculata.

E. Pupal Stage

The pupal stage of development is entered into under natural conditions about the middle of May, or at least such was the case in 1919 and 1920. This is evidenced by the fact that on May 8, 1920, when I visited the bee-})ank at Oakwood the cells contained larvae. A similar visit and examination on May 31,

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144 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

1919, showed that the cells contained pupae. The period of pupal formation undoubtedly varies somewhat from year to year in direct correlation with climatal conditions. Under laboratory conditions the larval stage may be shortened and pupae formed about the first of March. On March 13, 1920, I brought into the laboratory some cells containing larvae which since the time of collection had been kept out of doors under approximately natural conditions. One of these cells contained a pupa on March 29. Other larvae in cells placed on September 20, 1919, under warm laboratory conditions, began to pupate in the early part of March. Such a forced expediting of the transformations under the influence of prematurely warm conditions apparently has a weakening effect, for an adult male emerging on March 18 died soon after escaping from his cell. Cells brought into the laboratory in Spring produced, however, adults of normal vitality.

The pupal stage is of short duration. Freshly transformed pupae collected at Oakwood on May 31, 1919, began to produce bees on June 7 and continued to do so until June 14. As the pupal stage nears completion the pupa gradually becomes darker and darker until the adult emerges. The emerging adults dig their way from the pupal cells with the aid of their stout mandibles. The males appear in advance of the females, as shown by both laboratory and field observations. Of the bees reared indoors in 1919, two males emerged on June 7, four males on June 8 and twenty-six more of the same sex on June 9. On June 11, eleven females emerged and enough more males to bring the total for that sex up to one hundred and four indi- viduals. Females continued to appear until June 14, a total of sixty-five altogether. Cases of proterandry similar to this one seem to be quite common among bees, as was pointed out by Robertson (1918). Not only do the males appear first but in the colony I studied they dominated numerically by a ratio of about two to one. Observations at Oakwood in 1919 and 1920 confirmed my laboratory observations. On July 3, 1919, I visited the Anthophora bank and found a veritable swarm of female bees hovering al)out the })ank and entrances to the ]:)ur- rows. Apparently I was just a little too late to see the males holding forth })cfore the bank. On June 26, 1920, at the same

THEODORE H. PRISON 145

spot I witnessed the reverse of this phouomcuon, for I saw only one female bee among the large number of bees flying about the entrance burrows. By breaking open some of the cells I discovered that the females were just beginning to emerge from their cells, the males having preceded them. I never found out what finally happened to the males, but judge that after they had mated with the females they spent the remainder of their short existence loitering about on flowers as do many male bees.

F. Mining Operations and Attendant Activities

The scene presented on July 3, 1919, was an animated picture of industry, for the females were busily engaged in their nest building operations. A few females, either more industrious than the rest or favored by a slightly earlier date of emergence, seemed to have completed their residences. The vast majority, however, were still in the midst of the construction of their subterranean homes or wore looking for a favorable site in which to start their burrowing. Everything seemed to be in con- fusion, yet rapid progress was being made everywhere. I was not surprised to find that in several instances bees returning to the bank entered the wrong holes. When this happened and the rightful owner was at home, the invasion was hurriedly repelled as evidenced by a pronounced buzzing and the hasty exit of the invader. On one occasion I saw the proprietor of a burrow drag her unwelcome guest out by one leg. Several times the rightful occupant of the burrow and the invading bee were in such a close embrace that both fell out and down the precipitous side of the bank together. Strangely enough I never saw these bees while thus quarrelling attempt to sting one another. Such quarrelling among solitary bees living close together has been previously noted by Grossbeck in the case of Emphor homhiformis (=fuscojubatus). The same species, ac- cording to the observations of Nichols, "on the contrary, so far as we could tell lived together, mutually harmonious, yet inde- pendent." Individual differences no doubt exist between members of the same species, but I am inclined to believe that local conditions and varying circumstances were responsil)le for the differences noted by these two last mentioned authors.

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146 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

G. Entrance Tubes

As already mentioned some of the burrows were evidently completed on July 3, 1919. One strange feature about the entrance to the burrows are the cylindrical tubes extending down and outward from the entrance holes. Walsh undoubtedly refers to these tubes when he writes that Anthophora abrupta builds an entrance to its burrows "of tempered cloy . . . about two inches long and three quarters of an inch in diameter." Say, referi'ing to tne habits of the European Anthophora parie- tina Latreille, says that this species digs a hole in a clay bank and that the "entrance consists of a cylinder extending down- wards from the mouth of the hole more than an inch in length and consisting of small pellets of earth compacted together, very rough on the exterior and smooth within." Certain other insects are known to construct cylinders at the entrance to their underground burrows. The cylinders about the orifice of each tuimel at Oakwood varied from a quarter of an inch to four inches in length. The inside diameter of the cylinders was about one-half inch. The difference in length is probably due to the fact that some of the burrows were started sooner than others, though it is possible that under certain environmental conditions erratic individuals may make them very short or even neglect them altogether. It is to be noted that in figure 2 many of the holes lack an entrance cylinder, but it is probable in this case that many if not all of these are simply old unin- habited burrows. As in the case of Anthophora parietina the tubes are very smooth on the inside, rough on the outside and made of small pellets of clay removed from the inside of the burrow. One peculiarity of the tubes or cylinders is an open fissure on the uppermost portion, more noticeable in some examples than in others. Similar "bent -over chimneys of clay" were observed by Nininger, and also by Kellogg, over the entrances to the burrows of Anthophora stanfordiana. Entechnia taurea likewise makes such an entrance chixnney over the burrows according to Say, who says "many of the tubes . . . . , have a fissure above, throughout the whole length." Riley reports finding these odd-looking chimneys extending from the entrance of the burrows of Anthophora abrupta, and has theorized con- cerning their purpose. This writer has suggested that these

THEODORE H. PRISON 147

tubes make it difficult for the clumsy parasitic ^Icloid beetles to climb about the cells, and Kellogg says they prevent the "flooding of the open burrows by water." Walsh says the tubes serve to keep out parasites. If the tubes served in any way as a protection to the real entrance to the burrows of Anihophora abrupta, why is there this break in their continuity, especially upon the upper portion? Water could certainly gain entrance here and the rift is large enough to enable several of the smaller hymenopterous parasites to enter the tube. Fur- thermore, as the chinmeys are open at the outer end I fail to see in them any effective barrier to the inroads of parasites. Emphor fuscojubatiis, according to Grossbeck, builds little turrets one-half inch high around the entrance to the burrows and then drops the remainder of the pellets over the rim.

Watching the bees at their labors, I soon saw that the tube was formed by pellets of clay brought out from the burrows by the bees when engaged in their mining operations. After being in the l)urrows a short time the Ijees back out and carry with them, under the body, a sinall amount of wet clay. This explains why the bees were lapping up moisture when I first came across and followed them to their burrows in 1917. The bees go to a place where water is to be had and when they have lapped up all they can hold return to their burrows. Then they use the water to soften the hard clay in which they dig their burrows. If such is not the case how are we to explain the fact that the bees remove wet clay fro"(n burrows made in a hard dry clay bank? An interesting manner of obtaining water to use in their mining operations has been observed in the case of Emphor fuscojubatus. Grossbeck reports seeing adults of this species on the surface of roadside puddles, ])ut was not sure they actually lapped up any of the water. Knab (1911) has observed Emphor bombiforniis alighting on the surface of water and actually saw them lapping up the water. Nichols records the same curious habit for Emphor fuscojubatus, saying, "numerous bees were discovered floating on the surface [of a small pond] with legs outstretched, presumably sucking up into their crops a supply of water for use in making the nest."

Instead of simply dropping the clay from the entrance of the burrows these bees instinctively make with it a cylindrical tube

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148 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

attached to the entrance of the burrow. When a bee reaches the end of the burrow or tube and has in its custody a wet pellet of clay it presses the pellet against the outer edge of the tube with the ventral surface of the abdomen and the posterior legs. The head and mandibles also take part in the final shaping of the pellet on the end of the tube. As this operation is performed in summer, the clay quickly dries and becomes an integral part of the tube. The exterior surface of the tube is never polished and hence remains rough. The interior surface, however, is smooth as a result of the polishing given it by the abdomen as the pellets are fastened on at the end. A similar instance of the abdomen "being used as a trowel" is recorded by Nichols for Etnphor fuscojubatus. Grossbeck also has observed similar actions on the part of the same species. The fissure on the top of the tube appears to be due to the fact that Anthophora ahrupta has an aversion to standing upside down while joining the pellets onto the tube. Not one of the bees I observed at this work ever assumed an absolutely upside down position, though all would work around on the edge nearly to the top. The definite course of each burrow was very difficult to trace. It seems that each female makes her own burrow and then digs lateral branches from the main stem which form the cells. I never managed to decide how many brood cells each female made and provisioned, but judge they are not numerous.

H. Anthophilous Habits

On July 3, 1919, some of the bees returning to the nest were loaded with pollen. Bees so engaged in pollen storing seemed to have less difficulty in finding their burrows than those still in the midst of their mining operations. This is probably to be explained on the basis of a longer acquaintance with, and occupation of, their burrows, coupled with associative memory. On July 11, 1919, all the bees flying to and from the bank ap- peared to be females and were busily engaged in storing their cells with pollen and nectar. Robertson (1891, 1894, and 1896), in Illinois, records males and females as visitors to Asdepias piirpurescens, Hydrophyllum virginicum, Mertensia virginica, Convolvulus sepium, Pentstemon pubescens, Pentstemon laevigatus, Rosa humilis, Rosa setigera and Gillenia stipulacea. Banks

THEODOKE H. FRISOX 149

(1911) reports this species from Ceanothus. No doubt this list of phints visited by the bees of this species could be considerably increased and thus we are dealing with a polytropic bee.

I. NiDIFICATION AND FEEDING HaBITS OF THE LaRVAE

The females of Anthophora ahrupta in 1919 laid their first eggs some time between July 3 and July 11. On July 11, 1919, I found the eggs to be deposited on a very soft, almost watery paste of pollen. Judging by the anthophilous habits of the adults and certain habits of other bees I feel sure the fluid used to moisten the pollen was regurgitated nectar. In general the egg-laying habits are similar to those observed for Anthophora stanfordiana and Emphor fuscojubatus by Nininger, Grossbeck and Nichols. When the cells are broken open any of the watery paste of pollen that spills out and comes into contact with the soil surrounding the cell is quickly absorbed. This is further evidence that the cell of this bee is rendered impervious to soil water by some kind of treatment by the adult. Otherwise the earthen cell would absorb at least a portion of the regurgitated nectar, and the pollen mixed with it and stored in the cell as larval food would dry out. The eggs are pearly white and have the same general appearance as those of bumblebees (Prison, 1917). One egg that I measured was two and one-half milli- meters long and somewhat less than one millimeter wide. A single egg is laid in each completed and stored cell, which is then tightly closed by the mother bee. It is worth noting that the pollen-nectar food mass has a very pungent and offensive odor. I have no data on the duration of the egg stage but presume it is a matter of three or four days. The emerging larvae attain their full development on the provisions placed in their cell by the female bee before the egg is laid and the cell closed. Kellogg states that in the case of Anthophora stan- fordiana "the food is carried to the 3'oung in the open cell." Nininger, who studied the same species, says that this is not true and that the cells are tightly sealed after the eggs are laid. Therefore, Anthophora ahrupta and stanfordiana hae very sim- ilar habits and probably no larvae of Anthophora are fed daily by the adult bees. According to both Grossbeck and Nichols the eggs of Emphor fuscojubatus are deposited upon a mass of pollen from Hibiscus moschatus, and the emerging larvae ac-

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150 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

cordingly develop without being fed by the parent bees. My last visit to Oak wood in 1919 was on September 20, and the cells then contained full grown larvae. No adults were ob- served at this time and as nidification was completed the bees had probably perished. The larvae at this time averaged about thirteen millimeters in length and five millimeters in their greatest diameter, and were of a lemon yellow color. It may be well to note at this place that, on September 20, almost all of the peculiar entrance tubes previously described had broken off and fallen to the foot of the bank.

J. Miscellaneous Adult Habits

No opportunity was presented for a close study of the habits of the adult bees. Besides those traits already noted in connec- tion with phases of their home building a few others merit recording. The bees never emerged from their pupal cells until they were ready to take flight. In the laboratory when the bees emerged in screened cages they flew towards the near- est source of light and made desperate attempts to escape from their prison. In so doing they demonstrated the great muscular power correlated with their large mandibles by drawing together a great many of the individual parallel wires forming the mesh of the screened sides of their cage. With such strongly devel- oped biting powers it is no wonder that these bees are so adept at mining in hard clay banks. During the night and early morning the bees were not active and rested on the sides and the top of the cage. When resting, the bees hung onto the wire by their mandibles assisted by one or more pairs of legs. This position was also assumed when the bees cleaned parts of their body and legs. The disposition of the female Anthophora abrupta is very inoffensive. One can stand within a foot of the entrance holes to the burrows in the bank without danger of being stung. Even when I removed the cells from the bank swarming with females no resistance was encountered in spite of the fact that the females are armed with a good-sized sting. Such would not be the case with many social Hymenoptei"a, as anyone who has removed a buniblelx'c or wasp nest can testify. While I was seated on the ground lu^ar the bank watching their

THEODORE H. FRISON 151

movements, the ])oes would frequently alight on my hands and lap up drops of perspiration. They would even settle on and explore mj^ camera outfit as if in search of a possible sup])ly of moisture. No doubt the female will sting when picked up and roughly treated, but having had experience along this line with other bees I did not wish to "try the experiment. In captivity these bees fed readily on a solution of honey and water.

K. Observations on" Parasite and Inquiline Associates

Continued occupation of the same bank year after year by large numbers of the same species of bee would seem to offer favorable opportunities for inquihnous and parasitic species of insects to become abundant. Riloy has described a coleopterous insect by the name of Hornia minutipennis as occurring in the cells of this species. Another Meloe found in the cells of Antho- phora occidentalis Cresson, has been described as Hornia gigantea by Wellman (1911), and according to Cockerell (1905) Mr. S. A. Johnson has found Leonidia neomexicana Cockerell in the cells of Anthophora bomboides. Though I have examined hundreds of cells of Anthophora abrupta I have never chanced upon a specimen of Horjiia, but have found several other parasitic and inquihnous insects in the cells and burrows of these bees.

On ]\Iay 31, 1919, I observed maii}^ specimens of an antho- myiid flying about the entrance holes. I caught fifteen of these flies and IMr. J. R. Malloch kindly identified them for me as Pegomyia affinis Stein. They were also found flj'ing about the bank in the same manner on June 20,' 1920, when the males were first beginning to emerge. Indoors in 1919, Pegomijia affinis began emerging on June 8 and continued appearing until June 14. As in the case of Anthophora abrupta, the males of this fly appeared first, my initial record for the appearance of the female flies being June 11. Hibernation is accomplished in a puparium in the old cells and l)urrows of the bees. I have never found any evidence that would indicate that larvae of Pegomyia affinis were ever parasitic. It seems that, after mat- ing, the adult flies lay their eggs in and about the bee burrows when the bees are storing their cells. The emerging larvae then feed upon any waste products available and are therefore scatophagous. It may be that the eggs are sometimes laid in

TRANS. AM. EXT. .SOC, XLVHI.

152 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

the stored cells before they are closed, and the rapidly developing fly larvae cause the female bees to abandon them before they have finished with their provisioning. I have never found the puparia in a properly sealed cell, but several times have found partially opened cells which contained a large number of them. Usually ten or twelve puparia occurred near one another in the infested burrows. As adults of Pegomyia affinis were ol^served flying about the holes in the bank on September 20, it is prob- able this fly has more than one generation a year.

A true parasite of Anthophora abrupta is found in the bomby- liid fly Spogostylum albofasciaium ]\Iacquart (det. J. B. Mal- loch). I first found the larva of this parasitic fly on May 31, 1919, in a bee cell. This larva transformed to a pupa on July 5 and emerged as an adult on July 26. On December 30, 1919, and April 9, 1920, I found two other larvae of this species in cells of Anthophora abrupta. Various other investigators have found Spogostylum albofasciatiim to be a parasitic species. There is also a probability that the larva of this bombyliid, after having destroyed the bee egg or killed the larva, will feed on the pollen stored in the cell. I am certain, however, that no bees develop from cells that produce these flies, and therefore Anthophora must fall a victim to the fly larvae in either the egg or larval stages, sometime before the advent of fall and winter conditions. Malloch (1917) describes and figures the pupa of this species and gives a good general account of the inquilinous, predaceous and parasitic habits of this family.

Probably the worst fly parasite of this bee is a conopid. Un- fortunately I have never been able to rear the adult. The puparium is quite similar to that of Physoccphala sagittaria Say, a parasite of the bumblebees. I first found this parasite in dead and nearly dead bees which had fallen to the ground at the base of the bee bank at Oakwood on July 3, 1919. Dis- section of these bees revealed the presence of the characteristic conopid larvae and in one specimen a recently formed puparium. In 1919 I tried to rear the adults of this fly ])ut failed, due in sotne cases perhaps to poor conditions of humidity, but in five instances to the effectiveness of a secondary Hymenopterous parasite. Mr. A. B. Gahan very kindly named this secondary parasite for me as Mestocharis williamsoni Girault. It is inter- esting to note that this is the same species of Mestocharis that

THEODORE H. FKISON 153

emerges from the i)up;iria of Physocephala xagiUariaHiiy, a cono- ))id attackiiio; bumljlebecs, and strengthens my supposition as to the identity of the eonopid enemy of Anthophora ahrupta. The secoiuhiry pai'asites were first iioticed emerging from a small hole in the cephalic end of the eonopid puparia on July 15. An examination of eleven puparia on August 12 showed that five were victimized by this small parasite. Five of the remaining puparia were completely dried out on this date and one con- tained a dead adult which was not sufficiently developed to permit of identification as to genus or species. When I visited the bee l)ank at Oakwood on July 11, 1919, I picked up forty- nine additional Anthophora adults killed or nearly dead by reason of eonopid parasitism. Some of the bees so killed were laden with pollen. In some cases the bees found on the ground were still able to walk around a little, and now and then would move about by violent jerks. All such queer acting bees were found to contain eonopid larvae. In such cases I found the l)ody of the fly larva in the abdomen of the bee, with the long iieck-like process bearing the mouth parts inserted through the point of articulation of the abdomen and the thorax. Evidently the bee lives for some time after the eonopid larva starts to de- velop within the bee abdomen, but dies when the larva becomes almost or full grown, and severs some of the vital organs and nerve connections centered in the thorax and about the articu- lation of the thorax and aljdomen. This probaljly explains the contortions and nervous movements of the dying parasitized bees. The eonopid larva forms a puparium within the abdomen of its victim soon after the bee dies and probably in this stage hibernates during the cold season, an^^vhere the bee hai)i)ens to fall to the ground. As the duration of the life of the host bee is comparatively short, the eonopid nuist have but one genei-a- tion a year.

As already mentioned I reared adults of Mestochoris ivilliam- sofii from the eonopid puparia, which are thus secondary para- sites and beneficial to the Anthophora. I first noted the adults issuing from a con()])id puparium on July 15, 1919, and other emergences continued for a week or more. On August 12, 1919, I isolated five puparia which seemed to be i)arasitized by this

TRANS. AW. EXT. SOC, XX^VIU.

154 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPT/

little chalcid, the adults of which had not all emerged and were dead as a result of unfavorable rearing conditions. On October 27 I dissected these puparia. In order to escape, the chalcids first emerging make a tiny hole in one end of the puparium. This hole either by chance or instinct was made in all cases through one side at the anterior or head end of the hardened case. In one puparium without an emergence hole I counted out one hundred and fifty-two dead adult chalcids. In three others from which most of the adults had emerged, judging by the small emergence holes described above, I found from thir- teen to twenty-two dead chalcids. In another somewhat broken puparium I found seventy-four adults. On the basis of these figures one conopid may produce a surprisingly large numl)er of its enemies, which may possibly be produced through polyembryony. Another check on the ravages of the conopids appeared to be a bacterial disease. Of the forty-nine puparia picked up at the base of the bee bank on July 11, 1919, a majority of them at the time showed indications of such a disease.

Monodontomerus species (det. A. B. Gahan) is very likely a true parasite of Anthophora abrupta. The pupae of this large greenish chalcid were first found in the bee cells on May 31, 1919. As fifteen or more of these pupae, without surrounding cocoons, were found in a single cell containing no trace of any stages of the bee, I assume them to be parasites. The adults first began to emerge in the laboratory on June 11 and were very numerous in the cage on June 14. A careful examination of the surface of the bee bank at Oakwood on July 3, 1919, dis- closed the fact that these parasitic hymenopterans were then abundant around the burrows and tubular entrance cylinders. I have no additional information relative to the habits of this species. It would seem that mating takes place in July and that the eggs are laid in or near the new bee cells. Another species of Hymenoptera was reared about June 1, 1919, from several brownish, rather loosely-spun silken cocoons found on May 31, 1921. Unfortunately the reared adults were lost and I do not know the species involved. These cocoons did not seem to be directly associated with closed cells and I can not state 'what the habits of this species are. In a cell opened on July 11, 1919, I found a fully developed bee pupa which I doubt was Antho'phora abrupta. I tried to rear the adult but failed

THEODORE H. FRISON 155

and can only surmise it was tliat of some iiuiuiliuous oi' parasitic species of bee.

Mention should also Ijc made of a fungous disease of the bee larva(!. Soine of the bee cells opened on May 31, 1919, con- tained shriv(dled larvae covered with a whitish fungous growth. No doubt bacterial diseases also take their toll of the Anthoph.ora bee population.

BihVuxjrapliij

A.shine;ul, Wm. H. lcSy4. Tlie Habits of the Aculuute Hymeiioptcra. — I.

Psyche, 7, p. 25. Banks, X. 1912. At the ("caiiothus in ^■il•sillia. Enf. Xeirs, xxni, p. 107. Cockerel], T. D. A. 1905. On a Small C-ollection of Anthophorid bees from

Colorado. Entotnologisl, xxxvin, p. (iO. Frisoti, T. H. 1917. Notes on Bombidac, and on the Life History of Bom-

l)iis (luricoiniiK Kebt. Ann. Enf. Soc. Amer., x, pp. 279-280. f!rossl)eck, J. .\. l'.)ll. A Contribntion toward the Life History of Einplior

holniliifoniii's Cress. Jouni. Xcw York Ent. Soc, xix, i)p. 238, pi. vn. Kelojj;^, \'. L. 190."). American Insects. Chapter XV. The Saw-flies,

Gall-flies, Ichneumons, Wasps, Bees, and Ants (Order Hymenoptera).

Henry Holt & Company. New York. p. 510. Knab, F. 1911. How Emphor Drinks. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wa.sh., xin, ]). 170. Lutz, F. E. and T. D. A. Cockerell. 1920. Notes on the Distribution and

Bibliography of North American B(>es of the Families Apidae, Meliponidae,

Boml)iilae, Euglossidae, and Authophoridae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hut., XLii, pp. 591-592. Malloch, J. R. 1917. A Preliminary Classification of Diptera, exclusive of

Pu])ipara, based upon Larval and Pupal Characters, with Keys to Imagines

in Certain Families. Part I. Bull. III. State Lab. Xat. Hist., xn, pp. 391-

396. Nichols, M. L. 1913. Some Observations on the Nesting Habits of the

Mining Bee, Eniplioi fuscojubatus Ckll. ['.^ijclii-, xx, pp. 107-112. Xininger, H. H. 1920. Xotes on the Life-history of ,1 ulhoplmra slaiifordunid.

Psijchc, xxvii, p|). 135-137. Pation, \\'m. II. 1S79. (Jeneric .\rraiigement of the Bees allied to Meli.s-

sodes and .\iil liophora. Hull. V. S. (Icol. Geof/. Surrei/ Terr., v, j). 470. Rilc}', C. \'. 1877. On a Remarkable new (ienus in Meloidae infesting

Mason-bee Cells in the I'nifed Slates. Tran.s. Arad. Sci. St. Louis, ni,

l)p. 5()3-5()5. Robertson, Chas. 1894. Flowcu's and In.sects - lio.saccsae and Compositae.

Tran.s. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vi, p. 442.

1S9I. Flowers 4md Insects, Asclepiadaceae to Scroi)liulariaceae. Trans.

Aanl. Sci. St. Louis, v, pp. 576, 580, 581, 591.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

156 NOTES ON ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA

1S96. Flowers and Insects — Contributions to an Account of the Ecological

Relations of the Entomophilous Flora and the Anthophilous Insect Fauna

of the Neighborhood of C'arlinville, Illinois. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vii, p.

161).

191S. Protcrandry and Fliu;lit of Hccs. (Hyni. ). Etit. Nc.irs, xxix, pp. iUO-

342. Say, T. 1S37. Descriptions of New Sj)ecies of North American llynien-

optera, and Observations on Some Already Described. Boston Journ. \at.

Hist., I, pp. 409-411. Sladen, F. W. L. 1919. Notes on the Canadian Representatives of British

Species of Bees. Can. Ent., li, pp. 125-126. Walsh, B. D'. 1868. Mason Bees and their Habits. Anicr. Ent., i, i)p.

8-11. Wellman, C. 1911. A New American Sitarine Beetle (Col., Lyttid.).

Ent. News, xxii, pp. 15-17.

Explanation of Plate V

Fig. 1. — Colony of Anlhophora ahrupta Say, at Oakwood, Illmois. Fig. 2. — Close-up view of a portion of same bank occupied by ANthopliora iibru])ln.

\k

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XLVIII.

PI. IV.

C ~D 4

HEBARD— NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIDAE

Trans. Am. ImiI. S.c \(>1. Xl.X'IIf.

PI. V

I'igurc •_'. PRISON— ANTHOPHORA ABRUPTA SAY

CONTEXTS

North American Acrididae (Orthoptera) . Papers 1 and 2.

By Morgan Hebard 89

(Issued Septembsr 25, 1922.)

On the jNIale Genitaha of the Larger Hesperiidae of North America. By Henrj^ Skinner and R. C. Wil- liams, Jr 109

(Lssued Septembsr 20. 1922.)

Notes of a Few Interesting Blattidae from Guatemala, with the Description of a New Species (Orthoptera). By

:\Iorgan Hebard 129

(Issued Septembsr 20, 1922.)

Zorotypus swezej-i, a New Species of the Order Zoraptera

from Hawaii. By A. N. Caudell 1.35

(Issued S •ptcmbsr 20, 1922.)

Notes on the Life Historj", Parasites and Inquiline Asso- ciates of Authophora abrupta Say, with Some Com- parisons with the Habits of Certain Other Antho- phorinae (Hymenoptera). By Theodore H. Prison 1.39 (Issued September 20. 1922.)

VOLUME XLVIII

NUMBER 3

SEPTEMBER, 1922

TRANSACTIONS ""o*^

'* SEP 2 11934 V

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MORGAN HEBARD 157

DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM THE STATE OF SINAI,OA, MEXICO

BY MORGAN HEBARD

Part I Dermaptera and Non-saltatorial Orthoptera

The collections here recorded were made in the State of Sina- loa, by Mr. J. A. Kusche, on two different trips, which were undertaken with the general collecting of insects in view. In 1916, his efforts were confined to Mazatlan, where little could be done, due to the disorders which were occurring everywhere outside that city. In 1918, however, several localities were visited, and during a stay at Venvidio, from June 16 to September 2, prol)ably one of the largest and most representative series ever taken at a single locality in Mexico was secured.

In the present paper six hundred and sixty specimens are

recorded, representing twenty-nine genei'a and . thirty-seven

species, of which one genus and eleven species were undescribed.

The distribution of these species, or of their nearest affinities,

is noted in the following table.

Dermaptera Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) Cosmopolitan.

Vostox brunneipennis (Serville) Northward and southward.

*Prosparatta sinaloae new species Related species southward.

Doru lineare (Eschseholtz) Extreme southwestern U. S. to South

America.

Orthoptera

blattidae

*Kutld(t.siohl(itt<i (jidld tu'.w species Extreme southern Texas to Panama.

Lutihlaltdla lunfrons Hebard Extreme southwestern U. S. to Sinaloa.

LatihlaitcUa pidurata Hebard Southern Baja California, Sonora and

Sinaloa. *Ischnoptera hicnrnuta new species Related spec;ies southward. *Cahita nahua (Saussure) Southward, but only in Mexico.

Psendomops septentrionalis Hebard Southern Texas and northern Mexico. *Nyctibora tetrasiida new species Related species southward.

Periplamia americana (Linnaeus) Cosmopolitan.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIIJ.

158 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Periplaneta australasiac (Fabricius) Cosmopolitan.

Pycnosceliis surinamensis (Linnaeus) Circumtropical and subtropical.

Panchlora cube7isis Saussure Extreme southern Texas to South

America. *Panchlora cahita new species Related species southward.

Panchlora montezuma Saussure and Zehntner Related species southward.

Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) Circumtropical.

*Holocompsa scotaea new species Related species tropical North Amer-

ican.

Compsodes schivarzi (Caudell) Extreme southwestern U. S. to Sinaloa.

*Caloblatta lampra new species Related species southward.

*Chorisoneura anisoura new species Related species southward. *Chorisoneura flavipennis Saussure and Zehntner. Sinaloa southward.

MANTIDAE

*Mantoida rnaya Saussure and Zehntner Tropical North America and north- ern South America. *Yers%nia niexicana (Saussure) Southward, but only in Mexico.

*Oligonicella mexicana (Saussure and Zehntner) Sinaloa, southwartl to

Guatemala. *Oligonicella tessellata (Saussure and Zehntner) Southward, but only in

Mexico. *Melliera atopogamia Saussure Sinaloa, southward to Guatemala.

Slagmomantis tolteca (Saussure) Mexico, southward.

Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn) Southwestern U. S. to Sinaloa.

Stagmomantis colorata new species Related species northward. *Acanthops bidens new species Related species southward.

Phyllovates chlarophaea (Blanchard) Extreme southwestern U. 8. to Pan- ama. *Vates pectinata Saussure Tropical Mexico.

PHASMIDAE

*Di,aphcro)nera crythropk'ura new species Related species southward, hut

only in Mexico. *Bostra aeiolus (Westwood) Southward, but only in Mexico.

It would appear that Sinaloa is the northernmost area reached on the west coast of Mexico by many of the tropical forms. Collections from Sonora, the Gulf of California and Baja Cali- fornia recently examined, did not include any of the nineteen such forms indicated by an asterisk in the above list.

Excluding the forms carried by commerce and those havinfj; a distribution extending both northward and southward, we find that, in the present list, only five species previously known only fiom north of Sinaloa or related to species there found.

MORGAN HEBARD 159

Of the thirty-one species recorded, other than those carried by commerce, eleven are at present known only from this region, while three or more are known elsewhere only from extreme southern Baja California and southern Sonora.

The material here recorded, unless otherwise stated, is in the author's collection.

DERMAPTERA Labiduridae Euborellia annulipes (Lucas)

1847. Furjicdisa annulipes Lucas, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (2), v, p. l.xxxiv. [Jardin des Plantes, Paris, (probably introduced from North America).]

Las Mochis, II, 2, 1918, 1 cT, 2 9. Mazatlan, XII, 16 to 31, 1916, 9 (^, 10 9,8 juv.

Labiidae

Vostox brunneipennis (Serville)

1839. Psalidophora brunneipennis Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins., Orth., p. 30. [Philadelphia, Pa.]

Venvidio, VI, 30 to VIII, 3, 1918, 1 9 }

This specimen differs from the series before us, from the United States, in having the tegminal shoulders very slightly and inconspicuously paler than the other portions-, and the internal faces of the forceps strongly hirsute.

Prosparatta sinaloae new .species (Plate VI, figures 1, 2 and 3.)

This insect represents a simplified type, showing least special- ization of the species of the genus. In its slender form it agrees with the genotype, P. iricerta (Borelh), the other species P. humilis Hol^ard and P. flavipennula (Rehn) being distinctly more robust.

'In addition we have examined the following material: Cordoba, Vera Cruz, II, 24, 1908, (F. Knab), 2 d", [U. S. N. M.]. These specimens differ, from the other material at hand, in having the forceps with the usual median tooth situated at end of proximal third of the internal margin heavier, and in being furnished with a much smaller but distinct dorsal tooth at base of distal third. The specimens are richly color(>d.

2 See discussion of this feature for the species. Trans. An.er. Fint. Soc, xun, p. 307, (1917).

TR-\NS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

160 DERMAPTEEA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

' The eyes are comparatively large, equalling the cheeks in length. In the male the short pygidium with minute lateral projections and truncate apex, and the forceps unarmed except of a minute proximo-internal tooth, are distinctive. In general form of pygidium nearest agreement with Mimilis is shown, that species, however, having the pygidium without lateral projections and with apex much narrower. The same is true of the female forceps also, in which, however, the flange of the internal margin, conspicuous in incerta and flavipennula, has become subobsolete.

Type. — cf ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. June 30 to July 3,

rl918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 754.]

Size medium small of the genus; form moderately depressed, slender. Head with occiput flattened but not impressed, cheeks as long as eyes. An- tennae with first segment large, broadening just before median point; second minute; third slightly shorter than first ;^ foiu'th decidedly shorter; succeed- ing segments increasing strongly and regularly in length distad. Pronotum* distinctly longer than broad, smooth, with a medio-longitudinal linear sulcus very feebly indicated; rectangulate cej)halad, broadly convex truncate caudad; lateral margins straight, showing an almost imperceptible divergence caudad; prozona tumid, this becoming very weak caudad; metazona deplanate. Teg- mina smooth, with distal margin truncate, weakly oblique; wings with ex- posed area nearly one-haK as long as tegmen. Abdomen with glands very weakly developed; surface of abdomen polished, almost smooth, rugulose condition subobsolete. Ultimate tergite smooth, length slightly less than half its width, showing a weak triangular depression meso-distad, caudal margin transverse with a very feeble concavity about the pygidium. Pj^gid- ium small, about as wide as long, declivent with surface convex, lateral margins very weakly convergent, terminating on each side in a minute point, beyond more strongly convergent and weakly convex to median third of this portion which is truncate. Forceps parallel to their apices which are incurved; showing a shght flattened production of dorso-internal margin at end of proximal two-fifths, the shaft, from that point distad, more decidedly flattened distad than i)roximad; internal surface granulate except distad, with a minute proximal tooth mesad above the median point of the; pygidium on each side. Penultimate stcrnite ami)le, less than twice as broatl as long, with latero- caudal angles broadly rounded and distal margin transverse, fringed with closely placed, short, microscopic hairs. Caudal metatarsus as long as last joint, hairy ventrad with a fringe of lamellae on veiitro-iiiternal margin.

^ This is also true of the paratypes of huitdii.s in the author's collection. - This is taken from the allotype, as the i)ronotum is deformed in the type.

MORGAN HEBARD l6l

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type. [Hebard Collection.]

Agrees closely with male, differing only as follows. Pygidium small, simple, triangular with apex rounded. Forceps more nearly approximated, shorter and ver}'' slightly heavier, armed at base with a projection twice as broail as long, the distal margin of which is straight. Shaft of forceps straight, much as in incerta, but without a distinct flange, the internal margin irregular, sublamellate proximad, this disappearing evenly into the margin of the distal curvature, as in humilis, but even more weakly indicated. Penultimate sternite with distal margin evenly convex, fringed with closely placed, short, microscopic hairs.

Entire insect glabrous. Head, pronotiun and tegmina very dark chestnut brown, the liead darkest. Mouthparts and antennae proximad buckthorn brown, remaining portions of antennae becoming darker, dresden brown. Exposed portions of wings antimony yellow, rather broadly suffused along sutural margin with dark chestnut brown. Abdomen dorsad bright tawny {type), or light ochraceous-tawny with an orange tinge (allotype), shading to blackish chestnut brown laterad. Forceps russet. Limbs immaculate, rich antimony yellow. Ventral surface the same, becoming russet on all but proximal portion of abdomen.

Length of body, d^ 9, 9 — ^; length of pronotum, cf 1.2, 9 1.3; width of pronotum, cf 1, 9 1-1; length of tegmen, cf 2. .3, 9 2.3; length of forceps, (? 2.8, 9 2.1 mm.

The species is known from the described pair.

FORFICULIDAE Doru lineare (E.schscholtz)

1882. Forjiculd linearis Esehscholtz, Entomogr., p. 81. [9; Santa Cath- arina, Brazil.]

Mazatlan, XII, 28, 191G, 2 cf, 4 9. Villa Union, IX, 27, 1918, 11 cf , 3 9. Rosario, 1 d^, 6 9. Venvidio, VI, 30 to IX, 2, 1918, 12 cf , 20 9.

The extremes in size of the present series are: length of body, d" 10.9 to 13.8, 9 8.4 to 12.4; length of forceps, d" 3.8 to 0.3, 9 3 to 3.3 mm. All have fully developed wings.

ORTHOPTERA Blattidae pseudomopinae

Euthlastoblatta grata new species (Plate VI, figure 4.)

This beautiful insect closc^ly resembles E. ahortiva (Caudell), differing in the very much smaller size and form of the male sul)gonital ])late, whicli is more nearly symmelrical, with meso-

••Of the same general size as the male, this specimen measures 11.7 nun. in length, as the abdomen has been i)ressed out greatly.

TRAN.S. AM. ENT. SOC, XIAIU.

162 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

distal angulate emargination less decided, and styles more slender and without as numerous or as stout hairs as are found in that species.

Type. — cf ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. July 28 to August 1, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 7.56.]

Size very small for the genus, smaller than E. orizabae (Saussure); form moderately slender. Interocular space broad, very slightly narrower than that between the antennal sockets. Maxillary palpi with fourth joint very slightly shorter than third, fifth slightly shorter than fourth. Pronoturn with surface weakly convex, showing a faint discal flattening caudad; outline symmetrically rounded-trapezoidal, greatest width meso-caudad. Tegmina and wings fully developed, extremely delicate in structure, numerous dis- coidal sectors of the former oblique.^ Supra-anal plate' very strongly trans- verse, free margin showing a broad convexity with median emargination feebly suggested. Paired plate beneath supra-anal plate nearly symmetrical, lamellate laterad, suddenly enlarged mesad. Concealed genitalia complex.* Subgenital plate with surface moderately convex except before the styles, where it is weakly concave; lateral margins broadly concave and weakly oblique to styles, between these the distal margin is truncate in ventral aspect, but angulate at sUghtly more than a rectangle in caudal aspect. Styles situated on apices thus formed, very small rounded processes about twice as long as broad, unarmed but suppUed with hairs. Limb armament as described for the genus,' except that the ventro-caudal margin of the cephalic femora has a median as well as a distal spine.

Pronotal marking as in abortiva,^° with caudal margin and cephalic portion of di.sk blackish brown, intervening band and margin of discal marking buffy, lateral portions transparent, faintly tinged with brown. Tegmina very delicately tinged with sudan brown, paling laterad. Head brussels brown, paling on face, there obscurely mottled with buffy. Palpi, underi)arts anil limbs ochraceous-buff, the abdomen weakly suffused with brown distad.

Length of body, 6.8; length of pronotum, 2; width of pronotum, 2.6; length of tegmen, 7.3; width of tegmen, 2..5 mm.

The type of this striking but diminutive species is unique.

^See generic description for other characters of venation. Mem. .Vmer. Ent. Soc, no. 2, p. 26, (1917).

'The dorsal surface of the abdomen can not safely be examined in tliis unique specimen; it is probably uns])ecialized as in (ibortiva.

*A whorl of sj)iniform hairs, suggesting those found in ahorliva, though differently arranged, is visible. The genitalia can not be examined thoroughly in this specimen.

' In orizabae a very similar condition is shown, but in the Compsa Ciroup of Euthlastoblatla a decided differeiuie occurs, the ventro-cephalic margin of the cephalic femora showing a strong tendency toward the condition termed tyi)c "A."

lu Figured, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc, no. 2, pi. i, figs. 1 and 7, (1917).

MORGAN HEBARD 163

Latiblattella luclf rons Hebard

1917. Latiblattella lucifrons Hebard, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc, no. 2, p. 43, pi. I, figs. 18 to 23. [cf, 9; Santa Rita, Huachuoa and Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona.]

Venvidio, VI, 24, to IX, 2, 1918, 31 cf, 8 9,2 juv.

We have recently recorded other Mexican material of the species/^ from San Jose del Cabo, Baja California and Hue- jotitlan, Jalisco. We are still unable to locate L. dilatata (Saus- sure) and L. chichimeca (Saussure), the insufficient descriptions of these species, as we already have stated, leaving us in no dou])t as to their generic positions, but in complete ignorance as far as the most important specific diagnostic characters are concerned. Examination of the types and material from cen- tral and central eastern Mexico can alone clear up the obscurity. It appears from the present material, however, that lucifrons is closely related. In our original discussion we assigned to dila- tata a female from Baja California, which we now believe repre- sents a depauperate specimen of the species recognized as luci- frons. We were in even more serious error at that time in com- paring with males of that species, specimens of the same sex of L. picturata, a species which we have recently described from Baja California. Hence our original comparisons for lucifrons are worthless.

Measurements {in millimeters)

d'	Length of l)ody	Length of pronotiun	Width of pronotuni	Length of tegmen	Width of tegmen
Venvidio, Smaloa (31)	13-14.8 13.7	3.3-3.8 3.7	4.9-5.2 5.1	12.9-14.6 15	4^.4
Huejotitlan, Jali-sco. 9 San Jose del Cabo, Baja California . . Venvidio, Sinaloa (8)	4.5
10.2 12.4-14.8	3.3 3.9-4.2	5.1 5.7-5.9	9 10.(5-11 .2	3.6 4.3-4.4

The smallest female shows close agreement with the type female of L. dilatata (Saussure) in measurements, the largest male similarly showing as close agreement with the measure: utMits given for the male type of L. chichimeca (Saussure and Zehnt- ner) .

" Trans. Amer. Ent. Hoc, xlvii, j). 203, (1921).

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164 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

In the present series the majority have the head pale, many with a broad band of brown between the ocelh, this expanding in intensive examples and in the maximum intensification shown the head is dark brown, except for the pale buffy occi- put. The pronotal disk is buffy, often with a few microscoi)ic dots of pale brown, these dots darker and more numerous in the maximum intensive condition, but never conspicuous.

Latiblattella picturata Hebard

1921. Latiblattelln picturata Hebard, Trans. Amer. Ent. Sac, XLvn, p. 20:5, pi. XIII, figs. 2 to 8. [cf, 9 : San Jorge, Sierra el Taste and San Jose del Cabo, Baja California, Mexico; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico.]

Venvidio, VI, 16, 1918, 1 cf , 1 juv. &.

This species, apparently nearest in relationship to L. zapoteca (Saussure), belongs to that section of the genus including species which are beautifully and strikingly marked.

Xeoblattella sinaloae new species^ (Plate VI, figures 5 and 6.)

This species, known only from the male sex, is a small and inconspicuous type, which we place after A^. fratercula Hebard. It does not appear, however, to show close affinity to any of the species known to us.

The tegmina are very slightly more coriaceous than in frater- cula, with the numerous cross-veinlets so delicate and colorless that they can not be seen by the naked eye. The subgenital plate is distinctive, quadratic emarginate on each side, with heavy, armed, similar cerci and median portion produced in a large, symmetrical, unspecialized pentagonal patelliform projection.

Type.— d'; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. July 20 to 22, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 758.]

Size small for the genus, form moderately slender. Intcrocular space four- fifths as wide as that between the antennal sockets; ocellar spots moderately large and distinct. Maxillary palpi elongate, fifth joint three-quarters as long as fourth, obliquely truncate in distal two-thirds, fourth joint nearly as long as third. Pronotum weakly convex, greatest width meso-caudad. Teg- mina and wings fully developed, extending well beyond cereal apices. Teg- mina with (six) longitudinal discoidal sectors, cross-veinlets subobsolet(\ except in area of dextral tegmen (-onccaled when at rest. Wings with (six) costal veins rather heavily clubbed distad, ulnar vein with two branches, intercalated t rianglc moderately well developed. Dorsal surface of abdomen unspecialized. Supra-anal plate strongly transverse, very broadly and

MORGAN HEBARD 165

weakly triangularly produced and broadly and bluntly l)i]obate. Subg-enital |)latc with lateral portions moderately ascendant, abrui)tly emarsinate in such a way that a large s(]uare euiarginatiou is left on each side of the mesal produced portion, the angkis of which are rounded, projecting angles of lateral portions thus formed very bluntly acute-angulate; meso-distal portion rf plate produced an equal distance caudad, three-fifths as long as broad, its lateral margins straight and very weakly convergent, its distal margin very broadly rounded obtuse-angulate. Styles situated at bases of the square lateral emarginations, similar, heavy, cylindrical, twice as long as broad with apices bluntly rounded, extending as far caudad as median and lateral portions cf the plate; ventral surfaces of styles subchitinous and weakly concave, dorsal surfaces well su})plied with mimite but stout spines from base to apex. Lateral portions of subgenital plate adjacent to these styles somewhat thickened and hairy on both internal and external surfaces. Sin- istrad, from the soft integument within the anal chamber, projects distad an elongate, slightly curved, chitinous spike, with a smaller, similar spine, also directed distad, at its base. Limbs and their armament, pulvilli and arolia as normal for Neoblattella. Tarsal claws symmetrical; flange, usual in the genus, very weakly developed and marginal teeth very mimite, micro- scopic, subobsolete.

General coloration translucent ochraceous-buff. Lateral margins of pro- notum and all of tegmina weakly transparent, tinged with ochraceous-buff more strongly than in fratercula. Disk of prcnotum ochraceous-buff with a picturing of prout's brown, which is not complex, but is distinct. " Whigs hyaline with a slight iridescence, very faintly tinged with ochraceous-buff, veins and distal portion of anterior field more strongly so, clubs of costal veins oi)aque ochraceous-buff. Head ochraceous-buff, with a broad inter- ocular band of dark prout's brown, four suffused spots of the same between the ocelli, four more in an arcuate line between the antennal sockets and one on each side ventro-mesad of the antennal sock(!ts. Antennae ochracecu.s- butT with first and second joints marked with a suffusion of prout's brown. Pal|)i, underparls and limbs o(!hraceous-buff, the latter with flecks of prout's, brown at bases of the heavier si)ines. Dorsal surface of abdomen mottled ochraceous-buff and warm buff. Cerci ochraceous-buff, all of the segments ventrad and three meso-distal segments dorsad, toward their internal margins, showing suffusions cf prout's brown.

Length of body, 9.5; length of pronotum, 2.S; width of pr jiiotum, 3.7; length of tegmen, 10.5; width of tegmen, 3.3 mm.

The type is uni(|ii(\

Ischnoptera bicornuta new spe(;ies (Plate VI, figures 7, S and 0.)

This species ])eloiigs to tlie group including I. tolteca Saussure. Coinpared with a pair from the National Aluseuni b(;ionging 1o that species, from Santa Lucrecia, Vera Cruz, bicornU is foiiiul (() (hffer in liotii sexes in the i)ron()ttil co\oy pattern, the

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166 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

pale lateral margins not invading the move extensive dark area latero-caudad. In the male sex the supra-anal plate is sub- chitinous mesad instead of meso-distad, roundly and evenly triangularly produced, with hairs and stout spines along the free margin; the specialization at the bases of the cerci is dis- tinctive, while the styles are smaller, more slender and less heavily armed. In the female the supra-anal plate is triangu- larly produced with apex bluntly rounded.

Type. — cf ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. September 2, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 759.]

Size small, form moderately slender, much as in toltcca. Interocular space slightly over half that between the antennal sockets. Ocelli large and dis- tinct but with flattened surfaces of ocellar areas forming a very blunt angle with the interocellar area. Maxillary palpi short, fifth and third joints of equal length, appreciably longer than fourth. Antennae, palpi, limbs and ventral surface decidedly hairy, particularly the fifth joint of the maxillary palpi. Latero-caudal sulci of pronotal disk distinct and broad. Tegmina and wings extending well beyond cereal apices. Wings with a moderately well developed intercalated triangle. Dorsal surface of abdomen specialized as is characteristic of the genus. Eighth tergite with caudal margin rather strongly concave. Supra-anal plate subchitinous in median section, tri- angularly produced between cerci with lateral margins broadly convex and apex rather sharply rounded, free margin well supplied with elongate hairs but entirely lacking minute spines. From inside the base of each cercus a large horn-like chitinous process is directed meso-caudad, the sinistral gently curved dorsad, the dextral heavier and longer, gently curved mesad and then very weakly ventrad.^^ Subgenital plate large, extending caudad bej^ond apex of supra-anal plate, convex with sides gradually reflexed. but broadly and shallowly concave before the styles. Styles situated slightly sinistrad of the median point, separated by a distance equal to the width of one of them, moderately stout, both armed in distal half of dorsal surface with a few minute, stout spines; sinistral style very weakly curved, tapering to its blunt apex, nearly four times as long as its proximal width; dextral style slightly longer, four times as long as its basal width, its distal portion very slightly thickened and bent weakly ventrad. Limbs, their armament, i)ulvilli, tarsal claws and arolia as characteristic of the genus.

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type. [Hebard Collection.]

Verysimilar to male, but showing the following differences. Interocular space three-quarters that between the antennal sockets. Dorsal surface of abd( men unsiiecialized. Organs of flight slightly more amj)le. Supra-anal plate tri- angularly produced Ix'twecn cerci, with lateral margins s('ar('(>ly convex and apex rather sliarply nninded, though not as sliari)ly as in male. Paired

'^ These processes of the con(X!aled genitalia appear lo be normally visible from above, lying outside the sui)ra-anal plate.

MORGAN HEBARD 167

plate beneath supra-anal plate formed into two large, lamellate, chitinous and symmetrical valves. Subgenital plate evenly convex, with free margin evenly and broadly convex, except before the cerci, where a very weak con- cavity is indicated.

Pronotum shining, cephalic margin narrowly and lateral margins more broadly opaque, warm buff, remaining portions very dark chestnut brown, paling along caudal margin to hazel. The pale marginal band does not invade the dark area latero-caudad. Head blackish chestnut brown; ocelli and palpi warm buff, the latter with all but proximal portion of distal joint suf- fused with prout's brown; mouthparts and two proximal joints of antennae ochraceous-buff, remaining portions of the latter prout's brown. Tegmina weakly transparent, tawiiy, paling to buckthorn brown distad and along costal margin, marginal field transparent light buff, the mediastine vein distinct and brown to slightly beyond its median point. Wings trans{)arent, very faintly tinged with cinnamon brown, veins cinnamon brown or paler, distal portions of costal veins buffy (this including the entire area of the costal veins in the specimen from Baja Cahfornia). Remaining portions of dorsal surface buffy; mesonotum, metanotum and distal portion of abdomen washed with brown. Cerci mummy brown. Ventral surface and limbs ochraceous-buff, the abdomen tinged with tawny,'^ the coxae each with a suffused spot of prout's brown proximad, the spines tawny.

Length of body," cT' 11.8 to 11, 9 11.7 to 11; length of pron,jtuni, d" 3 to 2.9, 9 3.2.5 to 3.1; width of pronotum, cf 4 to 3.8, 9 4.15 to 4.1; length of tegmen, o^ 12.3 to 12.2, 9 12.7 to 12.6; width of tegmen, c? 3.8 to 3.8, 9 4 to 4 mm.

In addition to the described pair, a paratypic male from Villa Union, Sinaloa, taken by J. A. Kusche, September 2, 1918, and a female from San Jose del Cabo, Baja California, have been examined.

CAHITA'-^ new genus

This genus, known to us only from the male sex, in structure and coloration suggests the genus Symploce, the form, however, being even broader. Further examination, shows it to be a very distinct entity, remarkable for the distinctive palpi, ventro- cephalic margin of the cephalic femora armed as in Ischnoptera but with only two heavy distal spines, very weak production

'^ In some specimens deepening to russet distad.

"The measurements for the male type are given first, a male paratype from Villa Union second. For the female sex the allotype is given first, a female from San Jose del Cabo second.

'*A vigorous Sonoran Branch of the Uto-Aztecan Indians, inhabiting ihe region in which this species occurs.

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168 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

caiidad of the pronotum, tegmina with iinbranched discoidal vein and longitudinal discoidal sectors, wings with unbranchcd dis- coidal and straight ulnar vein, dorsal surface of the abdomen with median segment specialized mesad and ninth tergite with pro- duced latero-caudal angles, nearly symmetrical male su])gcnital plate with simple, similar styles but armed distal margin, large pulvilli and arolia and very strongly asymmetrical tarsal claws.

In linear arrangement we place this genus after Syinploce in the Group Ischnopterae.

Genotype. — Cahita nahua (Saussure).

Generic description. — Size medium for the group, form Inroad, texture moderately delicate, in this latter respect as in Symploce. Interocular space moderately broad, ocellar areas weakly de- fined. Maxillary palpi short and heavy, fifth joint specialized. Pronotum broad, evenly and weakly convex, caudal margin broadly rounded obtuse-angulate produced, point of greatest width meso-caudad. Tegmina and wings fully developed in both sexes. Tegmina moderately broad, discoidal vein un- branched, discoidal sectors (nine to ten) longitudinal. Wings with mediastine vein extending to beyond median point, dis- coidal vein unbranched, costal veins slightly thickened distad, not cluljbed, ulnar vein straight with (four) incomplete and (five) complete branches, intercalated triangle very small. Abdomen of male with median segment specialized and ninth tergite with latero-caudal angles decidedly produced. Supra- anal plate triangularly produced in both sexes. Sul)genital plate of male symmetrical, with simple similar styles, distal inargin armed. Limbs rather stout for the Group. C'ephalic femora with ventro-cephalic margin armed with (four or five) heavy proximal spines, succeeded by a scattered, irregularly placed row of minute, chaetiform spines, terminated by two elongate, heavy spines, of which the more distal is the longer (these latter sometimes absent). Other ventral femoral mar- gins supplied with elongate, heavy spines. Tarsi compara- tively stout and covered with minute but coarse hairs, first four joints supplied with lai-ge ))ulvilH distad. Very large ai'olia present between the slout, unspecinJized, strongly asym- metrical tai'sal claws.

MORGAN HEBARD 169

Cahita nahua (Saussure) (Plate VI, figures 10, 11 and 12.)

1.S6S. I techno pier a nahua Saussure, Rev. ct Mag. de Zool., (2), xx, p. 3.5(>. [cf, 9 ; [Orizaba, Vera Cruz,] Mexico.]

Venvidio, IX, 2, 1918, 1 cf .^"^

The present material differs only from the mor(> del ailed description given by Saussure in 1870, in having the head immaculate, lacking "unc grande tache brune sur le front entre les antennes."

As the insect is one of the most distinctive forms of the Group Ischnopterae, we note the following additional features for the male. Interocular space slightly less than half as broad as that between the antennal sockets, showing subobsolete impression. Maxillary palpi with third joint three-quarters as long as fifth; fourth half as long as third, expanding strongly, so that the oblique distal and ventral margins are equal in length; fifth joint very large, apex bluntly rounded, entire distal surface deeply concave, fringed along tlie dorsal margin with hairs. Median segment with two meso-cephalic adjacent tufts of agglutinated hairs. Plate at base of each cercus produced in a moder- ately curved spine, the sinistral reaching to near the median point of the anal chamber, the dextral decidedly shorter, Subgenital plate with lateral portions well supplied with fine hairs both internally and externally, margin of distal portion armed with an even fringe of closely placed, elongate, chaeti- form spines, directed dorsad, and having a brush-like appearance as these spines are partially agglutinated.

Measureineiitsi {in millimeters)

Length of Length of Width of Length of Width of body pronotiun ])ronotiun tegmon tegnioi!

Motzorongo, Vera Cruz .12.1 .i . 1 4.2 11.8 3.8

Motzorongo, Vera Cruz .12.5 3.1 4.3 11.8 3.7

C.uernavaca, Morelos. . . 14.7 3.8 5 14 4.0

Ven\idio, Sinaloa 14.3 3.8 5.2 14.8 4.8

One of the a{hilts and the immature indivi(hial from the State of Vera Cruz lack the heavy distal spiiu^s of the ventro- cephalic margin of the cephalic femora. We are unable to account for this, which though apparently having neither generic or specific significance, constitutes a differentiation of a character usually indicating generic distinction.

'" Tlierc are also before us two males from Motzorongo, X'cra Cruz, taken in February 1892, by L. Bruner, in the author's collection; one inmuiture mal(! froiu Vera Cruz, taken by the Rev. T. Hej'dc in the same collection, and one male from Cuernavaca, Morclos, taken in November, 1905, l)y W'm. Scluuis, in the United States National Museum.

