. <=.40.

; ^tMR 19501

BURNLEY

LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB.

^ Established 1873.

TRANSACTIONS.

VOL. XXV.

1907-

MEMBER’S COPY.

GEORGE ANDERSON & CO.,

ST. JAMES’ STREET, BDRNLET.

0

MDCCCCVin.

W. ANGELO WADDINGTON.

The Founder of the Club.

First Secretary - 1874 to i879.
Vice-President - i879 to isse.

President - - i892 and 1893.

BURNLEY

LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB.

a^RANSACTIOT^S.

VOL. XXV.
1907.

MEMBER’S COPY.

GEORGE ANDERSON & CO.,

ST. JAMES’ STREET, BURNLEY.

MDCCCCVIII,

1

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J

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)

V

y

I

Burnlep £iurarp and Scientific Club

Established 1873.

OFFICERS OF THE CLUB.

Year 1907-8.

President ;

H. L. JOSELAND, M.A.

Fred. J. Grant
James Kay, J.P.
W. Lewis Grant,

Vice-Presidents ;

J.P. Jas. Lancaster, J.P.

Rev. VV. S. Matthews, B.A.
Wm. Lancaster.

Hon. Treasurer: FRANK E. THORNTON.

Hon. Secretary: FRANK HUDSON, LL.B.,

12, St. James’s Row, Burnley.

Committee :

T. G. Crump, B.A., M.B. John S. Mackie.

Wm. Thompson. George Gill, J.P.

T. Crossland, B.Sc. A. R. Pickles, M.A.

Hon. Lanternist : A. A. Bellingham
Hon. Auditor : Thomas Proctor.

4

Rule

Rule

•

Rule

Rule

Rule

Rule

Rule

Rule

Rule

Rule

RULES OF THE CLUB.

1. That the Society be named the “ Burnley Literary and
Scientific Club.”

2. That the objects of the Club shall be the instruction and
mental recreation of its members by means of original papers,
discu.ssions, and conversation of a Literary and Scientific
character. Party Politics and Religious controversies to be
excluded. That arrangements be made during the Summer
for Excursions to places of Historic and Natural interest.

3. That the Club consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members
and Lady Associates. That the Committee shall have power
to accept the services of others than members.

4. That Associateship be open to ladies who shall be elected
by ballot of the members and shall have the privilege of
attending all meetings of the Club. They shall not take
part in the management of the Club, nor shall they be en-
titled to introduce a friend.

5. That the Club meet on Tuesday evenings at 7-45, the meetings
being weekly from September to April. Any meetings held
in the Summer months to be preparatory to the Excursions.

0. That the Secretary shall commence the proceedings of each
meeting by reading the minutes of the last meeting.

7. - Candidates for Membership or Associateship to be proposed

and seconded at one meeting, and balloted for at the next ;
a majority of three-fourths of the members present being
required to secure an election. Candidates for Honorary
Membership shall be proposed only after a recommendation
from the Committee.

8. That the officers consist of a President, six Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, Secretary, and a Committee of six members, who
shall manage the affairs of the Club ; four to form a quorum.
Such officers to be chosen by ballot at the Annual Meeting,
which shall be held on the lirst convenient Tuesday in .\pril.
Nominations to be received only at the three meetings next
jireceding the Annual Meeting.

!>. That the reading of any paper shall not occupy more than
one hour, the remaining [lortion of the time, up to ten o’clock,
to be sjient in conversation and discussion. No speaker to
occupy more than five minutes, or to speak more tlian once,
except by jicrmission of the Chairman.

0. That a Sessional Programme shall be prepared by the Sec-
retary, and |)rinted, in which the Inisiness of each evening
shall be stated. All subjects proposed to be brought before
the Club to be ajiproved by the Committee of Management.

5

Rule 11. Each member shall have the privilege of introducing a friend,*
but no person so introduced shall be allowed to take part
in the proceedings unless invited by the Chairman, to whom
the said person’s name shall be communicated on his entrance
into the room. The Committee shall have power to declare
any meeting “ Special,” and to make such arrangements as
to admission of friends at such meeting as they shall think
proper.

Rule 12. That an annual subscription of 10s. be paid by ordinary
Members, and of 5s. by Associates, and any person whose
subscription is in arrear for three months shall cease to be
a member of the Club.

Rule 13. The Accounts of the Club shall be made up by the Treasurer
to the end of December in each year ; and a Balance Sheet
shall, after having been audited and passed by the Com-
mittee, be printed and sent to the members before the
Annual Meeting.

Rule 14. That the Rules be altered only at the Annual Meeting in
April, or at a special Meeting ; in both cases a fortnight’s
notice shall be given to the members, stating the nature of
the proposed alteration. The Secretary shall be empowered
to call a Special Meeting on receiving a requisition signed by
six members.

* No gentleman residing within the Parliamentary Borough,
not being a member, will be eligible for admission.

A friend is considered to be “ introduced ” (Rule 1 1) to the Meetings
of the Club when he or she attends with the sanction (by card or
otherwise) of a Member.

REPORT

Presented at the Annual Meeting of Members, April 9th, 1907.

The Committee have pleasure in presenting to the Members
the Thirty-Third Annual Report of the Club.

During the Club year now ended, 21 meetings have been
held and 19 Papers have been read or Lectures given on
subjects ranging widely over the held of human interests.
The Papers have been full of variety, stimulating, and thought
suggesting, and the Committee think they are justihed in
claiming that the standard of the contributions has been
fully equal to the high level maintained in past years.

Seven of the Papers have been given by Members, and 12
by friends. The subjects with which the papers have dealt
are

Literary — 1 1 papers. Science — 2 papers.

Art — 1 paper. Travel — 5 paj)ers.

Seven Lectures have been illustrated by the lantern. Two
of the meetings have been occupied by Recitals.

The Committee have been fortunate in securing during the
second session of the year, the attendance of Professor Sadler,
of Manchester, and in obtaining contributions from the
Rev. A. L. Cortie and Mr. H. Woolley, both old friends of the
Club. The Committee regret that Mr. J. H. Hudson (now of
Wolverhampton) was unable to attend and give his paper
on “ Rousseau,” which appeared in the Syllabus for the
second session of the year, and that Mr. John Harwood, who
was to have come in December last, was also prevented from
delighting the members with a recital of the ” Christmas
Carol.” Satisfactory substitutes were found in both cases.

During the year Mr. J‘. H. Hudson has been elected an
Honorary Member of the Club, and there have also been elected
21 Ordinary Members and 21 Lady Associates. The Ordinary
Members now number 192, and these, with the 19 Honorary
Members and the 21 Lady Associates, make a total membcr-
shij) of 211 as compared with 223 last year.

The Members have to dej)lorc the loss, timing the past year,
ot three gentlemen who had rendered n.selnl services to the
Club, the Rev. T. Leyland, Mr. Angelo Waddington aiul
Alderman Greenwood. 'I'lic I’apers on the Dudtlon and
Wycollar Dene given by Mr. Leyland and illustrated by his
own ])hotograi)hs, were a source of much interest to all ; other
Papers read by him proved how well acquaintetl he was with

7

the “ olde poesies.” His work as an officer was of great
benefit to the Club. The death at such a comparatively
early age of Mr. Angelo Waddington, was a distinct loss to
the country. He was one of the founders of the Club and
was its first Secretary. His Paper on “ Ancient America,”
and those on his Continental travels, will long be remembered.
The soirees he arranged were of the highest educational
value. The eulogy prepared by Mr. F. J. Grant and read at
the first meeting after the death of Mr. Waddington, will be
incorporated in the Transactions of the Club. In the first
two decades of the Club Alderman Greenwood initiated many
discussions on commercial matters. The very titles of the
subjects he selected show the bent of his mind and his cheery
optimism e.g., ‘‘ Can England maintain her commercial
supremacy ?” answered affirmatively ; “ Have the population of
Lancashire deteriorated ?” answered in the negative. Statis-
tics gathered assiduously from authentic records of the trade
of various countries were collated and elaborated in a masterly
manner, and made full of interest withal. For many years
Mr. Greenwood was a frequent contributor to our debates.
In the year of his mayoralty he gave official recognition of
the Club at the Town Hall. He was a kindly gentleman
whose memory will long be cherished by all who knew him.

The average attendance at each meeting during the year
has been 34 Members, and 30 Associates and friends, total 64,
as compared with an average attendance of 72 Members and
friends last year. The aggregate attendance has been 707
Members and 633 Associates and friends.

During the summer an Excursion was organised to Hoghton
Tower and Samlesbury Hall, which was thoroughly enjoyed
by a large number of Members.

The Committee have much pleasure in expressing their
gratitude to Mr. A. A. Bellingham for his valuable services
as Honorary Lanternist during the year.

The Committee hope that the support of Members,
Associates and friends, which has been most gratifying during
the past year, will continue to be accorded to them in their
next year’s work, and hope that by their help the high
standing of their work and of the Papers given will be fully
upheld, and the prosperity of the Club maintained and its
influence widened.

FRANK HUDSON,

Hon. Sec.

8

SYLLABUS.

JANUARY TO APRIL, 1907.

Jan. 15 — “ The History of a piece of Craven Limestone ”

(Illustratecl by the Lantern.)

A. WiLMORE, B.Sc., F.G.S., F.C.S.

,, 22 — “ Ur. Johnson ”

G. S. Ritchie.

,, 29 — “ The Many-mindedness of England ”

Professor M. E. Sadler, M.A., LL.D.

Feb. 5 — “ The Tails of Comets ” . . Rev. A. L. Cortie, S.J., F.R.A.S.
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

„ 19 — “ The Alps in Winter ” Hermann Woolley,

(Illustrated by the Lantern.) Member of the Alpine Club.

„ 26 — Recital — Miscellaneous Pieces James Yates.

Mar. 5 — “ The Influence of Small Communities ”

A. Lewis, B.A., F.R.G.S.

,, 12 — “ Miracle, Mystery, and Morality Plays ”

Robert S. Crump, M.A.

19 — “ Roughing it in Bulgaria ”

(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

Captain J. H. Cooke, F.L.S., F.G.S.

26 — “Peer Gynt ’’ The President

April 9— ANNUAL MEETING.

9

Oct.

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Nov

Dec.

> >

; »

SYLLABUS.

OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1907.

8 — “ Modern Views on Electricity and Matter ”

G. Birtwistle, M.A., B.Sc.

15 — “ Whalley Abbey and Church ”

Rev. S. T. Taylor-Taswell, M.A.

22—“ Some Literary As.sociations of Bath ”

(Illustrated by the Lantern.) . . Rev. C. S. Sargisson.

29 — “ The Evolution of the Pendle Range ” . . John T. Smith.
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

5 — “ Yorkshire Caves and Pot Holes ”

(Illustrated by the Lantern.) S. W. Cuttriss, M.I.E.E.

12 — “ Flies and their Association with Disease ”

(Illustrated by the Lantern.) J. H. Ashworth, D.Sc.

19 — “ Dreams and Dreaming ” . . . . Rev. A. W. Welford.

26 — “ Mountaineering ” . . W. Cecil Slingsby, Vice-President
(Illustrated by the Lantern.) of the Alpine Club.

3 — “ Hawker of Morwenstow ” . . . . Fred. J. Grant, J.P.

10 — “ The Romance of the Table ” . . . . J. W. Kneeshaw.

17 — Recital, “A Christmas Carol” .. J. Wallace Coles.

20— ANNUAL DINNER.

Treasurer's Accounts for the Year ending the 3lst day of December, 1906.

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Audited and found correct,

FRANK E. THORNTON, Hnn. Treasurer. THOS. PROCTOR, Auditor.

Burnley, April Gth, 1907.

TRANSACTIONS.

1907.

13

THE HISTORY OF A PIECE OF CRAVEN

LIMESTONE.

(Illustrated by the Lantern).

By Mr. A. WILMORE, B.Sc., F.G.S., of Colne.
Jamiary I5th, 1907.

The district dealt with by the lecturer lies between Clitheroe,
Skipton and Hellifield, in a triangular patch of country
described as the Craven lowlands. The knolls in the immediate
neighbourhood of Clitheroe had been the subject of keen
controversy, into which he had ventured by a paper at the
British Association, which, owing to his illness at the time,
had been read for him, and which led to a lively discussion.
This showed that there were real problems of general interest
to be attacked in the Craven district.

After showing and explaining diagrams of the earth’s
strata, making special reference to the palseozoic group, in
which were found the rocks of Pendle, Craven and district,
the lecturer threw on the screen the various types of limestone
formed of deposits of sea-life in shallow seas where life was
very plentiful, forming great masses of calcareous material.
The chief types of organisms were the crinoidal, shelly,
foraminiferal, the mixed, fine limestone mud, cemented and
hardened, and the irregular breccias, made up of various kinds
of fragmentary calcareous stuff. One of the problems which
had fascinated him was the evidence they found of evolution
in the life forms — the different structures in the coral character-
istics of the carboniferous period. In the simple and more
complex structures of these organisms they had some marvel-
lous evolution theories which one scarcely knew how to
interpret. These limestones are not horizontal in western
Craven — the lowland country, though they are fairly so in
north-eastern Craven — the highland country. In the Craven
lowlands they are very much contorted and faulted, and the
peculiar scenery is partly a result of these characteristics.
The scenery of the Craven highland country is almost entirely
determined by its limestone rocks — the scars, the gorges,
and the deep canon-like valleys being directly consequent

14

on the limestone rock-structure of that district. Mr. Wilmore
exhibited several familiar scenes selected from the West
Yorkshire Dales, such as Trollcr’s Gill, Malham Cove, Gordale
Scar, and Giggleswick Scar. A very interesting study in the
Craven limestones is in connection with the lecturer’s own
special work in Craven, as laid before the British Association
and the Yorkshire Geological Society. Many of the limestones
appear quite structureless and absolutely unfossiliferous as
seen in the ordinary way. Now, in modern research, these
rock types are ground down until quite transparent, and may
then be studied under the microscope. Mr. Wilmore is now
engaged on a detailed study of a large series of these limestones
by this method, and some of his results were shown by means
of micro-photographic lantern slides. Another piece of work
on which the lecturer has been engaged is the evolution of
the various life-forms during the immense period whose
history is contained in the Craven rocks. This evolution is
traceable in all the types, but Mr. Wilmore has hitherto
confined his attention to the corals and brachiopod shells.
Some original lantern slides were shown which clearly
demonstrated the various stages in the evolution of some
of these forms, and which give some idea of the modifications
due to changing environment which are seen. The lecturer
is still at work on this subject, and hopes to lay some further
results before the Geological Society of London and the
British Association during the next two years.

In reply to questions the lecturer said that in reference
to the age of the Craven fault. Professor Tiddiman, who
surveyed the district, believed that the Craven fault was in
progress during the depositions of the carboniferous rocks.
He (the lecturer) was sorry he could not subscribe to that
opinion. Others believed it was of much more recent origin
and was bound uj) with the later up-lift. They had in that
district 2,000 feet of coal measures and many of those coal
seams must have been deposited on the surface. Tlie most
difficult question was as to the reason why certain types had
taken the privilege to live on when the host of others had had
to give way. That involved the question of evolution and the
survival of the fittest, on which they talked glibly, although
they were only playing on the fringe of that great problem
of evolution. The dolomites were much commoner in the
Craven area than anyone would have thought.

15

Dr. JOHNSON.

By G. S. RITCHIE. January 22nd, 1907.

On the 16th of May, 1763, in a bookseller’s back parlour
in Covent Garden, Samuel Johnson met his disciple and
biographer, James Boswell.

An insignificant incident in the life of J ohnson — to Boswt 11,
ever ambitious of literary achievement, the meeting was the
flood of the fortunate tide. Thenceforward the better part
of his time and abilities was devoted to the contemplation
and delineation of his hero’s character. The fruits of his
consecrated zeal not only served for his own immortalit}/ . but
established also on an enduring basis the fame of Dr. Johnson.
For among literary men Johnson’s position is unique. Our
interest in the personal history of a man of letters follows,
as the rule, our interest in his books ; our interest in J ohnson’s
books is secondary to our interest in their author’s personality.
Regarded by his contemporaries as a classic, for us he lives
in the pages of Boswell as an entertaining companion.

At Lichfield, where his father, Michael Johnson, carried
on business as a bookseller, Samuel Johnson was born in 1709.
He was afflicted in infancy with scrofula, which disfigured
his face, entirely destroying, apparently, the use of one of his
eyes and much impairing the sight of the other.

After some years at school and a period of indiscriminate
reading at home he went up in his nineteenth year to Pem-
broke College, Oxford. Poverty, with which he was only
commencing his thirty years’ struggle, forced his college
career to an untimely and degreeless end, and at the age of
twenty-two he returned home suffering from an inherited
melancholy which he never shook off.

Shortly afterwards Michael Johnson died. His son inherited
a patrimony of twenty pounds and went in quest of fortune
first to a situation as usher in a school in Leicestershire. At
the age of twenty-four he married the middle-aged and affected
widow of a Birmingham silk-mercer, esteeming her while she
lived the jewel of her sex, and after her death in 1752 as a
sainted and enduring memory.

16

For the next two or three years he kept a boarding-school,
but in 1737, armed with his wits and his pen and three acts
of a tragedy in manuscript, he set his face towards London
in the hope of turning them to some account.

Prospects in literature were at this time poor indeed, for
while the day of the generous patronage of the great had
passed away, the present system of the patronage of the
many had scarce made a beginning. Johnson threw in his
lot with the professional writers who passed hungry and
squalid lives in working for -the booksellers, and for many
years shared the extremities of their hard fortune. Giving
signs of abilities superior to those of his fellow-hacks, Johnson
was in 1747 commissioned by a company of booksellers to
prepare a Dictionary of the English Language, of which a
plan was soon published and dedicated to the Earl of Chester-
field. Johnson was convinced that he could finish this work,
for which he was to receive fifteen hundred guineas, in three
years, but more than seven had elapsed before the completed
tomes were given to the world.

While the Dictionary was in progress, he published “ The
Vanity of Human Wishes ” and a series of philosophical
essays styled “ The Rambler.” In 1749 his tragedy, “ Irene,”
was unsuccessfully produced by Garrick at Drury Lane.

Out of his remuneration for the Dictionary Johnson had to
pay the salaries of half-a-dozen manual assistants, and it is
no surprise to learn that his work outlasted his wages. In
the year following publication he was twice arrested for debt.

Lord Chesterfield’s influence had proved of no service to
the lexicographer. On the eve of publication, however, the
])atron’s dormant interest revived, and in hopes of the literary
distinction which he coveted and a dedication could confer
he contributed to ‘‘ The World ” two })aj)ers dealing with the
forthcoming volumes and their author in the most flattering
terms. Whereupon the toil-worn Johnson wrote the famous
letter of repudiation in which he likens a patron to one
who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the
water and when he has reached ground encumbers him with
help.

The Dictionary was hailed with acclamation, but to Johnson
was permitted no slackening in foil after the necessaries of
life. He ])reparcd an abridgement of his Dictionary, superin-
tended a monthly ‘‘ Literary Review,” collected subscriptions
for an edition of Shakespeare, jn'oduced a second series of
periodical essays, and wrote his ‘‘ History of Rasselas.”

17

By these and similar means Johnson contrived to make
his way until 1762, when the necessity for a continuance of
such exertions was suddenly and unexpectedly removed by
the bestowal of a Crown pension of £300 a year. In the
following year appeared Boswell of the observant eye and
ready note-book, and it is from this era that the life of J ohnson
as we know him may properly be said to commence.

Boswell made two unfortunate remarks and by an emphatic
rebuff was reduced to silence. With less pertinacity or more
self-respect he might have gone no further, but abounding in
the former quality and but little encumbered with the latter,
he was able, as he puts it, to remain on the field not wholly
discomfited.

A few days later he boldly called at Johnson’s lodgings in
the Temple where he was received with every courtesy that
is independent of clothes.

On one famous occasion — that of the production of his
play — Johnson appeared in a scarlet waistcoat and a gold-
laced hat. That display was but a meteoric splendour ; in
general he was equally neglectful of his person and his apparel.
His hands were seldom beyond reproach ; for clean linen he
acknowledged he had no passion ; and to one who extolled
the virtues of cold baths he declared that he hated immersion.

Not less reprehensible was his manner of eating. He
gorged his food and splashed soups and sauces over his own
and his neighbours’ clothes, while his too obvious gratification
found expression in a series of inarticulate grunts.

His shortcomings in these matters were doubtless due in
large measure to his having passed so great a portion of his
life in a society where personal fastidiousness was little
esteemed, and where a good meal was less an incident in the
daily round than a luxury of irregular recurrence.

