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TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON.

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

LONDON

FOR THE YEAR

L387.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY WEST, NEWMAN AND ©CO.,
04, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,
AND BY LONGMAN, GREEN, READER AND DYER,
PATERNOSTER ROW.

1887.

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‘oo

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Founpep, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY Roya CHARTER, 1885.-

Hon. Hife- President.
PROE. OF WESEWOODT MeAS. EsLis.,

Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1887.

President,
Dr. DAVID SHARP, M.B.; F.Z.S.

Vice- Qresidents,
ROBERT M‘LACHLAN, F.R.S.
OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.R.S.
HENRY T. STAINTON, F.RB.S.

C@reusurer.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S.

Seeretaries,
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S.
THe Rev. Canon FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.

Hibrarian.
FERDINAND GRUT, F.L.S.

Council.
WILLIAM W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S.
FERDINAND GRUT, F.L.S8., &c.
GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.
ROBERT M‘LACHLAN, F.R.S., F.L.S
GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., &e.
EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F.L

OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S., &c.
DAVID SHARP, M.B., F.Z.S., &c
HENRY T. STAINTON, F.R.S., F.L.8
SAMUEL STEVENS, F.L.S., &c.

JOHN JENNER WEIR, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Resident Librarian.
W. E. POOLE.

(wir)

THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1834—1887.

The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows
at the following reduced prices :—

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entitled to receive the Transactions for the year without further payment,
and they will be forwarded free, by post, to any address.

( iva)

CONTENTS.

ee
PAGE
Explanation of the Plates ae ae ae AS aie .. Vill
List of Fellows a SG te a wanes
Additions to the Library Ne ts 50 as oe AG egal
MEMOIRS.
I. Cecidomyia destructor, Say, in Great Britain. By ELeanor
A. Onmerop, Consulting Entomologist to the Royal
Agricultural Society of England. .. ae oe as ut

II. Descriptions of some new species of Brachycerus. By
Francis P. Pascor, F.L.S., &e. ws sie ae He 7

III. Pedigree Moth-breeding, as a means of verifying certain
important Constants in the General Theory of Heredity.
By Francis Gauron, M.A., F.R.S. 5c ae

IV. Practical suggestions and enquiries as to the method of
breeding Selenia illustraria for the purpose of obtaining
data for Mr. Galton. By Frepsric Merrirtep, F.E.S. 29

V. Description of a new species of Synchloé from Kilimanjaro.
By Putuie Crow ey, F.L.S., Zee hOoC okies a 55a) Bi

VI. Descriptions of some new species of Rhopalocera from the
Solomon Islands. By GurvaseE F. Maruew, R.N., F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &e. E ac : ab Sp o.oo

VII. Monograph of British Braconide. Part II. By the Rev.
T. A. Marsuatt, M.A., F.L.S., &. .. an oe ae) ol:

VIII. Description of a new species of the lepidopterous genus

Carama, together with a few notes on the genus. By
Grorce T. Baxer, F.E.S. ; ys se Be JI6B}

IX. A revision of the genera Acrolophus, Poey, and Anaphora,

Clem. By the Right Hon. Lord WausincHam, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.L.8., &e. ie ¢ fe 50 so L3t

X. Description of a new genus of Rhopalocera allied to Anteros,
Hew. By Grorcu T. Baxer, F.E.S. : bc wey lo

XI. New genera and species of Buprestidae. By Cuarues O.
Wateruouss, F'.E.S. .. a ae ite sort Wate

XII. On Pyralidina from Australia and the South Pacific. By

Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.E.S. 56 50 sis 185

XIII. Descriptions of some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. By Epwarp
Meyricx, B.A., F.E.S. , ae Be se 209

XIV. Notes in 1886 upon lepidopterous larve, &e. By Epwarp B.
Povuron, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., EZS., &e: ate ap Ashik

( viii)

PAGE
XV. On Byrsops, and some allied genera. By Francis P.
PASCO, Hi.S.,7cGy ae oe ve a 56 e. 323

XVI. Contributions to a knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota.
PartI. Fam. Pentatomide. By W. L. Distant, F.E.S. 341

XVII. Further additions to the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Catalogue
of British Ichnewmonide. By Joun B. Bripeman, F.L.8. 361

XVIII. On a new genus of South African Pselaphide. By Tuos.

L. Casry. (Communicated by Dr. D. Suarp.) 381

XIX. On the Butterflies of the French Pyrenees. By Henry J.
Exwes, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &. .. de ac ee BG Tosi
Proceedings for 1887 .. ere 50 oe Te 56 ab i
Index .. oe ee st Ac st 5 oC Bo 1boo-ai

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plates I.—II. See pages 7 to 18 | Plate VIII. See pages 137 to 173
Plate Ty 9 <6 -. See page 35 | Plate IX. .. ,, say hon LG
PlateIV. .. See pages 37 to 49 | PlateX. .. ,, ae tel ay BAL
Plate V. ot op py tb MRI abe OL a AL oa, » 9323 ,, 339
Plate. VE. ies) as. esa loon. doer elate Xilece ae eo oad cemcDg
Plate VILE tas) 3, Waste LS

ERRATA.

The generic name Ankistrophorus, used on pp. 140, 146, and 172, &e.,
in Lord Walsingham’s Revision of the genera Acrolophus and Anaphora,
is found to be preoccupied by the more correctly-spelt name Ancistrophora,
Schin. (in the order Diptera). Lord Walsingham is therefore desirous
to correct this error by substituting for Ankistrophorus the generic name
Homonymus, to be used throughout his paper, and in all references to
this genus.

At p. 387 for Hrebra read Erebia.

At p. x of the Proceedings, for Eupithecia read Eupithecia.

Wist of Fellotus

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

see

Date of

HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.

1875 Burmeister, Hermann Carl Conrad, Buenos Ayres.

1885 Dourn, Carl August, Stettin.

1863 Hacen, Hermann Aucust, Cambridge, U.S.A.

1884 Miter, Fritz, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

1884 OsrEN-SAcKEN, Baron C. R. von, Heidelberg.

1884 Pacxarp, Atpumus S8., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Geneva.

1871 Srnys-Lonecuames, Baron M. E. de, Liege.

1882 Sicnoret, Victor, Paris.

1885 SNELLEN, PretER C. T., Rotterdam.

FELLOWS.

Marked * are Original Members.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Date of
Election.

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, 20 Old Bond-street, W.

1877. Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.

1885 Apxrn, Robert, Wellfield, Lingard-road, Lewisham, S.E.

1880 Anpré, Ed., Member of the Entomological Societies of
France, Berlin, Stettin, &c., 21 Bowlevard Bretonniere,
Beaune (Cote d'Or), France.

1886 Arcuer, F., Little Crosby-road, Crosby, Liverpool.

1856 Armiracs, Ed., R.A., 3 Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

x

1886

1883

LIST OF FELLOWS.

Atmore, E A., 3 Haylett-terrace, Exton’s-road, King s
Lynn, Norfolk.
Attyr, Robt. Jervoise, Ingow Grange, Stratford-on-Avon.

* +Basrineton, Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., &c.,

1885
1850
1886
1886

1887

1884

1865
1861

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge,
5 Brookside, Cambridge.

Baker, G. T., 16 Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham

Baty, Joseph S., M.R.C.8., F.L.8., The Butts, Warwick.

Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Corfe Castle, Dorset.

BarGaGul, Nobile Cavaliere Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo
Tempi No. 1, Florence, Italy.

Barker, H. W., 148 Hollydale-road, Queen’s-road,
Peckham, 8.E.

Barrett, Charles Golding, Norfolk-street, King’s Lynn,
Norfolk.

Barton, Stephen, 32 St. Michael's Hill, Bristol.

Batres, Henry Walter, F.R.S., F.L.8., &., 11 Carleton-
road, Tufnell Park, N.

1851 + Beaumont, Alfred, 30 Ladywell Park, Lee, 8.E.

1882
1886

1880

1879

1885

1885
*

1886

1841
1875

1876

Bere, C., Museo Publico, Buenos Ayres.

Bivvie, F. W., M.A. Lanherne, Foxgrove-road, Beckenham,
Kent.

BIGNELL, George Carter, 7 Clarence-place, Stonehouse,
Plymouth.

Bruuurs, T. R., 20 Swiss Villas, Coplestone-road, Peckham,
S.E.

Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Hagle House, Bath-
easton, Bath.

Buiss, Arthur, 43 New Broad-street, E.C.

BLoMEFIELD, The Rev. Leonard, M.A., F.L.S., &., 19 Bel-
mont, Bath.

BLoomMFIELD, The Rev. E. N., M.A., Guestling Rectory,
Hastings.

Bonp, Frederick, I'.Z.8., 5 Fairfield Avenue, Staines.

BorrerR, Wm., junr., F.G.8., Pakyns Manor House,
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex.

Boscuer, Edward, Bellevwe Howse, Twickenham.

1852 | Boyp, Thomas, Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E:

1867
1886
1877

Boyp, William Christopher, Cheshunt, Herts.

Briveman, John B., F.L.S., 69 St. Giles’-street, Norwich.

Briaes, Charles Adolphus, 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.;
and Surrey House, Leatherhead, Surrey.

LIST OF FELLOWS. Xi

1870 Briaes, Thos. Henry, M.A., Surrey House, Leatherhead,
Surrey.

1879 Bronanrart, Le Chevalier Charles, Memb. Ento. Soc.
France, and Memb. Geol. Soc. France, &ec., 8 Rue Guy de
la Brosse, Paris.

1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.

1887 Brown, Henry Rowland, B.A., Oxhey Grove, Stanmore,
Middlesex.

1886 Brown, John, 5 King’s Parade, Cambridge.

1862 Browne, The Rev. Thomas Henry, M.A., F.G.S., The
Cedars, High Wycombe, Bucks.

1883 Bucxron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.8., Weycombe,
Haslemere, Surrey.

1855 Burnewy, Edward Henry, 32 Bedford-row, W.C.

1868 + Butter, Arthur Gardiner, F.L.S., F.Z.8., British Museum,
South Kensington, S.W.; and 10 Avington-grove,
Penge, 8.E.

1883 Burter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Windeyer, Ashley-
road, Crouch Hill, N.

1886 CatveRT, Wm. Bartlett, Colegio Yngles, 13 Calle Nataniel,
Santiago, Chili, South America.

1886 Camerron, Peter, 20 Beech-road, Sale, Cheshire.

1885 CampsetL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e., Rose Hill,
Hoddesdon, Herts.

1860 Canvizx, Dr. E., Glain, Liege.

1880 CanspaLtr, W. D., 6 Whittington-terrace, London-road,
Forest Hill, S.E.

1886 Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford.

1886 CarRMICcHAEL, T. D. Gibson, M.A., F.L.S., Chiefswood,
Melrose, N.B.

1868 Carrineton, Charles, Hilerslie, Lower Merton, 8.W.

1871 Cuampion, G. C., 11 Calder-Vale-road, Elms Park,
Clapham Common, S.W.

1886 + CLark, John Adolphus, The Broadway, London Fields.
N.E.

1867 CuarRKE, Alex. Henry, 109 Warwick-road, Earls Court, 8.W.

1886 Cuxarke, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., F.G.8., Royal
Herbarium, Kew.

1874 Cock iE, Capt. George, 9 Bolton-gardens, S.W.

1878 Coxe, William, Lawrel Cottage, Buckhurst Hill, Esse.

1884 Coxuetrr, KE. Pyemont, 19 St. John-street, Manchester.

1880 CopLanD, Patrick F., 41 Hope Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Esse.

Xl LIST OF FELLOWS.

1876 + CoppertHwaitE, William Charles, Beech-grove, Malton.

1883 CovVERDALE, George, 24 Pleming-road, Lorrimore-square,
S.E.

1886 CowrLL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public
Library), William Brown-street, Liverpool.

1853 Cox, Colonel C. J., Fordwich House, Canterbury.

1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., Ashleigh, Marlborough Hill, Harrow.

1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., F.L.S., F.G.8S.. See. R.M.S.,

5 Lansdowne-road, Notting Hill, W.
1883 Crow Ley, Philip, F.L.8., F.Z.S8., Waddon House, Croydon.

1878 Date, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne.

1887 Dautry, The Rev. Thomas W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley
Vicarage, Newcastle, Staffordshire.

1886 Dannartt, Walter, luy Dene, Westecombe Park, Blackheath
S.E.

1885 Dent, Hastings Charles, C.E., F.L.S., 20 Thurloe-square,
S.W.

1837 DrvonsHiIrE, His Grace The Duke of, K.G., M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., &e., Devonshire House, 78 Piccadilly, W.

1886 Dickson, The Rev. Prof. William Purdie, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow,
Glasgow.

1875 Distant, Wm. Lucas, Memb. Anthropological Institute,
1 Russell-hill-road, Purley, Surrey.

1887 Drixey, F. A., M.A., M.B., Wadham College, Oxford; and
Friern Lea, North Finchley, N.

1885 Donovan, Charles, junr., Westview, Glandore, Leap, Co.
Cork.

1873 Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa.

1886 Dormer, The Right Honourable Lord, Grove Park, Warwick.

1876 Doveuas, John Wm., 8 Beaufort-gardens, Lewisham, 8.E.

1874 Dowsert, Arthur, 54, Russell-street, Reading.

1884 Druck, Hamilton H. C. J., 48 Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.

1849 + Dunnine, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8S., 12 Old-
square, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

1865 D’Urspan, W. S. M., F.L.8., 10 Claremont-terrace,
EHamouth, Devon.

1883 Durrant, John Hartley-, Bancroft House, Hitchin, Herts.

1865

1886
1884
1886
1886
1878

1869

1886

1886

1881
1878

1874
1886
1865

LIST OF FELLOWS. Xi

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., The Vicarage,
Shepton Montague, Castle Cary, Somersetshire.

Epwarps, James, 131 Rupert-street, Norwich.

Epwarps, Stanley, Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, S.K.

Exisua. George, 122 Shepherdess-walk, City-road, N.

Euis, John W., L.R.C.P., 8 Brougham Terrace, Liverpool.

Etwes, Henry John, F.L.S., F.Z.5., Preston House,
Cirencester.

Emicu, Gustave d’, 6 Sebastian-place, Budapesth, Hungary.

Enock, Fred., 11 Parolles-road, Upper Holloway, N.

Fenwick, Nicholas Percival, Holmwood, South Bank,
Surbiton Hill, Surrey.

Frrepay, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.

Finzi, John A., Hanover Lodge, 77 St. Helen’s Gardens,
N. Kensington, W.

Fircn, Edward A., F.L.8., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.

Fircu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.

Fiercuer, J. K., 26 MeIntyre-road, St. John’s, Worcester.

1883 + FLercuer,W. H. B., M.A.,6 The Steyne, Worthing, Sussex.

1885
1880

1885
1855

1876
1884

1887

1887

Foxxer, A. J. F., Zierikzee, South Holland, Netherlands.

Fow ter, The Rev. Canon, M.A., F.L.S., Secretary, The
School House, Lincoln.

Freeman, Francis Ford, 8 Leigham-terrace, Plymouth.

Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood
Park, Norwood, 8.K.

Fryer, Herbert Fortescue, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Fuuuer, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., care of Jos. Anderson, jun.,
Arle Villa, Chichester.

Gauan, Charles J.. M.A., 22 Aldine-street, Uxbridge-road,
W.; and British Museum, Natural History, South
Kensington, S.W.

Gatton, Francis, M.A., F.R.S. (President, Anthropological
Institute), 42 Rutland Gate, 5.W.

1865 + Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S, F.Z.S.,

1886

1855

South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham, Sussex; and
10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

Goopricu, Arthur Mainwaring, Lieutenant, 27th Regiment,
Aubrey, Lymington, Hants.

GorHam, Rey. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts,
Shirley Warren, Southampton.

X1V LIST OF FELLOWS.

1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S., Secretary, Berrylands,
Surbiton Hill, Surrey.

1879 Gossr, Philip Henry, F.R.S., Sandhurst, Torquay,
Devonshire.

1886 GreeEn, A. P., Colombo, Ceylon.

1865 Greenr, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Apsley-road,
Clifton, Bristol.

1846 Grout, Ferdinand, F.L.S., Liprartan, 9 Newcomen-street,
Southwark, 8.E.

1885 Hau, Thomas William, 3 New Inn, Strand, W.C.

1877 Harpine, George, The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.

1886 Harris, John T., Newton-road, Burton-on-Trent.

1881 Henry, George, 38 Wellington-square, Hastings.

1883 Hi, Lewis Fredk., St. Swithin, Haling Common, W.

1876 + Hituman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

1869 Hoxtpswortn, Edward, Shanghai.

1887 Houuanp, The Rev. W. J., M.A., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,
Penn., United States.

1887 Hownratn, Ed. G., 38 Unter den Linden, Berlin.

1886 Horner, A. C., Tonbridge, Kent.

1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, F.LS., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., &c.,
Surrey House, Forest Hill, 8.E.

1865 + Hupp, A. E., 94 Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1880 + INcHBALD, Peter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Fulwith Grange, Harro-
gate, Yorks.

1886 Jacosy, Martin, 30 Delancey-street, Regent’s Park, N.W.

1885 + James, Harry Berkeley, F.Z.S., F.R.G.8., Las Salinas,
Valparaiso ; and 16 Ashburn-place, 8.W.

1843 Janson, Ed. W., 32 Victoria-road, Finsbury Park, N.;
and 35 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Perth-road, Stroud Green, N.; and
35 Little Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1886 Jenner, J.H. A., 4 Hast-street, Lewes.

1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd.

1886 Jonnston, John M.C., The Yews, Grove Park, Denmark
Hill, 8.E.

LIST OF FELLOWS. XV

1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Sloperton
Lodge, Kingstown, Ireland.

1884 Kappre., A. W., 5 Burlington Gardens, Chiswick, W.

1876 Karrer, Dr. F., Putbus, Rigen, North Prussia.

1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1872 Kaye, Ernest St. G., Jessore, Bengal.

1884 Keays, F. Lovell, F.L.S., 26 Charles-street, St. James, S.W.

1886 Kew, H. Wallis, 19 Stonenest-street, Tollington Park, N.

1861 Kuirey, W. F., 5 Buriington Gardens, Chiswick, W.

1887 + Kurrn, Sydney T., F.L.S., F.R.A.S. (Hon. Secretary and
Treasurer, County of Middlesex Natural History and
Science Society), Clarence Lodge, Willesden, N.W.

1876 Kraarz, Dr. G., 28 Link-strasse, Berlin.

1875 Lamarcue, Oscar, 70 Rue Louvrex, Liege.

1868 Lana, Lieut.-Col. A. M., R.E., Simla, India.

1880 Lane, The Rev. Henry Charles, M.D., F.L.S., Western
Elms Cottage, Reading, Berkshire.

1887 + LerEcu, John Henry, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., &e.,
12 Princes-street, Hanover-square, W.

1883 Lemann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 39 High-street, Wimbledon, S.W.

1835 + Linawoop, Robert Maulkin, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., 6 Park
Villas, Cheltenham.

1886 Livert, H. W., M.D., Wells, Somerset.

1875 Livinestone, Clermont, East Lodge, Forest Rise,
Walthamstow, Essex.

1865 + Lurwetyn, J. Talbot Dillwyn, M.A., F.L.S., Ynisgerwn,
Neath.

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.

1885 Luoyp, Robert Wylie, 32 Grafton-sq., Clapham Common.

1850 Lowr, W.H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road,
Wimbledon Park, 8.W.

1850 + Lusgock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., &e., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-rd., Headingley,
Leeds.

1887 Lynam, R.G., The North Staffordshire Infirmary, Stoke-
on-T rent.

1887 M‘Doucatt, James Thomas, Duwnolly, Morden-road,
Blackheath, 8.E.
1851 + M‘Invosu, J.

XV1 LIST OF FELLOWS.

1858 M‘Lacuuan, Robert, F.R.S.,F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-PRESIDENT,
Westview, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8.E.

1887 Manpvers, Neville, L.R.C.P.,. M.R.C.S., Army Medical
Staff, Fort Stedman, Mynsouk Shan States, Upper
Burmah.

1869 + Marsgut, L’Abbé 8. A. de, 271 Boulevard Pereire, Paris.

1865 Marswatu, The Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A., F.L.S., Corn-
worthy Vicarage, Totnes, South Devon.

1856 + MarsHati, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, Kent.

1874 + Mason, P. Brooke, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Burton-on-Trent.

1887 Maruews, Coryndon, Hrme Wood, Ivybridge, South Devon.

1865 Maruew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S.,
Lee House, Dovercourt, Hssex.

1860 May, John William, K.N.L., Arwndel House, Percy Cross,
Fulhamn-road, 8.W.

1872 Merupoua, Prof. Raphael, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.C.S.,
6 Brunswick-square, W.C.

1885 Mertviuy, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., &e., Kersal Cottage,
Prestwich, Lancashire.

1887 MerriFievp, Frederic, 24 Vernon-terrace, Brighton.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts.

1883 Muss, W. H., 5 & 6 Hare-street, Calcutta.

1886 Miskin, W. H., Brisbane, Queensland.

1879 Monrerro, Senor Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 72 Rua
do Alecrion, Lisbon.

1853 Moore, Frederic, F.Z.S., A.L.S., Claremont Howse,
Avenue-road, Croydon-road, Penge, 5.K.

1886 Moraan, A. C. F., Villa Nova de Gaya, Oporto, Portugal.

1869 + Mituer, Albert, F.R.G.S., 1954 Junkerstrasse, Berne,
Switzerland.

1872 + Murray, Lieut. H.

1886 Murcnu, J. P., Hornsey-road, N.

1886 Neave, b. W., Lyndhurst, 95 Queen’s-road, Brownswood
Park, N.

1884 Nerwcomse, 8. Prout, Northcote, Hast Croydon.

1887 Newman, The Rev. W. J. H., M.A., 15 Park-crescent,
Oxford.

1878 Newman, Thomas P., F.Z.S., 54 Hatton Garden, E.C.

1882 Nuictviie, Lionel de, F.L.S., Indian Museum, Calcutta.

1886 Nuicuoxuson, William E., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.

1886 Norris, Herbert E., Vine Cottage, St. Ives, Hunts.

1878 NorripGr, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

1869
1877
1883

1873
1886

1878

1880

LIST OF FELLOWS. XVil

OBERTHUR, Charles (fils), Rennes, France.

OBERTHUR, René, Rennes, France.

OLDFIELD, George W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 6 South Bank-
terrace, Stratford-road, Kensington, W.

Ouivier, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

Ouurr, A. Sidney, Australian Museum, Sydney, N. 8S.
Wales.

OrmeRop, Miss Eleanor A., F.R.Met.S., Torrington
House, Holywell Hill, St. Albans, Herts.

OrmERopD, Miss Georgiana, Torrington House, Holywell
Hill, St. Albans, Herts.

1841 + Owen, Sir Richard, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S.,

1854

1884
1887

1883

1879

1887

1872
1881

1885
1885
1870

F.L.S. F.G.S., &e., Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, 8.W.

Pascor, Francis P., F.L.S., 1 Burlington-road, West-
bowrne Park, W.

Parton, W. H., Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Peers, John Witherington, M.A., Wendover, near Tring
Herts.

PERINGUEY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town,
South Africa.

PERKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Edge, Gloucester-
shire.

PHILLIPS, Charles Edmund Stanley, Castle House, Shooter's
Hill, Kent.

Puipson, Arthur, 3 Gray’s Inn-square, W.C.

Pim, The Rev. H. Bedford, B.A., Leaside, Kingswood-road,
Upper Norwood, S.E.; and 97 St. Aldate, Oxford.

Pou, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Amsterdam.

Poote, W. K., 11 Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.

Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., Greenfield House, Huddersfield.

1884 + Poutton, Edward B., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.8., F.Z.S.,

1851
1876
1878

1886
1870

Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.

Preston, The Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.S., Thur-
caston Rectory, Leicester.

PREUDHOMME DE Borre, Alfred (Sec., Ent. Soc. of Belgium),
19 Rue de Dublin, Ixelles, near Brussels.

Prick, David, 48 West-street, Horsham, Sussex.

Pryer, H. J. §., 127 Bluff, Yokohama, Japan.

Puts, J. C., Place de la Calandre, Ghent.

Xvill LIST OF FELLOWS.

1886 Raconot, E. L. (Ex-President Ento. Soc. France), 12 Quat
de la Rapée, Paris.

1882 + RamspEN, Hildebrand, M.A., F.L.S., 26 Upper Bedford-
place, Russell-square, W.C.

1874 Reep, Edwyn C., 35 Calle San Ignacio, Valparaiso,
Chili.

1886 Ruopss, John, F.R.M.S., 360 Blackburn-road, Accrington,
Lancashire.

187i Ruivey, Chas. V., M.A., Ph.D. (Entomologist to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and Hon. Curator of Insects),
U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

1853 Ripon, The Most Honourable The Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L.,

. F.R.S., F.L.S., &e., 1 Carlton-gardens, S.W.

1869 Roxsrnson-Dovetas, William Douglas, F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.

1886 Ross, Arthur J., 2 Linden Villas, Bedford-road, Snares-
brook, Essex, E.

1868 Roruney, G. A. J., 15 Versailles-road, Norwood, S.E.

1865 Rytanps, Thos. Glazebrook, F.L.8., F.G.S., Highfields,
Thelwall, Warrington.

1885 Sapex, Ernest, F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., 6 Grove-road, Clapham
Park, S.W.

1875 Satut, Auguste, 13 Rwe Guy de la Brosse, Paris.

1866 + Satvin, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Vicr-
PresIpENT, 10 Chandos-street, Cavendish-sq., W.; and
Hawksfold, Fernhurst, Haslemere. i

1886 Satwey, Reginald E., Hazeldean, Leatherhead, Surrey.

1885 Sanpars, T. C., 46 Cleveland-square, Hyde Park, W.

1865 + SaunpErs, Edward, F.L.S., TREAsuRER, St. Ann’s, Mount
Hermon, Woking, Surrey.

1861 + SaunprErs, G. S., S. Stephen’s Lodge, Canterbury.

1886 SaunpeErs, Prof. Wm., London, Ontario, Canada (President
of the Entomological Society of Ontario).

1881 Scoxuick, A. J., Albion Lodge, Putney, 8.W.

1886 ScuppER, Samuel H., Cambridge, Mass., United States.

1875 + Seaty, Alfred Forbes, Cochin, South India.

1864 SEMPER, George, Altona.

1862 Suarp, David, M.B., C.M., Edin., F.Z.S. Presiprent,
Bleckley, Shirley Warren, Southampton.

1883 Suaw, A. Eland, 18 Lanhill-road, Paddington, W.

1883 | SHELLEY, Capt. George E., F.Z.8S., 13 Rutland Gate, W.

1887 Sicu, Alfred, Burlington Lane, Chiswick, W.

1887

1877
1883
1869
1885
1885

LIST OF FELLOWS. X1X

Sipewicr, A., M.A. (Fellow of Corpus Christi College,
Oxford), Woodstock-road, Oxford.

Suarer, John Wm., 86 Wray-crescent, Tollington Park, N.

SmirH, Frederick W., Hollywood, Lewisham Hill, 5.1.

Smiru, Henley Grose, F.Z.S., 20 Finsbury Circus, B.C.

Situ, Sidney Philip, 22 Rylett-road, Shepherds Bush, W.

Sourn, Richard, 12 Abbey-gardens, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

* +Spencr, William Blundell, Florence, Italy.
1848 + Stainton, Henry Tibbats, F.R.S., F.L.8., F.G.8., &c.,

1862
1837

1886

1882
1884

1876

1886
1856
1882

Vicr-PRESIDENT, Mowntsfield, Lewisham, 8.E.
Stevens, John S., 7 Ravenna-road, Putney, S.W.
Stevens, Samuel, F.L.8., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper
Norwood, 8.E.
Surrace, J. Lyddon, Hertford College, Oxford; and
2 Saville-place, Clifton, Bristol.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
Swinuok, Lieut.-Col. Charles, F.L.8., F.Z.8., Bombay Staff
Corps, Commissariat Department, Bombay, India.
Swinton, A. H., Lansdowne, Danes Park, Ramsgate,
Kent.

THEOBALD, F.. V., Chestnut Avenue, Kingston-on-Thames.
THOMSON, Jas., 12 Rue de Presbourg, Place del Htoile, Paris.
Topp, Richard, 5 Princes-terrace, Bayswater, W.

1859 + Tren, Roland, F.R.S., F.L.S. (Curator of South African

1886

1869
1866
1876
1886

1870

1878

Museum), Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
Tutt, J. W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Park, Blackheath,
S.E.

VauGHan, Howard W. J., 11 Ospringe-road, Brecknock-
road, N.W.; and 55 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.
VERRALL, G. H., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

WAKEFIELD, Charles Marcus, F.L.8S., Belmont, Uxbridge.

Watker, Alfred O., F.L.8., Chester.

Waker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.8., Dun
Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W.

Waker, J. J., R.N., 23 Ranelagh-road, Marine Town,
Sheerness.

1863 + Wauuacr, Alfred Russel, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Nuwtwood

Cottage, Frith Hill, Godalming.

XX LIST OF FELLOWS.

1866 + WausincHam, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.8., &c., Haton House, 664 Eaton-square, 8.W.; and
Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.

1886 WarrEN, William, M.A., Merton Cottage, Cambridge.

1869 WarerHousE, Charles O., British Musewm, South Ken-
sington, S.W.; and Ingleside, Avenue Gardens,
Acton, W.

* WarterHousE, George R., F.Z.S., &c., Curton Lodge,
Werter-road, Putney, S.W.

1845 Weir, John Jenner, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Chirbury, Beckenham,
Kent.

1876 | WestERN, E. Young, 27 Craven Hill Gardens, Bays-
water, W.

* Werstwoop, John Obadiah, M.A., F.L.S. (Professor of
Zoology in the University of Oxford), Honorary LIFE
PRESIDENT, 67 Woodstock-road, Oxford.

1882 Wrymer, Gustav, 67 Ost-strasse, EHlberfeld, Rhenish
Prussia.

1886 WHEELER, F. D., M.A., Paragon House School, Norwich.

1868 + WuiTE, F. Buchanan, M.D., F.L.S., Annat Lodge,
Perth, N.B.

1865 Wuuitr, The Rev. W. Farren, M.A., Stonehouse Vicarage,

Gloucestershire.

1884 Wuire, William, 4 Mecklenburgh Square, W.C.

1882 Wiuiams, W. J., Zoological Society, Hanover-square, W.

1874 Wrtson, Owen, Cwmffrwd, Carmarthen.

1881 Woop, Theodore, Freeman Lodge, St. Peter's, Thanet, Kent.

1886 Youna, Morris, Free Musewm, Paisley.

( (xa)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DURING THE YEAR

ISK

Abeille (L’). Journal d’Entomologie, redigé par S. A. de Marseul.
Novae 314397) The Editor.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1886. Purchased.

Annual Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada.
Vol. I. 4to. Montreal, 1885.

Arxinson (E. T.). Notes on Indian Rhyncota. Nos. 4—6. 8vo. Calcutta,
1885—86. The Author.

Barcacut (Piero). Rassegna Biologica di Rincofori Europei. 8vo.

Firenze, 1883—87. The Author.
Bere (Carlos). Observaciones sobre los estados preparatorios de Algunos
Lepiddépteros Argentinos. The Author.

Bericht uber die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft in
Frankfurt am Main. 8vo. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1887.
The Editor.
BERKENHOUT’s Natural History. 3 vols. (1st edition). 1772.
J. W. Dunning.
Bracksurn (Rey. T.). Description of twenty new species of South

Australian Coleoptera. 8vo. 1887. The Author.
Buomerietp (Rey. Leonard). Chapters in my Life. (Private Circulation),
Bath, 1887. The Author.

Bouron (Henry C.). A Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals
(1665—1882). 8yo. Washington, 1885.
Smithsonian Institution.
Borne (A. Preudhomme de). Discours du Président de la Société Ento-
mologique de Belgique prononcé le 26éme Decembre, 1886.
The Author.
Liste des Lamellicornes Laparostictiques recueillis par feu
Camille van Volxem pendant son voyage au Brésil et a la
Plata en 1872, suivie de la description de dixhuit espéces
nouvelles et un genre nouveau. 8vo. 1886.
The Author.
Liste des Lamellicornes Laparostictiques recueillis par feu
Camille van Volxem pendant son voyage de la midi de la
Péninsule Hispanique, et en Maroc, en 1871. 8vo. 1886,
The Author.

( wu ))

Note sur les genres Hapalonychus, Westw., et Trichops, Mannerh.
(inédit). 8vo. 1886. The Author.
Bucur (the late William). Larve of British Butterflies (Ray Society).
Edited by H. T. Stainton. Vol. II. 8vo. London, 1887.
J. W. Dunning.

Cameron (Peter). Descriptions of one new genus and some new species of
Parasitic Hymenoptera. The Author.
Camppetn (F. Maule). The Hessian Fly. 8vo. 1887. The Author.
Canadian Entomologist (The). Edited by Rev. C. J. L. Bethune.
Vol. XVIII., Nos. 9—12. Vol. XIX., Nos. 1—11. 1886—87.
The Editor.
Canadian Record of Science (The). Vol. II., Nos. 5 & 6. 8vo. Montreal.
The Editor.

Casry (Thomas L.). Descriptive Notices of North American Coleoptera.

I. 8vo. 1886. The Author.
On some new North American Pselaphide. The Author.
Catalogue des livres de la Bibliothéque de l’Academie Royale de Belgique
(3 parties). 1881—87. The Academy.

Durour (Léon). A travers un Siécle. 1780—1865. Science et Histoire.
8vo. Paris, 1888. Les Fils de Léon Dufour.
Dumarne (Claude). Note on the Tusser Seed Cocoon (Antherea Mylitta)
and some symptoms of the diseases of its Larve. 1886.
The Author.

Exwes (Henry John), and Lionel de Nrcfivitix. List of the Lepidopterous
Insects collected in Tavoy and Siam during 1884—85.
Part II. Rhopalocera. Calcutta, 1887. The Authors.
Entomologica Americana. Edited by John B. Smith. Vol. II., 9—12.
Vol. III., 1—7. 8vo. Brooklyn, 1887.
Brooklyn Entomological Society.
Entomologist (The). 8vo. London, 1887. T. P. Newman.
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 8vo. London, 1887.
The Editors.

Foxxer (A. F.). De Macroptere Vorm van Geocoris Grylloides, L.
The Author.
Note sur quelques Hémiptéres Héteroptéres de Belgique. 1886.
The Author.

Guyor (Arnold). Meteorological Tables. Smithsonian Institution.

Hensuaw (Samuel). The Entomological Writings of A. S. Packard. 8vo.
Washington, 1887. The Author.
Hotianp (Rev. W. J.). Contributions to a Knowledge of the Lepidoptera
of West Africa. 8vo. Pittsburg (Pa.), 1886.
The Author.

Jenner (J. H. A). List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Hast Sussex. 8vo.
1886. The Author.

( { manny )

Kuen (Sidney T.). Thirty-six Hours Hunting among the Lepidoptera
and Hymenoptera of Middlesex. The Author.
Kranpeten (Dr. K.), of Hamburg. The Organ of Smell in Arthropods.
[An Abstract by A. 8. Packard]. 1886. 4.5%. Packard.

McLacuuan (Robert). Note additionelle sur V’Ascalaphus ustulatus,
’ Eyversmann. The Author.
Description de plusieurs nouvelles espéces de Parnorpides pro-
yenant du Japon et de la Sibérie orientale. The Author.
Merpota (Raphael). The President’s Address to the Members of the
Essex Field Club at the Annual Meeting, 22nd January, 1881.
The Author.
Ditto ditto ditto 28th January, 1882.
The Author.
Mimicry between Butterflies of protected genera. 8vo. 1882.
The Author.
The Developmental Characters of the Larve of the Noctuz as
determining the Position of that Group. 8vo. 1881.
The Author.

Moors (F.). The Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Part XIII., Supp. 1887.
The Colonial Department.

Naturalist’s Monthly (The). Vol. I., Nos. 1, 3, & 4. The Editor.
Nature. Nos. 892—944. London, 1887. The Publishers.

Ormerop (Eleanor A.). Report of Observations of Injurious Insects and
Common Farm Pests during the Year 1886, with Methods

of Prevention and Remedy. The Authoress.
Notes on the Australian Bug (Icerya Purchasi) in South Africa.
London, 1887. The Authoress.