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170 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

This is the only species of the Group Ischnopterae known to us, where less than three heavy distal spines on the ventro- cephalic margin of the cephalic femora occur. Such a condition is found in about half of the genera of the Group Blattellae. In none of the other American species of the Ischoptcrae, with which we are familiar, are the tarsal claws asymmetrical. This occurs in a very few genera of the Blattellae,

Pseudomops septentrionalis Hebard

1917. Pscudo)iwps seplentrionalis Hebard, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc, no. 2, p. 156, pi. VI, figs. 5 to 8. [cf, 9 ; Brownsville, Texas."]

Venvidio, VI, 30 to IX, 2, 1918, 18 cf , 3 9 .

The present series shows very little color variation. In some the limbs, however, are much darker than in others. The pronotum shows a difference from the usual Texan material in having the lateral and cephalic margins usually very slightly and inconspicuously paler than the adjacent portions, in a few specimens only, is some approach to the Texan series shown in this feature of coloration.

Very close agreement is shown by the general structure, but in one feature of the concealed genitalia we find, in certain individuals only, an extraordinary variation. In this species the paired plate beneath the supra-anal plate has the sinistral portion produced in a large, irregular, lobate patelliform pro- jection, directed mesad, with surface armed with a few minute teeth meso-distad; the dextral portion is produced in a heavier, irregularly rounded patelliform projection, l)earing mcsad on its ventral surface a large cylindrical process, which, directed ventro- sinistrad, curves weakly sinistrad, tapering to its acute apex.^*^ In the Texan material examined, as in individuals of the present series, this is the only process developed on this plate; in other specimens from Venvidio the plate, on the same margin but nearer the l)ase of the dextral style, is jiroduced in anotlu^r, de- cidedly smaller, but generally similar process. DiffercMrliation of the concealed genitalia of similar degree, we believe may in most genera be considered as a criterion of full specific differential value. In the present case, however, it a])])ears almost certain that the difference noted is attributable wiiolly 1o individual variation.

1' Material from fourteen Texan localities and from Saltillo, Coahuila, and San Jose, Tamaulipas, is also recorded.

** In our original diagnosis we called this a genii al iioolv, slating that it curved inward, i. c. toward the longitudinal axis of the body.

MORGAN HEBARD 171

We have of recent years ])een giving much attention to the concealed genitalia of the Blattidae and find that in these organs chitinous parts are developed, which frequently afford char- acters of full specific diagnostic value. These chitinous parts very often are as constant as the specialized portions of the subgenital plate, occasionally they are seen to develop slight individual differences in contour. The present case, however, is the first we have encountered, where a distinct difference is found which we feel obliged to look upon as an individual variation.

NYCTIBORINAE Nyctibora tetrasticta new species (Plate [VI, figures 13, 14 and 1.5.)

This species agrees with N. truncata Saussure and Zehntner-'^ in being flightless, the tegmina decidedly reduced, the wings represented by vestigial pads. It differs from that species in being somewhat larger, the male sex showing conspicuous a])dominal markings.

Type. — cf ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. July G to 12, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 760.]

Size small for this genus of large species, slightly larger tlian truncntd and N. azteca Saussure and Zehntner; surface glabrous, but, thickly supjilied with minute, microscooic, procumbent hairs springing from microscopic impressed punctulae. Head elongate and flattened; interocular space narrow, less than one-quarter width between antennal sockets, interocular area flattened, ocellar spots moderately large, not as large or with ocellar areas weakly defined as in azteca. Maxillary palpi with fifth joint enlarged, slightly longer than third, fourth half as long as fifth. Pronotum evenly convex, jioint of greatest width at latero-caudal angles, cephalic margin nearly semicircular to the rounded rectangulate latero-caudal angles, between these the caudal margin is nearly transverse, showing very bread, rounded obtuse-angulation. Tegmina overlapping, somewhat longer than broad, venation subobsoletc, the humeral trunk and veins at caudal margin only appreciable imless the tegmina are held up to the light, anal sulcus distinct only at sutural margin, to which margin it is perpendicular; costal margin rounding broadly to sutural margin, so that the median segment only is ccmjjletely covered. Wings vestigial, repres(!nted by lateral pads. Abdominal tergites witli caudal margins transverse, fourth tergite with latero-caudal angles weakly acute- angulate produced, fifth and sixth with these angles increasingly jjroduced,

'" From T£Tpa-aTtKTT]=four-spotted.

-" After careful consi<leration of the descri|)t ion of Xyclih(»-a {[Icmitu/ctihnra) truncata, we feel that Kirby is unwarranted in elevating IluniinyrHbora to generic rank and that the name should be j)la('ed in synonymy under Nycti- bora. The (!haracter of rechiced organs of flight, alone given as a basis for that name, is insufficient.

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172 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

dentate. Supra-anal plate roundly produced between cereal bases, showing a weakly triangular tendency, length three-quarters width between cerci. Cerci more compact than in flying species, with dorsal surface weakly convex. Subgenital plate and styles of the general type characteristic of the genus; sinistral style situated proximad, five times as long as greatest proximal width, curving along margin of plate, weakly tapering and flattening at ai)ex; dextral style situated distad, heavier and shorter than sinistral style, similar but enlarging in proximal fifth, less than four times as long as greatest width. Ventro-cephalic margin of cephalic femora armed with (nine to thirteen) small but stout spines, terminating in three spines, elongate in increasing ratio distad; other ventral femoral margins well supplied with heavy spines, those of the caudal margins much more elongate than those of the cephalic margins. Metatarsus unarmed ventrad, four proximal tarsal joints supplied with very large pulvilli. Large arolia present between the stout, asym- metrical tarsal claws.

Allotype. — 9; same data as type, but taken June 28, 1918, [Hebard Collection.]

Agrees closely with male, but differing in thefcUowing respects. Interocular space narrower, hardly one-fifth as wide as that between antennal sockets. Pronotum broader, with caudal margin even more decidedly transverse, Tegmina nearly as long as broad, sharply truncate distad, leaving the median segment exposed. Supra-anal plate larger, minutely rectangulate emargin- ate at apex. Subgenital plate large, short, unspecialized.

General coloration shining black, tegmina showing a faint tinge of liver brown. Male with fifth and sixth alidominal tergites showing a large sub- marginal spot proximad on each side of vinaceous-rufous or ferruginous. Eyes chestnut brown. Antennae black proximad, russet in distal portions. Limbs showing a liver brcwn tinge distad, pulvilli and ventral surface of arolia buffy. In the female and immature stages the dorsal surface of the abdomen is unicclorous, black. In immatures the head and cerci are deep bay.

In one adult, killed before having become thoroughly hardened, tlic pro- notum is liver brown darkened caudad and latero-cephalad, the legmina ti'ansj)arent hays russet.

Mca.s- arc men Is {i n. iiiilU iiiiicr.s )

I0xi)<)se(l Loiifitli of

LciiKth of l>('iiglli of Widtli of Iciifitli of Width of caudal

hody i)roiiotiini pronotimi tef?mon tegmen femur

Tjipc 25 tJ.'J its 7.4 7.1 7.3

Par a types,

(5) 21..-)-2(> G.6-7.2^' y.l)-10.4-' 7.4-7.8 7-7.2 7-7.2

9

Alluli/pc 24.. 5 7.2 10.8 7 7.0 7.2

■•'^ liiese measurements are for t he specinu-n noted above, wliirh iiad rec>'ii( ly em(>rged when killed. It is possible that (U)nsiderabl(i pronotal shrinkage might still have occurred, tiie i)r()notum being notic<'abIy larger tlum in any olh^r male and more of the general form of the female and juveniles.

MORGAN HEBARD 173

Specimens Examined: 17; 6 males, 1 female, 10 immature individuals. Rosario, Sinaloa, 3 juv. d^, 4 juv. 9-

Venvidio, Sinaloa, VI, 28 to VII, 22, 191S, (J. A. Kusche), 0 d", 1 9,t!jpe, (lUutypc and paratypes, 1 large juv. cf , 2 large juv. 9 .

BLATTINAE

Neostylopyga rhombifolia (.Stoll)

1813. [lUiillu] rhombifolia Stoll, Natuur. Afbeeld. Be.sehr. Spooken etc., Kakkerhikken, p. 5, register p. 14, pi. Illd, fig. 13. [Apparently an im- mature female, no locality given.]

Rosario, 1 juv. cT. Mazatlan, XII, IG to 31, 191G, 2 juv. cf, 4 juv. 9 . Los Mochis, II, 2, 1918, 1 juv. 9 .

We have previously recorded this species from Escuiiiapa, Sinaloa.

Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus)

17.")8. [Hliitta] (imcrirana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 424. [America.] Rosario, 1 9. Mazatlan, XII, IG to 31, 191G, 14 d', 4 9, 1 juv. 9 . Los Mochis, I, 1 to 2, 1918, 1 cf , 1 very small juv.

Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius)

1775. [Bldtta] uudrahinidc Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 271. ["In nave e mare Pacifico et regionibus incognitis revertente."]

Mazatlan, XII, IG to 31, 191G, G cf , 1 9,1 juv. d".

PANCHLORINAE

Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linnaeus)

1767. [BUttta] surinamttifiis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, j). 687. [Suri- nam.]

Rosario, 1 9. Mazatlan, II, 21, 1918, 1 9 ; XII, IG lo 31, 191G, 81 9, 7 juv. 9. Venvidio, VI, 30 to VIII, 1918, 119, Ijuv. 9. Los Mochis, II, 2, 1918, 2 9.

In over a thousand American specimens we have examined, no males have l)een found. Mr. Wm. T. Davis, however, has secured a single male from the colony at the New York Zoological Park.

It would appear certain that the species is, in America, almost always parthenogenetic.

Panchlora cubensis (Saussure)

1862. l'[anchlora\ cubensis Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2), xiv, p. 230. [ 9 , Cuba.]

Venvidio, VI, 31 to VIII, 10, 1918, 8 d^, 1 9.

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174 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Panchlora cahita new species (Plate VII, figure 1.)

This handsome insect belongs to the green species of the genus, with antennae showing a single dark annulus, but pro- notum without narrow dark lateral lines.

The tegmina, lacking dots and lines, and heavier limb arma- ment, distinguish it from P. fraterna Saussure and Zehntner, hyalina Saussure and festae Giglio-Tos. In this it agrees only with P. acolhua Saussure and Zehntner, now known from the States of Guerrero and Chiapas, from females only. The present insect is separable from that species by its narrower form and much narrower tegy.ninal marginal field. Males of acolhua will probably show additional features of difference.

A single female is in the Academy Collection from Guadala- jara, Jahsco, taken by D. L. Crawford, which we refer to the present species with some uncertainty. It is readily distin- guished from the female of acolhua recorded recently by us,-^ by the characters mentioned above and the more strongly bilobate supra-anal plate. ^'^

Type. — c?; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. August 18, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 761.]

Size medium, form broad for the gemis. Head with eyes rather narrow in front; considerably narrower than in P. cubensis Saussure; separated by a moderately broad space, slightly over half the occipital ocular depth. ^'' Pro- notum broad for the genus, the lateral portions not clear, transparent but tinged with greenish, the marginal field filled with a network of coarse, opaque greenish veinlets.^^ Supra-anal plate strongly bilobate. Cerci small, ex- tending very slightly beyond the apex of the produced supra-anal plate, tapering distad, the last joint flattened, elongate-triangular, witli iipvx sharply rounded. Subgenital plate transverse, asymmetrical, the sinistral portion

22 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlvii, p. 213, (1921).

-^ In this specimen the interocvdar space is hazel, the face mesad and dorsal margins of the femora suffused with chestnut brown, while the antennal annulus occupies sixteen joints. The measurements arc, for this female: length of body, 23; width of interocular space, 1; length of pronotum, 6.2; width of pronotum, 8.7; length of tegmen, 21.8; width of tegmen, 8; width of tegminal marginal field, 1.7 nun. Additional material is needed to determine whether these features indicate si)ecific differentiation or are due only to indi- vidual variation.

2'' Varying in the series from slightly less to decidedly greater than half that dimension.

26 Varying in intensity in the series and in rare examples al)sent from the larger port-ion of this field.

MORGAN HEBARD 175

roundly produced but showing a slight truncation, so that its free margin in large part coincides with that of the sinistral lobe of the supra-anal plate, this production with surface broadly concave and hairy, the free margin thence transverse to the dextral style, situated at the dextral base of the plate. Styles simple, elongate, cylindrical and similar, situated on the free margin of the subgenital jjlate at the iimer margin of the cerci and equal to half the length of the exposed portion of the cercus (or slightly more elongate). Cephalic femora with a fringe of hairs on ventro-cephalic margin, other ventral femoral margins with a single heavy and moderately elongate distal spine, except caudal margin of caudal femora which bears no distal spine. Large jiulvilli present on four proximal tarsal joints. Moderately large arolia present between the symmetrical tarsal claws, which have no internal flange, but have the internal margin microscopically serrulate.

Dorsal surface rich fiber green,-' fading toward hyaline laterad on pro- notum, in tegminal marginal field and between veins distad on tegmina, area between mediastine and humeral veins often very slightly yellowish. Head ocher red, frequently paling to buffy on face. Eyes blackish brown. An- tennae light ochraceous-tawny, with a blackish brown annulus in distal jiortion including five (normal in series, varying to nine) joints. Limbs and abdomen probably green-yellow in life, the former buffy except distad in dried material.

The measurements of the type are given first, followed by the extremes in the paratypic males. Length of body, 14.5, 13.2 to lo.O; length of jjronotum, 4.9, 4.8 to 5.2; width of pronotum, 6.3, 6.2 to 6.7; length of tegmen, 17, 15.6 to 17.3; width of tegmen, 5.9, 5.7 to 6; width of tegminal marginal field, 1.1, 1 to 1.1 mm.

In ;i(klition to the type, a scries of forty-seven paratypic males are before us, bearing the same data, except that they were taken from July 28 to September 2, 1918.

Panchlora montezuma Saussure and Zehntner

1893. Patichlora viontezuma Saussure and Z(>lintiicr, Biol. Ccnt.-.\mer., Orth., I, I). 98. [cf, 9 ; Presidio of Mazatlan, [Sinaloa,] Mexico.]

Villa Union, IX, 27, 1918, 7 d^, 2 9. Venvidio, VI, 10 to VIII, 12, 1918, 51 cf , 14 9.

The original description is apparently carelessly drawn in some respects. The interocular space in males before us is narrow, varying from less than one-sixth to one-fifth the occipital ocular depth. The antennae are blackish brown, becoming pale, ochraceous-tawny, mesad and at the tips, rarely the meditm portion is also dai'k, while occasionally the ])roximal portion is

-''' In the series very rarely showing a very minute, stout spine mesad on this margin.

^' A deeper green than in cube>isiti and its allies,

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

176 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

scarcely darker than the median pale portion. The pronotum is immaculate in all but a few females, where a pair of median flecks of brown appear, varying froxn subobsolete to distinctly indicated. The males average paler with pronotum and teg- mina warm l^uff, the former often showing a faint greenish tinge. The darker females have the pronotum largely ochrace- ous-buff tinged with tawny, the mesonotum and metanotum with extensive suffusions and all but narrow periphery of ab- domen solidly chestnut brown, this showing through, particularly caudad of the pronotal disk and mesad in anal fields of tegmina when they are at rest. Two flecks of dark brown are found distad on each tegmen, these are very greatly reduced but persist even in the males of maximum recessive coloration.

Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier)

1789. BItitin cinerea Olivier, Encycl. Method., Ins., iv, p. 314. [Adults and juv.; ''L'lle de France" (= Mauritius).]

Rosario, 2 small juv.

CORYDIINAE Holocompsa scotaea new species (Plate VII, figures 2 to 5.)

Closely related to H. nitidula (Fabricius), the present species differs in the slightly more metallic blue-black general colora- tion, solidly darkened transparent portions of the tegmina and decidedly less contrast in coloration between the sexes. In scotaea the male has the pronotum dark, with small areas of tawny latero-cephalad, the female has the pronotum dark, with lateral portions ochraceous-tawny. Recession in coloration apparently results in the pronotu.ai of females being sometimes ochraceous-tawny laterad and cephalad, the dark portion re- duced to a roughly triangular area meso-caudad, occupying only a third of the pronotal surface.

Tyiie. — d^; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. June 24, 1918. (J. A. Kuschc.) [Hcbard Collection, Type no. 763.]

Size very small, slightly larger than nitidula; form elliptical, tegmina and wings projecting slightly beyond apex of abdomen. Head fully as broad as long, eyes very widely separated, above not extending inward beyond antcnnal V)ases; ocelli minute, oval, with surfaces convex; occiput supplied with minute hairs, these fewer on face, which shows a weak vertical linear sulcus mesad. Pronotum as in nitidnla; tliickly sui)])lied with minute procuinbcut hairs and

MORGAN HEBARD 177

laterad with longer erect hairs. Tegmina proximad opaque and thickly supplied with similar hairs bounded by a nearly straight, oblique line from apex of anal field to distal portion of costal margin; remaining portion delicate, suffused hyaline. Wings delicate, hyalinC; with two elongate, adjacent, translucent stigmata at costal margin. Cerci with (seven) strongly defined rounded joints, none much longer than broad, tapering to acute apex. Supra- anal plate delicate, sub-bilobate in caudal outline. Subgenital plate some- what asymmetrical, bilobate, with two very small, simple, straight, elongate, cylindrical styles. Limb armament, j)ulvini and arolia as characteristic of the genus.

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type. [Hebard Collection.]

Agrees with male except as follows. Size larger, form broader, with t(>g- mina and wings extending to apex of abdomen. Ocelli elliptical. Supra-anal plate more chitinous, half as long as width between cereal bases, produced between these and broadly rounding to the broadly transverse distal portion. Subgenital plate valvular, as characteristic of the genus.

The coloration of this species, as in other forms of the genus, affords the specific diagnostic characters of greatest importance. Male. Head blackish brown, mouthparts paler. Antennae blackish brown, with a buffy annulus distad, which occupies three to four joints. Underparts and limbs blackish brown, the latter with trochanters and joints paler, spines ochraceous-tawny. Pronotum black with a weak metallic bluish sheen, proximo-lateral portions narrowly ochraceous-tawny (in a male paratype this extends to the latero- caudal angles). Tegmina in proximal portions black with a metallic bluish sheen (but when held to light translucent prout's brown); in distal portions transparent, evenly suffused with jirout's brown. Wings with stigmata translucent prout's brown, remaining portions hyaline, very faintly washed with prout's brown, excejit distal portion of anterior field and peripheral margin of radiate field where they are suffused with this color. Dorsal surface of abdomen and cerci shuiing blackish brown.

Female. Differing from the male in color only as follows. Antennae with a l)uffy anmdus occupying six or seven joints. Ochraceous-tawny lateral portions of pronotum extending to near the latero-raudal angles, in one recessive speci- men more orange in shade, including these angles and leaving only the meso- caudal third of the pronotum black. Tegmina with m(>tallic bluish sliecn of proximal portions more pronoimced.

Measiu'cinctits {in millimctera)

Length of Lengtli of Widtli of Length of Width of

-, body pronotum pronotum tognien togmon

O

Type ."i.S IS 2.2 4.9 2

Paratype G • l.S 2.1 4.9 2

9

Allotype 7.2 2.2 2.8 5.8 2.7

Paratypes {Z) G-6.4 1.9-2 2.2-2.9 5.3-5.8 2.2-2.7

In addition to the dcscril)ed ])aii', we have l)efore us one male and three female paratypes, beariuj;' llic same tlata.

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178 DERMAPTEKA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Coxnpsodes schwarzi (Caudell)

1913. Latindia schwarzi Caudell, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, \, p. IGo. [c?; Madero Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.]

Venvidio, VI, 24 to VIII, 10, 1918, 10 cf .

These specimens are all decidedly darker than any others we have seen, being bister to very dark bister in general coloration. This intensification of coloration may be ascribable to the some- what less arid environment in which this series was probably secured.

CALOBLATTA Saussure

1893. Caloblatta Saussure, Societas Entomol., p. 57.

1893. Caloblatta Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, p. 33.

We are convinced that Saussure, misled by a certain amount of superficial resemblance to Thyrsocera, incorrectly referred this genus to the Pseudomopinae.

Through differing to an extreme degree in wing venation, as well as in pronotal contour and in other less important features, nearest relationship is apparently with that section of the Cory- diinae which includes Hypnorna and its allies.

The material now before us, when compared with the second, more detailed, description of Caloblatta, differs in having the caudal margin of the pronotum very broadly convex, showing scarcely. a trace of any "very weak median production"; the veins of the discoidal field of the tegmina are not all longitudinal, as these discoidal sectors become weakly oblique toward the sutural margin, while weak spines are present on all the ventral femoral margins.

We here select the Costa Rican C. hicolor Saussure as geno- type of Caloblatta. Examination of the type or additional material, we believe, will show the species described below to be congeneric, in spite of the apparently important differences noted above.

Caloblatta lampra new si)ecies (Plate VII, figures 6 and 7.)

The antennae without annuli and rich ferruginous i)ron()tum of this insect, with area between the latero -caudal sulci of the disk suffused with carob brown, readily distinguish it from its nearest relative, C. bicolor Saussure, described fi'om Costa Rica.

MORGAN HEBARD 179

Type. — &; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. July 6 to 12, 1918. (J. A. Kuschc.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 764.]

Size large for this group of small insects, form slender. Head with \\idth between antennal sockets equal to three-quarters of the interocular width; interocular-ocellar area flattened, shagreenous and with irregular shallow im- pressions, this area forming a sharp rectangle with the dorsal margins of the ocelli; ocelli large, with flat surfaces vertical. Maxillary palpi rather short, en- larged fifth joint nearly as long as combined length of second and third joints, fourth joint two-thirds as long as third. Antennae setaceous, the setae slightly longer and heavier in the proximal, moderately incrassate half. Pro- notum symmetrically trapezoidal, weakly transverse, latero-caudal angles broadly rounded, latero-cephalic angles still more broadly rounded, cephalic and caudal margins transverse, very broadly convex; latero-caudal sulci of disk pronounced, giving the intervening area a greater convexity. Tegraina and wings fully developed, extending slightly beyond cereal apices. Tegmina elongate, subparallel to the broadly rounded apex; discoidal sectors weakly radiating, so that those toward the discoidal vein are parallel to it, those toward the sutural margin weakly oblique to that margin. Wings elongate and rather narrow, radiate field folding fan-wise; numerous (fourteen) costal veins thickened to near bases, unbranched median vein connected with dis- coidal vein by a number of transverse vetnlets, ulnar vein with (two) complete distal and several irregular incomplete proximal branches, intercalated tri- angle obsolete. Dorsal surface of abdomen^^ with eighth tergite narrowly visible except laterad, where it is symmetrically and triangularly produced and folded about the lateral portions of the base of the subgenital plate, dorso- mesad with a low triangular conical projection, the preceding (seventh) tergite narrowly visible laterad and emarginate to the caudal margin of the sixth tergite mesad, which margin, in consequence, is adjacent to the conical projection of the eighth tergite. Supra-anal plate transverse, broadly and roundly triangularly produced between cereal bases with distal portion decurved. Subgenital plate with sinistral margin briefly oblique below sin- istral cercus, then briefly transverse where mesad is situated the sinistral style, beyond in remaining two-thirds broadly and slightly irregularly angu- lato-convcx, with dextral style situated at apex. Styles small, simple, cylin- drical, unarmed; the sinistral shghtly tapering and very weakly decurved, slightly over twice as long as its proximal width; the dextral scarcely tapering, slightly heavier and shorter, but otherwise similar. Limbs slender. Ventro- cei)halic margin of cephaUc femora armed with large but delicate s{)ines proximad, succeeded by a row of minute, piliform spines, terminating distad in two large but delicate spines, the more distal of which is the longer by a third; ventro-caudal margin unarmed except for a single delicate distal spine. Other femora with a dehcate genicular spine and ventral margins armed with a similar distal and one to three other smaller, delicate sjjines, these short on

-8 As has been our custom, we coimt tlu; ten dorsal alxloniinal segments as foHows; median segment, first to eiglith (ergites, supra-anal ])Iates.

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180 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

cephalic margins, longer on caudal margins. Small distal pulvilli present on the four proximal tarsal joints. Small arolia present between the bases of the delicate, simple, s>Tnmetrical tarsal claws.

Head and palpi blackish brown, ocelli buffy. Antennae blackish brown, shading to hazel in distal fourth. Pronotum ferruginous, suffused with carob brown between the latero-caudal sulci of the disk, this forming a poorly defined, short, broad, V-shaped marking. Tegmina very weakly translucent, dull carob brown, very narrow marginal field light ochraceous-buff, this con- tinued along costal margin but narrowing and disappearing toward apex, sutural margin of sinistral tegmen more broadly margined with ochraceous- buff for an equal distance. In some specimens these marginal areas are weakly suffused with tawny and are about equal in width. Abdomen and cerci blackish brown. Limbs part pale and part dark, ochraceous-buff, often tinged with tawny or blackish brown; ce]}halic coxae light with a jn-oximal dark fleck, median and caudal coxae dark in nearly all of proximal half. Trochanters and over proximal half of cephalic femora pale, remaining por- tions dark; median and caudal femora similar but with less than proximal half pale. Tibiae and tarsi dark, spines ochraceous-buff tinged with tawny.

The measurements of the tjp^ are given first. Length of body, 10.5, 9.2 to 10.9; length of pronotum, 2.9, 2.7 to 2.9; width of pronotum, 3.3, 3 to 3.3; length of tegmen, 10. 9 to 10.3; width of tegmen, 3, 2.8 to 3.1 mm.

In addition to the type, a series of five male paratypes, Ijearing the same data but taken June 24 to July, 12, 1918, are before us.

OXYHALOINAE Chorisoneura anisoura-" new species (Plate VII, figure 8.)

Belonging to the Pellucida Group, ^^ the present species is smaller, with tegmina less elongate than the previously known forms. In addition, the asymmetrical specialization of the male styles is of a type hitherto unknown.

Type. — cf; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. July 28 to August 1, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 765.]

Size medium large for the genus, decidedly smaller than in C. pellucida Saussure; form depressed, in outline elliptico-ovoid. Head broad, decidedly depressed; from the dorsum the occii)ut and cephalic half of the eyes arc seen to be exposed, occipital outline truncate, the eyes not projecting beyond the interocular area; interocular space broad, one and one-third times occipital ocular depth, nearly four-fifths as wide as width between antennal sockets. Maxillary palpi with fourth joint three-quarters as long as the elongate third joint, fifth joint slightly shorter than fourth. Pronotum transverse elliptical,

2^ From avtair^ -f- oupd, in allusion to the remarkably unequal styles of the male subgenital plate.

»» Erected and discussed, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc, no. 4, p. 128, (1920).

MORGAN HEBARD 181

with lateral portions broad, as is characteristic of this group of Chorisoneura. Teginina elongate, though not as elongate or as acute at apex as in pellucida, extending to apices of cerci; marginal field very broad, apex sharph' rounded, moderately acute; discoidal vein with numerous branches and false nervures toward costal margin, discoidal sectors (fourteen, counting the numerous supplementary branches) oblique. Wings with intercalated triangle acute- angulate proximad, numerous costal veins heavily and briefly clubbed distad ; discoidal and median veins connected by transverse veinlets; ulnar vein branching distad. Sixth dorsal abdominal segment with a very large, round, slightly impressed area mesad, its surface well supplied with minute, micro- scopic, procumbent hairs. Supra-anal plate nearly one-third as long as basal width, triangularly produced between cerci with apex truncate, sub- bilobate. Subgenital plate as>anmetrical (see plate VII, figure 8); sinistral style situated slightly sinistrad of median point, a deeply inset broad lobe with apex rounded, ^^ upon dissection its internal surface is seen to be concave, its margins free except sinistrad, these margins proximad and dextrad fringed with very minute, nearly procumbent, chaetiform spines; dextral style dex- trad of and touching the dextral margin of the sinistral style, considerably more produced caudad, a finger-like process, bent mesad with distal half directed caudad, the apex shghtly thickened with margin rounded, upon dissection its internal surface is seen to be concave;'- the internal surface of the plate is also deeply concave toward the sinistral and dextral margins, these marginal portions separated from the remaining broadly concave surface by decided, lamellate, somewhat irregular ridges. Limb armament, pulvilli, tarsal claws and arolia as characteristic of the genus.

Head with vertex ochraceous-bufl", shading to ochraceous-tawny, this extending to just before narrowest point between eyes, where it is in abrupt contrast with the light buff inter-ocular-ocellar area. In this intersection are two (often obscured) dots of prout's brown.'' Antennae, remaining portions of face and palpi warm buff. Pronotum with hexagonal disk ochraceous- buff very faintly tinged with tawny, lateral portions transparent showing a very faint brownish buffy tint. Scutellum with a moderately large median dot of light buff. Tegmina with marginal and external two-thirds of scapular fields as lateral portions of pronotum, remaining portions with veins and veinlets buffy, the remaining portions transparent tinged with ochraceous- tawny. Wings transparent washed weakly with ochraceous-tawnj', this

21 Giving the appearance of the apical portion of the plate, separated from the other portions by a suture.

'^ In the series slight irregularities in the contour of the lobifonn sinistral and finger-like dextral style is shown, their general tj'pe remaining, however, the same.

''The whitish area is immaculate in the type, but in the majority of the series two similar, but much more widely separated, dots of prout's brown are found just below, and in some individuals two more similar dots occur just below these, still more widely separated and touching the margins of the eyes.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

182 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

more decided in area of costal veins and distad in anterior radiate fields. Ventral surface and limbs translucent ochraceous-buff, the sternites heavily suffused with opaque light buff.

In coloration this species apjiarently closely resembles pdlucida. It is the same generally as in C. panainae Hebard, which species is, however, more richly colored with pronotal disk not unicolorous and showing other minor differences.

The measurements of the type are given first. Length of body, 9.4, 9 to 9.7; length of pronotum, 2.2, 2 to 2.2; width of pronotum, 3.4, 3.2 to 3.4; length of tegmen, 9, 8.7 to 9.5; width of tegmen, 3, 2.9 to 3.1 mm.

In addition to the type, a series of six male paratypes, bearing the same data but taken from June 30 to August 6, 1918, has been exa.aiined.

Chorisoneura flavipennis Saussure and Zehntner

1893. Chorifioucura flnripennis Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 81, pi. n, fig. 21. [cT; Atoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico.]

Venvidio, VI, 30 to IX, 2, 1918, 17 cT", 2 9 .

These specimens appear to agree in all important respects with material recorded fro;m Guatemala and Costa Rica,^^ at which tixne the Flavipennis Group was proposed and C. fusci- pennis Hebard co.aipared with the present species. Both these species have the median portion of the plate between the bases of the styles produced dextrad in a small, stout spine, which curves caudad. The styles in flavvpennis are broader and more lamellate.

The species is very plainly colored, the head immaculate^^ and the general tone of coloration more reddish than in C. translucida Saussure and its allies.

Mantidae eremiaphilinae

Mantoida maya Saussure and Zehntner

1894. Mantoida maya Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Ortli., i, p. 12,5, 1)1. n, figs. 26 and 27. [ 9 ; Temax, Yucatan, [Mexico].]

Venvidio, VII, 6 to IX, 2, 1918, 12 d^.

This series averages larger than the only other males we have seen, one from Panama, the other from ('olombia. Careful

^"Mem. Anier. Ent. Sue, no. 4, p. 131, (1920).

'^ In the majority of the series th(» intcrociilar area is unicolorous. In a few specimens, however, there is n very weak indication of a broad, very slightly darker, band.

MORGAN HEBARD 183

examination fails to reveal other features of diagnostic value, however, and we believe that these all represent the same species.

In the material here recorded the pair of heavy dark bands on the occiput vary in intensity. In some these bands are obsolete on the pronotum, but in the majority of specimens they heavily suffuse all of the lateral portions of the pronotum on each side. In this series the cephalic coxae are buffy, the median and caudal limbs more reddish. The cephalic tro- chanters, proximo-internal portion of the cephalic femora and external surface of the same are conspicuously darkened to varying degrees, the external surface of the cephalic tibiae but slightly paler. The tarsi are sometimes unicolorous, sometimes darkened at the apices of the joints.

Each series, of the four from widely separated localities before us, representing may a, shows certain color differences and those noted here, which do not all agree with the type, un- doubtedly constitute only local color adaptations of no specific or racial significance.

Length of body, 16 to 17.7; length of antenna, 24.5 to 25.7; length of pronotum, 2.3 to 2.3; width of pronotum, 2.1 to 2.2; length of tegmen, 16.2 to 16.7; length of caudal femur, 5.7 to 6.3 nun.

AMELINAE

Yersinia mexicana (Saussure)

1859. A[c(t)i{h<)ij.'i] inexicanus Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2), xi, p. 00. [cf (nee larva); [Michoacan,] Mexico.]

Venvidio, VIII, 2 to IX, 2, 1918, 12 d', 5 9 . Villa Union, II, 21 and IX, 27, 1918, 1 cT", 1 9.

This handsome species was subsequently fully descrilied by Saussure.''^ The specimens before us are all brown, some pale and immaculate, others variable, darker with flecks of dark brown. The cephalic coxae are sometimes immaculate, but usually have a row of dark flecks on the dorso-internal margin and rarely a dark suft'usion distad. The cephalic femora are rarely immaculate, usually having on the internal surface a large, shining, roughly sriuare, black mai'kitig al the unguicular

3« Mem. I'Hist. Xut. Mex., iv, Mantules, j). «)<), pi. i, li^.-^. 1 i, 14a and 15, (1871).

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184 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

sulcus and a smaller similar marking in the area of the femoral brush. The great variation exhibited in these features shows the folly of attempting to separate as species,, individuals of the Mantidae differing only in such, or analogous, color characters. Though previously known only from the originally described material, there are, in addition, in the author's collection a male from Aguascalientes, taken in November, 1887, by L. Bruner, and two females, one from Rio Cocula, Guerrero, the other from Tepic. This male has the eyes slightly more acute, with their dorsal margins slightly ascending, so that the head does not appear as nearly transverse dorsad as in the Sinaloa series. This we beheve to be wholly attributable to individual variation, though large series may prove geographic racial differentiation.

OLIGONICINAE Oligonicella mexicana (Saussure and Zehntner)

1894. Oligonyx mexicanus Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-.\nier., Orth., I, p. 172, pi. IX, figs. 13 to 15. [o^: Presidio [of Mazatlan, Sinaloa], Mexico; Cubulco, Vera Paz, Guatemala.]

1894. Oligonyx toltecus Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Ainer., Orth., i. p. 175. [ 9 ; Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.]

At the time toltecus was descril)ed, the authors noted the possibility of its representing the opposite sex of mexicanus. ^'^

Venvidio, VI, 16 to IX, 2, 1918, 14 cf, 1 9. Los Mochis, XII, 1917 and I, 1 to 2, 1918, 3 c^.

A pair of this species from Tepic is also in the collection of the author.

The measurements of the extre.mes in the present series are: length of body, d^ 37 to 42.7, 9 '** 37.2 to 44.8; length of pronotum, cf 9 to 10.7, 9 11.3 to 14; greatest width of pronotum, d" 1.9 to 2, 9 2.2 to 2.4; length of tegmen, d 20 to 22; length of supra-anal plate, cf 1.7 to 1.7, 9 2.1 to 2.2; length of cephalic femur, d 6.4 to 7.8, 9 8.1 to 9.3 mm.

^' Saussure and Zehntner give 3.2 mm. as the length of the supra-anal plate for toltecus. This is either in error or very deci(l(Ml individual variation occurs, as wo have found (o he (rue of feiiKiles of ccrtniii oilier species of (his groui).

•*•* 'I'he largei' female is fioin \'ciividio.

MORGAN HEBARD 185

Oligonicella tessellata (Saussure and Zehntner)

1S04. Olir/oHij.r tisscUatus Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 174, pi. IX, figs. 26 to 31. [cf ; Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico.]

Venvidio, VI, 16 to VII, 22, 1918, 4 cf .

The variation shown by the present series might indicate the synonymy of this name under 0. punctulatus (Saussure and Zehntner), described from Dos Arroyos, Guerrero, Mexico. If the figures are correct, however, punctukUa is a decidedly more slender insect.

jVIeasurements of males: length of body, 26 to 28.9; length of pronotum, 5.2 to 6; greatest pronotal width, 2.2 to 2.6; length of tegmen, 18 to 19.6; greatest width of tegmen, 5.2 to 5.8; length of cephalic femur, 5.3 to 6 mm.

An immature female from Sierra Laguna, Baja California, is also in the author's collection.

MELLIERINAE

Melliera atopogamia Saussure

lS',t2. Melliera alopcgamin Saussure, Sociotas EntomoL, vii, p. 123. [cf, 9 ; Sinaloa, Mexico.]

Venvidio, VII, 6 to VIII, 1, 1918, 3 d^. Los Mochis, XII, 29, 1917, 2 d".

This remarka]:)le species has su])sequcntly been fully described and both sexes figured by Saussure and Zehntner,^^ who recorded additional material from San Isidro, Guatemala and Chontales, Nicaragua.

MANTINAE

Stagmomantls tolteca (Saussure)

1861. Mdiifis (Stfu/nintopte.ra) toltira Saussure, Rev. et Majf. de Zool., (2), XIII, p. 127. [[9], "Mexico calida."]

Venvido, VII, 28 to VIII, 10, 1918, 5 cf . Los Mochis, XII, 28, 1917, 1 large juv. cf.

The proportionately more slender pronotal shaft is the most conspicuous feature to separate males of the present series from males of the very closely related »S. Carolina (Johannson), from the eastern United States.

'= Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, i). 14<J, pi. vii, fiffures 7 and 8, (1894).

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186 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Careful comparison of large series of these species will have to be made before the best diagnostic characters can be tabulated. We are satisfied that distinct species are represented, but so close are they that apparent features of difference between individual series may not be as useful as they seem, when com- parison is made with still other series.

Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn)

"1836. Maidia limhata Hahn," Icones Orth. i, pi. A, gen. Mantis, fig. 2." [Mex- ico.]

Venvidio, VI, 24, to IX, 2, 1918, 30 cf . Mazatlan, XII, 28, 1916, 1 9 . Los Mochis, XII, 2 to 29, 1917, 3 d', 1 9 . Villa Union, IX, 27, 1918, 1 9 .

This series shows considerable size and color variation. The majority of the males and all of the females have the cephalic femora immaculate. In the other males these members have three broad, transverse bands of darker shade, which are very decided in the individuals which have head, pronotum and limbs brown instead of green. The males have the tegminal marginal field opaque, usually solid green, sometimes this is narrowly bordered proximad at the mediastine vein with white, while in one brown male the entire field is white tinged with yellowish green, in another brown male it is entirely white. In all the abdomen is immaculate dorsad. The males have, at the stigma of the tegmina, a small blotch of translucent sepia, this reduced to very small size in a few specimens and obsolete in one. In this sex the transparent wings are marked with numerous paired flecks of translucent sepia in the caudal portion of the radiate field.

The extremes in size are shown !)y the foHowing niensuronients (in niilli- ineters).

			Width of		Widtli of
	Length of	Lengtli of	pronolal	Length of	marginal
	body	pronotum	supra-coxal expansion	ti'gnien	fiekl of teg men
&
Venvidio (30).. .	... 46-59.8	15-19.8	3.2-4.1	33.9-i2.8	2.1-2.8
Los Mochis	. .. 46-50	14.7-16.4	3.1-3.6	32-36.4	2.1-2.3
9
Mazatlan	... 53. .3	20	5.1	24.7	3.7
Los Mochis	. .. 43	15.9	4.2	20	2 .2
Villa Union	... 53.7	19.9	5.2	25.9	3.8

MORGAN HEBARD 187

In addition to the material from the collection under con- sideration, we have examined 2 cf, 1 9 , from San Pedro Martir, Baja California; 1 cT, Sierra el Taste, Baja California, and 3 c^, 11 9 , from San Jose del Cabo, Baja California.

Stagmomantis colorata new species (Plate VII, figure 9.)

Nearest relationship is apparently with S. calif or nica Rehn and Hebard,^° agreement being found in the type of the male stigma, the l)anded abdomen, ^^ features of the supra-anal and subgenital plates and female head and tegmina. The much larger size, opaque, unicolorous and gradually narrowing mar- ginal field of the male tegmina and other less striking features serve to separate these species.

At first glance individuals of colorata somewhat resemble large individuals of *S. limbata (Hahn). Males are quickly distinguished by their larger size, costal margin of tegmina which is proportionately narrower proximad and narrows much more gradually, proximal al)dominal tergites the blackish brown caudal portions of which form l)road and striking transverse bands, tegmina which lack stigmal markings and wings which are entirely suffused with dark brown except for irregular pale patches in the anterior field, particularly distad, and the colorless transverse veinlets of the radiate field.

The single female before us has the appearance of a gigantic female of S. Carolina (Johannson), but the facial scutellum is as high as in this sex of limbata and the pronotal shaft is more strongly medio-longitudinally carinate. This specimen is very dark, the stigmal smooth area even darker than the other por- tions of the tegmina and the transverse bars on the proximal abdominal tergites very broad, but showing by no means as great color contrast as in the males.

In both sexes the. spines of the cephalic coxae are pale, while the ephalic femora have a small fleck of blackish brown at the unguicular sulcus.

■'"One male from Sierra el Taste, Baja California and throe males from San Jose del Cabo, Baja California are before us. These represent the first records of califortdca from outside the United States.

^' In the green phase of californica the cephalic tarsal joints show distad on their internal surfaces only weak suffusions of brown, though in the brown phase these arc as strong as in th(> individuals of colorata before us, all of the latter representing the brown phase.

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188 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Type. — d^ ; Villa Union, Sinaloa, Mexico. Septeml)ei- 27, 1918. [Hebard Collection, Type no. 865.]

Size large, form elongate. Head as in limbata, except that the dorsal angle of the facial scutellum is evenly rounded, not bilobate. Pronotum with lateral margins smooth, except on collar where they are very feebly sub-denticulate; supra-coxal expansion moderate, as in limbata; shaft with a decided medic-longitudinal carina. Tegmina with marginal field opaque, rather narrow and narrowing very gradually and evenly from proximal jioint of greatest width, stigma neither defined in color nor with an adjacent suf- fusion. Abdomen with proximal tergites dark distad, forming broad bands. Supra-anal plate transverse, weakly chitinous toward the broadly convex free margin. Concealed genitalia apparently as in limbata, except that the heavy spine of the ventral lobe, similarly directed dextro-proximad, is de- cidedly more elongate. Subgenital plate truncate distad, with a minute median angulate emargination, so that, unlike limbata, each style surmounts a small rotundato-truncate lobe; these lobes are symmetrical, the dextral narrower but projecting further than the sinistral. Cephalic coxae reaching to proximal third of pronotal shaft, cephalic margin armed with (six to nine in the series) small, bluntly rounded spinulae, between which are irregularly scattered a few very minute tuberculations. Caudal metatarsus shorter than combined length of succeeding joints.

Allotype. — 9 ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. August 28, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection.]

Size very large, form elongate for this sex of Stag»io)nantis, though much heavier than male. Head much as in this sex of limbnta, except that the occiput is more elevated, with vertical impressions more prominent and dorsal outline between juxta-ocular portions showing even weaker convexity, while the facial scutellum is very slightly higher.^- Pronotum with lateral margins finely denticulate on collar, this becoming much weaker on shaft; supra- coxal expansion slightly greater than in females of limbata and narrowing more rapidly caudad, sulci and carina stronger than in male. Organs of flight reduced, covering slightly more than proximal half of abdomen. Teg- mina opaque, stigma indicated by a smooth oval, longitudinal area, (;ostal margin comparatively narrow and narrowing very gradually distad. Hands of proximal abdominal tergites broader, but less conspicuous, than in ninlc Cephalic; coxae reaching to near caudal extremity of i)ronotal sluift, (;cphiilic margin armed witli (eight and eleven) spinulae, which are slightly heavier than in male but of the same type, between wliicli arc irregularly scattered a larger number of very small s[)inulae.

Coloration. Male. Head, pronotum and body light hrowii. Cephalic femora with a small blackish brown fleck at unguicular sulcus; external surfaces oft-eti showing three very broad transverse bands of (individually

*2 The difference in this respect is so slight lliat it will prohably l>c IduikI lo have little or no diagnostic value.

MORGAN HEBARD 189

varying shades of) brown. Cephalic tarsal joints each marked distad, on internal surface, with a heavy fleck of blackish brown"". Median and caudal limbs light green or brown. Abdomen always with proximal tergites shining and each heavily blackish brown distad, this forming very conspicuous broad, transverse bands. Tegminal marginal field opaque, light green; remaining portions transparent, colorless except for scattered flecks of brown l)roximad and much more numerous, fusing, similar suffusions toward the marginal field. Wings with anterior field transparent, colorless with brown flecks distad, which fuse proximad, leaving only irregular paler yellowish brown patches between; radiate field transparent, metalUc purplish-black, with minute, transverse veinlets pale, and a paler pinkish area at base.

In a very recessive pa^at}^^e from San Jose del Cabo, the tegmina show- no brown suffusions, but the wings and abdomen are as strikingly colored as in the type.

Female. Brown phase. Markings of cephalic femora and tarsi as in males, abdominal bands broader but much less contrasting, bister. Tegmina opaque, bone-brown; stigma shining and still darker.

Measurements (in millimeters)

Width of

pronotal Length of Width of

Length of Length of supra- pronotal Length of tegminal body pronotum coxal shaft tegmen marginal

expansion field

cf

Villa Union, ?(//JC.. .. 09. 5 22.7 4.2 17.4 44.7 2.2

Tepic, paratypr 58 20.3 4.2 1.5.7 46 2.2

Tepic, paratype 61 20.2 4.2 1.5.4 44 2.4

San Jose del Cabo,

paratype 66 21.7 4.4 16.8 50.2 2.4

9

Venvidio, c//o?!/pc. .. 8.3.5 30.7 7.7 22.9 29 2.8

In addition to the descril^ed pair, two paratypic males from Tepic, a paratypic male from San Jo.se del Cal)0, Baja California, and three large immature individuals (two males and one fe- male) from Vcnvidio, Sinaloa, taken August 18 and 28, 1918. by J. A. Kusche, are in the author's collection.

EPAPHRODITINAE Acanthops bidens new species (Plate VII, figures 10 and 11.)

This handsome species is readily distinguished by the dentate production of each juxta-ocular area of the occiput. It is appar- ently nearest the Honduran A . godmani Saussure and Zehntner,

*^ In species of Stagmomantis such marking often disappears in specimens of strong recessive coloration. This character is, therefore, of highly uncertain specific diagnostic value, and Giglio-Tos' recent use of it in that sense has probably resulted in the erection of one or more sjiion^nns.

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190 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

differing further in the proportionately shorter pronotum and tegmina which are moderately, though not greatly, produced at their apices. Like in godmani, the apices of the wings alone are darkened, while the lateral productions of the abdominal tergites are very similar. The female sex of these species is unknown.

Type.- — cf ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. July 28 to August 1, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 866.]

Size medium, form normal for the genus. Head with juxta-ocular por- tions of occiput each produced dorsad in a small blunt tooth; ocelli large and approximate, forming a triangle slightly broader than deep, above which there is a fine but distinct carina, this carina forming an obtuse-angle dorsad ; facial scutelknn with depth about two-fifths its width, dorsal margin finely carinate and with a small, projecting tubercle on each side of the median ocellus. Pronotum of normal form for genus; surface with a few minute irregular, scattered tubercles, particularly cejihalad, and with a pair of much larger tubercles just before caudal margin. Tegmina and wings fully de- veloped, the former transparent in greater portion of discoidal and anal fields, elsewhere suffused; costal margin twice strongly convex, mesad strongly concave, distad weakly concave to the rounded produced apex, which portion is slightly longer than broad. Wings with distal portion heavily suffused, elsewhere transparent with obscure flecks; the apices briefly produced and founded. Abdomen with fourth tergite produced on each side in a large, roughly quadrate, lamellate lobe, with its distal and caudal margins irregu- larly serrate; fifth tergite with a smaller, but similarly specialized, triangular lobe, this tergite narrowing strongly caudad; the succeeding tergites much narrower, with lateral margins terminating caudad in a minute tubercle on each side. Supra-anal plate transverse, rounded sub-bilobate. Cerci lamellato-lobate distad, as characteristic of genus. Subgenital plate with margin transverse between the small styles. Cephalic femora lamellate dorsad, with a small triangular projection at base of this margin, which is decidedly weaker than that developed in A. falcata Stal. Median and caudal lini])s proximad covered very thickly with very fine, elongate hairs. IVIedinn tibiae strongly narrowed mesad, then gradually thickening to i\\w\.

Coloration that of a dead leaf, individually varying from dark vandj-ke brown to clay color. Spot at stigma shining, always slightly darker. Pro- notum with a pair of dark brown triangular markings mesad on shaft. Trans- I)arent portions of tegmina and wings jxaler than elsewhere, the wings, as a result, with greater portion not darkened as in falcata.

The measurements (in millimeters) of the type are given first, followed by the extremes in the paratypic males. Length of body, 36, 25.4 to 39.5; length of pronotum, 10.2, 9.9 to 10.4; length of tegmcn, 35.1, 32 to 35.2; greatest width of tegininal marginal field, 4.3, 4 to 4 ; length of c(;phalic fenmr, 10.9 to 10.2 mm.

MORGAN HEBARD 191

It is interesting to find this tropical American genus as far north as the State of Sinaloa. Previously it was not known from north of Hon(kiras, though Saussure records the related genus, Pseudacanthops, from the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

A series of eight paratypic males have been examined, bearing the same data as the type, except that they were taken from June 16 to August 16, 1918.

VATINAE

Phyllovates chlorophaea (Blanchard)

183.). Mantis chlorophaea Blanchard, Mag. Zool., v, Ins., p. 135. [ $ ; Watertown, New York (in error).]

The synonymy of this species will shortly be fully discussed. Suffice it to say, at the present time, that but a single species of Phyllovates is known to occur in Mexico.

Vcnvidio, VII, 6 to VIII, 12, 1918, 9 d' ; IX, 2, 1918, 1 small juv.

Size variation in the present series is very great, the extremes measuring as follows. Length of body, .58 to 65.-5; length of fi-ontal process, 3 to 3.3; length of pronotum, 23.3 to 29.7; length of pronotal shaft, 19.5 to 25.3; length of tegmen, 36.3 to 44.8; length of cephalic coxa, 11.1 to 14 mm.

Vates pectinata Saussure

1(S71. Vates pectinata Saussure, Mem. I'Hist. Nat. Mex., iv, Mantides, p. 1(53, pi. n, fig. 24. [cf, Mexico?]

Venvidio, VII, 2 to 6, 1918, 2 cf .

This magnificent and distinctive species has, since the original description, been definitely recorded from Atoyac, Vera Cruz, and Teapa, Tabasco, by Saussiire and Zehntner in the Biologia, where they have splendidly figured both sexes." A male from Cuernavaca, Morelos, taken at light by W. L. Tower on June 27, 1905, belonging to the American Museum of Natural His- tory, is also before us.

« PI. VI, figs. 4 and 5; pi. x, figs. 30, 31 and 32.

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192 dermaptera and orthoptera from sinaloa, mexico

Phasmidae heteroneminae^^

Diapheromera erythropleura new species (Plate VII, figures 12, 13 and

14.)

This is a very slender species, with head, however, no longer than the pronotum. In the male the pleura are bright red, the seventh tergite is half again as long as the eighth (penultimate) tergite, the cerci are unarmed proximo-internally, while the ventral margins of the median and caudal femora as well as the moderately prominent medio-longitudinal ventral carina of the latter are microscopically denticulate. In the female the color is uniform green, the seventh tergite is half again as long as the eighth, the cerci are very elongate, being almost as long as the ninth (ultimate)" tergite, while the ventral margins of the median and caudal femora are not serrulate and no medio-longitudinal carina is developed ventrad.

Type. — cf ; Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico. September 2, 1918. (J. A. Kusche.) [Hebard Collection, Type no. 867.]

Size medium, form very slender for the genus. Surface smooth and shin- mg, pronotum and mesonotum with a subobsolete sulcus on each side just before the lateral margins, formed by a series of minute impressions. Seventh tergite moderately enlarged in distal two-thirds, eighth transverse, ninth (ultimate) strongly convex in dorsal portion, length subequal to width, caudal margin nearly rectangulate-emarginate with apex rounded, leaving the apex of the minute supra-anal plate exposed. Cerci unarmed, moderately elongate, curving moderately inward, with internal surface flattened and apex rounded. Subgenital opercle small, formed by eighth sternite, which is minute, weakly bilobate distad, and ninth sternite which is small, cucullatc, tapering distad to the nearly acute apex, its length equal to that of the ulti- mate tergite. Cephalic femora slightly longer than combined length of pronotum and mesonotum. Median femora much heavier but not to the degree usual in males of the genus. Median and caudal femora with distal spine of vcntro-internal margin heavy and showing a weak sigmoid tendency. M(!dian and caudal tibiae with medio-longitudinal carina of ventral surface denticulate, this and the lateral carinae each terminating distacl in a tuft of spiniform hairs.

Allotype. — 9 ; same data as type, [Hebard Collection.] Agrees with male (ixccjpt as follows and as noted above. Size larger, form decidedly heavier, though much more slender than is usual in females of Diapheromera. Distal tergites not tliickened, seventh sliglitly longer than

"This is the correct name for the subfamily termed tlic tribe Bacunculini by Brunner.

MORGAN HEBARD 193

ninth. Cerci straight and slender. Operculum with lateral margins weakly convex-convergent distad to the acute apex, which fails to reach the median portion of the ulthnate tergite, leaving the distal portion of the ovipositor valves exposed. Median femora no heavier than cephalic, median and caudal femora with distal spine of ventro-internal margin simple, straight, smaller than in male. Median and caudal tibiae with medio-longitudinal and lateral carinae of ventral surface smooth, hairy and terminated distad each in a tuft of spinLform hairs.

Coloration of male. General color prout's brown, becoming sepia on pronotum and mesonotum. Ventro-lateral portions of head, lateral portions of pronotum and of thorax only above insertion of limbs, pinkish buff. Pleura nopal red, this faintly tinging the mesonotum latero-cephalad. Caudal femora ochraceous-buff, median and caudal tibiae antimony yellow, all suffus(3d with brown distad. Female uniform and immaculate light green.

Length of body, cf 78.7, 9 93.4; length of mesonotum, d" 19.2, 9 20.3; median width of mesonotum, cf 1.2, 9 2.8; length of metanotum (including median segment), d' 16, 9 17.2; length of median segment, cf 1.9, 9 2.1; length of first tergite, cf 6.5, 9 6.8; length of seventh tergite, cf 2.2, 9 3.2; length of eighth tergite, cf 1.3, 9 2.3; length of nmth tergite, cf 1.8, 9 2.8; length of cercus, cf 3.3, 9 2.8; length of operculum, 6.7; length of cephalic femur, cf 23, 9 24.2; length of median femur, cf 16.8, 9 17.7; length of caudal femur, cf 22.4, 9 22.8 mm.

This species is known to us only from the described pair.

PHIBALOSOMINAE

Bostra aetolus (Westwood)

18.59. Bacteria aetolus Westwood, Cat. Orth. Ins. Br. Mus., i, Phasmidae, p. 27, pi. XXII, fig. 3. [9, Mexico.]

Venvidio, VI, 16, 1918, 2 jub. 9 ; VII, 6 to IX, 2, 1918, 7 cT, 14 9 , 1 large juv. d^.

The present series is of great interest in that it shows tlie position of aetolus to be in Bostra as at present understood, the close affinity of the species to B. jaliscensis Rehn,"*" and dem- onstrates thoroughlj^ the fact that the auricular processes of the head, lobes of the abdomen and limbs and cristation of the metatarsus, developed in the female sex, are all features subject to enormous individual variation in this and probably many other species of the group.

The following variation is noted in females of the present series. Head merely tubcrculate; or with a transverse ridge of heavier tubercles on cephalic portion of occiput; or armed tiuM-e

*^ It appears more than probable that the female described as Bostra similis by Rcdtenbacher, from Mexico, represents that sex of jaliscensis. Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, p. 412, (1908).