An effect also of his hard schooling in adversity was his
intolerance of complaints of petty grievances and fancy-
swollen sorrows. In a world full of real want and hunger
he had no patience with a lady who grumbled at dusty roads,
or a Boswell that tortured himself with forebodings of
indefinite evil. He had no feeling for the man who was
hurt by being uncharitably talked of, and the valetudinarian
he condemned as a “ scoundrel ” whose woes were a cloak
for his self-indulgence.

With occasional mitigation his hypochondria clung to
him all his life. At times in a stupefaction of his senses he

18

would stare at the clock in utter inability to tell the time,
and at others, incidents and intelligence passed over him
without leaving any impression. His view of human life and
destiny became distorted with a tendency to hopelessness
and his horizon seemed never clear of heavy clouds. Within
the cheerful halo of fires and tea and talking friends he might
for a season forget the surrounding gloom, but with the
clearing of tables and the dispersal of company the haoitual
cheerlessness inevitably returned.

In one thus unhappily constituted an occasional murmur
of complaint might well be expected and forgiven. But
Johnson was never querulous. Believing as he did that
humanity was radically wretched, that in this deplorable
world unalloyed happiness could be enjoyed only by the riian
who was drunk, he held it a duty still to shew fight against
the devil, still to ])ress doggedly onward in the face of dis-
couragement and failure.

Besides his melancholy and his twenty pounds, Johnson
inherited from his father an enthusiasm for monarchy and a
traditional affection towards the exiled Stuarts. He disliked
Scotchmen, till he met them at home, and hated the Whigs
as politicians void of principle.

In the autumn of 1773 he visited Scotland and made with
Boswell a rainy tour of the Hebrides.

He was bound by strong attachment and profound respect
to the English Church and clergy. His zeal for the apostolic
succession would not permit him, when in Scotland, to attend
a Presbyterian assembly.

He was constitutionally indolent, remorseful of wasted
days, and fertile in hopeless resolutions of amendment. After
receiving his pension he produced little work in literature
beyond his eclition of Shakespeare and his “ Lives of the
Poets,” the latter of which is generally considered to contain
his best work.

In 1765 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon
him by Trinity College, Dublin, and ten years later he received
a similar degree from his own Alma Mater.

With the general reader of the ]n'csent day the writings of
Johnson fincl little favour. The solitary thoughts of the
writer were rarely cheerful, ami his books, written in solitude,
are a set of sermons on a single text, ‘‘ All is vanity and
vexation of sj)irit.” On second-hand bookstalls, in decrepit

19

cloth or tarnished gilt-leather, the eloquent volumes repose
for months at a time before their diminished price is charmed
from the pocket of a wavering purchaser.

His style, like himself, was ponderous, though forceful and
masculine. He never condescends to familiarity, and rarely
to the use of a short word where he can bring in a long one.
His diction is un variedly majestic whether in the mouth of
a princess or a waiting- woman, a robber or an orator, a rake
or a hermit.

Spoken for the moment, Johnson’s conversation shews
more vitality than the books he wrote for eternity. To
surround himself with friends, to sit by the fire and talk, to
fold his legs and have the matter out, was to him the best
thing that life could afford.

Of the Johnsonian circle were Edmund Burke and Sir
J oshua Reynolds, Goldsmith and Gibbon, the polished
Beauclerk, David Garrick, the classic Langton and the adoring
Boswell. In the midst of this brilliant society sat Johnson,
deep-voiced and slow of utterance, its acknowledged chief.
His friends he loved to engage in conversation, to argue with,
flatly to contradict, and dictatorially to set right. In his
reported conversation he stands forth as a man of vigorous
and well-stocked mind, of quick imagination and ready wit,
handling every chance question with authority and ease.

His methods of discussion were not always irreproachable.
To be worsted in dispute he could not suffer with equanimity,
and since his delight in intellectual exercise prompted him
often to take up a proposition he knew to be false, he was
driven at times, in the excitement of talking for victory, to
eke out a deficiency of argument with abuse of his adversary.
“ There’s no arguing with Johnson,” said Goldsmith, “ for
if his pistol misses fire, he knocks you down with the butt
end of it.”

No reference, however slight, to Johnson’s friends must
omit the vivacious Mrs. Thrale and her solid husband, who
were introduced to the sage in 1765. For the ensuing sixteen
years a room was set apart for him both at Thrale’s house
in Southwark and at his country retreat at Streatham. The
lady was charmed by Johnson’s flow of speech, the doctor
by the lady’s flow of spirits. The respectable Thrale was
flattered by the friendship of the eminent writer, and the
declining years of the writer were brightened by the comforts
of good quarters and a generous table.

20

Beneath Johnson’s rugged exterior beat a responsive and
sympathetic heart. “ He has nothing of the bear but his
skin,” said Goldsmith.

His love and consideration for the poor have been often
remarked. His house, during his later years, 'was the home
of five or six dependants, who quarrelled continually among
themselves and tormented their benefactor with complaints
that a better table was not provided for them. Johnson
was a long-suffering patron, and when driven past the bounds
of his endurance, would take refuge in flight to Southwark
or Streatham, whither the clamour of his unruly mansion
could not pursue him, and where the amiable Mrs. Thrale
would sit up till four o’clock in the morning to make him his

twentieth cup of tea.

#

Henry Thrale died in 1781, when to Johnson remained
less than four years of life. Short as that period was, it
outlasted, unhappily, the friendship of Thrale’s widow, who
offended her “dear Dr. Johnson” by a second marriage,
improvident but unrepented.

After much suffering, borne with patience and relieved by
the attentions of his many friends, Johnson died in 1784.
He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

A man of strong and tender heart, with a mind of great
natural power enriched by the study of men and books ;
one striving at all times to do his best, though hampered by
constitutional defect and narrow prejudice ; a writer none
the less known by reason that his books are unpopular and
unread was Dr. Samuel Johnson. Few there be of whom
we could know so much and regret so little.

The paper of which an epitome is here given, was illustrated
by extracts from Johnson’s books and correspondence, and
from Boswell’s reports of his conversation.

21

THE MANY - MINDEDNESS OF
ENGLAND.

By PROFESSOR M. E. SADLER, M.A., LL.D.
January 2^th, 1907.

The subject I have the temerity to submit is “ ourselves ”
as forming that indefinitely definite thing the English nation.
It is an attitude of mind much more than any fixed social
order or a.ssigned position in space which seems to form the
most characteristic and recognisable mark of the English
nation. What are the characteristics which go together to
distinguish the modern English temperate mind from that of
the other great nations of the world ? A member of Parlia-
ment once asked the librarian of the British Museum for a
copy of the British Constitution. The fact is that the British
Constitution, that vague, unwritten, elastic thing, is an
armoury of concealed precedents, full of safety valves and
hardly known contrivances to meet unforeseen emergencies.
That is why British civics are the despair of the teacher.
It is easy to teach civics in Erance, but extraordinarily
difficult to teach them about that indefinite thing the English
Constitution. Emerson, who knew England better than
almost any other genius of his time, once said “ This is a land
of mixture and surprise ; everything English is a fusion of
distant and antagonistic elements.” “ I can weU believe
(he adds) what I have so often heard, that there are two nations
in England ; that there are two complexions and states of
mind which are ever in counterpoise and interacting mutually.”
In a very vivid ,way we perceive differences amongst our-
selves— differences in judgment, in outlook and in aim, and in
preference for this and that kind of organisation of national
life. We are conscious all the time of the underlying unity,
an unformulated agreement which may baffle analysis, but
which, nevertheless, serves as the foundation for the continuity
of national traditions. Novalis used to say every Englishman
is an island and has a separateness which might, if there were
no other counteracting qualities, break up our national life

into fragments. But the further we get away from England
the more do our internal differences fade away out of our
thought and heart, and the more do we feel the essential
but indescribable unity of her national character. To the
foreigner who looks upon us from a distance, the English
people stand out as a distinct personality upon the world.

The English nation has certain characteristics hard to
define in words but unmistakeable in their practical outcome,
which distinguish it from other peoples and give it a signi-
ficant unity of its own. Yet, racially, we are a jumble, a
conglomerate, a patch-work counterpane. A dozen factors
have gone in the making of us — a dark background of Hiber-
nian, two separate invasions of Gauls, a measure of Roman
civilisation, Norse, Angles, Teutons, Flemings, Huguenots,
Scotchmen, Irishmen and \\Tlshmen. All these elements
have added to the abundant variety of temperament and
genius amongst us and have enriched to an extraordinary-
extent the adaptive qualities and the imaginative resources
of our national life. Defoe j)ut it harshly when he said
that “ the Englishman wets the mud of all races.”

Our physical environment has favoured the unity and
diversity of our national life. From across the narrow seas,
which from prehistoric time have divided us from the Continent
of Europe, there have poured in political and religious ideas.
England has always been accessible to stimulus from outside,
which prevents stagnation ; but her insularity has made her
a world by herself, and her long-stretched coast line, with
remote corners jutting into the sea, has favoured the different
flavours of temperament which preserve variety without
being destructive to unity. Our geographical position has
given us the power to be suscej)tible to external things whilst
securing a continuity in social structure. The sea channels
around have encouraged adventure and enterprise ; they
have freed us from the necessity of making ourselves into
a close-set military organisation which would entail close
interference with individual liberty. These channels have
set free a large measure of our resources ami a large pro}‘)ortion
of our best abilities for the work of building up communities
beyond the ocean, and the other activities of our national
life. England has grown from responsibility to res]K)iisibility,
and our varied empire, the conqilex outcome of so many
forces, reacts in turn ui)on our national life at home. Democracy
and paternalism are interwoven in the structure of the empire.
We find ourselves in a state in which one set of ([ualities
re(|uires another set of (jualities to balance and comi)lete its

23

work. Variety of outlook is bound up with our very
existence. In the very ground-work of our national life
there is antithesis, the necessary contrast of different points
of view.

The English temperament is separate from the Scotch,
the Irish and the Welsh, but in no way can the English arrogate
all the moral and intellectual forces which have been spent
through so many ages in the building up of what is a lasting
honour to the British nation. In the course of history and
more especially in the last 200 years there have been absorbed
in the more specifically English temperament, many factors
which in their origin were Irish, Scotch, Welsh or Continental,
and to this resultant the name English may without offence
be applied. This unity rests on an understanding to agree
to differ on a vague but real compromise between individual
liberty and social order — a compromise which has no precisely
formulated conditions but has become an attitude of mind.
There are two things to which, through many generations,
English people have attached signal importance. They have
a passion for personal liberty and they like to be allowed to
to speak their own mind. There is one thing they strenuously
object to — any unnecessary disturbance of the settled social
order which comfortably suits their work. And so many
are the incalculable elements which the future conceals that
they do not believe in the possibility of making, by any
deliberate operation of the intellect, any precise, long-sighted
forecast in points of practical detail, of the course of events
which are likely to affect the present conditions of their
national life. Personal liberty is cherished as the most
precious of all gifts ; determination to secure it stands out in
the gi'eat Statutes which have marked the crises in our national
history. It is no accident that England has been the birth-
place of the philosophy cf individualism. The same belief
in the sovereign claims of personal liberty helped to make
it possible to emancipate the slaves, and the right to speak
one’s own mind is one of the safeguards of personal liberty.
At all points in English history this passion for personal
liberty and free speech have gone with settled preference for
social order. We can afford to be violently individual because
of the firm settlement of our established state of things.
Individualism has never been pressed to the point which
disintegrates society. The English people fear and hate
anarchy. Once let the claims of personal liberty and free
speech seriously threaten the comfortable working system of
social order and the English people would throw their weight
into the scale of authority and control. Advanced theories

24

become distasteful to the Englishman when they get to the
point of endangering the stability of social order. England
was the mother of many of the ideas which led to the Erench
Revolution, but the spectacle of the Erench Revolution
frightened Englishmen into a reaction which lasted thirty
years. Once let free speech bode serious mutiny, and the
Englishman would clap on the muzzle without hesitation.
He is the despair of the systematiser, and is always dis-
appointing the idealist. If he believes himself in the right
that is enough for him. He knows perhaps that his motives
are mixed ; the social order which he is determined to preserve
may be far from being a model, but he has a keen sense for
the complexity of things, and does not believe ideal solutions
are possible ; they may promise great things, but his con-
viction is that they would break down in practice. In guiding
the course of the ship of State through the unseen dangers
which beset it, the Englishman trusts rather to physical
instinct than to the guidance of trimly formulated theory.
He believes no single self-consistent theory could take all the
necessary factors into account.

No one can predict what will be the next call upon the
national character. There is a persistent duality in our
national life. Two nations have grown together and the
result is toleration tempered by police. The foreigner says
we are a muddled intellectual composite, incapable of lucid
generalisation, and he generally ends up by charging us with
hypocrisy. Can we deny that the English habit of seeing
both sides leads us sometimes into the “ channel of no mean
between Scylla and Charybdis ” ? At the bottom of all we
are a practical people.

As things are shaping themselves in the world at the present
time it looks as though, under the new conditions set up by
applied science, the key to national strength is to lie in the
power of organisation, in subordinating the individual to the
collective whole. A study of English character as revealed
in history for many generations not does give much encourage-
ment to the hope that England would long show herself obedient
and plastic in any searching discijiline of social organisation.
Behind all present tendencies there lies the deeper and more
permanent need for strength of individual character, for
tenacity of individual principle, and for simplicity of individual
life. The great task of England is to maintain, at some
cost of temporary success, a form of social freedom which
carries within it the best guarantee for the nnexpected
development of thought and action in the future.

25

In reply to a vote of thanks, Professor Sadler said that
they were face to face with new conditions, new and far-
reaching problems, and new struggles. How uncertain they
were about the scientific conditions which were going to
govern the next generation ! In England they had been
really weak in their disregard of child life. The amount of
wealth in the true sense they had wasted through sending
children too soon to work, through not getting the right
conditions of life and right feeding, and through stupidly
forgetting the power of skilful teaching for the ordering of
right life ! Surely they must feel that the time for much
more searching control from above, imposed by the will of
the people for the good of all, was coming, and if collective
control comes, then they would need pari passu a strengthen-
ing of individuality.

26

DEATH OF Mr. W. ANGELO WADDINGTON.

Mr. William Angelo Waddington, the founder of the Club,
its first Secretary, and an honorary member, died in Manchester
on Tuesday, January 29th. At the meeting of the Club held
on Tuesday, February 5th, Mr. Fred. J. Grant, J.P., paid a
tribute to the work and worth of the deceased gentleman,
in the following eloquent terms ;

On Tuesday evening last, while we were listening to a
])aper which would have delighted his heart, there passed
away the man who founded the Burnley Literary and Scientific
Club. Some of us in this room can remember across the
mists of fifty years how the tedium of school hours was en-
livened by clever and humorous sketches made by William
Angelo Waddington. He was always known by the name
of Angelo ; even in youth some sense of the responsibility
attaching to such an appellation seemed to rest on his mincl,
for he was ever susceptible to the higher influences. Whenever
possible he spent his Saturdays amid the ruins of the Cistercian
Abbey of Whalley, taking measurements and making drawings,
and in imagination building up the old waste places and re-
peo])ling the silent shades. Years later the result of this
careful and diligent study was given to the world in his book
on the architecture of the old buildings in the valleys of the
Calder and Kibble, in which many of the venerable churches
and ancient mansions of the district are depicted. So
thorough was his study of Whalley that he was able to give
a delineation of the Abbey as it ajjpeared in the days of its
grandeur and usefulness centuries ago.

His father was an architect who superintended the erection
of many houses and several mdls and public buildings in and
around Padiham, where he lived. He established an office
in Grimshaw-street, Burnley (where in later years many
committee meetings of this club were held), and there the
son developed that talent for architecture which has made
his name known far beyond the limits of the county. Young
Waddington took every available opportunity to travel,
visiting especially the cathedrals of England, and later those

27

of the Continent, delighting “ to walk the studious cloisters
pale,” and loving to dwell on other glories of abbey and
minster. He was familiar with the sculpture and pictures
of the finest galleries in Southern and Central Europe. He
revelled in the works of the old masters, and was an authority
on almost every branch of art.

On his private life we do not venture long to dwell. His
was a life full of trouble. He seemed to live in an inverted
order, those who might have been expected to succeed him
were gone before him. Bereft of wife and children, he bestowed
his sympathy on other members of his family, for whom he
ever showed the tenderest regard. Is it not by affliction’s
chastening hand, and by the wholesome discipline of self-
sacrifice that life is perfected ? Notwithstanding his many
poignant troubles he retained almost to the last much of his
buoyant humour, his brilliant wit, and his powers of fascinating
conversation. Except when repelling some unjustifiable
attack on himself or his art, or on religion, his wit was never
known to wound. He was the life and soul of our excursions,
and his company was greatly appreciated by the friends who
accompanied him on his Continental journeys. Intelligent
travel and the love of nature in her wilder as well as in her
calmer moods, were contributory factors in that culture he
ever displayed. Right well did he understand, and most
irnpressibly could he interpret, the potent power of the
picturesque. Of his art, his mission, and his work he had
a very high view, and whatever he undertook was the best
of its kind, faultless in taste, graceful in outline, substantial
in construction, and true to the principles he so strenuously
maintained.

After a full and chequered career, now in the sunshine of
fame now touched with the dark and heavy wing of sorrow,
in the plenitude of his powers, in the midst of great under-
takings—

‘‘ Comes the blind fury with the abhorred shears.

And slits the thin-spun life ; ”

and the brain, once so active and fertile in conception and
design, is still, and the right hand, so wonderfully clever in
executive skill, has lost its cunning. Seek you his monument ?
It is to be found in enduring stone and monumental marble,
in a stately mansion here, a school, or bank, or hospital there.
It is to be found in many a noble ecclesiastical building, for
it was to church architecture that he gave the best of his
cultivated powers. Witness among others the churches of

28

St. Matthew and St. John the Baptist. And the first picture
that greets the eye of the caller at his Manchester office is a
photograph of his latest and best work in Burnley — the
beautiful Wesleyan church in Manchester-road

But his memorial is not in such forms alone. So long as
this Club exists to cultivate and foster the study of art, science,
literature and philosophy, so long will the name of Angelo
Waddington be held in grateful remembrance. Who can
forget the earnestness cf his work, the high tone he gave to
our proceedings, the lofty standard he always insisted on
upholding, his energy in providing annual exhibitions, or the
eloquence and force, the subtlety of disquisition, the mastery
of analysis and the power of imagination shown in the several
papers he gave to us ? The five years of his secretaryship
were notable in our annals, and in some particulars have never
been excelled. For two years he was president, and his
speeches from the chair always instructed and delighted his
hearers. His hospitality to those assisting the Club was
unbounded. We cannot estimate how many members and
friends of this Club have been made wiser, happier, better,
by those pursuits in which he by precept and by example
encouraged his townsmen seriously to engage.

After life's fitful fever he sleeps midway between the town
of his birth and the greater town the scene of so many of his
triumphs. The valley of the Calder has produced few men
of genius superior to him. Not many of our ancient grammar
schools have sent forth in one generation and under one master
two such renowned students of art as Philip Gilbert Hamerton
and William Angelo Waddington. And when presently we
stand for a moment to give outward token of our respect to
one whose loss we mourn in gratitude and tears, we shall
seem to see once again in this room, the home of so much
of his educational enterprise, the form, long so familiar here,
of one whose name and work are the possession and pride
of our town, one who bore the fine character of a true friend,
a faithful and affectionate brother, a charming companion,
a lover of the best in literature, a reverent student of nature,
a consummate artist. His spirit will, we hope, long be in
the midst of us, exercising a constant influence, a peculiar
grace, leading us from study to study, and from joy to joy ;
consoling us, insjriring and encouraging us to lofty thoughls,
and high ideals of art, in work, in life.

29

THE TAILS OF COMETS.

(Illustrated by the Lantern).

By Rev. A. L. CORTIE, S.J., F.R.A.S
February bth, 1907.