OsrENn-SackEN (Baron ©. R. von). Studies on Tipulide, Part I. Review
of the published genera of the Tipulide longipalpi. 8vo.
Berlin. The Author.
On Mr. Portchinski’s Publication on the Larve of Muscide,
including a detailed account of his last paper, ‘‘ Comparative
Biology of the Necrophagous and Coprophagous Larve.”’
The Author.

Orr (Adolph). Bericht iiber das Leben und Wirken der Schweizerischen
Gesellschaft. 8vo. Bern, 1860.

Packarp (Alphieus 8.), M.D. Note on certain Psychide, with descriptions

of two new Bombycidee- The Author.

On the Class Podostomata, a Group embracing the Merostomata
and Trilobites. 1886. The Author.
Critical Remarks on the Literature of the Organs of Smell in
Arthropods. The Author.

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( ( xxive7)

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() eee)

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@ xxv )

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THE

TRANSACTIONS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON

For THE YEAR 1887.
—__—_@—___

I. Cecidomyia destructor, Say, in Great Britain. By
Exeanor A. Ormerop, Consulting Entomologist
to the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

[Read December Ist, 1886. |

As I have now completed the series of observations from
life of the Cecidomyia destructor, Say, in Great Britain,
I beg to offer a short account of my procedure. I
submitted my early specimens and my opinions to our
much honoured Life President, Prof. Westwood, whom I
knew to be in possession of specimens, and who did me
the favour to examine the injured corn and the charac-
teristic puparia forwarded, and to confirm my determi-
nation. A short history of the attack is as follows :—
On the 28th of July I received specimens from
tevell’s Hall, Hertford, of injured barley, which on
examination precisely corresponded with the condition
caused by attack of the Cecidomyia destructor, commonly
known as the Hessian Fly. On investigation on the
spot I found the puparia fixed beneath the sheathing-
leaf just above the second joint, in the manner described

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1887.—PaART I. (APRIL). B

2, Miss FE. A. Ormerod on

as characteristic. They were laid lengthwise along the
stem, and frequently firmly attached at one extremity,

Attacked barley-stems; 1, puparia, in situ; 2, stem bent down.

which adherence is caused by the larva lying so motion-
less at the spot at which it is feeding that the stem
slightly advances round the point of attachment.

For the various works of authority which I consulted
on the subject I refer you to my recently-published
pamphlet, which is in the hands of many members of our
Society, as they are too numerous to be quoted here.

On the dissection of the puparia I found the larva
within still little changed, and was able to rdentify it as
a Cecidomyideous larva, and likewise as corresponding
with that of the C. destructor in the very peculiar form
of its anchor process, which, though roughly, is clearly
shown in Dr. Packard’s paper on Hessian Fly (formed
in connection with Prof. Riley, Dr. Cyrus Thomas, and
other personal observers of the attack, published in the
‘Third Report of the United States Entomological
Commission, 1880’). I shall perhaps be excused in

Cecidomyia destructor in Great Britain. 3

mentioning that I have devoted especial attention to
the study of Cecidomyideous larve and the form of the
anchor process for some years; the
subject was therefore one with which
I was conversant. The peculiar
alteration in colour of the larva in
this early stage of partial pupation
was also what is described by Dr.
Wagner, and accounted for by him ee peo ie
as the result of the formation of Gece aNren
adipose matter. In a more advanced

stage the colouring further changed to that stated to
accompany the first development of the parts of the
embryo imago.

To return now to the larval contents of the puparium.
The form of this corresponded with the very exceptional
form of that of the C. destructor. It resembled a flax-
seed so nearly that on mixing flax-seeds and puparia
together it was impossible at a glance to detect the
difference. On more minute examination the figures of
the puparia were narrower, and, though they had the
flattened form of the flax-seed, they were distinguishable
by one extremity having a mark across, as if it had been
pinched in, the other being slightly bent forward. These
appearances are characteristic of the C. destructor pupa-
rium at this stage. At first (as it was an early condition
of pupation) I did not find the longi-
tudinal striz; the outer skin, which
had changed to chestnut-brown of
lighter or darker tints, according to ()
its age, still preserved the slight
transverse markings, showing the
divisions of the segments in the
larval state. As the colour deepened
the striz appeared, and were clearly
visible running longitudinally from
one extremity to the other, in the manner shown in my
own figure from life sent, accompanying.

As I was unwilling to rest on my own opinion in such
an important matter, | forwarded specimens of the
infested stems to our Life-President, and trust I shall
not be out of order in giving his own words. After
thanking me for details, &c., of ‘Attack of the
Hessian Fly,” he wrote— There can be no doubt that

Exo

Puparia, nat. size and
magnified.

4 Miss E. A. Ormerod on

such is really the true ‘Simon pure’; more’s the pity.”
On sending further specimens Prof. Westwood wrote,
with regard to these ‘stems, and the puparia of the
Hessian Fly :—The latter agree exactly with Austrian
specimens I| received from M. Lefebvre many years ago,
sent to him by Dr. Hammerschmidt, of Vienna.”

I further forwarded specimens and full details to
Prof. W. Saunders, President of the Entomological
Society of Canada, whose entomological position is too
well known to require any observation from myself, and
who was eminently qualified from personal scientific
and practical knowledge of the attack to offer an
opimion, and from him I received the statement :—
“The wheat-stem pests, enclosed in your letter, which
are embedded in the stalks of the wheat, are without
doubt the true Hessian Fly in its pupal condition,
known as the flax-seed state.” I may add that in his
presidential letter to the Entomological Society of
Ontario, recently delivered by Prof. Saunders, he officially
announced the appearance of the Hessian Fly in Great
Britain from my specimens and details, my letter of
detail being read by Mr. James Fletcher, the Consulting
Entomologist of the Department of Avriculture of the
Dominion.

In regard to development of the imago and determi-
nation of the same:—On the 8th of September an
excellent specimen developed. By forming a long wand
of twisted paper and moistening the tip with a little
chloroform I secured the imago without injury, and

Imago of C. destructor, nat. size and magnified.

also still so far alive that 1 was able to watch it through
the changes of tint, described by Dr. Wagner, from a
golden brown, through the shades of mulberry with
tr ansverse black bands above on the first six segments

Cecidomyia destructor in Great Britain. 5

of the abdomen, on to the general development of brown
tints of the abdomen, in which the difference of appear-
ance of the black velvety spots on the sides of these
segments disappear, and the black transverse bands are
not very noticeably different in colour. The antenne
and tarsi, and all points that it was possible for me to
examine, precisely corresponded with those of C.
destructor,—I do not say with the description of this or
that observer, as in a case of this enormous importance
I examined into the points of all the best descriptions,
and, where the points were not clear, tabulated the
descriptions in parallel columns that I might be abso-
lutely certain. The only point in which I found a
marking not recorded in the descriptions is, that when
I placed the specimen upright, so as to have a view of
the upper part of the abdomen, I observed a minute
marking, like a VY, with a small line on each side of
it, which marking was placed in somewhat darker or
sreyer tint than the yellowish colour of the segments on
a portion of the 7th and 8th segments of the abdomen.
This slight marking, it is unnecessary to say, is not
material to specific differentiation.

Above I have mentioned that I found the imago
corresponded with that of C. destructor in all points in
which I was able to make comparison, because I did not
feel that I could be certain of the presence or non-
presence of the lamelle at the extremity of the
ovipositor, which are important points in identification.
I therefore forwarded the same specimen to Mr. R. H.
Meade, of Manningham, Bradford, who was good enough
to examine into the matter, and ascertain clearly that
the lamellul@ were not present.

To those who are acquainted with the characteristics
of C. destructor, it will be of interest to know that in
this point, in the pediculated joints of the antenne, in
the terminal joint of the antenne of the female being
half as long again as the penultimate, and in minute
points of the neuration of the wings, the imago which I
developed from the British puparia precisely agreed
with the description to be gathered by collation of the
points of structure, as well as colour given, by the
entomological writers of the U.S.A., Canada, and of
such of the chief European writers as I have quoted
above or had the opportunity of consulting.

6 Cecidomyia destructor in Great Britain.

Once again, with regard to confirmation, I may be
permitted to say that, after minute examination of the
imago, I was favoured by Mr. R. H. Meade with the
distinct statement :— ‘I have no doubt whatever about
your insect being Cecidomyia destructor’’; and further
on in his letter, after giving me point by point the
results of his examination, he adds :—‘‘ 1 have no doubt
that the real Hessian Fly has made its appearance
here.”

Since this letter I have had the opportunity of
submitting my whole series of specimens to Mr. John
Marten, of Albion, Illinois (who, whilst Dr. C. Thomas
was State Entomologist of Illinois, was one of his
assistants). As it is from the work of Dr. C. Thomas
that the paper on Hessian Fly, published by the Ento-
mological Commission of the U.$.A., 1s stated by Dr.
Packard to be mainly formed, and Mr. J. Marten
(Dr. Thomas’s assistant) has especially devoted himself
to the study of this insect, his opinion is one of much
value. Iam now able to mention from personal exami-
nation that in every condition, from that of slghtly-
changed larva up to imago, which I have watched through
all its changes of colour, the insect under discussion cor-
responds with the Cecidomyia destructor of Say ; that the
injury to the corn-stalks also corresponds exactly; and,
further, that I have received confirmation on these
points on personal examination of my specimens from
the high authorities mentioned above. ‘lo this I may
add that the work of the later brood has also now, or up
to my last communication, appeared on the self-sown
or late-sprouted plant, as described in the States.

IL. Descriptions of some new species of Brachycerus.
By Francis P. Pascoz, F.L.S., &c.

|Read February 2nd, 1887. |

Prates If. & II.

Tur number of described species of Brachycerus is about
960, by far the greater part being from South Africa,
and apparently south of the Tugela River. They are,
on the whole, tolerably distinct, but, owing principally
to their sculpture, not easy to describe in words that
should be unmistakably intelligible. Very few species
are figured, and as Schénherr’s types, obtained by him
just forty-seven years ago, belonged to several collectors,
many may now have disappeared; but the types of the
“Coleoptera Caffrarie” are, I believe, at Stockholm. It
is probable that some species here described may not be
new; if so, I hope the figures herewith will compensate
for the addition of useless synonyms, for I believe very
little will be gained, ina genus such as this, by mere
descriptions, except for isolated forms.*

This genus of weevils, easily recognisable at sight, is
not to be absolutely defined, and is another instance
that good generic characters in one group may be only
of specific value in another. Thus there may be or not
be a scutellum ; ocular lobes the most pronounced or
not a vestige of them; straight or sinuated tibie armed
or unarmed; a spined, angular, or a round-sided pro-
thorax; corbels of the posterior tibie evident or not
distinctly apparent, &c. Nor is there a sign of any
correlation of these characters with others. Con-
sequently, if the genus is broken up, as Lacordaire
asserts it ought to be, the number of genera will not be

* For the thirteen European species, admitted by Stein and
Weise, there are forty-three synonyms; this shows the difficulty,
even allowing for a certain amount of variation, of recognising the
species from descriptions only.

TRANS. ENT. S0C. LOND. 1887.—PART 1. (APRIL)

8 Mr. Pascoe’s descriptions of some

very far short of the number of species.* Schonherr’s
divisions of the genus include the most dissimilar forms.
I have here arranged the species without reference to
their affinities.

Although so numerous in species they appear to be
individually scarce. Collectors at the Cape seem to
have paid very little attention to their habits, but,
judging from the few species of the Mediterranean
region, the larve will probably be found feeding in the
bulbs of the Amaryllidee and allies, which abound in
the Cape Colony, the perfect insects only emerging for
a short time to prepare for another generation.

The measurements are taken from the apex of the
prothorax to the declivity of the elytra. Characters
common to the whole genus are mostly omitted.

Brachycerus cinnamomeus. (Pl. I., fig. 1).

B. oblongo-ovatus, squamosit ate cinnamomea, granulis tubercu
lisque adspersis, tectus; rostrum modice elongatum, antice spatio
triangulari notatum; prothorax utrinque acute spinosus, apicem
versus fovea magna impressus; elytra ovata, singulo tuberculis
validis triseriatim obsitis, interstitiis nitide granulatis. Long.
10 lin.

Hab. Zanzibar.

A comparatively large species, which may be approximated to
B. annulatus, Gerst. The upper parts are covered with a
cinnamon-brown squamosity, with a few lighter spots on the
elytra, and are marked by glossy granules and tubercles. Rostrum
moderately long, anteriorly bounded by two ridges forming a
triangular impression between them, the posterior part marking
off the rostrum from the head; no ridge over the eyes: prothorax
sharply spined at the sides, the dise with glossy granules irregu-
larly placed and varying in size and shape, towards the apex a
large and somewhat shallow pit; elytra ovate, each with three
rows of tubercles, the sutural and intermediate with depressed
tubercles, those near the suture much the smallest, the intermediate
gradually smaller on the declivity, the outer row is composed of
conical tubercles, except that the last two are spiniform, in the
intervals of the tubercles many small glossy black granules; le

** Bedel has separated B. porcellus as a genus under the name of
Herpes; Dr. Aurivillius has proposed Gyllenhallia for B. spectrum.
Theates, Fahr., is closely allied to Brachycerus.

new species of Brachycerus. 9

covered with numerous granules, the intervals squamose and
setiferous; tarsi robust.

Brachycerus suturalis. (Pl. I., fig. 2).
B. oblongo-ovatus, fuscus, regione suturali dense albido-squa-
moso; rostrum modice elongatum, basi bituberculatum; prothorax
globosus rude punctatus, apice tumidus; elytra ovalia, apice

singulorum calloso, supra lineis elevatis nodulosis instructa. Long.
6 lin.

Hab. Algoa Bay.

This species has a comparatively narrow outline; the upper part
is pitehy, with a sprinkling of minute whitish scales, but a patch
on the shoulders and the sutural region densely covered with larger
scales. Rostrum moderately elongate, slightly concave and punc-
tured in front, the base with two erect tubercles, the head separated
by a deep depression; prothorax raised much above its base,
rounded and tuberculate at the sides, disc rudely and irregularly
punctured, and a deep depression behind the apex; elytra shghtly
rounded at the sides, on each five rows of raised nodulose lines, the
intervals lightly pitted, three round spots composed of short densely
packed hairs along the basal half of the third line, a smooth callus
at the apex of each elytron; body beneath and legs reddish brown,
clothed with small silvery scales; tarsi moderately stout.

Brachycerus eximius. (Pl. L., fig. 3).

B. oblongo-ovatus, nigro-tuberculatus, squamositate cinna-
momea, luteo-plagiata, ornatus; rostrum breviusculum, basi
bituberculatum, antice punctis sparsis impressum; prothorax
eleyatus, apice in lobis duobus producto; elytra tuberculata,
regione suturali maculis conspicuis lacteis ornata. Long. 6 lin,

Hab. Cape.

A very pretty species with black glossy tubercles studding the
upper parts, the intervals clothed with a cinnamon-coloured
squamosity, varied by a narrow median stripe and a short lateral
one on the prothorax, and three nearly connected milk-white
patches on the sutural region, extending from the base to the apex.
Rostrum short, not stout, two approximate tubercles towards the
base, the head marked off by a narrow line; prothorax raised
much above its base, tuberculate, each tubercle with a glossy
granuliform tip, the apex bifid and projected on the head, the eyes
lying beneath; elytra slightly rounded on the sides, punctures on
the scutellar region filled with scales, sides with glossy mamumilli-
form tubercles, each tipped with a recumbent seta; body beneath

10 Mr. Pascoe’s descriptions of some

and legs closely covered with cinnamon-coloured scales; tarsi
moderately stout.

Brachycerus disjunctus. (Pl. L., fig. 4).

B. sat breviter ovatus, saturate fuscus, scutello, suture basi, °
macula triangulari et alteris duabus apicalibus, humerisque dense
niveo-squamosis; prothorax cum elytris fortiter tuberculatus.
Long. 33 lin.

Hab. Damara-land. ;

A small dark brown or nearly black species, with a conspicuous
white triangular spot just behind the middle of the elytra. Rostrum
not marked off from the head, somewhat elongate, comparatively
narrow, the base with two oblong ridges—nearly continuous with

those above the eyes—and between them a deep depression ; pro-
thorax about as long as broad, broadly grooved throughout, the
apex with two conspicuous tubercles; elytra somewhat globose,
about twice the length of the prothorax, each with three rows of
large conical tubercles, the intervals strongly pitted, sutural line at
the base, a large triangular spot behind the middle, a still larger
oblong spot at the apex on each side, and the shoulders covered
with white scales; last three segments of the abdomen black; legs
with black sete.

Brachycerus capito. (Pl. L., fig. 5).

B. brevis, squamositate pallide grisea tectus ; rostrum crassum,
gibbosum, apice bituberculatum, a capite suleo profunde dis-
junctum ; prothorax brevis, rude irregulariter impressus, lateraliter
rotundatus et tuberculatus; elytra subglobosa, tuberculis mammil-
liformibus lineatim instructa. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Cape.

A short, thick-set, pale greyish species, with a broad head and
large eyes, each lying under a horizontal ridge. Rostrum sepa-
rated from the head by a deep groove, thick gibbous or curved
in front, reticulately pitted, and the apex bituberculate ; prothorax
short, roughly and irregularly pitted, sides rounded, apex truncate,
and ocular lobes prominent; scutellum transversely triangular ;
elytra nearly globose, scutellar region strongly reticulate, the sides
and posterior half with prominent mamunilliform tubercles, each
tipped with from one to three or four sete; first abdominal
segment, except its interfemoral process, not observable; legs
with longish sete, as well as the abdomen ; tarsi elongate.

new species of Brachycerus. Ut

Brachycerus omissus. (Pl. 1, fig. 6)

B. sat breviter ovatus, squamositate laxa fusca vestitus ; rostrum
breve, in medio leviter excavatum, caput supra oculos fortiter
eristatum; prothorax rugoso-punctatus, lateraliter spinosus ; elytra
ampliata, irregulariter foveata, postice et ad latera tuberculata.
Long. 54 lin.

Hab. Damayra-land.

Somewhat like B. subfasciatus, Gyll., but differing in rostrum,
sculpture, &e. Rostrum short, largely but not deeply excavated in
front, not marked off from the head, an oblong ridge above the
eyes, which are nearly covered in repose by the large ocular lobes ;
prothorax rather broader than long, rounded at the apex, irregu-
larly rugose above, the sides with a conspicuous conical tubercle ;
elytra subglobose, strongly pitted, the intervals at the sides, and
especially on the declivity, raised into conical tubercles, each of
which are tipped with a short seta; legs with pale ashy and
brownish scales; tarsi rather short. The upper parts are covered
with a sparse ragged squamosity mixed with a few minute scales.

Brachycerus rixator. (Pl. I., fig. 7).

B. oblongo-ovatus, nigrescens; rostrum vix elongatum, basi
constrictum et alte bicornutum, inter oculos adscendens; pro-
thorax transversus, apice producto et incrassato, lateraliter tubercu-
latus; elytra lineatim tuberculata, interstitiis foveis quadratis
impressis. Long. 9 lin.

Hab. Damara-land.

A dark-coloured, middle-sized species, rather depressed above,
with a very pale greyish squamosity. Rostrum moderately long,
narrow at the base, continued to the vertex, and conspicuously
raised between the eyes, at the base an elevated spiniform
tubercle on each side, expanding towards the apex into a large
triangular process; prothorax transverse, nearly as broad as the
elytra, produced and rounded at the apex, covered with numerous
glossy granules, but leaving a slight trace of a median groove, on
each side three or four tubercles; elytra moderately rounded at
the sides, each with about six rows of rather small tubercles, the
interstices with well-marked quadrangular pits, the suture on each
side with a row of granules, tubercles on the third row raised and
crowded at the base, leaving the scutellar region depressed ; body
beneath and legs covered with pale greyish or whitish scales ; tarsi
elongate.

B. lobaticollis, Per., seems—from the tigure—to be
allied to this species.

1) Mr. Pascoe’s descriptions of some
} )

Brachycerus Faustti. (Pl. 1., fig. 8).

B. oblongo-ovatus, plerumque squamositate obscure grisea
tectus; rostrum breviusculum, antice paulo excavatum, apice
bifoveatum, basi bilobatum, a capite distinctum ; prothorax cum
elytris carinatis, his apice dehiscentibus. Long. 12 lin.

Hab. Natal.

In facies somewhat like the next, but more allied to B. oblonqgus,
Fhrs. Rostrum rather short and narrow comparatively, slightly
coneave in front, the apex with two conspicuous pits, the base
bilobed, the lobes clearly marking it off from the head; prothorax
transverse, angularly spined at the sides, three ridges on the disc,
the middle one smallest ; elytra broader than the prothorax, each
with a slightly flexuous ridge on the basal half replaced by a line
of setiferous tubercles nearly to the apex, at the side a raised
nodulose line, and toward the margin three or four flattish
tubercles, the sutural region nearly impunctate, intervals of the
ridges closely covered with a dull greyish squamosity, that between
the first and second with a finely raised line, each apex prolonged
and divergent ; body beneath and legs covered with dull greyish
scales; inner angle of the posterior tibie with an acute curved
spine ; tarsi rather elongate.

Named after M. Johannes Faust, of Libau, Courland,
who has done so much for the insect-fauna of Russia
and Turkestan.

Brachycerus precursor. (Pl. 1., fig. 9).
B. oblongo-ovatus, niger; rostrum cum capite continuatum ;

prothorax costis duabus validis, elytra quatuor, instructi, interstiis
squamositate albida dense tectis. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Cape.

This species is like the figure given by M. Peringuey of his
B. albotectus, but differs from his description in several important
particulars. Rostrum continuous with the head, moderately long
and comparatively narrow, flattish in front, scarcely narrower at
the base and reticulately punctured ; prothorax transverse, gradually
expanding into an acute angle at the sides, dise with two elevated
glossy black ridges, between which is a smaller ridge, but covered,
as is the rest of the prothorax, with a whitish squamosity; no
ocular lobes ; scutellum small but distinct ; elytra nowhere scarcely
broader than the prothorax, each with a ridge continuous with the
one on the prothorax, but only extending midway and replaced by

new species of Brachycerus. 13

a line of setiferous tubercles nearly to the apex, a shorter ridge
outside, and then a few tubercles more towards the outer margin,
the intervals with the same kind of squamosity as on the pro-
thorax ; abdominal segments, except the first, dark brown, the
sterna and legs densely covered with ivory-like seales ; tarsi slender,
but the last joint distinctly stouter.

Brachycerus phlyctenoides. (Pl. I., fig. 10).

B. oblongo-ovatus, niger, supra granulis nitidis confertim tectus ;
rostrum gibbosuim, postice bilobum, antice supra planatum et rude
punctatum; prothorax transversus, apicem versus canaliculatus,
utrinque leviter tuberculato-angulatus; elytra ovata, irregulariter
granulata. Long. 13 lin.

Hab. Guinea.

A large black scaleless species, with numerous glossy granules
above, many of them—especially on the prothorax—with a small
central puncture. Rostrum moderately long, gibbous and roughly
punctured in front, bilobed at the base, and separated from the
head by a well-marked curved groove ; prothorax not much broader
than long, the apex slightly produced and rounded, the middle
with a groove well marked anteriorly, granules very irregular on
the disc, smaller at the sides, except one more prominent and
tuberculiform ; elytra ovate, granules somewhat Hattish, irregular,
the intervals punctate; legs punctured, many of the punctures
with a small granule ; tibiz slightly bisinuate ; posterior tarsi with
the terminal joint as long as the rest together.

Brachycerus albicollis. (Pl. IL, fig. 1).

B. oblongus, fusco-brunneus, squamosus, albo-signatus; pro-
thorax latus, lateraliter tuberculatus, antice albo-squamosus et fere
impunctatus ; elytra ovata, prothorace paulo latiora, tuberculata ;
tarsi modice elongati. Long. 4$ lin.

Hab. Natal ?.

A small brownish species having the anterior half of the prothorax
and head covered with white scales, as well as a large triangular
spot on the elytra. Rostrum moderately long, roughly punctured,
the base with two oblong oblique contiguous lobes marking it off
from the head; prothorax broad, convex, each side with a small
obtuse tubercle, the apex with a quadrate impression, anterior half,
or white portion, nearly impunctate, the posterior half coarsely
pitted, the intervals more or less raised into tubercles, each mostly
with a glossy black flattish top; scutellum distinct, white ; elytra

14 Mr. Pascoe’s descriptions of some

ovate, rather broader than the prothorax, with tubercles principally
in three rows, the inner row confined to the declivity, tubercles not
prominent, each with a glossy black top, the intervals lightly
pitted; legs and body beneath closely scaled, the former with
decumbent black sete; tarsi of moderate length.

Brachycerus electilis. (Pl. I1., fig. 2).

B. oblongus, squamosus, rufo-brunneus, albo-signatus; pro-
thorax latus, lateraliter rotundatus, disco cruciatim impressus ;
elytra prothorace vix latiora, brevia, supra foveatim corrugata et
tuberculata ; tarsi breves. Long. 43 lin.

Hab. Algoa Bay.

A small rufous-brown species with white patches, minute scales
in parts and curiously wrinkled elytra. Rostrum rather short,
roughly punctured in front, towards the base two erect cylindrical
tubercles, a groove marking it off from the head; antenne short,
stout ; prothorax very conyex, broad, rounded at the sides, on the
dise a cross-shaped impression, and behind the transverse arm of
the cross a double row of oblong raised points marked with a
linear impression, and before it a band composed of whitish scales ;
scutellum distinct, white; elytra short and not much broader than
the prothorax, covered with tubercles more or less marked, with
narrow raised transverse and oblique lines, enclosing deep and
irregular pits between them, the sides with strongly marked
quadrate punctures, suture at the base and a transverse patch on
the declivity composed of closely-set minute white scales.

Brachycerus obtusus. (Pl. I1., fig. 3).

B. breviter ovatus, squamositate fusco-grisea tectus; rostrum
breve, in medio unituberculatum, basi iobis duobus obliquis obsitum ;
prothorax lateraliter obtuse angulatus ; elytra ovata, tuberculata,
apice quasi truncata. Long. 6 lin.

Hab. Natal.

A short dark grey species, the elytra broadly rounded at the
apex, but when viewed from above.apparently truncate. Rostrum
short, stout, the middle in front with a flattish tubercle and a
raised line behind it, the base with two oblique lobes ; prothorax
transverse, closely punctured, the sides obtusely angulate, a deep
depression at the apex, which is truncate; elytra ovate, the apex
broadly rounded, each with three rows of stout conical tubercles,
the sutural row confined to behind the middle, tubercles tipped
with a short seta, the apical tubercle of the second row much

new species of Brachycerus. 15

larger and bearing numerous longer sete ; body beneath shortly
setose, legs with longer setz ; no spur on the posterior tibie.

Brachycerus draco. (Pl. IL., fig. 4).

B. ovatus, nigro-fuscus, squamulis subaureis vestitus ; rostrum
elongatum, antice longitudinaliter excavatum; prothorax sub-
transversus, lateraliter fortiter angulatus, disco sparse punctatus 5
elytra ampliata, triseriatim tuberculata, tuberculis setis plurimis
subaureis coronatis, interstitiis fortiter foveatis et sparse setosis ;
tarsis elongatis. Long. 9 lin.

Hab. Natal.

A dark brown species, but, as seen under a lens, clothed with
minute rufous scales having a golden tint in certain lights.
Rostrum long, with an elevated margin on each side contiguous at
the base, marked off from the head by a slight groove, no super-
ciliary ridge ; prothorax subtransverse, angularly produced at the
sides, the angle obliquely sloped anteriovly, the side anterior to the
angle constricted, the apex truncate, with an oblong depression
above, the dise with large shallow punctures; no ocular lobes;
elytra broadly rounded at the sides, each with three rows of
tubercles; tubercles of the mner and intermediate rows mostly
depressed, the outer row and declivity composed of conical
tubercles, all tipped with a fasciculus of long recumbent rufous
golden-tinted sete; body beneath and legs densely squamulose ;
tarsi elongate, especially the claw-joint.

Brachycerus turbatus. (Pl. IL, fig. 5).

B. sat breviter ovatus, nigro-fuscus; rostrum breviusculum,
dimidio apicali reticulato, basi lobis duobus munitum; prothorax
transversus, lateraliter obtuse angulatus ; elytra ampha, tuberculis
eranulisque minutis tecta. Long. 8 lin.

Hab. Natal.

A dull dark brown species, with a bluntly angular prothorax,
-and the elytra tuberculate, with the ordinary squamosity not very
evident. Rostrum rather short, the apical half broad and unequally
reticulate anteriorly, the base with two oblong tubercles; head
marked off by a slight groove, no superciliary ridges ; prothorax
moderately transverse, bluntly angular at the sides, an oblong
excavation at the apex, dise uneven, tubercles few, not conspicuous,
some with a glossy black point; elytra broadly rounded at the
sides, roughly and rather closely covered with many large tubercles,
with smaller ones between, and scattered minute glossy black

16 Mr. Pascoe’s descriptions of some

granules over all; abdomen coarsely punctured; legs covered with
pale grey scales and with numerous short sete; tarsi moderately
elongate.

Brachycerus gryphus. (Pl. IL, fig. 6).

B. oblongo-ovatus, squamositate ferruginea tectus; rostrum
modice elongatum, antice punctatum; prothorax transversus,
lateraliter acute spinosus, antice excavatus; elytra amplia, bi-
seriatim tuberculata, tuberculis apice setigeris, a basi ad declivi-
tatem gradatim majoribus, serie exteriori tuberculis validis spina
nigra acuta terminatis, interstitiis rude foveatis. Long. 10 lin.

Hab. Usambara.

An East African species; the sculpture approximates it to
B. draco. Rostrum moderately long, the slightly raised margins
coalescing towards the base, which is bilobed, and scarcely marked
off from the head; prothorax slightly transverse, sides with a short
acute conical spine, the apex with an oblong impression, dise with
few tubercles, the largest above and a little behind the lateral spine ;
elytra broadly rounded at the sides, each with two rows of tubercles,
those on the inner row consisting of five small and two much
larger and more conical placed on the declivity, each tipped with a
glossy black spot, the outer row consisting principally of three large
conical tubercles, each terminating in a well-developed acute black
spine, the intervals irregularly pitted, towards the outer margin
several small glossy-black granules; tibiv and tarsi ringed with
black; claw-joint of the tarsi as long or longer than the rest
together.

Brachycerus strumosus. (Pl. IL., fig. 7).

B. ovatus, fuscus, squamis minutis pallidioribus tectus ; rostrum
elongatum, basin versus marginibus exterioribus elevatis; pro-
thorax vix transversus, lateraliter angulatus, apice callositate
magna munitus; elytra ampliata, biseriatim tuberculata, seriebus
internis magnis planatis. Long. 10 lin.

Hab. Senegal.

A stout dull brown species covered with minute paler scales, and
having a prominent callosity on the apex of the prothorax.
Rostrum elongate, irregularly impressed in front, the posterior
half with a raised margin on either side, and at the base two
inconspicuous tubercles marking it off from the head; prothorax
nearly as broad as long, angulate at the sides, the apex with a large
rounded elevated callosity, and on each side above the angle a
cluster of three or four unequal tubercles; elytra rather short,

new species of Brachycerus. Wve

broadly rounded at the sides, each with two rows of tubercles, the
inner row with three, large and flat, having on the top a few
setiferous punctures and a conical one on the declivity, the outer
row composed of one round and three conical apiculate tubercles,
rest of the elytra with numerous small unequal tubercles, many
with a glossy black tip; legs ratherlong; claw-joint of the posterir
tarsi as long as the rest together.

Brachycerus merens. (PI. II., fig. 8).

B. ovatus, squamosus, fuscus, albo-notatus, supra nitide tubercu-
latus; rostrum breviusculum, parte apicali excepta, albido-squa-
mosum, punctis dispersis, basi elevatum disjunctim bilobatum,
a capite profunde separatum; prothorax paulo transversus,
lateraliter acute spinosus; elytra subglobosa. Long. 6 lin.

Hab. “Gambesi.

A dark brown species with patches of white scales, the upper
parts dotted with unequal glossy black-tipped tubercles. Rostrum
comparatively short, conspicuously punctured, except toward the
apex, the intervals with pale yellowish scales, the base raised and
bilobed, marked off from the head by a deep groove; prothorax,
excluding the spines, about as long as broad, a deep oblong
impression anteriorly, dise coarsely tuberculate, a few of the
tubercles emarginate behind, a black seta issuing from the emargi-
nation, base of the lateral spine covered with white scales; a black
seutellum; elytra subglobose, each with about six rows of tubercles,
but the intervals so strongly and unequally pitted that at first they
appear to be irregularly distributed, the tubercles on the inner row
have a more granular character, the fourth and fifth rows are the
most conspicuous, all the tubercles have a glossy black tip, and
some have a seta as well, of the white patches the largest is basal,
behind it are two smaller ones, at the side another, and the fifth 1s
towards the apex ; sides of the abdomen with four pale spots; legs
covered with ashy scales.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT I. (APRIL.) C€

18 New species of Brachycerus.

EXpLaNation oF Puates I. & II.

6

SS

PAGE it

Fic. 1. Brachycerus cinnamomeus.

suturalis.
eximius.
disjunctus.
capito.
omissuUs.
rivator.

a rostrum.
Faustv.

a3 rostrum.
precursor.
phlyctenoides.

PATA ES he

1. Brachycerus albicollis.

electilis.
obtusus.
draco.
twrbatus.
gryphus.
strumosus.
Merens.

III. Pedigree Moth-breeding, as a means of verifying
certain important Constants in the General Theory

of Heredity. By Francis Gatton, F.R.S.
[Read February 2nd, 1887.]

Ir was suggested by Mr. Merrifield, in answer to my
inquiries, that moths, especially those which breed
normally twice in the year, would be very stitable
subjects for a course of such experimental breedings as
I have long desired to establish. My object at the
present time is to obtain data for the revision and
extension of a general theory of simple heredity, on
which I have lately published memoirs,* and especially
to test that portion of it which relates to Stability of
Type. In addition to this, the experiments I propose
would elicit incidentally many interesting results, some
perhaps quite disconnected with the objects immediately
in view.

The merits of moths as subjects of experiment are
that the arrangements for breeding them in large
numbers occupy comparatively little space, and involve
comparatively little cost; their generations succeed each
other quickly, and they undergo no change in length or
shape of wing, &c., during their brief lives, so that the
difficulties elsewhere connected with age and growth
disappear; the specimens that are used in the experi-
ments can be afterwards mounted in cases, and be
labelled and preserved for future reference.

Mr. Merrifield has very kindly offered to commence
the experiments for me, and trusts to be able to continue
them for some years. I lay the proposed plan before
the Entomological Society in hope of eliciting the
suggestions and help of its members before the course
of experiments is fairly begun.

* “Taw of Regression,” Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1885; ‘‘ Family
Likeness in Stature,” Proc. Royal Soc., 1886; ‘‘ Family Likeness
in Eye-Colour,” Proc. Royal Soc., 1886.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART I. (APRIL.)

20 Mr. Francis Galton on

The intention is to start from the brood of a single
pair of moths (Selenia illustraria is suggested), and to
trace the changes of some one characteristic,—say of
the wing-length,—during many successive generations,
down three parallel but contrasted lines of descent ; the
broods being reared all along out of doors, and under
healthy and perfectly identical conditions. It will be
convenient to distinguish these three lines of descent
by the letters A, M, and Z. The A line of descent is to
be produced by selecting and mating one (or more) pair
of the longest-winged males and females that are found
in the brood of the original pair. The progeny of this
selected pair I will call Ai. Out of the males and
females in A i. one (or more) pair of the longest-winged
will be selected. The progeny of this selected pair will
be Aii. Out of the males and females in A il. one
(or more) pair of the longest-winged are again to be
selected; their progeny will be A iii. This process will
be continued for, it is hoped, at least six generations,—
that is, for three years. Every moth in each of the
broods is to be preserved, and those which become the
parents of the succeeding brood are to be labelled
accordingly. It is intended to mount the moths in an
orderly series, separating the males from the females,
and severally arranging them in the order of their wing-
lengths, beginning with the longest and ending with the
shortest.

The Z line of descent is to be produced by selecting
and mating one (or more) of the shortest-winged males
and females out of the original brood. ‘Their progeny
will be Zi. Out of these a selection of one (or more)
pair of the shortest-winged males and females will be
made, whose progeny will be Z. 1., and so on as before.
Moths which are small, owing to deformity or obvious
unhealthiness, should not be selected for breeding from.