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194 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

with two pairs of spines, of which the outer are the longer; or with outer pair developed into roughly rounded lobes; or with these outer lobes connected with the inner spines by a jagged ridge. Abdominal tergites unspecialized; or with first and fourth with a small, flattened lamellate projection meso-caudad; or with median segment and second and third tergites with such a projection, those of the first and fourth being much larger; or with sixth tergite with latero-caudal portion lamellate and produced in narrow, horizontal lobes, rounded distad. Median femora simple; or with ventro-internal margin bearing a minute lobe or a low flange proximad and with dorso-internal margin bearing one or two very minute lobes which are usually triangular; or with ventro-internal margin bearing a rather large, foliaceous lobe which is suddenly deeply emarginate toward its caudal portion. Caudal femora usually simple, in a few specimens showing to different degrees a weak, rounded flange proximad on each ventral margin, of which that of the caudal margin is the stronger. Median and caudal tibiae simple; or bearing a small, rounded lobe on the dorso-external margin proximad. Genicular areas of median and caudal femora simple or la.aiellato-bilobate produced, due to a lamella- tion of the genicular angle and the femoral margin below. Meta- tarsi simple, or with those of the cephalic limbs with dorsal margin sub-lamellate, forming an obtuse-angulate outline; or with all of that type.

In all of the females the dorsal surface, except that of the abdomen, is heavily tuberculate, the mesonotum and meta- notum are longitudinally tricarinate. These features, the genitalia, proportions and, to a less degree, the size, are ap- parently alone dependable to serve in distinguishing females of this species. Westwood (lescri])ed a female w'th an even greater complexity of lobes and lamellae, while Saussurc has diagnosed a female more nearly resembling somc^ of th(^ present sei'ics.^''

The male of this species agrees closely with that of B. jolts - censis Rehn,''^ differing as follows. Size larger, form propor- tionately mon; elongate. Heveutli and (Mghlli tergites evenly

<' Miss. Sci. Mex., Ucch. Zool., vi, p. 175, (1S70).

*•* Comparison is nmde with the type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., no. .5147.

MORGAN HEBARD 195

convex, not showing weak but distinct longitudinal carinae on each side. Eighth tergite with lateral (ventral) margins very faintly convex, almost straight; not very broadly but distinctly convex. Ninth (ultimate) tergite with surface weakly convex, with a fine niedio-longitudinal carina, distad rounded and sub- bilobate; not truncate, the distal extremity weakly bracket- shaped emarginate with latero-caudal angles deflexed, briefly produced, with apices rounded as in jaliscensis. Subgenital opercle deeper, surface more evenly convex, similarly produced ventro-caudad in an acutc-angulate projection which is pro- ])ortionately smaller but shows considerable size variation in the series.

The majority of the females are grayish, the males being darker, often brown with the sides of the head conspicuously white ventrad.

Length of body, d" 99 to 131.3, 9 142 to 187; length of meso- notum, cP 33 to 35.2, 9 35.7 to 48; length of metanotum (in- cluding median segment), cf 20.3 to 24.2, 9 27.7 to 29.9; length of median segment, cP 9.1 to 11.3, 9 10.2 to 12.8; length of cephalic femur, d" 33.3 to 37.3, 9 30.5 to 40.2; length of caudal femur, d 33.1 to 38, 9 32.8 to 40.7; length of operculum, 24 to 29.7 mm.

Explanation of Plates

Plate VI

All of the specimens figured in the present paper are from Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Fig. 1. — Prosparatia sinalonc new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of pygidium and forceps. (X 9)

Fig. 2. — Prosparatta siiialoae new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of pygidium. (Greatly enlarged.)

Fig. 3. — Prospardtta sinaloae new species. Female. Allotype. Dorsal view of liygidium and forceps. (X 9)

Fig. 4. — Euihlastoblutta grata new species. Male. Type. Ventral view of subgenital jilate. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 5. — Neoblaitella sinaloae new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of pronotum. (X 6H)

Fig. 6. — Neoblaitella sinaloae new sjjecies. Male. Type. Ventral view of subgenital plate. (Same scale as figure 4.)

Fig. 7. — Isehnoptera bicormda new sjjccies. Male. Type. Dorsal view of pronotum. (X Gj^)

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

196 DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Fig. 8.- — Ischnoptera bicornuta new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of distal portion of abdomen. (Same scale as figure 4.)

Fig. 9. — Ischnoptera bicornuta new species. Male. Type. Ventral view of subgenital plate. (Same scale as figure 4.)

Fig. 10. — Cahita nahua (Saussure). Male. Dorsal view of distal portion of abdomen. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 11.- — Cahita nahua (Saussure). Male. Ventral view of subgenital plate. (Same scale as figure 10.)

Fig. 12. — Cahita nahua (Saus.sure). Male. Caudal view of distal portion of subgenital plate. (Same scale as figure 10.)

Fig. 13. — Nyctibora tetrasticta new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view. (X 2)

Fig. 14. — Nyctibora tetrasticta new species. Male. Type. Ventral view of subgenital plate. (X 3)

Fig. 15.^ — Nyctibora tetrasticta new species. Female. Allotype. Dorsal outline. (X 2)

Plate VII

Fig. 1. — Panchlora cahita new species. Male. Type. Ventral view of distal portion of abdomen. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 2. — Holocompsa scotaea new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of pronotum. (X 8)

Fig. 3.- — Holocompsa scotaea new species. Female. Paratype. Dorsal view of pronotum. ( X 8)

Fig. 4. — Holocompsa scotaea new species. Female. Allotype. Dorsal view of pronotum. (X 8)

Fig. 5. — Holocompsa scotaea new species. Female. Paratype. Dorsal view of pronotum. ( X 8)

Fig. 6. — Caloblatta lanipra new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of pronotum. (X 8)

Fig. 7. — Caloblatta lampra new species. Male. Type. Ventral view of subgenital plate. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 8. — Chorisoneura anisoura new species. Male. Type. Ventral view of subgenital plate. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 9. — Stagrnomcmtis colorata new species. Male. Type. Dorsal view of wing. (Natural size.)

Fig. 10. — Acanthops bide7is new species. Male. Type. Ventro-ccphalic! outhne of head. (Much enlarged.)

Fig. 11.- — Acanthops bidens new species. Male. Type. External lateral outline of cejjhalic femur. (X 23^)

Fig. 12. — IHapheromera erythropleura new sjjccies. Male. Type. Dorsal outline of cercus. (X7)

Fig. 13. — Diaphefomera erythropleura new species. Male. Type. Lateral outline of distal portion of abdomen. (X 5)

Fig. 14. — Diapheroinera erythropleura n(nv species. Female. .Mlotype. Tiateral oiilliiic of distal portion of abdomen. (X •'J)

E. T. CRESSON, JR. 197

THE BASSETT TYPES OF CYNIPIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)

BY E. T. CRESSON, JR.

In 1901 The American Entomological Society received a letter from Mr. Ezra T. Cresson, dated June 25, stating that, "Mr. H. F. Bassett, of Waterbiiry, Connecticut, who has for thirty years made a special study of North American galls and gall-flies, being now in poor health and unable to continue the study, desires to present his collection, with all his types, to The American Entomological Society, in trust, to be preserved and kept separate and distinct from other collections and to be known as the Homer F. Bassett Collection: a memorial of his life-work in entomology." The collection was accepted and is now one of the valued possessions of this Society. Mr. Bassett's entire collection, however, did not come to the Society, which fact is evident by the presence of some type-material in the American Museum of Natural History and other collections. This situation may be partially explained upon examining some of the correspondence between Mr. Bassett and Mr. Cresson. In a letter dated June 12, 1901, Mr. Bassett writes that he had divided his collection, "preparing some of the types for Yale and Cornell, but the full types and the main collection" for the American Entomological Society. After Mr. Bassett's death in 1902, Mrs. Bassett evidently disposed of this duplicate collection.

Mr. Bassett sent his collection to the Society in various sized card-board boxes, generally with the insects and their galls in the same box, the former in cotton. This method did not lend itself to proper care and attention; consequently, upon their receipt by the Society, the insects, or a representative i)art of them, were carefully mounted on points, and the galls placed in trays.

Of the one hundred and twenty-five species described by ]\Ir. Bassett, this collection contains all but two, and these ma}' later be found among the undetcirmined material. In the fol- lowing list, the type specimen is untlerstood to l)e in good con- dition unless otherwise noted.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUI.

1

198 BASSETT TYPES OF CYNIPIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

affinis (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 103, 1881.

10420. Connecticut? Female (tips of antennae l>roken). Gall. agrifoliae (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 53, 1881.

10540. California. Female and galls. ashmeadii (Andricus), Trans. Amcr. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 320, 1000.

10481. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown.

badius (Amphibolips), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 323, 1900.

10473. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown. bella (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 93, 1881.

10442. Tucson, Arizona. Female (antennae broken). Galls. californica (Cynips), Can. Ent. xiii, 51, 1881.

10482. Redwood City, California. Female and galls. canescens (Holcaspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 66, 1890.

10458. Napa City, California. Female. Galls missing. capsula (Cynips), Can Ent., xiii, 101, 1881.

10484. Connecticut? Female (antennae broken). Galls. carolinensis (Amphibolips), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 85, 1890.

10474. Statesville, North Carolina. Female (antennae broken). Gall ceropteroides (Callirhytis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 324, 1900.

10483. Branford, Connecticut. Female and galls. cicatricula (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 101, 1881. Gall only.

(Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 80, 1890. Insects.

10485. Connecticut. Female and galls. cinerosa (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 110, 1881.

Texas. Galls and flies missing. clarkei (A. (Callirhytis)), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 79, 1890.

10486. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Female and galls. clarkei (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 69, 1890.

10443. Massachusetts. Female and galls.

consimilis (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 335, 1900.

10422. Water bury, Connecticut. Female and gall. corallinus (Holcaspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 66, 1890.

10459. Napa,City, California. Female and galls. corrugis (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 109, 1881.

10460. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown.

corrugis (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 71, 1890.

10444. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown. coxii (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 112, 1881.

10487. Tucson, Arizona. Female and gall.

crystallinus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 319, 1900.

10488. Napa City, California. Female and galls.

discus (Dryophanta), Trans. Amcr. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 326, I'.tOO.

10445. Napa City, California. Female (antenna tips broken). Cialls missing.

distortus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Va\\. Soc, xxvi, 3.3() 1900.

10423. Connecticut. Female and gall.

E. T. CRESSON, JR. 199

dubia (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 335, 1900.

10424. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown. duricoria (Holcaspis), Tran.s. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, G4, 1890.

1()4()1. Connecticut. Female and galls. eburneus (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 70, 1890.

1044(j. Southern Utah. Female and ? galls. exiguissimus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 332, 1900.

10425. Connecticut. Female and gall.

exiguus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 318, 1900.

10489. New Haven, Connecticut. Female and galls. exiguus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 333, 1900.

10426. West Rock, Connecticut. Female and gall. fasciata (Holcaspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 328, 1900.

10462. Connecticut. Female and galls.

favosus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 87, 1890.

10427. Rockport, Ohio. Female and gall. ficula (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 75, 1881.

10463. Georgia. Female and galls. floccosa (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii. 111, 1881.

lt)428. Northern Ohio. Female and galls. formosa (Cynips), Proc Ent. Soc. Phihi., iii, 679, 1864.

10490. Connecticut. Female. Galls?

fragilis (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 335, 1900,

10429. San Diego, California. Female and gall.

gainesi (Amphibolips), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 322, 1900.

10475. Austin, Texas. Female and gall. gemula (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 104, 1881.

10447. Connecticut? Female and galls.

gillettei (Acraspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 323, 1900.

10470. Fort Collins, Colorado. Female and galls. gillettei (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 334, 1900.

10430. Connecticut. Female with tips of antennae broken. Galls missing.

hirta (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc Phila., iii, 688, 1864.

10469. Connecticut. Female and galls. howertoni (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 82, 1890.

10491. New Mexico. Female. Gall missing. howertoni (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 90, 1890.

10431. New Mexico. Female (abdomen missing). Gall. ignota (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 106, 1881.

10448. Coimecticut. Female and galls.

ignotus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 317, 1900. 10494. New Haven, Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown ilicifoliae (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ni, 682, 1864.

10476. Connecticut. Female and galls.

incertus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 317, 1900.

10492. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

200 BASSETT TYPES OF CYNIPIDAE (hYMENOPTERA)

indistinctus (Andricus?), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 81, 1890.

10493. Northern Ohio. Female and gall. kingi (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 316, 1900.

10495. Napa City, California. Female and galls. leavenworthi (Antistrophus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 310, 1900.

10526. Petersburg, Virginia. Female and gall. lenticularis (Rhodites), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 59, 1890.

10536. Massachusetts. Female and galls.

longicornis (Amphibolips), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 321, 1900.

10477. Palestine, Texas. Male (legs missing). Gall. longicornis (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 327, 1900.

10449. Connecticut. Female. Gall lost by Bassett. macrocarpae (Acraspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 84, 1890.

10471. Rockport, Ohio. Female and galls. majalis (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc Phila., in, 683, 1864.

10432. Connecticut. Female (antennae tips broken) . Gall. mammula (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 76, 1881.

10467. Connecticut. Female and galls. maxwelli (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 83, 1890.

10496. Palestine, Texas. Female and galls. mesdcanus (Andricus?), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 78, 1890.

Mountain near Guadalajara, Mexico. Insect unknown. Only woolly covering of galls. No actual galls. minuta (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 96, 1881.

10433. Connecticut. Female and gall.

minimus (Diastrophus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 325, 1900.

10527. Connecticut. Female and gall.

nebulosus (Rhodites), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 63, 1890.

10537. Connecticut? Male and galls.

niger (Diastrophus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 324, 1900.

10528. Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Female and galls. noxiosa (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 108, 1881.

10434. Connecticut. Female and galls. nubila (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 56, 1881.

10450. Mule Pass Mountains, Arizona. Female and galls. obtusilobae (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 316, 1900.

10497. Connecticut. Female. Gall luiknown. operatola (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 315, 1900.

10498. Waterbury, Connecticut. Female and galls. osten-sackenii (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 327, 1863.

10199. Connecticut? Female and galls. pallidus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 88, 1890.

10435. Connecticut. Female and galls.

pallipes (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 327, 1900.

10152. Waterbury, Coimecticut. l'\Miial(' (antennae and tarsi lnokeii). Galls.

ii

E. T. CRESSON, JR. 201

pallipes (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 89, 1890.

10421. Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Female (antennae broken). Galls. paltneri (Amphibolips), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 86, 1890.

10478. Chihuahua, Mexico. Female (tarsi broken). Gall. papula (Cj'nips), Can. Ent., xiix, 107, 1881.

10451. Connecticut. Female and galls. parmula (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 312, 1900.

10.500. Xapa City, California. Female and galls. parvula (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc xxvi, 326, 1900.

104.53. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown. patiens (Andricus). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 312, 1900.

10.501. Connecticut. Female. Gall unknown. pattoni (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 98, 1881.

10502. New Haven, Connecticut. Female and galls. pedunculata (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 72, 1890.

104.54. Connecticut. Female and galls.

perditor (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 313, 1900.

10503. Connecticut. Female and galls.

perminimus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 332, 1900.

1043(). Rockport, Ohio. Female and galls. pemiciosus (Holcaspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 68, 1890.

104tj4. Southern Utah. Female and galls. petiolicola (Cynips), Proc Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 325, 1863.

10504. Waterbury, Connecticut. Female. Galls missing. pigra (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 105, 1881.

10505. Connecticut. Female and galls.

pilula (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 77, 1890.

10506. Utah. Female and galls.

piperoides (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 314, 1900.

10507. Connecticut. Female and galls.

podagrae (Aulax), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 91, 1S90.

10534. Connecticut. Female and galls. polita (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 99, 1881.

10455. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Female and galls. polltus (Acraspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 85, 1890.

10472. Washington County, Missouri. Female, (iall unknown. politus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 89, 1890.

10437. Southern Utah. Male (antennae massing). Gall. pomlformis (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 74, 1881.

1050S. California. Female and galls. potentillae (Diastrophus), Proc Ent. Soc Phila., in, 689, 1863.

10529. Connecticut. Female and galls. pruinosus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 311, 1900.

10509. New Haven, Connecticut. Female and galls. pulchellus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 314, 1900.

10510. Connecticut. Female (antennae broken). Gall unknown.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIU.

202 BASSETT TYPES OF CYNIPIDAE (hYMENOPTERa)

pulchra (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 73, 1890.

10.511. Connecticut. Female and galls.

pumiliventris (Dryophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 69, 1890.

104.56. Connecticut? Male. Galls missing. punctata (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 324, 1863.

10.512. Waterbury, Connecticut. Female and galls. pusulatoides (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 74, 1890.

10513. Connecticut. Female and gall. radicis (Callirhytis), Psyche, v, 237, 1889.

10.541. Connecticut. Female and galls. radicum (Diastrophus), Can. Ent., ii, 98, 1870.

10530. Connecticut. Female and galls. reticulata (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 74, 1890.

10514. New Mexico. Female cut from gall. Bassett's note on box "Insects lost." Galls.

rileyi (Cynips), Amer. Nat., xv, 149, 1881.

10438. North Bend, Ohio. Female and galls. ruginosus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 75, 1890.

10515. New Mexico. Female. Galls lost by Bassett. rugosa (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 100, 1881.

10465. Connecticut. Female and galls.

saccularius (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 76, 1890.

10516. Connecticut. Male (tips of antennae broken). Galls. scitula (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., in, 683, 1864.

10517. Connecticut. Female and galls. sculptus (Cynips), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 324, 1863.

10479. Connecticut. Female and galls. seminosus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 76, 1890.

10518. Rockport, Ohio. Female and galls.

sileri (Holcaspis), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 67, 1890.

10466. Utah. Female (wings and dorsal portions of head and thorax missing). Galls.

similis (Cynips), Proc Ent. Soc. Phila., in, 685, 1864.

10519. Connecticut. Female and galls. similis (Diastrophus), Can. Ent., xiii, 95, 1881.

10532. Connecticut. Female and galls. similis (Dr^yophanta), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 71, 1890.

10457. Southern Utah. Female. Galls missing or confused with tho-^^e of D. eburneus. singularis (Cynips), Proc Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 326, 1863.

10520. ('onnecticut. Female and galls.

speciosus (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 81, 1890.

10521. Napa City, California. Female and galls. spicatus (L(jxaulus), Trans. Amer. L.nt. Soc, xxvi, 329, 1900.

lotos. Arizona. Female and galls. suttonii (C'ynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 54, 1881,

10522. California. Female and galls.

E. T. CRESSON, JR. 203

tectus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, .331, 1900.

10439. Waterbury, Connecticut. Female and galls. tenuicornis (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 92, 1881.

10.533. Mule Pass Mountains, Arizona. Female and galls. tuberosa (Andricus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 311, 1900.

10523. Waterbury, Connecticut. Male. (Weld says female is not con- specific [antennae missing beyond second joint].) Galls. tumidus CAulax), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 92, 1890.

10.)3.5. Connecticut. Female and gall. tumidus (Rhodites), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 60, 1890.

10.538. Utah. Male (antennae broken). Gall.

turgidus (turgigus lapsus calami) (Diastrophus), Can. Ent., ii, 99, 1S70.

1().')31. Connecticut. Female and galls. umbilicatus (Neuroterus), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 330, 1900.

10440. Connecticut. Female and galls.

utahensis (Rhodites), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 62, 1890.

l^tah. In.sects and galls missing. utricula (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 78, 1S81.

10.524. ('onnecticut. Female (tips of antennae broken). Galls. variabilis (Rhodites), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xvii, 61, 1890.

10.539. Utah. Female (hind tarsi broken). Galls. ventricosa (Cynips), Proc Ent. Soc. Phila., iii, 681, 1864.

10.525. Connecticut. Female and galls.

verna (Amphibolips), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxvi, 321, 1900. 10480. Waterbury, Connecticut, Female. Gall unknown. vesicula (Cynips), Can. Ent., xiii, 97, 1881.

10441. Connecticut. Female and galls.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

E. L. BELL 205

A NEW SPECIES OF HESPERIIDAE

(LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA) BY E. L. BELL

While collecting in Florida during ]March 1921, a number of Hesperiid butterflies superficially resembling Cocceius pylades Scudder, were captured. There are, however, several points in which they differ from that species, principally in that the males have no costal fold, the palpi are grayish and not concolorous with the body, and the genitalia are different. The lack of costal fold in the male and the lighter colored palpi more nearly resemble Thorybes daunus Cramer, but the shape of the wings is quite different from that species, the primaries being not so pointed at the apex and the secondaries not so produced anally, but more rounded; the maculation of the upper surface of the primaries is usually much reduced, especially in the male, and genitalia are different. For this species, from the probaljility of its having been long confused with the two species mentioned, I propose the name of

Thorybes confusis new species

1922. Cogia (Thoryhes) species Skinner and Williams, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XLViii, p. 124, fig. 29 (genitalia).

Size — male, 31 mm. to 37 mm.; female 31 mm. to 40 mm.

cf. Upperside: primaries, dark brown with a hand of irregularly shajjed white spots extending in an oblique line from aliout the center of the costa toward the inner an^le; usually composed of two small spots between the costa apd the cell, and one just inside the cell, a small spot below, placed out of line toward the outer margin, then a longer, narrow spot below and in a line with the three small sjjots near the costa; below this a small spot placed a little out of line toward the outer margin. There are four, small, subaj)ical, white S]>ots, the first three placed in a line and the fourth and lowest slightly out of line toward the outer margin. The sj)ots composing the band are frequently greatly reduced, and sometimes entirely lacking; the subapical spots reduced to mere traces. Fringes dark except at the inner angle where they are a lighter color; there is a narrow line of darker scales across the fringe at the end of each vein.

Sccnndaru's: dark brown and immaculate; fringes lighter, about the same color as the light sj)ot at the inner angle of the primaries, with the dark scales at the ends of the veins, as in the primaries.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

206 A NEW SPECIES OF HESPERIIDAE (lEPIDOPTERA)

Underside: 'primaries, brown, sometimes with hoary area along the outer margin especially pronounced at the apex, and a light colored band along the inner margin; the spots of the upper side are repeated.

Secondaries: brown, sprinkled with white scales; darker on the basal area. Across the basal third of the wing there is an irregular dark band, and another similar band about midway between this band and the outer margin. The lighter colored area between the outer band and the margin is sometimes hoary.

9 . Same as the male except that the wings are slightly more rounded, and the spots of the primaries are a little larger; the spot just inside the cell is .s(jmetimes elongated, extending across the cell.

Palpi grayish and no costal fold in the male.

Described from 55 males and 19 females collected at Tampa, Florida. Male and female types and two paratypes in American Museum of Natural History, New York City; two paratypes in National Museum, Washington, D. C; two paratypes in Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, N. Y., and remaining paratypes in collection of E. L. Bell. I have tentatively placed this species in the genus Thoryhes on its general resemblance to the other species in that genus, but it may possibly not belong there.

Sometimes females of this species are not readily separated from the females of Thoryhes daunus; on the upper surface, though, there is usually a slight difference in the arrangement of the spots. In such cases, however, the color and general ap- pearance of the secondaries below is quite sufficient to separate them in all the specimens I have seen, I also have this species from Missouri and Arkansas.

G. C. CRAMPTON 207

THE GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

COMPARED WITH THOSE OF RELATED INSECTS,

FROM THE STANDPOINT OF PHYLOGENY

BY G. C. CRAMPTON

MdSKdcliiiscUs AgricuUurdl CoUrge, Amherst, MasfiucJtusetfs

For identifications and material of Diptera, I am deeply in- deljted to Dr. C. P. Alexander, Dr. J. M. Aldrich, and Dr. C. W. Johnson, and I am likewise deeply indebted to Dr. Bethune- Baker for the loan of a specimen of Micropferyx (EriocephaJa) caUheUa, and to Dr. P. A. Bnxton, for a fine series of Micropteryx (EriocephaJa) sepella.

There have been published a number of papers dealing with the genitalia of male Diptera, such as the fine pa])er by Metcah" on the Syrphidae, Snodgrass on the Tipuhdae, Edwards on the Culicidae, etc., and several investigators such as Berlese, Crami> ton, Newell, Wesche, and others have compared the parts of the genitalia of male Diptera with those of lower insects. In most cases, however, no attempt has been made to trace the origin of the modifications met with in the Diptera through a series of intermediate forms to a basic plan common to all insects, and until this is done, we cannot arrive at a correct interpretation of the parts in the Diptera and related forms. I would therefore use as the l)asis of th(; following discussion, the fundamental plan of the genitalia of male insects in general, described in the Canadian Entomologist,^ and I would trace the modifications of this fundamental plan through the Hymenop- tera and Mecoptera (which furnish the intermediate types, connecting the Diptera with the lower forms) to the dipteran types, giving consideration to the conditions met with in certain Hemii)teia, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, etc., when the condition exhibited l)y these forms has a liearing upon the interin-etation of the parts in the Diptera.

1 LIl, 1920,1) 180— see also correction on p.-igo 72 of ]JII, 1921.

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208 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

The principal features of the genitalia of male insects are the intromittent organ or aedeagus, and the claspers or genital styles (gonostyli), both of which are apparently structures borne on the sternal region of the ninth abdominal segment. In male Ephemerida, the gonostyli or genital styles, labeled ex in figures 1 and 4, are borne on a basal plate labeled p, while the intro- mittent organ is made up of a pair of penisvalvae, labeled en. As was pointed out in the article referred to above, the basal plates y of figure 4, may possibly represent the protopodites of a pair of biramous Crustacean limbs, while the genital styles ex may represent the exopodites of such a pair of biramous limbs, and the penis valves en may possibly correspond to the endo- podites of the crustacean limbs. In insects, it is usually the modified limbs and processes of the ninth abdominal segment which make up the genitalia of the malC; and unless this fact is clearly understood, confusion is likely to ensue, since parts of the ninth abdominal segment may be mistaken for the tenth segment, as is the case in the investigations of Berlese, Metcalf, and others.

In certain ephemerids, the protopodites (coxites) or basal segments of the modified abdominal limbs of the ninth segment, are distinct, and in the ephemerid shown in figure 4, they are represented as partially distinct (i.e. the structures labeled p in figure 4), while in other ephemerids they unite to form a single basal plate (syncoxite), which is borne in the posterior region of the ninth abdominal sternite, and resembles a tenth abdominal sternite so closely that unless one knows its developmental history, he would mistake it for the tenth abdominal sternite. When the protopodites of the limbs of the ninth abdominal segment are distinct, as in certain Lepismatidae and similar forms, they are called coxites. In male sawflics, as for example in the one shown in figure 5, the basal plate labeled sp, which represents the united coxites or protopodites labeled p in figure 4, (i.e. it is a "syncoxite") is called the gonocardo. The genital styles ex of the sawfly shown in figure 5 represent the genital styles (gonostyli) or modified exopodites labeled ex in the ephe- merid shown in figure 4, while the penisvalvae iw of figure 5 probably represent the modified cndopodites or the penis valves en of figure 4. Tlu^ genital styles ex of the ephemerids and saw-

G. C. CRAMPTON 200

flies (figures 4 and 5) are sometimes called gonopods, but the term gonopod should refer to the entire modified abdominal limb (i.e. it should include the basal segment p of figure 4, as well as the genital style ex, etc.).

As was described above, the principal parts of the gonitaha of sawflies may be readily compared with those of male ephem- erids, and since the sawflies have retained the primitive con- dition in many respects, they serve to connect the higher insects with the lower ones. Within the sawfly group the following modifications of the general plan shown in figure 5, may take place. The basal plate sp of figure 5 frequently becomes re- duced to a narrow ring, such as the one labeled sp in figures 3 and 8, and this basal plate is either atrophied, or it is greatly reduced and may unite with the basal segment of the genital styles in higher insects.

In the following comparison of the parts of sawflies with higher insects, I shall have occasion to refer to parts which were originally dorsal in certain of these forms, but have become secondarily ventral through a torsion or revolution of the parts about their long axis (through one hundred and eighty degrees). The ol^ject of this revolution through one hundred and eighty degrees is to facilitate mating (see figure 24), and takes place in the male alone, so far as I am aware, I have found such a revolution of the parts in certain male sawflies, and a number of Diptera (and I strongly suspect that a similar condition occurs in the Embiidae, although I cannot prove this as yet). Unless one realizes what has happened in such cases, he is misled into attempting to homologize parts which were originally dorsal and have become ventral only secondarily (through a revolution of the parts about their long axis through one hundred and eighty degrees), with parts which were always ventral and have re- mained so — an error made by Newell, 1018, in the sawflies, and by Brolemann, 1010, in culicid Diptera, etc. I would therefore emphasize the fact that in comparing the sawflies here discussed, with certain of the Diptera, the terms primitive^ dorsal and primitively ventral as applied to the sawflies, etc., refer to the original position of the parts in question, which have become

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210 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

secondarily ventral by being twisted around their long axis (they revolve as a whole, not singly). In primitive sawflies the parts remain in their normal position, and thus enable us to determine the original relations of the parts, and to homologize them with other insects. Bearing these facts in mind, I would call attention to the following modifications of the parts in male sawflies, which throw considerable light upon the interpretation of the genital structures of the Diptera and other higher insects. In some sawflies, median portions of the basal segments of the genital styles become detached from their respective segments and approaching one another, unite to form a median interbasal plate (interbasis or connective) or median plate primitively situated above the penis valves (intromittent organs), although in some sawflies, the plate in question appears to be below the penis valves, since a secondary torsion of the parts causes the plate to lie below the penis valves when the genital apparatus turns over (through one hundred and eighty degrees). In the sawfiy shown in figure 3, the connective or interbasal plates, labeled ib, are partially detached from their respective basal segments gs, and tend to unite in the median line of the genitalia — a process which is completed in certain sawflies. In the Dip- teron shown in figure 7, there occurs immediately above the intromittent organ ae, an apron-like plate ih which is connected laterally with the leases of the genital styles gs, and from its position above the intromittent organ and between the bases of the gonostyli it apparently represents the united interbasal plates ib of the sawfiy shown in figure 3 (albeit, in the sawfiy in question, these plates have secondarily come to lie below the intromittent organ, as in the higher sawflies — but not in the lower ones). On the originally ventral (but secondarily dorsal) surface of the genitalia of the sawfiy shown in figure 8, two slender structures labeled vv (which may possibly represent the so-called volsellae of higher Hymenoptera) become detached from the median portions of the basal segments of the genital styles gs. The small genital ossicles labeled s in the sawfiy shown in figure 8 (which may possibly represent the so-called sagittae of higher Hymenoptera) , are also ai)parcntly detached portions of the basal segments of the genital styles gs, which

G, C. CRAMPTON" 211

migrate to a position on either side of the intromittent organ pv (or they may be simply outgrowths on either side of the intro- mittent organ), and the above-mentioned structures may become involved in the formation of the intromittent organ of higher insects. In some cases, I think that secondary chitinizations of the body wall in the neighborhood of the opening of the ejaculatory duct enter into the composition of the intromittent organ, and the various secondarily formed portions of the intro- mittent organ make it very difficult to interpret the parts cor- rectly in certain cases, unless all of the evolutionary stages in their formation can be found. In some insects, the terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct forms the penis, but it is pref- erable to speak of the intromittent organ simply as the aedeagus, regardless of the homologies of its various parts.

If we compare the claspers of the sawfly shown in figure 5, with those of the ephemerid shown in figure 4, it would appear much more prol^able that the basal segments of the claspers gs of the sawfly shown in figure 5 represent the basal segments of the genital styles gs of the mayfly shown in figure 4, rather than that the basal segments gs of the claspers of the sawfly shown in figure 5 should represent the coxites or protopodites p of the ephemerid shown in figure 4 (since the l)asal plate 7? of figure 5 represents the united coxites p of figure 4), and the musculature of the parts in ciuestion would permit of such an interpretation. The two-segmented genital claspers or genital styles ex of the sawfly shown in figure 8 are apparently homologous with the two-segmented genital styles ex of the mecopteron shown in figure 25, as I have pointed out in several papers dealing with these insects; so that Muir, 1921, is evidently mistaken in attempting to homologize the basal segment gs of the two- segmented genital style ex of figure 25, with the coxites or pro- topodites p of figure 4, instead of homologizing the basal seg- ments gs of the two-segmented genital styles ex of figure 25 with the basal segments gs of the two-segmented genital styles ex of figure 4, as should be done. This is a very important matter, since the proper interpretation of the claspers of the Diptera depends upon the correct intcri)retation of the parts in the Mecoptera, which approach the dipteran type remarkable closely.

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Having determined that the basal segment of the two-seg- mented genital style gs of the mecopteron shown in figure 25 is in all probability the basal segment of the two-segmented gono- stylus ex of figure 4 (rather than the homologue of the coxite p of figure 4), it naturally follows that the structure labeled gs in the mecopteron shown in figure 6 (which is in every way homologous with the basal segment gs of the two-segmented genital style of the mecopteron shown in figure 25), likewise represents the basal segment gs of the gonostyle ex of the ephem- erid shown in figure 4, and it is a very simple matter to compare the parts of the claspers of the mecopteron shown in figure 6, with those of the dipteron shown in figure 9. Thus, the eighth abdominal tergite 8* of figure 6 is homologous with the eighth tergite 8* of figure 9, and the ninth tergite 9* of figure 6 is homol- ogous with the ninth tergite 9* of figure 9, while the basal seg- ments of the gonostyli gs, which are located on either side of the ninth tergite 9* in figure 6, very evidently correspond in every way to the basal segments gs of the gonostyli, which are also located on either side of the ninth tergite 9* in figure 9, and the second segments h of the gonostyli bear very similar median processes in both insects.

A study of the lower insects would suggest that the two- segmented genital styles ex of figures 4, 5, etc., are modified exopodites of the limbs of the ninth abdominal segment, so that if this be correct, it is easily seen that the two-segmented genital styles ex of figures 25 and 26 are also merely modified exopodites of the limbs of the ninth abdominal segment, and consequently the two-segmented genital styles ex of figure 9 (which correspond in every way to the structures bearing the same labels in figure 6) are possibly merely the modified exopodites of the limbs of the ninth abdominal segment. Berlese confuses the basal segments gs of the gonostyles ex of the ninth segment with the tenth sternite (and even with the parapodial plates of Dermaptera, etc.), and Newell has gotten the interpretation of the i)arts into such a snarl in the Diptera and Hymenoptcra that it is hopeless to try to find out what is really intended in her drawings, though I suspect, from her figures of the Mecoptera, that she would iiiterpret the basal segments of the genital styles as the ninth

G. C. CRAMPTON 213

abdominal sternite. Metcalf apparently regards the basal segments of the genital styles of the ninth al^dominal segment as the sternite of the tenth segment, and consequently interprets the second (terminal) segment of the genital styles as the ap- pendages of the tenth abdominal segment. This very confusing mix-up will undoubtedly throw anyone not conversant with the true state of affairs completely off the track, and the confusion is by no means lessened by the fact that Snodgrass (who is usually one of the most careful and dependable of investigators) has promulgated the idea that the basal segment of the genital styles of Diptera represent the pleural plates of the ninth seg- ment. Their origin in lower insects very clearh' shows that the styli are originally ventral structures borne on the sternite of the ninth segment, and a comparison of the basal segments gs of the genital styles of the Mecoptera shown in figures 31 and 34, with the basal segments gs of the genital stjdes of the Dip- teron shown in figure 32, clearly indicates the process by which the basal segments gs of the genital styles, which are ventral in lower insects (figure 4), may become secondarih^ crowded into the lateral region of the segment as in figure 32 (gs), since in figure 34, the basal segment gs is somewhat lateral in position, while in figure 31 it becomes pronouncedly so, and thus anti- cipates the condition exhibited by the dipteron shown in figure 32.

It is a very difficult problem to decide what terms to apply to the basal and distal segments of the genital styles of the ninth abdominal segment. The basal segment gs of figure 8 has been called the gonostipes in male sawflies, and the distal segment has been variously termed the cochliarium, harpes, parameres, etc., in these insects. The designation harpes and harpagones has also been variously applied by lepidopterists to the fused segments of the entire genital styles (or to various other parts as well), and the dipterists have further complicated the con- fusion by applying these terms to still other structures, so that it is impossible to apply these terms in the orders in question without creating confusion. While I prefer the designation gono- stipes for the basal segment gs of the genital styles, and the designation harpes or parameres for the distal segment h of the

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214 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

genital styles, it is preferable to designate the basal and distal segments of these styles simply as the basistylus and dististylus respectively, (until the matter is finally settled) if we are to avoid confusion. The latter designations are descriptive and also indicate the probable nature of the structures in question, so that it has seemed preferable to adopt them in the present discussion.

In the dipteron shown in figure 7, the liasistyle gs (basal segment of the genital style) has remained in the condition typical of the basal segment of the style in the lower forms, but the dististyle h (distal segment of the genital style) becomes differ- entiated into an apical appendage a (the apicappendix) and a subapical appendage sa (subappendix). In the dipteron shown in figure 36, the apical a]:)pendix a has become detached from the subapical appendix .sa, and the process has been carried still further in other forms. The apical appendix a of figure 7 apparently represents the apical portion a of the distal segment of the genital style of the insects shown in figures 6 and 9, while the subapical appendage .sa of figure 7 apparently corresponds to the subapical process sa of the distal segment of the genital style of the insects shown in figures 6 and 9, and it is onlj' by comparing the parts in the Diptera and related Mecoptera, that we are able to reach an approximately correct interpretation of these parts in the higher forms.

In the dipteron shown in figures 10 and 12, the basistyle gs (basal segment of the genital style) becomes bent inward, and the inflexion of the segment partially divides it into two secon- arily-formed subdivisions or pseudosegments, and in the dip- teron shown in figure 12, all that is left of the true distal segment (dististyle) of the genital style is represented by the apical and subapical appendages. In the dipteron shown in figure 11, the basal and distal segments of the genital styles are greatly modi- fied, the basal segment being represented by the i)late labelled gs, while the distal segment h has developed vai-ious outgrowths and other modifications which tend to mask its true character as a distal segment of the genital stylo. In the syrphid shown in figure 22, the distal segment h of the genital style is flat and broad, while the basal segment gs is more membranous, and becomes quite closely a))i)lie(l to the i)leural region of the ninth abdominal segment.

G. C, CRAMPTON 215

In the mecopteron shown in figure 25, the ninth tergite bearing the label 9^, bears two lobe-like processes, the surstyli or sur- gonopods, sg, which are situated above the gonopods or modified genital limbs (genital styles), and in the mecopteron shown in figure 26, the surgonopods or copulatory lobes sg are modified to form accessory claspers in mating. In the dipteron shown ill figure 32, the surgonopods sg also serve as accessory clasping orgar.s, while in the dipteron shown in figure 37 the surgonopods -■J are broad backward-projecting lobes which appear as though i'cy might also be used as secondary claspers in mating. In he dipteron shown in figure 35, the homologues of the surgon- opods sg are not very large, nor are they well developed in the me^v^pteron shown in figure 33 (sg). In the Lepidoptera shown in figures 16 and 19, the surgonopods sg are fairlj- large, and, as in the trichopteroii shown in figure 15, the surgonopods sg usually occur on either side of a median backward prolongation of the ninth tergite calind the tegumen in Lepidoptera (i.e. im of figures 19, 16, and 15). The backward-projecting portion of the ninth tergite; labeled th: in the mecopteron shown in figure 20; is also apparently homoL gous with the tegumen tm of the Lepidoptera and Triohoptera (/gures 16 and 15), and since this structure occurs in the Lepidoj. ""era, Trichoptera and Mecop- tera, which are very closely relate 1 to the Diptera, it is indeed surprising that few if any Dijjtera have developed a tegumen.

In the hemipteron showri in figare 14, the ninth sternite bears a pair of valves, hv, called the hypovalvae, which are back- ward-projecting processes of the sternite. In the mecopteron shown in figure 17, the hypovalvae hv are short, l)ut in the mecopteron shown in figure 13, the hypovalvae Iw are long slender processes, and the character of these valves should be of value in classification, since they are typical of the species in question. The backward-projecting processes hv of the ninth sternite of the dipteron shown in figure 11, arc probably homol- ogous with the hypovalvae of the other insects referred to al)Ove. From its position l)eneath the male genital apparatus, the sternum of the ninth a])dominal segment ha of figures 32, 34, 20, 17, etc., has been called the hy])andrium, or suV)gcnital plate of the male, and it is tliis plat(^ wliicli Ixvirs the tiuc hypovalvae or subgenital valves, mentioned aV)ovc, whvn these are present.

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216 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

The sternite of the eighth abdominal segment may also be prolonged backward to form a pseudohypandrium, such as the one labeled 8^ in figure 37. In the dipteron shown in figure 11, the eighth sternite 8^, which forms a pseudohypandrium or pseudo-subgenital valve of the male, also bears a pair of pseudo- styli, ps, suggestive of the valves borne on the ninth sternite (hypovalvae) or true subgenital plate of the male. The epand- rium or ninth tergite situated above the genital apparatus of the male, which bears the label ea in figures 27, 33, 9, 6, etc., is frequently characteristic of the different insects in size, contour, etc., and may offer a character of value in classification, since it (like the hypandrium) is readily seen without dissecting out the parts, as is usually necessary in studying the genitalia them- selves.

Behind the ninth abdominal segment, there occurs in many insects an anus-bearing structure called the proctiger {pg of figures 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 33, 35, 37 and 38), which possibly represents the united tenth and eleventh ab- dominal segments, since in the mecopteron shown in figure 20, and in the dipteron shown in figure 35, it bears the cerci c, which are supposedly appendages of the eleventh abdominal segment. At least, embryologists such as Heymons, Wheeler, and others claim that the cerci are modified limbs of the eleventh abdominal segment, and if the cerci arise as the limbs of the eleventh segment in the embryo, there is no gainsaying the fact that they belong to the eleventh segment, and the proctiger pg of figures 20, 35, etc., must therefore contain the eleventh segment in its com- position (as well as the tenth). I am not entirely convinced that the cerci are really the limbs of the eleventh rather than of the tenth abdominal segment, however, since it appears to me that the basal segment (protopodite, or parapodial plate) of the modified limb, whose endopodite forms the ccrcus, has been mistaken for the eleventh sternite by the embryologists, as I have pointed out in a paper pubHshed in Entomological News,^ and it is quite possible that the cerci are the modified Hmbs of the tenth instead of the eleventh abdominal segment, as they appear to be in other insects which I have examined from the

2 XXII, p. 257.

G. C. CRAMPTON 217

standpoint of comparative morphology. !Metcalf interprets the plates labeled c, which are situated on either side of the anus in the syrphid shown in figures 23 and 22, as the cerci. I am more inclined to regard these structures as the representatives of the basal plates pp or paraprocts (parapodial plates, or protopodites), which are situated on cither side of the anus and bear the cerci la])eled c in the female dipteron shown in figure 21. Such para- podial plates bearing the true cerci are also present in the mecop- teron shown in figure 18, and in these insects the plates in question are broad flattened plates, rather than the typical cylindrical structures forming the cerci c of the dipteron shown in figure 35, for example (or the cerci labeled c in the mecopteron shown in figure 17). I have provisionally adopted the inter- pretation of the plates labeled c in figures 9, 22, 23, etc., as the cerci, however, since I cannot prove that they are the parapodial plates (paraprocts) rather than the cerci, and Metcalf and Berlese may be right in calling them cerci, though I feel that this matter should be investigated from the embryological standpoint ])efore it is regarded as definitely settled.

As was mentioned above, the abdominal segments which bear the anus are called the proctiger {pg of figures 33, 35, 38, etc.). The ninth abdominal segment of the male, being the genital segment par excellence, might be referred to as the gonomere (the term andromere has also been proposed for it) . Its tergite is here referred to as the epandrium, and its sternite as the hy- pandrium. Its pleurite (also called the gonopleurite) may be I'eferred to as the parandrium. These terms are much less cumbersome than such designations as the "ninth abdominal tergite of the male" (epandrium), the "ninth a]:)dominal sternite of the male" (hypandrium) etc., and are proposed merely for the sake of convenience and brevity. Since the terms ovipositor, terebra, etc., are already in use for the external genital apparatus of the female, the term genitalia may readily be restricted to the accessory genital apparatus of the male, and is, in fact, so used by a great number of investigators in the different orders of insects. It would be preferable to apply the term "genitalia" to the claspers and adeagus alone, but there is no objection to including the accessory claspers (surgonopods) formed ])y the

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218 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

outgrowths of the ninth tergite, or the pseudo-styh ps of the insect shown in figure 11, under the designation ''genitaha/' as well.

Metcalf, 1921, divides the abdomen of the Syrphidae (sensu lato) into a pieal)domen and a postabdomen; the preabdomen includes the segments which are not greatly modified (i. c. it includes segment four of figure 23), while the postal)domen in- cludes the reduced and modified segments (i.e. segments five to ten inclusive, in figure 23) which are usually contorted or twisted about in a peculiar fashion in adaptation to the method of mating of these Diptera. The designations preabdomen and postal)- domen are very convenient ones in syrphid morphology, but are not applicable in most other insects, althought the slender terminal segments of certain Mecoptera might readily be dis- tinguished as the "postabdomen." The pecuHar twisting of the terminal segments of male syrphids has already been referred to. The condition met with in the syrphids, however, is quite different from the torsion of the terminal segments (usually the ninth — or eighth also — and the anus-bearing segments) in male culicids, certain mycetophilids, etc. Unlike the torsion of the genitalia of male sawflies, the anus-bearing segments are also involved in the revolution of the genitalia of the Diptera. As shown in figure 24, this revolution of the parts of the male would facilitate the insertion of the intromittent organ ae into the opening of ninth segment of the female. I have not been able to observe the copulation of many Diptera in order to determine what parts of the female have become adapted to the reception of the genitalia of the male insect; but in the female mycet- ophilid shown in figure 21, the styloreceptor, or plate labeled sr, apparently is developed to receive the genital styles h of the male shown in figure 24, although in many cases in these insects, the claspers of the male slip backward and pinch the sternite of the eighth segment with such force that it is surprising lliat the female is not liurt by the pressure, the ('hTs])ers l)oiiig so tensely pressed together that even plunging a coi)ulating i)air into alcohol docs not cause the male to loosen his grasj) in most instances.

G. C. CRAMPTON 219

Only the more important parts of the genitaHa have been described and homologized in the present paper, since I am hoping to make a more detailed studj^ of the genitalia of the Diptera later, and it has seemed preferal)le to present the essen- tial facts in a preliminary paper, to serve as the basis of the more detailed study of the parts, and to call attention to the misin- terpretation of the parts by recent investigators, since errors once established, are extremely difficult to eradicate. If such errors go unchallenged, they may be accepted as correct by those who have not the time or the inclination to investigate the matter for themselves. It is a very hopeful sign, however, that even in systematic entomology, those who describe mor- phological parts are l^eginning to be critical as to the correctness of the homologies indicated by the terms used, and it is to be hoped that the modern spirit of scientific exactness manifested in verteljrate osteology and kindred subjects, will eventually assert itself in entomological terminology, as it has long since done in the realm of vertebrate anatomy. However, until the students of insect morphology have worked out the homologies of the various structures throughout the orders of insects (as has ])een done by Comstock and his associates for the wing veins of insects) the systematists can hardly be blamed for using the mostconvenient terms (regardless of their correctness) in the particular groups in which they are working!

The parts of male Mecoptera have not been discussed in detail in the present paper, since the labelling of the figures will serve to indicate the homologies of the structures in question. I would call attention, however, to the fact that the genitalia of the Bittacus-gYoup are very different from those of the Panorpa- group, and the genitalia of Merope are quite different from either, although Merope approaches more closely to the Panorpn-gvo\\\) than to the Bittacus group, as was shown in previous papers dealing with these insects. Such of the parts of the genitalia of the male Diptera (with the Mecoptera) as were not discussed in this paper, ma}' be determined by referring to the labels of the figures, and tracing the same labels through the series, to the fundamental i)lan of the genitalia of insects in general given in figure 4.

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220 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

Before leaving the subject of the genitaha of male insects, I would call attention to the evidence of relationship indicated by the genitalia of the different groups of insects, which serves to strengthen the conclusions regarding the inter-relationships of these groups reached through a comparison of other structures of the body than the genitalia. The character of the "larval" head and mouthparts, the nature of the cerci and terminal filament, and other structures of the body indicate that the ephemerids are among the most primitive of winged insects, and the character of the genitalia would bear out this view, since the parts of the male in certain ephemerids approximate the funda- mental type extremely closely.

The head and mouthparts of certain Hymenoptera and Me- coptera indicate a very close relationship between the two groups, and their larvae are similar in many respects, so that the marked similarity in the genitalia affords additional evidence of a close relationship between the two orders indicated by other structures of the body. The Diptera resemble the Mecoptera more than any other insects in the nature of their head and mouthparts, thoracic structures, etc., and the remarkable similarity in the genitalia of the two groups leaves no room for doubt that the Mecoptera are among the nearest living representatives of the types ancestral to the Diptera, although recent Mecoptera are naturally not the ancestors of recent Diptera.

The genitalia of the Lepidoptera are very like those of the Trichoptera, thus bearing out the evidence of a very close re- lationship between these two groups of insects indicated by other structures of the body as well. The genitalia of certain Lepidoptera not figured in the present paper, indicate an ap- proach to the Hemiptera (Homoptera) in some resi>ects, thus tending to bear out the marked resemblance in the venation of the two groups of insects, but the Hemiptera are rather unique in many respects, and their genitalia are not as similar to those of the Mecoptera, as one might expect from the resemblance of the hemiptcrous mouthparts (labium, etc.) to those of the Mecoptera and their allies, although the genitalia of some Hemiptera are rather suggestive of those of certain Diptera and other insects derived from Mccoptera-like forebears. It is also rather surprising that the genitalia of the Trichoptera are not

G. C. CRAMPTON 221

more like those of the ^Mecoptera than they are, since there is considerable evidence that the Mecoptera (with the Neuroptera) are very like the ancestors of the Trichoptera.

In most cases, the evidence afforded by a study of the genitalia directly supports that drawn from other sources, which served as the basis for the grouping of insects into superorders given by us,'^ and in no instance would the character of the genitalia be incompatible with such a grouping. On the other hand, the nature of the genitalia of many insects offers no striking evidence of relationship one way or the other, and one must depend upon the study of other characters from as many different portions of the body as possible, to determine the inter-relationships of the orders of insects. Furthermore, insects are usually not uniformly primitive or specialized in all parts of their bodies, and an insect which is quite primitive in most respects may have the genitalia more or less specialized, while an insect which is otherwise fairly speciaHzed may preserve the genitalia in a con- dition closely approximating the ancestral condition of the group to which it belongs. Thus it is largely a matter of luck in finding the right insect to illustrate the condition of genitalia which one feels sure must be exhibited by some meml)er of the group, from evidences of relationship to another group of insects in- dicated by the general make-up of the body as a whole. Since I have not as yet succeeded in finding the forms (which I feel sure exist from a study of other features) connecting the Tri- choptera with the Mecoptera and both of these with the Neurop- tera, in the character of their genitalia, it is preferable to i)ostpone further discussion of the evidence of relationship furnished by the genitalia until the series is complete. I would make use of this opportunity of requesting the privilege of examining the genitalia of such Trichoptera as anyone may be willing to lend for this purpose.

^ Canad. Entomol., LIII, p. 114, 1921.

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222 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AwATi. 1915. .Muscid genitalia — Indian Jour. Med. Research, iii, p. 510. Berlese, 1909 . .Tipulid, Syrphid, and Muscid Genitalia. — Gli Insetti,

pp. 326-328. Brolemann, 1919. .Culicid Genitalia. — A7in. Ent. Soc. France, lxxxvii,

p. 427, and lxxxviii, p. 65. Carpenter and Hewett, 1914. .Genitalia of Hypoderma. — Sclent. Proc.

Roy. Dublin Soc, (n. s.), xiv, p. 268. Christophers, 1915. .Culicid Genitalia. — Indian Jour. Med. Research, in,

p. 371. Crampton, 1918-1921 . .Mecopterous and Neuropterous Genitalia — Psyche,

XXV, 1918, p. 47; Sawfly Genitalia. — Pi-oc. Ent. Soc. Washington,

XXI, 1919, p. 129; Genitalia of Mecoptera, Diptera (Tipulid), etc.

— Psyche, xxvii, 1920, p. 34; Fundamental Plan of Genitalia in

General. — Can. Ent., lu, p. 180 (see also liii, 1921, p. 72). Dyar, 1918. -Culicid Genitalia. — Insecutor Insc. Menstr., vi, p. 71. Edwards, 1920. .Culicid Genitalia. — Ann. Trap. Med. and Parisitol., xiv,

p. 23. Hewett, 1907-1908. .Structure of Housefly. Howard, Dyar and Knab, 1912 . .Structure of Mosquito. — Mosquitos of

N.A., Vol. I. Lowne, 1895. .Anatomy of Blowfly.

Metcalf, 1921 . .Syrphid Genitalia. — Ann. Ent. Soc. America, xiv, p. 169. MuiR, 1921 . .Genitalia of Mecopteron Merope. — Trans. Ent. Soc. London,

1921, p. 231. Newell, 1918 . .Genitalia of Calliphora, a Tabanid, and a Tipulid in Plate 16.

— Ann. Ent. Soc. America, xi, p. 109. Newstead, 1911 . .Genitalia of Glossina and Phlehotonius. — Bidl. Ent. Re- search, II, pp. 9 and 47. Snodgrass, 1904 .. Genitalia of Dolichopodidae. — Proc. California Acad.

Sciences, lii, p. 273. Genitalia of Dasyllis and Laphria. — Psyche,

LX, p. 339-400. Tipulid Genitalia. — Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxx,

p. 179. Wesch6, 1906. .Genitalia of Various Diptera. — Trans. Linn. Soc London, (2),

IX, p. 339. Westhof, 1882. .Tipulid Genitalia. — Wien. Ent. Zeitschrift, ^, p. 317.

See also i)apers by Boettsciher, Parker, Aldrich, Johannscn, and others on Diptera; Felt, Miyake, Stitz, and Esben-Petersen on Mecoptera.

G. C. CRAMPTON 223

ABBREVIATIONS

The letter "t" written to the right and above an Arabic numeral indicates

the tergite, while the letter "s" indicates the sternite of the segment in

question.

a Apical appendage (apicappendix) of claspers.

ae Aedeagus or intromittent organ (penis, etc.).

b Penis thread of aedeagus (penisfilum or spirofilum).

c Cerci (parapodial plates in some cases).

CO Columna, or part of aedeagus.

dv Dorsovalvae, or dorsal valves, possibly homologous with the struc- ture labeled "s".

ea Epiandrium, or ninth tergite located above male genitaha.

en Penisvalvae or aedeagus.

ex Gonostyli, or genital styles (also called gonopods) possibly homol- ogous with crustacean exopodites.

gs Basistylus or basal segment of genital style (also called gonostipes).

h Dististj-lus, or distal segment of genital style (also called cochliarium

harpes, harpagones, parameres, etc.).

lia Hypandrium, or ninth sternite beneath male genitalia.

liv Hypovalvae, or valves of the hypandrium, located beneath male

genitalia.

il) Interbasales, or interbasal plates which may unite to form the inter- basis, or connective, between the bases of the genital styles. The label "ib?" indicates the parapenes, or processes which are not strictly homologous with the other structures labeled "ib."

p Gonocoxite, or genital coxite, homologous with crustacean proto-

podite.

pa Parandrium or pleural plate lateral to male genitalia.

})g Proctiger, or anus-bearing structure; also suranal plate or epiproct.

pp Paraprocts, or parapodial plates, homologous with Crustacean pro-

topodites.

pr Same as pp.

ps Pseudostyli, or valves of eighth sternite.

pv Penisvalvae or aedeagus.

s Possible homologue of the sagittae of higher Hymenoptera.

sa Subapical api)cndix (subappendix) of claspers.

sb .Surbasale, or surbasal plate.

sg Surstyli, or surgonopods (secondary claspers above genital styles).

sp Syncoxite, or united genital coxites (proto{)odites), also called

gonocardo.

sr Stj'loreceptor, or plate of female for reception of male stjde.

ta Telaedeagus, or terminal portion of aedeagus.

tm Tectum, possible homologue of tegumen of higher Lepidoptera.

vv . . . . . Ventrovalvae, possible homologues of volsellae of higher lI^Tnenop- tera.