Father Cortie, who spoke for over an hour, and showed
a large number of slides illustrating the different types of
comets and their orbits, said that etymologically the word
comet meant “ hairy star.” As a rule comets did not belong
to our system unless they were captured by one of the planets
of our system. They were visitors to our system and did not
travel round the sun in the way stars and planets did, their
motion, as a rule, being retrograde — opposite to the direction
of the planets and the sun. His object was to explain the
wonderful appendage of the comet known as the comet’s tail.
Photography has come to the aid of the astronomer, and was
able to record the appearance and progress of the comet. He
began with the comet of 1892, discovered by Swift, and
photographed at the Lick Observatory by Barnard. He
(Barnard) also photographed the comet of 1893, which illus-
trated the multiple tails which spring from the heads of
comets at all sorts of angles. Tails of comets were generally
from 10 to 15 million miles long. There were tails from 30
to 50 million miles long and sometimes they were as long
as 100 million miles, while the head was from 10,000
to 40,000 miles in diameter. The head of the comet of
1843 travelled at the rate of 380 miles a second. Astron-
omers had come to the conclusion that the tail of the
comet was not a permanent appendage but something
formed and dissipated and formed again. The comet of
1901, taken at the Cape Observatory, showed a very
tenuous substance. No perturbation was exercised on the
planets by the comets, but a great perturbation was exercised
on the comets themselves. The comets did not attract or
darken the planets ; though their volume was so vast, their
mass was something inconsiderable — perhaps something like
one or two hundred tons. Some astronomer had declared
that we might pack all the streams into a top-hat. That was
doubtless an exaggeration, but the mass was certainly small
compared with the planetary mass. The tail of the comet
showed a hollow cone in the shape of a black rift. Another
picture of the same comet (1901) taken in South Australia,
showed a difference between the intrinsic brilliance of the

30

head and the filmy nature of the tail. He also called attention,
in another picture of this comet, not only to the main tail,
but also to the beautiful splitting up of a very tenuous tail, —
like the antennae of some insect. The comet of 1903, photo-
graphed at Greenwich Observatory, showed six tails, disposed
at all sorts of angles to the path of the comet, showing very
well the phenomenon of the multiple tails of comets. An
extraordinary comet without tail was discovered by Mr.
Holmes, an amateur astronomer, in 1894. He was observing
the nebulae in Andromeda, so that it was discovered by a
lucky chance. Though a comet usually had a tail, it was clear
that it was not a necessary a])pendage.

Father Cortie dealt at length with Donati’s comet, discovered
in 1858. The drawing showed that as the comet approached
the sun the tail was turned away from the sun and became
larger and larger the nearer it came to the sun. It was
repelled by some repulsive force on getting near to the sun,
and showed dark rifts of a hollow nature. The same appear-
ance was manifested in one of De la Rue’s drawings. That
comet was one of the most extraordinary seen in the last
century. The orbits of three remarkable comets — -those
of Donati, Encke and Halley — were illustrated by slides.
Halley was the first to see that comets followed the law of
universal gravitation. One appearance of Halley’s comet
was in 1456 and in that year according to Draper’s book on
the opposition between religion and science, the Pope Alexander
III ex-communicated a comet. He had enquired into that
matter and found that the Pope said “ if the comet was as
scientific men ascribed, a harbinger of woes, then we will
order prayer to be said to avert the anger of God,” which was
very different from saying the Pope ex-communicated it.
This comet of Halley’s will return again in 1910, according
to the researches of Mr Cowell and Mr. Crommelin. Mdien
Halley, who saw the comet in 1682, predicted that it would
turn up again in 1758, he expressed a wish that, when it did
turn up, posterity would credit an Englishman with having
predicted its return. And it did turn uj) on Christmas Day,
1758. It had already appeared 24 times in historical times
and would reappear in 1910-13. There was a drawing by
Herschel of its last a])pearance, re]>resenting it without and
with a tail. The first comet ever ])hotographed was by
Sir David Gill, the Astronomer Royal at the Cape in 1882, —
an extraordinary comet with a tremendous tail. It was so
successful that it led to an international conference being
called to consider the jfiiotographing of the heavens, and
to-day eighteen observatories had almost identical telescopes
erected to photograph the stars.

31

This was the beginning of the application of photography
to the heavenly bodies. Photography, and particularly the
application of the dry plate to the telescope, had done as much
to advance astronomy as the invention of the spectroscope
and the telescope. The head of the comet, said Father
Cortie, had been analysed by the spectroscope, by which it
was seen that the material of the comet gave out radia-
tion, which, when analysed by the spectroscope gave out
yellow, blue, and dark-blue images. If compared with spectrums
of hydro-carbon, they saw that the head of the comet was
formed of hydro-carbons. The spectrum of a comet was
the one given by the base of an ordinary gas flame. If the
comet approached the sun, other lines began to appear in the
spectroscope which betokened the existence of sodium and
iron. Examined by the polariscope, they found that a great
deal of the tail was reflected sunlight. Again referring to
the repulsive force, the lecturer said that the pressure of light
upon small particles had been demonstrated with a sandglass,
which, when a strong beam of light was directed upon it,
allowed the heavy particles to fall, but drove back the lighter.
Instances of the breaking up of the tail and the formation
of fresh comets from these, were given, the lecturer attributing
this to the comet having met with some resisting medium
which shattered the tail. The theory of the pressure of light
would account for most of the phenomena of comets’ tails.
The limits in which the pressure of light could act were two
and a half times the wave length of light and it was only
within those limits that the light pressure overcame the
attraction of gravitation. In conclusion. Father Cortie said
that the last word of science had not been said on the subject ;
it was only in popular literature, and when men wished to
throw stones at religion, that they found dogmatic statements
made with regard to science.

The lecturer, in reply to questions and a hearty vote of
thanks, said the luminosity of the comet was a great problem.
A great partf^offthe light of the comet was reflected. Some
said it was due to phosphorescence, some to collision of the con-
stituent particles. They knew that part of the light was due to
reflected sunlight, but what part was due to phosphorescence
or collision they did not know. Comets were unattached,
a kind of no man’s land. As Christians, they all acknowledged
as first cause God Almighty. He knew that Haeckel and other
Germans denied the first cause, but they knew that one
cause followed another, and the further back they went they
came ultimately to matter and motion. Matter, however,
could not create itself and therefore they came to Almighty
God.

32

THE ALPS IN WINTER.

(Illustrated by the Lantern).

By Mr. HERMANN WOOLLEY, Member of the Alpine Club.

Eebruary 19ih, 1907.

The personally conducted tour to-night was over the
playground of Europe in winter, under the genial guidance of
Mr. Hermann W^oolley, whose touring lectures are always highly
appreciated in Burnley. Some of the views he showed were
taken ’IS or 20 years ago, he said, before it was fashionable
to go to Switzerland in winter. English people had discovered
that there were advantages in going to Switzerland in January.
Above 2,000 feet high they had a good chance of sport and
there was a freedom from dust, beggars and other nuisances
so common in summer. The drawbacks were sometimes deep
snow and severe cold, but he had never known the cold so
severe as to interfere with long walks when snow shoes were
used. There were toboggan runs in several places in Western
Switzerland, some of them three-quarters of a mile long,
where a man on the regulation tobaggan could put on a
speed of about 40 miles an hour. It looked dangerous. Two
gentlemen had lost their lives this winter on one of these
runs ; and the accidents were not always reported. The
lecturer started with his party at Schwytz, near Lucerne,
the lake of the four cantons, took them up the St. Gothard
to Andermatt, the Furka Pass along the Rhone Valley, visiting
the Zermatt Valley scenery, Grindlewald and Chamounix, and
making a series of delightful excursions from each centre.
In order to get the proper climate in winter, he said, they
should get above 2,000 or 3,000 feet, as the mist hung over
the lakes at 2,000 feet. All the country around Lucerne
was the scene of the exploits of William Tell, who according
to a German writer, never existed. The people, however,
were so offended at this author’s suggestion, that they had
burnt the pam])hlet in which he had tried to prove it. The
Furka Pass was the highest jiass for a carriage road in Switzer-
land— about 8,000 feet, but was not the highest ]^ass in the
Alps. In 1901, when one of his views was taken, there were

33

six “ refuges,” but in 1903 an avalanche came down and
carried away one of the refuges. He passed through the
village of Simplon on to the Italian side where the road made
a tremendous zigzag passing through a tunnel. He showed
the Gorge and galleries of the Gondo about two miles above
where the Simplon tunnel came out on the Italian side. While
making excursions in the Saas Valley on one occasion he was
unable to reach his hotel in the evening or to send a telegram,
and next day he learned that a search party had been sent
out, but at the time they started he was comfortably in bed
elsewhere. He lingered in the Zermatt Valley where the
Matterhorn dominated. The amateur photographer was
always anxious to get the Matterhorn into every one of his
views, but in the end his anxiety was how to get a view without
it. Monte Rosa, the Gornergrat, and other well-known moun-
tains came in for special attention. In the Zinal Valley he
found a row of miserable chalets at some 5,000 feet high. The
inhabitants were poor cow-keepers. They lived wherever
it was necessary for the cows to be, and they w^re in different
places at different times of the year. They followed the cows
and kept three establishments going. One point was called
‘‘ Roche de la vache.” In the next valley — Evollna valley —
the people were supposed to be of a different race from the
rest of the canton and their costume was different. It was
often a serious hardship to them when the snow did not fall
till January, because they are then delayed in bringing down
the logs. Nothing rejoiced them more than a good fall of
snow early in the winter.

Many views of the lovely scenery of the Chamounix Valley
were then thrown on the screen and the lecturer gave a graphic
account of climbing incidents and accidents in that interest-
ing region. One of the best ways of seeing the Chamounix
Valley was to take a sledge from Argentiere. The AiguiUes
afforded very fascinating climbs, and many climbers went
year after year to them.

34

RECITAL— MISCELLANEOUS PIECES.

By Mr. JAMES YATES, of Hale, Cheshire.
February 2%th, 1907.

The following programme was excellently rendered, and
fully appreciated by a large audience : —

n

The Execution of Montrose ” ... .

The Shandon Bells ”

Sir Peter and Lady Teazle ”

[from “The School for Scandal ’

The Glove and the Lions”

Wolsey’s Farewell ”

{from “ King. Henry VIII.”)

Lines on Hearing the Organ ”

The Heathen Chinee ” |

The Society upon the Stanislow ” 1

A Little Hero ”

The Old Navy ”

Rubinstein’s Playing ”

Aytoun

Francis Mahony

’) Sheridan

Leigh Hunt

Shakespere

C. S. Calverley

Bret Harte

... Clement Scott

Marryatt

Anon

The Recital was pleasantly varied by Mr. Hargreaves
Tattersall, who contributed the following songs, Miss Mabel
Mackie accompanying : —

“Thora” Adams

“ Nina ” Hobbs

“ The Trumpeter ” /hb

35

THE INFLUENCE OF SMALL
COMMUNITIES.

By Mr. ARTHUR LEWIS, B.A., F.R.G.S.
March bth, 1907.

“ What should they know of England
Who only England know.”

The above lines form an appropriate apology for the
introduction of this topic, which may not be alluring to
Chauvinists and subjects of the greatest Empire in the history
of the world. Yet the whole interest of history depends
upon the eternal likeness of human nature to itself, and on
the similarities or analogies, which we in consequence per-
petually discover, between that which has been and that
which is. Were it not so, all the narratives of the past would
be an enigma to our understandings, nor would the experience
of the ancient world afford any instruction or warning to
him who is interpreting the present or anticipating futurity.
A knowledge of the history of some foreign nation, ancient
or modern, is a postulate of the adequate conception of our
own history, just as the knowledge of a second religious
system clarifies much that is esoteric in our system. A dash
of cosmopolitanism in history-study is the best cure for
insularity and the corroding influences of Chauvinism.

In these days of panegyrics on great Empires, and dithy-
rambic rhodomontade of the Empire ” on which the sun
never sets,” it may be a welcome relief to read a brief for
the little states, the little communities, the despised and
rejected. There is a great danger, in an age of Imperial
aggrandizement and military and commercial spread-eagleism
of forgetting our indebtedness to the small communities.
In this forgetfulness, under vaidous influences, fascinated by
other ideals, and following as we might say wandering fires,—
a will-o’-the-wisp, — our English life, sometimes, or a large
portion of it, has been drifting into ways that are perilous
to the higher traditions and aspirations of a free people.

36

We see a somewhat prevalent epidemic disease in English
life, probably a natural product of the competitive race or
struggle which is the great characteristic of both national
and individual life in our day, — the race for wealth, — the
greed to get more. Some call it megalomania. There is an
unconscionable symptom manifested in the exploitation, or
more euphemistically, in the development of races and countries
without strict regard to any higher moral considerations.
History has set up a sign-post as a warning to a national
admixture of cupidity and pride.

A state or community we shall take to mean an aggregation
of free human beings bound together by common ties, some
of which are natural and others artificial. In the former
there is a oneness of race, language, religion, sentiment,
historical associations ; and in the latter of law, custom,
executive government, etc. The natural ties are more cohesive
and pi'oduce greater stability. It is clear, too, that the object
of the earlier forms of society was life and the object of the
state is good life. Inasmuch as a state is an aggregation,
the common factor of the units is an index of the state.

In Athens, Rome and Carthage we had city states including
only the city and the adjoining territory. Life and energy,
political, religious and intellectual, are focussed at one point
under a very perfect form of social union. We find an intense
civic patriotism, a homogeneity, a virulent spirit of indepen-
dence from other states, a proud sentiment, expressed by the
Roman for example ; “ Civis Romanus sum.” Athens vied
with Thebes, Thebes with Sparta, and Florence with \Tnice
and Genoa. It is superfluous to introduce the interminable
discussion and comparisons between the ancient city state
and the modern state, but the universally accepted dictum
may be expressed : It may be doubted whether any modern

state has realised the full force of the various ties in the
same degree as did the city states of ancient Greece and
Italy.”

What is the true test of the historical greatness of a nation
or community ? Is it the amount of ” red ” on the maj) ? Hy
this standard what mighty empires were those of Alexander,
of Spain, and to-day of China and Russia! Nay, rather the
student of history treats them much like the writers of heroic
verses, who introduce high sounding names only to kdl them.
The true test is the pregnancy of the state or community,
the magnitude of the con.sequences that ensue, the permauenl
imjrress and mould of the human character and destinies.
Bigne.ss is not greatness, and militarism is as ephemeral and
shadowy as a dream.

37

In the little hill country of Palestine, round the centre
Jerusalem, there lived a wondrous people called the Jews.
It is recorded that 42,360 people returned from the Babylonish
captivity. A humble beginning, indeed, but pregnant with
mighty possibilities ! Imbued with intense independence
preventing intermarriage, with the glorious legacies of Mosaic
and prophetical writings, they have retained, ’mid scorn and
contempt, their solidarity unimpaired. How memorable in
words and deeds ! Beaconsfield used to assert that they
intellectually conquered Europe, a statement we cannot well
deny. They have given us a law-giver whose laws are still
obeyed ; a sage whose wisdom is still a proverb among the
nations of the world ; a universal poet in the person of David,
the sweet singer of Israel ; a teacher whose doctrines have
influenced the whole civilised world. They gave the highest
in religion to the world, and this at a time when “ all our
fathers worshipped stocks and stones.”

Athens, on the highest authority, had a free-born population
of 1.50,000 out of a total of 365,000. It is asserted that the
culture of the Athenians in the age of Pericles was as much
above our culture to-day, as our culture is above the barbarian
Afiican. This for the contentious reader. In no other age
or state has so small a population produced so many men of
genius whose rare taste and ability were not wasted or mis-
directed, but were stimulated and called into healthy action
by the very circumstances of the every-day life they lived.
Individual genius found free play there and was spent in
gaining not a transient but an immortal glory. Great men are
the products of a great age, and are typical of and crystallize
the character of their age. What a galaxy of genius in drama,
rhetoric, sculpture, art, philosophy, etc. Without Pericles
and the money he lavished on pageants, temples, and statues,
the sophists and philosophers he sheltered, the immortal
works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and many others, |^we
should have been the poorer by the loss of one half of our
intellectual life.

On the best antiquarian authority, Rome had a population
of 300,000 enjoying the total rights of the civitas. There is
much in Roman culture that is imitative of Athens, and much
of its glory is the perpetuation of Greek legacies. But the
Muses’ flame was fanned by the same spirit and became the
light which was to illumine the Etruscan cities, and through
them, dark gentile Europe. Roman dominion became a
kind of framework in which Greek intelligence could be fitted,
and the new environment invigorated many of its aspects.

38

A passing reference only is needed to the literature and phil-
osophy of Rome, and the virtues of self-restraint, discipline
and courage of which the Roman was the embodiment. It is
in the realm of Jurisprudence in which Roman Literature
acquired an entirely peculiar character, that the permanent
influence of Rome is discernible. Roman Law, the digest
of Justinian, was introduced into almost all the countries of
Europe. It has exerted a remarkable influence ; it may be
formally abolished, but its effects are as permanent as Grecian
art. Such is the nature of great agents which are beyond
the power of human control.

Again, the sacred torch of learning in mediaeval times was
kept alight not by the great monarchies but by the city states
of Northern Italy. What the world would have become
without the Etruscan cities is not to be calculated ! Arts
and sciences first revived here and commenced the regeneration
of Europe. Refinement, genius and taste rendered the age
of Lorenzo de Medici one of the most brilliant in history,
and took root so deeply as to be still consjficuous in the city
where he ruled. The names of the silent immortal geniuses
in sculpture are of universal knowledge, and the architectural
inspiration which produced the monuments and cathedrals
continues to be an object of wonder.

Venice also deserves recognition for the encouragement
she gave to the Renascence and the welcome to the printing
press, for the Venetian school of ])ainters and the secret of
painting in oils, culminating in a Titian and a Tintoretto.

Let us consider some more modern illustrations, com-
mencing from the small community known as the Swiss.
Switzerland may be regarded as an epitome of civilised Europe,
for we see here in miniature all the parties, theories and ]>re-
tensions which agitate larger states both nationally ami
internationally. It consists of 3,()()(),00() people, divided into
22 distinct and separate cantons, each with its own govern-
ment. How monumental is the history of these independent
states ! Here commenced in earnest the Reformation of
Europe, and Zurich in 1523 became the first reformed state.
The literature of Geneva and Zurich and the apostles there-
from reformed Euroj)c in the sixteenth ccntnry. Switzerland
gave asylum to political refugees through the ages, and
its people remain to-day a highly indej)endent and intellectual
peo])le. In the eighteenth century in almost every de])artment
of human knowledge they accpiired a distinguished reimtation
at home and abroad, i)roducing great ]diiloso]diers of whom
Rousseau and I’estalozzi are the liest exam]>les. It seems

39

ironical to-day to read of deputations and committees of
investigation sent to Switzerland to discover how they manage
to conduct administration and dispense justice so cheapl}^
as to escape oppressive taxation. One writer says its excellent
system of education is superior to that of any country in
Europe, with the exceptions of Scotland and Germany. The
ingenuity of her people as a result of the excellent system
of technical education, has enabled her to compete successfully
with our own country in commodities in which we are well
favoured.

In 1864, Denmark, after a brief but heroic struggle with
Germany, suffered a crushing blow. The story of her recovery
and growing prosperity since then is a very instructive one.
Some recent investigations under the direction of Prof. Sadler
reveal the Danish peasantry as the most instructed in Europe,
and Denmark the most prosperous of all the purely agricultural
countries in Europe. From the brink of ruin the poor man’s
university has restored the country and transformed depression
to agricultural prosperity, while we have been almost stagnant
in this respect. Educational zeal, earnestness and activity
have taken possession of the Danes. We have read of their
co-operative dairies, the superiority of their produce, and
with what quick-witted readiness and with what intelligence
and business-like success that community of Danish rustics
has turned from unremunerative culture to the erection of
a system which is a wonder to us English people, while we
ourselves, suffering from just the same wave of agricultural
depression, have been sitting still and bewailing our sad
circumstances. This is an eloquent example of what a small
community can achieve, quickened by the spirit of nationality.

There is no history more fascinating than that of Holland.
It is astonishing to read of this small state in the sixteenth
century, when, imbued with a deep civic spirit and enthusiasm,
with only a small population, it not only held its own against
the mighty Spanish Empire, but in the midst of this unequal
contest founded a great Colonial Empire. Meanwhile,
impelled by the intellectual stimulus of the period, it took
the lead in scholarship and welcomed Lipsius, Descartes,
Erasmus, etc. But it is in art we give Holland the palm of
victory, for her galaxy of painters, — Rubens, Jordaens,
Vandyck, Rembrandt. Holland remains to-day, though in
imminent danger from the sea, a country peopled by a clean,
thrifty, independent, persevering, highly educated and highly
successful commercial community.

To come nearer home. No part of the United Kingdom
has produced so large a proportion of men who have succeeded

40

in life all the world over as Scotland ; and nowhere can we
meet with such an intelligent interest in the liighest and
deepest subjects amongst ordinary men of all ranks, as in
Scotland. Statistics can be adduced to prove the superiority
of Scotland, but it may be well seen in that highest branch of
study, philosophy. In Mr. Rashdall’s work on the Univer-
sities of Europe, we find the significant statement that between
the time of Hutcheson and John Stuart Mill, a hundred years
or more, a majority of the philosophers who wrote in the
English language were either professors or alumni of Scotch
Universities. It must be admitted too, that Scotland was in
the forefront of the great geographical and imperial movement
of the nineteenth century, and Smith, Murray, Mackinnon,
Geikie, Park, Livingstone and others are the great names.