The M line of descent is to be produced by selecting
and mating one (or more) pair of medium-winged in-
dividuals out of the original brood; their progeny will
be Mi. Out of these a selection of one (or more) pair
of the medium-winged males and females will be made,
whose progeny will be M. ii., and so on as before. It
will be understood that by medium-winged I mean with
reference to the brood in question, and not with reference
to the original brocd. The use of the M line is to

Pedigree Moth-breeding. 21

afford a standard whence the divergencies of the A and Z
lines in each generation can most suitably be measured.
M will be affected, together with A and Z, by all the
influences that affect the entire stock, and will therefore
exhibit in an unmixed degree the A and Z peculiarities.
It will easily be understood how important it is to attend
to the requirement already laid down that the three
lines of descent should be carried on under identical
conditions.

The broods in the M and Z lines will be mounted in
the same way as those in the A lne. ‘Therefore for
every generation there will be three compartments in
one or more trays, each containing (say roughly) 100
moths, and, as there are two generations in a year, the
result of each year’s breeding will be to fill six com-
partments.

After the sixth generation or thereabouts has been
reached in each of the three lines of descent, it is
further desired to proceed conversely, by breeding
from medium specimens in each of the three lines, and
again from medium specimens of their several broods,
and so on until all trace of the A and Z peculiarities
shall have disappeared from their respective descendants.

I have spoken of one or more pairs, because the moths
do not emerge simultaneously, and yet they must be
paired soon after they emerge. The ideal pair in the A
line would be the very longest-winged male and the very
longest-winged female of the entire brood, and in the
Z line the very shortest-winged. In practice we must
be content with an approximation to this. Two or three
separate matings will have to be made between the
most suitable of the brood at the time when they
require to be paired, but the eggs that are to be pre-
served and reared will be those of only one or two of
the most suitable of the trial pairs. The produce of
different pairs ought not to be mixed.

There will be little difficulty about the M pairings, as
mediocrities are numerous.

The wing-length is the characteristic with which it is
at present proposed to deal, as being more definite and
easily measured than others. A similar treatment
might be adopted in respect to other characteristics,
such as the area of the wing, or the area of the patch
of colour in the wings of such moths as may possess it.

22, Mr. Francis Galton on

A would in this case symbolise large areas, and Z small
ones. Or the subject of experiment might be the depth
of the general tint. Or, again, it might be the greater
or less acuteness of the angle of the wing. Any variable
characteristic that exists in both sexes and in all
individuals can be treated in this way.

As there is no difficulty in treating the two sexes on
equal terms in statistical inquiries by first transmuting
all female measurements to their male equivalents [in
human stature’ this is effected by adding one-twelfth or
thereabouts ; I use the multiplies of 1°08], so probably
the different broods of dimorphous moths may be
rendered comparable in the same way, and it may be
found unnecessary in Selenia illustraria to confine the
comparisons between spring-brood and spring-broods,
and between autumn-brood and autumn-broods respec-
tively. Thus the advantage of double-broodness, in
giving two steps a year instead of one, will probably
not be lost by experimenting on a dimorphous species.

Measurement.—The wing-length is to be measured
from the root of the wing to its tip (that is, from 4 to B

in the fig.). A has to be estimated from
¢ the run of the upper and lower mar-
ZA o gins, and can be determined with fair

precision. B is very well-defined in a
normal wing. Should, however, the tip
be injured, the measurement is to be made from a to ¢,
and stated accordingly. Again, if both B and c are
injured, measure from a to D, and state so.

In performing the measurement with a pair of com-
passes (or other scale) it is necessary to bring the points
very close to the moth, else a slight change in the posi-
tion of the eye will give discordant readings ; and if the
eye is not moved at all the readings will be sensibly too
small. A magnifying-glassisdesirable. [or measuring
living but sluggish moths, I have contrived a pair of
compasses that work well and quickly when making
the ordinary measurements, and which carry a maeni-
fying-glass. I will not, however, now give a drawing of
it, because I want to assure myself of the handiest form
of the instrument before doing so. Its principle is this.
Imagine a pair of fine-pointed scissors with very long
arms,—say five times as long as the blades; the points
of the blades represent the compass-points. At the end

Pedigree Moth-breeding. 23

of one of the arms a scale is pivotted; its free end runs
overa pin at the end of the other arm. As the distance
between the pivot and the pin is always five times that
between the compass-points, the scale is five times the
natural size, and can be read off easily to half milli-
metres, the pin acting as index. In using these
compasses the forefinger slightly presses the scale
against both the arm on which its free end rests and the
pin over which it runs. When the compass is satis-
factorily adjusted an increased pressure is sufficient to
clamp the scale, and it can then be read off. I have
also tried the glasses from one of the tubes of an opera-
glass, with a lengthened interval between them, so as to
form a microscope of very long focus, say 18 in. This
was fixed on a light rod that carried a millimetre scale,
set across its free end at a trifle less than 18 in. from
the object-glass. On approaching the scale to within
half an inch of any small object, that object and the
scale are both in fair focus at once, and they are
sufficiently far from the eye to render the error of which
I spoke of little or no importance.

For the accurate measurement of dead moths I have
a much better instrument under construction, in which
I use a small microscope with cross wires in the short
limb of a pentagraph, and use the long limb both for
setting the microscope and for reading off the measure-
ments.

The details of the whole procedure are settled thus
far only provisionally, as it is reasonable to hope that
much has yet to be gained from the past experience of
others, and more by the earlier stages of the experiments
themselves, so far as they are new to experience. I
have considerable hopes that many persons may feel
disposed to work with me, for I am sure it will be
accepted as an obvious truth by all, whether they may
interest themselves in the technical explanations that
follow these remarks or not, that sets of broods of
pedigree moths, all of whose direct ancestors, male and
female, and all of whose uncles and aunts, great uncles
and great aunts, and so on for at least six generations,
are preserved in convenient trays for reiterated study,
would form a collection of first-class importance for
hereditary investigation.

It would be well if in each case of experiment more

24 Mr. Francis Galton on

than one stock could be reared, descended from the same
original pair of moths, but in different places, in order
that the male and female pupe may be occasionally
interchanged and the moths cross bred, by which the
evils of too close interbreeding would be diminished. I
sincerely hope that any practical entomologist who may
be disposed to further these experiments will communi-
cate with me at 42, Rutland Gate, London, §.W., or
with Mr. Merrifield.

APPENDIX.
ON THE PROPOSED METHOD OF DEALING WITH THE OBSERVATIONS.
After the results of the experiments have been obtained they

will be treated by me in somewhat the same minute and technical
way that the data I now possess were treated in the memoirs

4.

already referred to. It may perhaps be well to give here a brief
and partial account of the guiding principles,

Pedigree Moth-breeding. 25

When we represent the wing-length of every specimen in a large
brood by a corresponding vertical line, and arrange these lines in
an orderly manner according to their lengths, and at equal
distances apart upon an horizontal base, we shall obtain a figure
like that shown in fig. 1. Here, however, only some twenty
vertical lines have been drawn, sufficient to indicate what is meant.
It is not necessary to make a larger or more minute drawing for the
sake of mere explanation. The variability of wing-length, as indi-
cated by the difference between the lengths of the longer and shorter
lines, has been purposely exaggerated to make the meaning of the
figures more clear.

In fig. 2 these upright lines had been enclosed within a dotted
boundary whose vertical sides should lie at an interval of one-half
space before the first and beyond the last of the lines respectively,
and whose upper portion is a smooth curve drawn with a free
hand, touching the tops of the vertical lines; then the vertical
lines are supposed to have been rubbed out, and only the contour
or “scheme” to remain. This scheme contains, in a most com-
pact form, the measurement of every individual in a brood, or in
a population however large. A dotted vertical line, or ordinate, M,
is drawn to the curve froma point that bisects the base, and a
horizontal line is drawn through the point O in the curve where
this ordinate, which is the ‘“‘ median ” of the curve, meets it. The
median is practically the same as the average, and it is clear from
the construction that its value is quite independent both of the
width of the scheme and of the number of individuals to which the
scheme refers, so long as they are fairly numerous. The hori-
zontal line A OB is the “axis” of the curve; it divides it into
symmetrical halves. In fig. 3 the nearer half of the axis AO is
itself bisected, and an ordinate Q is drawn to the curve from
the point of bisection. Q is what I eall the ‘‘ Quartile” of the
curve.

In fic. 4, M and Q are all that remain, and they are all that we
are mathematically concerned with. When they and the interval
between them are given the whole of the scheme can be calcu-
lated; but the interval between them is unimportant for the
objects in view. It does not in the least matter on what horizontal
seale the scheme is drawn, as the values of QM and other
ordinates at different fractional divisions of the axis are inde-
pendent of the horizontal extension. Q and M are the only values
in which we are interested, and it is with these that I work.

It has been abundantly shown by many, from Quetelet onwards,
and all my own many statistical inquiries confirm the view, that

26 Mr. Francis Galton on

the curve in the above figure* is, or at least tends to be, of as
definite a character as an ellipse or any other familiar curve; that
it equally admits of mathematical definition, and that it possesses
peculiar properties of its own that are of the highest importance
to statistical inquirers. Just as an infinite variety of ellipses may
be drawn on the axis AB, differing from one another in their
extension above and below AB, but otherwise preserving the well-
known proportion of an ellipse; so may an infinite variety of
curves of normal variability be drawn on the axis A B, differing
from one another only in the amount of their extension above or
below it, as measured conveniently by the length of Q. They will
all maintain the proportions shown in the table below, which refers
to the middle nine-tenths of the curve. The twentieth part at
either end is sure to become irregular. O A is supposed in the Table
to be divided into 50 parts, the division at O counting as 0°, and that
at A at 50°; then, when Q is taken equal to 100 units, the several
ordinates drawn from the principal divisions on the axis are of
the lengths shown in the table. For any other value of Q all
the tabular values must be changed in uniform proportion to the
new value of Q.

Division. | Length of Ordinate.

0 0
10 38
20 78
Q 25 100
30 125
40 190
45 244.
50 indefinite

As the curve is symmetrical the same measurements apply to
either half of it, but in the one half they are made from the axis
upwards, in the other half they are made downwards.

If the curve derived from a series of measurements of any
variable characteristic is found on trial to conform fairly well with
these proportions, it may be assumed that the characteristics in
question vary ‘‘normally,” that is to say, according to the recog-
nised laws of chance, which specify the relative frequency of runs
of luck of different lengths. Again, in so far as they vary
normally, all the properties of the laws of normal variation may
justly be assigned to them. It was by the use of these laws that
my deductions were made.

* The curve actually used by these writers is of another kind and
has another signification, but for all that it is the basis of the
curve that I employ.

.

Pedigree Moth-breeding. 27

I have exhibited to this Society, as an example of the law of
variability, a row of about 100 pods of sweet peas, the produce or
brood of a single plant, which I had arranged edgeways, like the
vertical lines in fig. 1. Their outline expresses very distinctly the
peculiar shape of the curve of variability.

The object of preserving the entire brood of moths is to obtain
careful after-measurements from which to deduce the values of
M and of Q in each case. When this is done we shall be able to
deal with each group in its entirety, and to submit it to mathe-
matical treatment.

The data I have hitherto used in my inquiries were rarely
derived from more than three generations, but the condition of
statistical constancy in the peculiarities of a population, of which
I will again speak, enabled me to extend their scope. ‘They
sufficed in this way to lead to many interesting, though perhaps
only approximative, results. One is that each parent contributes,
on the average, one quarter of the total hereditary peculiarities of
the child, each grandparent one-sixteenth, and so on. In other
words, that the two parents together contribute one-half, the four
erandparents a quarter, the eight great-grandparents one-eighth,
and so on, the whole heritage being thus accounted for. But when
none of the progenitors besides the two parents are known, their
implied peculiarities must be taken into account. They admit of
being calculated, and have to be allowed for in the form of an
increase to the hereditary contributions of the parents. It is
found that each parent should in that case be held to contribute
one-third; the difference between one-third and one-quarter (or
one-twelfth) beg the amount of the implied heritages. It is,
however, highly probable from other considerations that, though
this simple formula may be closely true for the parents, and
nearly true for the grandparents, it may become sensibly and
increasingly different for remoter progenitors. It is this that I
want to investigate, chiefly through inquiries into Regression.
Moreover, all theory concerning the cause and character of Stability
of Type, and of much else of high interest in any general view of
Heredity, must be based upon the facts of Regression, which such
experiments as those proposed can alone, so far as I see, be likely
to declare in a trustworthy way.

The laws of simple heredity, as I made them out, involve only
five constants. These admit of being separately determined, and
they are at the same time connected by an equation that serves to
verify theix observed values. The equation depends on the fact
alluded to, that successive generations of the same population
yield identical biological statistics, although each family, or brood,

28 Pedigree Moth-breeding.

is full of variations, and although the ‘‘ median” of each characteristic
in each brood is on the average always more mediocre than the
corresponding characteristic in the mean of the two parents. The
first of these events, ‘‘ fraternal variability,” increases the variability
of the population as a whole, and the latter event, which I call
**Regression,” decreases it; the two can be shown to counter- ,
balance each other, and give rise to a position of stable equilibrium.
The five constants are (1), the Median of the race; (2), the Quartile
of the race; (8), the Quartile of the broods of the same parents,
i.e., brothers or sisters; (4), the Quartile of broods of a large
number of dike parents, mixed together in a single group; (5), the
coefficient of Regression. The laws in which these constants play
a part give calculated results that prove to be closely true to
observation in the ordinary cases of simple heredity, where there
has been no long-continued selection, but it does not at all follow
that they will hold true for the descendants of a long succession of
widely divergent parents. It is this that I want to test. The
point towards which Regression tends cannot, as the history of
Evolution shows, be really fixed. Then the vexed question arises
whether it varies slowly or by abrupt changes, coincident with
changes of organic equilibrium which may be transmitted here-
ditarily ; in other words, with small or large changes of type.
Moreover, the values of the Quartile in (8) and (4) cannot be
strictly constant, and are probably connected in part with the
value of the median, and require a modified treatment by using
the geometrical law of error instead of the arithmetical one (Proc.
Royal Soc., 1879). Again, the diminution both of fertility and of
vitality that accompany wide divergence from racial mediocrity
have yet to be measured, by comparing the A and Z broods with
the M broods. It was assumed not to vary in the approximative
theory of which I spoke.

29 )

IV. Practical suggestions and enquiries as to the method
of breeding Selenia illustraria for the purpose of
obtaining data for Mr. Galton. By FRrEprERIc
MERRIFIELD.

[Read February 2nd, 1887. |

Ir being necessary for the purpose of these experiments
to bring up in a healthy state nearly all the individuals
in every successive brood, instead of merely to obtain a
fair number of cabinet specimens,—the usual object of
larva-breeders,—more than usual care will be necessary
to avoid dwarfing and casualties. No apology, there-
fore, is offered for submitting the following detailed
suggestions,—the result of answers kindly given to
many enquiries,—while at the same time further
information is invited.

Selection of Species—The species chosen should be
variable in size and easy to rear, pair, and measure ;
and regularly double-brooded species have the great
advantage of reducing by one-half the period required
for bringing the experiments to an end. After fully
weighing objections, the writer has determined to try a
species of which he has considerable knowledge, Selenia
ilustraria (the Purple Thorn), adding to his preliminary
experience by practising on the common S. ¢tlunaria,
which appears a month earlier. Other double-brooded
species are recommended, viz., the Lphyras (especially
i. pendularia), Drepana falcula, and the Closteras ; among
single-brooded moths some of the common and easily
bred Bombyces, especially Hypogymna dispar, and that
variable, interesting, and easily reared Geometer,
Angerona prunaria. Those who can get over the difti-
culty of pairing which the butterflies generally present
would probably find the common and easily fed and
double-brooded Pieris brassice very suitable.

It is much to be desired that the same species should
be taken up by more than one observer, as in this way
the accidental failure of a brood may be guarded against,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT I. (APRIL.)

30 =Mr. F. Merrifield’s Practical suggestions and

and provision may be made for occasional cross-breeding
to promote the vigour of the breed. Observers living in
countries where there is a large choice of double-brooded
insects, especially where the climate is such as to admit
of three or four broods a year, have great advantages.
Under such conditions probably some of the silk-
producing Bombyces would be favourable subjects.

Apart from the bearing of the experiments on the
theory of heredity to be elucidated, they can hardly fail
to throw light on many problems in evolution, such as
those which have been investigated by Prof. Weismann,
as well as to furnish facts of interest in the life-history
of the insects chosen for experiment ;—such as the
proportion of males and females, and the order in which
they appear; the time of the day or night when they
emerge from pupa; the time when they are most active
on the wing, or in feeding as larve ; the number of eggs
laid; the duration of life in the several stages; the
influence of temperature, moisture, and food-plant, &e. ;
—facts many of which have a general interest for
entomologists, but which are rarely recorded with
completeness and accuracy by those who only breed for
cabinet purposes.

Attention is called to the importance, whatever species
is chosen, of starting with a healthy original stock.
Pup freshly dug or obtained from larvee found wild, or
eges from moths caught wild, are preferable, as there
need be no apprehension that they are suffering under
defects engendered by feeding under artificial conditions
or by interbreeding. In any case the origin or history
of the stock with which the experiments are begun
should be known. A supply from a foreign country
does not appear to be objectionable, if the species
obtained there is known to have the ordinary appear-
ance, size, and habits of the native specimens.

The writer will be greatly obliged to any entomologist,
having had practical experience in the rearing of larve,
for any suggestions tending to ensure success in the
experiments determined on. He would be particularly
obliged by answers to the following enquiries :—How
long can such moths as the Selenias, spring and summer
broods respectively, be kept alive and quiet, and how
can this best be done? Can any better plan be suggested
than that of subjecting them to cold and darkness, and

enquiries as to breeding Selenra illustraria. 31

what lowness of temperature will they bear without
injury? Are the Selenias ever found feeding on flowers,
or are they known to feed in confinement? Are the pup
killed or injured by severe frosts? — Please address
replies to 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.

APPENDIX.

General Treatment.—For the success of these experiments it
seems very important to observe the principle that the insect
should, all through its life, be subjected, as far as possible, to the
natural conditions in which it exists, while protected from its
natural enemies and from casualties. For example, S. illustraria,
in a state of nature, lives in a much cooler, moister, and fresher
air than it does when bred in-doors; its food-plant is exposed to
similar influences, to a much stronger light, and its leaves are
never in a flagging condition. On the other hand, the wild insect
is subject to the depredations of birds, mice, earwigs, beetles, ants,
ichneumon flies, and other predaceous and parasitic insects; and
is exposed to injury by storms. These considerations point to the
following precautions.

Larve.—Feed the larv, when practicable, on growing trees out
of doors, confining them by ‘“‘sleeves”’ of the material that most
readily admits light and air, but is close enough to keep in the
larvee and exclude insect enemies; muslin, leno, and calico have
been recommended for the purpose. This mode of out-door feeding
saves some trouble, but does not dispense with frequent super-
vision, especially in rough weather. The sleeves should be
frequently examined; snails and slugs will sometimes eat holes
in them. Shelter may be necessary in stormy weather; for this
reason, dwarf trees and trees in pots are advantageous. In town
gardens a fencing of wire-netting is often necessary as a protection
against larger animals. The sleeve should be opened frequently to
remove the ‘“‘frass’’ and shift the larve to fresh quarters, and
folds in which the larve may get entangled should be avoided.
When they are nearly full grown it may be expedient to remove
them to a breeding-cage. The larve of S. cllustraria seem to
move about in the latter part of the afternoon, but not in general
to feed till night. They should not be crowded.

Until the larve are so large that they cannot crawl through the
interstices of the sleeve they may either be fed on a potted tree
in-doors, or, perhaps more safely, in a glass-cylinder, such as is
described in books on larva-breeding (Rev. J. Green’s ‘ Insect
Hunter’s Companion,’ Dr. Knaggs’ articles in the early volumes of
the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ &c.), or in a jar. A simple

32 Mr. F. Merrifield’s Practical suggestions and

and handy one is a jam-pot, with the edge ground down smooth
and covered with a piece of very fine muslin, held in place by an
elastic-band, and having a piece of plate-glass laid over the top, and
occasionally shifted aside for ventilation, and to prevent the formation
of drops of water in which the larve may drown. Though the pupe
is described as subterranean, it generally spins up between leaves.

If growing trees are not available, the larve should be reared in
a breeding-cage, standing in a cool airy place out of doors, well
supplied with food standing in water-bottles, the necks tightly
stuffed with moss, &. The cage should have a thorough draught,
and for the sake of the healthiness of the food-plant it is reeom-
mended that the top at least should be of glass. There may be an
inch of fine light earth covered with a layer of moss, often renewed.
All moss and earth should be baked to kill enemies. S. illustraria
will eat birch, oak, ash, hawthorn, sallow, and alder, but the young
larve sometimes will not take to all of these, therefore it may be
expedient to try them with more than one, and when they are
found to thrive on it they should be kept to it. It is stated to be
best to cut their food from the same tree and the same side of it.
With the precautions suggested, and a very frequent renewal
of the food-plant, it is believed that the larve may be brought
up in out-door breeding-cages almost as successfully as by
“sleeving” them on growing trees. An occasional moistening
of the food with soft water from a scent-spray is useful, especially
if the breeding-cage is in an airy situation and the air is dry; but
in this case particular care should be taken to remove the layer of
moss with the frass and dead leaves collected on it, and at the first
symptom of mould or mildew the process should be stopped. All
the broods (long-, medium-, and short-winged) should be given the
same food-plant and treated in the same way.

Pupe.—As to the pupe, it is believed the best way is to keep
them out of doors, sheltered from rain, and laid in their slight
cocoons on earth covered with moss, and prevented from drying up
by placing the box containing them in a situation which will cause
the earth to be slightly moist at bottom, or, if this cannot be
arranged, by occasional watering with soft water from a scent-spray.
Though these pupe are generally found naturally in dry situations,
they are there continually exposed to more or less moist air, and
are in the winter rarely removed more than an inch or two from
moist earth; and it has been found that if the leaves in which they
are spun up become quite dry, the moth has a difficulty in coming
out. The pup should be occasionally looked at, and a watch kept
for insect enemies, including the larvee of the Tine. It would be
prudent to protect them against severe frost.

enquiries as to breeding Selenia illustraria. 33

Moths.—Double-brooded moths are very apt to be influenced as
to the time of their appearance by temperature. In an unusually
warm season if kept out of doors, and in an ordinary season if kept
in-doors, some of the moths will sometimes come out, or the cater-
pillars will spin up too soon, and the moths from them may come
out as a third brood. Conversely, if the temperature be very low
some of the larve of the spring brood will feed up very slowly, and
some of the pup go over to another year, instead of coming out as
a second brood. Any risk of this kind can generally be obviated by
moderate watchfulness, and by moving the insects to a cooler or
warmer situation, in or out of doors, as may be best. In the South
of England S. illwstraria should appear from the middle or latter
part of April through May, and the second brood (its pupa-stage
lasting only two or three weeks) in August; any material departure
from these dates that may actually appear, or be threatened by the
rapid or slow progress of the larve, should be counteracted by
shifting to cooler or warmer quarters.

Two pairs of each of the sizes (largest-, medium-, and smallest-
winged), will probably be enough to produce the required number
of eggs, and allow for casualties. After these pairs have been
selected and have mated, the rest of the brood should be killed, set,
and arranged in a drawer or store-box, according to size, the males
and females separately; the breeding pairs, when they have laid
their eggs, being set and put in their proper places with the rest,
but labelled. Each successive brood will of course be kept separate
from all the others. To ensure mating, the pair should be placed
in a round bag of muslin, &e., over a fresh spray of the food-plant.
A rather warm and moist air seems most conducive to activity in
the winged state.

To keep moths long in a living state they should be in a moist
air, and have access to honey diluted with water, best supplied by
soaking little pieces of sponge in it. A single female of S. clustraria
may lay 100 eggs or upwards. The female is apt to scatter her
eggs over the bag if left in it; if transferred to a jam-pot and
supplied with crumpled paper, she will probably lay in the creases,
which can then be cut out and attached to the food-plant as the
hatching period approaches. As it is necessary to preserve all, or
nearly all, of a brood of 50 or 100 moths in an unpaired but healthy
and vigorous condition till the whole brood is out,—a period which,
under ordinary circumstances, may last several weeks, especially
with the spring brood,—provision should be made beforehand for
this purpose. The males and females should be separated in the
pupa-stage (in all the species named they can easily be discriminated
by the different appearance of the antenn, aided by the different

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—paRr I. ‘APRIL.) D

34 Breeding Selenia illustraria.

size of the abdomen). As soon as the first moth emerges the
remaining pup should—without being exposed to a high tem-
perature or to sunshine—be placed in a warm room, and the moths,
as they emerge, be placed in a cool moist place, and there be kept
in absolute darkness. A refrigerator, or a zinc cover constructed
on the evaporating butter-cooler principle, may possibly have to be
used here. For convenience in removing the moths without excitin g
them or injuring their claws, it seems best to place each pupa in a
separate chip-box, haying a black net lid. This is the course which
the writer intends to follow. The moths can be roughly sorted by
the eye, but for the sake of greater accuracy a pair of compasses
should be used. (See the remarks on these in Mr. Galton’s paper.)
If the species to be measured is small or lively, it may be necessary
to temporarily stupify it by placing it under a glass with a few
drops of chloroform on blotting-paper.

( 85 )

V. Description of a new species of Synchloé from Kilima-
njaro. By Purr Crowtey, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.

|Read February 2nd, 1887.|

Puate ITI.

Amone some butterflies Mr. Watkins submitted to me
the other day, received by him from Mr. J. M.
Johnston, and collected by his brother Mr. H. H.
Johnston during his visit to Kilimanjaro, I found a new
species, which I propose to describe under the name of
Synchloé Johnstonii. It is very nearly allied to Synchloé
hellica, but differs from it in both sexes in having the
wings more pointed at the apex, and in the costal
margin of the fore wings being longer; the black on the
apical area covers rather a larger space, and the four
white spots in it are more definite. The marginal
black spots in the hind wings of the male are larger
than in S. hellica, and the spot near the inner
margin of the fore wings in the female is only repre-
sented by a few blackish scales. The male type is in
my own collection; the female in that of the Natural
History Museum, which also contains a male. Hxpanse
of wing, 1°9 to 2°0.

In the accompanying plate (No. III.) are represented
the male, female, and under side of Synchloé Johnstonii,
and also the upper and under side of the male of
S. hellica for comparison.

EXpuANATION OF Puate III.

Fig. 1. Synchloé Johnstonit, male.

2. a a female.

3. 3 3 under side of male.
AS . hellica, male.

5. ” * under side of male.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—-PART I. (APRIL.)

ij
,

ay 0
ini A tide ae
— :

(rain)

VI. Descriptions of some new species of Rhopalocera from
the Solomon Islands. By Grrvasze F. Marurw,
Staff Paymaster, Royal Navy, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.

[Read March 2nd, 1886. |

Puate LV.

Tur following are descriptions of new species of
Rhopalocera taken in the Solomon Islands during the
short visits of H.M.S. ‘ Espiegle’ in 1882 -3 :—

NYMPHALIDA.
DANAINA.
Euplea nechos, n. s.

3g. Upper side unspotted, deep velvety sepia-brown, slightly
paler towards margins, especially near anal angles; a very large
scent-brand on fore wings between submedian nervure and first
median nervule, oblong-oval, and occupying two-thirds of the
interspace. Under side warm sepia-brown, apex, anal angles of
fore wings, and costa and inner margins of hind wings paler.
Fore wings :—A conspicuous pale blue spot in cell near the end ; a
transverse series of four linear-shaped pale blue spots just beyond
the cell, the upper one between submedian nervure and upper
discoidal nervule; the spot between the discoidal nervules almost
obsolete; a conspicuous elongated white spot between first and
second median nervules; scent-gland pitchy-brown, and dotted
with minute white atoms, its outer margin white. Hind wings :—
At base a bluish-white spot on precostal and costal nervures, one
between median and submedian nervure, and one between internal
nervure and abdominal margin ; a conspicuous pale blue spot in
cell near the end, and a curved series of five pale blue spots just
beyond the cell, between upper subcostal and lower median
nervule. A minute white spot at base of each antenna, one on
each side of collar, and one on each scapula. Abdomen spotted
with white at sides and beneath. Exp. 94mm.

Hab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.
Obs. This species is remarkable for the large size of
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART I. (APRIL.)

38 Mr. Gervase F. Mathew’s descriptions of

the sexual brand, and does not appear to be near any
yet described, though perhaps it is somewhat allied to
EH. fraudulenta, Butl.

SATYRINAL.
Mycalesis sara, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 8).

3. Upper side rich tawny. Fore wings:—A broad blackish-
brown marginal border from two-thirds of costa curving slightly
to anal angle; an ocellated submarginal spot, black with minute
white centre, and dark tawny margins, situated between first and
second median nervules; a minute white spot near the apex,
Hind wings :—A broad marginal black band gradually becoming
narrower towards anal angle; a submarginal series of three
ocellated spots, similar to the one on fore wings, but the upper one
very minute, and its white pupil barely perceptible, the central
spot much the largest, and situated between submedian nervure
and first median nervule. Under side dark brownish ochreous, &
narrow and slightly waved chestnut-red fascia from costa just
beyond end of cell nearly to anal angle of hind wings, outwardly
bordered by a narrow bluish-purple stripe having opalescent
reflections; a submarginal series of eight ocellated spots, black
with white centres, and orange-yellow margins bordered by black,
two on fore wings, six on hind wings; two slightly waved sub-
marginal lines. Hind wings :—Second spot very minute, third
rather larger, neither with pupils, first and fifth the largest. Exp.
60mm.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to M. messene, Hew., but much larger
and very different beneath.

Mycalesis splendens, n.s. (Pl. 1Y., fig. 4).

@. Wings broad and ample. Upper side deep olive-brown,
inclining to golden-brown in certain lights; outer margin with a
paler band, in which are two narrow and rather indistinct sub-
marginal lines of a darker hue. ore wings :—Two conspicuous
submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres, and broad
orange-yellow margins, the upper about half the size of the lower,
and situated above upper discoidal nervule, the lower one placed
between second and third median nervules. Hind wings :—A sub-
marginal series of four ocellated spots similar to those on the fore
wings, of which the first and second are the smallest, and the third
the largest; these are all placed between the nervules, the first

some new species of Rhopalocera. 39

between discoidal nervules, and the fourth between submedian
nervure, and third median nervule. Under side :—Base of wings
pale ochreous, both crossed beyond the middle by a very broad
fascia, dusky in the centre, and metallic-purple at the margins,
which contains the ocellated spots, two on fore wings, six on hind
wings, and is bordered internally on both wings by another rather
broad, deep chestnut-red, fascia, its inner margin somewhatirregular,
and just entering apex of cell; outwardly there is another rather
narrow pale purple submarginal fascia, broader towards the costa,
and bordered on each side by narrow reddish-purple lines, the
inner one rather waved, and beyond this a narrow marginal
ochreous fascia outwardly bordered by a reddish-purple line.
Fore wings :—Ocellated spots same as on upper surface, but larger
and brighter, and with their outer margins pale yellow. Hind
wings :—A narrow and somewhat waved chestnut-coloured fascia
from a third of costa crosses cell and terminates just beyond sub-
median nervure; ocellated spots, second and third the smallest,
fourth and sixth about the same size, first larger than fourth and
sixth, and fifth the largest. Exp. 62 mm.

Hab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.
Obs. This is a very beautiful and distinct species.

NYMPHALIN/&.
Messarus melichrysos, n. s.

3S. Upper side :—Basal half of wings deep fulvous-brown. Fore
wings :—A broad transverse golden-yellow fascia crosses wings from
end of cell, its margins deep orange, and the outer strongly convex ;
costa narrowly, apex and outer margin broadly, deep velvety
blackish brown, with an indistinct round black spot between each
of the median nervules. Hind wings :—Fascia much narrower
than on fore wings, and extending from costa beyond middle to
just beyond third median nervule, where it dies away; outer
margin broadly deep velvety blackish-brown, inwardly bordered
by a band of large black square-shaped spots with their inner and
lateral margins orange-brown, between which and the fascia there
is a band composed of a series of indistinct lunules bordered on
each side by dusky; between macular band and outer margin an
indistinct line of a paler hue. Under side :—Basal area pale
ochreous, a fascia of a paler hue crosses wings from costa to near
anal angle, broad in fore wings, much narrower in hind wings.
Fore wings :—Apex and broad marginal band brownish-purple, with
a series of six blackish spots between the nervules, those between

40) Mr. Gervase F. Mathew’s descriptions of

submedian and first median and first and second median much the
largest, while those towards the apex are more or less indistinct ;
some of these spots are outwardly edged with yellowish; a sub-
marginal line of reddish-brown bordered inwardly by a band of
lunular-shaped pearly-grey spots between the nervules, those
towards the apex being rather indistinct; in apical region a few
shining purple atoms. Hind wings :—A submarginal band of sub-
oval black spots in orange rings, and bordered inwardly by a line
of crescent-shaped pearly-purplish lunules, which are inwardly
and narrowly margined with reddish-brown ; a submarginal series
of linear-shaped yellowish lunules bordered on each side by reddish-
brown; outer margin pale reddish-ochreous. Exp. 60 mm.

Hab. Uei, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to M. Lampetia, L., but differs in the
breadth of the fascia on the fore wings, which is con-
stricted towards and does not touch the costa. It is
also a larger insect.

Messarus tredecia, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 2).

3. Upper side :—Basal half of wings fulvous-brown; a broad
transverse band from just beyond middle of costa to near anal
angle of hind wings. Lore wings :—The outer edge of band some-
what convex, its upper portion pale creamy-ochre, and barely
extending beyond the subcostal nervure, the lower part and
margins more or less suffused with orange; the whole of the apical
region and outer margin broadly deep smoky-brown, with a sub-
marginal band of six large but rather indistinct black spots
between the nervules; two submarginal waved black lines, between
which are some indistinct lunules of a paler hue. Hind wings :—
Band orange, except between costal nervure and costa, where it is
pearly-white; a narrow interrupted darker streak on its outer
margin; outer margin broadly smoky-brown, with a submarginal
band of seven black spots more or less encircled with orange, the
upper two and seventh rather small, the remaining four large and
almost square-shaped; between submarginal spots and outer
margin a paler lunular band bordered on each side by black.
Under side :—Basal half of wings ochraceous; band pale straw-
yellow, and on hind wings not as broad as on upper surface. Lore
wings :—Apex and outer marginal band broadly reddish-brown,
somewhat inclining to orange; a submarginal row of almost
round black spots, the one between submedian nervure and first
median nervule much the largest, those towards apex rather

some new species of Rhopalocera. 41

indistinct; a narrow marginal reddish-brown line bordered in-
wardly by a series of pearly-grey lunules between the nervules,
those towards apex small and indistinct; the apical spots are
bordered inwardly by some indistinct lunules composed of shining
purplish atoms. Hind wings :—A broad reddish-brown marginal
band containing a series of seven large black spots with orange
margins, situated between the nervules, and bordered inwardly by
a narrow shining purple sinuous band; a narrow submarginal
band of reddish-brown inwardly bordered by lunules of pearly-
erey; outer margin rather paler. Exp. 72 mm.

Hab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to the above, but much larger. The
transverse band on the fore wings is much broader and
paler, and on the hind wings crosses nearly to anal
angle, and the spots above and below are much larger.

Rhinopalpa pavonia n. s. (Pl. IV., fig. 1).

9. Upper side rich sepia-brown, with golden reflections; a
broad transverse fascia crosses both wings from just beyond cell
on costa to anal angle of hind wines. Fore wings :—Fascia slightly
curved, pale creamy-yellow, almost white in some places, costal
edge, margins, and lower part inclining to dark orange; two
narrow, black, indistinct, and slightly waved submarginal lines,
between which the ground colour is somewhat paler; a sub-
marginal series of indistinct round black spots between the ner-
vules, those between lower discoidal nervule and second median
nervule having minute purple pupils, Hind wings :—Costal portion
of fascia almost white, remainder rich creamy-yellow; a sub-
marginal series of seven large ocellated spots, black with small
purple centres and orange margins, situated in a band of dark
brown ; spots at apex small and very indistinct, and at anal angle
somewhat blurred and without a pupil; two narrow waved blackish
submarginal bands, between which and the band enclosing the
ocellated spots is a series of clouded orange lunules. Under side :—
Basal area of wings pale reddish-ochreous; fascia not as broad as
on upper surface, pale creamy-white, and inwardly bordered by a
narrow dark reddish-brown and slightly waved line. Lore wings :—
Cell with two irregular transverse pale bands edged with dark
reddish-brown; apex and outer margins pale sepia-brown; a sub-
marginal series of six ocellated spots, black with indistinct purple
pupils, and somewhat clouded orange margins, the apical spot the
smallest, and the spot at anal angle without a pupil; two narrow

42, Mr. Gervase F'. Mathew’s descriptions of

submarginal bands, the outer nearly straight, the inner waved,
and between them some paler lunules. _Hind wings :—A narrow
dark reddish-brown line from costa crossing cell to submedian
nervure ; beyond fascia a broad submarginal band of pale sepia-
brown containing a series of seven ocellated spots, black with
purple centres and orange margins, the upper one very small and
indistinet and without pupil, the middle with largest pupil; outer
margin paler, with two submarginal stripes, the outer one narrow,
distinct, and somewhat waved, the inner one much broader and
well-defined on outer edge, the space between the two greyish;
between inner band and ocellated spots some indistinct greyish-
yellow lunules; a blackish blotch at anal angle. Exp. 73 mm.