1R.^NS. AJI. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

224 GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

Explanation of Plates

Fig. 1. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male ephemerid Blasturus

cupidus. Fig. 2. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male tenthredinid Sirex

edioardsii. Fig. 3. — Genitalia of male tenthredinid Tenthredella verticalis. The parts

shown were originally dorsal, but have become secondarily

ventrally located through a torsion or revolution of the parts

through one hundred and eighty degrees about the long axis. Fig. 4. — Diagram of parts of genitalia of male ephemerid, ventral view. Fig. 5. — Diagram of parts of genitaha of male sawfly, ventral view. Fig. 6. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male mecopteron Chorista

australis. Fig. 7. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male dipteron Gnoj>homyia

tristissima. Fig. 8. — Genitalia of male sawfly Dolerus collaris. The parts shown were

originally ventral, but have become secondarily dorsal as the

result of torsion. Fig. 9. — Terminal structures of male dipteron Sciara sciophila, the originally

dorsal structures have been turned over so as to lie in a ventral

position when in situ. Fig. 10. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of the male dipteron Eriocera

fidtonensis. Fig. 11. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male dipteron Tipula valida. Fig. 12. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male dipteron Epiphragma sp.

(related to E . fascipennis) . Fig. 13. — Ventral view of terminal structures of male panori)id Panorpa

nebulosa. Fig. 14. — Lateral view of terminal structures of a male nymphal jassid

(cicadellid) . Fig. 15. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male trichopteron PIiUg-

polatmis distinctus. Fig. IG. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male lepidopteron Microp-

teryx Eriocephnla) sepeUa. Fig. 17. — Ventral view of terminal structures of male panorpid Panorpa

liigiibris. Fig. IS. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male panorpid Pa7wrpodcs sp. Fig. 19. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male lepidopteron Microp-

teryx (Eriocephala) calthella. Fig. 20. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male panorpid Panorpa

lugubris. Fig. 21. — Lateral view of terminal structures of female dipteron Sciara

sciophila. Fig. 22. — Lateral view of male genitalia of dipteron Eristalis tenax.

G. C. CRAMPTOX 225

Fig. 23. — Ventral view of terminal structures of male dipteron Eriskilis tenax. Fig. 24. — Lateral view of terminal segments of male and female dipteron

Sciara sciophila, in coitu. Fig. 2.'). — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male mecopteron Merope

tuber. Fig. 2(). — Lateral view of terminal structures of male mecoi)ter()n Bittacus

pilicorius. Fig. 27. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male dipteron Chrysopila

qiKidraUi. Fig. 28. — Dorsal view of terminal structures of male mecopteron Naiino-

chorista dipter aides, based on figure by Tillyard. Fig. 29. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male homopteron Psylla sp. Fig. 30. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male dipteron Rhampfiontyia

mutahilis. Fig. 31. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male mecopteron Boreus

ttiroriundus. Fig. 32. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male dipteron BiWicomorpha

.sp. Fig. 33. — Dorsal view of male mecopteron Panorpa maculosa. Fig. 34. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male mecopteron Boreus

bruinalis. Fig. 35. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male dipteron Ptecticus

trivittatas. Fig. 3G. — Ventral view of terminal structure of male dipteron Limnophiln

rujlhasls. Fig. 37. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male tlipteron Prnmachus

fitchii. Fig. 38. — Lateral view of terminal structures of male dipteron Ormo.'<ia in-

itoceus.

TR\XS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

J. R. MALLOt'II 227

FLIES OF THE ANTHOMYIID GENUS PHAONIA ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY AND RELATED GENERA, KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA

BY J. R. MALLOCH

The present paper offers a revision of the species of the genus Phaonia in its widest sense, not with the idea that this is by any means a complete survey of our species, because there must be a large number still unknown to me, but with the intention of making it possible for students of this imperfectly known family to identify those species which have already been described, and to place before those students data bearing on characters which I have found valuable in the differentiation of the species. To this family, more so than to most dipterous groups, there has been shown an aversion by students, because of the fact that the gen- eric limits and the characters for the definition of the genera have been but imperfectly understood. There is no good key for the identification of the genera, though a recent one by Herr P. Stein is a considerable advance in our knowledge.^

In several of my recent papers on different genera of the family I have given partial keys to the genera and intend finallj' to publish a key to the whole of the genera, but my material is not sufficient to warrant such a course at this time. I include in this paper a partial key to the genera related to Phaonia in the restricted sense, in the hope that it may permit of the more ready recognition of the forms treated in the paper.

Much of the material on which this paper is based belongs to the United States National Museum, but many specimens were lent to me by Mr. C. W. Johnson from his collection or that of the Boston Society of Natural History, and by Professor J. S. Hine from his own collection or from the material collected by him when on his trips to Mt. Katmai for the National Geographic Society. The collection of the lUinois State Natural History Society has always been available to me, and most of that mate- rial was collected by the late Mr. C. A. Hart and the author.

» Archiv. fiir Xaturges., 1917, Abt. A, 1 heft, 1919.

TRAXS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

228 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Every effort has been made to place types or paratypes in the National collection at Washington, and the types of all new species belonging to the United States Bureau of Biological Survey will be deposited in that collection. A representative series has also been placed in the collection of the American Entomological Society.

Definition of the Group

Sixth wing-vein not reaching the margin of wing; hind tibia with one bristle, rarely two bristles, on posterodorsal surface; cheek without a slightly raised anteriorly rounded area on lower half or more, the surface of which is covered with more or less upwardly curved hairs, lower calyptra always distinctly pro- truded beyond upper; under surface of scutellum never with soft hairs; propleura bare; sternopleural ])ristles not in an equilateral triangle; thorax with at least two strong presutural dorsocentral bristles.

There are one or two species of the genus Helina R.-D. which may be confused with this group, Ijut the partial key offered herewith should enable students to place any questionable forms in their proper positions.

Habits of the Species

The larvae of the species are mostly unknown. Those that are known to me are dealt with in the text. One has been found to parasitize the larvae or pupae of a tipulid fly, while one lives in much decayed tree stumps and another under the bark of recently felled trees.

The adults of many species occur on tree trunks or on leaves and are very active. They feed on sap exuding from wounds in trees and on nectar of flowers.

Many of the species occur in the far north and in mountainous regions, while very few arc met with in the Plains states. Those I have found in Illinois are associated with wooded areas and are neither plentiful in numbers nor species.

Some species arc common to Europe and North America, but in all cases where the recognition of European species as American has been recorded, I have had authonlically identifi<Hl European specimens for comparison with those from this country. This has been considered as essential because of the great similarity in color and general siructure in this genus, and the fact that

J. R. MALLOCH 229

many very useful characters for the differentiation of closely allied species are used in this paper for the first time. The lack of recognition of these characters by European workers causes a doubt to arise, as to the propriety of arbitrarily deciding whether or not a species should be placed in one or other of the categories in the key, when the character which I use is not mentioned in any availal)le description.

Descriptive Tennin ology

In the keys and descriptions in this paper I have utilized the characters and terminology used in my most recent papers on the family. The names designating the various leg surfaces have been adopted from the paper written on the chaetotaxy of Cyclorrhapha by P. H. Grimshaw, which appeared in the En- tomologists' Monthly Magazine in 1901. That paper was con- sidered by the author at the time of its appearance as the first on the subject, but some years afterwards he informed me that he was in error in so considering it, as the method indicated for the leg surfaces at least had been used or suggested by a con- tinental European author some years before.

In using the system referred to, the legs are assumed to be viewed when at right angles to the body, thus causing the same surfaces of all of them to lie in the same position and to receive the same names. There has been considerable confusion arising fiom the fact that it has not always been possible to determine whether an author meant what I call the ventral, or the posterior surface of the tibia when he referred to the inner side. The inner side may be in the terminology of one writer that side which lies next to the body, while in that of another it may apply to the surface which is opposed to the ventral or under side of the femur. A terminology which is essentially the same for all legs is indispensible for correct descriptions, especially in dealing with species which are as closely allied as arc those in this family, and in all my papers the one now used has been adopted. I do not hold that it is a perfect system, but it is the only one which is thoroughly descriptive and not cumbersome in terminology, a fact which leads me to believe that it will come into more general use as the Muscaridae and Tachinidae find more students.

TRANS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

230 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Dipterists who have carefully studied the legs of the species realize that there are more than four surfaces to the tibiae. Ordinarily one finds but four in descriptions of Muscaridae, upper, under, inner, and outer. These correspond, at least on the mid and hind legs, to those designated in my papers as dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior respectively. There are as a matter of fact very few strong bristles found on any of the four surfaces mentioned except at apices of the tibiae, the outstanding bristles being almost invariably situated on the other four sur- faces which are between those listed and are termed the antero- ventral, anterodorsal, posteroventral, and posterodorsal. The names are self explanatory.

A close examination of the hind tibia of Phaonia errans Meigen shows that the "calcar" so called is situated less than one-third of the tibial length from apex and on the posterodorsal surface, there are two bristles on the anterodorsal surface, and two or more on the anteroventral. The setulae on the median portions of the anterior and posterior surfaces are rather strong, but the dorsal and ventral surfaces are devoid of bristles or outstanding setulae. The names used in designating the surfaces of the tibiae apply also to the femora.

The thoracic chaetotaxy and the names applied to the bristles, and the regions where they are situated, are used in any book or paper on the Cyclorrhapha, are familiar to students the world over and require no elucidation except in a few cases. Recent attempts to separate the Muscaridae from the Anthomyi- idae have not been entirely satisfactory, and in my opinion there are so many overlapping groups, genera, and species that it cannot be done, at least for the world's fauna. The most recent characters cited give to the Muscaridae (Muscidae auct.) hairs on either the hypopleura or pteropleura or both, while the An- thomyiidae have those sclerites bare. As a matter of fact there are many species that are very obviously anthomyiine in their affinities, which have hairs on either or both of the pleural sclerites, referred to not only in Phaoniinac, which are in my opinion most closely allied to the group containing Musca, but also in the Anthomyiinae. I have no hesitation in linking the two groups under the same family name, Muscaridae.

J. R. MALLOCH 231

In the group treated in this paper I use the pleural characters just cited as of specific value, though in a few cases I am inclined to believe that they do not even admit of that interpretation.

There are some minor characters which I have introduced in the present paper, such as the structure and hairing of the fore tarsus, and especially that of the basal segment. The presence or absence of fine hairs adjacent to the bases of the notopleural bristles has some value as a character for the differentiation of species and even groups, but whether it is possible to use it successfully for species from a larger faunal area than is included in this paper I am unable to say.

In ])ut few cases are there hairs on the prosternum in North American Phaoniinae, onty one or two such occurring within the group under consideration, but many African and other exotic forms have hairs on this part of the thorax, as do all the species of the genus Limyioj)hora R.-D., which is of cosmopolitan occurrence.

A few genera of Phaoniinae have the declivitous posterolateral portion of the mesonotum, caudad of wing l:)ase and extending to anterior margin of scutellum, with setulose hairs. I have found this character present in some Sarcophagidae and allied groups, and in a few exotic Phaoniinae.

There is very little variation in the wing-venation in Phaoni- inae, though in a few cases the fourth vein is curved more or less forward. In no case i? it angularly bent as in Musca and allied genera.

The hj'popygia of closely allied species in Phaoniinae are usually very similar and, as a study of these would entail the expenditure of too much time and the number of species available now is far from the total of those occurring in this country, I have not attempted to use this character in the present paper.

Key to (xcnera and Subgenera

1. The declivitous portion of mcsonotum immediately in front of scutellum and above calyptrae with some hairs in center; first and third wing- veins setulose 2

— The declivitous portion of mesonoturu in front of scutellum and above calyjitrae bare; at least the first wing- vein bare 4

TRAXS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVHI.

232 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

2. Prosterniim bare; the bristle on posterodorsal surface of hind tibia (calcar)

at or near middle of tibia Steinella Malloch

— Prosternum hairy; calcar about one-third of the tibial length from apex of

hind tibia 3

3. Fourth wing- vein not curved forward at apex Smithomyia Malloch

— Fourth wing- vein curved forward at apex Poecilophaonia Malloch

4. Pteropleura with many fine erect hairs in center 5

— Pteropleura bare 6

5. Pi-osternum hairy Polietes Rondani

— Prosternum bare Pseudophaonia ^Malloch

6. Fourth wing-vein curved forward at apex; third vein setulose at base

both above and below Bigotomyia Malloch

— Fourth wing- vein not or almost imperceptibly curved forward at apex;

third vein not setulose on both sides at base 7

7. Cheek in male with one or two very strong upwardly curved bristles on

lower mai'gin just below anterior margin of eye in both sexes; frons in female with the anterior supraorbital bristle very strong and directed forward, the interfrontalia with or without a pair of cruciate bristles.

Dendrophaonia new genus

— Cheek in both sexes without strong upwardly curved bristles as above,

sometimes with some upwardly curved fine hairs or setulae; lower supraorbital bristle weak or absent, if present not directed forward. .8

8. Hypopleura with some fine hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle;

prealar bristle very long; fore tarsus with some long fine sensory hairs along the posterior or postero ventral side of basal segment; eyes dis- tinctly hairy; presutural acrostichals not strong; third wing- vein bare.

Phaonia R.-D. sen. str.

- — Third wing- vein setulose at base below; thorax with some well developed

presutural acrostichals; hypopleura with some weak liairs on upper

margin in front of spiracle subgenus Rohrella R.-D.

— Third wing- vein bare at base or the other characters not as above 9

9. Fore tarsus in both sexes with the segments short and stout, the basal

one densely hairy, the hairs erect, no long sensory hairs along posterior side; hypopleura hairy on upper margin in front of spiracle.

Phaonia (group serva)

— Fore tarsus not as above, generally slender and with or without fine

sensory hairs along posterior side; hypopleura hairy or bare 10

10. Hypopleura usually with a few fine hairs below sjjiracle; presutural acro-

stichal bristles well developed Subgenus Euphemia R.-D.

— Hypopleura l)are; presutural acrostichals strong; female with a strong

pair of cruciate bristles; metallic blue speciies Euphaonia Malloch

— Hypopleura bare; presutural acrostichals poorly developed 11

11. Arista with very distinct hairs; legs largely yellowish.

Phaonia (group fusca)

— Arista almost bare, the hairs very seldom as long as basal diameter of

arista; legs black Phaonia (grouji minima)

J. R. MALLOCH 233

It should be noted that several groups in Phaonia have been separated from that genus by European authors, and that a few of these are included in the above key. Those so listed are not in all cases so well distinguished as to deserve generic rank, but there is no doubt in my mind that with the growth of our knowledge of the genus and its allies some further division is inevitable.

I have endeavored to obtain the genotypes of the segregates above referred to, and the characters for Euphemia and Rohrella, as well as the segregates accepted as of generic value, have been attributed to them from an examination of the genotypes and allied species.

In the key to Phaonia, presented herewith, I have included all segregates of Phaonia which are not in my opinion sufficiently well differentiated from the true species of that genus to warrant their being placed in different genera.

STEINELLA Malloch

This genus is known to me only from South America and is represented solely by the genotype, yrima Malloch.

SMITHOMYIA Malloch

Generic characters. — Differs from Poecilophaonia Malloch, which it most closely resemljlcs, in having the fourth wing-vein bent forward at apex.

The first wing-vein is setulose above only, the third is setuloso from base to near apex above and from base to near inner cross- vein below. The frons in female has the lower sui)ra-orbital bristle strong and directed forward as in Dcndrophaonia, and the interfrontalia with a pair of cruciate bristles. The prosternum and center of pteropleura are hairy, and there are some black hairs along the i)osterior margin of the metathoracic spii'acle and some weaker hairs on lower posterior angle of hypopleura.

The only species of the genus, concinna Van der Wulp, occurs in Mexico and may yet bc^ found in the southwestern United States.

POECILOPHAONIA Malloch

In my description of this genus I erroneously stated that the third vein is bent forward. It is the fourth vein that is thus bent.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC,. XI.VUI.

234 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

This genus is known to me only from South America. The genotype is flaviihorax (Stein) , but there are some other species from South America which are referable to the genus.

Both this and the preceding genus have a bristle between the notopleurals, and the third vein setulose below beyond the inner cross-vein. It may be necessary to unite the genera if the females have the orbital bristling identical.

PSEUDOPHAONIA Malloch

Generic characters. — Similar to Phaonia sens. str. in having the eyes hairy, prealar bristle long, hind tibial calcar present, third wing-vein bare at base, and fourth vein not curved forward at apex. Differs in having the pteropleura with numerous long erect hairs in center, and the hypopleura bare.

Genotype, Pseudophaonia orichalcea (Stein) Malloch.

Synopsis of Species

Both sexes with the fourth abdominal tergite golden pollinose; hind femur of male bare on ventral surface, the posteroventral surface with some fine erect hairs on basal half and a few bristly hairs at apex; narrowest part of frons decidedly wider than third antennal segment; mid tibia with ten to twelve posterodorsal and posteroventral bristles orichalcea (Stein)

Male with gray pruinosity on fourth as well as preceding tergites, female unknown, but undoubtedly as male in this respect; hind femur of male with moderateh' long erect fine hairs on entire length of ventral and postero- ventral surfaces; narrowest part of frons not as wide as third antennal segment; mid tibia with about eight posterodorsal and three posteroventral bristles griseocaerulea new species

Pseudophaonia orichalcea (Stein)

Aricia orichalcea Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 186.

Male and female. — Shining blackish blue, or black with a bluish tinge, rather densely grayish pruinescent. Frons opaque black, orbits, parafacials, face, and anterior third and the narrow upper margin of cheeks with golden pollinosity; antennae and palpi black. Thorax distinctly quadri\ittate. Abdomen with a slender dorsocentral vitta and lateral checkerings black, the basal three tergites gray pruinescent, the fourth golden polUnose. Legs black. Wings sUghtly grayish. Calyptrae white, with black hairs at outer ^ngle of upper calyptra. Haltercs black in male, brown in female.

Male. — Eyes not densely, but distinctly hairy; frontal orbits narrow, Tiristled on their entire length, the two ujjpermost bristles on each orbit di- rected backward, some fine hairs along the inner side of orbits on ui)per half or more; arista plumose; cheek somewhat similar to tliat of species of the

J. R. MALLOCH 235

genus Fogonomyia, the surface largely hairy (fig. 4), Thorax with four pairs of presutural acrostichals, and four pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; sterno- I)leurals 1 : 2. Abdomen elongate ovate; basal sternite bare; fifth sternite slightly emarginate at apex. Fore tibia with one or two weak median posterior bristles; fore tarsus stout, not longer than tibia, with sensory hairs as in Phaonia errans Meigen; mid femur with fine hairs on ventral surfaces; hind femur with a series of long bristles on anteroventral surface; hind tibia with a series of rather closely placed bristles on anteroventral surface, the antero- dorsal surface with some outstanding setulae but no strong bristles, calcar long, and basad of it some erect setulae, the apex with three straight, strong, blunt-tipped spines on ventral surface, which are of the same length and longer than in allied species.

Female. — ^Frons over one-third of the head-width; each orbit with the anterior and sometimes the next .supra-orbital bristle directed forward; cru- ciate bristles present but weak. Sternopleurals 1:3 or 1:4. Genitalia without thorns. Fore tibia with two or three anterodorsal bristles; mid femur with some bristles on basal half of anteroventral and posteroventral •surfaces; mid tibia with but one posteroventral bristle; hind tibia with two or three anterodorsal and four or five anteroventral bristles.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Originally described from Craig's Mountain, Idaho. I have the type male before me now. I also have before me a male from Sherborn, Massachusetts, May 12, and a female from King and Bartlett Lake, JVIaine, August, 1895, sent to me by Mr. C. W. Johnson. Pseudophaonia griseocaerulea new species

Male. — Similar in color to orichalcea, differing in having the fourth ab- dominal tergite colored as are the others, and the cal}i)trae and their fringes yellow.

In addition to the characters listed in the synopsis for separating it from the preceding species I may enumerate the following: the orbits are less strongly bristled, only one weak upper orbital is directed backward (fig. 5), and the orbital hairs are in line with the bristles instead of mesad of them; the basal abdominal sternite is hairy; the hind tibia has fewer and longer anteroventral bristles, the anterodorsal setulae are stronger and one at least assumes the proportions of a bristle, the posterior and posteroventral surfaces are furnished with long hairs, and the ai)ical ventral bristles are not of uniform length and strength, only one being really long.

Length, 8.2.5 mm.

Tj'-pe locality illegible on label, New Hampshire, August 27, 1912, Solidago flowers. The type bears also a label with the inscription ''T. D. 4335," [U. S. N. M.].

TRANS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

236 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

BIGOTOMYIA Malloch

Generic characters.- — Differs from Phaonia in having the fourth vein distinctly bent forward at apex, and the third with some setulose hairs at base.

Genotype, Bigotomyia trispila (Bigot).

Key to Species

1. Basal abdominal sternite with some setulose hairs: abdomen with a dorsal

vitta and lateral checkerings black calif orensis new species

— Basal abdominal sternite bare; abdomen with only a blackish dorsocentral

vitta, without lateral checkerings 2

2. Humeri black; eyes of male separated by width across posterior ocelli.

houghi Stein

— Humeri yellowish testaceous; eyes of male separated by much less than

width across posterior ocelli houghi Stein variety

Bigotomyia houghi (Stein)

Aricia houghi Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 177.

Differs from ccdiforniensis in having the legs entirely yellow.

Structurally similar to that species. Differs in having the hypopleura usually with a few hairs below spiracle and some on margin of spiracle at center; four or five antero ventral bristles on hind tibia; and the fourth wing- vein less noticeably curved forward at apex.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

One of the commonest species of the genus, occurring in Canada, from Washington to Maine and as far south as middle California and Florida.

Bigotomyia californiensis new species

Male. — Black, very distinctly gray pruinescent. Second antennal joint, base of third, and the palpi ferruginous. Scutellum rufous, more or less blackened at base. Legs reddish yellow, coxae, almost all of fore femora, bases of mid and hind femora, and the entire tarsi black. Calyptrae whitish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Eyes long haired, separated at narrowest part of frons by less than width across posterior ocelli; longest hairs of arista much longer than width of third antennal joint; parafacial in profile a little broader than third antennal joint and about one-third as wide as height of cheek, the latter with numerous bristles which occupy a large portion of its surface, almost all of it posteriori}'; bristles ascending facial ridge much above the vibrissa. Presutural acro- stichal bristles absent; j)ostsutural dor-so-centrals 4; prealar bristle long; sternopleurals 1 : 2. Abdomen broadly ovate. Fore tibia without median bristle; mid femur with five or six strong bristles on ba.sal half of postero- ventral surface; mid til)ia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur

J. R. MALLOCH 237

with a complete series of antero-ventral bristles; hind tibia with two antero- ventral and two antero-dorsal bristles, the calcar short. Costal thorn very small.

Female. — Similar in color to the male. Only the fore femora with the bases blackened.

Eyes less conspicuously haired than in male, separated at frons by one- third the width of head, at base of antennae by about three-fifths the width of head; orbits with numerous short setulose hairs in addition to the bristles. In other respects as the male.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Type (male), allotype, and several paratypes, San Antonio Canyon, California, July 25, 1907, (Hine), [Ohio University]. Paratypes, one female, Hilton, one female, Mount Lowe, one female, Mount Wilson, and one female, Pasadena, California. The last specimen is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, and the preceding three in the U. S. National Museum.

DENDROPHAONIA new genus

Generic characters. — Closely related to Euphemia, having distinct presutural acrostichal bristles, and the male orbits with bristles on the entire length from base of antennae to anterior ocellus. It differs, however, in having the cheek l^elow anterior margin of eye with one or two long strong bristles which are upwardly curved (figs. 6, 7), and the lower supra-orbital bristle in female very strong and forwardly directed. The notopleural bristles are not surrounded with hairs, and the anterior intra-alar bristle is strong and almost in transverse line with the strong supra-alar. The hind tibia in both sexes has one or more bristles basad of the calcar and usually a series of long and short ])ristles on anterodorsal surface.

Genotype, Spilogaster hUariJorniia Stein.

Key to Species

1. Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; hypopleura with some hairs on up[)er margin in front of spiracle; hind femur of male with a stout bristle near middle on posteroventral surface (fig. 20).

querceti Bouche

— Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; hypopleura bare; hind femur of male with a few very short setulae on basal two-thirds (fig. 19) hilariformis Stein

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

238 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Dendrophaonia querceti (Bouche)

Anthomyia querceti Bouche, Naturgesch. d. Ins., i, p. 82, 1834.

I have seen only one male of this species from America, taken at White Heath, Illinois.

I have a female taken at Gold Rock, Ontario, Canada, which may belong to a different species, having the hypopleura bare and the hind tibia with only the calcar on that surface, but do not describe it as I have insufficient material to warrant that course.

Dendrophaonia hilariformis (Stein)

Spilogaster hilariformis Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 196.

This species is very common on tree trunks at Urbana, Ilhnois, but it is so alert that it is difficult to catch. I reared a series of specimens from larvae found feeding in a much decayed tree stump, in March 1915, at Urbana.

The adults habitually frequent the trunks of trees and sit normally head downwards, harmonising well with the bark and are very wary. The species is well distributed throughout the eastern United States, occurring as far south as Plummer's Island, Maryland, to my knowledge, but is rare in collections, possibly because of its habits.

The larva has six or seven branches to each prothoracic res- piratory organ. These are very distinct in the puparium, l:)eing white, and are larger than those of Phaonia harti. The cephalic extremity of the puparium has many concentric ridges surrounding the mouth-opening. Metathoracic spiracles pedun- culate, about four times as high as thick. Surface of puparium more distinctly striate than that of harti and the elevated points on the ventral transverse band larger. On each side of the anal opening in puparium there is a small circular button-like mark. Anal spiracles slightly elevated, their vertical length greater than their horizontal, the distance l^etwecn them equal to their greatest length. Spiracular slits not radiating, each directed upward and outward, the central button distinct.

The larvae may ])e ])redaceous but I have no evidence of this. They were found along with the larvae of A^codexiopsis basalts (Stein) and evinced no prcdaceous tendencies in the brooding dish.

J. R. MALLOCH 239

PHAONIA Robineau-Desvoidy

This genus as now limited contains species which have a strong bristle beyond middle on posterodorsal surface of hind tibia; the fourth wing-vein not or almost imperceptibly bent forward apically; third vein not setulose at base, or rarely so on under surface only; pteropleura bare; prosternum bare; cheek with or without fine hairs, or setulose above lower margin, never with one or two strong bristles below anterior margin of eye and near or on lower margin of cheek; female never with the lower supra- orbital bristle strong and forwardly directed; thorax with two strong presutural dorsocentrals.

Genotype, Musca erratica Fallen.

As previously stated and exemplified in the key to genera and subgenera in this paper, there are several groups in this genus, most of which are segregated in the following key to species. But there are many intermediate forms which cannot be de- finitely placed in any of the larger groups, so rather than add to the difficulty in identifying these by creating a multiplicity of genera based on a variable number of characters, I have followed the course of leaving them all in one composite genus until such time as our knowledge of the species and their habits warrants a further segregation. Should it be deemed necessary at any future time to erect genera for any of these segregates, con- sideration will have to be given to the genera proposed by the older European authors, which are at this time listed as synonyms of Phaonia.

Key to Species

1. Hypopleura with some fine hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle;

eyes usually with distinct hairs 2

— Hypopleura bare on upper margin in front of spiracle 30

2. Legs entirely black, only the knees more or less reddish, sometimes the

hind tibiae reddish when held up to the light 3

— Legs with at least the tibiae reddish 3'ellow IG

3. Thorax with one or more pairs of strong outstanding presutural acro-

stichal bristles 4

— Thorax without strong outstanding presutural acrostichal bri.stles, with

fine hairs only 10

4. Fore tibia without any strong posterior median bristles 5

— Fore tibia with one or more strong median posterior bristles S

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

240 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

5. Vibrissa! angle very much produced beyond a vertical line drawn from

base of antennae (fig. 8); thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorso- central bristles and one or two pairs of long presutural acrostichals.

protuberans new species

— Vibrissal angle produced but little beyond a vertical line drawn from base

of antennae (fig. 9) 6

6. At least the abdomen bluish black; margins of calyptrae much darker

than their discs, dark brown or fuscous caerulescens Stein

— Abdomen and thorax both black; margins of calyptrae yellowish 7

7. Neither sex with a distinct median posterior bristle on fore tibia; base

of wing conspicuously yellow; neither sex with anterodorsal bristles on mid tibia serva Fallen

— Female with one or two bristles on anterodorsal surface of both fore and

mid tibiae; base of wing not conspicuously yellow.

savonoskii new species

8. Margins of calyptrae brownish or blackish, much darker than their discs;

bluish black species; both notopleurals surrounded with fine hairs.

caerulescens Stein

— Margins of calyptrae yellowish 9

9. Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; only the

posterior notopleural bristle surrounded with fine hairs.

protuberans new species, female

— Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles.

versicolor Stein^

10. Hind tibia with a strong outstanding bristle near base on posterodorsal

surface; fore t'x\)isL without short dense hairs on ventral surface.

basiseta Malloch

— Hind tibia with only the calcar on posterodorsal surface, which is situated

about one-fourth from apex, or the fore tibia has short dense hairs on ventral surface 11

11. Fore tarsus without any long outstanding fine sensory hairs along the

posterior or posteroventral margins of basal segment, even the one at apex short and setulose when present, the entire surface with dense short hairs which are sometimes curled at apices as if singed 12

— Fore tarsus with several long fine outstanding sensory hairs along the

posteroventral margin of basal segment, the length of which is usually greater than the diameter of the segment, or the segment has the short hairs rather sparse and subdecumbent and not curled at apices. . . .14

12. Fore tibia without any strong bristles or long outstanding hairs on the

posterior or posteroventral surfaces consobrina Zetterstedt

— Fore tibia with one or more bristles or outstanding setulose hairs on

posterior or posteroventral surfaces 12a

12a. Mid tibia without any anterodorsal bristles; fore tibia with a very fine long setulose hair on posteroventral surface; hind femur with some long bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface, .incerta new species

— Mid tibia with one or more anterodorsal liristlcs; fore tibia with one

or two outstanding hairs or bristles 13

^ 1 have not seen this species.

J. R. MALLOCH 241

13. Fore tibia with dense erect setulose hairs on ventral surfaces except on

basal third, the length of which is about as great as the diameter of the tibia; hind femur without long bristles on basal half of postero- ventral surface, usually with very short bristles or setulae.

monticola Malloch

— Fore tibia without such hairs; hind femur with some long bristles on basal

half of posteroventral surface brunneinervis Stein

14. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; fere tibia

without any posterior median bristles fraterna new species

— Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles 15

15. Only the posterior notopleural bristle surrounded with fine hairs; basal

abdominal sternite bare tipulivora new species

— Both notopleural bristles surrounded with fine hairs; basal abdominal

sternite hairy nigricans Johannsen

16. Third wing-vein with a few fine hairs at base below; basal segment of

fore tarsus with the sensorj^ hairs along posteroventral margin short but distinct; basal abdominal sternite bare 17

— Third wing- vein bare at base; thorax with two or three pairs of strong

presutural acrostichal bristles, and four pairs of postsutural dorso- centrals texensis new species

— Third wing-vein bare at base; thorax with two pairs of fine presutural

acrostichals and three pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals.

pallidula Coquillett

— Third wing- vein bare at base below; species not as above in other respects;

thorax without strong presutural acrostichals 18

17. Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hypopleura

with some microscopic hairs near lower posterior angle; metathoracic spiracle large, without small black hairs on its lower margin at middle.

quieta Stein

— Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hypopleura

without hairs near lower posterior angle; metathoracic spiracle small, with two or three small black hairs on its lower margin at middle.

pulvillata Stein

18. Sensory hairs on posteroventral margin of basal segment of fore tarsus

conspicuous' 19

— Sensory hairs on posteroventral margin of basal segment of fore tarsus

inconspicuous or absent 26

19. Antennae and palpi, or at least the former i>artly yellow 20

— Antennae and palpi l)lack 2.3

20. Hind femur with long hairs (m almost the entire length of posteroventral

surface quieta Stein

— Hind femur without long hairs on posteroventral surface, sometimes with

one or two bristles 21

^ I have not seen perjida Stein, so place it in both segregates here. 1 have arbitrarily accepted the hj-jjopleura as hairj- above in front of spiracle in this species.

TRAXS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

242 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

21. Palpi blackened apically; fourth wing- vein slightly curved forward at

apex; basal abdominal sternite bare; tarsi black .... erratica Fallen''

— Paipi fuscous; fourth wing-vein not curved forward at apex; third an-

tennal segment black; abdomen with golden pollinosity.

aurea new species

22. Tarsi black; hind femur with at least one bristle on jjosteroventral sur-

face; humeri black rufibasis Malloch

— Tarsi yellow; hind femur bare on posteroventral surface; humeri yellowish.

perfida Stein

23. Legs almost or entirely lilack nigricans Johannsen

— Legs with at least the tibiae reddish j'ellow 24

24. All femora yellowish; mid tarsi with the short spines along the antero-

ventral and posteroventral margins continued to ba.'^es of segments two to four or almost so ... . errans variety completa new variety

— At least the fore femora largely or entirely blackish; mid tarsi with the

short spines on segments two to four confined to apical halves 25

25. Fore femora largely and mid femora rarely partly ])lackened.

errans ^leigen

— All femora largely blackened varipes Cocjuillett

26. Thorax with three pairs of postsutvu'al dorsccentral bristles; hind femur

in male with long setulose hairs on basal half of ventral surfaces and a series of long bristles on apical half of anteroventral.

subfusca new species

— Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hind femur

not as above 27

27. Hind femur of male with long hairs on almost the entire length of postero-

ventral siu'face; antennae and palpi partly black; tarsi black.

quieta Stein

— Hind femur without long hairs on po.steroventral surface; antennae and

palpi black, if partly yellow the tarsi are black or the fourth tergite of abdomen is partly j^ellowish apically 27

28. Eyes not very widely separated, the frons at narrowest part not wider than

third antennal segment; tarsi and humeri yellowish; hind tibia with only the calcar on pester odor sal surface perfida Stein

— Eyes separated at narrowest part of frons by much more than width of

third antennal segment; hind tibia with a bristle basad of the calcar on posterodorsal surface 29

29. Tarsi and apex of fourth abdominal tergite yellowish; hinil femur of male

with an irregular double series of short black bristles on apical half of posteroventral surface; hind tibia of male with long hairs on postero- ventral surface deleta Stein

— Tarsi and entire body black; hind femur of male without liristles and

hind tibia without hairs as above soccata (Walker)

* This species does not occur in this country so far as I am at present aware. It is inserted in the key because it is the genotype of Phannin and to show its relations.

J. R. MALLOCH 243

30. Entire insect including legs, antennae, and palpi black 31

— At least some part of legs, antennae, or palpi j-ellowish or reddish. . . .40

31. Hind femur of male very much curved, very conspicuously swollen on

ventral surface about one-third from apex, the apex of swollen part furnished with a tuft of long downwardly directed bristles, that part of surface from tuft to apex with short stiff hairs; ej-es separated by less than width across posterior ocelli frenata (Holmgren)

— Hind femur straight or but slightly curved and not as above 32

32. Prealar bristle at least half as long as the one behind it 33

— Prealar bristle not over one-third as long as the one behind it 38

33. Thorax with three pairs of dorsocentral bristles 33a

— Thorax with four pairs of dorsocentral bristles 34

33a. Arista almost bare; fore tibia with one or two median posterior bristles

in female; fore tarsus without fine erect hairs basall}'.

alticola new species

— Arista plumose; fore tibia in female without posterior median bristle;

fore tarsus as above azygos new species

34. Bases of wings and the caljT^trae bright orange yellow 35

— Bases of wings and calyptrae not bright orange j'ellow, the latter some-

times pale j'ellowish 3G

35. Halteres orange yellow; mid and hind femora without conspicuous

bristles on ventral surfaces except on anteroventral surface of the latter.

citreibasis Malloch

— Halteres with black knobs; anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces of

mid and hind femora with strong bristles, those on posteroventral surface of hind pair not extending to apices . . atrocitrea new species

36. Frons of male at narrowest part not wider than third antennal segment;

calyptrae white, the lower one with the margin fuscous and much darker than the disc; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than its basal diameter dissitnilis new species

— Frons of male at narrowest part much wider than third antennal segment ;

calyptrae white or j'ellowish, the margin of lower one not conspicuously darker than the disc; longest hairs on arista not as long as its basal diameter 37

37. Calyptrae yellowish; basal al)dominal sternite bare; glossy black species;

the thorax and abdomen without di.'<tinct pruinescence or markings.

imitatrix Malloch

— Calyptrae white; basal abdominal sternite hairy; thorax and abdomen

with distinct pruinescence, the former with four black vittae, the latter with a black dorsocentral vitta albocalyptrata Malloch

38. Hind femur straight, with long fine bristles on entire length of antero-

ventral and basal half of posteroventral surfaces; cah'ptrae fuscous; basal abdominal sternite bare fuscisquama (Van der Wulp)

— Hind femur slightly curved, dilated on apical tliird and with closely

placed bristles from one-third or more of the femoral length to apex on anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces, the bristles becoming longer apically; calyptrae yellowish or whitish; basal abdominal sternite with one or two fine hairs 39

TRANS. .\M. KXT. SOC, XLVIII.

244 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

39. Hind femur with a short stout downwardly directed bristle about one-

fourth of the femoral length from apex on the posteroventral surface, in addition to the long fine bristles morrisoni new species

— Hind femur without a bristle as described above .... miniina Malloch

40. Thorax with well differentiated presutural acrostichal bristles, and four

pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; hypopleura sometimes with a few hairs in middle below spiracle or on upper margin in front of spiracle; sometimes the palpi of the female are dilated and the fourth tergite in same sex is distinctly longer than third 41

— Thorax without well differentiated presutural acrostichal bristles; if

these are moderately well developed there are only three pairs of post- sutural dorsocentrals present, or the posterior bristles on mid tibia are not in a single series and the hypopleura is bare 48

41. Legs, including the coxae and tarsi, entirely j'ellow; cross- veins of wings

not darker than the other veins; fore tarsus with a few outstanding sensory hairs along the posteroventral surface of basal segment; hind femur without long bristles en basal half of posteroventral surface; neither notopleural bristle with hairs at base . marylandica new species

— Legs with at least the tarsi black; cross-veins sometimes very conspicu-

ously inf uscated 42

42. Cross-veins of wings not at all noticeably darker than the other veins;

abdomen with a blackish dorsocentral vitta and no distinct lateral blackish spots or checkerings; abdomen in female in known species with the fourth tergite distinctly longer than the third; hypopleura with usually a few hairs on middle just below spiracle 43

— Cross-veins of wings very noticeably infuscated; fourth tergite of abdomen

in female not elongated 45

43. Posterior notopleural bristle without fine hairs adjacent to its base.

harti new species

— Posterior notopleural bristle with some fine hairs adjacent to its base. .44

44. Apex of scutellum reddish j'ellow; presutural acrostichal bristles moder-

ately widely separated, in pairs; frons of female with a pair of inter- frontal cruciate bristles striata Stein

— Apex of scutellum not j'ellowish, concolorous with disc; presutural acro-

stichal bristles almost uniserial, not in distinct pairs; frons of female without cruciate interfrontal bristles uniseriata new species

45. Outer cross- vein of wings straight or very slightly curved; abdomen with

a dorsocentral vitta and lateral checkerings black; anteroventral bristles on hind femur short and strong. . . .brevispina new species

— Outer cross-vein curved but not conspicuously so; abdomen with a black

dorsocentral vitta; anteroventral bristles on hind femur long on apical half, their length exceeding diameter of femur. . fuscicauda Malloch

— Outer cross-vein of wings very conspicuously curvcnl forward in middle;

abdomen with a dorsocentral vitta and lateral spots on each tergite blackish 46

J. R. MALLOCH 245

4G. Hypopleura usuall.y with a few hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle; all femora largelj' infuseated basally; palpi rufous yellow.

texensis new species

— Hypopleura without hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle 47

47. Palpi rufous yellow; hypopleura bare.

texensis variety flavofemorata new variety

— Palpi largely or entirely black; hypopleura with some hairs in middle, just

below spiracle limbinervis Stein

48. Tliorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hind tibia

with a strong bristle basad of the calcar on the posterodorsal surface; some fine hairs at bases of both the notopleural bristles; prealar bristle very long aberrans Malloch

— Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hind tibia

with only the calcar on posterodorsal surface; mid tibia with three or four bristles on posterior surface w-hich are not arranged in a single series; arista pubescent; prealar minute or absent; no hairs at base of notopleurals alaskensis new species

— Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hind tibia

wuth a bristle basad of calcar on posterodorsal surface; posterior noto- pleural bristle with some fine hairs adjacent to its base; hind femur of male with long bristly hairs on all ventral surfaces from base to beyond middle subfusca new species

— Thorax usually with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hind

tibia with only the calcar on posterodorsal surface; usually no hairs at bases of notopleural bristles 49

49. Thorax entirely, abdomen at least partly j-ellow 50

— Thorax and abdomen largely or entirely black 52

50. Head including antennae and palpi black; abdomen in male glossy black

on apical half; eyes of male at narrowest part of frons separated by not more than the width of third antennal segment, .nigricauda Malloch

— Head, including antennae and palpi, largely or entirely yellow 51

51. Eyes in male widely separated, the frons one-fourth of the head width;

frons in both sexes largely fuscous flava Stein

— Eyes in male widely separated, the frons one-fourth of the width of head;

entire head in both .sexes yellow pallida (^Stcin)

52. Scutellum partly or entirely yellow, contrasting sliarj>ly with disc of

mesonotum 53

— Scutellum black, concolorous with disc of mesonotum 58

53. Ba.sal half of abdomen and the entire scutellum testaceous yellow; pre-

alar bristle very short flavibasis Malloch

— Abdomen entirely ])lack 54

54. Fourth wing-vein slightly curved forward apically; fore tibia in female

with two anterodorsal and two posterior bristles; jirealar Juristic very long curvinervis new species

— Fourth wing-vein straight or slightly deflected at apex, not curved for-

ward; fore tibia with or without a median posterior bristle 55

TRAN.S. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

246 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

55. Thorax with a pair of presutural acrostichal bri^stles; prealar bristle long.

solitaria Stein

— Thorax without differentiated presutural acrostichal bristles 56

56. Humeri not paler than adjoining portions of dorsum of thorax.

apicata Johannsen

— Humeri yellowish testaceous at least in part 57

57. Prealar bristle not over half as long as the bristle behind it; tarsi black;

eyes of male separated by width across posterior ocelli . . bysia (Walker)

— Prealar bristle over half as long as the one behind it; tarsi yellow; eyes

of male separated by more than width across posterior ocelli; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment.

winnemanae Malloch

58. Prealar bristle minute or absent; thorax and abdomen glossy lilack, with

faint gray pruinescence; legs, except tarsi, yellow; hind tibia with two anterodorsal bristles in each sex parviceps ^lalloch

— Prealar bristle almost or quite half as long as the bristle behind it. . . .59

59. Hind tibia with two equally long anterodorsal bristles; third wing-vein

not setulose at base below; longest hairs on arista not as long as width of third antennal segment; shining black species with distinct but not very dense grayish pruinescence on thorax and abdomen; cross-veins of wings not noticeably inf uscated 60

— Hind tibia either with one anterodorsal bristle or with one long and one

very short bristle on that surface; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than width of third antennal segment except in prisca 8tein; subopaque black species, with very dense gray pruinescence; third wing- vein sometimes with some weak setulae at base below 61

60. Third antennal segment in male normal, not abnormally large and broad;

fore tibia in male without median posterior bristle; mid tibia with one posterior bristle basad of middle; some fine hairs at base of posterior notopleural bristle trivialis new species

— Third antennal segment in male very large and broad, not as noticeably

so in female; fore and mid tibiae in both sexes with two posterior bristles; no hairs at base of either of the notopleural bristles.

laticornis new species

61. Hind tibia with the apical posterodorsal bristle as strong and large as the

anterodorsal and nearly as large as the dorsal one (fig. 22); mid femur with one bristle basad of middle on posteroventral .surface; third vein setulose at base below; cross-veins infuscated.

atlanis new species

— Hind tibia with the apical posterodorsal bristle much smaller and weaker

than the anterodorsal one; mid femur with more than one postero- ventral bri.stle 62

62. Cro.ws-veins of wings distinct!}', often conspicuously, infuscated; third

vein often with some weak setulose hairs at base below; hind tibia usually with one long and one very short bristle on anterodorsal surface; hind femur without distinct bristles on posteroventral surface.

fusca Stein

J. R. MALLOCH 247

— Wing without distinct infuscation on cross-veins; third vein bare at ba e;

hind tibia with one strong anterodorsal bristle; hind femur in both

sexes with distinct bristles on posteroventral surface 63

63. Tarsi black; hind femur with some moderately long strong bristles on basal two-thirds of posteroventral surface; longest hairs on arista at least as long as width of third antennal segment; interfrontalia not interrujjted diruta Stein

— Tarsi yellow; hind femur with fine bristles on almost the entire length of

posteroventral surface; longest hairs on arista shorter than width of third antennal segment; interfrontalia interrupted above middle.

prisca Stein Phaonia protuberans new species

Male and Female. — Black, distinctly shining, with rather dense whitish pruinescence. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with a poorly defined sub- triangular dorsocentral spot and lateral checkering on each tergite, black. Legs black. Wings subhyaline, veins slightlj^ paler at bases. Calyptrae and halteres yellow.

Male. — Eyes rather densel}^ pale haired; narrowest part of frons about as wide as third antennal segment; orbits with long setulose hairs below, which become much shorter above and extend to anterior ocellus; profile as in figure 8. Thorax with two pairs of presutural acrostichals and four pairs of post- sutural dorsocentrals; hypopleura with a few hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle. Abdomen narrowly ovate, basal sternite bare, fifth with a broad deep excision. Fore tibia unarmed at middle, the hairs on apical half of ven- tral surface suberect but not very long; fore tarsus without long sensory hairs on posteroventral margin of basal segment, moderately densely clothed with short erect fine hairs; mid femur with about nine bristles on basal half on pos- teroventral surfaces which are in an irregular series; mid tibia with three long posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of anteroventral, and a few short posteroventral bristles on basal half; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and two anteroventral bristles, the anterior and posterior surfaces with the setulae stronger than usual.

Female. — Differs from the male in having the frons over one-third of the head-width, the orbits laterad of the bristles with rather long setulose hairs, the fore tibia with two posterior bristles, and the fore tarsus shorter.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Tijpe — male, Mt. Washington, Now Hampshire, alpine, (G. Dimmock), [U. S. National :Muscum]. Allotype, female, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire (Coll. Coquillett). Paratypes, females, White ^Mountains, New Hampshire (^Morrison) ; Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, August 16, 1916, 2500 feet (C. W. Johnson); four males and one female, Mt. Marcy, New York, above the 4800 feet level, July 21 and 27, on flowers of PotentiUa tridentata and Arenaria groenlandica, (J. Bequaert).

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248 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

This species belongs to the same group as the European alpicola Zetterstedt, chalQinata Pandell, and luguhris ^Meigen. It differs, however, from all of these in one or more characters.

Phaonia serva (Meigen)

A nthontyia serva Meigen, Syst. Beschr., 5, p. 86, 1826.

This very common European species may be readily distin- guished from any of its allies by the characters given in the key to species. In color and habitus it resembles protuherans. Normally there are but three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles present, but sometimes there are four pairs. One pair taken in the White Mountains, by Morrison, which I have before me, have four pairs of postsutural dorso-centrals, l)ut differ in no other manner from normal specimens from Europe and this country. The variation percentage in number of postsutural dorsocentrals is very small, but occasional aberrant examples occur in most species, and to prevent errors in identification, these must be carefully compared with species they resem):)le in other respects, before their description as new species.

Length, 7.5 to 8 mm.

I have seen examples of this species from Maine, Massa- chusetts, and New Hampshire.

Phaonia savonoskii new species

Female. — Similar to jxrotuberans in color and markings.

Structurally similar to sei-ixi, distinguishable from it by the bristling of the fore and mid tibia, the former having one or two and the latter two antero- dorsal bristles near middle.

Length, 9 mm.

Type.- — Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, June 1919, (J. S. Hine).

Type returned to Professor Hine, who collected it on his last trip to the" Mt. Katmai region for the National (reogiaphic Society. Three female paratypes, Healy, Alaska, July 6, 1921, (J. M. Aldrich), [U. S. N. M.].

Phaonia caerulescens (Stein)

Aricia caerulescens Stein, Berl. Knt. Zeitschr., 1S97, ]). 1S7, IMIT.

This species is readily separated from its allies by the ])luish black color of the abdomen and the characters given in the k(>y to species. The fore tarsi are similar to those of protuherans

J. R. MALLOCH 249

and serva, and the fine hairs surrounding bases of the notopleural bristles are present as in serva. The fore tibia in either sex may have or lack the posterior median bristles.

I have seen this species from Moscow (type), Julietta, and Kendrick, Idaho; Los Gatos, California; Seattle, Washington and Cache Junction, Utah.

It occurs in February, and on till ^lay, usually frequenting the flowers of willows.

Phaonia versicolor Stein

Phaonia versicolor Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., abt. A, heft 9, 1918, p. 16, 1920.

This species, which was described from one female, is unknown to me. The type was obtained by Dr. Aldrich, in JVIarshall Pass, Colorado. It may not be related to the species with which I have associated it in my key, but I accept Stein's comparisons as indicating that it is.

Length, similar to serva.

Phaonia basiseta Malloch

Pliaouiu baaiscta Malloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlvi, p. 133, 1920.

I have seen no additional material since describing the species, except some more specimens from Waubay, South Dakota, and Alaska. The species may be separated at once from its allies by the presence of the sub-basal bristle on posterodorsal surface of hind tibia. The fore tarsi are as in sei'va, and there are sparse hairs adjacent to bases of both the notopleural bristles.

Length, 7 mm.

Localities, Bozeman, Montana; Waubay, South Dakota, and Healy, Alaska, July 6, 1921, (J. M. Aldrich).

This species is most closely related to the European basalts Zetterstedt, having the same bristling of the legs and the same habitus as in that species. But basalis has the femora and tibiae reddish yellow, and the thorax and abdomen with j-ellowish gray pruinescence, while the abdomen has only a black dorso- central vitta and no lateral checkerings.

The European species morionella Bezzi has the same color and habitus as basiseta, but the eyes are much more widely separated, the vibrissal angle is very much produced, and there are only three pairs of postsutural dorsocentral bristles on thorax.

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250 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Phaonia consobrina (Zetterstedt)

Anthomyza consobrina Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp., p. 665, 1834.

I have before me a European male of this species, obtained from Mr. R. Frey, which was named by Stein. The latter records the species from this country, basing his identification on specimens taken in Colorado. I have not seen his specimens, and have seen no examples from this country which are identical with the one from Europe. In his paper Stein gives a key to the species of the genus, and judging from that I consider it probable that what he had before him was not consobrina, but brunneinervis Stein, as his type specimens runs down to con- sobrina in the key. The European specimen I have is quite different from brunneinervis, so we may retain the latter in our list, though I fear we have no grounds for the retention of consobrina.

Length, 8 mm.

Phaonia incerta new species

Male. — Similar in color to consobrina and brunneinervis. The calyptrae are, however, white with the margins faintly yellowish and not yellowish throughout; the wings are but shghtly infuscated at bases, whereas in the other species they are slightly but distinctly brownish at base and along the courses of the -veins on basal half or more; the large black subtriangular black mark on each abdominal tergite is more distinct than in consobrina.

Eyes densely hairy, the hairs about twice as long as in consobrina, frons similar, the orbits with fine short hairs on posterior half, bristled on anterior half; arista with the longest hairs not much longer than its basal diameter. Fore tibia with a fine long setulose hair on posterior surface beyond middle; mid femur with three or four bristles on basal half of postero ventral surface and also numerous long hairs; mid tibia without any anterodorsal bristles, with four on posterior side in an irregular series, and two on posterovcntral surface; hind femur with a complete series of bristles on antero ventral surface and some on basal half of posteroventral; hind tibia with two or three antero- dorsal and anteroventral bristles, the anterior and posterior hairs setulose but not very long; apical posterodorsal bristle small but distinct.

Length, 7 mm.

Type. — Yakutat, Alaska, (J. S. Hine), [Ohio State University].

This species resembles both consobrina and brunneinervis, being distinguished from the former as indicated in the foregomg de- scription, and from the latter by the lack of anterodorsal bristles on mid tibia, and the much weaker setulose hairs on the postero- ventral sui-face of the fore til^ia.

J. R. MALLOCH 251

This maj' be the species which I have ah-eady seen from the Southwest and considered as a variety of hrunneinervis.

Phaonia monticola Malloch

Phaonia monticola Malloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Hoc, xliv, p. 266, 1918.

This species is readily separated from its alhes by the dense erect hairs on the ventral surfaces of the apical two -thirds of the fore tibia in both sexes, and by the presence of anterodorsal l)ristles on mid tibia.

I have seen this species from New Mexico {type), Colorado, mid Labrador.

This is undoubtedly the species Stein records as morio Zet- terstedt from this country.

I obtained males of the European species from three corres- pondents for comparison with my North American examples, and believe that the forms are different though closely related. The posteroventral bristles on the hind femur in my specimens of morio, from Finland and Sweden, are much longer than in those from America, and there are several minor distinctions present which prevent me uniting them at this time, though an examination of a larger series of both may ultimately result in that course being followed. I am of the opinion that the Italian specimens sent me as morio are not that species, but do not desire to go into the matter of distinctions in extralimital material at this time.

Phaonia brunneinervis (Stein)

Aricia brmmcincrvis Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 183, 1897.

I have the tj'pe male of this species before me. As stated in the remarks under consobrina, I think that this is the species Stein records under that name from Colorado.

I have seen the species from Craig's ^Mountains, Idaho {type); Tennessee Pass, Colorado, and Gallatin County, ^Montana.

Phaonia fraterna jicw species

^lale. — Similar to serva in color, differing in having the wings slii>htly brownish, not yellowish basally, the cross-veins noticeably, but not con- spicuously darkened. Abdomen with a rather large subtriangular dorso- central black mark on (>ach tergite, and some lateral black checkerings.

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252 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Eyes long haired; narrowest part of frons as wide as distance across posterior ocelli; orbits setulose to above middle; parafacial as wide as third antennal segment, not narrowed below; face receding below; cheek twice as high as width of parafacial, with several series of marginal bristles; third antennal segment about 1.5 as long as second, its apex about one-fourth from mouth- margin; arista short haired. Presutural acrostichals not differentiated; postsutural dorso-centrals three; prealar long and strong; hypopleura with some hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle. Abdomen short ovate, basal sternite bare, fifth with a broad rounded posterior excision, rather densely hairy on sides apically, without strong bristles. Fore tibia without tong hairs or bristles; fore tarsus slender, exceeding length of tibia; mid legs lacking in type; hind femur with a complete series of bristles on anteroventral surface, which are weaker basally, and a series on basal half of posteroventral surface; hind tibia with two anterodorsal, and two anteroventral bristles. Outer cross- vein curved; last section of fourth vein twice as long as preceding section.

Length, 6 mm.

Type. — Lunenburg, Massachusetts, May 19, 1916, (S. M. Dohanian), [U. S. N. M.].

Apparently closely related to confluens Stein, of Europe. I have not seen this species but the arista is described as long haired and the hind tibia more bristly.

Fhaonia tipulivora new species

Male. — Black, slightly shining, densel}^ grayish pruinescent. Frons para- facials, face, and cheeks almost silvery; antennae and palpi black. Thorax with four black vittae. Abdomen with a series of poorly defined but distinct black subtriangular spots and, when seen from the side, with some lateral black checkerings. Legs black, tibiae brownish. Calyptrae white. Halteres yellow.

Eyes densely hairy; narrowest part of frons about as wide as distance across posterior ocelli; interfrontalia almost obliterated above middle; orljits setulose nearly to anterior ocellus; parafacial as wide as third antennal segment, not appreciably narrowed below; cheek nearly twice as high as width of parafacial, with several series of bristles on lower margin; third antennal segment about L75 as long as second; arista with its longest hairs not as long as width of third antennal segment; palpi normal, setulose. Thorax without differentiated presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutural dorsocentrals four; prealar very long; hypopleura hairy on upper margin in front of spiracle; sternoplcurals 1 : 2. Basal abdominal sternite bare, fifth as in fratcrna; abdomen broadly ovate. Fore tibia with two cr three posterior median bristles; fore tarsus slender, dislmctly longer than tibia, with a few long sensory hairs along the posteroventral margin; mid fcnnu" with about six bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; niitl til)ia with six or seven bristles in a double scries on ])osterior side; hind femur with a comi)leto scries

J. R. MALLOCH 253

of anteroventral bristles and a partial series on basal half of posteroventral surface; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and two anteroventral bristles, the anterior and posterior surfaces with some short setulose hairs on middle. Outer cross-vein curved.