We are well aware that when we institute comparisons
between one people and anotlier, or city or community, there
are many factors in the equation besides size. But having
made full allowance for race, climate, etc., what an astonishing
contrast these small communities present to the mighty
empires. Think of our greatest possessions in religion,
literature, art, sculpture, and philosophy. It is hardly
possible to fail the inference that there must surely be some-
thing peculiarly favourable to the higher human aims and
activities, the full and free development of asjfiration and
faculty, of gifts and powers, that otherwise would be dormant,
m these little communities. These j)owers are elicited in
the intense and striving life, in the friction and stimulus of
comparatively small, independent and, in some cases, struggling
or rival communities. Let us consider our own glorious
age of Elizabethan literature. Is there no connection between
our struggle for national independence, freedom from Popery,
the true beginning of English greatness, and the names of
Shakespeare, Spenser, Wyatt, Surrey, Sydney, Bacon, Marlowe,
Raleigh and others ? Is it fortuitous that these events occur
together, that the struggles of the Medici were synchronal
with Florentine art and .sculi^ture, that the Dutch war of
indejiendence was simultaneous with the Netherlandish
school of painting ?

'I'hese products arc the result of an intense spirit and devotion
to national and civic independence ; they arc the com])rossion
of interest and faculties vitalised to creative activity. It is
a sj)irit that seems to lose a great deal of its transforming and
invigorating })ower in the ma,ss of individuals when their lot
is cast on some largely extended field of life, just as the mount-
ain torrent loses its aerated sparkle and brilliancy and flows
languidly on the sandy plain. The illustrations remiiul us

41

that in accordance with the laws of human progress, the
higher life of the individual finds its best and most congenial
atmosphere in comparatively small communities, cities, or
nations, attached to their civic inheritance, permeated and
inspired with a patriotic ambition to add some lustre to
their name.

The possession of territory will change hands, “ a great
name is rather to be preferred than great riches.” The
Athenian Empire fell, but its intellectualism will remain for
ever. Mineral wealth can be exhausted, but the mine of
influence of great works is a compound interest in perpetuity.
These states sought after ideals in poetry and art, and though
they did not absolutely attain them any more than the
as^^mptote can actually reach the curve which it is ever
approaching, yet they have left a monumental influence
which will remain even when

‘‘ The cloud capped towers, the gorgeous palaces.

The solemn temples shall dissolve,

And like the baseless fabric of a vision.

Leave not a wrack behind.”

42

MIRACLE, MYSTERY, AND MORALITY

PLAYS.

By Mr. ROBERT S. CRUMP, M.A.

March V2th, 1907.

The subject of Miracle Plays, Mysteries and Moralities
was one which had interested the lecturer for some years past
in a vague way, owing to references* to them which one came
across pretty frequently in the study of Shakespeare.
Shakespeare was, he thought, far fuller than we were some-
times inclined to suspect of topical allusions, allusions to
songs, phrases, fashions, incidents of the day, etc., with
which his audience were perfectly familiar, but which were
lost, or all but lost, to us. In support of this Mr. Crump
gave several interesting examples from “ Hamlet,” ‘‘ Twelfth
Night ” and ‘‘ Henry V.”

The lecturer’s interest in this subject was stimulated as a
result of witnessing the representation of ‘‘ Everyman,” a
performance partaking more of the nature of a solemn religious
service than of a play. A proposal recently made to revive
the Old Chester Cycle, prompted him to a more detailed study
of the subject.

Anyone wishing to study philosophy, theology, science,
art or statecraft, would inevitably have to go back to the
Greeks to become acquainted with their origins, and in some
cases with their masterjdeces. This is especially true of the
drama. The Greek tragedians and the Greek writers on the
drama form the basis of all scientific study of the drama.
Ihilike philosophy and the other subjects 1 have named,
there is no direct succession traceable between the dramatic
outburst of IGizabeth’s reign and the golden age of Greece.
The taste for gladiatorial exhibitions, for sheer obscenity and
bloodshed, which characterised the later Roman emigre,
killed the drama, and a long ])eriod of utter blankness elapsed
before a new drama, owing little or nothing to the old in its
inception, could rise again.

43

Just, however, as in ancient Greece the drama had a religious
origin, so when the drama reappeared in England it sprung
from religious observance. Popular in its aim, liturgical in
its origin, it took as its subjects events which belonged strictly
either to sacred history or to accepted legends.

The lecturer alluded to the practice in Catholic countries
of representing the scene in miniature of the stable at
Bethlehem, with the infant Saviour, the parents, the manger,
etc., and considered it as not only a very ancient custom,
but, for the young and unlettered, as educationally sound.
St. Francis of Assisi, he said, represented the same scene
with a real child and real men and women. One of the
earliest forms of religious drama was the solemn burial of
the crucifix on Good Friday and its disinterment on Easter
Sunday with pompous ritual.

The next stage in the development is when to the dumb-
show words are added. The first appearance of dramatic
dialogue in the services of the Church has been traced to the
ninth century. Of these interpolations, or Tropes, as they
were called, the most important, that sung on Easter Day,
was based on the conversation between the angels at the
tomb and the three Marys.

The lecturer traced the further elaboration of these
ceremonies, many variations of which are still in existence,
described in old MSS. The last step towards the production
of the Miracle play was the introduction into the originally
Latin versions of refrains and speeches in the vernacular
tongues. Thus the drama developed in England ; the tableau,
the tableau vivant, the symbolical representation in dumb-
show, the addition of dialogue, and finally the separation of
the dramatic representation from the service, and the sup-
planting of Latin by English.

As the Miracle plays grew in popularity, and stage effects
became desirable, performances in churches became in-
creasingly impossible. The Church-yard was next tried ;
then the village green. Thus the play became divided from
the service, gradually became associated with the trade-guilds;
the clergy ceased to perform in them, and ultimately were led
to discourage them.

Mr. Crump went on to shew how the Miracle play, still
religious in its conception, became more and more associated
with the guilds of the middle ages, and gave many descriptions
of the gorgeous sacred pageants held under their auspices. —
those of London and York being taken from old MSS. dating
back to the fifteenth century.

44

The Towneley Cycle naturally came in for special treatment
before a Burnley audience. It received its name from the
fact that the only known MS. was long in the possession of
the Towneley family, only passing out of their hands finally
at the sale of 1883. It was purchased by Mr. B. Quaritch,
in whose hands it remains. The plays are undoubtedly
connected with Wakefield, and contain allusions to the
“ shroges,” or rough moorland of Horbery, near Wakeheld.
They are in the dialect of the West Riding. Mr. Crump
shewed in a clear and concise manner the development of the
various stages of this remarkable MS. and then proceeded
to deal with the Chester plays and the Coventry Cycle.

Mystery plays dealt with Gosj)el events, depicting the
fulfilment of Old Testament proj')hecy, as accomplished by
the Nativity, the Passion and the Resurrection. Miracle
plays were concerned with incidents derived from the legends
of the Saints of the Church. In England the name miracle
has been applied almost invariably to both kinds of plays.
The Morality })lay is of a later growth than either. It sub-
stituted personifications for the characters of the Bible story.
In one of the Coventry plays, for example, there is a con-
ference in heaven between Truth, Mercy, Justice and Peace.
Whilst the object of the Miracle play is to awaken interest
in Bible narrative, the Morality play aims at inculcating
definite dogmatic teaching.

Mr. Crump then gave descriptions of and extracts from
some of the plays which had been named and in concluding
his most able and instructive paper, said he trusted that lie had
made it clear to those of his audience to whom that literature
might be termed untrodden ground, tliat Miracle j:>lays.
Mysteries and Moralities had in themselves much that was
of interest ; that in an age to which the Bible was practically
a sealed book, those ])lays did much to awaken and keej) alive
religious knowledge and doctrine ; and also that, tliough not
in themselves generally sj)eaking of a liigh order of merit,
they did foster a desire for genuine dramatic literature, and
thus opened the way for that dramatic outburst which was
the glory, not only of Elizabeth’s reign, but of England in
all ages.

45

ROUGHING IT IN BULGARIA.

(Illustrated by the Lantern).

By CAPTAIN J. H. COOKE, F.L.S., F.G.S.
March mh, 1907.

Captain Cooke held a large audience spell-bound whilst he
related his personal experiences of Bulgaida and its people.
He spoke of the country as one of the most picturesque and
least known regions in Europe — beautiful, fertile and with
great agricultural possibilities.

“ Then found he all for which he long did crave —
Beauty and solitude and simple ways ;

Plain folk and primitive, made courteous by
Traditions old and a cerulean sky.”

He had much to say respecting the Turkish and Bulgarian
peasantry, their occupations, manners and characteristics.
Turkey, he pointed out, is a country of anomalies. It is
remarkable for the small number of Turks that live in it.
There are only 750,000 Turks in all European Turkey, the
remainder of the population being made up of Greeks, Bulgars
and a heterogeneous assemblage of the representatives of
other Balkan races. The population is about three millions ;
nowhere are there so many races and religions as in the Balkan
peninsula, and nowhere more strife.

The lecturer started for his journey across the Balkans
from Bourgas, a small port on the western shoreline of the
Black Sea, and proceeded with an escort to Aidos. The escort
was taken rather as a matter of course than as a necessity,
for though the stories of brigands and brigandage are very
numerous, they are frequently fictitious. He had many
entertaining stories to tell of his own experiences and those
of his guides.

Eor 500 years the Turk has been the evil genius of Bulgaria.
The average Turk is a fine fellow, until he gets a government
appointment, and then his character changes. The word of
the Turk may be trusted ; he may kill you, but he will neither
lie nor cheat you.

46

The traveller enjoys a security in Bulgaria, which may be
looked for in vain in any other part of the Balkan States.
The folklore of the people teems with tales of brigandage.
In the mountainous districts the villages take the law into
their own hands. Three men caught pillaging at one place
while the villagers were at mass were killed. But the Bul-
garians say that for every one robbed on the road, a hundred
are robbed at the inn ; and they have a saying, “ The fairer
the hostess, the fouler the reckoning,” which fitted in very
well with the lecturer’s experience.

Referring to the atrocities by the Bashi Bazouks a quarter
of a century ago, he pointed out that the causes that led
up to them were of a very complex character. They were,
however, largely due to Russian intrigue, which goaded the
Bulgars to rebel against the Turks ancl so caused the Turks
to retaliate.

From Aidos the lecturer took his audience through the
Balkan passes to Dobral and Shumla, two towns that also
suffered severely during the massacres.

All Bulgar towns are divided into two parts, the Turkish
quarter and the Bulgarian quarter. The two peoples fraternize
but blood feuds are of frequent occurrence. In the large
towns this barbaric form of retributive justice has been
repressed, but in the mountain districts it is still the all-])re-
vailing custom. Wherever the avenger and his victim may
meet, whether in the bazaar or on the lonely mountain sides,
the knife or the revolver settles their differences and the many
stone cairns met with on the mountain tracks testify to the
frequency with which they resort to this method of settling
family quarrels.

Bulgaria is now independent of the Turk and has a great
future before her. The people have capacity, they are the
best workers in the Balkans, and if their talents be jiroperly
fostered they will raise their country to a prominent position
in that region. Machinery is being introduced, most of which
is of British make.

'I'he habits of the ju'esent Bulgarians are not clean, con-
trasting unfavourably in this re.spect with the Turks, whose
religion gives most minute injunctions concerning personal
cleanliness. All the public baths have been alloweil to fall
into ruin. They wash themselves only at long intervals,
with a handful of water ; it will therefore be readily believed
that the odour of the Bulgarians is often pungent and un-
savoury.

47

Educationally, the influence of the Turks in the secondary
schools is almost entirely absent. Of the 27 secondary
schools only two are under Turkish control, 25 being under
the control of the Bulgarians and the Greeks. North of the
Balkan mountains all the schools are controlled by Greeks
and Bulgarians.

Captain Cooke naturally made some references to the
recent troubles with Macedonia. Macedonia, he pointed out,
is a Turkish province, but the Bulgars have peopled it and
have given it their own religion and literature. Bulgaria
therefore aspires to incorporating Macedonia — a prospect
which the Macedonians regard with some favour. With a
view to compel the Turk to give up the province, Bulgarian
agents are constantly at work inciting the Macedonians to
revolt against Turkey. But Bulgaria has not only to fight
against Turkey, but against Greece also. For Gi*eece wants
Macedonia, because she considers it essential for her scheme
for the reconstitution of a greater Greece. Is it to be wondered
at therefore that Macedonia should be unsettled ? So long
as Bulgaria and Greece continue their intrigues, so long will
Macedonia be in a state of unresf. She may well ci'y, “ Save
me from my friends.”

The political unrest of the country, however, has a healthy
side, for it indicates change and not decay, and if fhe present
feeling is properly directed, there is no reason why Bulgaria
should not become in the immediate future one of the pioneers
of progress in the Balkans.

From Shumla Captain Cooke proceeded across the Danubian
plains to Rustchuk, floated down the Danube on a raft to
Braila, and concluded a most interesting and adventurous
journey with a three weeks’ stay in the gypsy colony at that
place.

In reply to a very hearty vote of thanks and to questions,
the lecturer added that if the people were to attempt to live
under ordinarily comfortable conditions they would be heavily
taxed. Poverty seemed to go hand in hand with unclean-
liness. The wretched Turkish system of taxation caused
the people to make no show of any worldly possessions.

48

PEER GYNT.

By Mr. H. L. JOSE LAND, M A.
March 26th, 1907.

A most interesting literary evening was spent by the
members, when Mr. H. L. Joscland, M.A., read a paper on
“ Peer Gynt,” Ibsen’s remarkable work. The paper opened
wtth a short biographical account of Henrik Ibsen, and after
speaking of the great poet’s unsuccessful early dramatic venture,
Mr. Joseland touched on the first of the two great dramatic
poems written at Rome, namely, “ Brand,” and in a masterly
manner spoke of Ibsen’s attack on the people of the Norwegian
valley which is the scene of the book. ” The people,” said
the speaker, “ he attacks in unmeasured terms. They are
a little of everything — a little loyal, a little patriotic, quick
in starting, but clever in then dawdling on their way, restless,
but feeble in action, in earnest neither in good nor evil. They
are made up of fragments which hamper and neutralise each
other, so that they can never really live.” It was against
this half-heartedness, and unwillingness to commit themselves,
their anxiety to leave available a back door of retreat, that
Ibsen directed the j^oems of Brand and Peer Gynt. In the
former he described all that the Norwegian was not. What
he was, was shown in the latter poem.

One of the main articles in Ibsen’s creed was the right
and duty of all men and women to preserve their own person-
ality and work out their own destiny. Every human being
came into the world for some purpose. He had an individual-
ity of his own, which it was his business to retain and develop.
The half-heartedness and the spirit of compromise of Ilisen’s
fellow countrymen was fatal to real life. A man could
generally find out what he was meant for, if he would face
the problems of life, and not try to go around them. If he
thought of nothing but his own ease and comfort, of how he
might travel through life with the minimum of annoyancc.worry
or work to himself, and without troubling himself about the
welfare or happiness of others, he would fail. And it was
the tragedy of this failure that was the subject of Peer (7ynt.

49

Turning to the poem, Mr. Joseland reviewed in telling
language the story, as it traces the career of the dreamer
dreaming away the whole of his life, and missing many a
golden opportunity, till he finally sinks to the lowest
depths of poverty and wretchedness, and is forced to see
himself as the mean creature he has always been. Good
resolutions lost themselves in idle dreams, and Peer Gynt
was thus never the man he could have been. Mr. Joseland
quoted largely from the poem, giving many valuable explana-
tory notes, and making the whole a consecutive narrative
which greatly pleased the audience.

50

THE LATE

ALDERMAN GREENWOOD, J.P.

We have to record with great regret the death, on April
1st, 1907, of Alderman James Greenwood, J.P. He was a
member of the Literary and Scientific Club almost from its
commencement and for several years was a member of the
Committee. He displayed the keenest interest in the work
of the Club, contributing many valuable papers, several
having special reference to the cotton trade of the district ;
also giving much valuable information during the discussions
on the papers read. Mr. Greenwood showed his appreciation
and regard for the aims and work of the Club by inviting the
members to a reception at the Town Hall during his term
of office as Mayor, and he maintained to the close of his
life a lively interest in its welfare.

Alderman Greenwood possessed literary tastes and a great
love of nature and country life. He was an authority on
the folk-lore of the district and especially of Pendle Forest,
where he was born and where he spent his youth. He was
a man of wide reading, possessed a splendid memory, and
was ever genial and generous. The late Alderman was a
prominent figure in the public life of the town for nearly half
a century. In the year 1905 he was made an honorary
Freeman of the town.

We have much satisfaction in giving to our members, along
with this brief tribute, an excellent portrait of Alderman
Greenwood.

ALDERMAN JAMES GREENWOOD, J.P,

1

51

ROMAN MANCHESTER.

Tuesday, April 2Zrd, 1907.

Some members of the Club availed themselves of arrange-
ments which had been made on their behalf, to inspect the
site of the ancient Roman camp — Mancunium. Important
excavations had recently been made, and, indeed, were in
progress, on a spare piece of ground formerly occupied as
a timber yard, and situated in Duke-place, off Deansgate.
Knowledge of the approximate situation of the western wall
of the camp was possessed, but there was no evidence in
existence of its exact position. The line of the eastern wall
is established by the fragment of it now remaining, and
which was inspected by the party. Under the guidance of
Mr. J. J. Phelps the party were shown the length of western
wall, with a remarkable pathway within the .camp, which
the efforts of the Excavation Committee had brought to light.
It should be stated that the work has been carried out by
the Manchester and District branch of the Classical Association,
of which Professor Conway, of Victoria University, is the
chairman. The construction of the wall was described, and
the places where discoveries of pottery and other remains
had been made were pointed out. Foundations of buildings
within the camp had been found, but no indication of the
gateway had yet been seen. The camp measured 157 by
140 yards, and was rectangular. It was strongly placed at
the junction of the Medlock and the Irwell, and a series of
maps which had been prepared admirably illustrated the
nature of the situation. Mancunium was not a city, but a
Roman garrison town. Many of the great roads centred
there. The British camp was situated at the junction of the
Irk and Irwell, and was protected by ditches. The Cathedral
occupies the site of this ancient camp. Mr. Phelps exhibited
a considerable collection of finds, including millstones, bricks,
tiles, articles of use and adornment, fragments of pottery,
the capital of a column, etc. Inscriptions of great interest
were deciphered. The excavations will shortly be brought
to a close, for the place is to be the scene of budding operations.
There now crosses the site of the camp a network of railway
lines, so that the contrast between the present and the past
is most striking. The members of the party expressed their
appreciation of the zeal of the committee in revealing the
exact limits of the Roman fortress, and providing historical
results of supreme interest.

52

EXCURSION TO STONEYHURST.

Wednesday, June \Wi, 1907.

The Members and Associates of the Club spent a very
pleasant afternoon and evening in visiting the fine, historic
College of Stoneyhurst. The party made the journey by
wagonettes and reached the College by about half-past two.
There the visitors were most courteously received by Father
Cortie, the distinguished astronomer, whose lecture before
the Club during the i)receding session had been so much
enjoyed. One of the brothers conducted the party round
the great establishment, shewing them the hbrary, the dining-
room, class-rooms, studies, dormitories, baths, etc. The
chapels, especially the one used by the boys, with its exquisite
carving and graceful proportions, attracted much attention.
Leaving the imposing pile of buildings the party crossed the
garden, passing the far-famed yew trees, to the observatory,
in which the more scientific members of the party naturally
took a deep interest. The manner of recording the variations
in wind and weather were here explained ; most elaborate
records are taken, the results of which are communicated to
the Astronomer Royal. The powerful telescope and other
astronomical instruments were also examined and their uses
described. After an intensely interesting inspection of the
College, the party drove to Higher Hodder Bridge, where tea
was served and, it is hardly necessary to add, heartily enjoyed.
Afterwards a pleasant hour was spent in rambling about the
lovely country, some sauntering down the river side between
Hurst Green and Hodder Bridge, whilst others preferred the
more exhilerating exercise of a brisk walk up the slopes of
I.ongridge Fell. A charming drive home in the cool of the
evening brought to a close an excursion which will long be
a pleasant memory to those who took part in it. Fine sunny
weather prevailed, the country looked its best, and the beauty
of the foliage — a great feature of the district — was especially
noticed.

53

THE NEW SESSION.