Hab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to R. algina, Boisd., but ocellated spots
on hind wings very much larger and brighter, and fascia
on fore wings concave; under side very different.

Cyrestis Solomonis, u. 8.

gS. Upper side warm brownish ochreous; outer margins dark
brown; a broad creamy-white, or white, fascia from two-thirds of
costa crosses wings, becomes narrower upon reaching the hind
wings, and terminates almost in a point at submedian nervure ;
the following markings between inner margin of fascia and base of
wings: first, a narrow oblique stripe from subcostal nervure at
base of cell to submedian nervure of hind wings; second, a short
and slightly elbowed pale stripe bordered outwardly by dark brown
across cell only; third, a narrow oblique pale stripe across cell,
continued to submedian nervure of hind wing and inwardly
bordered in cell by dark brown, beyond outwardly bordered by a
band of dark brown; fifth, a slightly curved and rather dark
stripe; and sixth, a paler and rather thicker stripe just beyond the
cell, the fifth and sixth stripes enclosing base of disco-cellulars;
apex of cell of hind wings closed by a slightly-curved stripe with dark
margins, between which and the third stripe is a short and some-
what oblique pale line. Fore wings :—A submarginal series of six
conspicuous oblong-oval black spots, with dusky fuscous margins
inwardly bordered by a pale narrow and somewhat obscure line,
outwardly by a narrow and rather waved stripe; spot at anal angle
small and sometimes divided; a submarginal rather waved whitish
line. Hind wings:—A submarginal series of six large black sub-
oval spots with bright fuscous margins, the margins twice as broad
outwardly; spot at apex the smallest; two white submarginal

some new species of Rhopalocera. 43

lines, the outer rather indistinct, the inner very distinct and
angled at apex of third median nervule, where the wing is
produced into a conspicuous and rather sharp tail; a large bright
fuscous blotch at anal angle containing two round black spots with
fuscous margins, and enclosed in narrow black and white lines.
Under side :—Markings similar to those above, but much paler, or
with an indistinct greenish tint, the white submarginal stripes
broader and more distinct: the lower half of spot at anal angle
obscured by a blackish blotch. Exp. 60 mm.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to C. lelia, Feld., but ground colour
different and fascia, especially on hind wings, much
narrower.

Cyrestts nitida, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 5).

3. Upper side dark olive-brown; a white band crosses both
wings from costal nervure nearly to anal angle of hind wings;
between white band and base several narrow pale ochreous stripes,
the first slightly oblique from near base of costal nervure to sub-
median nervure of hind wing, the second short and across cell
only, the third from costa at middle of cell obliquely to submedian
nervure of hind wing, the fourth in cell almost straight, from
thence to lower median nervule of hind wing it is much broader,
of a deeper colour, and somewhat suffused, and where it crosses
cell of hind wing it 1s inwardly bordered by a narrow pale line
margined with darker brown; two more stripes at end of cell of
fore wings, the inner one merely a fine line, the outer somewhat
curved. Fore wings :—A conspicuous submarginal band, composed
of a series of six moderately large black sub-oval spots with broad
fuscous margins, inwardly bordered by a narrow whitish and some-
what clouded stripe, and outwardly by a broader whitish stripe ;
two submarginal darker stripes with a rather waved whitish line
between. Hind wings :—Submarginal bands and stripes as in fore
wings, but black spots larger, and the first two with much broader
outer fuscous margins than the others; at anal angle a large
bright fuscous patch, in which are situated two spots, one at anal
angle with black centre and fuscous margins, and enclosed by a
narrow black ring which is outwardly bordered by a fine white
line, the other at the apex of and below lower median nervule,
smaller, and with the markings less distinct. Under side white, and
submarginal bands the same as on upper side, but the black spots
with much broader fuscous margins, and the pale ochreous bands

44 Mr. Gervase F. Mathew’s descriptions of

replaced by white; the narrow white submarginal stripes broader
and more distinct; spots at anal angle smaller. Exp. 60 mm.

IIab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to C. lelia, Feld., but white band quite
straight on outer edge and much narrower, and barely
extending beyond costal nervure. It is altogether a
larger insect.

Diadema fuliginescens, n.s. (Pl. IV., fig. 6).

9. Upper side deep fuliginous-black, inclining to fuscous
towards the outer margins. ore wings :—A curved band of five
white spots beyond the middle extending from costa to third
median interspace, the spot between costa and costal nervule
divided by a nervule; spot between discoidal nervules much the
largest and elongated; indications of spots between first and
second median nervules and first median nervule and submedian
nervure; three or four small white apical spots; a submarginal
row of small white spots bordered outwardly by a narrow black
stripe. Hind wings :—Outer margin with a broad whitish band
clouded with sepia towards junction with discal area and at apex;
a row of white spots through the centre between the nervules;
nervules crossing bands and between spots well-defined and deep
pitchy-brown, outer margins the same, but narrowly and well-
defined; fringes white, except at the apex of each nervule, where
they are dusky. Under side :—Markings much the same as on
upper side; basal and central area dark sienna-brown, brighter in
cell. Fore wings :—Basal portion of costal area irrorated with
minute bluish-white atoms; three white spots with black margins
in cell just below costal nervure, minute bluish-white atoms
between the two nearest the apex, and a blotch of the same below
the central one; apex light brownish-ochreous; a narrow dark
submarginal stripe bordered on each side by white, and a: sub-
marginal row of somewhat indistinct white spots, the one at anal
angle the largest and enclosed in dark sienna-brown, and with a
light bluish triangular spot above it. Hind wings :—The marginal
band considerably broader than on upper surface, and with a
distinet dark band running through its centre, in which the white
spots are more clearly visible. Exp. 78 mm.

Hab. Uegi, Solomon Islands.

Ols. This species is allied to D. Forbesi, Butl., but
differs in the shape of the apical spots, the costa is

some new species of Rhopalocera. 45

more arched, and the band in the hind wings is not as
broad or as white; it also comes near the female
D. velleda, Cram., and is probably the female of a blue-
banded species.

Parthenos thesaurus, n. 8.

3. Upper side obscure olive-brown. Fore wings :—An oblique
discal band composed of a series of ten irregular-shaped spots
margined with blackish-brown, the three at apex whitish, the
remainder dusky; three streaks within the cell, the two nearest
the base broad, oblique, pointing towards outer margin, of a
brownish-ochreous edged with black; the third bordering disco-
cellular nervule, broad above and filling apical angle of cell, of a
paler colour than the other two, and having a few greenish atoms
at its lower end; a moderate marginal and broad submarginal
dusky band; two basal longitudinal blackish-brown streaks. Hind
wings: ~ Basal third crossed by three blackish-brown bands, the
first of which is almost straight; discal and marginal areas
inclining to dark ochreous; a submarginal band of large blackish-
brown lunules between the nervules, above which is a transverse
band of large irregular linear-shaped spots outwardly concave,
inwardly wedge-shaped, and somewhat toothed; outer margin
blackish-brown. Under side paler than above. Fore wings :—The
five lower discal spots tinged with greyish-green; a conspicuous
black submarginal blotch at anal angle. Hind wings :—Basal half
pale bluish-green and without the bands; two black lines between
costal and subcostal nervures, and a waved black line across dise
from subcostal to submedian neryule; the linear-shaped spots
small, more or less streaked with pale blue atoms, and bordered
below by a band of pale bluish-grey, and above by a band of
oblique dusky spots ; a submarginal band of linear-shaped lunules ;
outer margin dusky brown. Abdomen crossed by the usual bands.
Exp. 100 mm.

Hab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to P. gambrisius, Fabr., but much larger,
and differs in general coloration, in shape, size, and
colour of discal spots. In the former the spots between
the first and third median nervules are very large and
almost fill the interspace, whereas in P. thesaurus they
are very much smaller and of different shape; the one
between the first and second median nervule is long and
narrow, and does not occupy more than one-third of the

46 Mr. Gervase F’. Mathew’s descriptions of

interspace ; the spot between the discoidal nervules is
very different, as is also the coloration beneath, the
general hue of P. gambrisius being greenish-olive.

LYCANIDA.
.Lampides cerulina, 1.8.

3. Upper side pale silvery blue, through which the white
markings beneath are faintly discernible. Fore wings :—A very
narrow costal and hind marginal line, fringes dark blackish-brown.
Hind wings :—A narrow white submarginal line very near the hind
margin and bordered outwardly by a narrow black marginal line,
and inwardly from upper median nervule to anal angle by blackish
lunules, the first very indistinct; at anal angle a second short
black streak just above the lunule. Under side greyish-brown,
crossed by a series of irregular whitish lines. Fore wings :—A sub-
marginal series of six dusky lunules. Hind wings :—A_ blackish-
brown spot at apex followed by another much larger and almost
square-shaped spot of the same colour, with its interior and outer
margins white; a submarginal series of three blackish-brown
A-shaped marks bordered above and below by white, the upper
one placed between the discoidal nervules; between submedian
nervure and third median nervule a conspicuous black submarginal
spot bordered at the sides with metallic azure-blue, and inwardly
by bright fuscous ; at anal angle a few metallic azure-blue atoms
on a black stripe inwardly margined by a short fuscous stripe; a
marginal white line outwardly bordered by a blackish-brown line.

9. Upper side pale silvery blue. Fore wings :—Costa narrowly,
apex and hind margin broadly, blackish-brown; some indistinct
submarginal lunules towards anal angle; an indistinct spot at end
of cell. Hind wings :—Costa rather clouded ; a double submarginal
series of blackish-brown A-shaped marks, of which the first two
of the inner series are the largest, and the two between upper and
lower median nervules of the outer series the largest and darkest ;
a marginal narrow white line interrupted by the nervules and out-
wardly bordered by a narrow black line ; fringes dark grey. Under
side same asmale. Tails black, with a minute white tip. Exp.
80 to 83 mm.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to L. elianus, Feld., but male has scarcely
any black marginal band, and general colour is a paler
and more delicate silvery blue. The submarginal
markings on hind wing of female are different.

some new species of Rhopalocera. 47

Sithon chromis, n. 8.

Allied to S. Phocides, Feld., but differs in the anal area and tail
being orange-ochreous, and in possessing a marginal, rather large,
and broad triangular-shaped deep purple blotch near apex, instead
of a short, narrow, blue band. Exp. 34 mm.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Amblypodia sophax, n. s.

3. Upper side brilliant metallic azure-blue, shaded to ultra-
marine on costa and at apex; costa narrowly, hind margin more
broadly, bordered with black; fringes blackish-brown; tail black,
finely tipped with white. Under side :—Fore wings greyish-brown;
spots and bands dark madder-brown, and very distinctly margined
with greyish-white; two spots in and one at end of cell, the basal
one small and round, the central and external ones large; a curved
band of seven conspicuous spots between end of cell and outer
margin; a submarginal lunular band. Hind wings :— Five basal
spots, two large kidney-shaped spots in cell, one large spot on
costa, followed by a conspicuous double spot, which forms the
upper portion of an irregular discal series of six spots; a sub-
marginal lunular band; a series of three metallic, greenish-blue,
linear-shaped lunules at anal angle.

Q. Upper side not as brilliant as in male; costa narrowly,
apex and outer margin broadly, black ; wnder side same as in male.
Exp. 85 to 40 mm.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Obs. General characters similar to others of the
eroup, but a very brilliant and distinct species.

PAPILIONIDA.
PIERINA.
Preris discolor, n. 8.

3. Upper side very pale creamy-white. Fore wings :—Costal
area, apex, and hind margin deep blackish-brown; a series of six
white linear-shaped spots in marginal band from costa to first
median neryule, the upper very small, the next two the largest,
and the other three very small and indistinct; costal area dusted
with minute white atoms from base to end of cell; base of wing
dusted with minute black dots. Hind wings:—An inwardly clouded
black marginal band from costa, narrowing very gradually to anal

48 Mr. Gervase F'. Mathew’s descriptions of

angle; an indistinct whitish spot on inner margin of band below
subcostal nervule. Under side:—Fore wings, costal and marginal
band as above, but black on costa extends into upper part of cell;
spots at apex large and bright canary-yellow; base of wings yellow.
Hind wings bright canary-yellow ; hind-marginal band irregular,
blackish-brown, with two yellow spots, the first between second
subcostal and upper discoidal nervule, the second between first
and second median nervules.

Q?. Upper side pale canary-yellow ; marginal bands broader,
and apical spots rather larger than in male. Under side :—Fore
wings pale lemon-yellow, base brighter ; marginal band the same
as above, but apical spots much larger, and bright orange. Hind
wings orange; marginal band irregular, blackish-brown, and
scarcely extending to anal angle; spots larger than in male;
neuration across orange part of wings white. Exp. 65 mim.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Obs. <A distinct species, but somewhat allied to
P. quadricolor, Salv. and Godm. It is, however, con-
siderably larger, differs in colour, and the marginal
bands of the wings below are spotted.

PAPILIONINAL.
Papilio polydemon, n. 8.

g. Upper sideblack. Fore wings :—Three short and indistinct
sreyish streaks in cell, and duplex greyish streaks between the
nervules. Hind wings :—A large white spot in cell near the end,
and a series of large spots beyond, the first situated above the dis-
coidal nervule, and the fifth, which has its lower part crimson,
between lower median nervule and submedian nervure; a sub-
marginal row of clouded crimson spots placed between the nervules,
of which the upper three are almost obsolete, and the other three
more or less irrorated with minute black dots, the one at anal
angle being the brightest. Under side :—Fore wings same as above,
but grey streaks broader and more distinct. Hind wings :—The
submarginal row of crimson spots much larger and clear and
unspotted; head and thorax above and below black; last three
segments of abdomen scarlet beneath, the remainder black. Exp.
110 mm.

Hab. Ugi, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to P. polydorus, L., but differs in the
absence of the red collar and the red on thorax beneath,

some new species of Rhopalocera. 49

and in size and shape of white spots in band on hind
wings ; the hind wings are not so pointed, and there is
less grey on the fore wings.

Papilio polypemon, n. s.

Upper side blackish-brown. Fore wings with obscure greyish
streaks in cell, and duplex streaks between the nervules. Hind
wings :—A small white spot in cell towards end, and a series of
small white spots just beyond, the first situated above discoidal
nervule, and the fifth, which is much the smallest, between lower
median nervule and submedian nervure; a submarginal row of
six pale pinkish spots, the first four very indistinct, and the
remaining two irrorated with black atoms. Under side:—Fore
wings as above, but grey markings more distinct. Hind wings :—
Submarginal row of spots almost circular, pale pink, and unspotted,
the upper one whitish on its upper margin; two last segments of
abdomen below and at sides bright pink; head, collar, thorax, and
remainder of abdomen black. Exp. 98 mm.

Hab. Treasury Island, Solomon Islands.

Obs. Allied to above, but the hind wings are much
shorter, the white spots much smaller and of different
shape, the submarginal band paler and underneath of
quite a different shape, and much further from hind
margin. It is also considerably smaller.

EXXPLANATION OF PuatEe LY.

Fie. 1. Rhinopalpa pavonia, 2.
2. Messarus tredecia, g.
3. Mycalesis sara, 3.
4, a splendens, Q.
5. Cyrestis nitida, 3.
6. Diadema fuliginescens, 2.

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VII. Monograph of British Braconide. Part II. By the
Rev. T. A. Marsuatt, M.A., F.L.S., &c.

[Read February 2nd, 1887.]
PuaTE V.

IV. POLYMORPHI.

Of the ten subfamilies brought together under this
heading, the two first only have a natural affinity. The
others, as explained at the beginning of Part I., are
isolated and heterogeneous, being, in fact, each of them
the type of a higher division. ‘To effect their rational
arrangement it would be necessary to take into account
all the exotic forms, when it would probably be found
that many or most of the subfamilies and their genera,
constituted for the reception of Huropean species, would
have to be modified or exploded. With regard to the
first two subfamilies, they might be classed together as
one group Petiolarti, equivalent to the Areolarii, &c.,
established by Wesmael; but it would avail nothing to
commence a system of division which could be carried
no further.

XIV. EUPHORIDES.

Maxillary palpi 5—6-, labial 2—8-jointed. Occiput margined.
Clypeus rounded, usually discrete, marked with a punctiform
impression on each side of the base. Antenne varying in length
and in the number of the joints; in Streblocera geniculated and
with an elongate scape; in Hustalocerus geniculated and clavate.
Mandibles hardly bidentate. Mesothoracic sutures distinct or
obsolete. Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets, sometimes obsolete ;
prediscoidal often confused with the Ist cubital; radial either
cultrate, reaching nearly to the tip of the wing, or minute, sub-
lanceolate or semicordate, the metacarpus being then shorter or
not longer than the stigma. Pobrachial areolet of the hind wings
scarcely shorter than the prebrachial; prebrachial transverse
nervure sometimes obsolete. Abdomen petiolated; suturitorm
articulation obsolete; segments 2—3 much longer than the rest,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT U. (dUNE.) #

52 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

which rapidly decrease in size to the anus. Terebra concealed or
exserted.

The petiolated abdomen and two cubital areolets
combine to distinguish this group from all others in
Kurope; but exotic species exist having three cubital
areolets, and thus tending to coalesce with the next
subfamily. The Muphorides of Forster take their name
from Huphorus pallidicornis, Nees, ranked by that author
erroneously among the O.yura, subsequently transferred
by Haliday and Curtis to the Liophronides, and to its -
present place by Reinhard and Férster simultaneously
(1862). In its most recent acceptation the group com-
prises Section I. of the genus Perilitus, Nees (Act. Ac.
L. C., 1819, p. 802), except his last species P. conjungens,
which belongs to the Hxodontes, genus Chenusa. Hali-
day in 1835 (Ent. Mag., iii., pp. 34—88) made two
subgenera of Perilitus, which name he restricted to
Section I. of Nees, giving to Section II. a new name,
Meteorus. Wesmael, also in 1835, made two similar
divisions of Perilitus, Microctonus and Perilitus, whereof
the former represents Perilitus, Hal., and the latter
Meteorus, Hal. A Prodromus of a monograph of
Microctonus by Ruthe, containing only diagnoses,
appeared in the Stett. Zeit. for 1856 (pp. 289—808),
of which Reinhard published a resumé, with the addition
of all other known species, in the Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862
(pp. 821-—3829); the names adopted by Reinhard are
Perilitus for Section I. Nees, and Meteorus for Section LI.
Westwood, in 1838, discovered Streblocera; Ratzeburg,
in 1848, Cosmophorus ; and Forster (Verh. pr. Rheinl.,
1862, p. 250) raised the total number of genera to 11.
The views of Haliday and Wesmael (1835), and of
Reinhard and Forster (1862) are substantially the same,
but the coincidence of dates causes a difficulty in the
choice of names. On the whole it seems preferable to
keep Perilitus (= Section I. Nees = Microctonus, Wesm.)
among the Huphorides, and to employ Haliday’s Meteorus
for the next subfamily. It is necessary therefore, in
Part I., p. 10, for Subfam. 15, Perilitides, to read
Meteorides. Some additional descriptions of Huphorides
may be gathered from Curtis, B. E., 476, but they are
insufficient, except where further interpreted by Haliday ;
the species figured by Herrich-Schiiffer (i'n. Germ., 156)
have been referred to their proper places by Reinhard.

British Braconide. 53

Only four instances of the parasitism of these insects
have been brought to light, from which it appears that
they attack Coleoptera. Cosmophorus Klugii, Ratz.,
was bred out of Polygraphus pubescens, Hx., and Perilitus
terminatus, Nees, from adult Coccinelle, but neither
parasite has been noticed in England. Euphorus
pallidipes, Cur., has been reared from Orchesia minor,
Walk., and Perilitus faleiger, Ruthe, from Tuimarcha
coriaria, F'.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(8) 1. Antenne not geniculated.
(7) 2. First segment not longer than the rest of
the abdomen; condylus wider than the
petiole. Head smaller than the meso-
thorax.
(6) 3. Radial areolet semicordate or sublanceolate,
ending much before the apex of the wing.
(5) 4. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed. Metathorax not
vertically truncated nor excavated behind.
Terebra concealed .. 58 oe .. 1, HupHorvs.
. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed. Metathorax ver-
tically truncated and excavated behind.
Terebra exserted .. ee Se ac
(3) 6. Radial areolet cultrate, nearly reaching the
apex of the wing ae ae St
(2) 7. First segment longer than the rest of the
abdomen; condylus not wider than the
petiole. Head as large as the mesothorax ii, WESMAELIA.
(1) 8. Antenne with one or two geniculations.
(10) 9. First cubital areolet distinct from the pre: |

—
rs
=
Or

vy. PERILITUS.

vil. Microcronus.

discoidal. Antenne 9? clavate .. .. li, EusraLocervs.
(9) 10. First cubital areolet not distinct from the
prediscoidal. Antenne ? not clavate iv. STREBLOCERA.

i. Eupnorus; Nees.
Euphorus, Nees, Mon., ii., 360 (1834).
Leiophron, Cur., B. H., 476 5 Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 462.
Euphorus and Peristenus, Forst., Verh. d. pr. Rheinl.,
1862, p. 251.

Clypeus transverse, rounded, fitting closely to the mandibles.
Maxillary palpi 5-, labial 3-jointed. Antenne straight, in the g
filiform, in the 2 shorter, often submoniliform, and incrassated
towards the apex. Head rotundo-cubie, as wide as the thorax, or
wider. Occiput faintly marginal. Fore wings with 2 cubital
areolets, sometimes obsolete; prediscoidal areolet separated ;
radial arcolet minute, semicordate or semilunate, ending not far

54 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

from the stigma, which is longer than the metacarpus; radius
uniformly curved, its 1st abscissa often punctiform, or obsolete,
the 2d cubital areolet, in the latter case, touching the stigma.
Recurrent nervure interstitial; pre- and pobrachial areolets of
equal length; stigma large, triangular. Mesothoracic sutures
visible or obsolete. Metathorax elongate, not vertically truncate,
nor excavated posteriorly. First abdominal segment sublinear,
petiole and tubercles indistinct; segments 2—8 together covering
most of the abdomen, segment 4 very sliort, the rest inconspicuous,
mostly retracted. Terebra concealed, subulate or falciform,
decurved; valves ovate, stout.

Nees von Esenbeck established this genus upon two
female specimens of his H. pallidicornis, in which the
discoidal and cubital areolets are nearly obsolete; hence
he was led to place them among the Oxyura. Curtis,
however, the year before, had already brought forward a
number of English species under the name of Levophron,
with a figure of L. apicalis; but his descriptions of the
others'are mere outlines. Haliday, in the Ent. Mag. for
1834, redescribed most of the species of Curtis, and
placed the genus upon a sound basis, though still under
the name of Letophron. Wesmael in the next year
(1835) published two more species, barbiger and clavi-
ventris, which he referred to a special section of his
Microctonus, distinguished by haying the terebra con-
cealed. In 1856 Ruthe, in his paper on Microctonus in
the Stett. Zeit., assembled twelve species known to
Wesmael and himself, forming the last section of the
genus. A list of all the species, under the name of
Euphorus, is given by Reinhard in the Berl. ent. Zeits.
for 1862, divided into the two sections devised by
Haliday; and Forster in the same year gave to these
sections generic rank under the names of Peristenus and
Euphorus, the former of which is not here adopted.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(2) 1. First abdominal segment ets longer
than broad ae : oe Ll. anitess als
(1) 2. Firstabdominal segment 35 times longer
than broad.
(14) 3. Mesothoracic sutures distinct and punctate.
(13) 4. Antenne of the 9 more than 16-jointed
(except occasionally in Sp. 4); of the
g more than 17-jointed. Pobrachial
areolet of the hind wing closed by a
transyerse heryure.

British Braconide. 55

(10) 5. Mesothorax punctate.

(9) 6. Antenne of the 9 more than 18-jointed ;
of the g 23—27-jointed.

(8) 7. Tubercles of the 1st abdominal Sepmieys

inconspicuous .. 2. pallidipes, Cur.
(7) 8. Tubercles of the 1st atideminel eoement

prominent 36 3. tuberculifer, n. s.
(6) 9. Antenne of the 9? 16—18., ai the eg 19—

21-jointed 9 .. 4. picipes, Hal.

(5) 10. Mesothorax pecan

(12) 11. First abscissa of the radius very short ;
stigma not quite touching the 2d cubital
areolet 6b

(11) 12. First abscissa of the “oes sae so
that the stigma touches the 2d cubital
areolet .. ; 6. accinctus, Hal,

(4) 13. Antenne of the 9 16-, of the So 17- jointed.
Pobrachial areolet of the hind wing not
closed, the transverse neryure being

Or

. coactus, Marsh.

abbreviated or obsolete.. 5 ve (er sumilis, Cur.
(3) 14. Mesothoracic sutures indistinct, impunc-

tate.
(16) 15. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, but vanish-

ing posteriorly .. ve .. 8. intactus, Hal.

(15) 16. Mesothoracic sutures wholly setet

(20) 17. Colour testaceous, abdomen dark at the

apex.
(19) 18. Wings infuscated, with or without a white

transverse fascia. First abdominal

segment linear, not sinuated at the

base nor wider at the aps tubercles

inconspicuous .. aye 20 9. apicalis, Cur:
(18) 19. Wingshyaline. Iirst ahdomizial Keumient

not linear, sinuated at the base and

widened towards the apex; tubercles

prominent is as te .. LO. ornatus, n. s.

(17) 20. Colour black or piceous.

(22) 21. Metathorax thickly punctato-reticulate.
Antenne 9 not longer than the head
and thorax, stout. Length, 3—#lin. 11. fulvipes, Cur.

(21) 22. Metathorax reticulated with larger irre-
gular aree. Antenne 9 not much
shorter than the body, slender. Length,
$—1 lin. .. oe es oh .. 12. parvulus, Ruthe.

1. Huphorus mitis, Hal.

Leiophron mitis, Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 463.

“ Black, shining: antenne alittle shorter than the body, hardly
filiform, 23-jointed, obscurely testaceous: mouth and palpi of the
same colour. Sutures of the mesothorax converging posteriorly,
punctate, the disk smooth in the middle. Metathorax granulated,

56 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

pubescent. First abdominal segment scarcely longer than broad,
aciculated; the tubercles situated near the base; the extreme base
constricted. Legs testaceous, the hind pair more obscure; coxe
blackish. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma pale fuscous ; radix
and squamule testaceous. Apparently a ?.”—Haliday. Length,
13; wings, 3 lin.

Nothing more is known of this insect, to the description
of which the following note is appended by the author :
—‘T have seen but one individual of this species, which
appears to have sustained some injury to the pupa, as
its wings are not fully expanded. Possibly the unusual
shortness of the first seement may have been produced
by accident also, as in its other characters the species
agrees with those of the following section,” 7. e¢., with
pallidipes, &e.

2. Huphorus pallidipes, Cur.

Leiophron pallipes, Cur., B. E., 476, 1, and pl. ff.
1—9 (dissections and wing taken from this
species).

Microctonus barbiger, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 69, pl. i. (wing); Ruthe, Stett. Zeit.,
L856, Pe BOM sidan.

Perilitus pallipes, Schaff., F. G., cliv., 18.

Microctonus brevicornis, Ruthe, lib. cit., p. 806, 3 2.

Leiophron orchesie, Cur., B. K., 476, 1a.

Black; antenne atthe base, and legs, rufo-testaceous ; hind coxe
and tips of hind tibie and tarsi fuscous. Wings dull hyaline,
squamule, stigma, and nervures rufo-fuscous; all the nervures
distinct; stigma pale at the base, and not touching the 2d cubital
areolet; hence the radial areolet is angulated under the stigma,
strongly curved, semilunate; metacarpus about half as long as the
stigma. Face covered with whitish pubescence. Prosternum
smooth, shining. Mesothorax shining, impressed with large
distant punctures. Metathorax reticulato-rugose. First abdominal
seement gradually widened to the apex, which is twice as broad as
the base, striolated; the other segments smooth and shining. $ ?.
Length, 14; wings, 2% lin.

Antenne {{ 21---23- (seldom 24- or 25-) jointed, shorter than the
body; those of the $ longer, 23—27-joited. Head large; vertex
prolonged behind the eyes; face subquadrate, covered with thick
whitish pubescence, and with a row of long outstanding hairs
above the elypeus. Mesothoracie sutures crenate, meeting some-

British Braconide. 57

what acutely before the seutellum. Metathorax regularly convex,
pubescent. First segment occupying about } of the abdomen,
insensibly widened from the base to the apex; the tubercles
inconspicuous; segments 2—3 connate, together equal to 2 of the
rest of the abdomen, which is ovate, convex, smooth, and shining,
Radial areolet smaller than the stigma, which is large and sub
triangular, more or less dark fuscous, and sometimes not paler at
the base. Pobrachial areolet of the hind wings closed.

Var. a. Head rufous; stemmaticum black; antenne testaceous,
tipped with fusecous. LZ. orchesia, Cur.

Var. 6. Antenne as in the preceding; legs testaceous, hind coxee
blackish. ¢ @. Ruthe.

Var. y. More slender; head, pro- and mesothorax, with the
scutellum, rufous; antenne almost wholly, as well as the legs,
testaceous; 2d abdominal segment piceo-rufous. ¢. Ruthe,
Wesmael.

Described from 8 females, 28 males, including two of
var.a: 14 males have 24-jointed, and 5 females 22-
jointed antenne.

The limits of this species can hardly be fixed without
more knowledge than we possess at present. MM. brevi-
cornis, Ruthe, may be distinct, appearing doubtful on
account of the shortness and thickness of the antenne
in the female; there are, however, intermediate forms,
and a separate species could not well be maintained upon
this character alone. Nees vy. HKsenbeck seems to be the
only continental writer unacquainted with this abundant
insect. Var. a, according to Curtis, was bred by Walker
from Orchesia minor, Walk., one of the two recorded
instances of the rearing of an insect of this subfamily
in England: cf. Boie, Nat. Tidsk., iii., 815.

The species is common throughout the country.

3. Huphorus tuberculifer, n. 8.

Precedenti persimilis, triplo minor. Niger, abdomine post seg-
mentum lum piceo, antennarum basi pedibusque, cum coxis
omnibus, testaceis, tiblis tarsisque posticis apicem versus fusce-
scentibus. Ale hyaline, squamulis, nervis, testaceis, stigmate
fusco, ad basin hyalino, areolam ecubitalem 2dam non attingente.
Radii abscissa lma brevissima, punctiformis. Abdominis seg-
mentum lum postice ampliatum, tuberculis prominulis.

Very like pallidipes, but much smaller. Black, abdomen after

58 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the 1st segment piceous ; antenne at the base, and legs, including
all the cox, testaceous; hind tibie and tarsi fuscescent towards
the apex. Wings hyaline, squamule and nervures testaceous,
stigma brown, hyaline at the base, not touching the 2d cubital
areolet; Ist abscissa of the radius very short, punctiform. First
abdominal segment widened behind; tubercles prominent. ¢g @.
Length, 13; wings, 2} lin.

Antenne of the § 24-jointed, rather longer than the body; of
the shorter than the body, 20-jointed. Head and thorax as in
pallidipes, but the face is not pubescent. Mesothoracic sutures
crenate, conniving before the scutellum; medial lobe thickly, and
seutellum sparingly, punctate. Metathorax punctato-rugulose.
First abdominal segment of the ? striolated, slender and coarctate
at the base, widened to the tubercles, which are prominent and
acute; thence to the apex the sides are nearly parallel, the apex
being twice as broad as the base; the same segment of the J
differs in being a trifle narrower. The rest of the abdomen is rufo-
piceous, darker posteriorly. The wings differ from those of
pallidipes in that the 1st abscissa is punctiform, so that the stigma
almost touches the 2d cubital areolet; the radius is somewhat
obtusely rounded beneath the stigma; the latter is larger; the
nervures paler and more obsolete. Pobrachial areolet of the hind
wings closed.

Described from two males taken at Nunton, Wilts, and
one female from the Isle of Wight.

4. Huphorus picipes, Hal.

Leiophron picipes, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 464, ¢ ? (not

of Curtis).

Antenne 2 16—18-jointed, subclayate, not longer than the head
and thorax; of the # 19—21-jointed, shorter than the body.
Black, abdomen after the Ist segment inclining to piceous;
antenne and legs testaceous, the former towards the apex, the
latter with the hind coxw more or less, and sometimes the tips
of the hind tibiw, fuscous; or the fore legs pale piceous, the
posterior darker, and the hind cox black. Wings dull hyaline,
squamule, stigma, and nervures piceous, more or less pale; stigma
hyaline at the base and not reaching the 2d cubital areolet. Face
not remarkably pubescent. Mesothorax shining, punctate. Meta-
thorax minutely reticulato-rugose. First abdominal segment
gradually widened to the apex, which is twice as broad as the base,
striolated; the other segments smooth andshining. g ?. Length,
1—1}; wings, 2—23 lin.

British Braconide. 59

Similar to pallidipes, and to be distinguished chiefly
by the antenne, which have fewer joints, and in the
female are remarkably short, and incrassated towards the
tips; it is also a smaller insect. Radial areolet
narrower, and 1st abscissa of the radius shorter, almost
punctiform. Metacarpus half as long as the stigma.
Legs somewhat stouter, and all their articulations there-
fore in appearance shorter. This is unquestionably
Haliday’s picipes, from his description of the antenne.
Reinhard has given Microctonus relictus, Ruthe (Stett.
Zeit., 1856, p. 805) as asynonym. But Ruthe separates
relictus from pallidipes by the 1st abscissa of the radius,
stated to be entirely obsolete in the former. This cannot
be said of the present insects, nor is it mentioned by
Halday. On the other hand, Ruthe is silent about the
antenne of relictus ; above all he does not say that those
of the male are usually 18-jointed, a character peculiar
to the present species. It follows that picipes, Hal., and
relictus, Ruthe, cannot be identical. The Leiophron
picipes, Cur., is also distinct ; see the following species.

Described from seven males and two females taken on
the banks of the Usk near Abergavenny, in Leicester-
shire, Herts, and Wilts. Capron reports it as common
at Shiere, near Guildford; he has taken five females,
one male.

5. Huphorus coactus, Marsh.

Leiophron picipes, Cur., B. H., 476, 2, 2 (not of
Haliday).

Antenne 2 16-jointed, short, subclavate. Black, abdomen after
the Ist segment, legs, and antenn piceous, the last paler at the
base. Wings hyaline, squamule, stigma, and nervures rufo-
fuscous; stigma hardly paler at the base, not reaching the 2d
cubital areolet; Ist abscissa of the radius very short; radial
areolet not angulated under the stigma, semilunate; metacarpus
as long as } the stigma. Mesothorax shining, impunctate; sutures
distinct, smooth, conniving in an angle before the scutellum, and
not effused into a punctate space. Metathorax uneven, dull,
thickly punctulate. First abdominal segment striolated, gradually
widened to the apex, which is twice as broad as the base; the other
segments smooth and shining. @. Length, 1; wings, 2 lin.

Antenne submoniliform, stout, not longer than the head and
thorax, gradually inerassated to the apex. Head large, impunctate,

60 Rey. T. A, Marshall’s monograph of

shining; vertex prolonged behind the eyes. Mesothorax as in
pallidipes, but destitute of punctures. Wings also like those of
pallidipes, but the 1st abscissa is shorter, almost punctiform ;
nervures distinct. Legs stout, short, piceous; tibie and tarsi
paler than the femora.

Distinguished from picipes, Hal., by its impunctate
mesothorax, smaller size, and darker legs ; compared by
Curtis to his similis, while Haliday compares his picipes
to pallidipes, Cur. It is highly probable that the
synonymy given by Haliday under picipes is an over-
sight, and it is necessary therefore to impose a new
name upon one of the species there apparently confused.
But the materials at hand are insufficient to decide the
difficulty absolutely.