Female. — Similar to the male in color and bristling of the legs. Inter- frontalia without hairs on sides. Fore tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with a few weak posteroventral bristles.

Length, 9 mm.

The puparium is brownish red, shining, cylindrical, the e.xtremities rounded, surface with microscopic transverse striae and a less distinct irregular network of short linear impressions. The metathoracic spiracles are elevated, about as high as thick, glossy; each segment has a transverse series of minute wart- like elevations which does not extend clear round the bod}-; being widely interrupted ventrally, the apical segment having the transverse series very much shorter than those on other segments and connected with three longi- tudinal series, one in center and one at each extremity which extend midway to posterior spiracles, the latter small, blackish, but Uttle elevated, separated by over twice the width of either; anal opening small, situated some distance from apex.

Length, 8 mm.

Type. — Hagerstown, Maryland, June 24, 1916, reared from tipidid pupa, Ace. no. 14022 (H. L. Parker), [U. S. N. M.].

Allotype. — Halfway House, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, July 6, 1914, (C. W. Johnson).

Paratypes, males; Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts, May 21, 1916; Raynham, Massachusetts, April 29, 1916, (F. X. Williams) ; Lunnenburg, Massachusetts, May 21, 1916, (S. M. Dohanian).

Phaonia pallidula Coquillett

Phaonia pallidula Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxv, p. 122.

Phaonia dulci.H Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., abt. A. 1918, heft 9, p. 5, 1920.

Male. — Black, subopaque. Head black, cheeks brownish, orbits, face, parafacials, and cheeks den.sely silver}' white pruinescent; anteimae brownish yellow, third segment infuscated except at base; palpi yellow. Thorax densely gray pruinescent, with four conspicuous brown vittae. Abdomen largely yellowish testaceous, bases of tergites fuscous and with g'ay prui- nescence, each tergite with an elongate central black sp)ot. Leg.s yellowish testaceous, fore femora except apices, and mid and hind femora each with a broad band beyond middle fuscous; tarsi pale. Wings clear, veins broAvn, yellow at bases, cross-veins very inconspicuously infuscated. (^alyptrae white. Halteres yellow.

Eyes spar.sely hairy, separated l)y distance across posterior ocelli; orbits contiguous above middle, with bristles on anterior half and one or two short

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254 NOKTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

liairs on upper half; parafacial at base of antennae wider than the narrow third antennal segment, narrowed below; cheek about twice as high as widest part of parafacial; longest hairs on arista as long as width of third antennal segment. Thorax without differentiated presutural acrostichals; prealar long; postsutural dorsocentrals three; hypopleura with some weak hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle. Basal sternite bare. Fore tibia with a long median posterior bristle; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, basal segment without long outstanding posterior sensory hairs; mid femur with some long bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; mid tibia with two long posterior bristles; hind femur with some moderately long hairs on basal third of ventral surface, a series of bristles on anteroventral surface which are very short basally and some long bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; hind tibia with two anteroventral and two anterodorsal bristles; the <?alcar long, but little beyond middle. Length, 7. 5 mm.

Redescribed from a male compared with type Ijy Dr. Aldrich, Lakehurst, New Jersey, May 24, (W. T. Davis). Originally described from Georgia. Stein described dulcis from Austin, Texas, and Lakehurst, New Jersey.

Phaonia quieta Stein

Phaonia quieta Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., 1918, abt. A, heft 9, p. 14, 1920.

I have identified as this species, which was described from three pairs taken by Dr. Aldrich at Friday Harbor, Washington, a male and female from California. Stein compares it with erratica Fallen and errans Meigen, so that it is unquestionably correctly placed in my key, and unless there are two very closely allied species here I am fairly confident that my identification is correct. Stein makes no mention of any of the characters I use in my key for separating it from its allies, and I have placed it in three categories to insure its identification should I be incorrect in my surmise.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Phaonia pulvillata (Stein)

Aricia pulvillata Stein, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar., ir, p. 422, 1904.

This species was not included by Stein in his last paper on North American Anthomyiidac. It is very closely allied to quieta, or at least to the species which I have identified as that, having the same habitus and the characters as stated in the key.

J. R. MALLOCH 255

It is paler in color, the abdomen in both sexes being largely yellow- ish testaceous, in the male on basal half, while in quieta the general color is black, with the apices or tergites yellowish. Apart from any hypopygial distinctions which may exist, the principal characters for the differentiation of the species are indicated in the key.

Stein's description of pidviUafa fits my interpretation of quieta better in some respects than it does the former, but he specific- ally mentions the presence of a median posterior bristle on fore tibia in pulviUata, and this is present in even the male, whereas in the other species it is absent.

Originally described from Carolina. I have before me one male, Plummer's Island, IMaryland, June 22, 1909, (W. L. jVIcAtee); one female, same locality, June 14, 1908, (A. K. Fisher) ; one female, same locality, July 24, (N. Banks) ; one female, Delaw\are Water Gap, New Jersey, July 12, 1895, (C. W. Johnson?).

Phaonia rufibasis Malloch

Phaonia rufibasis Malloch, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., xxxii, p. 207, 1919.

This species is verj^ similar to errans Meigen in color, differing in having the basal two antennal segments and base of third as well as the palpi reddish j'ellow. The coxae are largely, and the femora and tibia entirely reddish yellow.

Structurally similar to errans but the parafaeials narrower, third antennal segment over twice as long as second. Basal abdominal sternite hairy. Hind femur with a series of antero- ventral bristles and one or two rather long bristles at or near middle on poster© ventral surface.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Originally descril)ed from Chester, Massachusetts, August 3, 1911. Type in collection of Boston Society of Natural History.

I have seen one male from Plummer's Island, Maryland, !May 27, 1915, (R. C. Shannon), which is in the National ^Museum Collection.

Phaonia perfida Stein

Phaotiia perfida .Stein, Archiv fiir Naturges., 1918, abt., A, heft 9, p. 13, 1920. I have not seen this species, which Stein described from one specimen without data, sent to him by Dr. Hough.

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256 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

It seems extremely probable that the species is closely related to those with which I have associated it in the key, but only an examination of the type specimen will definitely decide that point.

Phaonia aurea new species

Female. — Reddish yellow, suliopaque. Frons, parafacials anteriorlj', third antennal segment, and palpi fuscous; occiput gray pruinescent. Thorax gray pruinescent, the dorsum with four reddish vittae. Abdomen with golden pollinosity, dorsum checkered, the yellow parts changing according to position from which the surface is viewed. Legs rufous yellow, tarsi fuscou-s. Wings .slightly yellowish, cross-veins narrowly infuscated. Calyptrae and halteres yellow.

Frons at vertex one-third of the head-width, widened anteriorly; orbits narrow, each with about six bristles and a series of hairs laterad of them; eyes hairj^; parafacial at base of antennae wider than width of third antennal segment, not much narrowed below; cheek about 1.5 as high as widest part of parafacial; third antennal .segment twice as long as second; arista long ])lumose; palpi normal. Thoracic chaetotaxy as in errans. Basal abdominal sternite hairy. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; mid femur with four or five bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; mid tibia with three or four posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of long bristles on anteroventral surface, the posteroventral surface bare; hind tibia with three or four anterodorsal and anteroventral bristles. Outer cro.ss-vein curved; fourth vein straight at apex.

Length, 11 mm.

r?ype.— Washington State, (Coll. Coquillett), [U. S. N. M.].

Phaonia nigricans Johannsen

Phaonia nigricans Johannsen, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlii, p. 395, 1916.

Phaonia cayugae Johannsen, Ent. News, xxviii, p. 327, 1917.

Phaonia nervosa Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., abt. A, 191S, heft 9, p. 12 1920.

Stein redescribed this species from material sent to him from Ithaca, New York, the type locality of Johannsen's species.

Johannsen proposed the species name cayugae to replace the name nigricans, which has been used in the genus //^eZma (=Mydaea Stein), but such course is not necessary as the name has not previously been used in the genus Phaonia.

The species is very closely allied to errans but differs very much in color, the legs being usually entirelj' black, sometimes with the hind tibiae reddish brown. This is the only means l)y which the species may be separated, as in size and chaetotaxy they are to all appearances identical. The frons in the f(Mnales

J. R. MALLOCH 257

of errans, varipes, and nigricans has always some hairs on the sides of the interfrontaUa.

I have seen this species from Ohio, ^Montana, ^Massachusetts, and Wisconsin, and have no dou]:)t that it is widely distributed in the northeastern States.

Phaonia errans Meigen

Anthomyia errans Meigon, Syst. Beschr., v, p. 86, 1S2G.

Male. — Black, slightly shining, densely gray pruinescent. InterfrontaUa opaque black except when seen from in front; orbits, parafacials, and cheeks with whitish tomentum or pile; face yellowish gray pruinescent; antennae and palpi black. Dorsum of thorax with four l)iack vittae; scutellum largely reddish yellow apically. Abdomen with an interrupted dorsocentral vitta and lateral checkerings black; fifth sternite reddish j-ellow apically. Legs rufous j-ellow, fore femora except apices, sometimes the bases of mid femora, and all of tarsi fuscous. Wings sybhyaline, cross-veins slightly infuscated. Calyptrae jellowish white. Halteres yellow.

Eyes hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons l)y a distance less than width of third antennal segment; orbits narrow, bristles on anterior half and finely haired on posterior half almost to anterior ocellus; interfrontalia distinct on entire length; parafacials a little wider than third antennal segment, but little narrowed below; cheek twice as high as widest part of parafacial, with bristly hairs on lower half and some setulose hairs above vibrissae; third antennal segment twice as long as second; arista plumose. Thorax without presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutural dorsocentrals four; prealar very long; many hairs adjacent to notopleurals; hypopleura with some fine hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle. Basal abdominal sternite hairy, fifth deeply cleft. Fore tibia unarmed at middle; mid femur with about half a dozen bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface, the fine hairs rather long; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; mid tarsus with the short spines on anteroventral and posteroventral margins of segments two to four confined to apical halves; hind femur with a series of anteroventral bristles, and usually one or two short bristles on middle of posteroventral surface; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and three or four anteroventral bristles. Outer cross-vein much curved.

Female. — Similar to the male in color, but the fore femora are less con- spicuously blackened.

Eyes hairy, separated by about one-third of the head-witlth; interfrontalia with some erect hairs on each side above. In other re-^pects as male.

Length, 8 to 9.5 mm.

Described from several males and one female received from Scotland and Finland. Stein has recorded the species from Sandusky, Ohio. I have before me a pair taken at Sandusky, Ohio, which are evidently from the same lot as Stein's specimens,

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258 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

as both were taken by Professor Hine. A female with the label, "Algonquin Park," evidently belongs here.

Phaonia errans variety completa new variety

Male. — Differs from tiue errans in having all the femora and tibiae rufous yellow, and the short spines on anteroventral and posteroventral margins of the intermediate segments of mid tarsi continued to bases of segments. There is also only one pair of praescutellar acrostichals i^resent.

Length, 8 mm.

Type.—Ba,se Station, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire^ August 15, 1916, (C. W. Johnson), [Boston Society of Natural History].

Phaonia errans variety varipes Coquillett

Hyetodesia varipes Coquillett, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 441, 1902.

This form differs from true errans only in having the femora more extensively darkened, the fore and mid pairs in male being almost entirely infuscated. There are neither chaetotaxic nor structural distinctions which warrant its separation from true errans, and it is in my opinion merely a variety of that species.

I have examined a male and female paratype sent to me from the National Museum Collection by Dr. Aldrich, and have also seen a male from Kuskokwim Valley, Alaska.

Phaonia deleta Stein

Aricia deleta Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 178, 1897.

Male and female. — Black, slightly shining, densely gray, pruinescent. Anterior margin of frons, parafacial, and a large part of cheeks, antennae, except apical two-thirds of third segment, and palpi reddish yellow. Thorax with four fuscous vittae. Abdomen with an elongate blackish spot on middle of each tergite; fourth tergite in both sexes conspicuously yellowish testa- ceous at apex; fifth sternite in male partly yellowish. Legs testaceous yellow; coxae anteriorly, fore femora on posterodorsal surface, and the tarsi more or less conspicuously, infuscated. Wings hyaline, veins brown, yellowish basally, cross-veins slightly clouded. Calyptrae whitish yellow. Halteres yellow.

Male. — Eyes sparsely hairy; frons at narrowest part distinctly wider than width across posterior ocelli; orbits with setulose hairs from base of antennae to anterior ocellus, the upper setulae weak and short; intcifrontalia entire; parafacials at base of antennae a little wider than third antennal segment, not narrowed below; cheek twice as high as width of parafacual, with some long biistles along lower margin and a single series above them which are strong and upwardly curved anteriorly; third antennal segment narrow, ending considerably short of the mouth-margin, about 1.75 as long as Second; longest hairs on arista much longer than width of third antennal segment; palpi not

J. R. MALLOCH 259

dilated. Thorax without strong presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutiiral dorsocentrals four; prealar very long; hypopleura hairy on upper margin in front of spiracle. Abdomen ovate, basal sternite bare, fifth with a deep, .^lightly rounded posterior excision. Fore tibia with a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus longer than tibia, the basal segment without long sensory hairs along posterior surface; mid femur with two or three bristles on basal third of posteroventral surface; mid tibia with four or five posterior bristles and usually one longer bristle on middle of posteroventral surface; hind femur with a number of long bristles on basal third of posteroventral .surface; mid tibia with four or five posterior bristles and usually one longer bristle on middle or posteroventral surface; hind femur with a number of long bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface and some short stout spines or bristles in a single or double series on apical half of posteroventral; hind tibia with about four anterodor.sal bristles, the anteroventral surface with about four weak setulae, which are not much stronger than the erect series on the anterior and posterior surfaces, basad of the calcar there are usually from one to three additional bristles on the same surface (fig. 24). Outer cross- vein curved.

Female. — Differs from the male in having the eyes almost bare, separated by fully one-third of the head width, the fore tibia usually with an antero- dorsal and an extra posterior bristle, the hind femur with the short postero- vental bristles antl the hind tibia with the erect anterior setulae and posterior hairs absent.

Length, 7 to 8 mm.

Originally descril^ed from Illinois and Pennsylvania. I have seen most of the material that Stein used in describing the species and in addition have examined specimens from Buffalo, Lancaster, Niagara Falls, and Hamburg, New York, and Quebec and Ontario, Canada.

Phaonia soccata (Walker)

Anthomyia soccata Walker, List. Ins. Brit. Mus., pt. 4, p. 941, 1849.

This species has a similar coloration to that of serva Fallen and its allies, but the legs are reddish yellow except the tarsi. The thorax is not distinctly vittate, and the alidomen is marked as in serva.

The eyes of the male are rather long haired and widely separated, the narrowest part of frons being about one-fifth of the head-width; the orl^its are bristled to a little above the level of the anterior ocellus; parafacial as wide as third antennal segment, not narrowed l)elow; longest hairs on arista barely as long as width of third antennal segment. Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals; prealar very long; postsutural dorsocentrals four; liypoplcura hairy on upper margin in front

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260 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

of spiracle. Basal abdominal sternite bare, fifth with a very- broad rounded posterior excision. Fore tibia with one or two median posterior bristles ; fore tarsi slender, without long sensory hairs along the posterior side of basal segment; mid tibia with three or four posterior bristles; hind femur without exceptional armature, hind tibia with a bristle near base on posterodorsal surface, the apical posterodorsal bristle barely distinguishable.

Length, 7.5 mm.

I have seen this species only from New York.

Phaonia frenata (Holmgren)

Aricia frenata Holmgren, Ins. Nordgroenl., p. 103, 1872.

I have seen this species only from Alaska. The summary of the characters of the male given in the key to species should enable students to recognize that sex. I have not seen the female.

Length, 6 mm.

Originally described from Greenland.

Phaonia alticola new species

Female. — Black, shining, with distinct but not very dense bluish gray pruinescence. Head entirely black. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with a poorly defined dorsocentral vitta and lateral checkerings black. Legs black. Wings clear, cross-veins not infuscated. Calyptrae yellowish. Halter es dark brown.

Eyes with short hairs; frons about two-fifths of the head-width; orbits strongly bristled, with two series of bristles on upper half and many lateral setulose hairs below; parafacial at base of antennae wider than third antennal segment, not narrowed below; cheek about twice as high as width of para- facial, with a series of bristles on lower margin and some hairs above them; antennae short, third segment not twice as long as second; arista with very short pubescence; palpi slender. Thorax without strong presutural acro- stichals; postsutural dorsocentrals three; prealar long; hypopleura bare; sternopleurals 1 : 2. Basal abdominal sternite bare, genitalia normal. Fore tibia with two posterior median bristles; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, basal segment without long sensory hairs and not densely haired; mid femur with cne or two bristles on basal half of anteroventral surface and five or six on basal half of posteroventral; mid tibia with two anterodorsal and three posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of long bristles on anteroventral surface, and a few on basal half of posteroventral; hind tibia with tlirec or four anteroventral and two anterodorsal bristles, the apical posterodorsal bristle very small. Costal thorn long; last section of fourth vein about as long as preceding section.

Length, 9 mm

J, R. MALLOCH 261

Type. — North East Truchas Peak, New ^Mexico, above tim- ber line, August 2, (W. P. Cockerell), [U. S. N. M.].

A rather aberrant species. The orbital 1)risthng shows an approach to that of the genus Dendrophaonia, but the cheeks, thorax, and legs are bristled differently from those of the species of that genus.

Phaonia azygos new species

Male and female. — Black, subopaque, densely pale gray pruinescent. Thorax with two faint fuscous vittae anteriorly which do not extend beyond middle of dorsum. Abdomen with one elongate black spot in middle of each tergite, which form an almost uninterrupted vitta, the spot on fourth tergite very faint. Legs black, the knees slightly reddish in female. Wings slightly grayish, the cross-veins faintly browned. Calyptrae white. Halteres yellow.

Male. — Ej-es very faintly hairy; frons on upper half very narrow, consisting of the whitish contiguous orbits, the setulae confined to anterior half; para- facials almost linear; cheek twice as high as width of third antennal segment, sparsely bristled on lower margin, two or three of the bristles upcurved; arista plumose; third antennal segment three times as long as wide. Pre- sutural acrostichal bristles absent, the hairs fine, in al)Out four series; post- sutural dorsocentrals three; prealar long; sternopleurals one to two; no hairs near notoj^leurals. Abdomen ovate; basal sternite bare. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, without erect sensory hairs along sides of basal segment; mid femur with a complete series of fine bristles on posteroventral surface which become shorter apically; mid tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with a complete series of antero- ventral bristles which become longer apically, and some shorter bristles on apical half or less of postei'oventral surface; hind tibia with one anterodorsal and two anteroventral bristles, the calcar short, about one-fifth from apex, apical anterodorsal and anterior bristles subequal, apical posterodorsal absent. Outer cross-vein almost straight; veins three and four divergent at extreme apices.

Female. — Frons normal; hind femur with three or four anteroventral bristles on apical third.

Length, 5 mm.

Type. — ]\Iale; Black Mountain, Lake George, New York, September 4, 1920: allotype, female; Thatcher Park, Heldeberg Mountains, Albany, New York, May 27, 1920, (H. C. Huckett), [Amer. Entom. Soc.].

This species runs to nigrocincfa Stein in Stein's key, but that species does not occur in North America.

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262 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Phaonia citreibasis Malloch

Phaorda citreibasis Malloch, Ohio Jour. Science, xx, p. 268, 1920.

This species is glossy black with slight grayish pruinescence on thorax and abdomen, the thorax quadrivittate and the ab- domen with a poorly defined dorsocentral vitta. Legs black. Bases of wings, calyptrae, and halteres bright orange.

Eyes sparsely hairy, separated by about the distance across posterior ocelli; arista pubescent. Thorax with two pairs of long fine presutural acrostichals and four pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; prealar very long. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; hind tibia with two to four anteroventral and two anterodorsal bristles.

Length, 8 mm.

Originally described from Alaska.

Phaonia atrocitrea new species

Female. — Shining black, almost glossj', with slight but distinct grayish pruinescence on thorax and abdomen. Arista entirely black. Thorax quadri- vittate. Abdomen with faint checkerings. Legs black. Wings yellowish at bases, cross-veins narrowly infuscated. Calyptrae orange yellow. Halteres with black knobs.

Eyes with very short hairs; frons about one-third of the head-width; orbits with strong bristles and lateral setulose hairs; parafacial at base of antennae wider than third antennal segment, narrowed below; cheek a little higher than widest part of parafacials, with a series of marginal bristles; third antennal segment not twice as long as second; arista with short pubescence; palpi slightly dilated. Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals; postsutural dorsocentrals four; prealar long; hypopleura with some hairs in middle below spiracle; sternopleurals one to two. Basal abdominal sternite bare. Fore tibia with one or two median posterior bristles; fore tarsus slender, a little longer than tibia, basal segment without long sensory hairs, not densely haired; mid femur with an anteroventral and a posteroventral series of bristles which are rather short; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur with anteroventral series of long bristles and a i)Osteroventral series which does not extend to apex; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and three anteroventral bristles, the apical posterodorsal bristle minute, the others long.

Length, 8 mm.

Type. — Savonoski, Naknck Lake, Alaska, July, 1010, (J. 8. Hine), [Ohio State LTniversity].

This species bears a very strong resemblance to citreibasis, but in that species the arista is yellow at base, the wings are nuich brighter yellow at bases, the halteres are orange yellow, and llie hypopleura is bare.

J. R, MALLOCH 2(53

Phaonia dissimilis new species

Male. — Shilling black, with rather dense bluish gray pruinescence. Head black, interfrontalia opaque, orbits, parafacials, and cheeks with silk}- white pruinescence. Thorax distinctly (juadrivittate. Abdomen with a black dor.sc- central vitta and lateral checkerings. Legs black. \\'ings clear, veins black, cross-veins faintly darkened. Calyptrae white, the outer margin of the lower one fuscous, much darker than the field. Halteres bro\\-n.

Eyes rather long haired, separated at narrowest part of frons by about the width of third antennal segment; orbits not contiguous, setulose almost to anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antennae about as wide as third antennal segment, slightly narrowed below; cheek twice as high as widest part of para- facial, with some fine bristles on margin and above them two series of fine hairs; third antennal segment about twice as long as second; arista with its longest hairs a little longer than its basal diameter. Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals; postsutural dorsocentrals four; prealar long; no hairs adjacent to notopleural bristles; hypopleura bare. Abdomen ovate. Basal sternite bare, fifth with a broad moderately deep posterior excision. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle, the hairs on that surface longer than usual, forming a series of suberect setulae from base to apex; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, the basal segment with the posterior sensory hairs of moderate length; mid femur with rather long hairs on ventral surfaces, those on basal half of posteroventral surface stronger than the others; mid tibia with three posterior bristles, the short hairs longer than usual, especially on posteroventral and posterodorsal surfaces, those on latter forming a series of setulae on its entire length; hind femur similar to mid pair but with a series of bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface; hind tibia with two antero- dorsal and two cr three anteroventral bristles, the surface hairs on posterior and anterodorsal surfaces setulose.

Length, 7.o mm.

Type. — Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, July, 1919, (J. S. Hine), [Ohio State University].

Phaonia imitatrix Malloch

Phaotiia iimlidrix Malloch, Rep. Can. Arctic Expcd. 19I.'J-1S, iii, Insects,

pt. C, Diptera, p. 61c, 1919.

Male. — Glos.sy black, almost without pruinescence except on orbits, para- facials, face and cheeks. Legs black. Wings clear, fuscous at bases, veins black. Calyptrae white. Halteres black

Eyes almost bare; frons at least twice as wide as distance across posterior ocelli; orbits narrow, rather strongly bristled up to anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antennae as wide as third antennal .segment, not narrowed below; vibrissal angle produced; cheek over one-third as high as eye; arista almost bare. Thorax with four pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; prealar almost as long as the bristle behind it. Abdomen subcylindrical, slightly tapered apically; basal sternite bare, fifth with an undulated posterior emargination.

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264 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Mid tibia with two posterior bristles; hind tibia with two or three antero- dorsal and four or five an tero ventral bristles. Third wing- vein ending before tip of wing, the wing rounded at apex. Length, 7 mm.

Originally described from Bernard Harbour, North West Territory, Canada.

Phaonia fuscisquama Van der Wulp

Pliorhiafuscisquama ^'an der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, i, p. 340, 1886.

Male. — Deep black, shining, with brownish gray pruinescence which is most dense on dorsum of abdomen. Thorax not vittate. Abdomen with a series of elongate black dorsocentral spots forming an interrupted vitta. Legs black. Wings slightly infuscated, veins black. Calj-ptrae fuscous. Knobs of halteres yellow.

Eyes bare, separated by not more than width of anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antennae narrower than third antennal segment; becoming linear below; cheek about as high as width of third antennal segment, profile as in figure 10; arista with very short pubescence. Thorax with the presutural acrostichals long, but not in differentiated pairs; prealar very short; postsutural dorsccentrals four; sternopleurals 1:1; basal pair of scutellars much shorter than apical pair. Abdomen narrowly ovate, basal sternite bare. Fore tibia unarmed at middle, shorter than fore tarsus; mid femur without strong ventral bristles; mid tibia with a posterodorsal bristle about one-third from apex; hind tibia with one anterodorsal and one anteroventral bristle. Auxiliary vein approaching costa much more gradually than in the other species, first posterior cell narrowed apically.

Length, 5 mm.

Described from a paratype supplied by the British Museum, from Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, (H. H. Smith).

This species has the habitus of a Hydrotaea and similar wing venation, but the fore femora are not excavated and armed with a spine on ventral surface before apex as in that genus.

Phaonia morrisoni new species

Male. — Similar to the preceding species in color. Differs from it in having the calyptrae yellow, and the abdomen gray pruinescent and with an indistintc dorsocentral vitta.

Eyes pubescent; profile similar to that of preceding species. The chae- totaxy of the thorax is as in that species, as is the bristling of the legs except the hind femora. In addition to the distinction mentioned in the key the type has no bristle on the anteroventral surface of hind tibia, but in the paratype there is a bristle on that surface on one tibia. The first posterior wing cell is not narrowed at apex.

Length, 4 to 5 mm.

J. R. MALLOCH 265

Tyjye. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, (Morrison), [U. S. N. M.]. Paratype. — KiUington Park, Vermont, August 23, 1898, [Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.].

Phaonia minima Malloch

Fhaonui inininvi Malloch, Rep. Can. Arctic Exped. 1913-18, iii, pt. C, Insects,

Diptera, p. 61c, 1919.

This species is very similar to the preceding, but differs in having no short stout outstanding bristle on posteriordorsal surface near apex, as stated in key.

Length, 4 to 5 mm.

In addition to the type and allotype specimens from Nome, Alaska, which, I have before me, I have seen one male from St. Paul Island, Alaska, August, 1910, collected by H. Heath, which belongs to the Leland Stanford University collection.

I have seen one female which was taken in Montana that is referable to either this or the preceding species, but it is not possible to definitely decide its identity.

Phaonia albocalyptrata Malloch

Phiiotiid (ilhticdb/ptniti Malloch, Ohio Jour. Science, xx, p. 267, 1920.

This species has a coloration similar to that of dissimilis, but the abdomen has no distinct lat(M-al checkerings and the calyp- trae are both white.

The eyes are sparsely hairy, the frons at narrowest part is twice as wide as third antennal segment, the orbits have long setulose hairs to level of anterior ocellus, the parafacials are as wide as the third antennal segment and nearly as wide as height of cheek, the arista is short pubescent. Thorax with two or three pairs of long fine pr.esutural acrostichals; prealar long. Basal abdominal sternite hairy. A])ical posterodorsal bristle on hind tibia weak and small; hairs on tibia not as long as in dissimUiH.

Length, 7 mm.

Originally descri])ed from Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska. Type in collection of Ohio State University.

Phaonia marylandica new species

Male. — Black, shining, gray pruinescent. Orbits, parafacials, face and cheeks silvery white; antennae and palpi j-ellow, third segment of former brownish. Thorax with four black vittae; scutellum black; humeri slighth' yellowish. Abdomen in type missing. Legs entirely yellow. Wings clear, cross-veins not infuscated. Calyptrae and halteres yellowish.

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266 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Eyes almost nude, separated at narrowest part of frons by not more than width of third antennal segment; orbits setulose to above middle, contiguous for some distance centrally; parafacial almost linear; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment. Thorax with one long and two short pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles; postsutural dorsocentrals four; prealar long; hypopleura bare. Fore tibia unarmed at middle; fore tarsus slender, basal segment with some long outstanding sensory hairs on posterc- ventral margin; mid femur with some fine bristles on basal half of postero- ventral surface; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur with some bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, the posteroventral surface without bristles except at extreme base and apex; hind tibia with two anteroventral and two anterodorsal bristles.

Length, 8 mm.?

Ti/pe.— Hummer's Island, Maryland, May 16, 1902, (R. P.

Currie), [U. S. N. M.]. Phaonia harti new species

Male and female. — Black, shining, densely gray pruinescent. Head with silvery white on orbits, lunule, and especially on parafacials; interfrontalia velvety black except when seen from in front; antennae black; second segment partly reddish yellow; palpi reddish yellowy sometimes infuscated apically. Thorax consi)icuously quadrivittate. Abdomen with a black dorsocentral vitta. Legs black, sometimes with only the knees conspicuously reddish yellow, but the tibiae are always paler than the femora and are sometimes obscurely reddish yellow. Wings clear, veins brown, paler basally, the cross-veins not noticeably infuscated. Calyptrae white. Halteres yellow.

Male. — Eyes with very short sparse hairs; narrowest part of frons usually distinctly wdder than distance across posterior ocelli; interfrontalia complete; orbits with rather strong bristles from base of antennae to a short distance from anterior ocellus; profile as in figure 11; longest hairs on arista as long as width of third antennal segment; palpi dilated, with short stubby black bristles except basally. Thorax with two pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles; prealar over half as long as the bristle behind it; postsutural dorsocentrals four; hypopleura with a few hairs on middle below spiracle. Abdomen elon- gate ovate, tapered apically; basal sternite bare, fifth with a broad shallow rounded posterior emargination. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus with the sensory hairs on posteroventral margin of basal segment of moderate length; mid femur with some rather irregular and not very long bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur with eight or nine bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, and four or five on basal half of posteroventral; hind tibia with two or three anteroventral and anterodorsal bristles. Outer cross-vein much bent in middle.

Female. — Frons one-third of the head-width at vertex, widened anteriorly; orbits narrow, the bristles strong, some hairs laterad of them anteriorly; inter- frontalia bare. Fourth al)dominal tergite distinctly longer than third, the ai)ical bristles weak.

Length, 7 to 8 mm.

J. R. MALLOCH 267

Puparium. — Glossj' dark red. Almost C5'liiidrical, slightly tapered at each end, surface smooth except narrowly at incisions between segments, where there are many close fine striae, the ventral surface with microscopic striae on the greater part of surface; a rather broad band of microscopic points on anterior margin of each ventral segment which tapers to a point on each side. Anterior respiratory organs small, pale, with six branches which are visible only under a high jiower lens and are arranged vertically; metathoracic spir- acles elevated, slender, each about three times as long as its diameter, slightly curved and tapered apically; anal respiratory discs sessile, the inner part with the slits elevated slightly above the disc, the slits small, radiating, distance between bases of discs equal to 1.5 times the diameter of one disc; apex of al)domen with some irregularly arranged sharp ridges, two of which surround the spiracular discs laterally, but at a consideraljle distance from them, the other ridges connected with this circular one and extending from it longi- tudinalh' or diagonally; area surrounding anal opening granulose, with some fine striae on outer margins.

Length, 8 to 9 mm.

Type, allotype, and paraiypes. — Urbana, Illinois, !March-April, 1916, reared, (J. R. Malloch). Paraiypes, ten specimens, same locality, iMay 28, 1890, (C. A. Hart); one specimen, Dj-ke, \'irginia, July 10, 1916; one specimen, Great Falls, Virginia, May 2, 1917; one specimen, Potlach, Idaho, September 9, 1912; one specimen, Lacombe, Canada. Type in collection of Illinois Natural History Survey.

The above puparium description was made from puparia of the type series. The larvae are predaceous and live under the bark of freshly fallen trees and slightly loosened bark of trees still standing. They can subsist on the sap which is present where they occur, but so readily attack other larvae that they may be classed as really predaceous.

The larvae that I have found along with them at Urbana, Illinois belong to the following species or families. Lonchaea polita Say, L. laticornis Zetterstedt, Pachygastrinae, and Orta- lidae. With the exception of the Pachygastrinae the others ai'e predaceous.

Phaonia striata (Stein)

Aricin striata Stein, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1S97, p. 179, 1S97.

Mule.- — Black slightly shining, densely brownish gray pruinescent. An- tennae black, second segment reddish; palpi fuscous, reddish basally. Thor- acic dorsum quadrivittate; scutellum yellowish apically. Abdomen with a })oorly defined but distinct dorsocentral black vitta, and, when seen from <'crtain angles, with lateral blackish checkerings. Legs yellowish testaceous,

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268 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

coxae, fore femora except their apices, basal half of mid femora, and bases of hind femora infiiscated, tarsi black. Wings hyaline, cross-veins not in- fuscated. Calyptrae and halteres j^ellowish.

Eyes densely long haired ; narrowest part of f rons as wide as distance between posterior ocelli; orbits with fine bristles and hairs from base of antennae to anterior ocellus, those above middle short and weak; parafacial at base of antennae much narrower than third antennal segment, not narrowed below; cheek about twice as high as width of third antennal segment, with about five series of fine bristles on lower third, the upper two or three series weak, upwardly curved anteriorly (fig. 12); third antennal segment fully twice as long as second; longest hairs on arista distinctly shorter than width of third antennal segment; palpi barely widened apically. Thorax with two pairs of presutural acrostichals; prealar at least half as long as the bristle behind it; postsutural dorsocentrals four; hypopleura with a few fine hairs below spiracle. Abdomen broadly ovate; basal sternite bare, fifth with a very broad shallow posterior emargination, appearing almost transverse. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus distinctly longer than tibia, basal .segment with the sensory hairs on post erio ventral margin very short, only the one at apex long; mid femur with some bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface, those at middle longest; mid tibia with three posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of closely placed, moderately long bristles on entire anteroventral surface, and some much finer bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; hind tibia with three or four anteroventral and two or three anterodorsal bristles.

Length, 7.5 mm.

Redescribed from the specimen in the Hough collection which is assumably the type. Locality, Moscow, Idaho.

The allotype is not in the collection. Stein states in his original description that the female has the femora entirely yellow and the interfrontalia with a pair of cruciate bristles.

Phaonia uniseriata new species

Female. — Black, slightly shining, densely gray pruinescent. Interfrontalia opaque brownish black when seen from above, the remainder of head except eyes with brownish gray pruinescence; antennae and palpi entirely black. Thorax indistinctly quadrivittate. Abdomen with a poorly defined dorso- central vitta and lateral checkerings black. Legs black, extreme apices of femora and at least the hind tibiae reddish. Wings slightly brownish, veins brown, paler basally, cross veins slightly infuscated. Calyptrae and halteres obscurely yellowish.

Eyes with moderately long and dense hairs; frons one-third of the head- width of vertex, widened anteriorly; interfrontalia bare; orbits narrow, each with six or seven bristles and laterad of these n>nncrous setulose hairs; antennae stout, third segment about twice as long as second; longest hairs on arista not longer than its basal diameter; jiarafacial at ba.se of anteiuiac a little wider than third antennal segment narrowed below; cheek a little higher than

J. R. MALLOCH 269

widest part of parafacial, with three or four series of bristles on lower half; palpi distinctly broadened apicallj', the bristles fine and of average length. Thorax with two or three pairs of long presutural acrostichals which are set very close together, forming almost a single irregular series; postsutural dorso- centrals four; prealar long; hypopleura with some fine hairs below spiracle. Abdomen with the basal sternite bare; fourth tergite distinctly longer than third; apical paired genital processes with short stiff erect hairs. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus longer than fore tibia, basal segment without long sensory hairs on posterior side; mid femur with a series of long bristles on basal two-thirds of posteroventral surface and some much shorter bristles on basal half of anteroventral; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of .stout bristles on anteroventral surface and some long hair-like bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; hind tibia with two or three anterodorsal and three or four anteroventral bristles, calcar long. Outer cross -vein curved. Length, 7.5 mm.

r(/pe.— Pullman, Washington, May 19, 1921, (A. L. IVIelander), in collection of Dr. A. L. Melander.

This specimen resembles striata Stein so closely that I at first thought it might be the female of that species. But Stein has described the female of striata as having the legs entirely yellow,, and the frons with a pair of cruciate interfrontal bristles, neither of which characters apply to the specimen before me.

Phaonia brevispina new species

Male and female. — Black, slightly shining, densely gray pruinescent. An- tennae black, basal two segments brownish; palpi fuscous, usually paler at bases. Thorax distinctly quadrivittate; scutellum blackish in center. Ab- domen with a more or less distinct dorsocentral vitta and lateral checkerings black. Legs black or dark brown, apices of femora and all of tibiae brownish yellow. Wings clear; cross-veins distinctly infuscated. Calyptrae white. Halteres yellow.

Male. — Eyes almost bare, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance over twice as great as width across posterior ocelli; orbits with setulae to anterior ocellus; cheek about one-third of the ej^e height; longest hairs on arista at least as long as width cf third antennal segment; palpi but little dilated. Thorax as in harti. Mid tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with very short stout bristles on anteroventral surface, and in the larger specimens with similar but vvcakcM- bristles on posteroventral surface; hind tibia usually with two anterodorsal and two anteroventral Ijristles. Outer cross-vein very slightly curved.

Female. — Differs from a male in having the palpi noticeably dilated, frons over one-third of the head-width and sometimes with a pair of weak inter- frontal cruciate bristles. Fouth abdominal tergite not noticeably longer than third.

Length, 6.5 to 8 mm.

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270 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Type.— Male; Urbana, Illinois, August 1, 1916, (Malloch), [Illinois Natural History Survey]. Allotype. — ^Female; Same locality, September 5, 1915, at sap exuding from tree trunk, (Malloch). Paratypes. — Two males, Glen House, New Hamp- shire, June 11, 1916; one female, Mount Washington, New Hampshire, June 30, 1913, (C. W. Johnson); two males, Fall Church, Virginia, April 13 and May 3, (N. Banks); one female, Wauseon, Ohio, August 18, 1914, (J. S. Hine) ; one male, Viento, Oregon, July 1, 1917, (A. L. Melander); two male, Moscow Mountain, Idaho, July 4, 1911, (J. M. Aldrich) ; one male, Hoqulam, Washington, June 3, 1904, (Burke).

Phaonia fuscicauda Malloch

Phaonia fuscicauda Malloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xliv, p. 269, 1918.

Phaonia fuscinervis Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., 1918, abt. A, heft 9, 1920.

Male and female. — Head testaceous yellow, upper half of occiput fuscous gray pruineseent; third antennal segment largely brown; palpi testaceous, jellow. Thorax testaceous yellow, disc of mesonotum, and scutellum, the metanotum, and some poorly defined areas on pleura fuscous. Abdomen testaceous yellow, fuscous at apex, colored with gray pruinescence, and with a brownish or fuscous dorsocentral vitta which is most distinct on basal three tergites. Wings clear, both cross-veins narrowly infuscated. Cah'ptrae and halteres yellow.

Male. — Eyes sparsely but distinctly haired, separated at narrowest part of frons by little more than width of anterior ocellus; orbits setulose to a little above middle, where they are contiguous; parafacial narrower than third antennal segment; cheek about twice as high as width of third antennal segment; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment. Thorax with two pairs of fine presutural acrostichals; postsutural dorsocentrals three; prealar long; hj-popleura bare. Basal sternite bare, fifth with a deep central excision. Fore tibia unarmed at middle; mid femur with about six bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur with long bristles on anteroventral surface and short ])ristles on basal half of posteroventral; hind til)ia with two or three anteroventral and anterodorsal bristles; calcar about one-fourth from apex.

Female. — Frons over one-third of the head-width.

Length, 7 to 8 mm.

Originally described from California. I have before me two males and one female from Kamiac Butte, Washington, and one female from Brooklyn, California, Stein described fuscinervis fiom Friday Harbor, Washington.

J. R. MALLOCH 271

Phaonia texensis new species

Male and female. — Black, subopaque, densely gray pruinescent. Antennae reddish yellow, third segment brownish apically; palpi reddish yellow. Thorax with four fuscous vittae, and posteriorly with a central brown vitta which extends over disc of scutellum. Abdomen with a slightly interrupted dorso- central fuscous vitta, and a pair of less distinct brown spots on each tergite; apex of fourth tergite rufous ,yellow. Legs reddish yellow; all femora broadly infuscated basally, tarsi black, ^^'ings clear, both cross-veins conspicuously infuscated, the outer with its extremities more conspicuously so than its central part. Calyptrae white. Halteres yellow.

Male. — Eyes hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance two or three times as great as width across posterior oceUi; orbits narrow, strongly bristled to anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antennae at least as wide as third antennal segment; cheek twice as high as widest part of parafacial; setulae continued .'-ome di.stance above vibrissa; third antennal segment about three times as long as second; longest hairs on arista as long as width of third antennal segment; palpi broad. Thorax with three pairs of presutural acro- stichals, and four pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; prealar long; hj'popleura with a few fine hairs on upper margin in front of spiracle. Basal abdominal sternite bare, fifth with a deep posterior excision. Fore tibia unarmed at middle; mid femur with bristles on basal half of posteroventral surface; mid tibia with about six unequal sized bristles in a double series on posterior side; hind femur with short bristles on anteroventral surface, which are weak basally and become stOut as they near the apex, the posteroventral surface with similar bristles on apical third or more, which is contrary to the general rule in Phaonia, where they are almost alwaj's en the basal half on this surface; hind tibia with one anteroventral and two anterodorsal bristles and a series of stout setulae on anterior and posterior surfaces Outer cross-vein very conspicuously bent inward at middle.

Female. — Similar to the male but the frons is over one-third of the head- width, and the hind femur has the posteroventral bristles less distinct.

Type. — Male, and one male paratype, Brownsville, Texas, November, 23, 1910, at sugar, (C. A. Hart). Allotype and one male paratype, same locality, December 17, 1910, (C. A. Hart). Paratype, male, Uvalde, Texas, April 4, 1916, (Bishopp, No. 5670). Type in collection of Illinois Natural History Survey.

Phaonia texensis variety flavofemorata new variety

Differs from the typical form in having the mid and hind femora or all femora reddish yellow, and the hypopleura bare.

It is possible that this is a distinct species, but my material is insufficient to enable me to decide.

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272 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Type. — Male, and one male paratype, Florida (Maynard). Allotype, female, Uvalde, Texas, November 1, 1915. Paratype, female, Uvalde, Texas, November 18, 1915, (Bishopp). All in U. S. N. M.

Phaonia limbinervis Stein

Phaonia limhincrrii; Stein, Ann. Nat. IMus. Hungary, xvi, p. 208, 1918.

I have before me a male and female, which agree so closely with Stein's description of this species that I can not doubt their identity with it. The species, which very closely resembles texensis, differs only as indicated in the key to species.

This species was originally described from Mexico, and after- wards recorded by Stein (1920) from California.

The two specimens I have examined are from Lava, New Mexico, April 11, 1898, (Cockerell), and Tempe, Arizona, March 8, 1914, (Wildermuth).

Phaonia aberrans Malloch

Phaonia aberrans Malloch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxxii, p. 208, 1919.

This species differs from its allies in having an additional strong bristle on the posterodorsal surface of the hind tilna basad of the calcar. The apical posterodorsal bristle is as strong as the dorsal one.

Length, 9 to 10 mm.

Originally described from one male taken by W. L. McAtee at Beltsville, Maryland, I have before me the type and another male, taken at Riverton, New Jersey, April 17, 1905, which belong to the collection of the United States National Museum.

Phaonia alaskensis new species

Female. — Black, distinctly shining, head, thorax and abdomen with grayish pruinescence. Frons, when seen from above, velvety blackish brown; frontal lunule silvery white; antennae black, basal two segments yellowish; palpi yellow, broadly infuscated apically. Thorax quadrivittate. Abdomen with- out distinct markings, with a slight violaceous tinge. Legs including coxae reddish yellow, tarsi fuscous. Wings clear, veins brown, yellow basally. Calyptrae and halteres yellow.

Eyes indistinctly hairy; frons a little over one-third of the head-width; ■orbits narrow, the bristles irregular, usually two outwardly curved on upper third, some setidose hairs laterad of the bristles; i)arafacial at base of antemiae not as wide as third antenual segment, narrowed below; cheek barely as high as width of third antennal segment, with two or three series of bristles along

J. R, MALLOCH 273

lower margin; third antennal segment broad, not twice as long as second, its apex almost at mouth-margin; arista with very short pubescence, the longest hairs not longer than its basal diameter; palpi slightly broadened apicall.v. Thorax with two or three pairs of short setulose presutural acrostichals, between which there are some hairs; postsutural dorsocentrals four; prelar short but distinct; hypopleura bare. Basal tergite bare. Fore tibia with a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, without long sensory hairs along posterior side of basal segment; mid femur with a fine bristle at base on ventral surface; mid tibia with two posterodorsal and one posterior or posteroventral bristle; hind femur with two or three preapical bristles on anteroventral surface; hind tibia with one anterodorsal and two anteroventral bristles. Last two sections of fourth vein subequal. Length, 5.5 mm.

Type and three paratypes. — Muir's Inlet, Alaska, June 12, 1899, (T. Kincaid, Harriman Alaska Expedition). Paratypes, one female, Anchorage, Alaska, July 22, 1921; one female, Hurricane, Alaska, July 15 1921, and two females, Camp 297 of Alaska Engineers' Commission, 12 miles north of Hurricane, Alaska, July 14, 1921, (J. M. Aldrich). All in U. S. N. M.

Phaonia subfusca new species

Male and female. — Black, subopaque, densely gray pruinescent. Basal two segments of antennae and base of third, palpi, and the lower and anterior part of cheeks reddish yellow. Thorax inconspicuouslj- quadrivittate. Ab- domen with a linear black dorsocentral vitta. Legs fuscous, apices of femora and all of tibiae reddish yellow. Wings clear, cross -veins not noticeabl.y in- fuscated. Calyptrae yellowish white. Halteres yellow.

Male. — E3'es almost bare, separated by a distance about equal to twice the M'idth of third antennal segment; orbits narrow, setulose nearly to anterior ocellus; interfrontalia not interrupted; profile as in figure 16. Thorax with three pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; prealar very long; hypopleura hairy on upj)er margin in front of spiracle. Abdomen narrowly ovate, basal sternite bare, fifth with a deep posterior excision. Fore til)ia with a posterior median bristle; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, without sensory hairs except at apices of segments; mid femur with about four bristles on basal half of postero- ventral surface; mid tibia with two or three posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of long strong bristles on apical half of anteroventral surface, and many long setulose hairs on basal half of ventral surfaces; hind tiljia with three or four anteroventral setulac, which arc weaker than the series of anterior setulae, the anterodorsal surface with from two to five unequal I)ri.stles, a weak bristle basad of calcar and a series of fine erect hairs on middle of posterior surface, the apex with the three dor.sal bristles equal (fig. 2.3). Costal thorn long.

Female. — Differs from the male in having the frons over one-third of the head-width, and the hind femora and tibiae with fewer hairs.

Length, 7.5 to S nnu.

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274 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Type. — Male, allotype, female, and three male and four female paratypes, Pulaski, Illinois, July 2, 1910, taken in a meadow, (C. A. Hart). Paratypes, one female, Vinton, Ohio; one female, Columbus, Ohio, (J. S. Hine). All in collection of Illinois Natural History Survey.

Phaonia nigricauda M alloc- h

Phaonia nigricauda ]\Ialloch, Trans. Amer. Ent. Hoc, xliv, p. 26S, 191S.

This species has the eyes of the male more widety separated than does any other of the apicata group except pallida Stein. The orbits are setulose to anterior ocellus, and the abdomen of the male is narrow and subcylindrical, almost as in pallida.

I have seen this species only from California— Berkeley, Santa Cruz, and Redwood Canyon.

Phaonia flava Stein

Phaonia flara Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., 1918, abt. A, heft 9, p. 6, 1920.

This species closely resembles the foregoing in habitus, size, and color, differing most noticeably in the color of the head. Profile of head as in figure 14.

I have no males of flava for comparison of this sex with that of nigricauda.

Length, 6 mm.

Stein had, I Ijelieve, two species confused in his material when he described flava, the specimens from California being nigri- cauda and the others, from Washington, what we ma}' justi- fiably accept as flava. I take this view because I do not believe that, if my surmise is correct and he really had two species confused, I am entitled to sink his species as a synonym of nigricauda and rename the specimens which arc evidently dif- ferent. It is evident that the description was very largelj' drawn from a Californian male, but the first locality mentioned is Friday Harl^or, Washington, where nigricauda so far as 1 know does not occur.

I have a number of females of flava, as here limited, from Washington state: Tacoma, Mount Constitution, Chatcolet, Piedemont, and Friday Harbor; and one from Forest Grove, Oregon.

J. R. MALLOCH 275

Phaonia pallida (Stein)

Diahjta puUida Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., abt. A, heft 9, p. 22, 1920.

This species, though having the eyes of the male widely sepa- rated and some of the characters and general habitus of a Diahjta, is really an aberrant Phaonia (fig. 15). Stein recognises the similarity of the species and flava in his notes on the former. The genus Diahjta is not easily separable from Phaonia, but the legs in the former are more strongly bristled, and in both the American species known to me there are bristles on the antero- dorsal surfaces of the fore and mid tibiae, and the apical tibial bristles are very long and numerous.

Stein described paUida from a male taken at Julietta, Idaho. The similarity between the species would have been more striking to Stein, had he considered the male of flava, with wide frons, as normal instead of aberrant. Evidently the frons in the male of flava is a])0ut as wide as in paUida, and l)ut little darker than in the latter species, judging from Stein's remarks under ^ai'o.

I have specimens of paUida from the following localities: two males and one female, Almota, one female. Union Flat, one female, Pullman, one female. North Yakima, all from Washing- ton; one female. Hood River, Oregon; three females, Mono Lake, California. All the aljove were sent to me by Dr. Aldrich.

Phaonia flavibasis Malloc-h

Phaoiiid flavil)(iKi.)i Malloch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxxii, p. 208, 1919.

Since describing this species I have seen another male, from Hanover, New Hampshire.

Structurally the species very closely resem])les hysia Walker, but the prealar biistle is much shorter and the basal half of the abdomen is conspicuously subpellucid yellow.

There are several species belonging to this same group, all of which are very closely related, hysia Walker, apicaia Johannsen, apta Stein and wintiemanae ]\Ialloch.

Phaonia curvinervis new ispetae.s

Female. — Shining l^laek, with di.stinet gray pruinescence. Antennae and palpi rufous yellow, third segment of former brown except at base. Thorax quadrivittate, margins of humeri, posterolateral margins of mesonotum, scu-

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276 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

tellum and margins of pleural sclerites yellowish. Abdomen with an in- distinct dorsocentral vitta and lateral checkerings black. Legs including coxae yellow, tarsi slightly infuscated. Wings clear, veins l:)asally, and calyp- trae and halteres .yellow.

Eyes almost bare; frons at vertex about one-third of the head-width; slightly wider anteriorly; orbits narrow, the bristles strong, few hairs adjacent to the bristles; jiarafacials narrow; cheek about as high as width of third antennal segment; third antennal segment twice as long as second; longest hairs on arista distinctly longer than width of third antennal segment. Thorax without distinct presutural acrostichals; postsutural dorsocentrals three; prealar almost as long as the bristle behind it; anterior intra-alar very strong. Fore tibia with two anterodorsal and two posterior bristles; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, basal segment with some rather long sensory hairs along posterior side; mid tibia with four or five bristles of unequal lengths on pos- terior side in an irregular series; hind femur with a complete series of sparse bristles on anteroventral surface, and some fine bristles on basal half of postero ventral; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and four or five anteroventral bristles, the apical posterodorsal bristle small but distinct. Fourth wing-vein slightly but distinctly curved forward apically (fig. 21).

Length, 8.5 mm.

Type.— New London, Connecticut, July 10, 1916, (R. C. Osborn), [Ohio State University].

Phaonia solitaria Stein

Phaonia solitaria Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., 1918, abt. A, heft, 9, p. 15, 1920.

This species, which I have not seen, is closely related to the following two. Johannsen in describing apicata placed it in the subgenus Euphemia, because some specimens had a more or less distinct pair of presutural acrostichal bristles. Stein sepa- rates solitaria from the other species which he has keyed by the presence of these bristles, solitaria having a pair present and the others lacking them. His specimens of solitaria included one from Ithaca, probably sent from Cornell, and as Johannsen described apicata from that locality I believe I am right in assuming that solitaria is merely a variant of the former,

I have a male sent to me by Dr. Aldrich, and taken at Peter- sham, Massachusetts, which has, besides a distinct pair of pre- sutural acrostichals, four dorsocentrals at least on one side; the other side is damaged by the pin so that it is impossible to say how many there are. 1 believe this specimen is merely a variant of apicata.

J. U. MALLOCH 277

Phaonia apicata Johannseii

Fhaoiiki apicata Johannsen, Trans. Amcr. Eiit. Soc, xlii, ]). 396, 191(5. Phaonia paUicornis Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., 1918, abt. A, heft 9, p. 12, 1920.

This species is common in the northeastern United States and extends into Canada. I have grave doubts as to its being distinct from bysia Walker.

I have before me specimens from Mt. Equinox, \'ermont; Bretton Woods, New Hampshire; New Bedford, ^Massachusetts; Homestead, Iowa, and Youghall, New Brunswick, Canada.

Phaonia bysia Walker

Antlioimjia bysia Walker, List Dipt. Ins. Brit. Mus., pt. 4, p. 936, 1849.

This species and the last very closely resemble Mydaea occi- dentalis Malloch in habitus and color, and are often confused with it in collections. Lack of sufficient material of this form prevents me from attempting to decide whether or not they are distinct species.

I have seen bysia only from North Adams, Massachusetts, and Ctlen House, New Hampshire, (C. W. Johnson).

Phaonia winnemanae Malloch

Phaonia winnemanae jMalloch, Proo. Biol. 8o(\ Wash., xxxii, p. 3, 1919.

This species closely resembles apicata, but has the humeri, posterior lateral margins of mesonotum and tarsi yellow. The eyes are separated by more than the width acroi-s posterior ocelli, the ])realar bristle is very long, the hind femora have some weak bristles on the basal half of posteroventral surface, while the hind ti])ia has two or three anteroclorsal, and four or five anteroventral l)ristles, and four or five long setulae on the anterior surface, as well as some shorter setulae on posterior surface.

Length, 7 mm.

Originally described from riunnner's Island, .Maryland.

Phaonia parviceps Malloch

Phaonia parvircps Malloch, Trans. Amcr. Kiit. Soc, xi.iv, p. 2()7, 1918.

Phaonia caesia Stein, Arch, fiir Naturges., 191S, abt. A, heft 9, p, 4, 1920.

This species was originally described from one female. I am now able to present the description of the male.

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278 NORTH AMEROCAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

Male. — Similar in color to the female, the dorsocentral vitta on abdomen more distinct.

Eyes very sparsely hairy, separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance equal to width of third antennal segment; orbits contiguous above middle, to which point they are setulose (fig. 13). Abdomen narrowly ovate, basal sternite bare. Fore tibia without a posterior bristle; the anterodorsal setulae small but distinct; fore tarsus slender, without long sensory hairs along the posterior side of basal segment; postero ventral surface of hind femur with short irregular setulose hairs.

Allotype, and one male and one female; San Antonio Canyon, Ontario, California, July 25, 1907, (J. S. Hine). One female, Claremont, California, in mountains, (Baker), [U. S. N. M.].

Phaonia trivialis new species

Male. — Black, shining. Head conspicuously grayish pruinescent, antennae and palpi black. Thorax quadrivittate, with faint grayish pruinescence. Abdomen densely gray pruinescent, with a poorly defined dorsocentral vitta, which tapers from base to apex and nearly disappears before tip, the bases of the bristles and hairs with a black dot surrounding each. Legs black. Wings clear, infuscated at bases and with a faint infuscation on cross-veins. Calyptrae and halteres yellow.