October 8th, 1907.

The President, Mr. H. L. Joseland, M.A., on taking the
chair, remarked that they found themselves once more at
the beginning of another session. It spoke well for the vitality
and work of the Club that it had gone on prosperously for
well over 30 years. The Club had taken an important step
in collecting its properties, chiefly books, and reports of
various societies, of which they* had now a very considerable
collection. The books would, he was sure, be a great con-
venience and of much benefit to members, especially to those
who wished to investigate matters connected with local
history, as the Club possessed a good many valuable anti-
quarian papers of various kinds in the reports and proceedings
of their own and kindred societies. This was one of the
directions in which the Club might do some very useful work.
By their courtesy he found himself in the chair for another
session. He thanked them for the privilege. Their syllabus
was one that ought to appeal to everybody. There were
several papers of special local interest. That evening they
welcomed a fellow townsman, Mr. Birtwistle, whose educational
achievements had shed lustre on his native town.

Mr. W. Lancaster, the Club’s Librarian, intimated that
they had been able to collect the Club’s transactions and other
properties from the commencement down to date. These
had been placed, with a series of publications of learned
societies, in the Mechanics’ Institution. All the Towneley
MSS. had been obtained except the third Towneley MS.
That he had, unfortunately, not been able to trace, and it
was the most valuable of them all. Its description was
“Towneley Account Book from January 22nd, 1787, to
December 30th, 1790.’’ The book had been passed from
hand to hand until all trace of it had been lost. He should
be pleased to receive it and place it among the other possessions
of the Club.

54

MODERN VIEWS ON EEECTRICITY AND

MATTER.

By Mr. G. BIRTWISTLE, M.A., B.Sc.

Octoher 8ih, 1907.

Throughout the Middle Ages the efforts of philosophers
were directed to the discovery of the magical stone — “ the
philosopher’s stone ” — which by its touch should transform
the baser metals into gold, but always without success. In
our own times tlie elements— gold, lead, oxygen, and so
forth — had always been regarded as substances essentially
different and inca]:>able of conversion into one another. They
were the simjdest kinds of matter, out of which all other
substances were built up ; thus a piece of sugar is built up
of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. They knew that
they could sub-divide a piece of matter to an apparently
unlimited extent, each tiny piece having still the same pro-
perties as the original lumj). There was, however, a limit
to this })ower of sub-division, as chemistry told them, and the
smallest particle of an element capable of separate existence
was called an atom, the name signifying the impossibility of
further sub-division. A piece of lead, then, was to be looked
upon as built up of an immense number of such atoms, with
spaces between them, held together by their mutual attractions
— the same kind of attraction which kept the solar system
together, and caused the planets to revolve round the sun.
The atoms of the seventy odd different elements — copper,
iron, tin, oxygen, and so forth — had different weights whose
relative values were well known.

But, with that desire for unity and simplicity of idea
inherent in human nature, it seemed, if one might say so,
almost unnatural that there should be some scveuty differeut
kinds of atoms. Why seventy ? Why any delinife number
of fundamental substances, if they were fundamental at all ?
They thought, and very naturally so, ought there not rather
to be some one constituent from which all these atoms were
constructed, the lighter ones being simider, and the heavier
ones more complex structures, built up from this one con-
stituent ? If this were so, the i)ossibility of the transmutation

55

of the elements believed in instinctively by the mediaeval
philosophers did not, after all, seem so unlikely ; the complex
atoms might conceivably break down into simpler arrange-
ments, and so give rise to new kinds of atoms, and thus to
new kinds of matter. The seventy odd kinds of atoms we
knew of might only be survivals of the break up of much
heavier atoms long since extinct. We would then have to
cease to regard matter as essentially eternal and unalterable,
the possibility of its undergoing a continual though slow
process of evolution would present itself clearly before us.
Until ten years ago this was little more than mere speculation,
though it was true that certain facts pointed vaguely to its
possible truth.

However, during the past ten years — ten years of the most
brilliant progress ever known in the history of electrical
science — not only had this transmutation of the elements
been seen to be going on before their very eyes, but the pro-
bable fundamental constituent of all matter had been isolated
and measured. This was, remarkable as it might seem,
nothing more nor less than electricity itself — a particle of
electricity, or as it was called, an “ electron.” Each electron
had been shown to occupy a space, the hundred thousandth
of the space occupied by an atom, minute as even that was.
These ‘‘ electrons ” were revolving in orbits about one another
at immense speeds, the spaces between them being as great in
comparison with themselves as the spaces between the planets
were with themselves. This system of revolving ‘‘ electrons ”
constituted the atom, which was itself so small that there were
two billion billions of them in a cubic inch of water. Matter
then was a structure of atoms, which were themselves structures
of rapidly whirling ‘‘ electrons.” The ” electrons ” themselves
were particles of electricity, which was thus the fundamental
constituent of matter. This might all seem very fanciful,
but the accumulation of evidence during the past ten years
has caused this view to be universally adopted.

After an appreciation of scientists and professors who have
carried out researches in the matter, the lecturer went on
to show that light, heat, the Hertzian electric waves of wireless
telegraphy, the X rays, radio-activity, nay, even matter
itself, were only electrical manifestations of different types.
Light, heat, and Hertzian waves were waves in the aether,
that subtle medium which must exist in all space and in the
spaces between the electrons which build up all matter — a
medium not perceptible to our ordinary senses, but only
perceived by them when stirred up into waves. The Hertzian
waves used in wireless telegraphy were identical in character

56

with those of light and heat ; light and heat were ripples,
the Hertzian waves billows in the aether. The long Hertzian ,

waves, sometimes 1,000 feet in length, could be created by i

the rapid vibrations of electric charges of ordinary magnitude. ,

What was more natural, therefore, than to suppose that
light-waves, themselves electric waves so much more minute |

and delicate, were produced by the vibration of the very ;

minute electric charges or “ electrons ” of which it was now
supposed all matter was constituted ? This view had been
confirmed by one of the most remarkable experiments of
modern science — an experiment in which it was shown that
a beam of light had actually been magnetised.

Light-waves formed only a small percentage of the waves
emitted by illumination produced artificially. Using ordinary
incandescent lamps, one horse power would produce illumina-
tion equal to that of 250 candies, whereas if the same power
were utilized in producing only luminous rays without also
producing useless heat, they could create an illumination
equal to that of 5,000 candles. This increase in efficiency ^

of our sources of artificial illumination was only likely to be ,

brought about when the process of heating a solid substance f

to jiroduce light was abandoned, and some other means of j

setting the “ electrons ” in vibration adopted. The glow '

worm and the firefly possessed this art, the whole of their f

radiation being useful light, and none of it useless heat.

Mr. Birtwistle then went on to review the great jirogress
made during the past ten years in the domain of electrical
science, and what it had revealed as to the significance of the
“ electron ” and its sources. The marvellous experiments
of Professor J. J. Thomson, in which he succeeded in measuring
the speed and mass of flying electrons in an X-ray tube, were
reviewed ; it was shown that the origin of the X-rays them-
selves was the sudden stoppage of the electrons on striking
the tube, and that they differed from light in being a rajiicl
succession of sej)arate aether disturbances rather than a steady
stream of waves. The sun’s corona and the Aurora Borealis
were explained as due to the ]irojection of electrons from the «

sun into the rarified atmosphere of the sun and earth res- -

pectively, in the latter ca.se the electrons being guidetl into i

the Polar regions by the earth’s magnetic force, and theie |

producing the glow of the Aurora. It wjus then jiointed out
that tlie whirl of the electrons within the atom must cause
it to lose its internal energy and in the end lead to its dis-
integration, and thus to the transition of one kind of matter
into another. In the past few years this had been di.scovered
— it was the j)henomcnon of radio-activity.

57

Mr. Birtwistle spoke of the discovery of radium, and showed
that in all probalDility it projects from its own heavy atom
light atoms of helium ; six stages of degeneration had been
detected, and the ultimate product was probably lead. This
was illustrated by showing the bombardment of a screen
by the particles shot out by radium, the flashes as the particles
collided producing brilliant scintillations. In conclusion,
“ What is an electron — this fundamental constituent of
matter ? ” asked the lecturer. “ It is a nucleus of some kind
in the aether, it is made of aether — -it is a sort of kink or twist
in its structure — something permanent, but yet free to move
in it — like a knot in a piece of string. A structure such as
this requires a Creator to produce it — it is not to be evolved
by natural processes. We cannot contemplate the simplicity
and beauty of these truths concerning the structure of the
material universe without the most profound feelings of
reverent awe and adoration.”

The lecturer subsequently entertained the audience to a
few informal experiments with electricity and radium. The
experiments were (1) In an instrument called an electroscope
was a gold leaf which, on a charge of electricity rose like a light
wing, and on a piece of radium being brought near it,
graclually fell. The particles shot out by the radium entered
the glass of the electroscope and made the leaf fall. (2) Samples
of radium in cases scintillated through the particles being shot
out from it upon a screen of blende. The star-like scintilla-
tions from the radium were distinctly visible. (3) By means
of a glass bulb the lecturer also explained the method in
which the X-rays were produced.

This was, we believe, the first time in the history of the
Club that samples of radium, and experiments with it, had
been pioduced and the members were grateful to Mr. Birt-
wistle for bringing them up to date with the newly discovered
element and the fairy tale of science arising out of it.

58

WHALLEY ABBEY AND CHURCH.

By Rev. S. T. TAYLOR-TASWELL, M.A.
October \bth, 1907.

Though the lecture was announced as above, the Rev.
gentleman preferred to deal at length with the Church only,
as it was older than the Abbey. He expressed his willingness
to speak more fully of the Abbey on some future occasion.*

The Parish Church of Whalley was probably the most
interesting Church in England, indeed in Europe, possibly in
the whole world. All and every part of the Church had
some interesting historical feature or incident connected
with it. The building dated back to very ancient times ;
indeed, compared with it, the Abbey was a mere after-
thought. The study of a Church such as that of Whalley
was a most valualde and instructive lesson in the continuity
of history. The Church should be especially interesting to
Burnley people, because Burnley was part of the ancient
Parish of Whalley. The bounds of the Parish were originally
very wide indeed, extending from Preston on the one side
to Halifax on the other. The incumbents were at that time
deans, with a special decanal jindsdiction. Very considerable
endowments were attached to the church. The first Rector
of the Parish was Peter de Cestria.

The lecturer gave a short history of the right of presentation
to the living, which was formerly in the hands of the Abbot
and Monastery of Stanlawe. The attainder and execution
of Abbot John Paslew, in 153f), involved the confiscation of
the monastery and all its lands, which thcreujwn passed to
the King. The King did not make much financial profit out
of the confiscation. The lands were dealt with by the “ Court
of Augmentations,” which intrusted the management to John
Bradyll. In 1554 the Abbey buildings and lands were bought
by John P>radyll and Richard Assheton, ami the jiatronage
])assed to Queen Elizabeth. She conferred it u]X)n the Arch-
bisho]) of Canterbury.

* iMi'iiibers of the Chih will leurn with deep regret that Mr. Taylor-
Taswell has .since died.

59

The lecturer proceeded to describe the building and con-
struction of the church. The Celtic crosses now in the church-
yard wei'e there before the church itself was erected and were
probably meeting places for worship. They differed in
essential details from the well-known crosses in the Isle of
Man, and were certainly not erected as monuments to the
dead. When the church was first built, it was known as
the “ White Church under the Lea,” the ” Lea ” probably
being the hill now known as the Nab. The lecturer described
at length the architecture of the church, which was erected
by Peter de Cestria in 1291. The arch over the door was
Norman in construction. The fabric and main part of the
building was still the same as when put up in 1294. The
great window at the East End was erected in 1400. The
tower was built in 1450, and later the windows were altered
to their present shape. The armorial bearings now to be
seen in the church were put there by Dr. Whitaker in 1810.
He placed them there as a record of the great and noble
families that had been connected with the church. The
Towneley, the Dean, the Ormerod, the Whitaker families are
all represented there. The internal features of the church
possess many and interesting characteristics. Most of the
stalls in the church have been brought from the Abbey.
In places they have been repaired, as can be seen on close
inspection. The inscriptions in the church are probably
unique in the whole world. No other existing church so far
as the lecturer had been able to learn, had any inscriptions
on the Misereres. Many of them were quoted and translated.
The Altar, the Hermitage, and the St. Nicholas Chantry and
St. Mary’s Chantry were also dwelt upon.

The lecturer gave an amusing account of the disputes
which took place at one time in respect of the right cf pre-
cedence in the sittings of the church. After specifically
appointing places for the principal families of the district,
the ecclesiastic before whom the question came decided that
the rest of the sittings should be free, so that the “ good
wives ” of Whalley might be induced to come early to church.
The lecturer related how much of his information had been
obtained, and in concluding said that Burnley must always
look to the church of Whalley as her mother church.

60

SOME LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS OF

BATH.

(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

By Rev. C. S. SARGISSON.

October 22nd, 1907.

After a brief introduction, setting forth the beauty and
manifold interest of the city, of which Swinburne says, “ Whose
charms no rival wears,” the lecturer dwelt on the Bath of
to-day in contrast with Bath, the life and society of which
were sketched by Anstey, Smollett, and others, nearly a
hundred and fifty years ago. The subject took one back to
the time of ” Beau Nash.” Reference was made to Ralph
Allen, the friend and patron of literature and art. and to the
brilliant company, including Richardson, Smollett, Fielding,
Warburton, Pope, Graves, and other literary ‘‘ stars,” accus-
tomed to gather round his hosjhtable table. Confining
himself to authors who had actually resided in Bath, the
lecturer made special mention, giving sketches of their life
and works, of the following : Pope ; Fielding, the friend and
pensioner of Allen, who made his benefactor the i)rototype
of his ‘‘Squire Allworthy” in ‘‘Tom Jones,” (and who
dedicated to him ‘‘ Amelia”), and it was shown that a con-
siderable portion of the principal book of the ‘‘ Father of the
English novel ” was written at Bath ; Smollett, who sketched
Bath life in his novels; Jane Austen, who resided in Bath
for some time, and who also founded some of her works on
her observance of society in the city. Considerable space
was given to Southey, who liv^ed in early life, with his aunt,
in Batli, and whose first school was at Corston, near at hand, —
a plea being put in for the study of this writer’s excellent
prose works, as well as his jioetry. Incidental reference
was made to Coleridge, who for a while ineached regularly
at Bath, and who resided for some time at Clevedon, not far
away. Richard Brinsley .Sheridan next received notice.

fil

A sketch of his romantic elopement with and marriage to the
brilliant Miss Linley, with his subsequent perilous duelling
adventures, was given ; reference being made to his writings,
and particularly to those of his plays illustrating society and
life at Bath. Passing reference was made to Quin, the actor ;
and the story told of Sir Henry Irving’s exposure to cold,
resulting in his death, during the unveiling of a tablet to
Quin — a picture of the ceremony being thrown on the screen.
Lord Chesterfield, who afterwards resided in the same house
as Quin, and who there wrote some of the famous “ Letters,”
was touched on, and refei'ence made to Horace Walpole and
his writings, especially to one of his letters describing a visit
to the Countess of Huntingdon’s Chapel, to hear “ Wesley’s
Opera,” as he called it. Fanny Burney, Beckford, the poet
Crabbe, and others, were then noticed, with Bishop Butler,
the author of the ‘‘ Analogy,” who died at Bath. Next
came Walter Savage Landor, whose friendship for Charles
Dickens led up to the introduction of the latter to the audience.
Reference was made to Dickens’ earlier visits to Bath, when
he stayed at the “ Saracen’s Head ” ; his stay with Landor —
at which time he conceived the idea of the character of “ Little
Nell ; ” and to his utilisation of Bath in ” Pickwick.” After
showing his indebtedness to the neighbourhood for the
names ‘‘ Pickwick,” ” Snodgrass,” etc., views illustrating
various portions of “ Pickwick ” were shown, including
the house of “ Angelo Cyrus Bantam, Esq.,” and the room
in which the ever-memorable ” swarry ” was held.

:^|The lecture was copiously illustrated by lantern slides,
showing portraits of the writers referred to, their residences,
etc.

0<>

62

THE EVOLUTION OF THE PENDLE
RANGE.

(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

By Mr. JOHN T. SMITH, of Blackburn.
October 29/A, 1907.

Mr. Smith’s visit to the Club was rendered interesting from
the fact that he was many years ago schoolmaster at Mere-
clough, and was also formerly connected with the Burnley
Mechanics’ Institution as a teacher.

In unfolding the story of the evolution of the Pendle range,
he displayed wide knowledge of geological subjects and an
intimate acquaintance with the geological phenomena of the
district under review, — ^a district, of course, jiarticularly
interesting to a Burnley audience. In telling his story, the
lecturer was greatly aided by a number of very interesting
slides, which showed the stratification of the earlier crust
and the process of denudation which had been the architect
of the Pendle range scenery. Although the Pendle Range
extended from Skipton to Whalley and to near Wigan and
Southport, he confined himself more particukirly to the
Burnley locality, where it consisted of two parallel ranges
and three valleys. They would consider chiefly the range
of hills on whose slopes stand Barrowford and Higham, cut
across at the Whalley Gorge.

In early geological times a sea extended from what is now
central England, to ce.itral Scotland, and its shores eastward
extended to what is now Scandinavia. In the waters of this
sea, — a sea known to geologists as the Carboniferous Sea.
corals and coral animalcub'e lived and nourished, their shells
and coverings in due time fell to the ocean iloor, ami ultimately
formed largo thicknesses of limestone. To the north in
Scotland, and to the east were extensive tracts of high land.

63

Rivers drained these upland plateaux, and poured their waters,
with large accumulations of sand and mud, eventually upon
the limestone, and thus the Yoredale Shale and the Millstone
Grit of Pendle Hill were laid down.

In a view of Pendle Hill from Downham was visible a
portion of the ancient bed of the Carboniferous Sea. The
finest example of Millstone Grit was at Hoghton Tower.
In the quarry at Hoghton there was a stratum of this rock
40 feet thick without flaw.

On the shore and flats of the Carboniferous Sea vegetation
began to grow. This vegetation consisted of grasses, ferns,
and peculiar forms of trees. But the area under consideration
began to be submerged, and the vegetation was buried beneath
an accumulation of sand and mud. Then a halt in the sub-
sidence took place, and another growth of vegetation began
to spring up about the shallow waters of the sea. This in
its turn was buried, and in the course of ages this vegetation,
by the action of pressure, and the internal heat of the earth,
became converted into coal. During all this deposition of
rock matter, the sea bed was going down, until in our neigh-
bourhood the original sea bed had been submerged about
20,000 feet.

Wherever they had in that locality a bed of coal, they
might take it for granted it represented a halt in the process
of subsidence, and when they had upon a bed of coal a layer
of shale and sandstone, it was an indication that at that
period the sea bottom was gradually being lowered.

No sooner were the coal measures formed than a series of
earth thrusts were set up which were in the main from South
and North. The result of this was that what is now the
Ribble Valley was lifted up above the sea, and became exposed
to the destructive effects of rain, of heat and frost, and the
river Ribble began to carve out a new valley. But still the
valley was' upheaved, and still the river went on deepening
and widening the valley. This continued to such an extent
that the Coal Measure rocks were completely swept away
from over the area of the Ribble Valley. The upheaval
continued, and the Ribble began its attack upon the Millstone
Grit. The Grit was bottomed. Then the Yoredale Shale
was upheaved, and was in its turn cleared away, and now
anyone may see at Clitheroe and Mytton that the river is
engaged in removing the Mountain Limestone.

Originally the thickness of the Coal Measure rocks in the
Burnley area was about 8,600 feet, half of which had been

swept away by the Calder and other streams. But at Clitheroe
the whole 8,600 feet had disappeared, together with about
10,000 feet of the Yoredale Shale and Millstone Grit. Thus
from over the Chtheroe area as much matter had been removed
by denudation as would make a mountain range equal in
magnitude to the l\Iont Blanc range.

The history of Pendle Hill is closely connected with the
history of the Kibble Valley, and the stupendous changes
of their evolution took place at a period immensely remote.
The contours of the 'Pendle Range and the main features of
our local landscapes became fixed in¥pre-Permian times,
ages and ages before the material of^the^Andes and Himalayas
were deposited in the depths of the sea.

65

YORKSHIRE CAVES AND POT HOLES.

(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

By Mr. S. W. CUTTRISS, M.I.E.E.
November bth, 1907.