Described from two females taken near Barnstaple.

6. Huphorus accinctus, Hal.

Leiophron accinctus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 465.

“Head, thorax, and petiole black; abdomen piceous; antenne
at the base, and legs, ferruginous. Wings hyaline, radix and
squamul stramineous, stigma pale brown, lighter at the base, and
touching the 2d cubital areolet. Petiole of the abdomen nearly
linear, rugulose, the tubercles acute, slightly prominent.” ¢.
Length, 14; wings, 23 lin.

‘Antenne 22-jointed, slender, hardly shorter than the body,
fuscous, ferruginous at the base. Mesothoracie sutures crenate,
conniving before the scutellum ; medial lobe impunctate ; scutellum
obsoletely punctate. Metathorax minutely rugulose. First abdo-
minal segment nearly linear, longitudinally rugulose, somewhat
coarctate before the tubercles. Radial areolet narrow, acuminated
beneath the stigma.”—Haliday.

I have not seen this species.

7. Huphorus similis, Cur.

Leiophron similis, Cur., B. E., 476, 4; Hal., Ent.
Mag., 11., 465, 2.
Microctonus oblitus, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 308, ? .
Black; abdomen after the 1st segment piceous; antenne testa-
ceous, their apical half fuscous; legs testaceous, more or less
inclining to piceous, hind cox: piceous at the base. Wings hyaline,
squamule and neryures testaceous, stigma large, pale brown or

British Braconide. 61

testaceous, its basal third hyaline; 1st abscissa of the radius obso-
lete, so that the 2d abscissa and the intercubital nervure spring
immediately from the stigma; radial areolet very minute. Meso-
thoracic sutures distinct. First abdominal segment elongate,
linear, the tubercles inconspicuous. @. Length, {—1; wings,

3—2 lin.

Var. Rufo-testaceous, metathorax and apex of the abdomen
fuscous. Ruthe. Cf. sp. 10, which is similarly coloured, but
without visible mesothoracic sutures.

Antenne 2 16-jointed, somewhat incrassated towards the tips,
as long as the head, thorax, and petiole. Head and thorax im-
punctate. Mesothoracie sutures shallow, converging into a small
dull space before the scutellum, which is smooth and shining.
Metathorax finely reticulated. Abdomen piceous, paler and often
rufous on the 1st segment and base of the 2d; segment 1 slender,
almost linear, punctato-reticulate, coarctate at the base, and nearly
4 of the whole length of the abdomen; tubercles inconspicuous ;
the rest of the segments form a short convex oval. Pobrachial
areolet of the hind wings open.

Described from six females. Generally distributed.

8. Huphorus intactus, Hal.
Leiophron intactus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 465, 2.

Piceous, head and thorax darker; abdomen rather rufo-piceous ;
antenne and legs very pale piceous. Wings dull hyaline, squamule,
stigma, and chief neryures pale yellowish, the others decolorous ;
stigma hyaline at the base, touching the 2d cubital areolet ; radial
areolet angulated beneath the stigma, semilunate, the metacarpus
shorter than | of the stigma. Pobrachial areolet of the hind wings
open. Mesothorax smooth, shining, impunctate, the sutures
obsolete, except a wrinkled depression before the scutellum. Meta-
thorax thickly punctulate, somewhat shining. First abdominal
segment linear, punctato-reticulate; the rest smooth. ?. Length,
3—1; wings, 13—2 lin.

Antenne 16-jointed, nearly filiform, somewhat incrassated and
fuscescent towards the apex, as long as the body. Entirely smooth
and shining, except the metathorax and 1st abdominal segment.
Mesothoracic sutures none, or only vestiges remain, v7z., two short
shallow grooves in front, and a slight depression before the
scutellum. First abdominal segment linear, slightly curved,
coarctate at the base ; tubercles medial, somewhat salient. The
colour of the legs and antenne is pale piceous, or, as Haliday calls

62 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

it, silaceous, as distinguished from flavo- or rufo-testaceous. Before
the scutellum is a tranversely oval fovea, bisected by a carina.
Distinguished from fulvipes, Hal., by longer and more slender
antenne ; from parvulus, Ruthe, by longer antenne ; from both
by having traces of the mesothoracie sutures.

Reinhard conjectures this to be Microctonus clavi-
veniris, Wesm., 2 (Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1885, p. 71),
but Wesmael’s description is inconclusive through the
omission of all mention of the mesothoracic sutures ;
moreover, the types in the Brussels Museum do not
correspond with the description, and the whole is
rendered useless.

Described from two females taken in Epping Forest.

9. Huphorus apicalis, Cur.

Leiophron-apicalis, Cur., B. K., pl. eccelxxvi, ¢; Hal.,
Ent. Mag., ii., 466, 3 ?.

Microctonus fascipennis, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856,
De GO, Gy ors

Rufo- or flavyo-testaceous, antenne at the tips, apex of the abdo-
men (sometimes also the metathorax, pleure, and pectus of the @ )
fuscous; hind femora and tibie in the middle rarely infuscated.
Wings fuscescent, with a broad whitish transverse fascia including
the base of the stigma, the rest of which is brown; when the wings
are paler this fascia is absent: cubital and anal nervures very
faint, and their transverse nervures indistinct. Metathorax elon-
gate, horizontal, subtruncate. Abdomen clavate, Ist segment
slender, linear, curved; tubercles not prominent. ¢ ?. Length,
1—12 5; wings, 13—23 lin.

Variable in size, and in colour from flavo-testaceous to rufous ;
abdomen from the hinder edge of segment 2 to the apex always
blackish. The base of the petiole, the metathorax, pleure, and
pectus of the ? frequently fuscous; near the radix of the wings is
a fuscous dot. Fore wings infuscated from about the prebrachial
transverse nervure, and gradually paler thence to the apex, crossed
by a broad whitish fascia under the stigma; this coloration is less
obvious in smaller specimens, especially males, and at length dis-
appears, as in that figured by Curtis. Costa and prebrachial
transverse nervure brown; the other nervures not distinct. Po-
brachial areolet of the hind wings open. Eyes during life green;
ocelli fuscous. Antenne g 17—19-jointed; of the 9 16-jointed ;
the two apical joints imperfectly divided; 8d joint elongate.

British Braconide. 63

Sutures of the mesothorax obsolete ; the disk smooth, except a few
minute transverse wrinkles. Metathorax punctato-reticulate, elon-
gate, horizontal, abruptly rounded, or almost truncate, posteriorly.
First abdominal segment punctate, slender, curved, elongate, not
wider at the apex; tubercles antemedial; the rest of the abdomen
pyriform, smooth, shining; in the ¢ the apex is truncated.

Walker first discovered at Southgate the ¢ which was
figured and described by Curtis. Haliday must have
had several specimens of both sexes, but without coloured
wings. Ruthe’s examples, three males, one female,
appear to have been typical; they were taken in the
Brieselanger Forest, near Berlin, in May and June. The
species occurs in England not uncommonly, especially
in North Devon, where I once captured a good series of
intermediate forms, enabling me with confidence to
unite apicalis, Cur., with fascipennis, Ruthe. Others
have occurred singly, in the London district, taken by
Billups, and by myself at Nunton, Wilts; another is in
Fitch’s collection. Van Vollenhoyen records the rearing
of a specimen from an unlikely source, viz., the case
of a Coleophora.

10. Huphorus ornatus, n.s. (Pl. V., fig. 1).

Testaceus, oculis, abdominis triente postico, nigris; segmento
Imo et metathorace piceis; antennis apicem versus infuscatis.
Ale hyaline, nervis pallidis, stigmate picescente basin versus
hyalino, cellulis discoidalibus obsoletis; ale postice fere enerves.
Mesothorax levissimus. Metathorax punctatus, subelongatus, vix
declivis, apice subtruncatus. Abdominis segmentum 1Imum rugu-
losum, postice nonnihil ampliatum, antice coarctatum, tuberculis
prominulis ; cetera levissima.

Testaceous, eyes, and apical third of the abdomen, black; meta-
thorax and first abdominal segment piceous; antenne infuscated
towards the tips. Wings hyaline, nervures pale, stigma pale
piceous, its base hyaline; discoidal areolets obsolete; hind wings
without visible nervures. Mesothorax entirely smooth. Meta-
thorax punctate, subelongate, almost horizontal, subtruncate
posteriorly. First abdominal segment rugulose, coarctate at the
base, somewhat widened after the prominent tubercles; the rest
smooth and shining. g. Length, 14; wings, 2} lin.

Antenne 17-jointed, incrassated towards the apex, a little shorter
than the body.

64 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Regarding the colours of this insect as fallacious, I
have tried to connect it by structure only with some of
the dark species. The perfect smoothness of the meso-
thorax separates it from all those above described
except apicalis, and from this it is easily distinguished
at a glance, as in the table of species. It is much too
large to be compared with either of the following species,
fulvipes or parvulus. On the whole it most resembles
similis, Cur., a common species, and said to have a pale
variety ; but the structure of the mesothorax does not
acree. It would not be surprising if the character
derived from the development or suppression of the
mesothoracic sutures should be found hereafter to be
valueless, although Forster founds a genus upon it, but
at present there is no ground for such an assumption.
There remains the pale variety of Wesmael’s Microctonus
claviventris, already referred to under sp. 8. The meso-
thorax of this species is not characterised by Wesmael,
and, in order to arrive at some conclusion | applied to
M. de Borre, of the Musée Royal at Brussels, who took
great pains, with the assistance of Dr. Jacobs, to examine
Wesmael’s types of this and allied species. The con-
clusions at which they arrived are that Huphorus ornatus
is not identical with any species in Wesmael’s collection,
and further, that the insects standing under the name
claviventris as types, two in number, do not represent
that species, and do not correspond with the text of the
‘‘ Braconides de Belgique,” while the so-called varieties
are a mixture of other species.

The single example of H. ornatus was taken in a wood
close to my house at Nunton, Wilts.

11. Huphorus fulvipes, Cur.

Leiophron fulvipes, Cur., B. E., 476, 5; Hal., Ent.
Mag., i1., 466, 3 2.

Antenne ? 16-jointed, stout, not longer than the head and
thorax. Piceous, antenne at the base, and legs, pale testaceous.
Wings dull hyaline, squamule and nervures pale testaceous, stigma
pale brown, hyaline at the base, touching the 2d cubital areolet ;
radial areolet angulated beneath the stigma, semilunate, the meta-
carpus shorter than ! of the stigma. Mesothorax smooth and

2

shining, the sutures obsolete. Metathorax punctato-reticulate.

British Braconde. 65

First abdominal segment also punctato-reticulate, linear; the other
segments smooth. Antenne $ longer and more slender. $ ?.
Length, }—3; wings, 1—1{ lin.

I have not seen the g, but the short antenne of
the @ arevery distinctive. The first abdominal segment
is shorter than in the allied species, coarctate at the
base, and very slightly dilated beyond the antemedial
tubercles. Legs rather short. Capron is of opinion
that this species may prove to be a form of the following.

Common, according to Haliday, in grassy hedgerows.
My only specimen was taken near Teignmouth.

12. Huphorus parvulus, Ruthe.
Leiophron* pallidistigma, Cur., B. E., 476, 6G Halt,
Ent. Mag., 1., 466, ?.
Microctonus parvulus, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 302,
Bo.

“Antenne ? 16-jointed, slender, shorter than the body. Black;
abdomen, after the Ist segment, piceous; antenne and legs pale
piceous, hind cox infuscated at the base. Wings hyaline,
squamule and stigma stramineous, or the latter pale piceous.
More elongate than fwlvipes, the legs and petiole more slender.
Mesothorax smooth and shining, the sutures obsolete. First
abdominal segment punctato-reticulate, linear, slightly coarctate
at the base, the tubercles medial.” @. Haliday. Length, 3—1;
wings, 1}—2 lin.

I have only one specimen, in bad condition, which is
shown by its antenne to belong to this species. The
antenne of fulvipes are shorter and stouter. 4. intactus
has the antenne not stouter but longer; the mesothorax,
moreover, exhibits traces of sutures. According to
Reinhard pallidistigma, Cur., is identical with parvulus,
Ruthe. The diagnosis of the latter includes both sexes,
and is as follows :—

“Black, shining, slender, antenne and legs testaceous ; antenne
towards the apex (mostly in the ?), and hind coxe at the base,
more obscure; head and mesothorax very smooth and shining, the
former subcubic, the latter with no visible sutures ; metathorax
somewhat narrowed posteriorly, descending in a regular curve from

* “ Pallidistigma” is the older name, but parvulus is preferred
here as involving no mistakes in sense or form.

66 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the base almost to the apex, finely rugulose and subreticulated ;
1st abdominal segment nearly straight, hardly widened behind,
punctato-rugulose; tubercles slightly prominent. Wings dull
hyaline, nervures distinct, radius strongly curved, radial areolet
very narrow, stigma subfuscous (pale in the g), more or less
whitish at the base. Antenne ¢ 17-jointed.

‘* Described from three males, twelve females. Not
uncommon near Berlin from the end of May to the
beginning of June.”

My specimen was taken near St. Albans.

il. Wesmakia, Forst.

Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 251; Marsh.,
HM. MS 872; ip. 250.
Male unknown. Antenne @ filiform. Fore wings with 2* cubital

areolets ; preediscoidal separate ; radial areolet semicordate ; meta-
carpus not longer than the stigma; radius slightly curved;

** The following is an undescribed exotic form, having 3 cubital
areolets, but belonging in all other respects to the Huphorides, and
nearly allied to Wesmaélia.

ARIDELUS, 0. g.

Antenne femine filiformes. Palpi maxillares 6-articulati.
Areole cubitales tres; prima cum prediscoidali confusa, se-
cunda parva, oblonga, extus aperta; areola radialis lanceolata ;
metacarpus stigmate brevior; radius subcurvatus. Al inferiores
areola radiali Detiolata. Mesothoracis suleuli nulli. Abdominis
segmentum primum sublineare, segmentis exteris simul sumptis
equale. Statura omnino Wesmaélia. ‘'Terebra vix subexserta.

Aridelus bucephalus, n.s.

Rufo-testaceus, antennis (preter articulos 5 apicales), oculis,
stemmatico, mesothoracis maculis 2 humeralibus, tibiarum posti-
carum apice, tarsorum anteriorum articulo ultimo, tarsis posticis
totis, terebre etiam valvis, nigris. Ale nigricantes squamulis
rufo-testaceis, nervis et stigmate nigris, hnea sub hoe albicante.

Rufo-testaceous, antenne (except the 5 apical joints), eyes,
stemmaticum, two humeral spots on the mesothorax, apex of hind
tibix, last joint of 4 anterior tarsi, hind tarsi altogether, and valves
of the terebra, black. Wings blackish, squamule rufo-testaceous,
nervures and stigma black; beneath the latter is a whitish line. 2.
Length, 2}; wings, 4 lin.

Antenne rather shorter than the body, moniliform, the joints
oblong ; 18-jointed, joints 1—13 black, the rest abruptly testaceous.
Head” Sa body formed as in Wesmaclia, smooth and shining
except the thorax, which is covered with circular reticulations, or

variolose, and less shining. Segment 1 proportionally r rather
shorter than in Wesmae lia, curved only near the apex, where it is

British Braconide. 67

pobrachial areolet hardly longer than the prebrachial; recurrent
nervure rejected. First abdominal segment longer than all the
rest taken together, slender, curved, not wider behind, having the
spiracles just before the middle, where it is not tuberculated but
slightly incrassated, and again decreasing gradually from thence to
the apex: the other segments forming a small compressed oval.
Terebra subexserted.

1. Wesmaélia cremasta, Marsh. (PI. V., fig. 4).

Wesmaélia cremasta, Marsh., l. c., 2.

Testaceous; eyes, stemmaticum, and valves of the terebra,
black; antennz infuscated towards the apex; metathorax rufe-
scent, becoming piceous or blackish posteriorly. Wings hyaline ;
stigma yellow, edged beneath with fuscous; nervures testaceous.
Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

Distinguished from all other genera of this group by the form of
the abdomen, which resembles that of an Ammophila or Pelopeus.
Antenne 26-jointed, slender, as long as the body. Head rotundo-
cubic, wider than the thorax, and equal in bulk to the entire meso-
thorax; vertex ample, convex; eyes prominent; clypeus not
discrete, foveated on each side at the base, protruded at the apex,
so that a fissure appears between it and the mandibles, which are
bidentate. Prothorax deeply sunk between the elevated head and
mesothorax; the latter trilobate, not longer than the head. Meta-
thorax short, rugulose, abruptly truncated behind, and there
triangularly excavated. “Abdomen smooth and shining; 2d and 3d
segments completely connate, concealing the rest, except the
extremity of the last segment. Legs long and slender. Terebra
very short, subulate, pointing upwards.

Described from two specimens ; one taken in North
Devon, the other at Bielsa in the Spanish Pyrenees.

ili. Kustatocerus, frst.
Rhopalophorus, Hal., in Westw. Int., ii., App. 61 (mame
preoccupied in Coleoptera).
Eustalocerus, Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 251.

Male unknown. Antenne @ clavate and geniculated ; the first

hardly widened; tubercles obsolete; the other segments are con-
cealed under the 2d and 3d, ovate above, pyriform if viewed
laterally, and not so strongly compressed. Legs shorter and
stouter. Terebra hardly exserted, its valves dilated at the
extremity, compressed, and black.

Taken in the island of Trinidad.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887. PARTI. (JUNE.) @G

68 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

joint elongate. Second joint of the maxillary palpi dilated. Two
cubital areolets, the 1st separated from the prediscoidal. Radius
not much curved. Terebra exserted.

1. Hustalocerus clavicornis, Wesm. (PI. V., fig. 3).

Microctonus clavicornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac.
Brux., 1835, p. 65; 8. v. Voll., Schets. Bracon.,
tab. iv. (wing and antenna by Haliday).

Black ; antenne dull testaceous; clypeus at the apex, mandibles,
palpi, and legs, testaceous; hind legs slightly infuscated. "Wings
subfusco-hyaline, stigma black, nervures stout, blackish. Terebra
as long as 3 of the abdomen. @. Length, 1 lin.

Antenne about twice as long as the head, 10-jointed, the Ist
joint forming ! of the entire length, the 2d obliquely inserted,
making a geniculation with the Ist, very short and stout; 3d more
slender and twice as long ; 4—9 shorter, and successively diminishing
in length; 10th almost as long as the three preceding taken
together, and appearing, when highly magnified, as if superficially
divided into 4 or 5 rings. Head as broad as the thorax; vertex
somewhat short; face granulated, obscure. Metathorax short,
rugose, abruptly truncated behind. First abdominal segment
much widened from the middle to the apex; tubercles prominent ;
immediately above them are two deep impressions, behind which
the segment is longitudinally rugulose; the lines of rugosity are
few, and do not quite reach the apex. Valves of the terebra black,
very slightly widened towards the extremity.

This description is Wesmael’s, who discovered the ?
in an osier-ground in Belgium, May 27th. A British
specimen was known to Haliday, who created a new
genus for its reception, but left no written record of the
species, and this has not been met with since.

iv. STREBLOCERA, Westw.

Westw., Phil. Mag., 1838, p. 842; Int., ii, 61;
Tijdschr. vy. Ent., 1881—82, p. 44; Nees, Mon., ii., 411.

Antenne seated upon two frontal tubercles, the 1st and 8d joints,
or the Ist only, elongate; with 1—2 geniculations in the 9, 2 or
none in the g. Fore wings with 2 cubital areolets, the 1st not
separated from the prediscoidal; radial areolet remote from the
tip of the wing; radius curved. Mesothoracie sutures distinct.
Abdomen with a short petiole. Terebra exserted or subexserted.

British Braconide. 69

Two species are referred to this singular genus ; their
characters are so discrepant that it is very easy to dis-
tinguish them :—

Antenne 3 9? with two geniculations; terebra

subexserted .. Ae a ae .. 1. fulviceps, Westw.
Antenne ¢ filiform; of the 9 , with one genicu-

lation; 1st joint elongate in both; terebra

nearly as longas4the abdomen .. .. 2. macroscapa, Ruthe.

1. Streblocera fulviceps, Westw. (Pl. V., fig. 2).

Streblocera fulviceps, Westw., Phil. Mag., l.c.; Int.,
ii., 188, f. lxxv., 19 (antenna), 20 (wing), and
p. 154; Tydschr. y. Ent., 1881—82, p. 45, pl.
Vill, 1.6, 9, f. 7 (antenna ¢), f£..8 (antenna of);
8. v. Voll., Schets. Bracon., tab. iv.

@. Black or piceous; head and 3 basal joints of the antenne
ferruginous, the following joints fuscous; eyes and stemmaticum
blackish ; legs testaceous, tibize at the tips, and tarsi, hardly
infusecated. Wings hyaline, nervures, stigma, and squamule
testaceous; prebrachial nervure distinct; radial areolet semi-
cordate, ending nearer to the tip of the wing than to the stigma ;
radius regularly curved. Head large, wider than the thorax ;
vertex elevated, transverse; occiput broadly excavated. Antenne
16-jointed ; 1st joint longer than the head, inevassated, armed with
a curved tooth beneath, beyond which it is sinuated; 2d short,
obliquely articulated with the preceding, forming an acute angle ;
8d shorter than the Ist, incrassated and curved; 4th obliquely
inserted before the apex of the 8d, forming another angle; joints
4—16 (the flagellum) moniliform. Metathorax short, truncated
posteriorly, slightly excavated, uneven, scarcely shining. First
abdominal segment twice as long as its apical breadth, the
tubercles situated beyond the middle ; segment 2 twice as long as
3; 4 and following very short; abdomen (exclusive of the 1st
segment), viewed from above, ovate, much shorter than the thorax.
Terebra hardly exserted, the valves stout, black.

g. Antenne 19-jointed, 1st and 3d joints elongate, incrassated,
2d and 4th obliquely inserted, forming two geniculations; joints
4—19 filiform. Ihave not seen the ¢, and this is borrowed from
the figure in the Tijdschrift; in the description it appears that by
some accident the signs of the sexes (¢ 2) have been reversed.
Length, $—1; wings, 1}—2 lin.

Prof. Westwood discovered the @ in August, 1838, in
Coombe Wood. Desyignes possessed a specimen which

70 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

is now in the National Collection; and I have another
from the Forest Hills in Leicestershire.

2. Streblocera macroscapa, Ruthe. (Pl. V., fig. 20).

Microctonus macroscapus, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856,
Dp. 20.

Streblocera macroscapa, Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
p- 827, plii., f. 11, a. 2, b. head and antenna ;
S. v. Vol., Schets. Bracon., pl. iv., f. 4, 2.

S. longiscapha, Westw., Tijdschr. v. Ent. 1881—82,
p. 45, 3, pl. vii., f. 9 (antenna 3).

%. Piceous, castaneous, or rufescent, metathorax and abdomen
blackish; 3 basal joints of the antenne rufous; face, mouth, and
legs testaceous. Wings subhyaline, nervures and stigma pale ;
prebrachial nervure distinct. Antenne 18-jointed; 1st joint very
long, equal to the 10 following together; 2d obliquely inserted,
forming a geniculation ; 8d twice as long as the 4th; joints 3—6
filiform, the rest moniliform. Petiole of the 1st abdominal segment
hardly longer than broad, striated; condylus much widened,
conical. Terebra not quite half the length of the abdomen ; valves
black.

S slender; antenne a little shorter than the body, not genicu-
lated, 18-jointed; 1st joint longer than the 2d and 38d together.
Otherwise like the 9. Length, 3—13; wings, 13—3 lin.

As I have no specimen, the description is compiled
from the authorities, not without a difficulty arising
from certain discrepancies. Westwood gives the antennee
of the ? (from the Schetsen) as 17-jointed, and those of
the 3 as 16-jointed. He further mentions that the 1st
joint in the g is furnished with a small round tubercle
near the base, and that the 8d joint is produced beneath
into a deflexed spine at its apex; these characters are
not represented in the figure by Van Vollenhoven, nor
mentioned by Ruthe and Reinhard; so that it may be
questioned whether the English description does not
refer to a fresh species.

Ruthe possessed two males taken near Berlin, and
Reinhard hada ? , of which he has given a figure. ‘Two
English specimens of the ¢ are recorded by Westwood,
one from Glanvilles Wootton, in Dale’s collection, and
the other preserved in that of Matthews, at Oxford.

British Braconide. Tait

vy. Periuitus, Nees.

Perilitus, Nees, Act. Ac. L. C., 1819, p. 802; Perilitus
Sectio I., Nees, Mon., 1., 29; Hal., Ent. Mag.,
i., 84; Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 823.

Microctonus and Dinocamptus, Férst., Verh. pr. Rheinl.,
1862, p. 251.

Antenne straight, simple. Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 2—38-
jointed. Fore wings with two cubital areolets, the 1st usually
confused with the prediscoidal, but sometimes distinct; radial
areolet ending much before the apex of the wing, semicordate or
sublanceolate ; radius equally curved throughout, or somewhat
straightened near the tip. Mesothoracic sutures distinct. Meta-
thorax vertically or subvertically truncated and excavated behind.
Terebra exserted.

Twenty European species are indicated in Reinhard’s
list (l.c.), many of which are very imperfectly described.
Haliday established two sections, founded upon the
presence or absence of the nervure dividing the 1st
cubital areolet from the prediscoidal. In six species
the two areolets are separated, and Férster has made of
them the genus Dinocamptus: they are not, however,
otherwise distinguishable, and are not here treated as a
separate genus. The sexes differ in appearance, and
are paired with difficulty ; the females have often a red
head, and other parts of the body similarly coloured ;
the males are darker, with stouter and longer antenne.
The radial areolet is always small, ending not far from
the middle point between the stigma and the apex of the
wing; the radius forms either a regular parabolic curve
(making the areolet semicordate), or it is somewhat
straightened towards the end (making the areolet acute
and sublanceolate). The radial areolet of the hind
wing is petiolated, asin Meteorus. The metathorax is
sometimes imperfectly areated.

The parasitism of one species (P. terminatus, Nees)
was discovered in 1839 by Audouin (Quelques observations
sur le parasitisme des insectes ; see Hagen, s. v. Audouin,
no. 52); if is also recorded by Westwood (Int., ii., 143),
Brullé (St. Farg. Hym., iv., 826), and Ratzebure
(Forstins, iii., 18). This insect attacks adult Coccinelle
of the species septempunctata and quinquepunctata, Lh.
Audouin ascertained simply that a Perilitus emerged

72 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

from one of these beetles; but Ratzeburg has since
made further observations of great interest (Ichn. d.
Forst., iii., 61), showing that the parasite deposits its
ego not in the larva but in the imago of the Coccinella.
Three Coccinelle, of the species above named, were
watched by Ratzeburg, they having attached themselves
to some plant and remaining motionless. After a short
time there was found beneath the belly of each a grey,
pyriform, somewhat transparent cocoon, beset with loose
filaments, in which the legs of the beetles were entangled.
From these cocoons emerged, between June 10th and
14th, three females of P. terminatus. Two of the
Coccinelle were by this time dead, but the third
continued to linger. The parasitic maggots issued from
the sutures of the ventral segments, which afterwards
closed up, leaving no visible aperture. Dissection of
one Coccinella showed the inside to be completely
wasted, and the walls of the abdomen collapsed. Ona
second occasion Ratzeburg introduced a lively 2 Perilitus
into a glass-topped box containing a Coccinella septem-
punctata. The parasite immediately began to pay
attention to the victim, moving about with great activity,
and examining it on every side. Finally she assumed
the characteristic attitude of an Ichneumon preparing to
strike, by thrusting the abdomen forwards between the
legs, so as to project beyond the head. The abdomen
became greatly attenuated, and the terebra extended to
its utmost length, supported and embraced by its valves
as far as they could reach. Six to ten punctures were
made in one minute, always directed towards the ventral
sutures. In the course of an hour three or four such
attacks were made upon the Coccinella, which seemed
unconscious of any danger, and seldom winced. No
danger however existed, for the Perilitus was not fecun-
dated, and the whole proceeding was only a fruitless
exhibition of an instinct.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(6) 1. First cubital areolet separated from the pre-
discoidal. Dichori, Hal., Dinocamptus,
Forst.

(5) 2. Radial areolet ending nearer to the tip of the
wing than to the stigma, sublanceolate.
Terebra straight.

British Braconide. 73

(4) 3. Abdomen of the 9, after segment 1, testa-
ceous. Petiole slender, only 4 of the t
width of the apex of the condylus .. 1. rutilus, Nees.
(3) 4. Abdomen of the 9, after segment 1, nigro-
piceous. Petiole stouter, at least 3 as
wide as the apex of the condylus .. 2. strenuus, n.s.
. Radial areolet ending half-way between the
tip of the wing and the seme semi-
cordate. Terebra falcate . : 3. falciger, Ruthe.
(1) 6. First cubital areolet not ented on the
prediscoidal. Synchori, Hal., Perilitus,
Forst.
(12) 7. Labial palpi 3-jointed.
(9) 8. Radial areolet ending nearer to the tip of
the wing than to the stigma =, . 4, brevicollis, Hal.
(8) 9. Radial areolet ending half-way between re
tip of the wing and the stigma, or nearer
to the stigma.

(11) 10. Thorax more or less, and 1st abdominal

-_~~
bo
—
Or

segment, rufo-testaceous .. - 5. bicolor, Wesm.
(10) 11. Thorax and 1st abdominal segment tentiely
black ae as .. 6. secalis, Hal.

(7) 12. Labial palpi sported

(14) 138. Metathorax areated; wings hyaline; ¢
black ; head of the ? testaceous; terebra
3 as long as the abdomen.. : . 7. cerealium, Hal.

(13) 14. Metathorax not areated, rugoso- Sanne
wings whitish; ¢ 9? black, the 9 with
rufous orbits; terebra + as long as the
abdomen .. AP oe .. 8. @ethiops, Nees.

1. Perilitus rutilus, Nees. (Pl. V., fig. 5).

Bracon rutilus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811, p. 27, 2

Perilitus rutilus, Nees, Mon., i., 81, 29; Hal., Ent.
Mag., iii., 34, d 2.

Microctonus rutilus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ax. Brux.,
1835, p. 68, ¢ 2, pl. i. (wing); Ruthe, Stett.
Zeit., 1856, p. 299, °.

Perilitus ruralis g , and luteus 2°, Schaff., F. G., elvi.

@. Black; head, antenne at the base, abdomen after the 1st
segment, basal half of the petiole, and the legs, testaceous;
segment 2 often castaneous; tarsi fuscous. 6. Black; face
and orbits testaceous; hind coxze fuscous; abdomen darker than
that of the ?, fuscous at the apex. Wings subhyaline, stigma
lutescent, nervures and squamule pale fuscous; radial areolet
elongate-sublanceolate, ending just beyond the middle point be-
tween the stigma and the apex of the wing. Terebra straight, as
long as $ of the abdomen. Length, 11—13; wings, 23—83 lin.

74 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Var. 9. Head, mesothorax, and abdomen entirely testaceous ;
antenne 25-jointed. -Nervure dividing the 1st cubital areolet from
the prediscoidal extremely faint. An old specimen in Fitch’s
collection. Somewhat doubtful, but placed here provisionally.

Antenne ? as long as the body, filiform, 25—26-jointed, black,
with the 1st joint testaceous. Stemmaticum fuscous. Nervure
dividing the 1st cubital and prediscoidal areolets weak and sub-
interrupted; cubital nervure subobsolete. Thorax black; meso-
thoracic sutures converging into a punctate depression. Scutellum
smooth, preceded by a transverse fovea much shorter than itself.
Metathorax punctato-rugulose, not areated, truncated, and with an
oblong excavation behind. First abdominal segment slender,
tuberculated in the middle, at the apex three times wider than the
petiole, finely striated longitudinally; black, the petiole pale at the
base; the rest of the abdomen oblong-ovate. Antenne of the $
stouter, longer than the body, 28—29-jointed, the Ist joint black ;
in one § the antenne are only 23-jointed.

Described from two females, four males. Rather
common throughout the country. I have repeatedly
found the ?, and in 1885 captured both sexes in a wood
at Nunton. Capron has taken six females at Shiere.

2. Perilitus strenwus, n.s.

Niger, antennarum radicula, ore, orbitis, rufo-testaceis, vel
orbitis interdum nigris. Pedes 4 anteriores testacei ; femora inter-
media basi fusca; postici picei vel fusco-testacei tibiis apicem
versus obscurioribus; tarsi omnes nigri. Abdominis segmenta
2—8 picea. Ale fere hyaline, stigmate, nervis, squamulis, pallide
fuscis; areola radialis longior et latior quam in specie precedente.
Scutellum lieve, fovea ante basin transversa, breviore quam ipsum,
instructum. Petiolus in longitudinem striolatus, utriusque sexus
latior quam in P. rwtilo; femine duplo latior quam maris. Terebra
dimidia abdominis longitudine.

Black; radicle of the antenne, mouth, orbits, and cheeks, rufo-
testaceous; or the orbits concolorous. Four anterior legs testa-
ceous; middle femora fuscous at the base; hind legs piceous or
fusco-testaceous, their tibize darker towards the tips; all the tarsi
black. Abdominal segments 2—3 piceous. Wings nearly hyaline,
stigma, nervures, and squamule pale fuscous ; radial areolet longer
and broader than in the preceding species. Scutellum smooth,
preceded by a transverse fovea much shorter than itself. Petiole
longitudinally striolated, in both sexes broader than that of rutilus ;

British Braconide. 75

that of the twice as broad asthat of the fg. Terebra half as long
the abdomen. Length, 13; wings, 3 lin.

Antenne @ 23-jointed; of the gi 28—29-jointed, stout, longer
than the body. Mesothoracic sutures converging into a rugulose
depression. Scutellum smooth, shining, with a few lateral punc-
tures. Metathorax short, abruptly truncated, rugulose; two
medial carinze, more or less distinct, originate from its base, and
are parallel as far as the truncation, where they diverge on each
side of the posterior concavity. First abdominal segment entirely
black and striolated, twice as broad at the apex as it is at the base,
and much broader in the ? than in the ¢; tubercles medial.
Very distinct from rutilus; larger and more robust; metathorax
and 1st abdominal segment differently formed ; radial areolet more
elongate; neuration stronger; legs of both sexes, and abdomen of
the 9, differently coloured; the characters of the @ have been
given to me by Capron. P. terminatus, Nees, stands nearest to
ihis species, but differs in having a rugulose scutellum. The radial
areolet is much longer than in falciger.

al captured two males in 1885; one in the same wood
with P. rutilus, the other in the Isle of Wight. Capron
has taken at Shiere six more males and the only female.

3. Perilitus falciger, Ruthe.

Microctonus faleiger, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 3800,

goes

2 Perilitus peregrinus, Schiiff., F. G., elvi.

9. Black; head concolorous, mandibles rufous; femora and
tibie piceo-rufous, cox black, tarsi tipped with fuscous; base of
the petiole pale testaceous. Wings subhyaline, nervures, stigma,
and squamul fusco-testaceous ; radial areolet shorter than in the
two preceding species, semicordate, ending half-way between the
stigma and the tip of the wing. Abdomen truncated posteriorly.
Terebra as long as } the abdomen, its apical half decurved, faleate.
The gis similar, but the petiole is black at the base. Length,
1}—12; wings, 23—8} lin.

Var. @. Antenne at the base, face, and cheeks, rufescent ;
mouth and legs rufo-testaceous ; hind cox black. Ruthe.

Antenne @ filiform, not longer than the body, 22—24-jointed ;
those of the g longer, setaceous, 28-jointed, paler at the base
underneath. Form slender. Mesothorax as in the other species.
Ante-scutellar fovea much shorter than the scutellum, which is
smooth and shining. Metathorax short, rugulose, not quite

76 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

vertically truncated, slightly excavated behind. First abdominal
segment striolated ; petiole about half as broad as the apex of the
condylus; tubercles medial, salient.

I have only a 2 specimen, taken in Northamptonshire,
which is very distinct owing to the form of the terebra ;
the legs are coloured as in Ruthe’s variety. The
dividing nervure between the 1st cubital and pre-
discoidal areolets is so faint as to be discerned with
difficulty. A specimen exists in the British Museum,
ticketed in the handwriting of F. Smith, ‘the larva
from a living Timarcha coriaria,” I.

4, Perilitus brevicollis, Hal.

Perilitus brevicollis, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 85, 2.

Microctonus retusus, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 298, ? .