Eyes hairy; frons rather broad, wider than distance across posterior ocelli; orbits narrow, either about one-third as wide as interfrontalia, bristled on entire length; parafacial at base of antennae not as wide as third antenna) segment, narrowed below; face concave in middle; cheek not twice as high as widest part of parafacial, with bristles on lower half; third antennal segment about twice as long as second; longest hairs on arista distinctly shorter than width of third antennal segment. Thorax with two or three pairs of irre- gularly arranged presutural acrostichals, which are not conspicuously differ- entiated from the long adjoining hairs; postsutural dorsocentrals three; prealar bristle fine but long. Abdomen short ovate, basal sternite bare, fifth with a broad shallow posterior emargination. Fore tibia without a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, with a fine sensory hair at base of basal segment and at apices of other segments on anterior and posterior sides; mid femur with a series of weak posteroventral bristles which are longest at middle; mid til)ia with one posterior bristle basad of middle; hind femur with the anteroventral bristles almost absent l)asally, long on apical half, the posteroventral svu-face with some short bristles on basal half; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and four anteroventral bristles. Outer cross- vein curved; veins three and four distinctly divergent ajiically.

Length, 5 mm.

Type.- — Banff, All^erta, Canada, [Illinois State Natural History Survey].

J. R. MALLOCH 279

Phaonia laticornis new species

Male and female.- — Black, distinctly shining, with moderatelj' dense gray pruinescence. Head entirely black, orbits, parafacials, and cheeks with whitish pruinescence. Thorax with four black vittae. Abdomen with a series of poorly defined dorsocentral spots and lateral checkerings black. I^egs testaceous yellow, tarsi black, femora darker than tibiae, at least the fore pair and sometimes all pairs infuscated. ^Vings clear. Calyptrae yellowish white. Halteres 3-ellow.

Male.^ — Ej'es almost bare; narrowest part of frons about one-fifth of the head-width; orbits narrow, each with about seven long bristles, the upper one opposite anterior ocellus, and in addition to the bristles numerous setulose hairs; third antennal segment about three times as long as broad, extending almost to mouth-margin; arista with its longest hairs about twice as long as its basal diameter; parafacial over half as wide at base of antennae as width of third antennal segment, becoming almost Unear below; cheek nearly as high as width of third antennal segment. Thorax with the presutural acro- stichal hairs long but not setulose; prealar long; postsutural dorsocentrals three; hypopleura bare. Abdomen ovate, basal sternite bare, fifth cleft. Fore tibia with two posterior bristles; hind femur with some erect hairs at base ventrally and two preapical anteroventral bristles; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and two anteroventral bristles.

Length, 6.5 to 7.5 mm.

(S. A. Shaw), [Illinois State Natural History Survey]. Allotype, female, Cedar Lake, Illinois, August 6, 1906, (C. A. Hart)- Paratypes, females, Oconto, Wisconsin, August 1, 1920, (T. H- Prison); Dummerston, Vermont, July 14, 1908, (C. W. Johnson); ^'irginia, no other data. [U. S. N. M.].

Phaonia atlanis new species

Alale. — Black, subopaque, densely gray i)ruinescent. Orbits, parafacials, and cheeks white pruinescent; basal two antennal segments brownish yellow, third black; palpi fuscous. Thorax with four fuscous vittae on anterior half, the median pair most distinct. Abdomen with a dorsocentral fuscous vitta which is more or less triangularly dilated on each segment. Legs yellow, all femora more or less infuscated, the fore f)air most distinctly so, tarsi fuscous; Wings clear, cross-veins narrowly but distinctly infuscated. Calyptrae whitish. Halteres yellow.

Eyes almost bare, separated at narrowest jiart of frons bj' a distance about twice as great as width of third antennal segment; orbits with bristles almost to level of anterior ocellus; interfrontalia distinct on its entire length, at its narrowest part wider than one orbit at that part; parafacial not as wide as third antennal segment; cheek higher than width of third antennal segments; longest hairs on arista longer than width of third antennal segment. Thorax with two or three series of fine hairs between the presutural parts of the

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280 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAOXIA

submedian vittae; prealar long; postsutural dorsocentrals three. Abdomen narrow, almost subcylindrical, basal sternite bare, fifth with a broad deep posterior excision. Fore tibia with a median posterior bristle; fore tarsus slender, longer than tibia, without long sensory hairs on posterior surface of basal segment; mid femur with one bristle near base on posteroventral surface; mid tibia with two or three posterior bri.stles; hind femur with some weak bristles on anteroventral surface, only the apical one long; hind tibia with one anterodorsal and one long and one or two short anteroventral bristles and a few short posterior setulae, the calcar at least one-third of the tibial length from apex, all three dorsal apical bristles long (fig. 22). Length, 5 to 5.5 mm.

Type. — Riverton, New Jersey, April 20, (C. W. Johnson), [Boston Society of Natural History]. Two male paratypes. River- ton, New Jersey, August 17, (C. W. Johnson), and Falls Church, Virginia, April 23, (N. Banks).

The paratypes have the femora much paler than does the type,

Phaonia fusca (Stein)

Spilogaster fusca Stein, Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 189.

This species is one of the commonest and one of the most varialjle of the genus occurring in this country. In most speci- mens there are one or two weak hairs at base of third wing-vein on the under surface, a character which if invariably present would readily separate it from its allies. There are but few species which possess this cliaracter, though atlanis does. There are also usually one or two fine hairs adjacent to the base of the posterior notopleural bristle and the biistle at apex of postero- dorsal surface of hind tibia is very much weaker than the dorsal and anterodorsal l)ristles, facts which show its relationshi]) with the errans group, rather than with those with which it falls in the key, though like them it has only three pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals. Profile of head as in figure 17.

There are no species known to me from North America willi which this species can readily be confused, except those with which it is comimred in the key.

I have taken the species commonlj^ on tree-trunks along the margins of woods in Illinois from May to August, and have seen many specimens from other states, inc^luding Ohio, Mrginia, New York, New Jersey and New Hami)sliire.

J. R. MALLOCII 281

Phaonia diruta (Stein)

Sphiliga.sUr diruta Stein, Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. ISS.

I have before me, l^esides the defective type male, several specimens of l)oth sexes of this species. It superficially ro- sem])les/;7.sca, ])ut is much smaller. The cross- veins of the wings are not noticeably infuscated and the structural differences pointed out in the key to species will serve to distinguish it from its closest allies.

Length, 5 to 6.5 mm.

The type was taken at Manayunk, Pennsylvania. Specimens before me are from Cumberland Count}', Xew Jersey and Lafayette, Lidiana.

Phaonia prisca Stein

Phaonia prif;ca Stein, Arch, fiir Xaturges., 1918, abt. A, heft 9, p. 14, 1920.

Male. — Black, slightly shining, den.sely gray pruinescent. Orbits, face, cheeks, and parafacials with silver}- tomentum; antennae yellow, third segment l)rownish fuscous; palpi fuscous. Thorax rather indistinctly vittate. Ab- <]omen with a linear dorsocentral black vitta, fifth sternite largely yellowish. I,egs entirely yellow, tarsi slightly darkened. Wings hyaline, veins yellow. Calyptrae and halteres yellow.

E\-es almost bare; narrowest part of frons a little wider than distance across posterior ocelli; orbits broad, obscuring the interfrontaha for the greater part of its length, bristles only on the anterior half; parafacial at base of antennae as wide as third antennal segment, slighth- narrowed below; cheek a little less than twice as high as widest part of parafacial with a series of rather widely spaced long bristles along the lower margin, some hairs above lliem posteriorly and two bristles anteriorh' which are upwardly curved <i\g. 18); third antennal .segment about twice as long as second; arista with its longest hairs about as long as width of third antennal segment; palpi normal. Thorax without distinct presutural acrostichals, the hairs sparse; postsutural <l()rsocentrals three; prealar over half as long as the bristle behind it; hypo- pleura bare. Abdomen ovate; basal sternite bare. Fore tibia without a median po.sterior bristle; fore tarsus a httle longer than tibia, without long sensory hairs along posterior side of basal segment; mid femur with four or five long bristles on basal half of postero ventral surface; mid tibia with four or five posterior bristles which are not equal in length; hind femur with an almost complete series of anteroventral and posteroventral bristles, those of the latter series weak apically; hind tibia with one anterodorsal and three or four anteroventral bristles, the anterior and jxjsterior surfaces with some erect setulae. Outer cross-vein sUghth' curved.

Length, 7 mm.

Originally described from one male from Ithaca, New York. I have before me a male from the same locality.

TRAX.S. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVHI.

282 NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF GENUS PHAONIA

List of Stein Species Unknown to Aidhor

The types of the following species will finally be deposited in the United States National Museum, but they have not yet been delivered to its care, so that it is impossible to authentically identify them.

apta. Similar to apicata Johannsen, differing only, to judge from the description, in having the prealar bristle long and the arista long plumose. Wisconsin and New York. Probably a synonym of apicata.

inculta. Described from one female. Related to apicata . South Dakota.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1 . — Head of Neomuscina triptmctata Van der Wulp.

P^ig. 2. — Head of Charadrella macrosoma Van der Wulp.

Fig. 3. — Head of Neomusca obscura Van der Wulp.

Fig. 4. — Head of Pseudophaonia orichalcea Stein.

Fig. 5. — Head of Pseudophaonia griseocaerulea new species.

Fig. 6. — Head of Dendrophaonia querceti Bouche.

Fig. 7. — Head of Dendrophaonia hilariforniis Stein.

Fig. 8. — Head of Phaonia protuberans new species.

Fig. 9. — Head of Phaonia serva Fallen.

Fig. 10. — Head of Phaonia fiiscisquania Van der Wulp.

Fig. 11. — Head of Phaonia harti new species.

Fig. 12. — Head of Phaonia striata Stein.

Fig. 13. — Head of Phaonia parviceps Malloch.

Fig. 14. — Head of Phaonia flava Stein.

Fig. 15. — Head of Phaonia pallida Stein.

Fig. 16. — Head of Phaonia subfusca new species.

Fig. 17. — Head of Phaonia fusca Stein.

Fig. 18. — Head of Phaonia pi'isca Stein.

Fig. 19. — Hind femur and tibia of Dendrophaonia hilariformis Stein, male.'

Fig. 20. — Hind lemur and tibia of Dendrophaonia querceti Bouche, male.

Fig. 21. — Apex of wing of Phaonia curvinervis new species.

Fig. 22. — Hind femur and tibia of Phaonia atlanis new species, male.

Fig. 23. — Hind femur and tibia of Phaonia subfusca new species, male.

Fig. 24. — Hind femur and tibia of Phaonia dcleta Stein, male.

* Cal = Calcar; Ad = Apical dorsal; Apd = Apical posterodorsal.

Tran-. Am. Eiit. Soc, \'ol. XLNlll.

I'!. VI.

HEBARI>-DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA, MEXICO

Trans. Am. Enf. Sac, Vol. XLVIII.

PI. VI r.

iL.. )

HEBARD— DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA FROM SINALOA. MEXICO

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XLVIIl,

PI. VIII.

CRAMPTON— GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

Trans. Am. l^nt. Soc Vol. XIATII.

PI. IX.

CRAMPTON— GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XLVIII.

PLX.

CRAMPTON— GENITALIA OF MALE DIPTERA AND MECOPTERA

Trans. Am. Knt. Soc, Vol. XLVIII.

PI. XI.

MALLOCH- NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF THE GENUS

PHAONIA

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, ^'ol. XLVIII.

PI. XII.

12

13

14

15

17

18

MALLOCH^NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF THE GENUS

PHAONIA

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XLVIII.

PI. XIII.

-^^.

19

20

21

T-sf Col

MALLOCH— NORTH AMERICAN ANTHOMYIID FLIES OF THE GENUS

PHAONIA

CONTENTS

Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Part I. Dermaptera and Non -Saltatorial

Orthoptera. By Morgan Hebard 157

(Issued January 2, 1923.)

The Bassett Types of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera). By

E. T. Cresson, Jr 197

(Issued January 2, 1923.)

A New Species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera).

By E. L. Bell 205

(Issued January 2, 1923.)

The Genitalia of Male Diptera and Mecoptera Compared With Those of Related Insects, from the Standpoint

of Phylogeny. By G. C. Crampton 207

(Issued January 12, 1923.)

Flies of the Anthomyiid Genus Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy and Related Genera, Known to Occur in North

America. By J. R. Malloch 227

(Issued January 12, 1923.)

VOLUME XLVIII

NUMBER 4

DECEMBER, 1922

.^211934

OF THE

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SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 283

ON THE MALE GENITALIA OF THE HESPERIIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA

PAPER II

BY HENKY SKINNER AND R. C. WILLIAMS, JR.

Attention is called to the authors' previous paper on the larger Hesperiidae.^

This paper will treat the remaining species of Hesperiinae in America north of jNlexico and the West Indies, with the exception of those of the genus Thanaos, which have already been re- viewed and most of the valvae figured by Scudder and Burgess,^ Scudder,'' Skinner/ and Lindsey.^

We have in general followed the classification adopted by Lindsey.^ We prefer, however, to keep the genera Hesperia and Heliopetes separate, for the reason that they are readily differentiated by their superficial appearance, and while Hesperia is cosmopolitan, Heliopetes seems to l)e strictly neotropical. We also follow Godman and Salvin and retain domicella in Heliopetes. There is no indication in the male genitalia that this species is a connecting link between the two genera, and each of these might be divided into a number of groups in which the genitalia are highly specialized along different lines.

We follow Lindsey, however, in retaining a rather mixed lot of species in the genus Pholisora. The nuile g(Miitalia show re- markable differences in species that in other characters appear to be closely allied,^ so we do not ])elieve it advisable to break up this genus.

Further deviations from the usual nomenclature are noted under the species and the reasons giv(ui.

' Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, XLvni, pp. 109-127, (1922).

2 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xni, pp. 282-306, pi., (1870).

3 Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada, (1889). ^ Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xl, pp. 195-221, (1914).

f- Ikill. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, ix, (no. 4), pp. 49-55, pi. 2, (1921).

6 Ibid.

^ Note catuUus and luejicanus.

TKANS. AM. EXT. SOC, XLVIII.

284 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

The drawings were made from the genitahc mounts by Miss Helen Winchester.

The references under the species refer to previous figures of the male genitalia.

The records given are of insects which we have observed and in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, the American Entomological Society, and of R. C. Wil- liams, Jr.

All references to genitalia in this paper refer to those of the male insect.

1, Hesperia centaureae Rambur (Fig. 1.)

Scudder, Butterflies Ea^t. U. S. and Canada, in, pi. 35, fig. 45, (1889). Reverdin, in Oberthur, Etud. Lep. Comp., xn, pi. ccccn", fig. 5202, (1916).

This species has both the costal fold and ti])ial tuft. American and European specimens are the same genitalically.

There is a single, beaked, terminal projection to the uncus; the scaphium is simple with small dentations on the external portion; the valve is of a pattern somewhat similar to that of 7-iiraUs, but with the central terminal recurved projection long and extended outwardly bayonet-shaped; the aedoeagus is simple.

Records: New Jersey, lona, April (Skinner), Great Notch, Essex County; Virginia, Montgomery Count}^ April; Color- ado, Wilson Peak, Hall Valley, August (Oslar); Alberta, Laggan.

2. Hesperia ruralis Boisduval (Fig. 2.)

This species has both costal fold and til)ial tuft.

Ruralis has a rather large uncus with two stout, well separated, beaked projections above, and two strong hooks below, the latter curving upwards, with a connecting band from base to base curv(Ml dorsally. The valve is si)lit at its terminus and the ventral lobe carries a recurved process armed with a num])er of stout teeth. The aedoeagus is simple.

Records: Colorado, Chimney Gulch, Golden, Bear Creek, Jefferson County (Oslar); Utah, Silver La.k(^; California, Albion, May (Sinclair), Santa Cruz, April and May (Dodge), Ti-inity C^ounty, June (Fox), Santa Clara County; Washington, Port Blakeley, Olympia; Oregon, Fort Klamatli, Ashlaiid,

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

285

^i:::^

1. Hesperia centaureae, Great Notch, Essex County, New Jersey. 2. Hesperia ruralis, Santa Cruz, California. 3. Hesperia xanthus, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. 4. Hesperia scriptura, Trinidad, Colorado. 5. Hesperia phileias, Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona. 6. Hesperia syrich- tusy Port (le Paix, Haiti, (all X 17.) ^ ,__ .

TUAXS. AM. KXT. SUC, XLVIII.

286 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

3. Hesperia xanthus Edwards (Fig. 3.)

This species has the til)ial tuft l)ut no costal fold. It is v(M-y like rvralis in general appearance and maculation, and the pattern of the genitalia is similar.

The uncus is stout, carrying four hooks; the valve resembles that of ruralis except that the stout teeth of the recurved c^'uiral process at the apex are lacking; the aedoeagus is simple.

Records: Colorado; New Mexico, Jemez Springs, May (Woodgate) .

4. Hesperia macdunnoughi Oberthlir

This name was proposed for a single male specimen (from Arizona ?) figured by Colot, but not described.^ Another male is figured by Barnes and McDunnough,^ from Redington, Arizona, and they state that it lacks the costal fold and is closel}^ allied to xanthus, but smaller.

The markings of the secondaries below are unlike those of any of the series of xanthus and ruralis in our collections.

5. Hesperia seriptura Boisduval (Fig. 4.)

This species has the tibial tuft but lacks the costal fold.

The uncus carries two long stout divergent beaks; the sca- pliium is feebly developed; the valve is rounded at the apex, bilobed and carrying a small recurved process bearing fine spines; the aedoeagus carries near the middle a stout tooth. This species has a well developed, juxta, like a folded leaf, in which the aedoeagus lies.

Records: Colorado, Trinidad, Chimney Gulch, June (Oslar), Poncha Springs; Arizona, Prescott; New Mexico, Highrolls (Viereck), Las Cruces,

(5. Hesperia pliiletas Edwards (Fig. 5.)

This species has both costal fold and tibial tuft. It was described from a single female from Western Texas (Boll), as being similar in its markings to tesseJIata above, but distinguished by the secondaries below, which are white with a yellow tint, without the discal band as in tessellata, but with a few brown dots and streaks, quite unlike any other American species.

8 01)i!rt,hiir, Ktud. Lcp. Comp., ix, p. 8G, pi. cclxiv, tig. 2205, (1913). >Cout. Nat. Hist. Lcp. N. A., ni, pi. x, fig. 14, (1916).

SKINNER AND "WILLIAMS 287

The females which we have agree with the description; the males associated with them agree in the markings below, but usually hav'e more white markings above. We have not, how- ever, a male that just agrees with Lindsey's figure.*"

The genitalia are more like those of syrichtus than those of any other American species. The tegumen is similar, ending in two ]irojections; the scaphium with rather heavier serrations; the valve has a recurved hook at its apex, and in addition near and on the dorsal part numerous stout spines directed backward; the aedoeagus is simple.

Records: Texas, San Antonio; Arizona, Mt. Graham (IMor- rison), Baboquivari Mts., Pima County, July (Poling).

7. Hesperia syrichtus Fabricius (Fig. 6.)

Godmau and Salvin, Biol. Cent. Amer., Rhop., in, pi. 90, fig. 27, (1899). Reverdiu, Bull., Soc. Lep. Geneve, iv, pi. 5, figs. 1 (form a), 2 (form b), o (form c) and 4, 5, G (valvae enlarged), (1919).

This spcK'ies has both costal fold and tibial tuft.

Dr. J. L. ]|everdin, in the paper referred to above (p. 9() and 1()7), has published the results of his careful study of this species, ])r(^sented excellent figures of the insect prepared by the artist ( 'olot, photographic reproductions of the male genitalia of three forms, text figures showing variation in the aedoeagus, and extensive observations on the forms of the s])(H'ies and its geo- grai)hic distribution.

The typical form of syricJitus is ashen, or black and white on the secondaries below, while the form inontivagus Reakirt (fumoaa lleverdin) is decidedly suffused with brown. Both forms occur in Central America, Mexico and the Antilles. We have the typical form from Texas, proving its occurrence in our fauna, but the prevailing form above the Mexican border and in Florida is montivagus.

The terminal of the uncus is cleft; the scaphium consists of two arms shagreened at their turned up terminals and con- nected together with an arch from their bases; the valve has a rounded apex, the dorsal edge produced backward in a curve the outer portion of which is strongly dentate; the aedoeagus is provided with some teeth at the apex varying in luimhcr and shape.

1" Univ. of Iowa Studies in Nat. Hist., ix, pi. i, fig. 7, (1921).

TU.\NS. AM. KNT. SOC, XLVIU.

288 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

Record: near Corpus Christi, southern Texas (Aaron).

There is a third form or perhaps a distinct species (syrichtides Reverdin), also occurring in Central America, Mexico and the Antilles, which is very like the typical form in color and macu- lation l)ut which differs genitalically in the shape of the valve, in that the terminal rounded end is not extended so far back- wards, but ends in a more substantial projection shaped like the toe of a slipper, and the aedoeagus is provided with a single stout tooth at its terminal. This form or species, however, does not seem to enter the United States.

a. form montivagus Reakirt

This was originally described from "Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory" and is the prevailing form above the Mexican line.

The genitalia are the same as those of typical syrichtus.

Records: Colorado; Florida, Key West (Morrison); South- ern Arizona (Poling).

8. Hesperia tessellata Scudder (Fig. 7.)

Scudder, Butterflies East. U. S. and Can., iii, pi. .35, fig. 39 (valve), 40 (uncus)

(as montivagus), (1889). Reverdin, Bull. Soc. Lep. Geneve, iv, pi. 7, fig. 1 (typical) and 4-8 (details

and aberrant formations), (1921).

This species has the costal fold but lacks the tibial tuft.

Reverdin in the paper referred to above (pp. 168-181), has presented lithographic figures of the insect by Colot (Plate 6, figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 15), sketches of the variation in the valve (p. 177), and published the results of his careful study of its genitalic variation and geographic distribution, from the exam- ination of a large number of specimens.

He concludes that it is a widely spread species, subject to considerable variation in its habitat from Surinam, through Central America, Mexico and throughout the United States, and within these limits divides the species into three classes; first those with a large toothed protuberance at the end of the valve; second, intermediate forms; and third, those which are without this protuberance and teeth. The first class roughlj^ covers the territory to the east and north of the United States; the second, the States adjoining the Mexican boundary and well

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 289

up into California; the third, Arizona, Texas and to the South. He places occidentalis Skinner as a variety.

Tessellata was described by Scudder from Missouri, and has ])riority over Henperia communis Grote (one male, one female; C'entral Alabama), the types of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and are so labelled in the handwriting^ of A. R. Clrote. Coinniunis is a synonym of tessellata.

The uncus is split at its apex; the scai)hium is p(H!uliar iji that from its middle there ])r()jects inwardly a T-shaped process; the valve is roundcnl at its extremity and carries a process turned inwardly and upwardly ending usually with a double tooth, beyond which there is a long cylindrical arm extending inwardly almost the length of the valve, and with its end strongly denticulate; the aedoeagus is simple.

a. var. occidentalis Skinner (Fig. 8.) Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhop., pi. 90, fig. 30, (1899) (as montivaga) .

This was originally described as a species," as '^ smaller and generally whiter — than tessellata — ^found in the Northwest ter- ritory and in the Southwest generally." The same year oc- cidentalis, tessellata and syriclitus were figured by the author and comparisons made.^^

AVe now select from the type material a male from San An- tonio, Texas, as the single t3q:)e. It is like the figured specimens referred to above. Some paratypes, from Ysleta, Texas, April, are still smaller and whiter, and a specimen from the Northwest territory', figured by Keverdin^'' has the ground color still further encroached upon by the white markings. This last, however, cannot be considered t3q)ical of occidentalis, l)ut an aberration of tessellata. The specimen figured by Reverdin as occidentalis^'^ is darker and larger than any in the type lot.

The name should be restricted to apply only to the smaller, paler form of the species inhabiting the low arid regions along

1' Ent. News., xvn, p. 96, (190G).

12 L. c, p. 277, pi. xu.

"Bull. Soc. Lcp. Geneve, iv, pi. G, fig. 9, (1<)19).

i^L. c, fig. 11.

TRAXS. AM. ENT. SOC, XIA III.

290 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

the Rio Grande to the north and south, and thence to and up the Cahfornian coast.

The genitaha of occidentalis are the same as those of tessellata except that the valve lacks the toothed projection.

Records: Texas, Ysleta, El Paso, Corpus Christi, Round Mountain; Arizona, Tucson; New Mexico, Highrolls, Alamo- gordo; California, La Jolla, November (Williams), Dobel.

9. Heliopetes domicella Erichson (Fig. 9.)

This species has the costal fold and tibial tuft.

The tegumen is provided with a long uncus, ending in a large truncate projection densely covered with hairs projecting back- wards; the scaphium is shagreened at its apex; the valve is split at its terminus, the dorsal lobe rounded and the ventral lobe larger, convolute, and serrate on the caudal margin; the aedoeagus is simple.

The tegumen is quite unlike that of any of the species of Hesperia or any other species of Heliopetes that we have ex- amined.

Records: Arizona, Tucson; Mexico, Cohma; Argentine Republic, La Rioja.

10. Heliopetes ericetorum Boisdiivul (Fig. 10.)

This species has the costal fold and tibial tuft.

The type has been admirably figured by 01)ertliiir^'' and Lindsey has figured both sexes.^®

The uncus ends in split slender beaked processes; the scaphi- um is present and in addition the girdle of the tegumen is ex- panded outwardly on each side, bearing below the scaphium substantial projecting arms dentate at their outer ends. The valve is split at the terminus, the ventral portion hooked and with small teeth at the end; the aedoeagus is simple.

Records: Oregon; California, Los Angeles, Riverside, Havilah, Mt. Pinos, Ventura County, September (Rehn and Hebard); Arizona, Mt. Graham.

11. Heliopetes laviana Hewitson (Fig. 11.)

This species has the costal fold and tibial luft. It enters our fauna in Texas, from whence it extends south well into South America. ■

"Ftud. Lep. Comp., vi, pi. 137, fig. 1210, (1012).

'6 Univ. Iowa Studies in Nat. Hist., ix, pi. 1, figs. 4 and 0, (1921).

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

291

7. Ilespena icsscllald, Dakota. S. //. iessdlala race occidenlalis, Tucson, Arizona. 9. Hcliopdvs dondcdla, La llioja, Argentine Republic. 10. Hdio- petes ericetorum, Southern California. 11. lldiopdes laviatia, Chapada, Brazil. 12. lldiopdes macaira, Corpus Christi, Texas. 13. Cdotes nessus, Corpus Christi, Texas, (all X 16.)

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

292 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

The genitalia are of the same general pattern as those of ericetorum, the arms projecting from the sides of the girdle are, however, about twice as long.

Records: Mexico, Colima, Yucatan; Brazil, Chapada; Paraguay, Villa Rica.

12. Heliopetes macaira Reakiit (Fig. 12.)

This species has the costal fold and tibial tuft. It enters our territory in Texas and extends south through IMexico and Central America.

Our Texan and Mexican material shows considerable variation in the amount of lirown encroaching on the white ground. Above, some specimens are immaculate on the secondaries (oceanus Edwards) , in others there is considerable blackish brown at the ends of the veins and even along the entire margin. Below we have a condition ranging from small brown spots and broken terminal band, to brown color covering almost the entire surface of the secondaries. The pattern, however, is the same with varying insistence.

Godman and Salvin rather suggest that nivella may be but a varietal form of macaira, and our observations lead us to believe that such is the case. The genitalia of the two forms are the same.

There is a great variation in the amount of the brown-black markings in the allied species alana, arsalte and laviana, of which we have long series from Central America and Mexico, and an analogy is found in an unidentified species, very closely allied, from southern Brazil, which shows a similar variation equally great.

The principal differences we recognize to separate the typical form from its variety is to be found in the maculation of the secondaries. Macaira is described as immaculate above and with a broad brown band extending across the outer border below, while nivella is described as with blackish brown on the border above and with two patches on the imdcr side at the outer border.

We accept the synonymy as given by Godman and Salvin, who were in a position to haye access tg types and authentic material.

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 293

Macaira is figured by Hewitson^^ as locutia Hewitson from the Island of Taboga, Panama.

The uncus is proportionately smaller than that of the two preceding species, its projecting beaks are similar, but this species lacks the arms projecting from the sides of the girdle. The valve carries at its apex on the ventral lobe a stoutly t horned process; the aedoeagus is simple.

Records: Texas, Corpus Christi (Aaron) ; iMexico, Mazatlan, Coliina, Sonora.

a. van. nivella Mabille

Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopal, pi. 90, fig. 24, (1899).

This insect is reported from Brownsville, Texas, as is also typical macaira. It is well figured by Godman and Salvin^^, who state, as we find to be the case, that the genitalia are the same as those of macaira.

Records: Mexico, La Joya, Colima, Yucatan.

13. Celotes nessus Edwards (Fig. 13.)

Biol. Ccnt.-Ainer., Rhopalocera, pi. 91, fig. 29, (1899).

This species has the costal fold and tibial tuft.

Lindsey places it in the genus Systasea with pidverulenta. It has, however, a veiy different appearance, and the genitalia also differ so decidedly that this association can hardly hold. Its near allies are of the genus Carcharodus, but a comparison of the genitalia with those of mnlvanun Hoffmannsegg (= alceae Esper), with which it was associated l)y Strecker when he des(;ril)ed notahilis (= nessus), does not disclose a sufficient similarity to necessitate its transfercnice to Carcharodus, and we therefore place it in Celotes, which Godman and Salvin erected for it.

The uncus is short with split terminals; the scaphium promi- nent and set well up on the uncus; the saccus is produced into the abdomen more than in other species of the allied groups; the ventral lobe of the valve, extended bej^ond the dorsal lobe is serrate on its recurved outer margin; the aedoeagus is rela- tively large and long and l)ears a tooth near its apex.

"Exot. Butt., V, LeiicochitoTiea ii, figs. 19 and 20, (1875). "* Supra, pi. 90, figs. 22 and 23.

TKANS. A^^. KNT. SOC, XIAIU.

294 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

Records: Texas, Corpus Christi (Aaron), New Braunfels, Round Mountain, San Antonio, Kerrville; Arizona, Babo- quivari Mts., Pima County (Poling) ; New Mexico, Alamogordo; Mexico, Sonora.

14. Pholisora catullus Fabricius (Fig. 14.)

Scudder, Butterflies, pi. 35, figs. 41 (valve), 42 (uncus), 43 (tip of uncus),

(1889).

None of the species of Pholisora in our fauna has the tibial tuft. This species has the costal fold.

The uncus ends in a single projection with three terminal beaks, at the base of which the uncus is divided, showing two lobes; the scaphium is strongly chitinous with some shagreena- tion at the apical surface; the lobes of the valve are rounded at the end, the ventral dentate outwardly and bearing a stout incurved spine, set just before the apex; the aedoeagus is re- markable in that at its apex there is a strong recurved hook on the dorsal side, it also carries some internal hair-like spines.

15. Pholisora mejicanus Reakirt (Fig. 15.)

Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopalocera, pi. 90, fig. 12 (as mexicana), (1897).

This species has the costal fold. It is very like catullus above, but the secondaries below have a purplish tint and the veins are conspicuous in a darker fuscous color. It is a Mexican species occasionally taken across the border. Mr. William Schaus kindly sent us some specimens from Jalapa and Oaxaca, Mexico, for study.

The uncus is stout and long, ending in a single claw, short, and broad at its base; the scaphium is hardly present; the valve appears truncate, the ventral lobe sharply rounded and bent up and back terminating in a ])oint, the outer margin finely den- ticulate, overlapping the rounded costal lobe; the aedoeagus is simple, doubly bent.

IG. Pholisora alpheus Edwards (Fig. IG.)

Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopalocera, pi. 90, fig. 15, (1897).

This species lacks the costal fold.

The uncus is stout, terminating in a cylindrical projection with a }:)luiit end; the scaphium is well dev(4o])ed and with den- tations on the central super-apical surface; the valve is relatively

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 295

small, simple, and terminating in a long bayonet, turned up- wardly; the aedoeagus is peculiar in that its base is T-shaped, in nature set in a horizontal plane.

Records: Arizona, Mt. Graham (Morrison), Gadsden (Schif- fel), Florence (Biederman); New Mexico, Alamogordo, April, May (Viereck and Rehn), Las Cruces.

17. Pholisora arizonensis Mabille & Boullet

Under the name Hesperopsis arizonensis these authors have described an insect in a recent paper.^^ A free translation of the original French description follows.

"Four wings black with along brown fringe cut into here and there with yellow. Primaries above with two apical points and two other points not so distinct placed obliquely in three and four; a terminal row of clear fpale) points on the external border; some appearance of yellowish scales on the disc. Secondaries above of a uniform black with a terminal row of clear points hardly visible, and an indistinct dash in the cellule. Primaries below uniform black brown with two well marked apical points, some white hatching along the costa above the apical points, one perceives the two points on three and four and the terminal row of clear points. Secondaries below; on the ])rown-black ground is easily seen the terminal row of clear points and a sickle-shaped trace in the cellule. Palpi white; at the ])ase of the antennae a little tuft of white hairs.

Arizona, U. S., one cf : Boullet Collection, Paris INIuscum."

We think this is alpheus.

18. Pholisora libya Scudder (Fig. 17.)

This .s])e('ies lacks the costal fold. Libyo varies greatl}' in the num])er of white s])ots on the wings, ])oth al)ove and below. Lend of Edwards a])pears to be the same s])ecies as /v7>//a, des- cribed from specimens having few spots on the primaries above and one spot on the secondaries below. The genitalia of libya and of the one spotted form (lena) are alike.

The type information of libya is, one male, two females, "Beaver Dam," April 20-28, Arizona (25 miles to west of south of St. George, Utah). The type information of lena is, one male, one female, Montana. We have specimens of this from the ^^'llite Piver, Colorado.

i^Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1917, p. 100.

TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

296 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

14. Pholiaora catullm, Ran Antonio, Texas. (X 20.) 1.5. Pholisora mejicanus, Oaxaca, Mexico. (X 20.) It). Pholisora alpheus, Gadsden, Arizona. (X 30.) 17. Pholisora lihija, Flonuioe, Arizona. (X 30.) 18. Pholism-a ceos, Mount Graham, Arizona. (X 20.) ]•). Pliolisora haij- hur stii, Qnincy, Illinois. (X 20.)

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 297

The uncus ends in a cylindrical hlunt i)rocess; the scaphium is well developed, ending in a doul^le lobe, well dentated; the valve is not split apically but carries from the ventral side a long sickle-shaped process, curved upwards, and from the center another stout })rocess shaped like a spear head; the aedoeagus is simple but swollen in its median area.

Records: Arizona, Florence, Septeml^er (Biederman) ; Utah, Stockton, July (Spalding); Nevada, Beatty, August (Helm and Hel)ard), Huml)oldt Lake; California, San Diego County (Coquillett), Indian Wells, S(>pteml>er (Coolidge), San Bernar- dino (Wright), ( "oalinga, Fresno County, August (Kehn and Hebard), Lancaster.

10. Pholisora ceos Edwards (Fig. 18.)

Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopaloccra, pi. 89, fig. 8, (1896).

This species has the (costal fold. It is readily distinguished from the other species of our fauna by the orange color of the imir of the head and pali)i alcove.

There is a long, slender, jointed i)rojection from the uncus; the scaphium is present, long and slender; the valve has the ventral lo])e projecting, rounded and set with short hairs, the dorsal lol)e is wide, rounded; the aedoeagus is very short, the apical portion swollen and bearing numerous small teeth.

Records: Arizona, ]\It. Graham (Morrison), Tucson; Mexico, Sonora (Morrison).

20. Pholisora hayhurstll Edwards (Fig. 19.)

Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopalocera, pi. 89, fig. 16, (1896).

This species has the costal fold.

The uncus has a peculiar terminal, bent downwards in the middle, long and ending in a well developed beak, there is a tuft of hairs directed upwards, at the l)asc of this projection; t he sca])hium is long, almost like a second girdle, extending down almost to the center of the tegumen; the valve has a rounded ventral lobe but dorsally carries a long rod curved inwardly; the aedoeagus is simple.

Records: Texas, San Antonio, J^^ound ^Vlountain; Florida, Miami, June (Hebard).

THANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

298 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

21. Pholisora ascalaphus Staudinger (Fig. 20.) Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopalocera, pi. 89, fig. 14, (1896).

This species has the costal fold.

It was described as Helias ascolaphun by Staudinger^° from Chiriqui, Panama. It is figured by Godman and Salvin,^' who state that "it is a very common insect all over Central America and southern Mexico up to an elevation of 4000 or 5000 feet above sea level. — In outward appearance Sltajjhylus] ascalaphus is very like the North American S. hayhwsti, both having a similarly shaped outer margin to the secondaries. S. hayhursti is a little paler in colour, the faint marking of the wings rather more plainly shown, and the palpi purer white beneath."

We have a small series of both sexes of this species from near Corpus Christi, Texas (Aaron), which have been in the Academy Collection over the hayhurstii label since 1884,

The tegumen is similar to that of hayhurstii; the uncus carries a similar projecting process bent sharply downward and then up, ending in a hook, and bearing a tuft of hairs at its base ; the valve is rounded at its apical end, in and on which it bears numerous stout spines directed upwards; the aedoeagus is simple.

22. Pholisora brennus Godman and Salvin^^ (Fig. 21.) Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rhopalocera, pi. 89, fig. 23, (1896).

This species has the costal fold. Staphylus hrennus Godman and Salvin^"* was described from two specimens from Chiriqui, Panama, which were received from Staudinger with the manu- script name hrennus Mabille. We have had specimens from the Skinner Collection, in the Academy Collection for many years, marked brennus, Chiriqui, Staudinger, which now turn out to be imhras, so the identification of the insects of the Kunyon catch, not now available, is doubtful, and the southern species whicli crosses the Mexican boundary may be brennus or imbras.

2»Vorh. Z()()l.-I)()t. OoscU. Wicn, xxv, p. 116, (1876).

2' Biol. Coiit.-Amcr., Rhopalocera, p. 432, pi. 89, figs. 13, 14 d', 15 9, (1897).

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS

29d

A free translation of the original description of hrennus follows:

"Wings fuscous-brown almost immaculate; sparsely scattered with yellow scales; anteriors with a hardly paler submarginal l)and, without hyaline spots; palpi below with blackish and yellow scales intermix(;d with the long vestiture."

The insect was not figured, but the name is fixed by the description and the figure of the genitalia. We figure the geni- talia of both brennus and imbros.

Tiie uncus of hrennus ends in a single slender projeittion, and itself is incised on each side; the scaphium is scarcely developed; the ventral lobe of the valve terminates in a cordate section overlapping the ventral portion, rounded apically and serrate on its outer ridge; the aedoeagus is slender, carrying internally a few small spines.

Record: Mexico, Texola, Vera Cruz.

23. Systasea pulverulenta Fekler (Fig. 23.)

This species has the costal fold. A fluted or incised margin to the secondaries is characteristic of the genus.

22 22a. Pholisora imhrns Godinan and Salvin (Fig. 22.). Biol. Cent.-Ainer. Rhopalocera, pi. 89, fig. 28, (189G). "^riu.s .species has the costal fold.

Staph ijlus 'i/«&ras was described by Godman and Salvin, (Biol. Cent.-Anier., Rhopalocera, p. 435, i)l. 89, figs, 27 [o^j 29 [9], (1897)), from a considerable sories from Mexico and Guatemala, the type presumably from Misantla, Mexico (first named locality). A free translation of the original Latin des- crijition follows.

"Wings deeply fuscous-brown with an obscure band hardly noticeable; anteriors without subapical hyaline spots id')', palpi below ochraceous yellow scales intermixed with blackish.

" 9 similar, but larger, the obscure band larger, obvious and anteriorly supplied with three subapical hyaline spots."

They further state it is exceedingly like hrennus, but has rather less prom- inent joints to the palpi. Our specimens further show a greater expanse for imbras namely, 16 mm., from thorax to apex of wing against 14 nun. for hrennus, hayhurstii and ascalaphus.

The uncus ends in a stout bulbous process, there are incisions on eatsh side of the uncus; the ventral lobe of the valve, rounded apically, projects beyond the discal lobe and where they meet the chitin of both is convoluted; tlie aedoeagus is simple, somewhat bent in the middle.

Records: Panama, (!atun. Canal Zone (Harrowcr), Chiriqui; Guatemala, (^uirigua (Rhoads).

23 Biol. Cent.-Amer., Rliopalocera, \i. 434.

trans, am. ent. .soc, xi^vhi.

300 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

20. /'/(o/isora ascoZ«p/m,s', Corpus Cliristi, Texas. (X 20.) 21. Pholisora brennus, Texola, Mexico. (X 20.) 22, Pholisora inibras, Qwrigun, Guate- mala. (X 20.) 23. Sysiasea ■pubcrulenta, Corpus Chrisli, Texas. (X 15.) 24. Xenophanes tryxus, Coliiria, Mexico. (X IT).) 25. Eantis (hrnso, Cluipada, Brazil. (X 15.)-

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 301

The uncus is cleft and a substantial scaphium is present at its base; the valve ends in two somewhat complicated spatulate projections; the aedoeagus in remarkable is that it carries inter- nally a sponge-like l^ristling mass, and just before the apical end there are two stout projections of the shape of a bird's head. The congeneric species erosa Hiibner has a similar aedoeagus, containing the hairy mass and j^rovided witli a ])air of stout hooked spines near the apex.

Records: Texas, Corpus Christi (Aaron), San Antonio; New Mexico, Alamogordo, May (A'icrcck and Rehn) ; ^Iexico, Sonora (^Forrison).

24. Xenophanes tryxus Cramer (Fig. 2-t.)

Biol. Ceiit.-Aiiier., Ilhopalocera, pi. 85, fig. 18, (1895).

This species has neither costal fold nor tibial tuft. From South America, through Central America and Mexico, it enters our territory in Texas. Lindsey gives a figure of the male in his paper. -"^

Th(> uncus ])ears a terminal projection split at the apex, and at the base l^earing short lobes; the scaphium is well developed, carrying two apical shagreened lobes; the saccus is broad and extends well into the abdomen; the valve appears to be truncate, the apical margin serrate and bent in two planes, the ventral part carries a rounded, shagreened internal process near the base, and the dorsal i)art a more slender denticulated lobe medianally; the aedoeagus contaiiis a tuft of hairs at the base and some near the apex.

25. Eantis thraso Hiibner (Fig. 25.)

Biol. Cent.-Amcr., Rhopaloeera, pi. 87, fig. 7, (1895).

This species has neither costal fold nor tibial tuft. It is a soutiiern species entering our territory in Texas. In this genus the primaries are pointed at the apex and just below there is a slight excavation on the outer margin. Lindsey gives a figure of the male.-''

The uncus is well develo])f'd, carrying a stout blunt beak, and at the base of this a prominent i)air of upright processes like rabbit-ears. These ears seem to ])e characteristic of the genus.

-' ri. I, lig. A. 26 -PI. I, fig. 8.

TRAN.S. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVUT.

302 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPBRIIDAE

The seaphium is well developed; the ventral lobe of the valve ends in a serrate, truncate pocket with some stout teeth; the dorsal lobe carries a rod with fine teeth at its apex; the aedoeagus is bent sharply upwards beyond the middle and carries a strong tooth with several points.

Records: Texas, Corpus Christi (Aaron); Mexico, Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, October; Brazil, Chapada.

26. Ephyriades brunnea Herrich-Schaeffer (Fig. 26.)

This species has the costal fold but lacks the tibial tuft.

It is a West Indian species, reported from Sugar Loaf Key, Florida. R. C. Williams caught a female in Miami, Florida, February 25, 1913. The male is figured by Lindsey.^" Our female has nine hyaline spots on the primaries, seven of which correspond to those on the male of brunnea, and in addition, one minute one on the costa and, one, a streak, below the cell. There are two bands and a basal spot on the primaries of a violet tinge, and an indistinct band, lighter than the brown ground (^olor, on the secondaries.

We have quite a series of hrannea males, and the females associated with them from lo(;alities in the records given below. We believe the identification is correct, but attention is called to the fact that it is difficult to separate these females from those which have been ascribed to areas Drury (flyas Cramer, veJasquez Lucas) i. e. otreus Cramer {zephodes Hiibner).

Gundhwdi-^ separates the females by the size of the hyaline spots, stating that those of areas are larger and that the lower or sub-cellular one in brunnea is a line, and in areas is triangular or subquadrate. He further states that he had the originals of zephodes Hiibner, and observed females of this form in coitus with brunnea in Cuba, and his friend Klug observed the same in Porto llico.

The Cramer figures of jhjas and otreus appear on the same plate, and the habitat in each case is given as Surinam, — cir- cumstantial evidence that they may have come from (he same catch and may be male and female of one specnes.

There are intergradations, however, in our owji siM'ies, so, against this hypothesis tliat hriiiuica and (ircas^ two very distinct

»«ri. I, fig. 10.

"Cont. Ent. Cuba, p. 142, (18SI).

SKINNER AND WILLIAMS 303

nudes, liavo females which arc very simihir and only se])aral)Ie in their extreme forms or by association, is I lie ])ossi])iliiy that ;ill I lie females menlione(l above belon<!; lo bninned., and (hat the female of (ircd.s is as ye( not discovered or, if described, not ])roperly assigned.

In his ])a,])ei' on the r>e])id<)])t era of the Isle of l*ines, Holland"-^ calls t he s])(Mues olrcn.s with hnuitiea as a variety. According to oiir hypothesis bnuinea male is n^presented by his figure 5; female l)y figure 4, and tigur(^ 3 might be the female of areas. He had two males of arca.s but associated no female with it.

Elcctra Lintner-^ is also the female of hrunnen or areas, ]irob- ably the former, arriving at Hamilton, Ontario, from the tropics on fruit, as Skinner suggests.^"

Brnnnea and areas we believe to be congeneric, and a com- parison of the genitalia confirms this conclusion. The latter species has, in addition to the costal fold, a tibial tuft, but we do not ])elieve that this difTerence is of generic importance. We therefore adopt the earliest generic name Ephyriades Hiibner,''^ of which otreus is the first named species, designated by Scudder'- as the type.

The pattern of the hyaline spots indicat(\s relationship with Cogia, and the asymmetric valvae conne(^ts them with Thanaos.

The tegumen is peculiar and complicated; it lacks the hootl or boniu't of our previously treated hesperiids. The girdle, yivo- duc(>d lat(>rally, extends above the uncus, which with its j^ro- jecting ])r()cesses extends downwards almost into the girdle. The right valve is Inroad and rounded outwardly, carrying at the ajx'x a spatulate s]iined arm; the left valve is narrow, long and tapering from the bas(> to the a])ex, ending in a blunt rod. The aedoeagus is bent in the middle where it carries a broad dorsal lobe.

Reeards: ("iba, cf, 9 (Poey Collection), cf, (Juantanamo, August, A])ril, 9 , August fliamsden); Haiti, (f (Abl)ott ).

28 Ann. Carncfiie AIus., x, i). oOl, i)l. Ml, fifis. ;;, I, and ."), (KtKi).

2»Can. Ent., xin, p. 6M, (ISSl).

3" Trans. Amor. Pint. Soc, xxxvii, p. 20S, (1911).

3' Verz. bek. Schmett., p. Ill, (ISKi).

2- Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and 8ci., x, ]). Ki-l, (IS?.")].

TRAXS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

304 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

2G. Ephyriades hrunnea, Guantanamo, Cuba. 27. Chiomara asychis, Corumba, Brazil. 28. Thanaos gesla, Haiti. 29. Timocharcs rupHfasciatus, Northern Mexico? 30. Grais sligmaiicus, Cliapada, Brazil, (all X H.)

SKINXER AND WILLIAMS 305

27. Chiomara asychis Cramer (Fig. 27.)

Biol. Ccnt.-Amer., lihopalocera, pi. 91, fig. 3, (1899).

This species lacks the costal fold. It is another South and Central American species, crossing the Mexican ])order into Texas and Arizona.

The valvae are asymmetric and very like those of the jjjenus Thanaos. The uncus ends in a short beak; the scaphium is well developed, set with ver,y fine short hairs outwardly; the girdle of the tegumen is not symmetrical, the left side being extended to meet the shorter valve; the right valve ends ventrally in a spatulate projection extending beyond the dorsal lol^e, the latter having a fluted outer margin; the left valve ends ventrally in a triangular lobe serrate on the caudal margin, and projecting beyond the dorsal lobe, the latter ending in a projection with a round serrate outer margin; the aedoeagus is simple.

2S. Thanaos gesta Herrich-Schaeffer (Fig. 28.) Hiol. Ceiit.-.Ajner., Rhopalocera, pi. 91, fig. 9, (1899).

This species is without the costal fold. It is from the West Indi(>s, Central America and ]\Iexico, crossing the border into Texas and Arizona. We believe Lindsey to be correct in i^lacing it in the genus Thanaos.

The uncus ends in a pair of hooks, the dorsal ridges of which are serrate and also bear some small spines, at the base of these there projects a second pair of smooth beaks; the scaphium is developed and denticulate outwardly; the right valve ends ventrally in a long slender rod and dorsally in a single rounded projection; the left valve ends ventrally in a long tapering rod and dorsally in a double rounded lo])e at right angles to the axis; both valves have their dorsal and ajiical areas set with sharp spines; the aedoeagus is simple but sharply curved up near its apex.

29. Timochares ruptifasciatus Plotz (Fig. 29.) Biol. Ceiit.-Ainer., Rhopalocera, pi. 88, fig. 3, (1890).

This species has ])oth costal fold and tibial tuft.

It is from Mexico, and th(>re is a pair from the Ilunyon catch, southwestern Arizona or southeastern California, in the Academy Collection.

TUAXS. AM. KXT. SUC. .\L\ UI.

306 MALE GENITALIA OF NORTH AMERICAN HESPERIIDAE

The Species is like trifasciatus Hewitson, and it is possible that it is but a form of that species, though Godman and Salvin consider it to be distinct.

They state there is a pale and a dark form of Injascialus flying together at the same time of year in tolerably equal numbers. Hewitson described one of the former and Godman and Salvin figure one of the latter. ^^

Our limited series shows the dark form from Paraguay and Brazil, and the pale form from Mexico and Cuba.

Ruptifasciotus is similar, but the distinct oblique Ijands of the primaries of trifasciatus are in this species or form replaced by indistinct and rather irregular macular bands, and those of the secondaries are broken up into spots.

The Godman and Salvin figure of the genitalia agrees with that of our specimens of trifasciatus. We figure a ruptifasciatus presumably from northern Mexico, and agreeing with the Runj'^on pair.

The tegumen is asymmetric, the hooded portion somewhat different on the two sides; the scaphium well developed on the left side is only a linear arm on the right; the sides of the girdle are not of the same width; the saccus is a mere ring; the right valve ends in. a fan-shaped process one side of which is bent at right angles to the other in nature, and there is a conspicuous rod at the base (this rod spatulate in our examples of trifasci- atus) ; the left valve ends in a process different from that of the right valve and the rounded ventral outer margin is slightly dentate (strongly serrate in trifasciatus) ; the aedoeagus is simple, long and slender.

30. Grais stigmaticus Mabille (Fig. 30.)

Biol. Ccnt.-Amer., Rhopalocera, pi. 85, fig. 26, (lcS94).

This species lacks the costal fold. It is a tropical type, crossing the border into Texas.

The uncus ends in a single beak, broad, swollen above, lobed on the sides below, and bearing a tooth on each side at the base; the scaphium is well developed, smooth; the aedoeagus carries a sponge-like mass of hairs.

»3 PI, 88, figs. 1 and 2.

THEODORE H. FRISON 307

SYSTEMATIC AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES (BREMIDAE; HYMENOPTERAj

BY THEODORE H. FRISON Urbana, Illinois

The present paper is the result of a study of a series of l)uml)le- bees in the collection of the author from Arizona, several speci- mens in the collections of the United States National JVIuseum and the Biological Survey, and the entire collection of North American bumblebees of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the American Entomological Society. To Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., Dr. Henry Skinner and Mr. J. A. G. Rehn, I owe my sincere thanks for their many courtesies and the privilege of studying in detail the types and collection of some twenty-eight hundred bumblebees belonging to the American Entomological Society. I am also under obligations to Mr. S. A. Rohwer for the loan of and notes on several specimens belonging to the United States National Museum, and to Mr. Henry L. Viereck for the loan of specimens from the collection of the Biological Survey.

For the sake of convenience and because of the nature of the subject matter itself, I have deemed it advisable to divide this article into five parts.

A. Descriptions and Notes on Bumblebees from Arizona

Prior to 1913 only seven species of Bremus and no species of Psithyrus were known from Arizona. Recently in Entomological News,^ I recorded five species and one subspecies of Bremus. and one species of Psithyrus which were additions to the list of this state. This increased the number of Bremidae known to occur in Arizona from seven to thirteen species. When this article was sent to press, I had some other bumblebees from the same state, which I hesitated to report upon at that time because of doubt as to their specific status. Further study has shown these specimens to represent two new varieties of Bremus kirbyellus

1 XXXII, pp. 144-148, (1921).

TKANS. A.M. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

308 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

(Curtis), and one new variety of Bremus sylvicola (Kirby), both species being new records for Arizona.

Bremus kirbyellus var. alexanderi new variety

Queen and worker. — Taxonomically almost identical with the typical hirhyellus (Curtis), which occurs in regions farther north. Differs slightly in structure from the typical queens of kirbijellus that I have studied, by having a comparatively shortermalar space, a condition particularly noticeable in the worker caste. Yellow pile of mesopleura not extending to the base of the legs, and with pile on posterior margin of this area entirely black. Meta- pleura and medium segment with black pile. Posterior margin of the fourth together with the entire fifth dorsal abdominal segment ferruginous, and also the sixth dorsal abdominal segment in the workers. Legs and ventral portions of the body black, except that the tips of some of the setae bordering the corbicula have a slight ferruginous tinge, particularly pronounced in the case of some workers. Coloration otherwise as in typical specimens of kirbyellus.

Holotype. — queen, July 11, 1917, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona. Paratopotype queen, July 13, 1917. Morphofype worker, July 14, 1917, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona. Parato- potype workers, one collected July 11, 1917, three on July 13, 1917, and one on July 14, 1917. One paratijpe worker, June 5, 1917, Oracle, Arizona. All the specimens collected by Mr. E. J. Oslar.

One paratopotype worker deposited in the collections of each of the following institutions: American Entomological Society, American Museum of Natural History and the United States National Museum. Holotype and remaining paratype speci- mens in the collection of the author.

Named in honor of my friend Dr. C. P. Alexander, to whom I am indebted for many favors.

The male of this variety will undoubtedly be obtained in future collections from this region, a caste which may necessitate the elevation of this form from varietal to specific rank. In many respects B. kirbyellus alexanderi resembles also B. polaris (Curtis), another species of the same group, and if the specimens were from Arctic America might readily pass as that species. I have deemed it advisable to describe my specimens as a variety of kirbyellus because this species is found in the high mountain ranges of the western United States, whereas polaris is only known from Greenland, Labrador, Alaska and other far northern

THEODORE H. PRISON 309

localities. The capture of the at present unknown male of variety alexanderi will settle this question as to its relationship with polaris and kirhyelliis, as the males of these latter two species are readily separated by genitalic characters.

Bremus kirbyellus var. arizonensis new variety

Qvieen. — Similar in all respects to kirbyellus var. alexanderi except that the pubescence on the apical dorsal abdominal segments is entirely black, the scutellum is not so strongly yellow, the yellow pile on the mesopleura extends only half way down the bases of the wings to the bases of the legs, and the malar space is slightly shorter.

Holotype. — queen, July 11, 1917, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona. Collector, E. J. Oslar.

The holotype queen of this melanic variety is in the collection of the author.

The status of variety arizonensis is the same as that of variet}' alexanderi, and for the same reasons as in the case of the latter variety has been treated as most closely related to kirbyellus. Variety arizonensis will run to hyperboreus Schonherr ( = arc- ticus Kirby) in Franklin's key to the buml)lebees published in 1913, a species restricted to the northern parts of Eurasia, Greenland and the extreme northern jiortions of North America. Thus a striking example of color homomorphism in different species from widely separated regions is preseiited. These two buml)l(>b(»es are distinctly separated by the great difference in the length of the malar space.

Bremus sylvicola var. lutzi new variety

Queen. — Taxonomically almost identical with the typical sylricola (Kirby) found in Alaska and the far northern regions. Face in two specimens black, in four specimens with a slight amount of yellow pile on the very middle portion. Occiput with varying amounts of dark and yellow pile, the dark pile dominating in most specimens. Yellow i)ile on the pleura of the thorax not extending to the bases of the legs and in most specimens but half way down from the bases of the wings to the bases of the legs. First dorsal ab- dominal segment yellow, except basal middle portion which often has some black pile; second and third segments ferruginous, with some black pile on their middle portions; fourth segment yellow with black pile on the middle portion; fifth and sixth segments almost entirely black.