Confining himself mainly to the Ingleborough district, the
lecturer, after giving an outline of the differences in the
strata formations, conducted the audience over and down
a large number of Pot Holes and Caves with which
the district abounds. To the south of the Craven fault the
strata had sunk and to the north had risen. There was a
difference between the two of many hundreds, if not thousands
of feet. Whether it had been due to one side falling or to
the other rising, no one could say exactly. But the effect
was that south of a given line they had no limestone on the
surface, so that that formation was cut off entirely and there
were no cave formations on the south.

The peculiarity of Ingleborough was that all the streams
coming from the upper regions sank directly they struck the
limestone. Not one followed its course down into the valley
on the surface. That was unique in Yorkshire. The lime-
stone was capable of slow dissolution by water charged with
carbonic acid and consequently it grad^ually wore away the
strata. The rain water falling on the ' surface of extensive
limestone plateaus found out the cracks and dissolved the
limestone away. There were miles of this limestone ground
and the cracks were of considerable depth. As the dissolving
action proceeded the fissures became enlarged and they
became in some cases beautiful gorges.

By diagrams illustrating syphon -action he explained the
supposed structure which caused the ebbing and flowing
well near Settle. They might go to it many times without
being fortunate enough to see it work. He had been past
it several times without seeing it work, until a few months
ago. There was supposed to be a large cavity in the rock
and a small channel which communicated with the well, and
another channel which turned in the form of a syphon.

In exploring caves they required a special outfit, — old
clothes, a hard hat, plenty of matches, not all in one pocket,
water-proof matches (wax matches dipped in melted paraffin),
ropes and rope ladders, candles, telephones, etc. The lecturer

66

showed the Yorkshire explorers at work in the various pot-
holes and caves in Kingsdale, special reference being made
to Rowton pot-hole, one of the finest in the district. There
was a straight drop of 230 feet before the rocks were touched.
Many attempts had been made to fathom this pot-hole, but
they had all failed on account of the water difficulty. The
Yorkshire Ramblers explored it in 1897. Five different
attempts were made, extending over two years. The great
difficulty was on account of the falling water which they
could not get away from. To get to a depth of 365 feet they
had to pass five waterfalls of various lengths.

One of the largest and most awe-inspiring pot-holes was
Alum Pot, 300 feet deep. They had been able to get a number
of photographs of the interior, which was most picturesque.

For a long time Gaping Ghyll pot-hole had remained a
mystery. It was not until 1895 that a Frenchman, M. Martel,
succeeded in getting to the bottom by means of rope ladders.
It was an exceedingly plucky descent. Although he had
plenty of assistance, none of his helpers knew his language,
so that if he had got into difficulties it might have been very
awkward for him. He found the actual depth 350 feet.
It so happened that one of the lecturer’s party was actually
making preparations for the descent, unknown to M. Martel,
and they were not aware that M. Martel purposed exploring
it until he had actually gone and done it. It was a disappoint-
ment to thenr that he had come and taken the prize before
them, but at the same time, they were quite willing to com-
pliment him on his plucky work. In the following and suc-
ceeding years many descents have been made by the members
of the Yorkshire Ramblers’ Club and complete surveys made
of the numerous caverns and passages at the bottom. After
many fruitless attempts they had succeeded in getting an
admirable photograph of the interior, showing the long rope
ladder used. They had also discovered within the Gaping
Ghyll pot-hole a further pot-hole 150 feet deep, so that from
the surface of the moorland to the water at the bottom of
the interior pot-hole, it was about 500 feet.

The water which went down Gaping Ghyll came out near
Clapham Cave. Their object had been to trace the connection
between the two, but they had not yet succeeded ami he
had little hope of being able to do so.

Many of these chasms are unprotected by either wall or
fence, and it is a common ex]:>erience that when walls liave
been l)uilt the stones have been thrown down the holes by
thoughtless tourists.

67

FLIES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH

DISEASE.

(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

By Mr. J. H. ASHWORTH, D.Sc.

November 12th, 1907.

During the last few years there have been great advances
in our knowledge of the part played by flies of various kinds
in the transmission of disease. As the common house-fly
was by no means guiltless they would first examine the
anatomy and life history of this fly. Its proboscis, a complex
instrument, is particularly adapted for sucking liquid food.
It cannot use the proboscis for biting, though a great many
people affirm they have been bitten by it. This erroneous
impression is due to the presence of another fly, stomoxys,
closely resembling the house-fly, which is provided with
organs for piercing the skin and for sucking blood. As to
the life history of the house-fly, it lays about 120 eggs at a
time in the crevices of freshly deposited horse manure. Next
day the little maggots hatch, feed and grow with great rapidity.
In five to eight days the maggots, now about a third of an
inch in length, become pupae, oval brownish bodies, not unlike
a seed in appearance. Within this oval case the various
parts of the adult fly are gradually built up, and when fully
formed the head of the fly forces off the end of the oval case,
the fly crawls out, the wings are stretched and soon become
dry and ready for use, the skin of the body hardens and
darkens in colour, and the fly is fitted for independent existence.

The house-fly had been proved to be instrumental in spread-
ing certain diseases. After a fly has crawled over substances
contaminated with disease-germs it could be readily under-
stood that some of these germs were likely to adhere to the

68

feet and body of the fly, and in this way might be carried to
food on which the fly subsequently settled. That this was
actually the case was shown by the exhibition of a photograph
of a culture-plate upon which a fly had crawled. The tracks
of its feet were indicated by colonies of baccilli which had
subsequently grown there. In this way fever had been
conveyed in Cuba, and in Egypt an eye disease was carried
by the fly. Flies are largely responsible for the spread
of infantile diarrhoea. Observations made in Manchester
by Dr. Niven in 1905 showed that the increase in the number
of flies preceded by about three or four days an increase in
the number of fatal cases of infantile diarrhoea ; consequently
it was imperative, especially where infantile mortality was so
serious a question as in Burnley and other Lancashire towns,
to diminish the number of flies by every possible means.
Horse manure should be promptly gathered and kept covered
so that flies may not have access to it, and as a further pre-
caution a surface dressing of chloride of lime was desirable.
Flies should be excluded from houses, and especially from
contact with food. The use of sticky fly-catchei's and fly-
traps in houses during hot weather, was to be recommended
also. Flies were not nearly so abundant or dangerous in this
country as in hotter countries, but still they were sufficiently
so to warrant them in excluding them from their houses
and especially from contact with their food.

Stegomyia, a relative of the common gnat, had been
proved to be the carrier of yellow fever. Its life history was
similar to that of the gnat. They abound in the West Indies,
South and Central America, in parts of Africa and Australia,
and recently he had seen specimens from Spain. As it sucked
the blood of a person suffering from this fever some of the
fever-germs were taken into the gnat’s body, where they
evidently underwent changes. After an interval of twelve
days, the fly was capable of transmitting the disease : on
taking its next meal of blood from another person it injected
some of the fever-germs into his blood. It was curious that
in spite of the researches of many eminent workers on this
subject, the germ of yellow-fever, which must be excessively
minute, had not yet been discovered. We know that it is
so minute that it passes through the pores of unglazed porce-
lain.

The mosquito (anopheles) too had its machinery for biting
and it was the blood-sucking habit of the female mosquito
(the males do not suck l)lood but feed on plant juices) wliich
was responsible for the sjiread of malaria. The ajiparatus
for blood sucking, when not in use, was carefully bestowed

69

away in a kind of case. The animal too possessed reservoirs
for storing up blood. Malaria was caused by a parasite in
the blood. When the mosquito sucked the blood of a person
suffering from malaria fever, it also took into its stomach
some of the minute germs of the disease. These germs were
not digested but underwent development in the body of the
mosquito, the result being production of cysts or sacs con-
taining an immense number of spores of malaria. A sample
of blood was exhibited showing the spores of malaria in one
of the corpuscles twelve hours after the parasite had entered
it, and after 47 hours the parasite had almost filled the cor-
puscle. Quinine was a well-known remedy and if administered
at the proper time it killed the spores. Could they do nothing
to reduce the number of mosquitos and so reduce the amount
of malaria fever ? Could no method of wholesale sloughter
be applied ? Attempts had been made to reduce the number
of mosquitos by abolishing their breeding places, or by spraying
the pools in which they breed with paraffin oil, thus covering
the pools with a film of oil and preventing the larvee of these
animals in the water gaining access to the air, and consequently
suffocating them. Great success had attended these efforts
in Ismailia, Khartoum, Freetown, Italy, Havanna, New
Orleans, and the Panama region. In all these places there
had been a great decrease in the deaths due to malaria and
yellow-fever since the campaigns against gnats and mosquitos
were instituted.

Great attention was now being directed to another fly —
the tsetse fly, which was responsible for sleeping sickness.
It had been a serious trouble in Uganda and other parts of
Central Africa. The disease was due to a parasite carried
from man to man by the tsetse fly, which belonged to the
same family as the common house-fly, but was slightly larger
— about one-third of an inch in length. There was a connection
between the plague and fleas. Several million inhabitants
of India had died from plague — one million in 1904 and another
million in 1905 in the Bombay presidency alone. The flea
was the agent by which the parasite was conveyed to man
from rats, for after feeding from an infected rat the flea
became infected and the germs were thereby transmitted.
So that the remedy for plague was the extermination of the
fleas and rats.

In conclusion, he expressed the hope that public opinion
would be aroused with regard to the house-fly, that people
would realize that it was not merely a nuisance but dangerous
to health. The Americans had realised this sooner than we
had and were circulating from Boston large numbers of

70

pamphlets giving helpful infoimation regarding the danger
of food infected by flies. Every possible means should be
adopted to destroy these pests and to prevent them from
getting into houses, for by so doing they would be con-
tributing not a little to the health of their fellow citizens.

The lecturer answered a number of questions and a hearty
vote of thanks was accorded.

<>o

71

DREAMS AND DREAMING.

By Rev. A. W. WELFORD, of Colne.
November \^th, 1907.

The lecturer did not claim to be able to solve the mystery
of dreams, but only to attempt a little elucidation, and to
indicate the direction in which a complete understanding lies.
It was correct to say that with qualifications, everybody
dreams, but there are persons who say they never dream, —
had never been troubled with joyous fancies or the horrors
of nightmare. Anyone should be chary in making a statement
of that kind. It would be wiser to say he had no recollection
of it. It is quite safe to affirm that all adults dream, but
there were considerable doubts as to whether infants dream.
Some cynic has said that there are those who never do anything
else but sleep, that their life was a dream, and somewhat
empty at that.

Scientists had described sleep as a temporary loss of
consciousness, a depression in the nerve centres, resulting in
temporary oblivion. In sleep does the body or the mind only
rest, or both ? There were metaphysical and strong psycho-
logical grounds for believing that a sleeping mind is practically
inconceivable. Mind by its very nature cannot sleep. They
dreamt during the whole of their sleeping time. That
there was no recollection was not an insuperable objection.
It was the more vivid dreams that were remembered
Dreaming might be cultivated. Again and again it had been
testified that while people may not be usually conscious of
ever dreaming, yet if suddenly aroused from sleep, they
found they had been disturbed in a dream. It would seem
that a natural waking gave opportunity to the dream
images to pass away, leaving no trace, whereas a sudden
arousing caught the dreamer, so to speak, in the act.

More than one writer had drawn attention to the great
similarity between the dream state and insanity. The dreamer
may not be insane, though the insane may be a dreamer. It
was not easy to discover to what extent the will power is
exercised in dreamland.

72

The process of dreaming was determined by the law of
association, and another feature was the peculiar sense or
absence of the idea of time. Most prolonged processes and
experiences seemed to take place during the briefest period
of time. The state of unconsciousness destroyed the sense
of time. In dreams there was a lack of self-consciousness.
We see dreams as pictures.

As to the material of dreams “we are such stuff as dreams
are made of.” What is this dream stuff ? All the elements
forming our dreams have previously come to us and
got stored up in the memory. We never dream what we do not
know. The picture as a whole, we may never have seen,
but the channels of the five senses were always active. Every
particular element of colour, taste, touch, hearing, smell,
has its separate fibre. We do more or less unconscious, or
subconscious, as well as conscious thinking, and imagination
plays its part. Every days’ experience makes up the material
of which the dreams are made.

If present day views are correct, there is another element, —
the doctrine of heredity. The child is the heir of the ages,
physically, and particularly of the immediately preceding
generations. If people inherit peculiarities in the ordinary
physical world, may they not inherit mental tendencies ?
The impressions and feelings of other generations would then
be reproduced in the world of dreams.

As to the causes of dreams, they were various, but there
were two main causes ; an external action, — light falling on
closed eyes, a touch of the bed clothes, the temperature of
the room, sounds, etc. Whatever produced a modification
of the nerve condition would produce dreams. There were
many and various internal causes, — the general health, the
state of the circulation, which was affected by the jiosition
of the body, an overloaded stomach, etc.

Then what part may be played by the mind which jirojects
something of itself into another mind ? This projection of
one self into another mind in whatever degree, affected one’s
condition and often accounted for those striking dreams
which wen' sometimes actualised in life. Mental telei)athy
explained many of these extraordinary phenomena. W’e most
likely dreamt that which we want and exjiect to come to
j)ass. It is impossible to explain every dream, because it is
impossible to get at all the preceding facts and conditions.

73

MOUNTAINEERING.

(Illustrated by the Lantern.)

By Mr. W. CECIL SLINGS BY.
November 2Qth, 1907.

The lecturer entertained a large audience for over an hour
and a half with panoramic mountain views in Norway, Switzer-
land, and Great Britain, and with interesting reminiscences
of his experiences as a mountaineer. No county, he believed,
had turned out so many first rate mountaineers as the county
Palatine of Lancashire. The Alpine Club had had 17 presidents,
the ordinary term being three years, and two of those presidents
had been Lancashire men. Only a few weeks since he had
great pleasure in proposing at a meeting of the Alpine
Club the name of Mr. Woolley, of Manchester, as in every
way a most suitable man for the next president. It was in
1857 that the Alpine Club was founded, and this year was
therefore the jubilee of the club. It had been intended to
celebrate the occasion by something very big, nothing less
than to explore the back of Mount Everest. The scheme had
the support of Lord Curzon, Lord Kitchener, and the Indian
Government. A strong party was got up, to be commanded
by Major Bruce, who had been a good deal in the Himalayas.
For political reasons, however, it was considered advisable
that no English party should go into Thibet this year. That
was a great disappointment to the Alpine Club, because they
would have been exceptionally well led. Nobody expected
that Everest would be conquered on the first visit, but all
believed that a good deal would be discovered. It had been
well known that on the north side of the Himalayas the snow
line was 3,000 feet higher than on the south side, on account
of the differences in the rainfall, so that there was reasonable
hope that a great height would have been attained on that
mountain.

74

The Alpine Clul) was the first club in the world to recognise
mountaineering as a great sport, and it had records of many
notable ascents. Only three of the original members of the
club are now living. Englishmen had been the pioneer
mountain explorers the world over. They had paved the
way where others had gone after them. They felt that it was
the finest sport in the world, and was to be treated seriously,
and no trifling must be indulged in. They knew there was
an element of danger, but with forethought, prudence, and
the putting into practice of well-established maxims, risks
could be reduced to a minimum. The game should be played
fairly and scpiarely or not at all. Guideless climbing was
common, but he did not advocate it unless four seasons of
apprenticeship had been served, and even then it would be
better to have good guides. Trade Unionism had in some
localities spoiled good guides and the young climber was often
in a fix what to do. d'he mountains to climb were the
Chamouni.x mountains, the Aiguilles and the Dolomites, which,
though they looked inaccessible, were considerably easy,
because there was always handhold and foothold. Two years
ago there was an earthquake in Chamounix, and this year
some of the mountains previously climbed were impracticable
on account of the rock being shattered. The Chamouni.x
people had very little initiative. They exj)osed for sale many
photographs of English rock scenes as being Swiss Aiguilles.

The slides, which were luuch appreciated, embraced views
of the Matterhorn, Chamouni, the Mer de Glace, Dent de
Geant, the Aiguilles, Mont Blanc ; and, in Norway, the
Skagastobstinder (a most difficult rocky peak), the Roms-
dalhorn, and the peaks of the Eofoden Islands ; as well as
views of the Welsh and Scottish mountains and those of the
English Lake district.

75

HAWKER OF MORWENSTOW.

By Mr. FRED. J. GRANT, J.P.
December 3rd, 1907.

On the rock-bound coast of West Cornwall, against whose
beetling cliffs the mighty waves rolling direct from Labrador
dash in all their majesty and power, there stand a church and
vicarage where lived and ministered for over forty years one
of the most quaint and eccentric of clerics and withal one
of the finest and most original writers of the west country.
In Hawker the spirit of place was a strong and dominant
angel. His ballads are redolent of the soil. His stories,
embodying in forcible language accounts of men and women
truly characteristic of the Cornish folk, and the fragments
of his sermons and addresses which have been preserved,
exhibit a singularity at once fascinating and diverting, and
indicate voluminous and varied reading, especially in patristic
and ecclesiastical lore — the hive of the world’s honey in all
ages. R. S. Hawker was born in Plymouth on December 3rd,
1803 ; he was at Plymouth when the end came in 1875.
Hawker ever wore his heart upon his sleeve. One of his
chief charms was his transparent simplicity. In youth, as
indeed throughout life, he was an inveterate practical joker.
While at Cheltenham Grammar School when only eighteen
he pubhshed his first book of poems. As a young man he
dehghted to spend his time in rude huts in a wood or on the
sea shore, and he confessed that he was never happier or
more occupied with interest than in those days, when gathering
inspiration for his striking poems on rock and wreck and
tempest, and nature in her wildest moods. The restraints
of the University — he spent some time at Pembroke College,
Oxford — could not control his high spirits. While under
twenty he married a comely, amiable and accomplished lady
of forty-one. On his honeymoon, spent at Tinagel, he became
deeply interested in the legends of King Arthur. Thirty-
nine years afterwards he published his longest poem, “ The
Quest of the Sangraal.” By this name was known the holy
cup — the chahce in which was celebrated our Lord’s last
passover of the Jews, and his first Communion. The poem
deals only with the starting on the quest for the sacred vessel.

76

In 1848 Tennyson visited IMorwenstow and confided to Hawker
his intention to write a poem dealing with Arthur and his
court. The Idylls of the King were not published until 1869 ;
Hawker’s poem was issued in 1864. • Hawker’s blank verse
is like his shore — strong and rugged, or like some giant oak
knotty and gnarled. The figures in the poem stand out
bold and clear. Tennyson’s Holy Grail, although containing
many of his polished phrases, does not rank among the best
of the series known as the Idylls.

Hawker published anonymously a short poem known as
the Trelawny ballad. Many writers, among whom were
Scott, Macaulay and Dickens, spoke of this as a spirited
specimen of the jropular ballad, unique as occurring so late
as 1688, before whicli time the ballad had fallen into contempt
in England. The only part of the ballad that comes down
from Jacobite days was the refrain, which was probably
originally written in 1627 and used again at the Revolution
in 1688.

“ And shall Trelawny die ?

Here’s twenty thousand Cornish men
M’ill know the reason why.”

The setting of the ballad is Hawker’s own.

It was at Morwenstow that for two score years remote
from towns. Hawker ran his godly race. During that long
period he rarely crossed the l^oundary of his moorland parish.
Not more than thrice in his life did he travel on a railway.
He was over sixty when he visited London. In the first
twenty years at Morwenstow he spent his own money, and
his ‘‘ poor dear unselfish and unmurmuring wife’s portion,”
in constructing bridges, restoring the church, erecting a school,
and building a vicarage. For thirty years he supported
the school well-nigh single handed. Constantly in his letters
we meet with pathetic reference to his ‘‘ long mean degrading
money fears.” He would dispose of some of his farm stock
that he might feed the poor folks at Christmastide. A lady
whom he never saw .sent him donations for j)arochial objects
and generous help for himself. She preserved every one of
his letters to her.

Hawker’s prose works contain eloquent descrijhions of
Cornish characters and customs. There are many humorous
autobiographical sketches. There are thrilling accounts of
wrecks and wreckers and ]mthetic records of wondrous deliver-
ances from death by water. In sixty years there were more
than eighty wrecks in the locality. It was the Vicar’s custom

77

after a stormy night to go down to the beach to see if any
mariners had been cast ashore. Scores of shipwrecked sailors
were rescued by him, taken to the vicarage and maintained
there for days ; clothing was found for them, and help given
them to enable them to make their way to Plymouth. All
this was a heavy tax on Hawker’s scanty means. Such a
splendid example of unselfishness deserves to be widely known
in these days when the world is too much with us, and getting
and spending we lay waste our powers. Such tender care
for desolate mariners had not always been found at Morwen-
stow. Hawker transformed the parish. There is much of
sea and storm and wreck in his poems ; the spirit of the
restless changing sea seemed to have wrought itself into his
very being. The lonely shore with all the legends and super-
stitions attaching to it inspired an imagination which was
always radiant but not always clear. The moon was obscured
by mists, yet encircled with a glorious halo. He gave to the
ballad form of poetry the time and attention which had
he properly appraised his powers and his gifts, and had he
been more favourably circumstanced, he would have
given to an epic. Even his longest work — like Christabel,
and like the tale half told of Cambuscan bold — is only a
fragment. To later generations the ballads have appealed
much more than his ambitious efforts. They have the true
ballad lilt. Some of his prose is argumentative and learned.