@. Black; head, antenne at the base, and fore legs, rufo-
testaceous; 4 posterior legs piceo-fulvous, their tibie darker at the
tips; hind cox fuscous; tarsi blackish; occiput, together with the
middle of the front and of the vertex, fuscous; abdomen pitchy-
black; base of the Ist segment pale. Wings subhyaline, nervures
and stigma fuscous; radial areolet ovate-lanceolate, ending rather
nearer to the tip of the wing than to the stigma. Labial palpi
3-jointed. Terebra curved, somewhat less than half the length of
the abdomen. g@ unknown. Length, 13; wings, 34 lin.

Stouter than P. cerealiwm (sp. 7), and twice as large; easily
distinguished by its whole structure. Antenne 26-jointed, hardly
shorter than the body, the 1st joint rufescent. Orbits, face, and
mouth rufous. Maxillary palpi with the apical joints not remark-
ably shorter than the preceding ; joints of the labial palpi subequal
in length. Mesothoracic sutures ending in a wide thickly punctate
depression, in the middle of which is a distinct longitudinal line ;
posterior angles near the base of the scutellum gibbous. Meta-
thorax very short, vertically truncate, rugose, reticulated. First
abdominal segment elevated posteriorly, much stouter than in the
other species, obconic, rugulose, the apical angles longitudinally
striated; tubercles medial. Valves of the terebra fusco-ferru-
ginous.

Unknown to me; only two examples seem to have
occurred (one in North Ireland, taken by Haliday, the
other in Germany by Ruthe) until Capron discovered
three females at Shiere.

British Braconide. he

5. Perilitus bicolor, Wesm.

Perilitus conterminus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 36, 3;
Schaff., F. G., clvi. (not of Nees).

P. secalis, var. y, Hal., l.¢., 2.

Microctonus bicolor, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 61, ¢; Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 294,
3 ¢ (not of Ratz.).

Leiophron basalis, Cur., B. E., 476, 6a, 3.

Variable, rufescent, face, mouth, and legs rufo-testaceous; thorax
above, and abdomen after the 1st segment, black ; antenne fuscous,
rufo-testaceous at the base. Wings subhyaline, stigma and ner-
vures lutescent or pale fuscous; radial areolet sublanceolate, acute,
ending nearer to the stigma than to the apex of the wing. Labial
palpi 8-jointed. Terebra straight, as long as half the abdomen.
$ @. Length, $—14; wings, 13—23 ln.

Head and thorax more or less rufous, piceous, or black; abdo-
men black or piceous, the Ist segment at least generally rufo-
testaceous; in one ?, however, this is also blackish. The smaller
individuals are the males. Palpi, according to Haliday, nearly as
in secalis (sp. 6), but the 1st joint of the maxillary is less abbre-
viated, the 2d and 8d increasing in length. Antenne shorter than
the body, those of the ? 18-, of the $ 20—21-jointed; but in one
? they are 24-jointed. Mesothoracie sutures impunctate, ending
in a small aciculated space before the scutellum. Metathorax
areated, sublevigated, not sensibly excavated behind, short, almost
vertically truncated. First abdominal segment striolated ; petiole
slender; tubercles salient just behind the middle; condylus twice
as broad as the petiole, its sides almost parallel; hinder part of the
abdomen ovate-orbiculate. The 2 with 24-jointed antenne is not
otherwise different, and certainly belongs to this species.

The colour of the abdomen, black posteriorly, and
having the 1st segment rufous, is an obvious distinctive
character. P. secalis has also 8-jointed labial palpi,
but the tubercles are less conspicuous, and the abdomen
is not rufous at the base. Haliday saw in the present
species the P. conterminus, Nees, referring only to the g
with 21- (i. e., 20-) jointed antenne. The 2, according
to Nees, has 24- (7. e., 28-) jointed antenna, and may be
rightly paired with his ¢, notwithstanding Wesmael’s
just remark that the antenne of the 2 ought to have
fewer joints than those of the ¢. The difficulty, as
regards conterminus, consists in the remark of Nees that

78 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the antenne are scarcely half as long as the body, and
that the petiole only of the abdomen, in the 2, is black.
His omission of other characters renders the description
for ever doubtful, and conterminus must be abandoned.

Described from five males, four females, taken in the
Isle of Wight; at Milford Haven; at St. Albans; at
Nunton, Wilts; at Honor Oak (by Billups); in the
Pyrenees; and from Walker’s collection. Found several
times by Haliday in North Ireland, in autumn. Wesmael
possessed five males captured near Brussels, and Ruthe’s
collection contains fifteen males and seven females.

6. Perilitus secalis, Hal.

Perilitus secalis, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 86, 9; not his
var. y; and not Ichneumon secalis, Lin., F. §.,
1641.

Microctonus spurius, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, pp. 297

and 807 (Nachtrag), ?.

M. aethiops, var. 2, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,

1838, p. 148, ?.
M. bicolor, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 57, °, pl. i,
f. 26 (wing) ; not of Wesm.

Labial palpi 8-jointed. Black; antenne at the base, head, pro-
thorax beneath, and legs, rufo-testaceous; hind coxe, with their
trochanters, and all the tarsi at the apex, fuscous; some of the
abdominal segments after the Ist often piceous, and the apical
segments testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma fusco-
testaceous, squamule dull yellowish; stigma widely ovate, lanceo-
late, broader than that of @thiops (sp. 8); radial areolet semi-
cordate, ending a little nearer to the stigma than to the tip of the
wing. Terebra straight, as long as half the abdomen. ?.. Length,
134—1}3; wings, 24—3}.

Male unknown. Variable; head sometimes black, leaving only the
mouth and orbits rufous; thorax and 1st abdominal segment generally
black, the following segments piceous, becoming paler towards the
anus, or entirely black or piceous; hind cox sometimes testaceous.
First joint of the maxillary palpi very short, 3d longer and stouter
than the 2d; 4th longer than the 3d; 6th shorter than the 4th, but
rather longer than the 5th. Labial palpi with one more joint than
those of the two following species; Ist jomt obconic, 2d and 3d
shorter, ovate. Antenne 21—25-jointed, filiform, hardly shorter
than the body, dull rufous at the base. Metathorax punctato-
rugulose, carinulated, vertically truncated, and with an oblong

British Braconide. 79

posterior impression. Segment 1 as in the preceding species, but
black at the base, and with less prominent tubercles ; longitudi-
nally striolated. Valves of the terebra filiform, black, paler at
the base.

This species is distinguished with difficulty from
the ? of ethiops, and perhaps only by the labial palpi,
which have been observed under the microscope by
Haliday and Reinhard. My specimens are old and
useless, and have not been employed in this description.
Fresh examples are required for determination, and a
note of the palpi should be taken while they are pliant ;
otherwise the destruction of the insects may be necessary
in order to verify them. It may be noticed, however,
that in secalis the metathorax is somewhat shining, with
scattered punctures, and the squamule dull stramineous ;
while in ethiops the metathorax is rugoso-reticulate, and
the squamule fuscous. Ruthe supposed his M. spurtus
to be a variety of ethiops, but Reinhard has determined
its identity with secalis. Haliday believed the Ichnewmon
secalis, L., to be the present insect. In the Linnean
collection is a ? ticketed ‘‘secalis, agricolator”’; and
another in bad condition, placed apart, and unlabelled.
Fitch has visited these specimens, which have a large
yellow head and long terebra; the wings are not easily
seen, but the insects are undoubtedly Cenocelius rubri-
ceps, Ratz. P. secalis is the species described by Ratze-
burg (l.c.) as sent to him by Hartig, and conjectured
erroneously to.be a parasite of Lasiocampa pint, L.

7. Perilitus cerealium, Hal.

Perilitus cerealium, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 387, S ?.
Microctonus emulus, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 298,

ee

P. rufipes, Schiff., F. G., elvi.

Labial palpi 2-jointed. g black; antenne at the base, mouth,
and clypeus, dull testaceous; orbits broadly rufous; legs rufo-
testaceous, hind coxe fuscous above. @ black; antenne at the
base, head, and legs, rufo-testaceous; abdomen piceous, its apex
obscurely rufous. Wings narrower than in secalis, subhyaline,
nervures and stigma fusco-testaceous, squamule dull yellowish ;
stigma broadly ovate, lanceolate; radial areolet semicordate,
ending somewhat nearer to the stigma than to the tip of the wing.

80 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Terebra decurved, as long as half the abdomen. Length, 1—13;
wings, 2—38 lin.

The rufous head of the 9 has the stemmaticum, and sometimes
the margin of the occiput, fuscous. Thorax and 1st abdominal
segment black. Maxillary palpi short, 1st joint hardly distinct,
2d longer than the 8d, 5th and 6th closely conjoined, together not
longer than the 4th, 6th conical, attenuated. Antenne 20—23-
jointed, a little shorter than the body, filiform, the 1st joint rufous
beneath. Metathorax short, areated. Abdomen compressed, and
truncated at the apex; segment 1 forming about 4 of its length,
regularly striolated; tubercles distinct; sides of the condylus sub-
parallel. In the § the antennez are longer than the body, the
abdomen ovate, and the colours darker.

Distinguished from secalis by the labial palpi; from
ethiops by its more slender form, by the areated meta-
thorax, by the more strongly curved radius, by the
shorter radial areolet, and the decurved terebra. Very
like falciger 2 (sp. 8), but in that species the 1st cubital
areolet is separated from the prediscoidal.

Not uncommon throughout the country, although I
have no specimen. Billups has taken the ° at Peckham.

8. Perilitus ethiops, Nees.
Perilitus ethiops, Nees, Mon., i., 32, ¢; Hal., Ent.
Mag, 1il., O1,.0) &3 schati HGe. lyin tanlo.
Microctonus ethiops, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 57, 3 ¢&, pl. i. (wing); Ruthe, Stett.
Zeit., 1856, p. 292, 3 2.

Labial palpi 2-jointed. g black; legs often piceous; femora at
the apex and tibiwe at the base rufous; or fore femora, or all the
femora, dull rufous, black at the base. @ black; face, mouth,
cheeks, orbits, and base of the antenne, dull rufous; or head
entirely rufo-testaceous ; legs rufous, hind coxe black, tarsi fuscous.
Wings whitish hyaline; stigma, nervures, and squamule fuscous ;
stigma narrower than that of secalis; radial areolet semicordate,
ending a little nearer to the stigma than to the apex of the wing.
Length, 1—1}; wings, 21—8} lin.

Var. . One-half or one-third smaller; antenne 24—25-jointed.
This may possibly be the unknown & of P. secalis.

Antenne of the $ } longer than the body, 27—80-jointed. First
joint of the maxillary palpi short but distinct, 5th and 6th together
3 longer than the 4th, 6th attenuated at the apex. Abdomen
ovate-lanceolate; segment 1 much more slender than that of the ?.

British Braconide. 81

?. Very like secalis. Antenne hardly shorter than the body,
25—26-jointed. Metathorax thickly rugulose and reticulated.
First abdominal segment broader than in secalis, longitudinally
striolated; tubercles very prominent; condylus oblong, and slightly

widened at the apex.

The sixteen males described by Wesmael, with 22—28-
jointed antenne, are probably not all of the same
species; his three females with 28-jointed antenne
appear also doubtful. The same must be said of Ruthe’s
three varieties, differing structurally in the neuration,
and his males, which were only two-thirds of a line long.

Described from six males, one female. Common.
Found by Haliday on sandy coasts, the ? once only, the
$ more frequently. Capron has taken four females and
many more males at Shiere.

vi. Microcronus, Wesm.

Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1885, p. 54; Reinh.,
Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 321.

Antenne filiform. Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 3-jointed. Fore
wings with two cubital areolets, the 1st not separated from the
prediscoidal ; radial areolet cultrate, elongate, extending nearly to
the apex of the wing; radius straight, or nearly so. Mesothoracic
sutures almost always effaced. 'Terebra exserted or subexserted.

The species are few in number, smooth and shining,
testaceous and black in different proportions. They
stand nearer to Meteorus than the other Huphorides,
having a similar radial areolet, and the same number of
joints in the palpi. The abdomen is usually ovate,
lanceolate; in one species clavate, compressed, and
obtuse ; the 1st segment is nearly as long as the rest of
the abdomen, widened gradually from the base to the
apex, and having the tubercles beyond the middle.
Suturiform articulation obsolete. Radius of the fore
wings seldom very slightly curved, in which case it ends
somewhat further from the extremity of the wing.
Metathorax smooth, or obsoletely areated, more or less
truncated and excavated posteriorly. The wings are
very like those of Leiophron and Blacus, but in both those
senera the 1st cubital areolet is distinct from the pre-
discoidal. Nees and Haliday were acquainted with one
species, Wesmael with two, and Ruthe with six; of

82 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the five here introduced, all except the first are new
discoveries. Their earlier states have not yet been
observed.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(2) 1. Prebrachial nervure of the fore wings obso-
lete. Length, 1} lin. Ae aA .. L. vernalis, Wesm.

(1) 2. Prebrachial nervure of the fore wings dis-
tinct. Length, 14—2 lin.

(4) 3. First abdominal segment aciculated .. 2. splendidus, n.s.
(3) 4. First abdominal segment smooth.
(6) 5. Antenne 9? 28-jointed (g unknown), but
its antenne cannot have fewer than 28
joints bis on
6. Antenne g 9 with fewer than 28 joints.
(8) 7. Antenne g 2 19-jointed .. 30 .. 4. testaceus, n.s.
8. Antenne g 26-, 9 22—23-jointed oo 5}. Culéus, n.B.

.. 3, xanthocephalus,n.s.

1. Microctonus vernalis, Wesm.

Microctonus vernalis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 56, pl. i. (wing); lib. cit., 1838, p. 142
(var. 2, 3); Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 289;
Reinh., Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 822, 3 2.

Perilitus idalius, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 1835, p. 38, ?.

Microctonus politus, Ruthe, lib. cit., p. 290, 3.

Testaceous, variable; antenne after the 4th or 5th joint fuscous ;
head, thorax, and abdomen in various degrees infuscated or blackish
above; apical joint of the tarsi and valves of the terebra fuscous.
Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma pale testaceous; prebrachial
nervure obsolete. Abdomen @ compressed; segment 1 scarcely
widened behind, sublinear, as long as 2, which is somewhat longer
than all the remaining segments together. Terebra as long as } of
the abdomen. ¢ @. Length, 1—1}; wings, 2—2} lin.

Var. a. Fusco-testaceous, the pleure pale; hind coxe infuseated.
3d (M. politus, Ruthe).

Var. 6. First abdominal segment black. 9.

Var. y. Thorax almost entirely black. ¢ (Wesm., Suppl., p. 142).

Variable in colour, the § darker than the 9; the parts liable to
be infuseated are the vertex, stemmaticum, disk of the mesothorax
(in spots corresponding to the 3 lobes), scutellum, metathorax, and
abdomen above, especially at the apex. The smallest British
species. Eyes green. Antenne shorter than the body, filiform,
those of the g 23—25-, of the 9 18—2l-jointed. Body smooth
and shining. Mesothoracic sutures effaced. Metathorax short,

British Braconide. 83

its posterior declivity not vertical; concave behind, and there
faintly rugulose, with a fine medial line forming 2 lateral polished
aree. First abdominal segment shorter than in the following
species, and not wider posteriorly, smooth and shining except
some slight transverse scratches towards the apex; tubercles
inconspicuous. The rest of the abdomen, viewed from above,
appears sublinear; viewed laterally, ovate; belly compressed and
cariniform.

Not common ; I have seen no specimens but my own,
two females, taken respectively at St. Albans, and at
Nunton, Wilts. Wesmael possessed two males, one
female, taken near Brussels in May, and two males of
var. y; 8. van Vollenhoven notices one found at the
Hague, and others have been captured in Germany.

2. Microctonus splendidus, n.s.

3. Ater, splendidus, antennarum articulis 2 basalibus, palpis,
pedibusque, testaceis; coxis posticis fuscescentibus ; genis, cum
capite infra et postice, rufo-testaceis. Ale hyaline, flavescentes,
stigmate, nervis, squamulis, .pallide testaceis; nervo prebrachiali
distincto ; areola radiali quam in M. culto paulo breviore; radio per-
parum curyato. Mesothoracis suleuli null. Metathorax curtus,
postice fere in perpendiculum truncatus, et ibidem excavatus,
carina areisque nullis. Segmentum lum aciculatum v. striolatum,
nitidum, abdominis triente longius, tuberculis pone medium con-
spicuis, condylo exinde ad apicem paulo latiore. Abdomen
cxterum, desuper inspicienti, clongatum, ovatum; a latere visum
clavatum; apice oblique truncatum, forcipis masculi valvis com-
pressis, breviter exstantibus, supra quas apparet penis vagina,
Femina hucusque latet.

Shining black; palpi, legs, and joints 1—2 of the antenne
testaceous; hind coxe somewhat infuscated; cheeks and hinder
part of the head beneath rufo-testaceous. Wings hyaline, with
a yellowish tinge, nervures, stigma, and squamulz pale testaceous ;
prebrachial nervure distinct ; radial areolet rather shorter than in
sp. 5; radius very slightly curved. Mesothoracic sutures effaced.
Metathorax short, almost vertically truncated behind, and there
excavated, without medial carina or aree. First segment longer
than } of the abdomen, stouter than in sp. 5, tuberculated behind
the middle, after which the condylus is wider to the apex; the
segment is minutely striolated or aciculated, but shining. The
rest of the abdomen, viewed from above, is elongate-ovate ; viewed

TRANS. ENT. §0C. LOND. 1887.—PART U. (JUNE.) 4H

84. Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

laterally, clavate; obliquely truncated at the apex, within which
are seen the short flattened valves of the anal forceps, and above
them the sheath of the sexual organ. Female unknown. Length,
143; wings, 23 lin.

Antenne as long as the head, thorax, and 1st segment, stout,
filiform, 19-jointed. Head transverso-cubic, somewhat buccate
and wider than the thorax. The dilated cheeks and under side of
the head, together with the 1st abdominal suture, are rufous; the
rest of the body intensely black and shining.

M. Klugvi, Ruthe (Stett. Zeit., 1856, p. 290) corre-
sponds to this insect in many respects, but the frons and
mesothorax are punctato-rugulose; the antenne of both
sexes, according to Reinhard, are also 22-jointed, and
scarcely as long as the head and thorax.

Described from two males taken in a wood near my
house at Nunton, Wilts.

8. Microctonus xanthocephalus, n. 8.

@. Aterrimus, politus, capite antennarum scapo pedibusque
testaccis, stemmatico fusco. 'Tarsi omnes apice nigricantes. Ale
subfumato-hyaline, squamulis stramineis, stigmate testaceo undique
fusco cincto, nervis fuscis. Abdomen compressum segmento lo
sublineari postice vix latiore, tuberculis parum conspicuis, terebra
breviter exserta, falcata, decurva.

Very black, smooth and shining; head, scape of the antenna,
and legs, testaceous; stemmaticum fuscous; last joint of all the
tarsi blackish. Wings dull hyaline, squamule stramineous, stigma
testaceous bordered all round with fuscous, nervures fuscous.
Abdomen compressed, 1st segment sublinear, hardly widened
posteriorly ; tubercles inconspicuous; terebra short, faleate, de-
curved. Length, 2; wings, 33 lin.

Antenne filiform, shorter than the body, 28-jointed. Meso-
thoracic sutures effaced. Metathorax short, triangularly excavated
behind. Hind coxe with a piceous basal spot. First abdominal
segment occupying more than } of the whole length, linear and
depressed as far as the tubercles, condylus convex and very slightly
widened ; segments 2—38 extending nearly to the apex, the rest
retracted, annuliform. Abdomen after the Ist segment narrowly
elliptical, as viewed from above, as long as the head and thorax;
viewed laterally, clavate.

Differs from all other British species in coloration,
superior size, and greater number of joints in the
antenne.

British Braconide. 85

Discovered at Shiere, near Guildford, by Capron, and
deseribed from his unique specimen.

4, Microctonus testaceus, Capron, n. 8.

Rufo-testaceus, antennis (preter articulos 2 basales), stemmatico,
mesothoracis lineis, abdominisque segmento lo, nigris. Al sub-
infumate, nervis ad basin fuscis, extus pallidioribus, squamulis
testaceis, stigmate flavo ; areola radialis procul ab al apice clausa,
stigmate paulo longior. Abdomen leve, splendidum, clavatum 3
segmentum lum trientem fere ejus occupans, solito angustius,
apice duplo latius quam basi, tuberculis prominulis, vix nisi mediis.
Terebra abdominis trientem paulo superans.

Rufo-testaceous; antenne (except the 2 basal joints), stemmati-
cum, three lines on the mesothorax, and Ist abdominal segment,
black. Wings slightly infumated; nervures fuseous at the base,
paler towards the apex of the wing; squamuls testaceous; stigma
yellow ; radial areolet ending much before the tip of the wing, a
little longer than the stigma. Abdomen smooth, shining, clavate;
1st segment forming about } of its entire leneth, rather narrow,
about twice as broad at the apex as at the base; tubercles promi-
nent, situated nearly in the middle. Terebra a little more than
} of the length of the abdomen. § 9. Length, 2; wings, 34 lin.

Head transverse, not contracted behind the eyes, the sides
almost parallel. Antenne about $ as long as the body, black, with
the first two joints yellow, 19-jointed in both sexes. Mesothorax
very smooth, marked with 3 black lines, whereof the middle one is
abbreviated posteriorly. Metathorax faintly divided into 5 arex;
in one example it is also blackish, In the male the head and
whole body are black; the legs only and first two joints of the
antenne being rufo-testaceous.

Four males and one female have been taken by Capron
at Shiere, near Guildford; the above description has
been kindly prepared by him. WM. elegans, Ruthe (Stett,
Zeit., 1856, p. 290), of which I have specimens from
Hungary, is not unlike this species, but, beside minor
differences, the antenne are 30-jointed even in the ?.

5. Microctonus cultus, n. 8.

?. Rufo-piceus v. piceo-testaceus, oculis, faciei occipitisque
lituris, stemmatico, scutello, metathorace, abdominisque segmento
lo, nigris aut nigricantibus; segmentis 2—3 saturate rufo-piceis,
exteris pallide rufis. Antenne fusce, articulis 1—5 pallide tes
taceis, Pedes pallide testacei. Ale hyalini, nervis, stigmate,

86 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

pallide testaceis; nervus prebrachialis distinctus. _Mesothoracis
sulculi haud penitus obliterati. Metathorax brevis, postice trun-
catus, ibidem excavatus, medio carinulatus. Segmentum lum
totius abdominis triente longius, a basi inde ad apicem perpaulo
ampliatum, tuberculis inconspicuis. Terebra abdominis quintam
partem adequans.

3 aliter coloratus; niger, prothorace, antennarum scapo, ventris
basi, testaceis; mesothoracis disco, scutello, abdominis segmento
20, saturate rufo-piceis; coxis posticis infuscatis.

?. Rufo-piceous or piceo-testaceous; eyes, a blotch on the
face and on the occiput, stemmaticum, scutellum, metathorax, and
1st abdomidal segment, black or blackish; segments 2—3 dark
rufo-piceous, the rest pale rufous. Antenne fuscous, joints 1—5,
together with the legs, pale testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures
and stigma pale testaceous; prebrachial nervure distinct. Meso-
thoracic sutures not wholly effaced. Metathorax short, truncated
and excavated behind, carinated in the middle. First segment
longer than } of the abdomen, very slightly widened from the base
to the apex; tubercles inconspicuous. Terebra as long as } of the
abdomen.

The ¢ is black, with the prothorax, scape of the antenne, and
belly at the base, testaceous; disk of the mesothorax, scutellum,
and 2d abdominal segment dark rufo-piceous; hind coxee infus-
cated. Length, 14; wings, 3 lin.

Var. 2. Head pale rufo-testaceous, only the eyes and stem-
maticum black.

Antenne g as long as the body, 26-jointed; of the ? shorter,
22—23-jointed. Entirely smooth and shining. Mesothoracic
sutures indicated by two shallow grooves in front, which are
evanescent before reaching the scutellum. The medial carina of
the metathorax bifurecates at the declivity, its two branches
surrounding the posterior concavity and forming 3 arex, whereof
the 2 lateral are smoother and more shining than the posterior.
Terebra testaceous, with black valves. The variety, owing to its
rufous head, resembles a Dinocamptus.

Described from three males, three females, taken in a
wood near Barnstaple, a male from St. Albans, and
another in Fitch’s collection. Capron has taken five
females and one male at Shiere.

British Braconide. 87

XV. METEORIDES.
The characters are comprised in those of the single genus.

Meteorvs, Hal.
Meteorus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 24.
Perilitus, Sectio II., Nees, Mon., i., 38.
Perilitus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 21.

Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 8-jointed. Occiput margined. Antenne
slender, usually filiform in the 2, setaceous in the g. Meso-
thoracic sutures distinct. Abdomen petiolated. Fore wings with
3 cubital areolets, the 2d trapeziform, the 1st separated from the
prediscoidal; radial areolet cultrate, reaching nearly to the apex
of the wing; radius straight ; metacarpus longer than the stigma.
Terebra exserted.

Head as broad as the thorax, or broader; occiput hardly emargi-
nate behind; eyes small, and scantily pubescent; clypeus rounded
anteriorly, separated from the face by an impressed line with a
fovea at each end; mandibles forcipate, bidentate. Abdomen
ovate or lanceolate, compressed at the apex in the 9; segment 1
consisting of a true petiole (as in the Ichnewmontda), linear, and
extending to the spiracular tubercles situated near the middle the
posterior part (condylus) is gradually dilated to the apex ; usually
this segment is striolated, but the petiole is sometimes smooth. In
the majority of cases the Ist segment presents at the apex of the
petiole a pair of oblong parallel apertures, separated by a ridge,
and descending obliquely to the spiracles; in the following
descriptions these are called the tracheal grooves. The remaining
segments are always smooth and shining ; segments 2—8 are con-
nate, longer and broader than the following, which decrease rapidly
to the anus. Second cubital areolet trapeziform, more or less
narrowed towards the radius, its lower and inner angle produced
prebrachial areolet generally shorter than the pobrachial, rarely
equal to it, and only in one species longer ; recurrent nervure
commonly somewhat rejected, occasionally interstitial, and more
rarely evected; radial areolet of the hind wings divided by a
transverse accessory nervure in two species, and the same structure
faintly indicated in others; wings hyaline, but in three species
infumated, and then exhibiting a whitish streak upon the ordinary
transverse fold, which commences under the stigma. The wings
have a strong disposition to bend at this place, which produces
illusions as to the direction of the recurrent nervure.. The integu-
ments of these insects are thin, and the colours inconstant; a

88 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

permanently testaceous variety appears to exist in some of the
species.

The Meteori are nearly related to the preceding group,
but present a more advanced structure; transitional
forms may be looked for among exotic species, and one
such has been mentioned in the note on Wesmaela
(Euphorides, genus vi., ante). Some of them are among
our larger Braconids, and their petiolated abdomen and
exserted terebra give them much the appearance of
certain Ichneumonide, e.g., Mesochorus, a genus which
furnishes some of their hyperparasites. The large
testaceous Meteori have also a strong resemblance to the
insects of the genus Ophion or Paniscus. Some atten-
tion is required to distinguish them from the three
species of Zele hereafter to be described among the
Macrocentrides: the best distinction les in the Ist
abdominal segment, which, although very slender in the
genus Zele, is not petiolated, having the spiracular
tubercles close to the base.

Few of the insects of this genus are mentioned by the
older authors: DeGeer, in 1771, noticed pensile cocoons,
which were white, in the neighbourhood of the nests of
Bombyzx processionea, L. (Mém., ii., xi., p. 449) : Latreiile,
Spinola, and Nees von Esenbeck in his earlier writings
did not distinguish them from Ichnewmon and Bracon.
The last-named writer, in 1834, effected their separation
as a section of his Perilitus, and brought together in his
monograph 18 species, of which 12 are genuine. Haliday,
in 1835, with the assistance of Curtis, described 17
British species, and in the same year 23 Belgian species
were published by Wesmael. The latest and most
important work upon the subject is a posthumous paper
by Ruthe, published by Reinhard in the Berl. ent. Zeits.
for 1862 (pp. 1—58), containing 37 species, and preceded
by a synoptical table. A few species may also be found
in the work of Ratzeburg.

It has already been shown that Perilitus, Sectio IL.,
of Nees may with equal propriety be called Meteorus or
Perilitus ; but the preponderance of usage appears to be
in favour of Meteorus; the name is sanctioned by Hali-
day, Blanchard, Brulle, and Reinhard, and refers appro-
priately by its meaning to the pensile cocoons made by
many of the larve. Zele of Curtis (B. E., 415), if duly
authenticated, would be the earliest name, but, while

British Braconide. 89

the illustration in the ‘ British Entomology’ applies to
the present genus, the type adduced (7%. testaceator, Cur.)
belongs to the Macrocentrides, and Zele has been placed
in that group, with the required correction, by Haliday.
Zemrotes and Protelus are genera proposed by Forster
(Verh. d. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 253) for two species of
Meteorus, but I have found it impossible to adopt them
here. The only differential character assigned to
Zemiotes is the partition of the radial areolet of the hind
wings by a transverse nervure, as in MW. albiditarsis, Cur.
But this character includes M. caligatus, Hal., which in
other respects differs widely, while it excludes three other
large species which are closely allied. Protelus was
devised in order to isolate M. chrysophthalmus, Nees, on
the ground that the prebrachial areolet of the fore
wings is longer than the pobrachial. Jiven if this were
always true, the extreme triviality of such a character
must strike any one who looks at the insect; but it
happens that the two areolets are sometimes equal in
length, and therefore the genus Protelus cannot be
maintained.

Most of the Meteort are parasites of Lepidoptera,
either singly, or, in the case of the smaller species,
eregariously; a few have also been found to infest
fungivorous Coleoptera. Several species form shining
brown cocoons, in which they are found suspended by a
thread of silk from leaves or branches of trees, and
hence Latreille named one which he observed pendulator,
supposed by Haliday to be ictericus, Nees, but it cannot
now be identified with certainty; the cocoon of ictericus
is figured by Curtis (B. E., 415). The head of the
insect is always turned downwards, and, as it spins by
the mouth, we have to account for the fact that somehow
it is able to reverse its position in the air, since at the
moment of its first suspension the head would naturally
be uppermost; so far as I know, no observation has yet
been made to explain this circumstance. Other species,
including all the largest, and some smaller, weave
whitish cocoons of a felted texture, which are never
pensile, but fastened to leaves, &c., in the ordinary way.
Some gregarious species heap their cocoons together in
the manner of Microgasters; and those which live
singly in the fungivorous larve of beetles attach the
cocoon to the under side of the dead victim. This

90 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

diversity of habits appears to have no correspondence
with variations of outward structure in the perfect
insects, and offers no assistance in the classification of
the numerous species.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Sxction I. Tracheal grooves of the 1st abdominal
segment distinct.

(4) 1. Radial areolet of the hind wings gemi-
nated by a transverse nervure.
(3) 2. Pre- and pobrachial areolets of the
fore wings equal in length. An-
tennee 43—49-jointed ie .. 1. albiditarsis, Cur.

(2) 3. Prebrachial areolet of the fore wings
shorter than the pobrachial. An-
tenns® 34—36-jointed ae .. 5. caligatus, Hal.

(1) 4. Radial areolet of the hind wings not
geminated by a transverse nervure,
or rarely with a faint vestige of one.

. Prebrachial areolet of the fore wings
longer than, or cane to, the po-
brachial .. A .. 2. chrysophthalmus, Nees.
(5) 6. Prebrachial areolet of the fre wings
shorter than (rarely equal to) the
pobrachial.

(32) 7. Recurrent nervure rejected into the
1st cubital areolet.

(11) 8. Antenne with about 40 (rarely with
only 35—38) joints.
(10) 9. Abdomen longer than the head and
thorax. Hind femora, with their
coxe, as long as the abdomen.
Condylus twice as ae as its epee
breadth Bc : 56 . 3. deceptor, Wesm.
(9) 10. Abdomen not longer ian the fiend
and thorax. Hind femora, with
their coxe, longer than the abdo-
men. Condylus less than twice as
long as its apical breadth .. 4. pallidus, Nees.
(8) 11. Antenne usually with fewer than 30
joints (rarely with 30, and more
rarely with 36).
(21) 12. Stigma pale, luteous or flavo-piccous ;
unicolorous or bordered beneath
with fuscous.
(14) 13. Face fuscous .. oe ste .. 9. facialis, Ruthe,
(13) 14. Face testaceous or rufescent.
(20) 15. Furrow of the mesopleure deeply im-
pressed, faintly cancellated.
‘17) 16. Colour entirely testaceous .. .. 6. ictericus, Nees, var.

or

(6)

(16) 17.

(28) 23.

(22) 29.

. Metathorax regularly convex, rugu-

. Abdomen lanceolate, as long as the

British Braconde.

Colour testaceous and black, or en-
tirely black except the face, orbits,
and 2d abdominal segment, which
last is in that case piceous.

. Antenna more or less testaceous, the

joints annulated with fuscous. Se-
cond abdominal segment,and some-
times the following peemente tes-
taceous

9, Antenne entirely black or biseiieht

Second abdominal segment piceous,
the following segments black

. Furrow of the mesopleure indistinct,

and almost smooth

. Stigma fuscous, usually pale at the

inner angle, sometimes also at the
outer; or fuscous with a pale ex-
terior margin.

. Wings hyaline, or subhyaline, but

neyer dark enough to show a pale
streak beneath the stigma. Second
cubital areolet hardly or not at all
narrowed towards the radius.

Terebra as long as, or shorter than,

the abdomen. Wings hyaline, but
not whitish.

4, Abdomen ovate, not longer than

the thorax. Head large, broader
than the thorax. Stigma large,
hardly smaller than the 1st cubital
areolet.

. Metathorax sloping gradually, not

conyex, almost smooth
lose .

head and thorax. Head not broader
than the thorax. see not re-
markably large :

. Terebra much longer than ne Arnie:

men. Wings whitish hyaline, or
exceptionally subinfumated. (Re-
current nervyure sometimes inter-
stitial)
Wings more or less eotuminteds enone
ing a pale streak beneath the
stigma. Second cubital areolet
narrowed towards the radius.

. Second abdominal segment rufous.

Antenne 9 blackish, sometimes
testaceous towards the base

dark piceous. Antenne 9 white,
the apical half determinately fus-
cous ..

6. ictericus, Nees.

7. pallidipes, Wesm.

8. confinis, Ruthe.

10.

nla

7 16.
. Second abdominal segment black or

mls

veaator, Hal.

atrator, Cur.

abdominator, Nees.

albicornis,

. obfuscatus, Nees.

Luthe,

91

. punctiventris, Ruthe.

33.

34.

Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

. Recurrent nervyure interstitial, or

subinterstitial, 7.e., falling (but
rarely) into the apex of the Ist
cubital areolet, or the base of
the 2d.

Terebra as long as the abdomen
with the metathorax. Smallest
species, 14 lines long :

Terebra shorter than, seldom as
long as, the abdomen. Larger
species.

. Stigma fuscous, with or without a

pale exterior margin.

. Stigma with a pale margin; recur-

rent neryure g ? subinterstitial

. Stigma without a pale margin; re-

current neryure 9 evected, ¢
subinterstitial or evected

fuscated; sometimes margined
with fuscous.

. Terebra as long as the abdomen ..
. Terebra as long as 4 or 2? of the

abdomen.

. Antenne blackish; body blackish,

with the scutellum and some
other portions rufous; tips of
the tarsi and of the hind tibixe
fuscous

Antenne testaceous tipped with
fuscous ; bodyand legs testaceous,
only the 1st abdominal segment
more or less infuscated; tips of
the hind tibie seldom subinfus-
cated

. 13. jaculator, Hal.

18. pulehricornis, Wesm.

. 19. melanostictus, Cap., n.s.
. Stigma pale or only shghtly in-

wo

2. consors, Ruthe.

. 20. scutellatar, Nees.

. 21. unicolor, Wesm.

Section II. Tracheal grooves of the Ist abdominal
segment obsolete.

(2)

if

1S or

Wings narrow, hardly longer than
the abdomen, infumated, with a
whitish streak beneath the stigma

. Wings fully developed and hyaline,

or nearly so,

. First abdominal suture white;

petiole whitish at the base (ex-
cept in avar.) .. nt

the petiole concolorous with the
rest of the surface,

. Stigma fuscous, its inner angle pale.
. Head broader than the thorax.
. First abscissa of the radius much

shorter than the second. 'Terebra
shorter than the abdomen. Petiole
stout, shorter than the condylus

17. micropterus, Hal.

.. 23. versicolor, Wesm.
. First abdominal suture and base of

26. profligator, Hal.