Holotype. — queen, July 11, 1917, Patagonia ^fountains, Arizona. Five paratopotype queens, Jidy 11, 13 and 14, 1917, Patagonia ^Mountains, Arizona. All the specimens collected by :\Ir. E. J. Oslar.

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310 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

One paratopotype queen deposited in the collections of each of the following institutions: American Entomological Society, American Museum of Natural History and the United States National Museum. Holotype and remaining paratopotype queens in the collection of the author.

I name this variety for my friend Dr. F. E. Lutz, who has done a great deal to increase our knowledge of the bumblebees.

Variety lutzi differs from the typical sylvicola from Alaska, northern Canada and Labrador, as described by Franklin, as follows : the face is dominantly black as well as the lower half of the mesopleura, the metapleura, and the median segment. The black pubescence on the middle dorsal area of segments two, three and four is often so pronounced as to form a distinct longi- tudinal band, sharply dividing the dominant yellow and fer- ruginous pubescence of these segments. The yellow pile is of a duller hue than in most specimens of sylvicola that I have studied from Alaska, Canadian Northwest Territories and Labrador. In several specimens of variety lutzi the pile on the fourth dorsal abdominal segment is whitish. Another difference l)etwepn the typical sylvicola and variety lutzi is that in the former the fifth dorsal abdominal segment usually has some yellow pile, whereas in the latter this segment is entirely black or mainly so. Variety lutzi also differs from the melanic variety johanseni Sladen of sylvicola, described in 1919, in having a greater amount of yellow pile on the upper portion of the pleura of the thorax, and the fourth dorsal abdominal segment being largely yellow. Variety johan- seni is known only from the type localities of Bernard Harbour, Northwest Territories, Coronation Gulf and Herschel Island, Yukon Territory.

I am considering lutzi to l)e a variety of sylvicola on (he basis of the color pattern and structural characters presented by the queens. There is a possibility, however, that lutzi may prove to be a southern species of the sylvicola comjilex. Males are needed to decide definitely this problem of systematic- position.

The presence of a variety of sylvicola or a mein])er of the sylvicola c()in])lcx in Arizona exiends ('onsideral)ly tli(> soulhward range of this speci(\s, and reopens the discussion as to th(> presence of sylvicola in the United States. The first^ record of this s])ecies from the United States is that of Cresson in 1S79, wIumi he listed

THEODORE II. PRISON 311

this bumblebee from Colorado. Since then both Cockerell and Titus have listed this species from the same state. Franklin omits Cockerell's record of 1893, but Lutz and Cockerell have assigned this record to melanopygua Nylander. Franklin dis- posed of the 1902 record of Titus as questionably referring to 7nelanopygus, and says that sylvicotn "does not appear to be present in the United States and is strictly a Boreal form." The same record was also questioned by Cockerell in 1907, when he stated that he believed the apex of sylvicola was not bL'u^k, the alternative through which it was keyed l)y Titus. The apex of sylvicola, however, is black or mainly so, which is an indication that the record of Titus is correct. Titus states that all his specimens of this species were identified for him by Ashmead, and that "It is certainly a distinct high Alpine species." The case in proof of the correctness of the record by Titus is also strengthened when we consider that Ashmead in the same year pul)lished his account of the Hymenoptera of Alaska. Though Ashmead frequently confused certain species of bumblebees, he correctly distinguished some specimens of melonopygus and sylvicola in this Alaskan collection, as Franklin indicates in his species bibliography and a personal study of some of these speci- mens shows. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suppose that he did not incorrectly identify the same species from Colorado specimens. In 1911, Friese gave the varietal name flavicollis to a species he called lapponicus from Pike's Peak, Colorado. Lutz and Cockerell consider flavicollis to be a variety of sylvicola, the nearest relative of lapponicus in North America. Ilecently, I had the opportunity to study two specimens of sylvicola be- longing to the American Museum of Natural History. Both of these specimens were obtained by the Museum from Friese and labeled by him lapponicus var. flavicollis. As these two speci- mens prove to be nearly typical sijlvicola, the use oi flavicollis as a varietal name is questionable. One of the specimens is from Labrador and the other from Pike's Peak, Colorado, the type locality of lapponicus var. flavicollis Friese. In the bumblebee collection of the Bureau of Biological Survey there are many specimens of sylvicola, collected in Colorado at high altitudes by Mr. L. 0. Jackson. I possess three workers and two males of

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312 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

this species collected by Mr. E. J. Oslar at San Miguel and Clear Creek, Colorado. In the collection of the American Entomo- logical Society are queens of this species which are from Colorado, and it is likely that these are the specimens on which Cresson's record of 1879 is based. In view of the records just given, the occurrence of a variety of sylvicola in Arizona is not remarkable, and the species probably occurs in most of the high mountain ranges of the western United States.

Bremus pleuralis Nylander

This species is represented from Arizona by one queen, col- lected by Mr. E. J. Oslar, in the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, on July 11, 1919.

I have carefully compared this specimen with queens and workers of 'pleuralis in the United States National Museum and the American Entomological Society, collected by T. Kincaid on the Harriman Alaskan Expedition of 1899. In coloration, except for the triangular patch of black hairs extending down- wards on the basal dorsal portion of abdominal segments one and two, and the more yellow scutellum and mesopleura, it re- minds one of kirbyeUus var. arizotiensis. Structural differences, such as the carinate hypopygium, length of the malar space, and strictly tridentate type of mandibles, readily serve to distinguish pleuralis from kirbyeUus var. arizonensis. Cockerell's record of pleiiralis from the northern peninsula of Michigan in 1916 is certainly wrong. His statement that the specimen he question- ably determined as pleuralis cannot be a melanic variety of B. consimilis {= vagans], because of ''the malar space being too short, "likewise prohibits it from heingpleuralis. In pleuralis the malar space is comparatively almost as long as that of vagans. Cockerell says also that the general coloration of the specimen is like that of vagans, whereas pleuralis usually has a triangular patch of black pile on the dorsal middle portion of abdominal segments one and two, a condition not encountered in vagans. I have studied a large series of bumblebees from various parts of Michigan, and am inclined to believe that the pleuralis listed by ('ockerell from that state is a worker of the variable and oftentimes puzzling buml)lebee so well named perplexus by Cresson. The melanic coiKhtion r(»ferred to, the "general coloration" of vagans and (he "abdomen entirely

THEODORE H. FRISOJsT 313

black-haired beyond the second segment," as well as statements relative to the length of the malar space, all strengthen my supposition that Cockerell's Michigan record is to be referred to B. perplexus. B. perplexus is very common in the northern parts of Michigan and, strange to say, is not recorded by Cock- erell along with the other bumblebees common to that general region. Varieties of rufocinctus Cresson occasionally approach vagans and perplexus in coloration, but the extremely short malar space, the tendency of the hypopygium to be carinate and the position of the ocelli are all characters which serve to dis- tinguish rufocinctus under such conditions. Cockerell mentions that the malar space of his specimen is longer than that of affinis Cresson, which indicates that it is not rufocinctus. The hypopygium of pleuralis likewise has a pronounced carina, a character not mentioned by Cockerell as possessed by his Michigan specimen.

According to Mr. Oslar, the bumblebees labelled "Patagonia Mountains, Arizona," were found feeding on the blossoms of wild blackberry and mesquite at altitudes from 5,500 to 6,000 feet. The presence of members of the Kirhyellus Group in Arizona, as recorded above, gives that state representa- tives of all the known American Groups of Bremus and one of the three American Groups of Psithyrus. This state has there- fore a varied bumblebee fauna, which is correlated with the diverse ecological conditions existing in various parts of the state. Because of the occurrence of so many species of true bumblebees, other species of the genus Psithyrus besides craiv- fordi Franklin will undou]>tcdly l)e found there.

B. The Description of the Worker and Male of Bremus

FRANKLINI FrISON, AND THE CoRRECT SyNONYMY OF

Psithyrus kodiakensis Ashmead

Bremus franklini Prison

This species was originally described in the Entomological News for 1921, from two specimens of the (jueens, both collected at Nogales, Arizona. Since then, I hav'e had the opportunity of studying specimens belonging to the United States National Museum which I consider to ])e th(> other castes of this species.

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314 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

Worker. — Face with black and whitish-yellow pile intermixed, the black pile dominant. Occipital orbits dark, somewhat coarsely and densely punctate. Occiput with a triangular patch of nearly pure whitish-yellow pile. Labrum with tubercle-like areas large and well separated, coarsely punctate; shelf -like projection about one-third as broad as labrum; pile on anterior margin ferruginous. Mandible four-toothed, with numerous minute coarse scattered punctures; setae on distal portion short, on lower proximal margin long, ferruginous. Clypeus well punctate, particularly so in anterior and posterior corners. Malar space somewhat shorter than its width at articulation of mandible, about one-half as long as greatest width of and one-fifth length of eye, nearly impunctate, polished. Ocelli situated just above the narrowest part of the vertex; lateral ocelli as far distant from each other as distant from inner margin of the eye; area just laterad of lateral ocelli impunctate, polished, but becoming well punctate again near inner margin of the eye. Flagellum about one and three-fourths tunes as long as the scape; third antennal segment longer than the fifth, the fifth a trifle longer than the fourth.

Thorax with dorsal cephalic portion covered with pure yellow pile, the yellow pile extending (except for a little black pile on the middle of its posterior border) caudad to the cephalic margin of the scutellum. Scutellum with pure black pile. Disk of mesonotum bare, impunctate and polished. Meso- pleura, except for the yellow pile of dorsum slightly extending down below the level of the bases of the wings, black. Pile on the metapleura and propodeum black.

Abdomen with the pile on the first four dorsal segments entirely black, the fifth and sixth dorsal segments with a slight touch of light pile on their lat eral margins. Venter brownish-black. Hypopygium without a median carina.

Legs black, but with some light ferruginous short setae on tarsal segments. Corbicular fringes black. Hind metatarsi distinctly arcuate.

Wings very dark, with a slight violaceous reflection.

Length, 14 mm.; spread of wings, 31 mm.; width of abdomen at second segment, 7 mm.

Morphotype worker, Oregon. (Collector, C. F. Baker.) De- posited in the collection of the United States National IMuseum.

Male. Face with pure yellow pile below and with intermixed black and whitish-yellow pile above the articulation of the antermae. Occiputal orbits mostly with dark pile, but that on posterior portion somewhat yellowish, coarsely and densely punctate. Occiput with a triangular jiatch of pure light yellow pile. Malar space slightly longer than its width at articulation of mandible, about one-half as long as greatest width of and one-fourth length of the eye. Ocelli situated just above the narrowest part of the vertex; lateral ocelli as far distant from each other as from the inner margin of the eye. Flagellum about two and two-thirds times as long as the scape; third and fifth antennal segments subequal in length, the fourth nuich shorter than either.

THEODORfc H. PRISON 315

Thorax with dorsal cephalic portion covered with pure yellow pile, the yellow pile extending (except for a little black pile on the middle of its posterior border) caudad to the cephalic margin of the scutellmn. Scutelkmi with pure black pile. Disk of the mesonotum bare, impunctate and polished. Mesopleura, except for the yellow pile of dorsum slightly extending down below the level of the bases of the wings, black. Metapleura and propodeum with black pile.

Abdomen with pile on the first four dorsal segments entirely black; fifth, sixth and seventh segments with anterior portion black and posterior portion (particularly the sixth and seventh segments) a pale brownish-yellow. Venter brownish-black, with light pile particularly noticeable on the posterior margins of the second, third and fourth segments. Genitalia of the same general type as in the other members of the Terrestris group (Radoszkowski) in the United States.

Legs mostly black, but with a large number of short ferruginous setae on the tarsal segments and a slight amount of long light pile on the trochanters and hind femora. Outer aspect of hind tibia slightly convex, smooth, polished; corbicular fringes black, slightly tinged with ferruginous at distal ends.

Wings very dark, with a slight violaceous reflection.

Length, 15 mm.; spread of wings, 35 mm.; width of abdomen at second segment, 7.5 mm.

Allotype. — male, Oregon. (Collector, C. F. Baker.) Depos- ited in the collection of the United States National Museum.

The discovery of the male and the worker castes of Br emus franklini Prison confirms my previous supposition, based on the characters presented by the queen, that this species is a member of the Teirestr is Group (Radoszkowski) and most closely related to Bremiis occidentalis Greene. It may readily be separated from the latter species, as pointed out in Entomological News of 1921,2 by the marked differences in the color pattern of the thorax, api- cal abdominal segments, whitish-yellow pile of the occiput, vio- laceous wings and darker corbicular fringes. Though Bremus franklini was described from Arizona, I am regarding the male and worker described here as being this species on the Isasis of the close agreement in structural and colorational characters. The absence of specimens of this species in the very large series of lniml)lel)ees I have examined in various collections, indicates that Bremu.-; franklini is one of our rarer species of this witlely distributed genus.

Bremus kirbyellus (Curtis).

In 1902, Ashmead in the Proceedings of the Washingtcm Acad- emy of Sciences described two male 1)uml)lebees under the name

2 Page 48.

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316 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

of Psithyrus kodiakensis. Since that time the true status of this species has remained in doubt and has caused considerable confusion. Franklin in 1912 considered P. kodiakejisis as the male of Breynus kvncaidii, described by Cockerell from the Pribilof Islands, in 1898. In a recent paper on the "Hymenop- terous Insects of the Family Bremidae from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska," 1921, I questioned the correctness of the synonymy as given by Franklin, based on the geographical distribution of the two forms in question, and the lack of additional records for kincaidii in Alaska. In a still later paper in the Entomological News for 1922, 1 reported on a study of the male of kincaidii from a specimen collected on St. Paul Island of the Pribilof Group. As there is every evidence to believe that only one species of bumblebee occurrs on the Pribilof Islands, this specimen was extremely valuable to me from a comparative standpoint. More recently still I have made a detailed study of the paratype male of kodiakensis and drawings of the claspers of the type male, and compared these with a male of kincaidii from the Pribilof Islands. Both the type and paratype males prove to be kirby- ellus (Curtis), a species of common occurrence in Alaskan col- lections, and therefore kincaidii is still to be considered as endemic to the Pribilof Islands. Dr. G. Dallas Hanna even presents evidence to show that the latter species is "confined solely to St. Paul Island of the Pribilof Group." I know of no other species of bumblebee with such a restricted distri])ution. Confusion concerning the true status of what Ashmead named kodiakensis has been due, no doul)t, to the fact these specimens are somewhat aberrant in color from the usual type of kirbyclhis. Structural differences are available, however, in this instance for a correct conception of the species. Lutz and Cockerell in their recent check-list also deem it probable that kodiakensis is synonymous with kirhyellus and not kincaidii.

C. Changes in Nomenclature and Synonymy based prin- cipally ON A Study of Specimens and Types in the Collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Ameri- can Entomological Society

Bretuus polaris (Curtis) and hyperboreus (Schonherr)

In the Proceedings of (he Academy of Natural Sciences for 1892, Mr. William J. Fox pul)lished a report on some Ilymenop-

Theodore ii. prison 317

tera collected in West Greenland. In this paper B. nivalis (Dahlbom), B. hyperboreus (Schonherr), B. derhatneUu.s (Illiger) and Bremus species are recorded. A careful study of tliese speci- mens establishes the fact that all of them belong to two species, hyperboreus and polari.s (Curtis). Lutz and Cockerell (1921) wrongly placed under B. Jrigidufi (F. Smith) Fox's record for derhameUus from Greenland. Franklin undoubtedly over- looked this record as he makes no mention of the same. Ac- cordingly, the specific name derhameUus, which apphes to a European species not a member of our fauna, can be stricken from our American list. The record of nivalis by Fox was doubtfully considered by Franklin, in 1912, as pertaining to kirbyellus, but all of the specimens studied by Fox belong to polaris with t.he exception of the specimens of hyperboreus. The results of my study of these Greenland species is quite in keeping with my opinion that only two species of bumblebees occur in Greenland, namely, hyperboreus and polaris. The European references to kirbyellus as present in Greenland prob- ably all refer to polaris. Whether the form w^e call kirbyellus trom the northern regions and high altitudes, and which has a more westerly distribution than polaris, is identical with the species listed by the same name in Siberia and northern Europe remains for future solution.

Bremus edwardsii (Cresson) and bifarius (Cresson)

In his monograph of the bumblebees, in 1912, Franklin placed B. bifarius (Cresson) in the synonymy of B. edwardsii (Cresson). A thorough study of the lectotype worker of edwardsii from California, as well as several workers and allotypes from the same locality, prove this to be the form Franklin described as new under the name of B. fernaldi. The name edwardsii should therefore be the name used for the species redescribed by Frank- lin, as it has priority. Likewise, because of this change, the name bifarius must be adopted for the species Franklin lists as edwardsii.

Several characters are present in the lectotype worker of edwardsii which prohibit it from being considered the same as Cresson's type of bifaiius. The ])()sterior border of the ])lack l)and Ix'tween the wings is straight. \\w corbicular fringes are black, Ihe malar space is i)ro])ortioiially longer than in bifarius,

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318 isroTtes on bumblSbeSs

and there is a slight difference in the shape of the hind meta- tarsus. The points of difference just stated are the points of difference existing between FrankHn's fernaldi and what he calls edwardsii. It is also desirable to add that the allotype males of edwardsii have longer antennae than do males of bifarius and that they exhibit also a slight difference in the form of the geni- talia. This difference in the length of the antennae is also ap- parent in Franklin's description oi fernaldi and edwardsii. There is a variety of bifarius which closely resembles what must now be called edwardsii { = fernaldi Franklin), which was described as nearcticus by Handlirsch in 1888. Undoubtedly this has been the cause of the present confusion. It is very probable that Cresson mixed the variety nearcticus of bifarius with bis own species edwardsii, as he gives the distribution of edwardsii as California and Colorado. I have never seen a specimen of true edwardsii from Colorado. In this connection it may be noted that Fowler listed edwardsii from California, and that Franklin later considered this record as pertaining to his species fernaldi. In the light of the present evidence, Fowler determined this species correctly.

Bremus flavifrons (Cresson)

A study of the lectotype male and paratype male of B. flavi- frons (Cresson), both of which bear the label "R. A." (Russian America), shows that neither specimen is the same as the spe- cies now going by the name of flavifrons and answering the description of that species as redescribed by Franklin in 1912. Instead, these specimens are males of B. pleura Us (Nylander). Both these last-named species and B. centralis (Cresson) are very closely related, but sufficiently distinct to be considered as species. The presence of a definite black band between the wings is a decided characteristic of pleuraUs, as well as the ])ure 3^ellow character of the pubescence anterior to the black thoracic band. On specimens which I consider to be males of flavifrons, the anterior dorsal part of the thorax bears a mixture of l)lack and yellow pubescence; thus agreeing in this res])ect with the queens and workers of the same species. The ])araty])e male also has a considerable amou^it of ferruginous ])ubescen('e on the fifth dorsal segment, a condition which occurs in a male

Theodore h. frison 310

variety of pleuralis from Alaska. The specimens described as alaskensis and dimidiatus by Ashmead in his report on the Hymenoptera taken by the Harriman Alaskan Expedition in 1902 are, as stated by Franklin, the species called flavlfrons. I wish, however, to recognize Ashmead's name dimidiatus as a varietal name for the specimens of this species lacking ferruginous pubescence on the third and fourtii dorsal alxlominal segments.

The fact that the male selected as the lectotype of flavifrons belongs to another species is unfortunate, but does not offer sufficient grounds for considering y/ay?/ro/;.s as synonymous with pleuralis. Cresson's original description of the queen oi flavifrons in 1863, certainly applies to the species we have been calling flavifrons. His description of the male, which follows the de- scriptions of the queen and worker, indicate, however, that it was based upon specimens of pleuralis. As there is no means of proving that the lectotype and paratype males ])earing the label "R. A." are from the type locality, "Ft. Youcon, Arctic America," it is advisable to retain the name flavifrons.

The determinations of males Ijelonging to the above species has been a constant source of perplexity to persons engaged in the determination of bumblebees. In this connection it seems well to note that the presence of a sharply defined black band on the dorsum of the tliorax ])etween the wings in a male of this complex denotes pleuralis; a mixture of black and yellow pu- bescence on the anterior dorsal portion of the thorax, flavifrons; dorsum of thorax mostly pure yellow, except for a very poorly defined black band between wings, centralis; and sitkensis as descril)ed by Franklin. The length of the malar space in all castes is longer in flavifrons than in centralis.

A study of two cotype workers of B. and)iguus (Franklin) convinces me that amhiguus is merely a slight color variety of flavifrons. The malar space in both cotyi)es is considerably longer than the length of the malar space in specimens of sitkensis (Nylander), thus agreeing in this res[)ect with flavifrons. Franklin considered amhiguus as most closely allied to sitkensis. It is to be noted also that the pubescence of ambiguus is short, another attribute oi flavifrons. In sitkensis the pubescence is

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320 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

very long and shaggy. The arrangement of the setal punctures about the ocelli also bears out the view of the closer affinity of amhiguus with flavifrons as compared with sitkensis, in fact so closely do the two agree that I consider amhiguus to be but a color variety of flavifrons.

Studies of representatives of all North American species of the Pratorum Group show that centralis, flavifrons, pleuralis and sitkensis form a small complex of their own within this large, quite generally distributed group.

Bremus americanorum (Fabricius)

There has been repeated discussion concerning what species of bumblebee DeGeer described, in 1773, by the name pennsylvan- icus. Franklin came to the conclusion that americanorum, of Fabricius (1775) was synonymous with pennsylvanicus, the latter having priority. The correctness of this interpretation has recently been questioned by Robertson (1920) and ameri- canorum is the name now used by Lutz and Cockerell (1920). A careful study of DeGeer's description and figure, and the arguments pro and con, convinces me that DeGeer described the species we are now calling /ery{rf?/s. The fact that the scutellum is stated by DeGeer to be yellow, and is so illustrated, is an ar- gument in favor of ■pennsylvanicus being synonymous with ferv'idus. Franklin has called attention to this, but adds that such a condition is sometimes found in specimens of auricomus (Robertson) and americanorum. This, however, is the exception and not the rule. The same type of argument on the basis of color characters might be used to refute some of the views ad- vanced by Franklin that the species is not fervidus. In De- Geer's description he stated in one place that the abdomen is entirely yellow above, except at its extremity where the last segments are black. If the yellow pubescence of the abdomen was restricted to but a portion of the first and the entire second and third dorsal abdominal segments, why such a statement as this? Franklin says the figure "represents a female with the black pile running up on the mesoplcura nearly to the level of the bases of the wings," and accordingly the species can not be fervidus. It seems to me that the figure shows the basal seg- ments of the legs drawn up rather closely to the body, and as

THEODORE H. PRISON 321

these are black the true color of the mesoph^ura is obliterated, and instead the black of the legs is depicted. I see no more justification for assuming DeGeer's species to be aun'comus than for calling it pennsylvanicus.

However, because of the fact that there is no ai)solute certainty as to which species pennsylvanicus refers, without recourse to the type, I have adopted the term americanorum for what Franklin calls pe?ins7jhanicus. This is the position taken by Lutz and Cockerell," as the identity of the latter [petuisylvonicus] is too uncertain."

Psithyrus fernaldae Franklin

A\'hen Franklin first described this species of Fsifhyni.s, in 1911, he described also in the same article a male of Psithyrus by the name tricolor. At this time Franklin thought it very probable that tricolor was the male oi fernaldnc , as ho says "I am strongly of the opinion that fernaldae is the female of tricolor.'' There were several reasons for this assumption. In the first i)laGe, both tricolor and fernaldae were in many ways structurally unique among the other Psithyrus. In both cases the opposite sex was unknown, a condition which might readily be interpreted to in- dicate that they were the same species, but opposite sexes. Again, the distribution of tricolor and ferunldac corrcspond(Hl in many places. In some localities, however, one form was known and not the other, and Franklin ]iarticularly stresses the fact that 'tricolor has been taken in Colorado while fernaldae has not." Recently I found a specimen of P. fernaldae from Color- ado in a collection of bumblebees sent me for study by Mr. H. L,_ Viereck. This specimen was colle( ted at Duck Lake, (Irant, Colorado, on July 17, 191(5, at ;in allifude of 1 1 ,000 fVot, by Mr. L. (). Jackson. In view of this record and the adiHtioual ones given in another i)art of this jjajier, it seems advisabh' to drop the name tricolor and consider this mah' as the o])])osite sex oi fernaldae.

Psithyrus insularis ( F. Smith)

In 1920, Bequaert listed both /'. insularis and /■". considtus Fraidvlin, from Alaska. In this connection the statement of Franklin that cojisnJtus" is most i)robal'l.\' the male of J^. in- sularis'' was mentioned. In 19b"), Shiden published a siiort

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322 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

article recording the capture of P. insularis in a nest of Brenius flavifrons (Cresson). As males of P. consultus were found in this nest, ample evidence was provided that consultus was the male of insularis. Lutz and Cockerell (1921) have wisely dropped the name consultus and list under insularis all records referring to the former species.

Psithyrus variabilis (Cresson)

A specimen contained in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia presents evidence that P. hicolor Cockerell is but a color variety of P. imriahilis (Cresson). The specimen in question is a female and was collected on June 16, 1902, at Cloudcroft, New Mexico, by H. L. Viereck. This speci- men will run to hicolor in Franklin's key to the females of Psithy- rus, because of the presence of some yellow pubescence on the fourth dorsal abdominal segment. According to the descriptions of hicolor and variabilis the only difference between them is that the former has some yellow pubescence on the dorsum of the abdomen. Cockerell's description was based on one female. It is interesting to note that this female was collected at Rociada, New Mexico, and has never been found elsewhere. Males of variahilis very frequently possess a considerable amount of yellow pubescence on the dorsum of the abdomen. I have also seen females of variabilis from Illinois which had a slight amount of yellow pubescence on the dorsum of the abdomen. The fact that I can find no structural difference between this specimen from New Mexico and variahilis, convinces me that hicolor is merely a color variety of variahilis.

D. A New Species from Borneo

Bremus f olsomi new species

Queen. Face, occiput and cheeks with brownish-black pile. Lubrum moderately punctate; tuben-le-like areas large, slightly shagrccned, with the space between them equal to the length of the second flagellar segment; shelf- like i)rojection broad; pile on anterior margin bright golden in color. Man- dible distinctly four-toothed, the fourth tooth, however, much less developed than the others; setae on the distal portion between the longitudinal ridges very short, dense and bright golden in color, that on the lower pro.ximal portion very long and of the same color as the short setae. Clypeus with numerous small punctures on the disk, and large scattered punctures mixed

THEODORE H. FRISON 323

with smaller ones on the lateral, dorsal and anterior portions. Malar space slightly shorter than its width at articulation of mandibles, about two-thirds the greatest width of and one-fourth the length of the eye. Ocelli situated slightly above the narrowest part of the vertex; lateral ocelli almost as far distant from each other as from inner margin of eye; area between lateral ocelli and eyes polished, impunctate except for a very few small punctures near inner margin of eye. Flagellum about twice as long as the scape; third antennal segment somewhat longer than the fifth, the fifth slightly longer than the fourth.

Entire dorsum and pleura of thorax, except for the small polished and impunctate disk, covered with moderately long tawny-yellow pile.

Abdomen with the first dorsal segment yellow, the pile being short and sparse on the middle portion; second dorsal segment with dull ferruginous pile on the sides and yellow in the middle; third, fourth and fifth dorsal segments with dull ferruginous pile; sixth dorsal segment with short brownish- black pile. Venter with golden and browTi pile fringing posterior margins of the segments. Hy popygium w ithout a median carina.

Legs black, but with the pile on the ventral surfaces of the femora and a portion of the tibiae dull golden or ferruginous. Corbicular fringes both on the dorsal and ventral margins bright ferruginous. Hind metatarsi distinctly arcuate.

Wings pale brown, the nervurcs distinctly outlined in darker brown.

Length, 20 mm.; spread of wings, 39 mm.; width of abdomen at second segment, 10 mm.

Holotype. — queen, Kina Balu, British North Borneo.

The holotype, No. 10542, is in the collection of the Acadenn^ of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Bremus folsomi is the first species of l)uni])lel)ee to he found in Borneo. The discovery of a species of this genus at Kina Balu, however, is not surprising as bumblebees are known from Java, Sumatra and the Philippine Islands (Luzon, Mindanao and Negros).

I name this species for my friend Dr. J. W. I'\)lsom, who first interested me in the study of the bumbk^bees and has assisted me in many ways.

E. New Distributional Records

The following new <listril)ut ioual records, uidess otherwise noted, are based upon specimens contained in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia antl the American Entomological Society.

1. Bremus terricola (Kirl)y). Monlana, one queen. Not previously recorded from the United States west of North

TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

324 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

Dakota. The presence of this species in Montana is not sur- prising when the records of its distribution in North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are considered.

2. Brenms affinis (Cresson). Virginia, one queen and seven workers; West Virginia, two workers and two males; Illinois, one male. Franklin lists this species from Virginia and West Virginia in his geographical table, but it is not clear from his remarks whether it had actually been found there. In 1919, the writer expressed the view this species would be found in Illinois. The existence of this male confirms this supposition and makes a total of sixteen Bremidae now recorded from Illinois.

3. Bremus affinis var. novae-angliae (Bequaert). West Vir- ginia, one male; Grandfather Mt., North Carolina, one male, September 11, 1908, 2500-3000 feet altitude (Z. P. Metcalf). The occurrence of this variety in these two states is interesting, as the variety was formerly only known from Massachusetts and New York.

4. Bremus borealis (Kirby). Volga, South Dakota, two workers.

5. Bremus vosnesenskii (Radoszkowski). Montana, one queen. This is a very small specimen.

6. Bremus perplexus (Cresson). Illinois, one worker. Listed by myself, in 1919, from Illinois on the basis of the record fur- nished me by the late Mr. O. S. Westcott. This is the first specimen of this species I have seen from Illinois.

7. Bremus ter^iarius (Say). Montana, one queen. This species has been repeatedly confused with B. huntii (Greene) in the western states, but the present specimen is without doubt ternarius. The fact that ternarius is also known from the Dakotas, Saskatchewan and Alberta helps ex))lain tlu> distri- bution in the present instance.

8. Bremus frigidus (F. Smith). Thunderhead Mountain, 6,000 ft. altitude, Blount County, Tennessee, one female, August 4, (H. A. Pilsbry). This species presents a very scattered distribution and is evidently one of the rar(>r forms throughout its rang(;.

THEODORE H. FRISON 325

9. Bremus vagans yar. sanrfersom (Franklin). Baraga County, Michigan, one queen, July 20, 1903, (Morgan Hebard) ; Pequa- ming, Michigan, one queen, July 3, 1903, (Morgan Hebard).

10. Bremus americanorum (Fabricius). Nova Scotia, four queens.

11. Bremus auricomus (Robertson). Volga, South Dakota, two queens and one worker; Georgia, one queen; Miami, Florida, one worker, (P. Laurent).

12. Bremus nevadensis (Cresson). Condor, Oregon, one queen, July 5, 1899.

13. Bremus fraternus (F. Smith). Volga, South Dakota, one worker.

14. Bremus morrisoni (Cresson). Trego County, Kansas, three workers, July 12, 1912 (Williams). Specimens in the col- lection of the University of Kansas.

15. Bremus impatiens (Cresson). Douglas County, Kansas, two workers, October, (F. H. Snow) ; Douglas County, Kansas, one queen. May; Lawrence County, Kansas, one queen. May 5, 1911, (F. X. WilHams). All specimens in the collection of the University of Kansas. Mr. E. S. Tucker recorded B. impatiens by the name B. virginicus from Lawrence, Kansas, in 1909, as listed by Liitz and Cockerell (1921). Franklin apparently overlooked this record. The present records are given merely to substantiate the occurrence in Kansas of this species.

16. Bremus him aculatus (Cresson). Chatauqua County, Kan- sas, one queen and three workers, 1916, (Beamer); Douglas County, Kansas, four workers, July 5-August 12, 1919, (Hoff- man); Douglas County, Kansas, fifteen males, July 29-30, 1919, (Hoffman). Specimens in the collection of the L^niversity of Kansas.

17. Psithyrus insularis (F. Smith). Duluth, St. Louis ( 'ounty, Minnesota, two males, August 0-8, 1912, (Witmer Stone); Shore of Keweenaw Bay, Pequaming, ^Michigan, one queen, July 9, 1903, (:Morgan He])ard); Regua, California, one male, September 10, 1920, (C. D. Duncan).

18. Psithyrus Jernaldae Franklin. Pcniuaming, ^Michigan, one male, August 8, 1903, (Morgan Hel)ar(l); Point Ab])aye, :\Iichi- gan, one male, August 4, 1903, (Morgan Hebard) ; Point Abbaye, Michigan, one male, July 31, 1903, (Morgan Hebard) ; Clingman

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

326 NOTES ON BUMBLEBEES

Dome, Blount County, Tennessee, August 4, altitude 6,000 feet, (H, A. Pilsbry); Corvallis, Oregon, one male; New Mexico, one male; Virginia, seven males; Massachusetts, one male.

19. Psithyrus variabilis var. bicolor Cockerell. Cloudcroft, New Mexico, one queen, June 16, 1902, (H. L. Viereck).

MORGAN HEBAKD 32"

STUDIES IN THE MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA (ORTHOPTERA)

BY MORGAN HEBARD

The present paper represents tlie third of our studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Panama. ^ That section dealing with the I^attidae required more general discussion and revision- ary treatment, due to the larger percentage of undescribed forms among the one hundred and six species now known- to occur in the region. The sources of the material for the present studies, acknowledgements, a brief discussion of the character of the country, and a map showing the localities where the material in question was taken, were therefore published in that pa])cr.

In the first section of the present study the Alantidae are treated, the collection again showing a high percentage of ihe forms known from Panama. We are less fortunate, however, in the second section, which deals with the Phasmidae, as but sixteen species are represented, twenty-four other species having been reported from this region. This decided deficiency, in collections otherwise highly representative, is probably due in part to the close resemblance of many walking-sticks to their surroundings and their slow habit of movement, in part to the fact that many live in the twigs and vine tangles of the forest, where beating is most difficult and, as a rule, unproductive in those orders of insects which were particularly sought by the collectors of the greater portion of the material before us.

In this paper two hundred antl eight Panamanian specimens are treated, two new genera and four new species being de- scri1)ed.

' The other papers are:

"A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Dermaptera of Panama," Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xlhi, pp. 301-:3:i4, (1917).

"The Blattidae of Panama," Mem. .\in. Ent. Soc., no. 4, pp. 1-148, (1920).

2 The small series, personally collected in 1920 and reported on during the following year (Ent. News, xxxii, pp. 1(')1-1()9), increased the total by three species.

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

328 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

All material collected by Biisck, Jennings and Schwarz belongs to the United States National Museum, all collected by Harrower and Hebard to the author's collection.

MANTIDAE

Of the twenty-three species and one geographic race which we recognize as valid, now known from Panama, eighteen are represented in the one hundred and forty-nine specimens here recorded. Those not included are:^ PhyUomantis laurifolia Saussure (Mantinae), Tauromantis chain pioni (Saussure and Zehntner) (Mantinae), Acontiothespis cordillerae (Saussure) (" Acontistinae"), Acontiothespis cordillerae vitrea (Saussure and Zehntner) (" Acontistinae"), Antemna rapax Stal (Epaphroditi- nae) and Votes pecti^iicornis Stal (Vatinae).

We have followed the arrangement of Giglio-Tos, feeling that, though 1)y no means final, it is a decided improvement over any previous classification. That author's concept of genera and species, however, is extremely unsatisfactory.

One new genus is described, but no new genera or species are represented in the material here recorded. The Mantidae is undoubtedly the smallest of the families of Orthoptera in Panama.

Eremiaphilinae

Mantoida maya Saussure and Zehntner

1894. Mantoida maya Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, p. 125, pi. X, figs. 26 and 27. [ 9 ; Temax, Yucatan, [Mexico].]

Rio Trinidad, Panama, III, 14, 1912, (A. Busck), Id^.

The colorless stigma and immaculate limbs are given as characters to distinguish this species, known from Sinaloa, Yucatan and southern Plorida, from the very closely allied South American M. fulgidipennis Westwood.

The measurements of this male, are: length of body, 15; length of pronotum, 2.1; length of tegmen, 14.5; greatest teg- minal width, 3.2; length of caudal tibia, 5.7; length of caudal metatarsus, 2.4 mm.

' All but Antemna rapax, however, are at present represented in the Phila- delphia Collections.

MORGAN HEBAKD 329

PSEUDOMIOPTERYGINAE

Pseudomiopteryx infuscata Saussure and Zehntncr

1S94. Pseudortiioj)teryx infuscata Saussure and Zehntncr, Biol. Cent.-Anicr., Orth., I, p. 163, pi. IX, figs. 10, 11 and 12. [c^: Presidio and Cordova, Mexico; San Juan in Vera Paz, Las Mercedes, Volcan de Atitlan and Zapotc, Guatemala; Chontales, Nicaragua; Bugaba, Caldera and Volcan dc Chiriqui, Panama.]

Gold Hill, Canal Zone, Panama, XI, 14, 1913, (Hebard; from dead leaves on ground under bushes heavily overgrown with a dense tangle of vines), 1 juv. cf .

As we have already stated,'* infu.scafa may i^rove to be a synonym, or at best a geographic race, of P. bogotensis Saussure, described from Colombia. Additional series of both sexes are needed before more can be said.

MUSONIA St&l

As has been pointed out by Kehn,^ the type of Musonia was first selected by that author as surinama, and as a result, Giglio- Tos' Promusonia, having surinama as genotype, is an absolute synonym of Musonia.

The species assigned by Giglio-Tos to what he incorrectly considered Musonia {conspei'sa (Saussure) and major Saussure and Zehntner) form a generic unit, differing from Musonia as properly restricted in the features given below. To this genus we give the name Macromusonia, designating the genotype as Macromiisonia [Musonia\ major (Saussure and Zehntner).*^ We believe that major is very probably a synonym of conspersa, but until the type of that species is examined, this will be difficult to decide.

A. Size small, very elongate, juxta-ocular portions of vertex only slightly convex and raised above median portion. Cephalic tibiae with ventro-internal margin armed with eight spines, of which the first to fourth and fifth to eighth form two series regularly increasing in size distad, the fifth being decidedly

4 Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xlv, p. i:i4, l<)li). 6 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 191S, p. Iti7, footnote 21, (1918). * We have selected major as genotype, as that species alone is fully described and figured.

TUANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIll.

330 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

shorter than the fourth; ventro-external margin armed with five spines, of which the first is well separated from the others, the first four rather small but increasing regularly in size distad, the fifth very large. Musonia Stal

A A. Size large, very elongate, juxta-ocular portions of vertex well raised and angulato-convex. Cephalic tibiae with ventro-' internal margin armed with eight spines, regularly increasing in size distad, except that the fifth is very slightly shorter than the fourth; ventro-external margin armed with five spines, the interval between the first and second being only slightly greater than the succeeding intervals, the first four spines very small and increasing only slightly in size distad, the fifth very large.

Macromusonia new genus

We note that Macromusonia is very closely related to Para- musonia Rehn, of which cubensis (Saussure) is the type. That genus differs only in having the vertex with dorsal margin convex between the eyes and therefore more elevated mesad than elsewhere (in Musonia and Macromusonia the dorsal mar- gin of the vertex is transverse between the raised juxta-ocular portions) and with no juxta-ocular elevation, while the cephalic tibiae have the ventro-internal margins armed with eleven to twelve spines which increase regularly in size distad.^

Musonia surinama (Saussure)

1869. Th[espis] surinama Saussure, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., in, p. 70.

[cf, Surinam.] 1894. Musonia femorala Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amcr., Orth.,

I, p. 166, pi. X, figs. 20 and 21. [ 9 ; Chontales, Nicaragua.] 1911. M[ionyx] fuscescens Chopard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, lxxx, p. 333.

[cf , 9 ; St. Laurent, La Forestiere and Nouveau-Chantier, French Guiana.]

After careful comparison of the numerous females of this species before us, with the original description of fcmorata Saussure and Zehntner, we find so exact agreement that we are ol)liged to place that name in the present synonymy. It is posHi])]e that the type specimen may have ])een incorrectly labelled, as the species is not represented in (lie large Costa Rican series before us, though we have a male lalx'iled "Central America," collected by the Kev. T. Heyde.

^ Comparison is niade with material of cubensis in the Philadt'lphia Collec- tions, from Cuba.

MORGAN HEBARD 331

Through the kindness of its sponsor, a paratj'pic male of fuscescens Chopard, from St. Laurent du Alaroni, P>ench Guiana, is in the author's collection. Comparison satisfies us of the synonymy of this name as well. Specimens in the series here recorded are in every way similar, the general darkening being slight and representing merely a weak intensification of the normal coloration. In many species of the Mantidae, the difference between the extremes of recessive and intensive colora- tion are much greater.

Alhajuela, Panama, III, 8, to IV, 18, 1911 and 1912, (Husck; Zetek), 25 cf, (7 intensive in coloration, 2 moderately so).

Paris Field, Cristo])al, Canal Zone, Pan., VII, 7, 1920, (Hebard), Id^.

Zone limit, five miles west of Empire, C. Z., Pan., XI, 14, 1913, (Hebard; among dead palm fronds, opening in jungle), 19, (moderately intensive in coloration).

Gold Hill, C. Z., Pan., IX, 14, 1913, (Hebard), Id"; 1912, (Zetek), Id", [Hebard Cln.]. . Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., I, 19 to IV, 24, 1911, (Busck), 3cr^.

Corozal, C. Z., Pan., Ill, 12 and 25, 1911, (Busck), 4d^, 1 9 , (Icf moderately intensive in coloration).

Ancon, C. Z., Pan., (Jennings), Icf; 1912, (Zetek), Icf, [Hebard Cln.]; XI, 12 and 16, 1913, (Hebard; climbing about in short grass and low vines in semi-open areas), 2cf , 2 9.

La Chorrera, Pan., V, 17, 1912, (Busck), 19, (strongly intensive in coloration).

Though the size variation is considerable, the extremes here measured are connected up by a complete gradation in the large series at hand.

Length of Length of Circatest Lcngtli of Width of cf body pronotuin width of tcgnien tegmen

I>ronotiim

AllKijucIa 23.2 5.7 l.;3 13.9 3.4

ruraiso 32.5 8 1.9 IS.S 4.3

Lcngtli of Length of Greatest Length of Length of 9 body i)ronotuni width of .siipra-anal eaudal

jji-onotuni plate metatarsus

Aneon 30.3 8.5 2.3 1.9 3.4

Near Empire 35 9.3 2.4 2 3.5

TKAXS. .\M. EXT. SOC, XLVHI.

332 MANTIDAE AND PASMIDAE OF PANAMA

The Species is common and widely distributed in Panama. It frequents grasses and vine tangles in the open, but usually near the jungle, and when approached scrambles about hastily, much as does the North American Oligonyx scudderi Saussure. It is apparently very widely distril^uted over northern South America, having been recorded from Colomljia, Venezuela, Dutch Guiana and French Guiana, while Chopard has recorded a specimen, referred to the synonymous Mionyx fuscescens, from the Gran Chaco, Argentina.

"Thespinae"8

Angela subhyalina (Chopard)

1913. Thespis subhyalina Chopard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, lxxxii, p. 754. [c?, 9 ; Mapiri, BoHvia.]

Porto Bello, Panama, II, 25, 1911, 1 9, [U. S. N. M.]; Ill, 2, 1911, (Busck), 1 juv. 9.

Gatun, Canal Zone, Pan., VIII, 6 to 22, 1916, (Harrower), 1 juv, &.

Rio Trinidad, Pan., Ill, 15 to 30, 1911, (Busck), 1 juv. c^.

The adult female before us, except for being somewhat larger and having the membranous anal area of the tegmina dark, agrees in all respects with the female described by Chopard. The end of the abdomen was missing in that specimen. In the present female the merest traces of meso-distal tuberculation are suggested on the three tergites preceding the triangular supra- anal plate. This plate is as long as its basal width, with lateral margins showing exceedingly faint convexity to the almost acute apex.

So closely does this insect resemble A. qidnqueinaculata (Olivier) that wel^elieve it may eventually be found to represent merely a depauperate, under-developed phase of that species. It differs only in the much weaker tuberculation of th(^ distal abdominal tergites, the non-denticulate margins of the pronotal collar in the male, the much shorter organs of flight in t he female and smaller size.

* This name falls, as Angela Servillc must be usimI for the genus incorrectly recognized by Giglio-Tos as Thespis. The genus Thcspis as correctly limited belongs to the eighth of Giglio-Tos' subfamilies and, as a result, no name is available for this, the ninth. We believe, however, that the present is an artificial grouji, not even representing a cohesive scries of genera aud, tliere- lore, do not propose a name to take the place of the "Thespinae."

MORGAN HEBARD 333

Length of body, 99.3; length of pronotum, 43.7; length of pronotal collar, 7.7; length of tegmen, 12; greatest tegminal width, 3.7; length of wing, 11.2; length of cercus, 4.8; width of cercus, 2 mm.

Oligonicinae Thrinaconyx futnosus Saussure and Zehntner

1S94. Thrinacotiyx fumosus Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 179, pi. X, figs. 4 to 10. [cf ; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.]

Porto Bello, Panama, VIII, 18 to 22, 1916, (Harrower), 1 9.

Alhajuela, Pan., IV, 8, 1911, (Busck), 1 juv. o^ ; IV, 18, 1911, (Busck), 1 cf .

Rio Trinidad, Pan., V, 4, 1911 and VI, 6, 1912, (Busck), 1 cf , 1 9.

The female of this species was previously unknown. We note the following features for the specimen from Porto Bello.

Similar to male except as follows. Apterous. Size no larger, form slightly heavier except that the abdomen is decidedly heavier, this greatest meso-distad. Head slightly broader, ver- tex with dorsal margin less concave l)etween the eyes, very weakly concave, with sulci weak; ocelli present but only half as large, the ventral ocellus with dorsal margin not acutely pro- duced, as is the case in the male. Facial scutellum with height about two-fifths basal width as in male, convex dorsal margin not as distinct. Pronotum with surface and margins heavil}' den- tate-tu])erculate. Cephalic coxae with cephalic margin bc^iring nine distinct denticulations, the lateral margins with more nu- merous l)ut not as heavy denticulations, caudal surface irregularly denticulate, all of these the bases of minute, microscoi)ic hairs. Armament of cephalic femora and tibiae as in male but slightl}^ heavier, the larger til)ial spines all distinctly denticulato-serrulate under the lens. Supra-anal plate short, shield-shaped, length three-quarters of proximal width, medio-longitudinallj^ carinate, lateral margins moderately convex-convergent to the rather sharply rounded apex; in male similar l)ut with apex broadlj^ roundiMl. Cerci very short, stout proximad, tapering decidedly to the terminal joint whicli is very slender and elongate; shorter and iieavier i)roximad, with terminal joint more elongate than

THANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

334

MANTIDAE AND PHASMlDAE OF PANAMA

in male. Caudal metatarsus nearly twice combined length of succeeding joints.

The cephalic tibiae are dark brown, distinctly tri- annulate with buffy, these colors being carried on to the distal portion of the femora, adjacent when the limbs are flexed, and contrasting strongly with the remaining internal portions of the femora and coxae, which are rich tawny. The other limbs are also decidedly annulate. This is also true for the additional female and immature male at hand. The adult males, however, have these features less strongly defined, the markings on the cephalic femora and tibiae being almost completely obscured.

Measurements (in millimeters)

Length of Length of Greatest Length of Width of Cr body pronotiim width of tegnien tegmen

pronotum

Alhajuela 12.7 3.4 1.3 10.8 3.7

Rio Trinidad 12.5 3.4 1.3 10.7 3.9

Length of Length of Greatest Length of Length of ? body pronotum width of caudal caudal

pronotum tibia metatarsus

PortoBello 11.4 3.9 1.7 4.8 2.3

Rio Trinidad 12.1 4.1 1.7 5.2 2.G

Pseudomusonia^ lineativentris (Stal)

1877. M{usoitia] lineativentris St&l, Bill, till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand).

V, no. 10, p. 66. [cf , Colombia.) 1894. Mionyx saevus Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i,

p. 167, pi. X, figs. 12 to 14. [cf; Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.]

Though the only Colombian specimen before us is immature, the series at hand agrees so closely in all charactei\s of real specific value that we feel fully justified in indicating the above synonymy. This series, however, shows the species to be subject to very decided size and color variation. As a result the very dark examples have a decidedly different facies from the i)aler individuals, while in the smallest specimens the tegmina are not only reduced in proportion but show no widening meso-ilistad.

Porto Bello, Panama, II, 19 to V, 'A, 1!)1 1, (Busck), 1 d', 3 9 ; II, 21, 1911, (Schwarz), 1 cf.

' Werner has proposed this generic name to take the place of Mionyx Saussure and Zehntner, preoccupied by Mionyx Cope, 1880, a genus of lizards Verh. K.-K. Zool.-Bot. Ces., Wien, lix, p. 78, (1909).

MORGAN IlEBARD 335

Paris Field, Cristobal, Canal Zone, Pan., VII, 7 and VIII, 18, 1920, (Hebard; in low wet area of palms, vines and brush, 3 at night), 2 cf , 2 9.

Gatun, C. Z., Pan., VIII, 6 to 22, 191G, (Harrower), 1 c^ ; (Jennings), 1 cf •

Paraiso, C. Z., Fan., I, 30, 1911, (Busck), 1 9.

Alhajuela, Pan., IV, 19, 1911, (Busck), 1 juv. 9.

In the male sex the following cephalic limb armament is found. Femora with four discoidal spines, ventro-external mar- gin with four moderately elongate spines, all genicular lobes with a very small conical spine, ventro-internal margin with the formula Iililiiil. Cephalic tibiae with ventro-external margin showing three minute and one large distal spine, the first separated a greater distance from the others than they are from each other; ventro-internal margin with six or seven spines, the first two or three minute, the next large, the next half as large, the last two very large and elongate, the last above the ventral margin and adjacent to the side of the apical claw. In the female this armament is similar except that the til)ial spines are microscopically serrulate and proportionately heavier, while the third spine from the end of the ventro-int(>rnal margin is scarcely a third as long as the preceding spine.

Compared with the male sex, females are seen to be decidedly larger and heavier and apterous. The ocelli are exceedingly minute, the pronotum with lateral margins v(M-y slightly more heavily denticulate, the supra-anal plate similarly medio- longitudinally carinate, linguliform, but slightly over twice as long as proximal width, instead of being less than twice as long as that dimension as found in the male.

Measurements {in millimeters)

Length of l)ody	Length of pronotum	Cireatest width of pronotum	Length of teg men	Proximo I width of teg men	Greatest distal width of togmen
Porto Bello	28.5	7.8	1.8	14.2	3	2.8
Porto Bello	29.3	8.1	2	15.2	3.2	3
Gatun ....		7.8	1.8	16.2	3.7	3.9
(iatun ....	34.8	8.9	1.8	19	3.7	4.4
Paris Field	31.7	8	1.8	18		4.1
Paris Field	35.6	9.3	1.9	18.7	3.7	4.3

TKANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVHI.

336 mantidae and phasmidae of panama

Length of Length of Greatest Length of Length of Length of 9 body pronotum width of tegmen caudal caudal

pronotuni tibia metatarsus

Porto Bello 42 12.3 2.7 — 9.9 3.6

Porto Bello 42 12.9 2.8 — 9.8 3.7

Porto Bello 44 12.8 2.7 — 9.9 3.7

Paris Field 88.7 12 2.5 — 9.3 3.2

Paris Field 41.8 12.4 2.7 — 10.1 3.5

Paraiso... 38 11.9 2.4 — 9.3 3.2

The present series shows plainly the very decided variation which occurs in the species. In the smaller individuals the less ample tegmina do not widen distad. Such disproportion is unusual within a species, but in the present case we are satisfied that it represents mere individual variation.

The recessive type of coloration in males is as follows. Yellow- ish, irregularly tinged and flecked with dark l)rown on the body. Tegmina and wings transparent, evenly and strongly tinged with sepia, the transverse veinlets, but not the veins, distinctly paler, weakly tinged with brown. Ventral surface of abdomen light brown, showing a weak and obscure medio-longitudinal line of darker brown. Cephalic tibiae yellowish, showing very broadly three obscure annuli of dark brown. Median and caudal femora immaculate greenish yellow, the tibiae and tarsi immaculate 3'ellowish. The individuals in the series before us show varyingly more intensive types to a condition which is very dark. The darkest male before us is dark brown in general coloration. Cephalic femora with two dorsal flecks of this color and cephalic tibiae obscurely tri-annulate with the same. Median and caudal limbs snuff brown, weakly suffused and flecked with darker brown, particularly at juncture of femora and tibiae. Tegmina and wings transparent, evenly and very strongly tinged with sepia, the veins sepia, the veinlets of the same color as the intervening areas, so that these organs are distinctly more uniform in coloration than in the recessive males, ^"entral surface very dark l)rown, of abdomen heavily overlaid witii blackish flecks and witii a much ()l)S('ured inedio-lougitudinal hne of black.

The females also vary considerably in ct)lorali()ii. One was a[)parently pale green in life, ;ui()ther is ligiit ochraceous-laAvny, one is ochraceous-buff spoiled wilh blackisji, one is sayal bi-owii

MORGAN IIEBARD 337

with 11 longitudinal line of dark brown on each side, running from l)ack of the head to the apex of the abdomen, while two are warm sepia heavily suffused with bone brown.

LiTURGUSINAE

Liturgusa cayennensis Saussure

1869. L[iturgusa] cayennensis Saussure, Mittheil. Schweizer Ent. Gcs., in, p. 62. [ 9 , Cayenne (= French Guiana).]

Porto Bello, Panama, III, 13, 1911, (Busck), 1 ootheea, 4 recently emerged juv.

Alhajuela, Pan., IV, 10, 1911, (Busck), 1 ootheea, 12 recently emerged juv.

Cabima, Pan., V, 17 to 29, 1911, (Busck), 1 d' , 1 9,2 juv., 1 ootheea.

Gatun, Canal Zone, Pan., 1913, (Zetek), 1 9, [Hel)ard Chi.].

Corozal, C. Z., Pan., XI, 17, 1913, (Hebard; on trunks of trees in clearing, much like Gonatista in actions, very rapid and alert), 19,2 juv.

The streaked tegmina and much shorter caudal tarsi serve to separate this insect from the more slender but generally similar L. onnulipes Serville.

The species of this genus live on the trunks of trees, when not in motion resting closely pressed to the bare surface. At such a time they blend astonishingly with their surroundings. Adults of the present species from Costa Rica, Panama and Trinidad agree closely in coloration of the tegmina, but a i)air from French Guiana are of a more reddish brown, with the series of short gray or graj'-green streaks on the principal veins missing. Such color variation would appear to be due to adaptation to immedi- ate environment.

The ootheea of this insect is a small, smooth, gourd-shaped receptacle, its neck curved upward and affording the only exit for the young. These at the time of emergence are slightly less than 4 mm. in length.

PlIOTININAK

Maeromantis ovalifolia (Stoll)

181.3. [Mantis] ovalifolia Stoll, Natuur. Afbeeld. Beschrj-v. Spookcn, etc., Spooken, ]). .58, pi. xix, fig. 72, register p. 78. [ 9 , no locality given.]

TK.WS. .\M. KNT. SOC, XLVHI.

338 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Rio Trinidad, Panama, III, 18, and V, 9, 1911, (Busck), 2 small juv.

Compared with Colombian and Brazilian adults,^" these im- mature individuals, only 24 and 26.5 mm. in length, agree closely in general form, the peculiar parallel sides of the pronotal supra-coxal expansion being distinctive. As in the adults, minute black flecks are found on the inner face of the cephalic trochanters and proximad on the same face of the cephalic fem- ora, while the first discoidal spine is also marked with black.

Choeradodinae

Choeradodis rhombicollis (Latreille)

1833. Mantis rhombicollis Latreille, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Obs. Zool.,

II, p. 103, pi. XXXIX, figs. 2 and 3. (No locality given.) ISSO. Choeradodis servillei Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), vi,

p. 161. [9 ; Cache, Costa Rica: juv.; Chiriqui, Panama.] 1882. Choeradodis brunneri Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, li,

pt. 2, p. 21. [ 9 ; Bogotd, New Granada (= Colombia).]