A widower of sixty. Hawker married a woman of twenty,
whose father was a Pole. His delightful love song “ The
eyes that melt, the eyes that burn ” is associated with this
period. There were born to him in his old age three daughters.
That he had not been able properly to provide for his family
was an abiding grief with him. He was not permitted safe
to enjoy the Sabbath of his toils.

He is pictured as a tall strongly- built man with ruddy
complexion and piercing blue eyes, clean shaven face and fair
hair worn long. His voice was clear, rich, and melodious.
His dress was picturesque and quite unconventional. In
many ways he was original and eccentric. Such a remarkable
figure, whose mind kept the promise made by his face, belonged
rather to the romantic days of the 16th or 17th century than
to the prosaic 19th. Possessing the simplicity of the ages
of faith he was projected into a period of unrest when men
were discarding the old truths, and trying to find a golden
harbour in seas of death and sunless gulfs of doubt. He
disliked the dissidence of dissent, but loved Nonconformists
personally. He was endowed with a fine sensibility. A
man with such a temperament as his, wrapping himself up

78

in the solitude of a wild parish, could not fail to run risk of
becoming narrow, with the sense of proportion blurred. He
lacked concentration, but not thought. He was strangely
unequal. He never took the impress of what he called the
smoothing iron of the 19th century. The battles of his prime
wrought their revenges on the activity and balance of his
mind. He had the true Bohemian’s association witfi ideas
of unconventionality, romance, impatience of restraint,
and carelessness lor order and proportion.

On the top of the base of the cross which marks his grave
in Plymouth Cemetery there is inscribed this line from a
part of the Sangraal which was known to be autobiographical :

“ I would not be forgotten in this land.”

It is not likely that there will fade in the county of the
Lizard and Lyonesse the memory of the parson who was
content to dwell among his own people and to give that
peoj)le of his best, ever keeping tdive Truth’s holy lamp,
pure source of bright effect, who gathered together in attractive
form records of the many saints who in olden time had
walked that land and blessed it, and who the little tyrant
of his fields withstood and denounced the oppression of the
local guardians. Look at this weird figure standing out bold
and clear in an age foreign to his own. Think of him as the
great restorer, the man who brought back to our literature
that which is one of the most inspiring and delightful branches
of letters — the ballad. The man who after generations of
disuse revived the wholesome custom of harvest festivals
in church. ' The man who was ever the friend of those who
had no helper, the advocate of the absent, who in defence of
right and justice for the weak, was not afraid to attack publicly
the most powerful in the land, notably a minister of the Crown
(Sir James Graham), and the Thunderer of Printing House
Square. Surely such a man, with behind him such a notable
record in Church and county and letters, might fairly claim
to say with the Prince of Denmark : I have some rights of

memory in this Kingdom.” It was hoped that the con-
sideration of his life and works by the Club would tend to aid
the fulfilment of his natural and pious aspiration : —

‘‘ I would not be forgotten in this land.”

79

THE ROMANCE OF THE TABLE.

By Mr. JOHN W. KNEESHAW.
December 10th, 1907.

All living creatures have two functions in life : the main-
tenance of their own existence and the perpetuation of their
species, and eating and drinking are essential operations.
But men eat and drink in different ways and have varying
ideas as to what is palatable and beneficial in the way of food.
This is a matter of evolution and development. But though
all creatures partake of nourishment, man alone uses a table.
The savage sits on the ground and gnaws his food and litters
his surroundings with refuse. When he becomes a little
civilised, one of the' first indications of it is to be found in
his construction of a table and his repasts take on something
of order and decorum. The first tables were rude structures.
There was in them probably some idea of fraternity and
community. Anglo-Saxon tables were only boards resting
on trestles. They occupied a place in the great hall, the
centre of the tribal social life. They could easily be pushed
to one side. A picture of this can be found in Scott’s
“ Ivanhoe.” The Round Table of Arthur then and since
has been not only the symbol of fraternity, but also of equality.
The use of boards and trestles has left its mark on our language
in many forms of the “ board,” such as ” board and lodging,”
‘‘ board wages,” etc. It was so great a part of early social
life for the household to sit down at the board together, that
for the lord to absent himself was an affront to the guests,
and it was not until well on in the middle ages that ‘‘ privy
parlours ” and dining apart came into fashion.

The presence of a table necessitated a seat. At first, stools
and benches were used. The evolution of the chair is well
described by the poet Cowper in ” The Sofa.” Even fixed
pews in churches were not in common use until the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries.

80

The surroundings, floors, etc., were frequently exceedingly
filthy and repulsive from the habit of flinging all refuse on
them. Erasmus made bitter complaint of this fact. The
floors were themselves of beaten earth and they were covered
with rushes and, for especial cases, flowers. The phrase
“ not caring a rush ” refers to the practice of spreading
fresh rushes for honoured guests, and not for those of less
respect.

Table cloths were in use as is shown by “ Ivanhoe,” but
damask was not introduced until later and Ben Jonson
mentions a damask table-cloth as costing £18.

Crockery for table use is of late re-invention and drinking
vessels were of various materials. .Sharon Turner has rescued
many references, chiefly in wills, to drinking vessels of the
precious metals. Wooden plates, cups, and trenchers were
in common use even in Elizabeth’s household. The word
“ trencherman ” still survives. Following wooden cups and
dishes came pewter vessels and these are frequently mentioned
in wills. The wealthier Saxons delighted in vessels of gold
and other precious metals. In York Cathedral there is still
preserved the horn of Ulphus, an ivory vessel, once richly
ornamented, which was given by the chief as a token and
confirmation of the gift of certain lands to the Minster. Other
vessels were of leather, as the black jack, which led one French
visitor to report that the English drank out of their boots.

In ancient days each man carried his own knife, which,
besides being in use for table purposes, was a weapon of
offence and defence. Chaucer speaks of a “ Sheffield thwitel.”
Henry VI. left his knife and spoon at Bolton Hall. Richard
Matthews, on Fleet Bridge, is stated to have been the first
Englishman who attained to perfection in the making of
knives and in the time of Elizabeth he secured a monopoly.
There was, however, a Cutlers’ Company before that, as
early as 1417. Knives were regarded as fitting presents,
especially to brides. In most houses a whetstone hung
behind the door for the use of guests.

From a rare book by Thomas Coryate, entitled “ Crudities,”
we learn that he introduced the use of the fork into this
country, having found it in use in Italy. It is said to have
been first invented in 1379, but Coryate’s introduction was
not until Stuart times.

The salt-cellar was an important feature of medic'Eval
tables. It marked the division of social rank. Those of
high degree sat above the salt, those of inferior degree fouml

81

a place below it. Salt has been associated with many super-
stitions. The spilling of salt was regarded as of disastrous
omen ; salt was given to a new-born child as a token of
welcome ; salt was laid on the breast of a corpse, etc.

Many curious dishes found their way on mediaeval tables.
Among them were such viands as sucking rabbits, marrow
pudding, newly hatched swallows, peacock, swan, and entrail
pie, while salads were made of violets, primrose buds, daisies
and dandelions ; sauces were made of violets and mint ;
parsnips, radishes and saffron were used as vegetables ; soups
were flavoured with corn marigold, violets and daisies ; and
fish courses included porpoise, whale and sea-wolf. Mostly
the food of the middle ages was flesh, and enormous quantities
were eaten. Vegetables were scarce and were often salted
for preservation ; pastry and pies were not much eaten,
though strawberry and cream was an early dish. Most of
our common vegetables were introduced during the sixteenth
and early part of the seventeenth centuries, and a good many
seem to have come from Holland. The breakfast fare of a
baronial family (The Percies) show large quantities of fish
and flesh washed down by wine or ale, even in the case of
children. Butter was at first used only medicinally and
not as table fare until about 1400. Sheep’s milk was used
for making butter.

Swine’s flesh formed the staple food of the poorer classes
and large herds of swine roamed the woods. Several of our
local place-names like Swinden, Swinshaw, etc., preserve the
memory of the habit. The boar’s head was a famous dish — •
the best in the opinion of the Normans. The peacock is
associated with the origin of the pie. It was served in a coffin
of paste with tail expanded and head erect and was connected
with the institution of chivalry. The Kit-Kat Club, one of
the most famous of clubs, derived its name from the mutton
pies made by Christopher Kat. Entrail pie was “ nomble
pie,” corrupted later into ” humble pie ” (French ‘‘ nombles ”
i.e., entrails). Misson, a French visitor, waxed enthusiastic
about the pudding, which in his day (Queen Anne) was new.
Many kinds of puddings were enumerated. Puddings only
date from about 1702. Pastry was of late introduction and
came from France. A writer of the time of Charles I. com-
plains that though English tables were distinguished by
abundance they were lacking in quahty and exquisiteness of
relish. Confectionery was looked on as effeminate.

The drinking of healths is as ancient as the Saxon invasion.
Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, is recorded to have drunk

82

the health of Vortigern, the British sovereign. “ Waeshael ”
was the Saxon health. The name “ toast ” dates from the
time of Charles II. and is said by the “ Spectator ” to have
had its origin at Bath. Many curious toasts are on record,
and the practice has given rise to much wit at different times.

The old books of etiquette contain many quaint instructions
as to behaviour at table, such as “ Do not spit on the table,”
‘‘ Wipe your mouth before drinking,” “ Do not wipe your
hands on the table cloth,” ‘‘ Do not set on the joint more than
two fingers and a thumb,” ‘‘ See that your nails be clean,” etc.
Table manners were more free than dainty, and it was often
the habit for guests to carry food away in their pockets.
Many complaints are made of English table manners.

O

83

RECITAL— “ A CHRISTMAS CAROL.”

By Mr. J. WALLACE COLES.

December VUh, 1907.

Once more the members had the opportunity of hearing
recited Dickens’ Christmas Carol. It was a remarkable feat
of memory. Mr. Coles went through all the phases of Scrooge’s
conversion without reference to notes, and at the close of
each section was cordially applauded.

The recital was interspersed with selections of music by
Mr. H. Tattersall, accompanied on the piano by Miss Gill.

At the close a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the
artists, and acknowledged by Mr. Coles.

84

ANNUAL DINNER.

December 20th, 1907.

The Annual Dinner was held this evening at Cronkshaw’s
Hotel. There was a moderate gathering, fairly representative
of the membership of the Club. The proceedings were
thoroughly enjoyed.

The president, Mr. H. L. Joseland, M.A., was in the chair,
and Mr. W. L. Grant occupied the vice-chair. The president
proposed the toast of “ The King,” Mr. W. L. Grant following
with ‘‘ The club and kindred societies.” Then Mr. G. Gill,
J.P., proposed ‘‘The town and trade of Burnley,” to which
Mr. J. W. Thompson, J.P., responded. ‘‘The clergy of all
denominations ” was proposed by Dr. Gardner, and responded
to by the Rev. C. S. Sargisson. Mr. Wm. Witham, J.P.,
gave ‘‘ The ladies,” to which Mr. J. H. Rothwell replied.
‘‘ The President,” proposed by Mr. William Lancaster, was
given with musical honours. ‘‘The Secretary” was then
toasted at the instance of Mr. J. S. Mackie. Mr. F. Hudson,
LL.B., in replying, made some useful observations relating
to the work of the Club.

The evening was enlivened with songs by Mr. J. P.
Greenwood and Mr. J. H. Rothwell, Dr. Crump accompanying
on the pianoforte.

85

THE LIBRARY.

The Publications of the Lancashire and Cheshire Record
Society, as follows ; —

Vol. 1. — 1878. — “ Lancashire and Cheshire Church Surveys,”

1649 to 1655.

,, 2. — 1879. — “ An Index to the Wills and Inventories in the

Court of Probate at Chester,” 1545 to 1620.

,, 3. — 1880. — ‘‘ Lancashire Inquisitions,” now existing in

the Public Record Office, London, Stuart
Period. Part L, 1 to 11, James I.

,, 4. — 1881. — “ An Index to the Wills and Inventories in

the Court of Probate at Chester,” 1621
to 1650.

,, 5. — 1881. — ‘‘ Registers of the Parish of Prestbury,” 1560

to 1636.

,, 6. — 1882. — ‘‘ Cheshire and Lancashire Funeral Certi-

ficates,” 1600 to 1678.

,, 7. — 1882. — ‘‘ Lancashire and Cheshire Records,” pre-
served in the Public Record Office,

London, Part I.

,, 8. — 1882 — Lancashire and Cheshire Records,” pre-
served in the Public Record Office,

London, Part II.

,, 9. — 1884. — ” Rolls of Burgesses at the Guilds Merchant

of the Borough of Preston,” 1397 to 1682.

,, 10. — 1884. — ” Lancashire Wills proved at Richmond,”

1457 to 1680.

,, 11. — 1885. — ” Lancashire and Cheshire Exchequer Deposi-
tions by Commission,” 1558 to 1702.

,, 12. — 1885. — ‘‘ Miscellanies relating to Lancashire and
Cheshire,” Vol. I.

„ 13. — ^1886. — •” Lancashire Wills proved at Richmond,”

1681 to 1748.

,, 14. — 1886. — “ Annales Caestrienses.”

„ 15.— 1887.— ” Wills at Chester,” 1660-1680.

,, 16. — 1887. — ‘‘ Lancashire Inquisitions,” Stuart Period,
Part II.

,, 17. — 1888. — ” Lancashire Inquisitions,” Stuart Period,
Part III.

18. -1888.—” Wills at Chester,” 1681 to 1700.

19. — 1889. — ” Civil War in Cheshire,” &c.

„ 20.— 1889.— ” Wills at Chester,” 1701 to 1720.

,, 21. — 1890. — “ Leyland Registers,” 1653 to 1710.

,, 22. — 1890. — ” Wills at Chester,” 1721 to 1740.

86

Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire : —

Vol. xxxiii.,
Vol. xxxiv.,
Vol. XXXV.,
Vol. xxxvi.,
Vol. XXX vii.,
V'^ol. XXX vih.,
Vol. xxxix.,
Vol. xl.,

1881. Vol. xli., 1889,N.S.Vol. v.

1882. Vol. xlii., 1890, N.S.Vol. vi.

1883. Vol. xliii., 1891, N.S.Vol. vii.

1884. Vol. xliv., 1892, N.S.Vol. viii.

1885, N.S.Vol. i. Vol. xlv., 1893, N.S.Vol. ix.

1886, N.S.Vol. ii. Vol. xlvi., 1894, N.S.Vol. x.

1887, N.S.Vol. iii. Vol. xlvii., 1895, N.S.Vol. xi.

1888, N.S.Vol. iv. Vol. xlviii., 1896, N.S.Vol. xii.

The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society,
1885—1897.

Reports and Proceedings of the following Societies :

Manchester Field Naturalist and Arch leologists’ Society, 1860,
(the year of its formation), to 1879 (1871 excepted), 1884,
1885, 1887, 1888, 1895.

Manchester Scientific Students’ Association (Established 1861),
1878, 1879, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1889.

Catalogue of Exhibition of Appliances used in Geographical
Education (held March and April, 1886).

Report of Educational Committee, and Address delivered in
connection with the Exhibition.

Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society (Estab. 1812).

Vol. .xxxviii., 1883-4. Vol. xlvii., 1892-93.

,, xliv., 1889-90. „ xlviii., 1893-94.

,, xlv., 1890-91. „ xlix., 1894-95.

„ xlvi., 1891-92.

Liverpool Geological Association (Established 1880), 1880-1,
1881-2, 1882-3, 1883-4, 1885-6, 1886-7, 1888-9, 1889-90,
1890-91, 1891-2, 1892-3, 189.3-4, 1894-5.

Liverpool Science Students’ Association (Established 1881),
1883-4, 1884-5, 1886-7, 1887-8, 1888-9, 1889-90.

Chester Society of Natural Science and Literature (Established

1872)

Proceedings —

Vol. i., 1889-90.

„ ii., 1890-91.

Rejiorts for 1878-9.

„ 1879-80.

,, 1880-1.

1881-2.
1882-3.

Proceetlings —

Vol. iii., 1891-92.
,. V., 1893-9-1.

Rejwrts for 1883-4.

1884-5.
,, 1885-6.

,. 1886-7.

1895-6.

87

Cumberland and Westmoreland Association for the Advance-

ment of Literature and Science (Established 1876) : —

No. vi..

1880-81.

No. xii..

1886-87.

,, vii..

1881-82.

,, xiii..

1887-88.

„ viii..

1882-83.

,, xiv..

1888-89.

,, ix..

1883-84.

XV.

, , .V V . ,

1889-90.

,, X.,

1884-85.

„ xvi..

1890-91.

„ xi..

1885-86.

xvii..

1891-92.

Halifax Literary and Philosophical Society (Estabhshed 1831),
1883-4.

Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, 1883, Part I.

Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (Estabhshed
1835), 1883-4.

Reports and Proceedings of the Manchester Field Naturalists’
and Arch Ecologists’ Society, 1887.

Manchester Microscopical Society Transactions, 1887.

North Staffordshire Naturalists’ Field Club and Archaeological
Society, 1883-4, 1884-5, 1886-7, 1888, 1889-90, 1892,
1893, 1894, 1895.

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society (Established 1822),
1878, 1879.

Montreal Natural History Society (Established 1832), “ The
Canadian Record of Science,” Vol. L, Nos. 3,4. Vol. IT,
Nos. 1, 4.

Types of Sepulchral Urns, 1888. H. Colley March, M.D.,
(London).

Year Book of the Scientific and Learned Societies of Great
Britain and Ireland, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1889.

“ A Synopsis of the British Mosses,” by Chas. P. Hobkirk,

F.L.S.

‘‘ Art in Lancashire and Cheshire ; ” a List of Deceased Artists,
with Brief Biographical Notes. By John H. Nodal.

Catalogue of the Towneley Library, sold in London, June 18th
to 26th, 1883.

Catalogue of the Towneley Manuscripts, sold in London, June
27th and 28th, 1883 (containing prices realised).

Baptisms and Anniversaries, &c., 1705. Manuscript, evidently
the Memorandum Book of a Priest who entered upon his
duties as Chaplain of Towneley, on the Vigil of St. John
the Baptist, 1705.

John Towneley’s Diai'y, 1807, with Catalogue of his Library —
Manuscript.

John Towneley’s Account Book, 1601-8.

‘‘ The History of the Parish of Ribchester,” by Tom C. Smith,
F.R.H.S., and Rev. Jonathan Shortt, B.A., 1890.

Reading Literary and Scientific Society, Report and Proceed-
ings, 1890.

88

“ Pendle Hill and Pendle Forest in Song and Story,” bv
J. McKay.

” Local Rhymes,” by Henry Nutter.

Papers read before the Club : —

*“ Geoffrey Chaucer,” by Henry Houlding, read January 13th,

1874.

” The Philosophy of Recreation,” by J. C. Brumwell, M.D.,
read January 27th, 1874.

‘‘ Edmund Spenser,” by Henry Houlding, read October 26th,

1875.

” The Dietetic V'alue of Alcohol,” by J.W. Anningson,L.R.C.P.,
read September 16th, 1879.

‘‘The Burnley Grammar School Library,” by J. Langlield
Ward, M.A., read February 22nd, 1881.

” Science Two Hundred Years Ago,” by C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.,
Huddersfield, read March 9th, 1881.

‘‘ The Efficiencies of Gas and Steam Motors,” by Thomas
Holgate, read October 18th, 1882.

‘‘ Odours, Perfumes, and Flavours,” by Alfred Henry Mason,
F.C.S., Liverpool, read February 20th, 1883.

‘‘ Some Aspects of Destructive Distillation,” by Thomas
Holgate, read March 3rd, 1885.

‘‘ Sanitary Matters — Past and Present,” by T. N. Dali, read
March lOth, 1885.

*‘‘ Bi-metallism,” by Joshua Rawlinson, read February 8th,
1887.

‘‘ The Re-imposition of the Indian Import Duties on Cotton
Goods and Yarn,” by J. Whittaker.

‘‘ On the Whirling and Vibration of Shafts,” by Stanley
Dunkerley, M.Sc.

Account of Excursion to Irlam Hall, near Manchester, June 1st,
1878, by the Urmston and Flixton Literary and Scientific
Society.