British Braconidae. 93

(7) 8. First abscissa of the radius as long
as the second. ‘Terebra as long
as the abdomen. Petiole slender,
longer than the condylus .. 24. filator,* Hal.
(6) 9. Head narrower than the thorax.
(11) 10. Petiole shorter than the condylus 27. cinctellus, Nees

(10) 11. Petiole and condylus of ees
length .. a . 28. tenellus, n. Ss.
(5) 12. Stigma entirely pale.
(16) 13. Antenne 9? filiform, almost always
26-jointed; those of the % seta-
ceous, not more than 28-jointed.
Recurrent nervure interstitial or

subinterstitial.
(15) 14. Head, thorax, and abdomen more
or less black éc 3 .. 29. leviventris, Wesm.

(14) 15. Head, thorax, and eudemen rufo-
testaceous, except the metathorax
and Ist abdominal ences
which are black .. oi . 30. rubens, Nees.

(13) 16. Antenne of both sexes Sees
30—84-jointed. Recurrent ner-
yure evected.

(18) 17. Colour entirely pale testaceous .. 32. luridus, Ruthe, var.

(17) 18. Colour black and testaceous.

(20) 19. Abdomen g @ black, segment 2
eae CeOUe, often with 2 fuscous
spots Se)

(19) 20. Abdothen 9 (except the. Lat seg-
ment) sas or fusco-testaceous ;
of the g infuscated at the apex 32. luridus, Ruthe.

_

. fragilis, Wesm.

1. Meteorus albiditarsis, Cur. (PI. V., fig.8, hind wing).

Zele albiditarsis, Cur., B. E., pl. eccexv., 3.

Meteorus albiditarsus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 25, ¢; M.

albitarsis, Hal., lib. cit., 24, 9; S.v. Voll., Pinac.,
pl. xliv., f. 1, 3 with details ot, palpi; 92; 2)

Perilitus albsvavuass Nees, Mon., 1., 84, ?.

M. albitarsis, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Re LSO2 seo Gut

P. dispar, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 22,

o 2s plei., £. 3: (wine).

9. Rufo-testaceous; eyes during life green; stemmaticum,
claws, and valves of the terebra, fuscous; hind tarsi whitish. ¢.
Nigro-piceous; orbits, abdomen in the middle more or less, and
legs, dull rufous; hind cox, femora, and tibie infuscated, their
tarsi whitish. Wings ? testaceo-hyaline, squamule and stigma

** Sp. 25, delator, Hal., requires to be rediscovered, and is here
omitted.

94 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

luteous, nervures fuscous; of the g fusco-hyaline, squamule
testaceous, nervures and stigma fuscous; pre- and pobrachial
areolets of the fore wings of equal length; radial areolet of the
hind wings divided by a distinct transverse nervure. Terebra as
long as the 1st abdominal segment. Length, 3—4}$; wings,
6—9 lin.

The larger size is more usual, but one ¢ of those before me is
only 3 lines long. Head transverse; front excavated; eyes large,
glabrous; face transverse, beset with short white hairs; clypeus
with longer hairs, convex, prominent ; mandibles dark at the tips 5
palpi elongate, pallid. Antenne 4 longer than the body, slender,
setaceous, those of the J usually 47—49-, of the 9 43—49-jointed.
Mesothoracie sutures strongly impressed. Mesopleure punctate,
beneath the wings smooth. Metathorax short, rounded, irregularly
(in the 9 subobsoletely) rugose and reticulated, with a fine medial
carina. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax and as wide,
after the middle; that of the 2 subfaleate, compressed; suturi-
form articulation subobsolete ; segment 1 forming 3 of the whole
abdomen, obsoletely aciculated, three times broader at the apex
than at the base; tubercles placed just before the middle; tracheal
grooves distinct. Nervures of the wings stouter and darker in
the $3; recurrent nervure interstitial or rejected ; 2d cubital areolet
somewhat longer than broad; 1st intercubital nervure much
longer than the 2d.

The ¢ is very like that of deceptor, sp. 3; the 2
strongly resembles both chrysophthalmus and deceptor in
the present genus, as well as Zele testaceator, Cur.,
among the Macrocentrides.

Not uncommon from May to September. Described
from five males, six females, contributed by Bignell,
Billups, Bridgman, and Fitch; taken in Darenth Wood,
in Devonshire, near Cardiff, Lynn, St. Albans, &e. A
solitary parasite; the ¢ was bred by Bridgman, but
from what source Iam not informed. Cocoon 6 lines
long, felted, stramineous, with some loose flocculence.

2. Meteorus chrysophthalmus, Nees.

Bracon chrysophthalmus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811,
De ole

Perilitus chrysophthalmus, Nees, Mon., i., 834; Wesm.,
Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1885, p. 24; M. chry-
sophthalmus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 11,
& 9; 5. vy. Voll.,Pimac., pl. xhiy., 1.18; 4; hata
Ichn. d. Forst., i11., 59.

British Braconide. 95

? Bracon chlorophthalmus, Spin., Ins. Lig., 1., 1383, 2.
M. chlorophthalmus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iil., 26, 3 2.

Rufo-testaceous; antenne fuscous except at the base; front,
vertex, occiput, thorax, especially the metathorax, and petiole of
the 1st segment, often more or less infuscated; eyes during life
green; stemmaticum, claws, and valves of the terebra fuscous ;
hind tarsi often whitish at the apex. Wings testaceo-hyaline,
squamule and stigma luteous; nervures fusco-testaceous; pre-
brachial areolet of the fore wings longer than, or sometimes equal
to, the pobrachial; recurrent nervure interstitial (seldom sub-
rejected) ; radial areolet of the hind wings not divided, or rather,
the transverse nervure is decolorous, Terebra more than 3 the
length of the abdomen. $9. Length, 23—8}; wings, 5—6} lin.

The sexes are alike in colour, and subject to the same variations;
Ruthe and Wesmael had males with the entire thorax fuscous, but
usually the infuscation is confined to the parts above mentioned.
Head as in the last species, but the eyes are much smaller, and not
glabrous. Antenne longer than the body, setaceous, those of the
$ 88—42-, of the 9 31—389-jointed. Mesothorax punctulate, the
sutures distinct, enclosing a large rugulose depression before the
scutellum. Mesopleure punctulate throughout, and beneath the
(usually fuscous) furrow, almost rugulose. Metathorax short, regu-
larly rounded, finely rugulose and reticulated, more strongly
behind, where it is beset with white pubescence, and haying a fine
medial carina. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, rather
narrower than the latter; that of the 2 not subfaleate, and hardly
compressed; suturiform articulation nearly effaced; segment 1
more or less finely punctato-rugulose, often smooth posteriorly,
forming ? of the whole abdomen, about three times wider at the
apex than at the base; petiole very slender; tubercles dntemedial ;
tracheal grooves distinct. Wings hyaline with a yellowish tinge,
sometimes subfusco-hyaline ; stigma luteous in both sexes: radial
areolet of the hind wings at first sight not divided; the transverse
nervure, however, is visible in certain lights, paler and more
attenuated than in M. caligatus; 2d cubital areolet subquadrate.
The terebra is not black, as described by Ruthe, but rufous, subu-
late, with stout fuscous valves.

This species is difficult to distinguish from I. deceptor,
in the female sex ; but in chrysophthalmus the prebrachial
areolet of the fore wings is never shorter than the
pobrachial. Bracon chlorophthalmus, Spin., referred by
Haliday to this species, but by Nees to the genus Rhogas,
cannot now be certainly determined.

96 Rev. T. A. Marshall's monograph of

Not uncommon, but the notices of its occurrence are
mostly doubtful, owing to its having been confused with
M. deceptor. Described here from four females and one
male in Fitch’s collection, taken by him, Bridgman, and
Bignell in their respective districts; found also by
Billups at Peckham, and by me in Yorkshire. Bignell
bred the @ from Odontoptera bidentata, Clerck, and
S. v. Vollenhoven reported the rearing of another at the
Hague from Heterogenea limacodes, Hufn. According to
Ratzeburg it was bred by Brischke from Rhodophea
suavella, Zinck. The cocoon is not noticed, but probably
resembles that of MW. deceptor.

3. Meteorus deceptor, Wesm. (Pl. V., fig. 6 2, fig. 7 3).

Perilitus deceptor, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1885, p. 26, c° 2.
M. deceptor, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p.12, 3 ¢.

?. Rufo-testaceous; eyes during life green; antenne towards
the tips, claws, and valves of the terebra, fuscous ; hind tarsi
testaceous. g. Nigro-piceous; base of the antenne, face, orbits,
scutellum, abdominal segments 2—8, or more, and legs, rufo-
testaceous; hind femora infuseated, their tibiz blackish except at
the base, their tarsi rufo-testaceous. Wings of the ? testaceo-
hyaline, squamul and stigma luteous, nervures fusco-testaceous }
of the # fusco-hyaline, nervures and stigma fuscous ; prebrachial
areolet of the fore wings shorter than, sometimes as long as, the
pobrachial, but never longer; recurrent nervure rejected ; radial
areolet of the hind wings not divided. Terebra as long as half the
abdomen. ¢ 2. Length, 3—3}; wings, 5,—6} lin;

Var. 2. Coloured like the g, only the abdomen after the Ist
segment is entirely testaceous. Reinhard.

The g strongly resembles that of sp. 1, and must be distinguished
by the hind wings. The discrimination of both sexes from chry-
sophthalmus is less easy, inasmuch as the few differences that
exist are liable to exceptions. The recurrent nervure, however, is
always rejected, and the prebrachial areolet never longer than the
pobrachial. The present species is somewhat smaller, the g\ more
darkly coloured, especially as to the hind tibix, and the terebra of
the @ shorter. Antenne longer than the body, setaceous, those of
the ¢ 38—44-, of the 2 85—40-jointed. Vertex and occiput of the
° sometimes infuscated; mandibles dark at the tips; petiole of
the 1st segment occasionally fuscous at the base ; abdomen obliquely
truncated at the apex; tarsi a little paler towards the tips. The

British Braconide. 97

hind tarsi of the g appear paler than they really are, an illusion
caused by the blackness of the tibie. The frontal excavation
behind the antenne is geminated by a carina. Pleure finely rugu-
lose. Mesothorax impunctate, the sutures deeper behind, enclosing
a wide rugose space bisected by a longitudinal carina. Abdomen
as in the preceding species; condylus twice as long as its apical
breadth. Hind femora, with their cox, as long as the abdomen.

Described from 18 males and 22 females. More com-
mon than chrysophthalmus throughout the country, and
found now in all collections, yet it does not seem to have
been known to Haliday. Capron describes it as abun-
dant near Guildford. I obtained five males in a very
short time by beating a single hedge near Abergavenny.
It has been repeatedly bred in England, but some of the
cases recorded perhaps belong rather to chrysophthalmus :
the following are selected as certainly authentic. Fitch
reareda ¢, June 14th, and Bignell two males, June 17th,
from Crocallis elinguaria, L.; the latter has also obtained
the ° from Himera pennaria, L., and Hadena oleracea,
L.; the & from Odontoptera bidentata, Clerck, and
Anarta myrtilli, L. Probably also it is the species
referred to as chrysophthalmus in Ki. M. M., xi., 66, bred
by Hellins out of Hrastria fasciana, L.; 8. v. Vollen-
hoven mentions the rearing of three females at the
Hague from the same host. Wesmael found it com-
monly near Brussels, and many examples are in his
unnamed collection, which is nowin my hands. A soli-
tary parasite. Cocoon white, felted, papyraceous, 5 lines
long, not pensile, fusiform, the head of the insect being
turned towards the smaller end.

4, Meteorus pallidus, Nées.
Bracon pallidus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811, p. 22;
not of Bouché, which is Rhogas cirewmscriptus,
Nees; cf. Nees, Mon., 11., 899.
Perilitus pallidus, Nees, Mon., 1., 385, 3 2.
Rufo-testaceous; antenne except the base, head more or less,
prothorax, pectus, and metathorax (of the g') fuscous or piceous ;
hind tarsi paler ; claws fuscous. Wings testaceo-hyaline, squamule
and stigma luteous, the latter rufous in the g; nervures fusco-
testaceous; prebrachial arcolet of the fore wings shorter than the
pobrachial; recurrent nervure rejected (or sometimes almost inter-
stitial) ; radial areolet of the hind wings not divided by a transverse

98 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

nervure. Abdomen shorter and broader than in deceptor, in the 3

clavate ; Ist segment punctato-rugulose on the petiole; the condylus

smooth, except a few basal scratches, and less than twice as long

as its apical breadth; tracheal grooves distinct. Hind femora

with the addition of their coxex, longer than the abdomen. Terebra,

seen from above, as long as the 4 last segments. g @. Length,
+; wings, 54 lin.

Antenne longer than the body, filiform, in the ? testaceous,
annulated with fuscous, gradually darkened to the apex, the 2 basal
joints piceous, 86—89-jointed ; in the g broken, blackish, except
the 4 basal joints. Head rather broader than the thorax; orbits
black (in the 2 described by Nees); occiput and stemmaticum
sometimes fuscous. Metathorax irregularly subreticulate, with or
without a faint medial carina. Abdomen of the ? ovato-clavate,
somewhat compressed; ot the ¢ broader and flatter; not longer
than the head and thorax; 1st segment subdeplanate, shorter and
broader than in deceptor; tubercles medial, salient. The ¢ is
darker than the ?, having the whole thorax rufo-piceous, except
the disk of the mesothorax.

Differs from deceptor in size, and in the proportion of
parts, as stated in the table; and distinguished from all
the following species by the greater number of joints in
the antenne, for the ¢, though mutilated, must once
have had at least 40 joints. There is nothing like it in
Ruthe’s collection, nor was it known to Wesmael and
Haliday; Forster, however, quotes it as a type of the
whole genus. Nees states that he has united the two
sexes with some hesitation ; but there is nothing doubt-
ful about the male and three females which I have seen.

Nees captured the ? among oaks in Franconia, Aug.
93rd; the g was communicated to him by Gravenhorst.
With us it seems to be a northern species; I founda ?
in the Yorkshire moors, two more from Sutherlandshire
are in Bridgman’s collection, and Champion presented
me with ¢ ? from the pine-forest of Rothiemurchus in
the Grampians.

5. Meteorus caligatus, Hal.

Meteorus caligatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii1., 25, 3 2.

Black, shining ; 2d abdominal segment and legs rufo-testaceous ;
hind femora at the apex, hind tibize, and their tarsi, fuscous ; base
of the former pallid or whitish. Wings fusco-hyaline, squamuls

British Braconide. 9QY

flavo-testaceous, stigma and nervures fuscous; prebrachial areolet
of the fore wings shorter than the pobrachial; recurrent nervure
rejected; radial areolet of the hind wings divided by a faint
transverse nervure. Abdomen subpetiolated, 1st segment short,
broad. Terebra shorter than the Ist segment. ¢ @. Length, 22;
wings, 5 lin.

This species stands alone ; with those already described it has no
near connection, except the divided radial areolet of the hind
wings, and differs from all species in the shortness and width of the
Ist abdominal segment. The sexes are similar, Antenne
setaceous, of the § 36-jointed, much longer than the body; of
the 2 34-jointed, a little longer than the body ; piceous beneath at
the base. Mandibles testaceous; palpi very pale, the maxillary
elongate. yes large. Mesothorax shining, with a few lateral
punctures, the sutures shallow, surrounding a rugulose space before
the scutellum, bisected by a longitudinal carina. Metathorax
shining, not very convex, with some punctures and transverse
wrinkles, rectangular behind. First abdominal segment almost
smooth, having a stout short petiole about } as broad as the
segment at the apex ; tubercles medial; tracheal grooves distinct 5
condylus obconic, not much narrower than the 2d segment; seg-
ments 2—3 connate, testaceous, black at the apex, and more or
less at the sides. Coxe testaceous; hind legs infuseated, the base
of their tibie narrowly pallid; in the g all the legs are less
brightly coloured. 'Terebra short, its valves stout, black.

Apparently uncommon, not noticed by any writer but
Haliday, who discovered it in North Iveland and the
Hebrides. Bignell, however, has bred a female in Devon-
shire, June 23rd, and W. H. B. Fletcher two males and
two females out of Mupithecia expallidata, Guenee ; these
last are from Abbot’s Wood. In Fitch’s collection is a
male ticketed as having been found in a gall of Cynips
Kollarii, Hartig. <A solitary parasite. Cocoon oval,
whitish, felted, papyraceous, not pensile.

6. Meteorus ictericus, Nees.

Bracon ictericus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811, p. 22,
pl. u., f. 6, @; not of Bouché, Naturg. (1834),
p- 148.

Perilitus ictericus, Nees, Mon., 1., 87, 2; Wesm., Nouv.
Mem. Ac, Brux., 1835, p. 27; Ratz., Ichn. d.
Borsts iis, 00, oo.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART Il. (JUNE.) I

100 Rey. ‘T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Meteorus ictericus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 14,
& 2; S. v. Voll. Pinact, pl. xiv, f-40)o (and
abdomen magnified).

M. pendulator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 28, 3 2 partim ;
his 3 vars. ©, ¢, are probably M. pulchricornis,
Wesm.

Zele ephippium, Cur., B. K., 415.

Variable ; rufo-testaceous, usually black above, except the head
and 2d abdominal segment; stemmaticum black; antenne fuscous,
the base rufous; hind tibie at the apex, and tarsi, infuscated ;
valves of the terebra black. Wings hyaline, squamule yellow,
stigma the same or luteo-fuscous, its inner edge often fuscous,
nervures fusco-testaceous; recurrent nervure rejected ; 2d cubital
areolet slightly narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal grooves
distinct. 'Terebra not much shorter than the abdomen. ¢ @.
Length, 2i—21; wings, 43—5 lin.

The varieties are thus arranged by Ruthe, from 56
examples :—

Males: posterior segments constantly dark.

Var. 1. Head and mesothorax rufo-testaceous, immaculate; or
the latter fuscous in the middle of the base.

Var. 2. Head rufo-testaceous ; mesothorax with 3 inchoate fus-
cous lines; disk of the metathorax blackish ; 1st abdominal seg-
ment scarcely darker than the 2d. .

Var. 3. Head the same; mesothorax with 3 fuscous lines ; meso-
pleure rufous, bounded with black.

Var. 4. Head the same; entire thorax above infuscated or
blackish ; pleure and pectus rufo-testaceous, or more or less in-
fuscated.

Var. 5. Frons, vertex, and oeciput infuscated; mesothorax with
8 fuscous lines; scutellum paler or darker fuscous; pleure and
pectus fuscous.

Var. 6. Frons, vertex, and occiput infuscated, leaving (as in
var. 5) the orbits broadly testaceous; entire thorax, as well as
pieure and pectus for the most part, fuscous; 2d abdominal seg-
ment yellow.

Females: posterior segments more or less testaceous.
Var. 7. Entirely dull testaceous.
Var. 8. Only the 1st abdominal segment fuscous; sometimes the
metathorax slightly infuscated.
Var. 9. Metathorax and Ist abdominal segment fuscous; meso-
thorax unicolorous, or with 1—3 faint fuscous lines.

British Braconide. 101

Var. 10. Mesothorax and scutellum more or less infuscated.

Var. 11. Mesothorax rufo-testaceous ; metathorax, 1st abdominal
segment, as well as the 4th and following more or less, fuscous.

Var. 12. Mesothorax entirely, pectus and pleure more or less,
fuscous; pleure usually fuscous, with a rufous medial spot; abdo-
men blackish at both ends.

The species is extremely difficult to determine, as well from
variations of sculpture as from the instability of the colours.
Nevertheless, English specimens are less variable than those in
Ruthe’s collection, and will be found in general to correspond with
the diagnosis. Described from 27 females and 2 males. Face
subquadrate, flat, sometimes with a slight elevation above the
clypeus, looking, from above or below, like a carina. Palpi pale,
whitish. Antenne 3 ? about the length of the body, setaceous,
27—85-jointed, testaceous, dusky towards the apex, each joint also
annulated with the same colour. Eyes villose; ocelli prominent.
Prothorax always rufo-testaceous. Metathorax usually rugulose
and reticulated, with greater or less distinctness ; without a medial
carina; but often exhibiting on the disk two smooth subquadrate
are separated by a carina; intermediate forms are not wanting.
Abdomen as long as the head and thorax ; Ist segment } or 2 of its
entire length, striolated; petiole slender, elongate, but varying
somewhat in length and thickness. Stigma yellow, more or less
pale, usually unicolorous, but not seldom bordered with fuscous,
especially beneath ; 2d cubital areolet narrower than its height,
and very slightly narrowed towards the radius; recurrent nervure
always more or less rejected, never absolutely interstitial.

This is perhaps the commonest British species, and
abounds likewise in other parts of Europe. Bignell
bred the 3 from Dictyopteryx Bergmanniana, L.; Elisha
the ?, July 6th, from Laverna conturbatella, Hub.; J.
K. Fletcher another from a larva found rolled up in a
leaf of Rubus ideus. Curtis (B. E., cecexv.) has figured
the cocoon, which he says is frequently found on the
hazel, and by himself in Coombe Wood; one cocoon
produced the universal hyperparasite Hemiteles areator,
Panz. MHaliday, who had the means of knowing, is the
authority for referring Curtis’s insect to this species.
Ratzeburg bred a ? from Cheimatobia brumata, L., and
states (Ichn. d. Forst,, u., 55) that a specimen bred by
Bouché from Pyralis farinalis, L., 1s undoubtedly the
same species; but there must be a mistake here, since
the cocoon of Boucheé’s insect (Naturg., 1834, p. 148) is

102 tev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

described as ‘‘ albus, chartaceus,”’ and not pensile. The
cocoons described by DeGeer and referred to by Haliday
(Ent. Mag., ii., p. 29, note), although pensile, were
white, and there is nothing to show that they belonged
to ictericus ; moreover, they were obtained from Bombyx
processionea, L. I have no cocoon at hand, but,
assuming the figure given by Curtis to be correct, as is
most likely, it is pensile, yellowish brown, shining, and
semitransparent, like those of several of the following
species.

7. Meteorus pallidipes, Wesm.

Perilitus pallipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,
Da 29a 42
Meteorus pallipes, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
Ap elibs Pe

Black ; face, clypeus, and orbits of the eyes broadly, rufous ;
mouth and legs testaceous ; 4 posterior tarsi fuscescent; 2d abdo-
minal segment piceous or subrufous, but often black; antenne
fuscous, paler at the extreme base. Wings nearly hyaline,
squamule and stigma yellow, the latter often edged with fuscous ;
nervures fusco-testaceous; recurrent nervure rejected ; 2nd cubital
areolet not narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal grooves distinct.
Terebra as long as 3 of the abdomen. ¢ 2. Length, 24; wings,
5 lin. ;

Var. Face and eclypeus paler; mandibles and palpi whitish;
2d abdominal segment testaceous. Ruthe.

Strongly resembles ictericus, Nees, but, besides the black colour,
it may be known by the nearer approach of the eyes in front,
whereby the face becomes narrower below than above; the shape
of the 2d cubital areolet; and the comparative shortness of the
petiole. Antenne § ? 28—38l1-jointed, as long as the body, fili-
form, nigro-fuscous, the 2 basal joints hardly paler. Under side of
the prothorax piceous. Wesmael’s specimens had the humeral
angles of the mesothorax rufous, which was not the case with
Ruthe’s, nor is it seen in the English examples. Metathorax short,
convex, almost vertical behind, intricato-rugose. First abdominal
segment striolated, more convex transversely, and with a shorter
and broader petiole than that of ¢ctericus; segment 2 entirely
black, piceous, or piceo-testaceous. Second cubital areolet large,
very little broader than long, not narrowed towards the costa;
recurrent nervure entering the 1st cubital areolet close to its lower
angle.

British Braconide. 103

Described from two females, one male, taken near
Abergavenny, St. Albans, and Northampton; and three
females in Fitch’s collection, captured by Bridgman.
Taken not uncommonly by Capron at Shiere. ~

. 8. Meteorus confinis, Ruthe.

Meteorus confinis, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
[Oa ders tak

Rufo-testaceous, variable; palpi whitish; antenne fuscous at
the tips, and all the articulations dusky ; legs and 2d abdominal
segment always pale testaceous ; stemmaticum, occiput, 3 patches
on the lobes of the mesothorax, disk of the metathorax, with the
rest of the abdomen, more or less piceous or black; joints of the
4 posterior tarsi tipped with fuscous. Wings hyaline, squamule
and stigma yellow, the latter edged beneath with fuscous ; ner-
vures fuseous; recurrent nervure rejected; 2d cubital areolet
somewhat narrowed towards the radius; radius distinct, but the
other outer nervures of both wings decolorous. Tracheal grooves
distinct. Terebra as longas the abdomen. ¢ @. Length, 14;
wings, 3% lin. ‘

Another species closely allied to ictericus, but certainly distinct.
It is much smaller; the joints of the antenne are fewer in number >
the outer longitudinal nervures of the wings are obsolete ; the 1st
abdominal segment is broader and shorter in proportion. The
extremes of coloration (in six examples) are as follows: the palest
3 has only the apex of the abdomen black, the other markings are
pale piceous and subobsolete ; the darkest has all the markings
above mentioned equally black; the others, and the 9, are inter-
mediate. Ruthe possessed only two females ; having taken the ¢,
Tam able to complete the description. Antenne of the g longer
than the body, testaceous or fuscous, darker towards the tips, 29-
jointed; of the ? 27-jointed, about } the length of the body. Meta-
thorax intricato-rugulose, obliquely truncated behind, the posterior
surface presenting a smooth area, margined by a raised line. First
abdominal segment about 2 of the length of the abdomen, faintly
and irregularly striolated, darkest in the middle, the two ends
testaceous.

Common. Very likely to be confounded with tctericus.

T found five males, one female, in meadows near North-
ampton, and three males, one female, near Leicester.

104 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

9. Meteorus facialis, Ruthe.

Meteorus facialis, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
P- 2255 oe

?. Black; orbits of the eyes above and behind obscurely
rufous (or there is a dull rufous spot on each side of the vertex) ;
antenne testaceous, fuscous at the apex; or fuscous, the base of
the flagellum testaceous, the scape and the other joints piceous ;
2d abdominal segment, and legs, rufo-testaceous, hind pair of the
latter somewhat darker, their coxe piceous, and their tarsi sub-
infuscated. Wings hyaline, stigma luteous, its outer and lower
angles indeterminately brown ; squamule rufo-testaceous, nervures
pale fuseous ; recurrent nervure considerably rejected; 2d cubital
areolet very slightly narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal
grooves minute. Terebra equal to % of the abdomen.

$. Black; legs and lateral margins of the 2d abdominal seg-
ment piceous. Wings slightly infumated; squamule testaceous ;
nervures piceous; stigma fuscous, with a pale spot at the imner
angle ; recurrent nervure joining the Ist cubital areolet at about
i of its length. g ?. Length, 2—2!; wings, 44—42 lin.
. The form is that of ictericws, and the size nearly equal. Heada
little narrower than the thorax, much contracted behind the eyes;
face subquadrate, shining brown in the ?, clypeus of the same
colour, convex, smooth; on each side of the vertex is an orbital
spot, dull red, narrowly prolonged towards the antenne, and con-
tinued round the posterior margin of the eyes, becoming wider
beneath (in the English 9 there is merely a vertical spot). Palpi
pale brown. Antenne filiform, longer than the body, 35-jointed ;
of the ? rather stout, shorter than the body, filiform, 28—82-
jointed. Pro- and mesothorax entirely black or blackish, beset
with whitish pubescence more thickly than in most other species.
Mesothorax with two crenulate strie ending before the scutellum
in a rugose depression. Pleure rugose, with a shining smooth
medial space ; the usual furrow wide, shallow, and rugose. Meta-
thorax convex, intricato-rugulose, with a faint medial carina.
Abdomen as long as, and narrower than, the head and thorax ;
segment 1 black, its apex piceous; segment 2 in the @ testaceous,
the rest nigro-piceous ; inthe § only the margins of the 2d segment
are piceous ; belly of the same colour. Segment 1 slender, but the
petiole not much narrowed, finely striolated, the strix confused
and subreticulate; tubercles situated at about 4 from the base.
First abscissa of the radius shorter than the 2d. According to
Ruthe the recurrent nervure is rejected into the 1st cubital areolet
somewhat more than the length of the Ist abscissa.

British Braconide. 105

For the description of the ¢ Iam indebted to Capron ;
it is remarkable for having dark-coloured legs, not often
seen in the present genus.

The $ was taken by Capron at Shiere, and the ? by
me near Barnstaple.

10. Meteorus vexator, Hal.

9. ‘Black, shining; mouth, antenne at the base, and legs,
ferruginous ; segment 1 obconic, elongate, and attenuated at the
base; stigma very large, fuscous, with a pale spot; terebra as long
as the abdomen. Very like delator (sp. 25), and filator (sp. 24),
intermediate in size, and distinguished from filator by a shorter
petiole. Eyes large; clypeus narrowed inferiorly, fusco-ferruginous ;
antenne 19—20-jointed.”’ Haliday.

g. Antenne longer than the body, 29-jointed, fuscous, joints
1—2 rufous. Sides of the prothorax testaceous; 1st abdominal
segment at the apex, and 2d at the base, indeterminately pale
piceous; legs testaceous. Wings subfusco-hyaline; squamule
testaceous ; nervures piceous; stigma fuscous, conspicuous, as
large as the 1st cubital areolet; 2d cubital areolet much narrowed
towards the radius, forming a truncated triangle; recurrent ner-
vure interstitial. Metathorax not convex, sloping gradually from
the base, almost smooth, crossed near the base by a transverse
carina. Abdomen shorter than the thorax; 1st segment irregularly
striolated, short, three times broader at the apex than at the petiole ;
posterior segments broad, ovate. Head large, broader than the
thorax. Tracheal grooves distinct. g. Length, 1}; wings,
34 lin.

Not common, according to Haliday. The ? is unknown
to me; the ¢ I took in Leicestershire ; the great size of
the stigma refers it to this species, but the condition is
bad, and the colours obscured; that of the wings may
be entirely fallacious.

11. Meteorus obfuscatus, Nees.

Bracon obfuscatus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811,
De 22,6 -

Perilitus obfuscatus, Nees, Mon., 1., 37, ¢; Ratz., Ichn.
de Borstal... 0,.ae 2:

Meteorus obfuscatus, Hal., Ent. Mag., i1., 31, 3 °.

Zele thoracicus, Cur., B. H., 415, 9.

106 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Perilitus formosus, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 36, 9; Meteorus formosus, Reinh., Berl.
ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 26, note, Sd ?.

Variable; usually black, palpi and legs testaceous; pro- and
mesothorax, with the scutellum, and abdominal segments 2—3,
rufo-testaceous ; 8 fuscous spots on the mesothoracic lobes ; antennze
rufo-testaceous on their basal half, thence to the apex fuscous.
Wings hyaline; squamule testaceous; nervures fuscescent, be-
coming testaceous outwardly ; stigma large, fuscous, its inner angle
determinately testaceous; recurrent nervure rejected or sub-
rejected; 2d cubital areolet not narrowed towards the radius.
Tracheal grooves distinct. Terebra somewhat shorter than the
abdomen. § 9. Length, 2—24; wines, 4—44 lin.

In varieties the mesothorax or the abdomen may be entirely
black or piceous, and the pectus rufo-testaceous; or the abdomen
more or less piceous, and paler in the middle; but in any case the
species is sufficiently declared by its structure. Head broader than
the thorax, hardly contracted behind the eyes. Antenne of the 2
not much longer than > the body, submoniliform at the apex,
24—27-jointed (according to Reinhard even 23-jointed) ; those of
the g longer than the body, filiform, 29—80-jomted. Metathorax
short, abruptly sloping, almost truncate behind, hardly excavated
posteriorly, reticulato-rugulose, indistinctly areated by a medial
carina which bifureates at the declivity. First abdominal segment
irregularly striolated, with a short, margined petiole; tubercles
not salient, antemedial.

Described from 16 females, 10 males. The synonymy
above given is not at all doubtful, notwithstanding some
small diser epancies in the authors cited, due to the want
of sufficient examples, or to the attachment of too much
importance to colours. A common, solitary parasite of
fungivorous larvee of Coleoptera. Wesmael was the first
to suspect this circumstance: he received specimens
from Lieve found among boleti, and considered it
probable that they came out of Orehesia micans, Panz.,
which was common in the same locality. This has since
been abundantly confirmed: according to Ratzeburg
many examples were reared from this beetle by Reissig,
Wissmann, and Tischbein. In my collection are six
specimens, the remains of a larger number, which were
given to me together with an Orchesia, to show from
what source they were bred. In [itch’s collection are
20 on a card, procured from a boletus on an apple-tree at

British Braconide. 107

Maldon in July; Capron finds the species at Shiere,
near Guildford. According to Reinhard, Sichel’s col-
lection at Paris contains a set of 10 reared from the
larve of Triplax russica, L., by Lespés. The whitish
cocoons of the parasites are attached to the bellies of
the larve.

12. Meteorus punctiventris, Ruthe.

Meteorus punctiventris, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
205 d42

Black; variable; clypeus, mouth, palpi, mesothorax sometimes
in part, 2d abdominal segment, and legs, flavo-testaceous; hind
cox sometimes more or less piceous; antenne not paler at the base,
only the radicle testaceous. Wings subhyaline; squamule testa-
ceous; stigma fuscous, more or less determinately pale at the base ;
recurrent nervure falling into the extreme apex of the Ist cubital
areolet, subinterstitial; 2d cubital areolet not narrowed towards
the radius. Tracheal grooves distinct. First abdominal segment
punctate in the middle longitudinally, rimulose at the sides.
Terebra as long as the abdomen. § 2. Length g 1;—2}; wings,
3—4 lin.; ? 13—13; wings, 23—3 lin.

Var. a. 9. Mesothoracie sutures, the space before the scutellum
into which they connive, and sides of the prothorax, testaceous.

Var. 8. %. Stigma fuscous, hardly paler at the base; 2d abdo-
minal segment fuscous at the sides.

Var. y. ¢ 2. Face, orbits, and sides of the thorax obscurely
rufous. Antenne fusco-testaceous, darker towards the apex.
Ruthe’s two specimens.

Head black, only the clypeus.and sometimes the lower part of
the face, testaceous; vertical orbits in one specimen with an
indistinct rufous line. Thorax either entirely black, or the sides
and disk testaceous, but so that black patches remain upon the
8 mesothoracie lobes. Four posterior tarsi, and tips of the hind
femora, with their tibie, subinfuscated. Both sexes vary con-
siderably in size, but the smallest 2? was bred together with the
others, leaving no doubt of its identity.

Head as wide as the thorax, rounded behind the eyes; face
somewhat transverse, narrowed beneath; clypeus shining, mode-
rately convex. Antenne $ 31—32-jointed, setaceous, longer than
the body; of the @ 28—29-jointed, longer than the head and
thorax, the 6 ante-apical joints as broad as long. Pleure shining,
sparingly aciculated. Metathorax intricato-rugulose. Abdomen
as long as the head and thorax, equally attenuated at both ends in

108 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the 2, more obtusely lanceolate in the $; segment 1 shaped as in
ictericus, with a medial row of confused punctures which become
striz on each side, and are a good character for the determination
of the species; segment 2 blackish on its hinder margin; the rest
nigro-piceous, becoming paler towards the anus. Stigma half
fuscous, half yellow, or the dark colour predominates more or less ;
2d cubital areolet trapeziform. The males are larger than the
females (those at least seen by me), and less disposed to exhibit
testaceous markings.

Described from nine males, four females. The latter
were bred by Porritt from Scoparia angusta, Ste. Two
males in Fitch’s collection were reared from Scoparia
murana, Cur., by W. H. B. Fletcher. Bignell captured
sixteen females, two males, on a plum-tree, and four
other males elsewhere in South Devon. I found several
specimens, all males, in the neighbourhood of Teign-
mouth.

18. Meteorus jaculator, Hal.

Meteorus jaculator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 34, 2.
M. obscurellus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 29, 2 .

Black; metathorax and abdomen sometimes piceous; mouth
and clypeus testaceous; palpi pale; mandibles tipped with fuscous ;
antenne and 4 posterior tarsi fuscous, the rest of the legs testaceous
or pale piceous, hind tibiz sometimes darker. Wings whitish
hyaline; squamul pale; stigma piceous, scarcely paler at the base ;
nervures pale ; recurrent nervure subinterstitial ; 2d cubital areolet
narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal grooves distinct. Terebra
as long as the abdomen and metathorax. g 2. Length, 14;
wings, 24 lin.