A series of twenty-four specimens now before us, representing localities from Nicaragua to Ecuador, are clearly referable to but a single species. This species varies somewhat in size, pronotal outline, tegminal width, and decidedly in the extent of the black spot at the unguicular sulcus on the internal surfaces of the cephalic femora. Differences in these features led Wood- Mason to describe servillei^^ and hrunneri. After comparison of the material at hand with the original descriptions, we do not hesitate to indicate the above synonymy. The individuals before us show many different gradations between the conditions which Wood-Mason believed to represent distinct species. ^^

Bocas del Toro, Panama, 1911, (Zetek), 2 cf , [Helmrd Collec- tion].

Porto Bello, Pan., II, 18, to V, 4, 1911, (Busclv), 2 d" , 1 large juv. 9 , 1 small juv.

'"Recorded and measured. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlv, p. 133, (1919).

" We have already stated that Saussure and Zehntner's separation of servillei and rhombicollis had no value. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlv, p. 130, (1919).

12 Kirby, in his catalogue, places rhombicollis of Wood-Mason and subse- quent authors (not of Latreille) under peruviana Serville, We do not believe he had sufficient evidence to warrant such action, but should it i)rove correct, peruviana also would fall as a synonym of rhombicollis (Latreille).

MORGAN HEBAKD 339

Cabima, Pan., V, 18 and 28, 1911, (Busck), 3 cf .

In the adult males before us the pronotal proportions vary as follows: median length, 21.4 to 22.5; greatest width, 26.9 to 31.8 mm.

Maktinae STAGMOMANTIS Saiissure

1869. Slagmomanlis Saussure, Mittheil. Schweizer Ent. Ges., ni, p. 5G. Genotype. — Gryllus cnrolinus Johansson.

1917. Stauromantis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, XLvni, p. 54. Genotype. — Stagmomantis theophila Rehn.

1917. Auromantis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, XLvni, p. 55. Geno- type.— Mantis limhata Hahn.

1917. Oromantis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, xlviii, p. 56. Geno- type.— Stagmomantis nakua Saussure.

1917. Uromantis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, XLvni, p. 56. Cicno- type. — Stagmomantis hcterogamia Saussure and Zehntner.

The four synonyms indicated al)ove have resulted from Gigho- Tos' designation as genera the phjda recognizable in the genus Stagvwntanfis. One alone of the genera so separated, Isotnantis Giglio-Tos, appears to have validity, or to be at least worthy of subgeneric rank.

All of the others, as material now before us including all the genotypes satisfactorily demonstrates, arc based on characters which, we are convinced, have at best no higher than group value within the genus.

Stagmomantis tolteca (Saussure)

1861. Mantis {Stagmatoptera) tolteca Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., (2), xni, p. 127. [[ 9], "Mexico calida."]

Porto Bello, Panama, III, 15, 1911, (Busck), 1 9, (medium size, green),

Gatun, Canal Zone, Pan., VIII, (> to 22, 191(), (Harrower), 1 9 , (large size, green).

Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., II, 1911, (Busck), 1 9, (medium small size, green).

Balboa, C. Z., Pan., 1921, (Zetek), 1 d', [Ilebard Collection].

Panama, 2 d' ,'' [U. S. N. M.]; (Dr. Newcomb), 2 9, [IM. C. Z.]; (H. E. Wetherill), 1 o^, [A. N. S. P.].

13 Recorded by Rehn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvn, p. 561, (19U4).

TRANS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

340 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Specimens of this species are before us representing localities from Mexico to Colombia.^'*

Stagmomantis theophila Rehn

1904. Stagmomantis theophila Rehn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, p. 563.

[cf ; Turrialba, Costa Rica.] 1904. Stagmatoptera insatiabilis Rehn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvn, p. 572.

[ 9 ; Turrialba, Costa Rica.]

1916. S[(agmomantis] denticulala Chopard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, lxx.xv, p. 162. Id' ; Chimbo, Ecuador.'s]

1917. S[tauromantis] fcstae Giglio-To.s, Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana, XLvni, p. 55. [cf , 9 ; Guayaquil and Vinces, Ecuador.]

Comparison of the male type of Sfagmonianti.'i theophila Kehn with the female type of Stagmotoptern insatiabilis Rehn con- firms the synonymy established by Giglio-Tos.^^

The coloration of theophila was not clearly described; this, the iarger size and the widely separated locality apparent]}^ account for Chopard 's denticulata. It would appear that Giglio-Tos had not seen the description of denticulata at the time he described fcstae. Distinct size variation occurs, the Ecuadorean male described by Giglio-Tos being somewhat smaller than those described by Chopard, which in turn are somewhat smaller than three Ecuadorean males before us.*^ These in turn also are somewhat smaller than the known Pana- manian and Costa Rican males.

Porto Bello, Panama, IV, 20, 1912, (Busck), 1 d".

Rio Trinidad, Pan., Ill, 15 to VI, 6, 1912, (Busck), 5 cf .

Cabima, Pan., V, 18, 1911, (Busck), 2 d".

Ancon, Canal Zone, Pan., (Jennings), 1 juv. cf.

^^ We have discussed the close relationship to S. Carolina (Johansson), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xlv, p. 132, (1919). The present comparison shows further difference, in that the male of lolteca has the margins of the pronotal collar finely denticulate, tliis sometimes indicated, though even more weakly, on the cephalic portion of the pronotal shaft.

'^ Dr. Chopard has written us that this type is in Ihe Polivar Collection.

18 Boll. Soc. Ent. Italiana, xlviii, p. 55, (1917).

"In the collection of the Academy of Natural Scienc^es of Philadelphia; two from Paramba and one from Lita, Ecuador. In these the pronotum ranges from 17.2 to 17.7, the tegmina from 37.8 to 38 inm, in length; the pronotum from 3.5 to 3.6 in greatest width.

MORGAN HEBARD 341

Not only are the denticulatioii.s of the cephalic coxae^^ and margins of the pronotum heavier than in any other species of the genus, but the collar of the pronotum also has its dorsal surface supplied with a few minute tuberculations on each side of the medio-longitudinal sulcus. This latter condition is, among the other species of the genus, found only in aS'. nahua (Saussure), there developed to a slightly greater degree.

The feeble longitudinal carinae of the median and caudal tibiae suggest the Vatid genus Stagniatoptera, as Chopard has remarked. In the female sex these carinae are more prominent and led liehn to describe a specimen of that sex as Stagmatoptera insatiabilis. We do not believe that these carinae are sufficiently developed, however, to warrant assignment of the species to Stagmatoptera.

In the adult Panamanian males the pronotum ranges from 18.3 to 20.2, the tegmina from 36.8 to 37.4 mm., in length; the former from 3.7 to 3.8 in greatest width.

In the males the marginal field of the tegmina is transparent, hyaline tinged faintly with green toward the costal margin, with a ])road opaque band of white margining the mediastine vein and disappearing opposite the stigma. The latter is subobsolete, longitudinal, weakly suffused with brown. The cephalic femora show three subobsolete transverse suffusions of brown in the majority of specimens, these are wholly obsolete in one, conspicuously intensified in another individual.

Stagmomantis heterogamia Saussure and Zehntner

181)1. St(i(/)iiu»/untiti hetcrugainia Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Ccnt.-Anier., Orth., I, p. 142, pi. VII, figs. 2 and 3. [cf , 9 ; Bugaba, Panama.l

Porto Bello, Panama, IV, 17 to 24, 1912, (Busck), 1 d". Tli(> distribution of this delicate and handsome little species is known to extend northward into Costa Rica.

^^ 'lliesc are blunt triangular teeth, much heavier than in the other species, but in our opinion insufficient for generic separation, as are the other features given by CJiglio-Tos in erecting the genus Stauromantis to include this species. Their number is variable, five to seven in our series, given as three by Chopard. The internal surfaces of these tcetli are usually' dark, sometimes ahnost black.

TRANS. AM. KNT. SOC, XLVIII.

342 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Stagmomantis vicina Saussure

1870. St[agmomantis] vicina Saussure, Mittheil. Schweizer Ent. Ges., iii,

p. 229. [(f; America meridional.] 1917. U[romantis] centralis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, xlviii,

p. 57. [d'; San Mateo, Costa Rica.] 1917. U[romantis] similis Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, xlviii, p. 57.

[cf; San Mateo, Costa Rica.]

We believe that the present material should be referred to vicina, assuming that the specimen from Guatemala, subse- quently discussed by Saussure, is the same as the type described from "America meridional." That author states that the tegmina are hyaline, while in well preserved material at hand the marginal field is opaque, buffy. In our series, however, are badly discolored specimens in which this is completely lost, the tegmina being plainly discolored but uniformly hyaline tinged with light brown. A Central American female, associated with- out hesitancy as the opposite sex of the males here recorded, agrees fully with a Guatemalan female described by Saussure, this strengthening our above conclusion.

It is certainly natural, under such circumstances, that Giglio- Tos considered his Costa Rican material distinct. It is, however, surprising that, at the present day, when so much more has been ascertained as to individual size variation, and the differences in color to be expected from that to which the terms recession and intensification have been applied, Giglio-Tos should have de- scribed, as two distinct species, material from the same locality representing so palpably such individual variation and nothing more.

La Chorrera, Panama, V, 11 and 27, 1912, (Busck), 4 cf .

Corozal, Canal Zone, Pan., XI, 17, 1913, (Hebard; grassy opening in forest), 1 large juv. 9 .

Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., I, 26 and III, 25, 1911, (Schwarz; Busck), 1 cf , 1 juv.

Ancon, C. Z., Pan., (Jennings), 1 cf.

Balboa, C. Z., Pan,, 1912, (Zctek), 1 d" , lHo])ard Cln.].

Taboga Island, Pan., II, 14 and 18, 1912, (Busck), 1 cT, 2 juv.

Compared with S. nahua Saussure the present insect diifers structurally most in the weaker supra-coxal expansion of the pronotum and weaker armament of the same, the males with surface of pronotal collar and its margins entirely unarmed. In

MORGAN HEBARD 343

the adult males the pronotum ranges from 11 to 14.3, the tegmina from 23.7 to 26.6 mm. in length; the former from 2.4 to 2.8 mm. in greatest width.

An additional series of eight Central American specimens is before us, including a single female. The males show a brown and a green color phase, the green in the latter condition being confined to pronotum and limbs. All of the males which are in good condition, in addition to having the tegmina with mar- ginal field opaque and strikingly buffy or whitish, have the narrow interval between the discoidal and median veins blackish brown proximad as far as the stigma. The internal surface of the cephalic femora has a blackish fleck on each side of the unguicular sulcus, these markings individually varying in size so that in one specimen the entire unguicular area is suffused with brown. In the female the wings are yellow in cephalic portion, l)lack in caudal portion, as described by Saussure.

Epaphroditinae

Acanthops falcata StS.1

1877. A[ca)dhops] falcata StM, Bih. till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. HaiuU.,

IV, no. 10, p. 90. [cT, 9 ; New Granada (= Colombia).] 1896. Acanthops erosula Griffini (not of St&I, 1877), Bol. Miis. Zool. Anat.

Comp. R. Univ. Torino, xi, no. 236, p. 6. [ 9 ; Punta di Sabana, Daricn,

[Panama].] 191.5. A[canthops] griffinii Giglio-Tos, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana, xi.vi, p. 98.

[ 9 ; Punta di Sabana, Darien and Panama.]

The material here recorded agrees fully with (iiglio-Tos' very short description and Griffini 's much more satisfactory diag- nosis, the references to which are noted above. No dilTerence, however, appears to exist to warrant separation from Stal's falcata, ^'-^ a species which Giglio-Tos apparently did not consider at the time he recognized the fact that Panamanian material was distinct from erosula (=A. tuberculata Saussure^").

Paris Field, Cristolxd, Canal Zone, Panama, VIII, 18, 1920, (Hebard; in low wet area, palms, vines and brush), 1 very small juv.

'^StS,l stated, apparently inadvertently, that the thickening of the median and caudal tibiae in males of this and another species was beyond the middle, while in reality these members are thickened in their proximal half.

2" See discussion by Chopard, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, lxxxv, p. 181, (1916).

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344 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Gatun, C. Z., Pan., (Harrower), 2 c^, 2 9 .

Paraiso, C. Z., Pan., I, 17, 1911, (Schwarz), 1 jiiv.

Calidoma Road, Pan., IV, 12, 1911, (Jennings), 1 small juv.

Ancon, C. Z., Pan., V, 8, 1911, (Dr. Greenwood), 1 d^ , [V. S. N. M.].

Unrecorded material of this species is also before us from Trinidad and British Guiana, showing that falcata, like several other species of the genus, has a very wide distribution in tropical America.

Vatinae

Stagmatoptera septentrionalis Saussure and Zehntner 1894. Stagmatoptera septentrionalis Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 186, pi. vni, fig. 2. [ 9 ; Bugaba, Panama.]

Porto Bello, Panama, V, 2, 1911, (Busck), 1 d", 2 oothecae.

Pinogana, Darien, Pan., XII, 1915, (Munoz), 2 cf,[Hebard Cln.].

Gatun, Canal Zone, Pan., VII, 28 to VIII, 22, 191G, (Harrower), 3 d^, 2 juv. 9.

Panama, 3 cf.

We have recently placed Saussure and Zehntner 's variety minor as an absolute synonym of this species. ^^

The ootheca appears to be of the same general type as that deposited by species of the genus SiagnionKintis, though much larger than any we have seen rc^feral^le to that genus.

Phyllovates chlorophaea (Blanchard)

1835. Mantis chlorophaea Blanchard, Mag. ZooL, v, Ins. pi. 135. [ 9 ;

Watertown, New York (in error).] 1894. Theoclytes chlorophaea variety corimla Saussure and Zehntner, Biol.

Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, p. 191. (Locality for variety not given separately.) 1894. Theoclytes maya Saussure and Zehntner, Ibid., p. 192. [cf , 9 ;

Tabasco and Temax, Yucatan, Mexico.]

Bugaba, Panama, (W. Schaus), 1 c^, [U. S. N. M.].

Bocas del Toro, Pan., 1911, (Ze(ek), 1 c^, [Hel)ard Gin.].

Corozal, Canal Zone, Pan., 1912, (Zetck), 1 &, [Hc])a.rd Cln.].

Panama, VIII, 21, 1908, (P. B. Preston), 1 juv. 9, [U. S. N. M.].

Careful (;omparison of a series of eighlceii sjx'cinicns before us, representing localities from Mexico to C()lom])ia, offers convincing evidence of the synonymy indicated above, cornuta

" Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XLvn, p. 100, (1921).

MORGAN IIEBARD 345

representing individuals of the optimum development, maya the greatest depauperation which is known to occur in the species. Giglio-Tos has given additional characters to separate these,^^ but the series before us shows all to l)e attributable to individual variation, rather than constituting diagnostic features.

Under this variable species, the names Theoclytes azteca Saussure and mexicana Saussure have already been placed, and it is probable that Pseudovates brericornis Stal, described from Coloml)ia, will also prove to be a synonym.

The measurements of selected individuals of the series l^efore us are as follows:

Length of Length of Length of Length of Length of Length of

d^ body frontal pronotum pronotal tegmen cephalic

process shaft coxa Venvidio, Sinaloa,

Mexico 58 3 23.3 19.5 30.3 11.1

Venvidio, Sinaloa,

Mexico 05 . 5 3.3 29 .7 25 . 3 44 .8 14

Teocelo, Vera C'riiz,

Mexico 08 2.8 28 23.7 50 12.7

Co.sta Rica 56.5 2.5 25 21.2 40.5 11.8

Costa Rica 05 2.8 27.7 23.3 49.3 12.2

Costa Rica 07.5 3.3 29.3 25 45.2 12.7

Bugaba, Panama ... . 65.5 2.5 27.2 23.1 44 12.2

Corozal, Panama ... . 09.5 3.1 30.7 20 48.7 13.2

Honda. Colombia 07 3 27 23 48.8 12.2

9

San Jose, Costa Rica . 74 3.3 35 . 5 29 . 7 43 . 3 10.8

Pozo Azui. Costa Rica 78 3.7 35.7 30 44 10.2

Siquirres, Costa Rica . S3 5 39.8 33.8 45.3 10.9

Fusugasuga, Colombia 72.8 3.2 34 28.7 42.8 15.8

The frontal process is more flattened in the females than in the opposite sex, with its apices usually slightly less sharply rounded, while in the males the length of the cephalic coxae averages greater in proportion to that of the pronotal shaft,

Phyllovates stolli (Saussure and Zehntner)

1894. Thcach/tes stolli Saussure and Zelintner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, p. 192. [ 9 ; Guiana; Brazil.]

Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, \ll, 25 to 31, 191G, (Harrower), 1 &.

The male of this handsome species is very rare in collections. This sex has been described and recorded only by Saussure, as Theodytes cingulata (Drury).'^'

2- Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Conip. R. Univ. Torino, xxix, no. 684, p. 39, (1914). ^^ A very distinct West Indian species, belonging to the genus Vales.

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346 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

In the male the coloration of tegmina and wings is much like that of the same sex of P. chlor-ophaea (Blanchard), except that the opaque distal area in the discoidal field of the tegmina is even less extensive, occupying only an area of the apical portion toward the discoidal vein no wider than the marginal field.

Length of body, 61; length of frontal process, .8; length of pronotum, 25.6; length of pronotal shaft, 21.3; length of tegmen, 41; width of tegminal marginal field, 3.8; length of cephalic coxa, 11 mm.

PHASMIDAE

Though the fifty-nine specimens here recorded represent only a small portion of the walking-sticks known from Panama, it is of interest to note that four of the sixteen species treated are new.

The following Phasmidae, already known from Panama, are not represented in the collections before us from that region. Stratocles cmctipes Stal (103),^'* Tejierella tenerrima Redtenbacher (109), Agrostia amoejia Redtenbacher (110), Brizoides nigri- cornis Redtenbacher (112), Brizoides grafninea Redtenbacher (113), Brizoides lacteiyennis Redtenbacher (113), Chlorophasma hyalina Redtenbacher (114), Perliodes grisescens Redtenbacher (137), Perliodes nigro-granulosus Redtenbacher (138), Metriotes diodes Westwood (140), Damasijjjms fuscipes Redtenbacher (147), Damasippus ivestwoodi Stal (148), Damasippus striatus Redtenbacher (149). Oncotophasma armata (Brunner) (317), Dyme discors Brunner (324), Dyme modesta Brunner (324), Dyme chiriquensis Brunner (325), Calynda bicuspis Stal (329), Phantasis lobata Redtenbacher (408), Bosira dorsuaria StM (408), Bostra lobata Redtenbacher (408), Bostra podagrica StS.1 (409), Bacteria nodulosa Redtenbacher (416).

Forty species of Phasmidae are now recorded from Panama. We feel, however, that it is very probable additional synonymy will be found in the genera Dyme, Calynda and Bostra.

^^ Tlie numbers in parentheses after the names indicate the page number in the " Insektcnfamilie der Phasmiden" on which the species is treated.

morgan hebard 347

Anisomorphinae

Paranisomorpha insignis Redtenbacher

1908. ParanisomorpJia insujids Rcdtcnibacher, Insektonfamilie der Phns- miden, p. 90. [d^, 9 ; Costa Rica.]

Boquete, Panama, II, 1919, (Zetek), 19,1 juv. 9 , [Hc'])ard Cln.].

The adult female of this dull black, apterous walking-stick is in all but body length smaller than the female originally described. Length of body, 41.8; length of pronotum, 4.3; length of mesonotum, 6.4; length of metanotum incUuHng median segment, 5.3; length of cephalic femur, 11.3; length of median femur, 10.5; length of caudal femur, 14.7 mm.

The thickening of the antennal segments distad is not con- spicuous in the specimens before us.

Phasminae

Stratocles multilineatus Rehn

1904. Stralocles multilineatus Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 91.

[(^; San Carlos, Costa Rica.] 1906. Str[atoclcs] forcipntus Redtenbacher, (not of Bolivar, 1890), Insekton-

familie der Phasmiden, p. 105. [cf , ? ; Chiriqui and Bugaba, Panama.]

It is plain that Redtenbacher made the misidentification noted above. The insect described as muliiUneatus by that autiior from the upper Amazon may represent a closely related species.

Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, VII, 17 to VHI, 22, 1919, (narrower), 8 d^, 6 9 .

Panama, VII, 4, (Wirt Robinson), 1 cf .

The male cerci in multilineatus are directed ventrad and weakly curved, then cephalad and strongly (;urvcd, more slender, rouaded and weakly tapering distad to their rounded apices, armed with an irregular, flattened finger, the apex of which is enlarged, flattened and armed with very minute, scallercMl denticulations." This projection was overlooked by the original describer, probably because, directed cephalad and slightly dorsad, it can not be seen from al)ove or the side.

The pale portions of head, pronotum, mesonotum, tegmina, anterior field of wings and liml)s are usually richly oriental green. Rarely all of these markings, except those of the tegmiiia and wings, are naples yellow.

2=- Bolivar describc.-i the male oercus ior fuiripatus as "elongati, apiccm versus intus comprcsso-subam])liatus, ante mediiun biramosi, ramo antico brevi, spiniformi, postico magis clongato, subcylindrico."

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348 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Agrostia viridipes (Rehn)

1905. Olcyphides viridipes Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 798. [cf (nee 9 ); Cache, Costa Rica.]

Cabima, Panama, V, 28, 1911, (Busck), 1 cf.

Compared with a Colombian male of the gorgeously colored Citrina venilia (Westwood) shows, in addition to the features given by Redtenbacher, the following characters, which, com- bined, warrant the generic separation made by that author. In viridipes the head is decidedly longer, the eyes and ocelli smaller and less prominent, the pronotum shorter, the tegmina much longer, the cephalic femora showing distinctly greater thickening and the tarsi, though elongate, decidedly shorter.

The present species is distinctively colored, the pale green of the median and caudal limbs and of the longitudinal tegminal and wing band contrasting strongly with the light and dark browns of the other portions.

The specimen here recorded agrees fully with the type except in being somewhat smaller. Length of body, 47; length of head, 3.7; length of pronotum, 2.1 ; length of mesonotum, 5.8; length of tegmen, 5.8; length of wing, 30.5; length of caudal femur, 12.8; length of caudal tarsus, 5.8; length of caudal metatarsus, 3.2 mm.

Brizoides annulicornis new species (Plate XIV, figures 1 and 2.)

This beautiful light green walking-stick is nearest B. graminea Redtenbacher, described from Bugaba, Panama. It differs in the strikingly annulate antennae, granulose cephalic half of mesonotum, with a few of these granules laterad black but median sulcus immaculate, faint markings of anterior field of wings and limb annuli, shorter tegmina and longer limbs.

The carinae of the limbs are used largely by Redtenbacher to separate this and the related genera. These features are often more subtle than would be supposed. In the insect here under consideration we would describe the cephalic femora as having the dorsal carinae distinct, the dorso-internal slightly the stronger with the median carina of the ventral surface certainly present but not strongly developed. This would appear to represent a condition intermediate between Brizoides and Chlorophasma as defined l)y Redtenbacher. For the ])resent we can go no further thaji to assign annulicornis to Brizoides, awaiting

MORGAN HEBARD 349

further material to determine the vaHdity of the genus Chloro- phasma.

Type.— 9; Porto Bello, Panama. :March 2, 1911. (A. Busck.) [United States National Museum.]

Size large for the genus, form slender. Ocelli small but distinct. Eyes moderately but not strongly projecting. Head and pronotum smooth, the latter with transverse sulcus decided and longitudinal sulcus weak. Mesono- tum smooth in caudal portion, with a well defined tran.sverse sulcus; cephalic portion granulose and with a few blunt lateral tubercles, longitudinal sulcus shallow but distinct. Tegmina large for the genus (but decidedly surpassed in size by those of graminea), ovate but showing strong distal obliquity to the rounded apex at the sutural margin, flattened but showing blunt tubercu- lation at the shoulders. Wings fully developed, reaching to near base of eighth tergite. Abdomen with tergites (except supra-anal plate) not carinate. Ultimate tergite truncate, weakly bilobate distad, with a minute, rounded supra-anal plate projecting beyond, which is shorter than wide and is medio- longitudinally carinate. IMesosternum alone finely granulose. Operculum elongate, extending slightly beyond median portion of ultimate tergite, smooth and not carinate, narrowing distad to the sharply rounded apex which forms an angle distinctly less than ninety degrees. Femora all bicarinulate dorsad and ventrad, the cephalic decidedly incurved at base; median carina of ventral surface weak but distinct on cephalic femora, a trace suggested distad on the median femora, absent on the caudal femora. Tibiae all pentagonal.

General coloration apple green, underparts chamois. Antennae with first two joints immaculate, succeeding joints with a heavy short distal annulus of blackish brown, these annuli becoming much longer and more widely spaced distad where the joints become compound, a number of the short sections of the compound joints there form these annuli; proximal annuli incomplete as they do not wholly encircle the antennae. Head with a very slender postocular streak of blackish brown, pronotum immaculate. Meso- notum with (three or four) lateral tubercles black and with a very slender marginal streak of blackish brown below the slender carinae, which are ap- proximate to the lateral margins. Tegmina and anterior field of wings, with scattered angular patches which are slightly darker than the general color- ation, apparently bice green, but under the lens .^oen to be a shade darker thsn the other portions with a number of microscoi)i(! irregular flecks of purjjlish black. Radiate field of wings transparent milky white, like ground glass. Limbs buffy tinged with green, showing very obscurely traces of a number of light brownish annuli. Femora, tibiae and tarsal joints all minutely flecked with blackish brown at their apices.

The type measurements are given first. Females. Length of body, 73 and 74; length of pronotum, 3.7 and 3.8; length of mesonotum, 7.8 and 8.7; length of tegmcn, 6.8 and 6.8; length of wing, 49. .5 and 49.8; length of cephalic femur, 16.9 and 16; length of caudal femur, 16.3 and 15.4; length of caudal tarsal joints, 7.4 and 7.2; length of caudal metatarsus, 3 and 3.2 mm.

TK.VNS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

350 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

A paratypic female, Ijeariiig the same data as the type, is also before us.

Pseudophasma-'' menius (Westwood)

1859. Phasnia menius Westwood, Cat. Orth. Ins. British Mus., i, Phasmidae, p. 118, pi. XVII, fig. 2. [cf, Colombia.]

This species has been previously correctly reported from the Rio Cianati, Darien, Panama, l)y Griffini, and from Carrillo, Costa Rica, by Rehn. It is assuredly the insect which Redten- bacher has recorded from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, Colon, Panama, and Darien, Panama, as Phasvia perezii Bolivar.-^

Porto Bello, Panama, II, 27 to V, 4, 1911, (Busck; Jennings), 4 cf, 3 9.

Gatun, Canal Zone, Pan., VII, 17 to VIII, 22, 1916, (Harrower), 7c^,l 9.

Culebra, C. Z., Pan., I, 8, 1911, (Dr. Pittier), 1 9 , [U.S.N.M.].

This plainly and somberlj'' colored species is apparently the most abundant flying walking-stick in both Costa Rica and Panama.

Isagoras dentipes Redtenbacher

1906. Isagoras dentipes Redtcnbacher, Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, p. 134. [cf; Bugaba and Chiriqui, Panama.]

Bugaba, Panama, (W. Schaus), 1 cf , 1 9 , [U. S. N. -M.].

In these specimens the metasternum is pale, buffycaudad, but not sulphur yellow.

The undescribed female is decidedly larger than the male with the tuberculation of the body and lamellation of the limbs intensified, while on the latter are developed larger and more numerous lobes (or blunt denticulations). In this specimen the cejohalic femora are much more strongly compressed. The caudal femora have the dorso-external margin supplied with (four or five) small lobes; the dorso-internal margin with six much larger lobes; the ventro-internal margin with a long, low, horizontal l()l)e proximad and a similar, but vertical, lol)e distad,

^* Tl>c necessity of following Kirby in the use of this name for Phasuia of authors (not of Lichtcnstcin as restricted) has been fully explained by Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 95, footnote 43, (1904).

^^ As Redtcnbacher considered his material from Coca, Ecuador (the type locality of perezii) the same as that from Panama, it would appear very possible that perezii may be a synonym of menius.

MORGAN HEBARD 351

and the ventro-exteriuil margm with a similar, Init lower, distal lobe. The caudal tibiae also have (two or three) small dorsal lobes, these conspicuous only on the sniistral member.

The female before us is more lichenose in appearance than the male, the antennae grayish with suffusions of brown. In both sexes the ocelli are small l)ut distinct, while on each side of the median ocellus, between it and the antennal socket, is a long tubercle, like a minute horn. As in other bark-like or lichen-like forms, the coloration is probably subject to very decided in- dividual variation. The same is true of the lobes of the liml)s, in such species as the present.

Length of body, cf (estimated) 53; 9 75.7; length of pronotum, d" 2.8, 9 3.9; length of mesonotum, cT 7.7, 9 10; length of 'tegmen, cf 5.3, 9 8.5; length of wing, d" 31.8, 9 49.2; length of cephalic femur, d^ 11.1 9 13.1; width of cephalic femur, d' .9, 9 2; length of caudal femur, cT 8.8, 9 10.8; length of caudal tibia, cT 7.5, 9 8.7; length of caudal tarsal joints, cf 5.4, 9 5.9; length of caudal metatarsus, d^ 2.3, 9 2.3 mm.

Isagoras rignieri (Redtenbacher)

190(3. Xerosoma vignieri Redtenbacher, Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, p. 144. [d^; Paya, Darien, Panama.]

The species does not agree with the genotype of Xerosoma, the Brazilian canaliculatum of Serville, but shows no feature by which it can be separated from Isagoras Stal, as defined by Redtenbacher.^^ We, therefore, make the generic reassignment noted above.

Porto Bello, Panama, II, 6, 1911, (Schwarz), 1 d" ; Ul, 2 and 18, 1911, (Busck), 2 juv. d".

The adult specimen, for a lichenose form, agrees very closely with the originally described male. It ditTers mainly in having the mesonotal tubercles no darker than the other portions, the costal margin of the tegmina and the anterior portions of the wings without a pale marking,-'-* while the minute lobes of the median and caudal limbs are reduced to one and two on the

-^ Redtenbacher has very possibly included several generic units under Isagornf!, but we do not have material of a suflicient number of species to determine this definitely.

-^ The tegmina having a large, transverse, pale area at the shoulders across the dorsal surface.

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352 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

dorsal surface of the caudal tibiae. The oceUi are very small and inconspicuous.

Length of body, 65; length of pronotum, 3.2; length of meso- notum, 10; length of tegmen, 9.1 ; length of wing, 43.3; length of cephalic femur, 14.8; width of cephalic femur, 1.8; length of caudal femur, 12.7; length of caudal tibia, 12.7; length of caudal tarsal joints, 6.3; length of caudal metatarsus, 2.7 mm.

Metriotes iphicles Redtenbacher

190(>. M[ctriotes] iphicles Redtenbacher, Insektcnfamilie der Phasmiden, p. 140. [cf, 9 : San Pedro Sula, Honduras; Bugaba, Panama.]

Rio Trinidad, Panama, VI, 6, 1912, (Busck), 1 large juv. 9 .

Prisopus berosus Westwood

1859. Prisopus hcrosus Westwood, Cat. Orth. Ins. British Mus., i, Phas- midae, p. 168, pi. xx, fig. 7. [ d^ 9 ; Panama.'"]

Panama, (Zetek), 1 9 , [Hebard Cln.].

This species is also represented in the collections before us from Costa Pica. The coloration of the present specimen is exactly as described, with great clarity, by Westwood.

Length of body, 59; length of pronotum, 5.2; width of pro- notum, 7.8; length of mesonotum, 6; length of tegmen, 34.4; length of wing, 45.6; length of cephalic femur, 10.8; greatest width of cephalic femur, 5.9; length of caudal femur, 13.5; greatest width of caudal femur, 6 mm.

Prisopus arladne new species (Plate XIV, figures 3 to 8 )

This interesting species agrees only with P. cephus Westwood in having the radiate field of the wings unicolorous. The numerous glossy yellowish tubercles, scattered over the proxi- mal portions of the tegmina, afford a distinctive character. Compared with the described male of cephus, this sex differs further in having the head tuberculate but not spinose, the tegmina with the tuberculations noted above, and with a lamellate, acute-angulate production at the shoulders, and the five distal tergites lobate laterad, this strongest on the seventh.

The female differs in being larger and heavier, with projection at tegminal shoulders reduced to a low rounded lamella, and lateral lanicllatiou of tergites nnich stronger.

'"And "Litt. occid. Americae se{)tcntrionalis." Tlie figured male from Panama is here designated the single type.

MORGAN HEBARD ' 353

Type. — 9 ; Carrillo, Costa Rica. [Hel)ard Collection, Type no. 869.]

Size rather small and form more slender than i.s usual in this genus of very broad species. Head flattened, the occiput with small scattered tubercles and two postocular rows of the same on each side (these not large and not forming small denticulations as in this sex of P. berosus Westwood) . Fronotum polished but rugulose, slightly wider than long. Mesonotum with surface similar, shorter than pronotum, transverse but decidedly less so than in bero- sus. Tegmina large, extending as far caudad as caudal margin of fifth tergite, veins proximad forming a number of small smooth tubercles, shoulder with a low rounded lamella, apices broadly rounded. Wings fully developed, ex- tending to ajiex of abdomen. Abdomen with dorsal surface tul)erculate meso-laterad and distad; fourth tergite minutely and roundly lamellate pro- duced latero-caudad, fifth, sixth-and seventh tergites increasingly and much more decidedly so, eighth and ninth tergites with lateral portions lamellate and rounded produced but decreasingly so. Cerci straight, flattened cylin- drical. Ventral surface strongly concave. Femora very strongly lamellate and hairy; their external surfaces weakly tuberculate; their ventro-external margins with very large waves, well separated and blunt but shaped like the teeth of a saw, these decided on the cephalic femora, subobsolete (or weak in paratype) on the median femora and very decided on the caudal femora, there six in niunber. Dorso-external margins of cephalic femora strongly lamellate and convex in distal half, of median femora straight and subdenticulate (or with three small denticulations), and of caudal femora straight with three blunt denticulations. Tibiae lamellate and hairy; external surfaces similarly tuberculate; the margins of the cephalic and median straight (or of median with two low undulations of the dorsal margin), of the caudal tibiae with ventral margin showing four large lamellate and rounded waves. Subgenital plate produced caudad in median section, the lateral margins in thi^ portion Very weakly convergent to the transverse and very feebly convex distal margin.

Allotype. — cf ; Alhajuela, Panama. A]iril 17, 1<)1I. (A. Busck.) [United States National Museum.]

Very similar to female but smaller and less robust. Tegmina similar except that they are produced in a sharp acute-angulate lamcUation at the shoulders and extend to the caudal margin of the fourth tergite. Lateral lamellation of distal tergites similar but much weaker. Limbs similar.^^ Subgenital plate with lateral margin converging, then rounding into the obtuse-angulate emarginate distal margin, so that the plate appears almost bilobate.

General coloration brown, limbs weakly mottled. Tegmina and exposed portion of wings, when at rest, lichenose, blotched with gray-green, grayish white and brown, the proximal tubercles on the tegmina honey yellow, in the

^' In such lichenose or bark-like insects, variation is probably greater than is usual in the Phasmidae. In the present male the sinistral caudal tibiae has its ventro-external margin only undulate, though the corresponding margin of the dextral limb is as described for the type.

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354 MANTIDAE AND PHASMlDAE OF PANAMA

male faintly tinged with green. Remaining portion of anterior field of wings transparent, heavily suffused with mummy brown; radiate field transparent, evenly and strongly tinged with mummy brown. Ventral surface smooth and shining, buffy with median portions of sterna suffused with blackish brown and each sternite, to subgenital plate, with a medio-longitudinal oval suffusion of blackish brown (this latter marking apparently an important specific diag- nostic character).

For the female sex, the measurements of the type are given first. Length of body, d" 39, 9 49.7 and 56; length of pronotum, cf 3.3, 9 4.4 and 4.4; total width of pronotum, cf 4, 9 5.6 and 5.7; length of tegmen, cf 20, 9 28.3 and 31.4; greatest tegminal width, cf 4.7, 9 7.5 and 7.9; length of wing, cf 29.2, 9 36.8 and 42.3; length of cephalic femur, cf 8.1, 9 9 and 9.1; greatest width of cephalic femur, cf 2.7, 9 3.7 and 4; length of caudal femur, cf 9.1, 9 10.3 and 10.2; greatest width of caudal femur (between apices of projections), cf 3.1, 9 4.5 and 4.7 mm.

Ill addition to the type and allotype, a paratypic female, belonging to the United States National IVIuseum, is l)efore us, taken at Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama, on April 4, 1912, by A. Busck.

Heteroneminae PSEUDOCEROYS new genus

This genus is erected to include a new species, harroweri, here descril^ed, and Ceroys bigibbus Kehn, from Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

Close general resemblance is shown to the heavy type developed in the Pyghirynchine genera Pyghirynchus and Ceroy,s, the present genus being, however, a member of the Heteroneminae (Bacunculinae of Brunner), as the tibiae all lack a triangular impressed area disto-ventrad.

We place Pseudoceroys after Parapyghirynchus in linear arrangement. These and the related genera, as defined and arranged by Brunner, in the Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, arc so illogical and unsatisfactory that his treatment must be largely disregarded. ^'-

Genotype. — Pseudoceroys harroweri new species.

The following characters serve to separate this genus, known as yet only from the female sex. Tibiae anareolate. Median segment transverse. Form moderately robust. Alxlomen with latero-caudal angles of tergites not si)ecialized, sixth tci-gite

'2 See llebard, Trans. Am. Ent. See, xlv, pp. 162 and 172, (1919), for the order of the first genera of the Heteroneminae.

MORGAN HEBARI) 355

specialized. Antennae comparatively short, with first joint de- pressed, unarmed. OcelH a])sent. Occiput with a pair of auriform lobes. Pronotum with a pair of median, longitudinal carinae. jMesonotum, metanotum and median segment with a heavy, medio-longitudinal carina, the abdominal tergites with this less decided. Tegmina and wings absent. Operculum lanceolate, very elongate, concealing ovipositor valves and cerci, extending beyond apex of distal tergite. Limbs short and ratiicr heavy; femora and tibiae with margins supplied with numerous lobes or lobules; cephalic femora strongly bowed.

Pseudoceroys harroweri new species (Plate XV, figures 1 and 2.)

This insect, compared with P. bigibbus (Hehn), both known only from the female sex, differs in its very much smaller size, more robust build, decidedly smaller lobes of the head and limbs, absence of lobes on mesonotum, metanotum and sixth tergite, and distinctive operculum.

Type.— 9; Porto Bello, Panama. August 18 to 22, 1916. (D. E. narrower.) [Hel^ard Collection, Type no. 8G4.]

The following features are noted in addition to those given above and in the generic description. Surface dull, weakly rugose and subtuberculate. Head with a pair of small, elongate tubercles, like minute horns, between the eyes; auriform lobes of occiput irregular and bluntly rounded, wider than high, caudad of which are a pair of more approximate, blunt spiniform i)rocesses. Pronotum very rough, paired median carinae moderately divergent caudad and each raised in a large, blunt, conical iirojection at caudal margin of pronotum ; a carina also indicated laterad on the roughened sides. Mesonot um rough, with medio-longitudinal carina heavy, armed with three, heavy, blunt, conical projections. Metanotum and median segment similar but lacking the projections. Abdominal tergites to sixth rough and unspecialized, sixth flattened and irregularly weakly concave on each side with a dark velvety patch proximad. Sixth, seventh and eighth tergites with medio-longitudinal carina horizontally minutely bilobate caudad on each side. Ninth tergite strongly declivent produced in two small rounded projections at the base of the small supra-anal plate, the latter with margins evenly and weakly convex- convergent to the bluntly rounded apex, ^'entral surface rough, the pleura tuberculate. Operculum with surface not as rough, longitudinally tricarinate proximad but without lateral carinae distad, in that portion with lateral margins very feebly convex-convergent to the rather sharply rounded apex. Cephalic femora with dor.so-internal and ventro-external margins (the latter only distad) supplied with a few very small, stout lobes; other femora with all margins and all tibiae with dorsal margins supplied with a number ol slightly larger lobes, except the ventral margins of the caudal f(>inora, wliicii have the.se only distad.

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356 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

General coloration dark brown, the velvety areas proximad on each side of the sixth tergite blackish brown.

Length of body, 53; length of auriform lobe of head, 1.9; length of pronotum, 4; length of mesonotum, 13; width of mesonotum, 5; length of metanotum (including median segment), 6; length of cephalic femur, 10.8; length of ceph- alic tibia, 10.3; length of caudal femur, 12.7; length of caudal tibia, 12; length of operculum, 10.7 mm.

The type of this soml^er, twig-like phasmid is unique.

Libethra panamae new species (Plate XIV, figure 9; XV, figures 3 and 4 )

This insect is nearest L. venezuelica Brunner, differing in the female in the cephalic femora being dilated dorsad and in the specialization of the second and sixth tergites; in the male in the apex of the abdomen being apparently^^ not as strongly inflated.

We believe it to be extremely probable that the male, recorded by Grifhni as Cmdonia molita ( West wood) j^'* from Lake Pita, Darien, Panama, represents the present species. The male of true molita may l)e distinguished by the much smoother surface, cerci which are more slender distad, eight tergite without a projection of the latero-caudal angles ventrad and longer and more specialized eighth sternite. .

Type. — cf ; Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama. January 23, 1911. (E. A. Schwarz.) [United States National Museum.]

Size medium, form slender, as is usual in this sex of s]:)ecies of Libethra. Head as long as pronotum, occiput slightly swollen caudad, with scattered granules and a fine medio-longitudinal line, a slightly larger granule on each side caudad on the swollen area. Pronotum with very weak scattered granules and a fine medio-longitudinal line, the transverse sulcus distinct, on each side sending as strong a sulcus to the cephalic margin, paralleling the lateral margins. Mesonotum with weak scattered granules in cephalic two-thirds, the medio-longitudinal line subcarinulate and continued on metanotum, which is otherwise smooth. Tergites showing traces of four fine longitudinal carinae, these becoming distinct on caudal portion of fifth and all of sixth tergites, the three succeeding tergites strongly medio-longitudinally carinate, the seventh expanding with sides showing additional carinae, the eighth strangulate, the ninth cucullate, shghtly broader than long, on each side with surface dorso-

•■'^ Insektcnfamilie der Phasmiden, j). 307, (1!)07). The descri})tion is, as usual in that work, thorough!}' unsatisfactory, omitting any definite genitalic diagnosis and other featunss by which the species is i)robably l)est distinguished. As a result we believe that panamae actually shows decidedly more striking features of difference than we can give without material for comparison.

'•^^ Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, xi, no. 23(), p. 9, (1890).

MORGAN HEBAKI) 357

proximacl strongly swollen and convex. Cerci short, stout, irregularly flat- tened, curving inward and distad tapering to their bluntly rounded ajjices. Ventral surface smooth. Fourth and fifth sternites distad with two, short, parallel ridges; these weakly indicated on the preceding sternites. Sixth sternite short, seventh large, projecting, with surface convex, mcdio-Iongi- tudinally carinatc with apex produced like the verv narrow spout of a pitcher, enlarged portion with a sharply rounded ])rojection on each side proxiniad. Limbs wholly unspecialized.

Allotype. — (juv.?) 9 ; Old Panamu, Panama. .January 31, 1911. (E. A. Schwarz.) [United States National Museum.]

Agrees closely with male except as follows. Shorter (due to immaturity ?), form much more robust. Granulation on mesonotum more decided and thicker, similar on metanotum. Abdomen dorsad with seven fine, nearly longitudinal carinae, the lateral margins with granules and the carinulae with these particularly on sixth and seventh tergites; second tergite with caudal extremities of four median carinae each elevated in a rounded tooth; sixth tergite elevated mesad in a small bidenticulate process with apices rounded; eighth and nine tergites tectate and showing two weak carinulae on each side, eighth with latero-caudal angles very broadly rounded, ninth minutely but deeply U-emarginate above the minute supra-anal plate, the acute projections thus formed with apices rounded. Ventral surface with subobsolete granules and carinae, a pair of the latter becoming distinct on the abdominal sternites. Operculum flattened, strongly carinulate proximad on each side, distad with lateral margins convergent and weakly convex to the deeply U-emarginate meso-distal area, which leaves two slender, straight, finger-like apices. Cephalic femora dilated dorsad with dorsal margin showing a munber of weak but distinct undulations. Median femora with dorso-caudal margin bearing two minute rounded-triangular lobes proximad, dorso-cephalic margin showing traces of similar development as do the dorso-caudal margins of the caudal femora.

General coloration of male saccardos umber. Antennae, caudal limbs and brief proximal portions of cephalic and median femora paler. Head with ventral surface and a suffused postocular streak of darker coloration. Female uniform clay color, showing a tawny tinge. Head with a suffused jjostocvilar darker streak feebly indicated.

Male, type. Length of body, oO; length of mesonotum, 7; median width of mesonotum, L8; length of metanotum (including median segment), 11.2; length of median segment, 1.4; length of cephalic femur, 18.6; length of median femur, 13.8; length of caudal femur, 17.8; length of cephalic tibia, 20.7 mm.

The female, allotype, though structurally ai)parently adult, is so much smaller that it may represent one of the later stages of immaturity. Length of body, 52.5; length of mesonotum, 14.3; median width of mesonotum, 3;

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358 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

length of metanotum (including median segment), 9.2; length of median seg- ment, 1.8; length of cephalic femur, 14.2; length of median femur, 10.3; length of caudal femur, 11.8; length of operculum, 5.8 mm.

This species is known to us only from the pair here descril)e(l.

ONCOTOPHASMA Rehn

1904. Oncnlni>ha:ima Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. .">9. 1907. Paradiapheroniera Brunner, Insekteufamilic dcr Phasmidcn, p. 317.

The type by monotypy of Oncotupluisiiia is (Irifhni's martini. We here select as genotype of Parddiapheroniera, Brunner 's strumosa. As that species is a synonym of martini, Paradiaphero- mera consequently falls as a synonym of Oncotophasnia. Brun- ner's lack of knowledge of recent literature here resulted in his overlooking the work of both Griffini and Rehn.

Oncotophasma martini (Griffini)

1898. B[o>;tr(i] tiiartini Griffini, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, XI, no. 236, p. 10, figs, a, b and c. [cf ; Lake Pita, Darien, Panama.)

1907. Paradiapheroniera strumosa Brunner, Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden, p. 317. [d': Chiriqui, [Panama] (nee Peru); Darien.]

Porto Bello, Panama, III, 6, 1911, (Busck), 1 c^.

Alhajuelo, Pan., IV, 18, 1911, (Busck), 1 juv. 9.

Gatun, Canal Zone, Pan., VII, 17 to VHI, 22, 1916, (Harrower), 6 c?".

The comparatively slender, smooth and ajiterous males of this insect are readily distinguished by the remarkable swelling, which occupies the caudal portion of the metanotum.

The extremes in the Gatun series of this very distinctive species measure as follows:

Length of body, 83 to 92; length of mesonotum, 21.4 to 24.9; median width of mesonotum, 1.7 to 2; length of metanotum (including median segment), 14 to 15.8; length of median segment, 4 to 4.8; width of median swelling, 5 to 5.8; length of cephalic femur, 23.8 to 28.1; length of median femur, 18.5 to 22; length of caudal femur, 2() to 29; length of cephalic tibia, 26.7 to 31.5 mm.

PniBALOSOMINAK TRYCHOPEPLUS Shelford

1908. Periceiitrus Redtenbacher (in part). Monographic dcr Phasmiden, p. 351.

1908. TrychOpeplus Shelf ord, Biol. Cent.-Anicr., Orth., ii, pi. 0, fig. 5.

MORGAN HEBARD 359

Redtenbacher's Pericentrus clearly includes several distinct generic units. One of these includes the species multilobatus Redtenbacher, genotype by monotypy of Shelford 's Trychopep- hi.^, which species is a synonym oi Ceroys laci7iiatus Wostwood.^^ To Trychopeplus probably also belongs spinoso-lohatus (Redten- bacher).

Wc are, in another paper, removing from Pericentrus, as understood by Redtenbacher, the remaining American species, restriclu.s of Redtenbacher, described from Porto Rico.

This leaves in the genus Pericentrus Redtenbacher, five Asiatic and Melanesian species, of which we select as genotype, Pericentrus mowisi Redtenbacher, described and figured, from Sikkim.

The genus Trychopeplus may be distinguished from Peri- centrus, as limited above, by the much longer tarsi, of which the metatarsus is as long as, or longer, than the combined length of the succeeding joints. The males are known for Trychopeplus only and in this genus have fully developed organs of flight. We are confident that comparison with material of Pericentrus 7udwisi would show a number of other, fully as imi)ortant, features for generic separation from Trychopeplus laciniatus.

Trychopeplus laciniatus (Westwood) (Plate XV, figures 5 a,nd 6.) 1S74. Ceroys laciniatus Westwood, Thesaur. Ent. Oxoniensis, p. 174,

pi. XXXII, fig. 4. [[9], Nicaragua.] 1908. Pericentrus multilobatus Redtenbacher (in part), Monographic der

Phasmiden, p. 352. [d^:^^ Chiriqui, [Panama]; [Rio Sucio], Costa Rica.] 1908. Pericentrus lacinicUus Shelford, Biol. Cent.-Anier., Orth., u, p. 356.

[ 9 , Nicaragua: cT, Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Chiriqui and Bugaba, Panama.] 1908. Trijchnpeplus multilobatus Shelford, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., ii,

pi. VI, fig. 5. (Male.)

'^ Shelford ha.'g pointed out that the male of Redtenbacher's Pericentrus multilobatus represents the opposite sex of Westwood's Ceroys laciniatus. He has, however, attempted to retain the name multilobatus for the immature female from Peru, described by Redtenbacher. This can not be done, as that specimen was referred to multilobatus with a query and the type of multi- lobatus must consequently be one of the described males. We here select as type of Pericentrus multilobatus Redtenbacher, the male from Chiriqui, Panama. As a result, that name falls as a synonym of Trychopeplus laci- niatus (Westwood).

3* The immature Peruvian female described by U.'dtent)acher, represents a distinct si)ecies for which a name is, at the present time, not available.

TUANS. AM. ENT. «UC., XLVIII.

360 MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Rio Trinidad, Puiuima, III, 29, 1912, (Busck), 1 small juv.; V, 1911, (Busck), 1 9, eggs.

The irregular, foliaceous lamellae of the body and limbs of this very remarkable insect, like the long silky hairs on its eggs, must closely resemble the mossy environment in which the species probably lives.

Bacteria ploiaria (Westwood)

1859. Phibalosoma ploiaria Westwood, Cat. Orth. Ins. British Mus., i,

Phasmidae, p. 79, pi. xiii, fig. 4. [cf ; "In plagis occid. Amer. Septen-

trion."] 1908. B[act.eria] subvolans Redtenbacher, Inscktenfamilie der Phasmiden,

p. 416. [cf, Chiriqui, Panama.]

Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, 1912, (Zetek), 1 cf, [Hebard Cln.].

Canal Zone, Pan., (Jennings), 1 cf .

Panama, Pan., (Zetek), 1 9, [Hebard Cln.].

The two males before us are unquestionably conspecific, one having elongate wings, the other with these organs slightly surpassing the median segment. The latter condition was described as subvolans by Redtenbacher, the material before us showing that name to be based on such individual variation and consequently of no value.

The previously unknown female may be described as follows. Vertex weakly bituberculate, much as in male but with tuber- culations proportionately not as heavy. The metatarsi are cristate, as in B. remphan Westwood. The mesonotum is granulose and weakly tectate. The median and caudal femora are simple, except for a low lobe proximad on the ventro-caudal margin of the sinistral median femur. The lobes of the limbs and abdomen are subject to great individual variation in many species of this and allied genera. The genitalia are much as figured by Westwood for remyhan, except that the operculum and the ultimate tergite reach an equal distance caudad, the former not considerably surpassing the latter, while the sixth tergite has the ventro-caudal ))ortions laterad produced in an elongate rounded lobe, which does not jiroject beyond the caudal margin of the tergite.

Length of body, d^ 1 1 5 and 120.5, 9 1 73 ; length of mesonotum, cf 31 and 31.8, 9 41; median width of mesonotum, cf 1-7 and

MORGAN HEBAKD 361

1.7, 9 5.7; length of metanotiiin (inclufling median segment), cf 18 and 19, 9 24.8; length of median segment, cf 14 and 14.8, 9 15.7; length of tegmen, d^ 6.2 and 5.9, 9 absent; length of wing, d^ 18.1 and 33.3, 9 absent; length of cephalic femur, cf (missing) and 37, 9 39.8; length of candal femur, cf 30.8 and 36, 9 39; length of cephalic tibia, cf (missing) and 46.2, 9 43.8; length of operculum, 14.9 mm.

Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher

1908. Pt[eriiio.vyln.s] .'ipinulosus Redtenbacher, Monographic der Phasmiden, p. 428, pi. XX, fig. 3. [cf ; Chiriqui, Panama.]

Panama, 1 cf , [U. S. N. M.].

The spination and lamellation of the limlxs is more irregular in this insect than would be expected from Redtenbacher 's figure. The specimen before us is slightly smaller, but agrees closely with the t3q^e. The pair of long sharp spines at the caudal margin of the pronotum arc^ conspicuous.

TRAXS. AM. ENT. SOC, XLVIII.

362 mantidae and phasmidae of panama

Explanation of Plates Plate XIV

Fig. 1. — Brizoides annulicornis new species. Dorsal view of female. Porto

Bello, Panama. Type. (Natural size.) Fig. 2. — Brizoides annulicornis new species. Lateral view of distal portion

of female abdomen. Porto Bello, Panama. Tijpe. (Much

enlarged.) Fig. 3. — Prisopus ariadne new species. Ventral view of portion of male

abdomen, to show distinctive marking. Alhajuela, Panama.

Allotype. (X 3M) Fig. 4. — Prisopus ariadne new species. Dorsal view of base of female sinistral

tegmen, to show distinctive nodes. Carillo, Costa Rica. Type.

(X4) Fig. 5. — Prisopus ariadne new species. Dorsal outline of female tegminal

shoulder. Carillo, Costa Rica. Type. (Much enlarged.) Fig. 6 — Prisopus ariadne new species. Dorsal view of male tegminal

shoulder, to show diversity between sexes (compare figure 5).

Alhajuela, Panama. Allotype. (Same scale as figure 5.) Fig. 7. — Prisopus ariadne new species. Lateral outline of female cephalic

femur. Carillo, Costa Rica. Type. (X 3) Fig. 8. — Prisopus ariadne new species. Lateral outline of female caudal fe- mur. Carillo, Costa Rica. Tyj^e. ( X 3) Fig. 9. — Libethra panamae new species. Ventral view of distal portion of

female abdomen. Old Panama, Panama. Allotype. Im- mature? (Much enlarged.)

Plate X\'

Fig. 1. — Pseudoceroys harroweri new species. Dorsal view of female. Porto

Bello, Panama. Type. (X IH) Fig. 2. — Pseudoceroys harroioeri new species. Lateral view of head of female.

Porto Bello, Panama. Type. (X 4^) Fig. 3. — Libethra panamae new species. Dorsal view of distal portion of

male abdomen. Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama. Type. (X 5) Fig. 4. — Libethrae panamae new species. Lateral view of distal portion of

male abdomen. Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama. Type. (X 5) Fig. 5. — TrycJiopeplus laciniatus (Westwood). Dorsal view of female. Rio

Trinidad, Panama. (Natural size.) Fig. 5. — Trycliopeplus laciniatus (Westwood). Lateral view of egg from which

the young has emerged (in unhatched eggs, the spiny portion is

alone visible). Rio Trinidad, Panama. (X 5)

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XLVIIl.

I'l. XIV

HEBARD— MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XLVIII.

ri XV

4 6

HEBARD— MANTIDAE AND PHASMIDAE OF PANAMA

CONTENTS

On the Male Genitalia of the Hesperiidae of North America. Paper II. By Henry Skinner and R. C.

Williams, Jr 283

(Issued February 12, 1923.)

Systematic and Biological Notes on Bumblebees (Brem-

idae; Hymenoptera) . By Theodore H. Frison . 307 (Issued March 2, 1923.)

Studies in the Mantidae and Phasmidae of Panama

(Orthoptera) . By Morgan Hebard .... 327 (Issued March 7, 1923.)

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