Account of E.xcursion to Knutsford and Nether Tabley, June
17th, 1878, by the Urmston and Flixton Literary and
Scientific Society.

‘‘ Technical Industrial Education in connection with Mechanics’
Institutions and other kindred Associations,” by Edward
T. Bellhouse, a pa])er read before the Manchester Statis-
tical Society, April 13th, 1881.

Guide to Cambridge, by G. M. Humphrey, M.D., b'.R.S.

The Railway Traveller’s Walk through Cambridge.

Guide to Chester and its Environs, by Thomas Hughes, F.S..\.

Those marked * may be purchased, price (n/. each.

89

Handbook to Ely Cathedral.

“ History and Antiquities,” George C. Yates.

Reprints from the “ Transactions of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Antiquarian Society ” : —

Vol. vii. — ” Letters from Syria and Palestine before the
Age of Moses,” by A. H. Sayce, M.A.

,, — ‘‘ Manchester and the Rebellion of 1745,” by

J. P. Earwaker, M.A., L.S.A.

,, — ‘‘ The Lield of Archreological Research,” by

W. E. A. Axon.

,, viii. — ‘‘ Bibliogi'aphy of Lancashire and Cheshire Anti-

quities,” by E. Axon.

,, — •“ Warton Church,” by W. O. Roper.

,, X. — ” The Towneleys of Towneley,” by G. C. Yates,

F.S.A.

,, — “ Architectural Features of Astbury Church,”

by Wm. Pullinger.

,, — ‘‘ Leaden Tokens,” by G. C. Yates, F.S.A.

,, — ‘‘ Mobberley,” by the Rev. H. L. Mallory, M.A.

,, — ” Fiji and the Fijians.”

Vol. xi. — “ Visit to Extwistle Moor, Burnley.”

Geographical Pamphlets by Osmond W. Jeffs.

” Mountains of the Moon ” (2 copies), Moore.

Photographs may be obtained of the following : —

Ancient Market Cross and Stocks, Church Street, Burnley,
removed May 24th, 1881.

Old Houses in Church Street, Burnley, pulled down May,
1881.

Price Is. and 2s. according to size.

The four Cinerary Urns discovered in the neighbourhood of
Burnley. Price 6d. and Is.

Transactions of the Burnley Literary and Scientific Club ; —
Vol. L, 1883 to Vol. XXV., 1907. Price Is. each.

90

LIST OF MEMBERS

ON

December 31st, 1907.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

1874 Col. Fishwick, F.S.A., Rochdale.

187.'5 Rev. J. S. Doxey, B.A., Bacup.

1877 W. B. Bryan, C.E., Chislehurst.

1877 F. J. Farad.vy, F.S.S., F.L.S., 17, Brazennose Street,
Manchester.

1877 J. H. Nodal, The Grange, Heaton Moor, Stockpor-t.
1877 Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., M.A., D.Sc., D.C.L.,
F.L.S., Colonial Office, London, S.W.

1877 Joseph Hough, M.A., F.R.A.S., Montreal, Canada.
1880 Chas. Rowley, F.R.S.L., Manchester.

1886 Tattersall Wilkinson, Roggerham, near Burnley.

1894 J. C. Brumwell, M.D., J.P., Barden, Shanklin, I.W.

1895 Rt. Hon. Lady O’Hagan, Pyrgo Park, Essex.

1895 L. DE Beaumont Klein, D.Sc., E.L.S., London.

1899 J. Langfield Ward, M.A., Weston Lawn, Bath.
1904 Hill, Fred H., Thorn Hill, St. Anne’s-on-the-Sea.
1906 Hudson, John H., M.A., H.M.L, Pendlemoor,

Goldthorn Road, Wolverhampton.

The following Honorary Members of the Club have died
during 1907 :

W. Angelo Waddington, 17, St. Anne’s Square, Manchester.
H. Stolterforth, M.A., M.D., Queen’s Park, Chester.

91

LIST OF MEMBERS

ON

December 31st, 1907.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Ainsworth, John R., 345, Pacliham Road.

Allen, John, 44, Thursby Road.

Altham, J. L., B.Sc., Greenfield.

Ashworth, Edwin, J.P., Thornhill.

Ashworth, Richard, Ivy Cottage.

Ashworth, James, 33, Bridge Street.

Aspinall, Robert, 108, Toclmorden Road.
Aspinall, T. J., 116, Todmorden Road.

Bardsley, Arthur, 45, Gordon Street.

Bardsley, R. S., 237, Manchester Road.

Barnes, John, 14, Rose Hill Road.

Beetham, George E., 234, Manchester Road.

Bell, Arthur, 57, Ormerod Road.

Bell, Thomas, 57, Ormerod Road.

Bellingham, A. A., Rose Hill Road.

Birtwistle, G. R., B.A., Edenholme, Park Avenue.
Bolton, E. 0., 76, Bank Parade,

Booth, Thomas, 42, Thursfield Road.

Bowker, James, 101, Manchester Road.

Bradshaw, J., 42, Yorkshire Street.

Bulcock, Henry, Edge End, Brierfield.

Burns, Dr., Fulledge House.

Burrows, J. T., Highcliffe, Queen’s Park Road.
Burrows, W. H., Bur Royd, Colne Road.
Butterfield, John, Inglewood, Rose Hill Road.
Butterfield, Thomas, 26, Piccadilly Road.
Butterworth, John, 27, Brooklands Road.
Butterworth, Tom, Fern Royd, Padiham Road.
Button, F. S., A.M.I.C.E., Inglewood. Scott Park.

92

Carrington, Alderman A., 79, Ormerod Road.

Chadwick, Councillor Wm., 78, Beh^edere Road.
Chorlton, John W., 3, Carlton Road.

Clarkson, Alexander, 45, Thursby Road.

CoBBE, Rev. G., St. Mary’s.

CoLBRAN, Arthur, 78, Bank Parade.

COLBRAN, W. H., 78, Bank Parade.

CoLLiNGE, Edgar S., Brentwood House, Brooklands Road.
CoLLiNGE, John S., J.P., Park House.

CoLLiNGE, Thomas A., Fir Grove.

Cooke, Thomas A., 3, Palatine Square.

Crook Campbell, 236, Manchester Road.

Crook, Thomas, 1, Yorke Street.

Crossl.and, Thos., B.Sc., Romford House, Park Lane.
Crossley, Arthur, 9, Carlton Road.

Crump, T. G., B.A., M.B., Brown Hill.

Dickinson, G. S., 4, Brooklands Avenue.

Dickinson, Harry, Toss Side, Manchester Road.
Dickinson, W., J.P., Healey Mount.

Drew, Alexander, Holme Lodge.

Drew, Daniel, J.P., Powerhouse.

Drew, Edward, Holme Lodge.

Drew, J. M., Powerhouse.

Duckworth, Joshua, 6, Manchester Road.

Edmondson, H.W., 161, Todmorden Road.

Elsden, Charles, B.A., 17, Lansdowne Road.

Emmott, Alderman Hartley, J.P., 9, Knightsbridge Grove.
Emmott, Robert, 19, Montague Road.

Farrer, W. T., 15, Woodgrove Road.

Fleming, Jas. Gordon, 830, Carlisle Terrace, Habergham.
Flynn, Jas., Arkwright Street, Ightenhill.

Foden, Councillor C. M., J.P., The Sycamores.
Fullalove, W. T., Woodlands, Scott Park.

Gardner, James, M.B., C.M., 1, Piccadilly Road.

CiENDALL, R., 346, Padiham Road.

Gill, George, J.P., Woodleigh.

Graham, Thomas, M.B., 69, Burnley Road, Briercliffe.
Grant, A. E., 6, Scott Park Road.

Grant, F. J., J.P., Oak Bank.

Gr.\nt, j. Selwyn, Oak Bank.

Grant, John Murray, 85, Ormerod Road.

Grant, Walter M., 67, Halifax Road, Brierlield.

Grant, W. Lewis, 14, Palatine Square.

93

Gray, N. P., J.P., Brookside.

Greenwood, Alfred, 56, Belvedere Road.

Greenwood, J. P., 362, Padiham Road.

Hacking, John, 71, Rectory Road.

Halstead, Edmund, Healey Grove.

Hargreaves, Luther, 57, Scott Park Road.
Hargreaves, F. A., Park Avenue.

Hargreaves, J. T., 35, Brooklands Road.

Harling, Richard T., 181, Coal Clough Lane.
Hartley, T. H., 21, Hawthorne Road.

Hartley, W. H., Hoarstones, nr. Burnley.

Harrison, Rev. T., St. Mary Magdalen’s.

Haworth, Dr. J., Wilfield House.

Haworth, Thos., 13, Lee Green Street, Duke Bar.
Haythornthwaite, Robert, Reedley Road, Brierfield.
Heap, John F., Hood House Grove.

Heap, Wilkinson, 175, Todmorden Road.

Hitchin, Robert, 15, Ormerod Road.

Holden, John, Rose Mount, Manchester Road.

Holt, T., M.B., C.M., la, Scott Park Road.

Horn, J. S., J.P., 15, Palatine Square.

Hough, Alderman Wm. (Mayor), Simonstone.
Howarth, j. H., F.A.L, 259, Manchester Road
Howorth, John, J.P., Park Vifw.

Hudson, Frank, 12, St. James’s Row.

Hudson, James, Junr., Holme Hill, Coal Clough Lane.
Hudson, Samuel, 146, Piccadilly Road.

Hurtley, R. j., J.P., Sunny Bank.

JoBLiNG, Col. Albert, Springwood.

Jones, E., Broomieknowe, Padiham Road.

JosELAND, H. L., M.A., 6, Piccadilly Road.

Kay, Graham B., Towneley Villa.

Kay, James, J.P., Towneley Villa.

Kershaw, William H., Castle Hill, Towneley.

Lancaster, Alfred, Fern Bank.

Lancaster, James, J.P., Westholme, Carlton Road.
Lancaster, Norman R., Morningside, Carlton Road.
Lancaster, Thomas Edgar, 25, Palatine Square.
Lancaster, William, Morningside, Carlton Road.
Landless, Stephen, 271, Manchester Road.

Leedam, James, 41, Ormerod Road.

Lewis, Arthur, B.A., Wall Green, Padiham.

Lord, William, 30, Park Lane.

94

Lupton, Albert, 7, Scott Park Road.

Lupton, Arthur, 12, St. Matthew Street.

Lupton, J. T., 7, Carlton Road.

Mackenzie, James, M.D., 68, Bank Parade.

Mackie, John Stevenson, 33, St. Matthew Street.
Mackness, C. a., 1, Hawthorne Road.

Massey, J. B., 60, Colne Road.

Mather, W., Brentwood, Brierfield.

Matthews, Rev. W. S., B.A., Briercliffe Vicarage.
Mawdsley, Frank, Woodgrove Road.

Mercer, Robinson, 478, Padiham Road.

Midgley, C. W., 1, Albion Terrace.

Norman, Edwin, 15, Knightsbridge Grove.

Nowell, T. B., Willow Bank, Brooklands Road.

Nutt ALL, George, 73, Thursby Road.

Nuttall, H. R., 19, Scott Park Road.

Ogden, G. C., 71, Ormerod Road.

Ogden, Harry, 71, Ormerod Road.

Osborn, J. A., 58, Bank Parade.

Overton, G. E., 50, Colne Road.

Parker, Wilkinson, Yorke Street.

Parkinson, Herbert, Lark Hill, Manchester Road.
Parkinson, Isaiah, 75, Ormerod Road.

Parkinson, T. G., 3, Park Avenue.

Parkinson, Alderman Wm., J.P., Clevelands.

Pearse, Erank, 4, Nicholas Street.

Pemberton, J. C., L.R.C.P., &c., 102, Accrington Road.
Pemberton, Thomas Herbert, Sunny Bank.

Pemberton, Wm., Junr., Sunny Bank.

Pickles, A. R., M.A., 128, Todmorden Road.

Pickles, Thomas, Tonderghie, Padiham Road.

Pollard, Albert, 9, Montague Road.

Pollard, John T., 36, Westgate.

Preston, Thomas, Ravens Holme, St. Anne’s.

Proctor, Wm. Henry, 19, Colne Road.

Proctor, Thomas, Hazel Mount, Manchester Road, Nelson.

Rawcliffe, George, West Bank. Padiham Road.

Redman, Thomas, 14, Hawthorne Road.

Ritchie, G. S., Palace House.

Roberts, Arthur, 70, Bank Parade.

Roberts, Thos., 70, Bank Parade.

95

Robinson, H. J., B.A., M.R.C.S., Springfield House.
Rothwell, James H., 158, Coal Clough Lane.

Ryder, William, Newlands Villa.

Sargisson, Rev. C. S., Fulledge Manse, Burnley.

ScowBY, Francis, Ormerod Road.

Shuttleworth, The Rt. Hon. Lord, Gawthorpe Hall.
Simpson, H. W., 170, Todmorden Road.

Simpson, Robt., Rose Cottage, Todmorden Road.

Simpson, W. F., Hapton.

Slater, Joseph, 69, Ormerod Road.

Smirthwaite-Black, J. L., M.B., Coal Clough House.
Smith, James, 122, Manchester Road.

Smith, T. Freeman, Pendle View, Coal Clough Lane,
Smith, T. P., J.P., Mountsorrel, Manchester Road.
Snowball, Dr., Bank Parade.

Southern, Guy, Palace House.

Southern, Walter, Palace House.

Stuttard, Thos., Duke of York Hotel.

Sutcliffe, J. S., Causeway End.

Tate, William, 16, Piccadilly Road.

Taylor, Samuel, 50, Rosehill Road.

Thomas, Peregrine, Woodleigh.

Thompson, James, 328, Padiham Road.

Thompson, J. W., J.P., Oak Bank.

Thompson, W., Park Side.

Thornber, Alderman T., J.P., Healey Hall.

Thornton, F. E., Glen Royd, Padiham Road.

Thorp, Thos., 11, Manchester Road.

Thursby, Sir J. 0. S., Bart., J.P., Ormerod.

Towers, Adam, 112, Brougham Street.

Walmsley, G., J.P., Tarleton House.

Walmsley, j. F., Brooklands Avenue.

Walton, Levi, 177, Todmorden Road.

Walton, Robert, Willow Bank.

Warburton, Alderman W., J.P., Park Side, Scott Park.
Watson, Dr. J., Brown Hill.

Watts, John, St. Anne’s.

Whittingham, Richard, 3, St. Matthew Street.

WiTHAM, Wm., J.P., Rockwood.

WiTHAM, W. F., Fir Grove.

Wood, G. A., B.A., 58, Glebe Street.

Wood, J. W., Brooklands Road.

96

LIST OF LADY ASSOCIATES

ON

December 31st, 1907.

Allen, Mrs. Joseph, Hazel Mount, Padiham Road.
Ashworth, Miss Sarah, 6, Sackville Street.

Bates, Miss 1\I. A., 11, Carlton Road.

Bowker, Miss Mabel A., 101, Manchester Road.

Capstick, Miss Emma, 15, Scott Street.

Dodgeon, Miss J., 13, Spenser Street, Padiham.

Ferguson, 1\Irs., 72, Colne Road.

Fletcher, Miss Elizabeth, 124, Hollingreave Road.

Gill, Miss Elsie, L.R.A.M., Woodleigh.

Hardwick, Mrs., 10, Hawthorne Road.

Hargreaves, Miss, 24, St. Matthew Street.

Hargreaves, Miss F., 24, St. Matthew Street.

Heaton, Mrs., 99, Rectory Road.

Heaton, Miss E. A., Hoodhouse Street.

Heaton, Miss Kate, Hoodhouse Street.

Nugent, Miss B., The Infirmary.

Pickles, Miss Jessie, Glencairn, Padiham Road.

Riley, Mrs. Ada, 14, Thursby Road.

Riley, Miss Susannah, 124, Hollingreave Road.

Roberts, Miss M. A., Stoneyholme Cottage, Holme Road.
Robinson, Miss E. A., 134, Manchester Road.

Rothwell, Miss Annie, 158, Coal Clough Lane.

Smith, Mrs. T. Freeman, Pendle View, Coal Clough Lane.

Watson, Miss Ethel M., Ighten Grove.

Wilkinson, Miss M. E., 43, St. Matthew Street.

97

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Ashworth, J.H., D.Sc " Flies and their Association with

Disease ”

Birtwistle, G. M.A., B.Sc “ Modern Views on Electricity

and Matter ”

Coles, J. Wallace Recital — “ A Christmas Carol ”

[Dickens)

Cooke, Capt. J. H., F.L.S.,F.G.S. “ Roughing it in Bulgaria ” ....

Cortie, Rev. A. L., S.J., F.R.A.S. " The Tails of Comets ”

Crump, Robert S., M.A “ Miracle, Mystery and Morality

Plays ” '

Cuttriss, S. W., M.I.E.E “Yorkshire Caves and Pot Holes”

Grant, Fred. J., J.P “ Hawker of Morwenstow ”

Grant, Fred. J., J.P Tribute to the late

W. A. Waddington . .

Joseland, H.L., M.A “ Peer Gynt ”

Kneeshaw, J. W “ The Romance of the Table ” . .

Lewis, Arthur, B.A., F.R.G.S. “ The Influence of Small

Communities ”

Ritchie, G. S “ Dr. Johnson ”

Sadler, Prof. .M. E., M.A., LL.D. “ The Many-mindedness of

England ”

Sargisson, Rev. C. S “ Some Literary Associations of

Bath ”

Slingsby, W. Cecil “ Mountaineering ”

Smith, John T “ The Evolution of the Pendle

Range ”

Taylor-Taswell, Rev. S. T., M..A.. “ Whalley Abbey and Church ”

Welford, Rev. A. W “ Dreams and Dreaming ” ....

Wilmore, A., B.Sc.,F.G.S.,F.C.S. “ The History of a Piece of

Craven Limestone ” . .

Woolley, Hermann “ The Alps in Winter ”

Yates, James Recital — Miscellaneous

67

54

83

45

29

42

65

75

26

48

79

35

15

21

60

73

62

58

71

13

32

34

98

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Alps in Winter, The (Hermann Woolley)

Bath, Some Literary Associations of (C. S. Sargisson)

Bulgaria, Roughing it in (J. H. Cooke)

Caves and Pot Holes, Yorkshire (S. W. Cuttriss)

Comets, The Tails of (A. L. Cortie)

Craven Limestone, History of a Piece of (A. Wilmore)

Disease, Flies and their Association with (J. H. Ashworth) . . . .

Dreams and Dreaming (A. W. Welford)

Electricity and Matter, Modern Views on (G. Birtwistle)

England, The Many-mindedness of (M. E. Sadler)

Flies and their Association with Disease (J. H. Ashworth) ....

Greenwood, Aid. J. — Memorial Notice

Hawker of Morwenstow (F. J. Grant)

Johnson, Dr. (G. S. Ritchie)

Limestone, History of a Piece of Craven (A. Wilmore)

Manche.ster, Visit to Roman

ISIatter, Modern Views on Electricity and (G. Birtwistle)

Miracle, IMystery and IMorality Plays (R. S. Crump)

Morwenstow, Hawker of (h. J. Grant)

IMountaineering (W. C. Slingsby)

Peer Gynt (H. L. Joseland)

Pendle Range, The Evolution of the (John T. Smith)

Recital — Dickens’ “Christmas Carol (J. allace Coles)

Recital — Miscellaneous (James Yates)

Small Communities, The Influence of {A. Lewis)

Stoneyhurst, Visit to

Table, Romance of the (J. W. Kneeshaw)

Waddington, W. Angelo — Memorial Notice

Whalley Abbey and Church (S. T. Taylor-Taswell)

Winter, The Alps in (Hermann Woolley)

Yorkshire Caves and Pot Holes (S. \\ . C uttriss)

32

(in

45

(15

29

13

(17

71

54

21

(17

50
75
15
13

51
54
42
75
73
4S
()2

S3

34

35
52
79
2(i

5S

32

(15

99

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

List of Officers

3

Rules

L 5

Annual Report

6, 7

Syllabus

8, 9

Balance Sheet

10

Transactions

1 3—83

Annual Dinner

84

Library

8.5—89

Honorary Members

90

Ordinary Members

91—95

Lady Associates

96

Index to Contributors

97

Index of Subjects

98

Illustrations : —

Portrait of the late

Mr. W. Angelo Wadclington ... Frontispiece.
Portrait of the late

Alderman Jas. Greenwood, J.P 50

THIS VOLUME

OF

TRANSACTIONS,

and the preceding volume,
were prepared lor the press by

Mr. J. S. mack IE.

ii9MAR1936