The smallest British species. Antenne of the only ¢ 26-jointed,
rather longer than the body; of the ? equal to 3? of the body,
20—25-jointed, entirely piceous, the subapical joints scarcely
longer than broad. Face transverse, not narrowed inferiorly, with
an impression at the base of the clypeus. Pleure nearly smooth,
the usual furrow having only a few wrinkles. Metathorax nar-
rowed posteriorly, finely reticulato-rugulose, its hinder declivity
not defined. Anterior margin of the 2d abdominal segement paler
than the rest of the surface ; segment 1 obconic, hardly curved,
finely rimulose, its apex almost smooth; tracheal grooves minute.
Wings and stigma rather large; nervures of great tenuity; cubital
and anal nervures decolorous. Legs pale, with a piceous shade on
the hind coxe, tibiae, and tarsi.

British Braconide. 109

Described from six females, one male, in Fitch’s col-
lection and my own, taken near St. Albans and Leicester.
Found by Haliday rarely in North Iveland ; in Germany
once by Ruthe. Capron has taken a ? at Shiere.

14. Meteorus atrator, Cur.

Zele atrator,; Cur., B. ., 415, 1, 2.

Meteorus atrator, Hal., Ent. Mag., ill., 382, 2.

Perilitus similator, Nees, Mon., i., 41, 2; Wesm.,
Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1885, p. 34, 3 2.

Meteorus similator, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
Ds 005.0 9:

Black; antenne at the base, mouth, elypeus, prothorax wholly
or in part, and legs, testaceous; hind legs infuscated ; 2d abdo-
minal segment rufo-testaceous or piceous. Wings hyaline or sub-
infumated ; squamuli testaceous; stigma fuscous, hyaline at the
base and more narrowly at the apex, or unicolorous; recurrent
nervure slightly rejected, sometimes interstitial ; 2d cubital areolet
broad, subquadrate. ‘Tracheal grooves distinct. Terebra as long
as the abdomen and metathorax. g ?. Length, 2—2%; wings,
33—43 lin.

The English @ specimens correspond to the mutilated example
described by Curtis and Haliday; in them the prothorax is either
wholly black or only testaceous at the sides; the antenne are
piceous at the base, or testaceous only on the under side of the
2 basal joints; the 2d abdominal segment is rufo-piceous; the
wings are not lacteo-hyaline as described by Ruthe; the hind coxe
are fuscous at the base, and the hind legs altogether infuscated.
The $ (which I have not seen) is similar, according to Ruthe, but
the piceous portions of the body are darker; according to Wesmael
the humeral angles of the metathorax are testaceous. No doubt
the species varies, and a good series is required to exhibit its
changes completely. Head as wide as the thorax; palpi, man-
dibles, and clypeus testaceous, the last broad and depressed.
Antenne of the ? stout, filiform, half as long as the body, 22—27-
jointed; those of the 3 setaceous, longer than the body, 35-jointed.
Metathorax short, not very convex, rugulose, with traces of a
medial area and of a longitudinal carina. First abdominal segment
rimulose at the sides and apex, punctato-rugulose in the middle,
elongate, its apex only twice as wide as the base. Nervures of the
wings very fine; cubital and anal nervures hardly visible; one ?
in Fitch’s collection wants the 2d intercubital in both fore wings.

110 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Described from 11 females in Fitch’s collection, mostly
taken by him at Maldon in June and July; three marked
‘* Huddersfield”? were bred by Porritt, but it is not stated
from what larva: three females sent to Bridgman by W.
H. B. Fletcher were found in old birds’-nests containing
several different insects.

Obs. Nees v. Esenbeck has referred to this species
the Bracon cis of Bouché, bred from the larve of Cis
boleti, Scop. (Mon., u., 899); but the small size of the
beetle renders this impossible. See MW. profligator, Hal.,
sp. 26, infra.

15. Meteorus albicornis, Ruthe.

Perilitus brevipes, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 388, ¢; not of his Supplement, lb. cit.,
1838, p. 141, ¢.

Meteorus brevipes, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
D004 0).

M. albicornis, Ruthe, lib. cit., p. 84, 2.

Black; antenne ? white tipped with fuscous; mouth and legs
dull rufo-testaceous; 2d abdominal segment piceous. Wings
small, especially of the 9, infusecated, with a whitish streak under
the stigma; squamule testaceous; nervures and stigma fuscous,
the latter hyaline at the inner angle; 2d abscissa of the radius
obsolete; recurrent nervure rejected; 2d cubital areolet sub-
triangular, much narrowed towards the radius. Metathorax
gibbous, coarsely rugose. Legs stout, short. Tracheal grooves
distinct. Terebra less than ! of the length of the abdomen. $ 9:
Length, 2; wings, 33 lin.

Head very little narrower than the thorax; vertex short; cheeks
produced below the eyes; face almost twice as broad as long,
carinated in the middle, punctulate ; mandibles tipped with fuscous ;
palpi short, dull testaceous. Antenne of the ? stouter than in
any other species, rather shorter than the body, filiform, 32-jointed,
joints 8—15 yellowish white, the following joints blackish; two
basal joints piceous; those of the g 4 longer than the body,
setaceous, 383—386-jointed, blackish, piceous towards the base.
Thorax stout, coarsely sculptured, the prescutellar fovea longer
than usual, whence the scutellum itself appears small. Sides of
the prothorax and furrow of the mesopleure rugoso-punctate.
Metathorax subelongate, gibbous, somewhat excavated behind,
coarsely and irregularly reticulato-rugose. Abdomen about as long
as the head and thorax, and in the middle as broad as the latter ;

British Braconide. Tid

segment 1 forming less than 4 of its entire length, gradually
widened from the base to the apex, the latter of which is about
4 times as wide as the former, regularly and deeply striated.
tracheal grooves large ; segment 2 more or less piceous or testaceous
anteriorly, darker behind, sometimes entirely black. Terebra
shorter than in any other species, the valves slender, whitish,
piceous at the base. Wines short, reaching very little beyond the
abdomen; those of the ? are also narrow; radial areolet small ;
2d abscissa of the radius nearly extinct, the 8d abscissa being con-
nected with the lst by a short sudden curve.

Wesmael discovered the % near Brussels, and obtained
seven specimens ; afterwards he described what he sup-
posed to be the ?, in his Supplement, but this is a
different species, having the terebra elongate, &c., and
probably the 2° of brunnipes, Ruthe. The brevipes of
Wesmael being thus made up of two different species, I
have discarded the name in favour of albicornis, Ruthe.
Ruthe possessed 26 males of Wesmael’s brevipes collected
near Berlin; and some years afterwards detected two
females near the same place, which he described as
albicornis, hesitating to jom them with brevipes, on
account of Wesmael’s mistake, though well aware of
their affinity to that species. Accident threw both sexes
in my way at the same time, before I had read Ruthe’s
monograph; of their identity I never had any doubt,
and the question may be regarded as settled.

Described from one female, six males, in the collections
of Fitch, Bignell, and in my own. ‘Two males are from
Devonshire ; the rest, with the female, I found near St.
Albans. ,

16. Meteorus abdominator, Nees. (Pl. V., fig. 9).

Bracon abdominator, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811,
[Oe oe

Perilitus abdominator, Nees, Mon., i., 115, 9; Wesm.,
Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835, p. 47, pl. 1., f. 5
(wing), d 2.

Meteorus abdominator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 27 ; Ruthe,
Berl. ent. Acits.,. 1862, p. 88, ¢ 2; 8. v. Voll.,
Pinac:, plexliy., 1.°5, 3.

Black ; palpi pale fuscous; basal half of the flagellum in the 9

sometimes, mandibles, 2d abdominal segment, and legs, more or
less clear rufous ; hind femora and tibix black at the apex. Wings

112 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

infumated, with a whitish streak under the stigma; squamule
rufous; nervures stout, fuscous, rufo-testaceous at the base of the
wing; stigma fuscous, its inner angle rufous; recurrent nervure
rejected; 2d cubital areolet narrowed towards the radius; 2d
abscissa of the radius distinct. Metathorax convex, coarsely
rugose. Tracheal grooves distinct. Legs stout. Terebra longer
than } the abdomen. ¢ 9. Length, 2—23; wings, 8}—4} lin.

Head as broad as the thorax; face almost twice as wide as long,
not narrower below, not carinated, punctulate; above the clypeus
is a shining oval protuberance; mandibles tipped with fuscous.
Antenne ? 4 of the length of the body, filiform, 22—25-jointed ;
of the 3 longer than the body, setaceous, 28—82-jointed, not paler
at the base of the flagellum. Thorax less robust than in the last
species, coarsely sculptured, the prescutellar fovea large and deep,
bisected by acarina. Sides of the prothorax gibbous, rugose, as is
also the furrow of the mesopleure. Metathorax not elongate,
regularly convex, somewhat excavated behind, coarsely and irregu-
larly reticulato-rugose. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax,
more attenuated behind than in albicornis, segment 2 more
brightly rufous; segment 1 about + of the whole length of the
abdomen, widened suddenly at the tubercles and thence more
gradually to the apex, which is about 4 times wider than the base,
striolated; tracheal grooves elongate, conspicuous; segment 2
seldom entirely black, rufous at least anteriorly, even in the 9;
segment 3 also sometimes rufescent at the base. Terebra exceeding
3 or } of the abdomen; the valves black. The infumated wings
are rather narrow in both sexes, and reach but little beyond the
anus; 2d cubital narrowed towards the radius, but not so much as
to destroy the 2d abscissa. Hind tarsi entirely, the others at the
apex, fuscous.

Described from ten females, three males. Common.
Taken at Maldon by Fitch ; by Thurless near Norwich ;
by Capron near Guildford ; by me in Birch Wood, near
St. Albans, Abergavenny, Teignmouth, &c. According
to Haliday frequent in Ireland.

17. Meteorus micropterus, Hal.
Meteorus nucropterus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iti., 27, 3 2.

Head, thorax, Ist abdominal segment, and hind cox, black;
mouth, antenne, legs, and the rest of the abdomen, piceous;
or the abdomen black with only segment 2 piceous; g% often
entirely black, with piceous legs. Wings narrow, hardly longer

British Braconide. 113

than the abdomen, infumated, with a whitish streak beneath the
fuscous stigma; squamule and nervures piceous; recurrent ner-
vure rejected ; 2d cubital areolet narrowed towards the radius, of
which the 2d abscissa is as long as the Ist. Tracheal grooves
obsolete. Terebra longer than } the abdomen. g @. Length,
13}—21; wings, 21 —4 lin.

Head broader than the thorax; face gibbous; eyes small; palpi
short. Antenne ? as long as the head and thorax, stout, sub-
moniliform, piceous or subferruginous, darker at the apex, 283—25-
jointed; those of the g similar but 24—27-jointed, not much
shorter than the body. Thorax subeompressed. Metathorax finely
reticulato-rugose. First abdominal segment narrow, curved, with
medial tubercles, behind which it is very slightly dilated to the
apex, which is rather more than 3 times wider than the petiole ;
almost smooth, or sparingly exarated; the rest of the abdomen, or
only the 2d segment, piceous or subferruginous; belly compressed,
truncated behind. The wings of the g are less narrowed and
abbreviated than those of the 2, which are probably too small for
flight.

The species is nearly akin to brunnipes, Ruthe, also
short-winged, but differmg in the possession of distinct
tracheal grooves, slender legs, &c. ; the same characters
distinguish the preceding species from micropterus, but
the two are nearly allied.

Deseribed from two females, four males. Fitch has
taken the @ at Maldon. The rest are from the Yorkshire
moors near Scarborough. ‘The species has not been
noticed on the Continent.

18. Meteorus pulchricornis, Wesm.

Perilitus pulchricornis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 42, d 2.

Meteorus pulchricornis, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
Dese0se 2

Rufo-testaceous, variable; face, prothorax, and legs flavo-testa-
ceous; femora and tibie rufescent, in the hind pair tipped with
black ; antenne after the 2d joint testaceous, becoming gradually
darker towards the apex; disk of the metathorax, Ist abdominal
segment always, 3d and 4th generally, black. Wings hyaline ;
squamule rufo-testaceous; stigma fuscous, with a pale anterior
margin; nervures pale fuscous, testaceous at the base ; recurrent
nervure subinterstitial; 2d cubital areolet slightly narrowed towards

114 Rey. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

the radius. Thorax broad, robust; metathorax as wide as the

mesothorax. IT irst abdominal segment much dilated posteriorly.

Tracheal grooves distinct. Hind coxe punctulato-rugulose. Terebra

about equal to ¥of the abdomen. g @. Length, 2—23; wings,
4—4$ lin.

Var. a. Posterior segments of the abdomen rufous or testaceous,
with or without a black common patch on the disk. $ 9.
Common.

Var. 6. Entirely black above except the face, orbits, scutellum,
and 2d abdominal segment ; this last is nearly filled up by a trans-
verse fuscous fascia. Two males.

Var. y. Like the last, but the sutures and central space of the
mesothorax are rufous. One male.

Var. 6. Occiput black ; mesothorax rufous with black sutures ;
metathorax rufous at the sides. One male.

Var. «. Metathorax and tips of the hind femora slightly infus-
cated; abdomen rufo-testaceous, 2d segment flavo-testaceous.
Wesmael.

Head narrower than the large gibbous thorax; face subquadrate,
somewhat rugulose transversely. Mandibles and palpi flavo-
testaceous. Antenne $ ? filiform, 29—31-jointed; in the @ as
long as the body, testaceous nearly to the middle, each joint annu-
lated with fuscous, thence to the apex gradually darkened ; in the
$ longer than the body, the flagellum to a greater extent, or
entirely, fuscous. Mesothoracic lobes prominent, forming (as seen
from above) with the scutellum, 4 equidistant shining tuberosities;
prescutellar fovea crenate. Furrow of the mesopleure broad,
shallow, rugoso-punctate. Metathorax broader than usual, convex,
densely reticulato-rugose, abruptly sloping behind, and there éxea-
vated. Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, and at its widest
part somewhat narrower than the latter ; segment 1 forming more
than 2 of its entire length; tubercles post-medial; regularly
striated ; petiole dilated at the extreme base, and often rufous; it
begins to dilate again before the tubercles, and is gradually widened
to the apex, which is about 4 times wider than the base; tracheal
grooves large and deep. Stigma dark brown, margined with pale
colour on its costal edge, and with its two angles paler; but the
border is sometimes confused more or less with the fuscous disk.
Ground colour of cox and legs flavo-testaceous; femora and tibie
rufescent in the middle; tarsi pale ; claws fuscous.

Described from 18 females, 24 males. A common
species, and singularly omitted by Haliday, unless per-
haps it is included in some of his varieties of pendulator

British Braconide. 115

(Ent. Mag., iii., 29), especially vars. ¢,¢, from the banks
of the Shannon. The specimens used by me, 42 in
number, are mostly in Fitch’s and Bignell’s collections,
and many of them have been bred. Bignell has obtained
them from Agrotis agathina, Dup., several out of the
same larva; from Agrotis strigula, Thunb., May 10th ;
Teniocampa stabilis, View.; Hibernia leucopheria, Schiff. ;
Anisopteryx escularia, Schiff.; Cheimatobia brumata, L. ;
Oporabia dilutata, Bork. ; and Harpella Geoffroyella, Li.
Bridgman reared one from Scoparia truncicolella, Staint. ;
and three came from a geometrical larva in my keeping,
the name of which 1 did not ascertain; one of the
cocoons thus obtained produced the hyperparasite Meso-
chorus confusus, Holmer. It appears that two, three, or
four of these Meteort infest the same caterpillar, if it be
large enough ; in other cases they are solitary. Cocoon
like that of ictericus (sp. 6), pensile, greyish brown and
glistening, as if varnished.

19. Meteorus melanostictus, Capron, MS., n. s.

Nigro-piceus ; prothoracis latera cum capite femine rufo-testacea,
stemmatico, occipite, rigricantibus; maris caput nigro-piceum ;
orbitze plus minus, prothoracis latera cum pectore toto, nonnun-
quam etiam cum scutelli apice, rufo-testacea. Pedes testacei, tibiis
posticis apice et ante basin fuscis, basi ipsa exalbida, tarsis fuscis.
Ale subhyaline ; squamule testacex ; stigma unicolor cum nervis
nigro-piceum ; nervus recurrens femine plane evectus, maris
plerumque interstitialis, rarius paulo evectus; areola cubitalis 2da
radium versus non angustata. Metathorax convexus, medio cari-
natus, postice excavatus, intricato-rugosus. Abdominis segmentum
lmum striolatum, apice triplo latius quam basi, tuberculis mediis,
fossulis spiracularibus conspicuis. Terebra abdonainis dimidio
brevior.

Nigro-piceous; head and sides of prothorax in the ? rufo-
testaceous, stemmaticum and occiput piceous; head of the J nigro-
piceous, the orbits more or less, sides of prothorax, pectus, and
sometimes apex of scutellum, rufo-testaceous; legs testaceous;
hind tibize fuscous at the apex and faintly before the base, which is
whitish ; tarsi fuscous. Wings subhyaline ; squamule testaceous ;
stigma unicolorous, and, with the nervures, nigro-piceous; recurrent
nervure of the ? distinctly evected, of the g interstitial, in one
example only evected; 2d cubital areolet not narrowed towards
the radius. Metathorax convex, carinated in the middle, excavated

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—pParR' II. (JUNE.) K

116 Rey. ‘I’. A. Marshall's monograph of

posteriorly, intricato-rugose. First abdominal segment striolated,
3 times wider at the apex than at the base; tubercles medial ;
tracheal grooves distinct. Terebra shorter than 4} the abdomen.
36 2. Length, 23; wings, 5 lin.

Head transverse, slightly contracted behind the eyes. Antenne
nearly filiform in both sexes; in the g longer than the body,
34—35-jointed; in the ? about as long as the body, 25—28-jointed,
the two basal joints testaceous. Palpi pale. The whole under side
ot the thorax is testaceous, except the pectus of my 2 specimen ;
this character, as well as the rufous scutellum of one example, and
the general structure of all, brings the species very near to scwtel-
lator (sp. 20); the differences, however, are obvious; in melano-
stictus the stigma is uniformly blackish ; the recurrent nervure in
Capron’s specimens of the 9, and in one of my males, is distinctly
evected; in the other males itis interstitial, as in scuwfellator. The
direction of the recurrent nervure is not constant in the different
species, and causes a difficulty in determining their limits; but it
is at most only a secondary character.

Described from three females, five males. The de-
scription of the ? was communicated by Capron, to
which I have added what relates to the other sex. The
females were taken at Shiere, the males at Nunton, but
there is no doubt that they belong to the same species,
and that the species is new.

20. Meteorus scutellator, Nees.

Perilitus scutellator, Nees, Mon., i.,38; Wesm., Nouv.
Mem-7Ac> Brux., lesnepyo Osan on

Meteorus scutellator, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
p41, 3.25 Sv. Voll Ringe. plexi. ace

Black; palpi pale; face, clypeus, mandibles, antenne at the base
beneath, more broadly in the ?, orbits of the eyes sometimes,
pleure, pectus, scutellum and 2d abdominal segment, rufo-testa-
ceous; mesopleure sometimes blackish in front; hind tibie and
tarsi more or less infuscated at the apex. Wings hyaline;
squamule and stigma yellow; nervures flavo-fuscous; recurrent
nervure interstitial ; 2d cubital areolet scarcely narrowed towards
the radius. ‘Tracheal grooves small, distinct. Terebra as long
as 2of the abdomen. ¢ 9. Length, 2—23; wings, 44—6 lin.

Var. Rufous; metathorax black; Ist abdominal segment
piceous towards the apex; stigma rufo-fulvous. One male in
Fitcn’s collection.

British Braconide. iby

Somewhat variable. Prothorax usually testaceous, the neck
blackish, seldom entirely pale; sometimes black at the sides, and
margined above with rufous. Disk of the mesothorax from black
passing into piceous and testaceous ; scutellum, pleur, and pectus
rufo-testaceous. Metathorax black, but with a more or less rufous
triangular patch above the hind cox, sometimes overspreading
the whole disk except the middle. Segment 2 paler than the
pleure ; the following segments seldom concolorous, usually more
or less blackened, especially in the j. Belly rufo-testaceous or
piceous, in various shades. Head rather narrower than the thorax 5
face flat, quadrate; clypeus convex. Antenne ? as long as the
body, subsetaceous, 33—35-jointed; of the g much longer, also
subsetaceous, 35-jointed; entirely fuscous, or the 2 basal joints in
the g and more in the ? are testaceous underneath. Furrow of
the mesopleure shining, smooth, finely crenulate at the base.
Metathorax not very convex, finely reticulato-rugose, with a medial
carina. First abdominal segment regularly striolated, more than
x Of the abdomen in length, gradually widened from the post-
medial tubercles to the apex, which is 8 times broader than the
base; tracheal grooves comparatively minute. The stigma is
sometimes infuscated on its inner margin, and rarely altogether of
a darker colour; the recurrent neryure is usually interstitial, but
sometimes deviates slightly to one side or the other.

Described from seven females, four males. Common.
In Fitch’s collection are a 3 ? bred by him and Bignell
from Teniocampa stabilis, View. Bignell and Hellins
bred it from Scopelosoma satellitia, L.; and Bignell
others from Noctua triangulum, Hufn., Calymnia trape-
zina, L., and Ocneria dispar, L.; the last-mentioned
larva was from Switzerland. Cocoon pensile, exactly
like that of pulchricornis and ictericus, only larger.

21. Meteorus unicolor, Wesm. (Pl. V., fig. 10).

Perilitus unicolor, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 41, go 2; not of Ratz., 1., 76, 11., 56.
Meteorus unicolor, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
p. 43, 0 2
Testaceous with hardly a rufous tinge; antenne fuscous beyond
the middle, and all the articulations ringed with the same colour ;
1st abdominal segment piceous, paler at the base ; tarsi pale; claws
fuscous. Wings hyaline, squamuli, stigma, and nervures at the
base yellow, the rest of the neuration fuscescent ; recurrent ner-
vure interstitial; 2d cubital areolet subquadrate, not narrowed

118 Rey. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

towards the radius. Tracheal grooves distinct. Terebra equal to
} or 3 of the abdomen. $9. Length, 24; wings, 5 lin.

Apart from the colour there is little to distinguish this from the
last species. It is, however, somewhat smaller, the antenne are
longer, and their basal half is always pale; those of the ? are
32—34-jointed; those of the g 29- (in one British example), in
that adduced by Ruthe 33-jomted. Metathorax regularly rounded,
reticulato-rugulose, with or without a medial carina. First seg-
ment forming nearly } of the entire length of the abdomen,
regularly striolated.

Described from one male, five females, in the col-
lections of Fitch and Bignell; the former has taken the
? at Maldon; the latter bred the ¢, June 28th, from
Tethea retusa, L., and the remaining females also in
June from Orthosia lota, Clerck.

22. Meteorus consors, Ruthe.

Meteorus consors, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
p. 44, 2.

Rufo-testaceous, face and legs paler; vertex, occiput, 3 bands on
the lobes of the mesothorax, metathorax, pectus, and 1st abdominal
seement blackish; antennie except the base, hind femora and tibize
at the tips, with their tarsi, fuscescent. Wings hyaline; squamule
testaceous; nervures fuscescent; stigma flavo-testaceous, its outer
lower half indeterminately fuscous; recurrent nervure interstitial
or subinterstitial ; 2d cubital areolet hardly narrowed towards the
radius, ‘Tracheal grooves distinct. ‘Terebra as long as the abdo-
men. 9. Length, 24; wings, 44 ln.

Head a little narrower than the thorax, black above and on the
occiput; face and mouth rufo-testaceous ; palpi whitish. Antenne
nearly as long as the body, filiform, 81—#4-jointed, fuscous, paler
beneath, joints 1—2 dull testaceous. Ground colour of the thorax
testaceous ; according to Ruthe only the metathorax and post-
scutellum, occasionally also the middle lobe of the mesothorax, are
infuseated; but in British examples the 3 mesothoracic lobes,
pleure, and pectus are often blackish. Metathorax somewhat
elongate, reticulato-rugulose, slightly excavated behind. Abdomen
slender, at its broadest part narrower than the thorax; segment 1
a little shorter than all the rest taken together, black, rimulose,
with a short petiole and inconspicuous tubercles, behind which it is
insensibly dilated to the apex, this last being 3 times wider than
the petiole ; the remaining segments are either wholly testaceous

British Braconide. 119

or slightly infuscated at the sutures. Between the tracheal grooves
is an elevated ridge. Hind coxe, femora, and tibie sometimes
rufescent.

Described from seven females. In Fitch’s collection
are several specimens bred from Bryotropha domestica,
Haw.; and I have captured two others, one at St.
Albans, and the other at Nunton, Wilts.

23. Meteorus versicolor, Wesm.
Perilitus versicolor, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 48, 3 2.
Meteorus versicolor, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
p. 45, 3 2; 8. v. Voll., Pinac., Dinxlive dt ee
Perilitus bimaculatus, Wesm., lib. Cit., p. 45, 92:
Meteorus bimaculatus, Ruthe, lib. cit., pai, oe

Variable. Rufous; metathorax and abdomen black ; petiole and
Ist abdominal suture whitish; base of antenne, face, mouth, pro-
thorax, humeral angles of the mesothorax, a variable patch on
segments 2—3 in the gf, anus, and legs flavo-testaceous; hind
coxe, with their femora and tibie, more or less blackish, these
femora and tibie whitish at the base. Wings hyaline, squamule
testaceous, stigma yellow or fuscous, nervures fuscescent ; recurrent
nervure interstitial, sometimes slightly rejected; 2d cubital areolet
subquadrate, not narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal grooves
obsolete. Terebra about das long as the abdomen. 3 ?. Length,
2—21; wings, 4—5 lin.

The typical form may be known by the jet-black abdomen,
spotted with yellowish white, the whitish petiole, and the absence
of the tracheal grooves; also by the white 1st abdominal suture of
the @. p

Var.a. 3. Head and thorax rufous ; metathorax black above;
hind cox rufous ; legs flavo-testaceous. Abdomen with a whitish
petiole; hind margin of segment 1, 2 triangular transverse fascia
on segments 2—3, united by a longitudinal stripe in the middle,
yellowish white. In Wesmael’s collection.

Var. 8. 9. Head black; mesothorax and scutellum rufous ;
abdomen black, except the petiole and the 1st suture, which are
yellowish white. Hind coxa, femora, and tibie black, the last
broadly white at the base, the femora more narrowly. Bred by
Bignell.

Var. y. 2. Rufo-testaceous ; metathorax more or less infuseated ;
Ist abdominal segment with a whitish petiole, and marked before
the apex with 2 blackish confluent spots; hind femora and tibie

120 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

tipped with fuscous; recurrent nervure subinterstitial. M. bimacu-
latus, Wesm.

Var. 6. 9. First abdominal segment not whitish at the base ;
hind femora and coxe rufous. Taken by Capron.

The typical form has the head rufo-testaceous ; face yellowish ;
antenne fuscous, testaceous towards the base; palpi whitish ;
thorax rufo-testaceous, sides of the prothorax paler ; metathorax
rufous, more or less black above, or entirely black ; Ist abdominal
segment whitish nearly to the tubercles, afterwards jet-black with
a white hind margin; 2d segment either yellow, with 2 lateral
black spots varying in size in the f; or in the ? entirely black
from the coalescence of the spots, which leave only the fore
margin narrowly yellow; segment 3 (connate with 2) black in the
?, or only the suturiform articulation is pale; the following seg-
ments are entirely black, or the apex of the abdomen, with the
belly, more or less testaceous. Stigma pale, or the inner margin
brown, and that colour more or less diffused over the disk. Legs
either wholly testaceous, or the femora and tibie of the hind pair
blackened, except at the base; hind cox fuscous at the base.

Head narrower than the thorax; face flat, quadrate ; eyes and
ocelli prominent; cheeks narrow. Antenne setaceous, as long as
the body, and nearly equal in both sexes, 29—30-jointed in the ?,
32-jointed in the g. Metathorax short, reticulato-rugulose, the
posterior declivity in the ? distinct and margined above; less con-
spicuous in the J; somewhat excavated behind. Abdomen hardly
longer than the head and thorax, at its broadest part not narrower
than the latter; segment 1 occupying almost 4 of the entire
length, curved at the end of the petiole, which is smooth; from
thence gradually dilated to the apex, and striolated; the apex less
than 4 times wider than the base. Tracheal grooves none. Terebra
about 4 as long as the abdomen; Wesmael, according to his usual
practice, makes it longer, and equal to the whole abdomen.

Described from a pair, of which the @ is British ; the
3g is preserved in one of Wesmael’s boxes sent to me
from Brussels, and containing all the Braconids of the
Musée Royal, except Wesmael’s types. In the same
boxes are several specimens of M. bimaculatus, Wesm. ;
and I find three more in the Hungarian collection of
Dr. Cornelius Chyzer: one of these has the metathorax
infuscated ; their cocoons are paler than those of the
typically coloured examples. Capron has twice taken
the @ at Shiere; Bignell bred the same sex from
Geometra papilionaria, L. Reinhard, ina note appended

British Braconide. 121

to Ruthe’s description (lib. cit., p. 46), records the
rearing by himself in two successive years of about 100
of M. versicolor from the larve of Laria L-nigrum, Mull.
About a fifth part of them had the recurrent nervure
rejected, as in Bignell’s specimen, but not in Wesmael’s.
The second ceneration was not so highly coloured as the
first, corresponding to Ruthe’s description rather than to
that of Wesmael. The latter writer mentions that in
June, 1831, he found two caterpillars of Asteroscopus
sphinx, Hufn., on a lime-tree near Charleroi, which pro-
duced a number of these parasites. They made oval
brown cocoons about 2 lines long, irregularly heaped
together, and connected by threads of silk. In this
case the cocoons were evidently not suspended by a
thread ; but that of Bignell’s specimen, produced singly,
is pensile, resembling the cocoons of ictericus, except in
being of a darker colour. Van Vollenhoven mentions
the capture of this species near the Hague, and Leyden;
he has figured one of the specimens. “Ruthe possessed

four males, two females, from the neighbourhood of
Berlin.

24. Meteorus filator, Hal.

Meteorus filator, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 32, S 2.

Perilitus laticeps, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux., 1835,
Dette?

Meteorus laticeps, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
D495 2.

Black ; palpi whitish; face, clypeus, mandibles, and sides of the
prothorax partly, dull testaceous; legs, and (in the 2) the base of
the antenne, rufo-testaceous; hind femora and tibize sometimes
infuscated. Wings hyaline; squamule testaceous; nervures
fuscescent ; stigma fuscous, its inner angle paler; recurrent ner-
vure subrejected; 2d cubital areolet not narrowed towards the
radius. First abdominal segment elongate, with a linear, slender
petiole; reticulato-rugulose, with arcuate striz on each side of the
suddenly dilated condylus; tracheal grooves obsolete. Terebra
curved, aslong asthe abdomen. g @. Length, 24—23; wings,
4—4° lin.

Distinguished from the other black species by the elongate
petiole, and absence of the tracheal grooves; also, in the female
sex, by the short antenne. Head large, broader than the thorax ;
eyes large, prominent; ocellismall; face subquadrate, not carinated,
sparingly punctured. Antenne of the ? scarcely longer than the

122 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

head and thorax, stout, filiform, 23—24-jointed, testaceous, the
apical fourth part, or more, fuscous; 8 ante-apical joints sub-
quadrate ; those of the g setaceous, longer than the body, 28—31-
jointed, entirely fuscous, or with the extreme base pale. Prothorax
above and on the sides sometimes more or less rufescent. Meta-
thorax rather short, obliquely subtruncate behind, finely and irre-
cularly rugulose, indistinctly divided into 2 discal arew by 3 carine.
First abdominal segment almost as long as the rest taken together;
tubercles not salient ; petiole and condylus reticulato-rugulose, the
latter towards the apex with some additional lateral curved strie.
Segment 2 sometimes piceous at the base. Valves of the terebra
brown, darker at the apex. Hind cox sometimes infuscated at
the base; their femora and tibie at the apex, with the tarsi,
slightly infuseated. Recurrent nervure inserted into the extreme
apex of the 1st cubital areolet.

Described from one female, four males. Not un-
common. ‘Taken by Bignell in Devonshire; by me in
South Wales and Wiltshire. Wesmael possessed only
one ?, and Ruthe two. According to Haliday the ¢
occurs amongst fungi in autumn; it probably has the
same habits as obfuscatus, Nees (sp. 11). Common at
Shiere, near Guildford: ‘I have taken,’ says Capron,
in litt., ‘many females of this species by shaking pieces
of Polyporus versicolor. They were in a semi-torpid
condition, and fell from the fungus with their legs
doubled up, and feigned death; the males were abundant
in the autumn by sweeping.”

25. Meteorus delator, Hal.

Meteorus delator, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 33, 2.

“ Black, shining; mouth, antenne at the base beneath, and legs,
ferruginous, the posterior infuscated; segment 1 obconic, elongate
and attenuated at the base; stigma fuscous with a pale spot;
terebra as long as the abdomen. 9. Length, 1}; wings, 23 lin.

“Very like filator, but readily distinguished by the form of the
petiole, which is shorter than that of cinctellus (sp. 27), and
sculptured as in the preceding species; segment 2 piceous; pos-
terior legs fuscescent, the base of the articulations paler; antenne
slender, 23-jointed, obscurely ferruginous at the base beneath.

“Tnhabits with the preceding, but is much rarer.”
Haliday.

British Braconde. 128

26. Meteorus profligator, Hal.

Meteorus profligator, Hal., Ent. Mag., 11., 33, 2.
Bracon cis, Bouche, Nature. (1834), p. 149.

Black; abdominal segment 2, or all after the Ist, nigro-piceous ;
antenne fuscous, their base and the legs testaceous. Wings
hyaline ; squamule testaceous; nervures fuscescent; stigma fus-
cous, its inner angle broadly and indeterminately pale; recurrent
nervure slightly rejected; 2d cubital areolet not narrowed towards
the radius. First abdominal segment short; the rest of the abdo-
men ovate, as broad as the thorax. Tracheal grooves obsolete.
Terebra nearly as long as the abdomen. 92. Length, 14; wings,
22 lin.

Head large, wider than the thorax; palpi pale. Antenne
filiform, shorter than the body, 20—21-jointed, the last 8 joints
subquadrate. Metathorax short. reticulato-rugulose. First abdo-
minal segment with a broad, short petiole, tubercles and tracheal
grooves obsolete; insensibly dilated nearly from the base to the
apex, which is 4 times broader than the petiole, irregularly rugu-
lose ; extreme base of the petiole subdilated and pale.

Haliday’s descriptions of delator, vexator, profligator,
and jaculator are incomplete, and it is necessary to
possess them all, in order to determine any one with
certainty. The present species he compares with delator,
of which no specimens are now known. It is said to be
nearly akin to delator but smaller, with a shorter pro-
thorax and metathorax ; 1st abdominal segment coarctate
near the base, not linear; delator has 23-jointed antenne ;
the specimens before me have them 21-jointed, and are
therefore most probably projligator.

Bignell bred eight or nine females from Cis boleti,
Scop., in Polyporus versicolor. Hence it may be inferred
with something hke certainty that this is the Bracon cis
of Bouché, reared from the same beetle, and not M.
atrator, as conjectured by Nees v. EKsenbeck, which is
much too large an insect (see sp. 14). According to
Bouché the parasitic maggot is oblong, rugose, white,
with a rounded head, and the parts of the mouth
blackish. Capron has taken a ? at Shiere.

124 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

27. Meteorus cinetellus, Nees.

Bracon cinctellus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811, p. 28,
?; not of Spinola.

Perilitus cinctellus, Nees, Mon., i., 40, ¢ ?; Wesm.,
Nouv. Mem Ac. Brox.) 1885, p-.00) or

Meteorus cinctellus, Hal., Ent. Mag., iii., 81, 2; Ruthe,
Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 50, ?.

Black ; face, mouth, orbits, disk of the mesothorax partly, 2d
abdominal segment, and legs testaceous; hind femora and tibie
fuscescent at the apex; antennz fuscous, those of the ? broadly
testaceous in the middle. Wings of the 3 subinfuscated, of the ?
more hyaline ; squamule testaceous ; nervures fuscescent ; stigma
fuscous, its base more or less pale ; recurrent nervure evected, but
sometimes interstitial; 2d cubital areolet slightly narrowed towards
the radius. Tracheal grooves obsolete. Terebra about 2 of the
abdomen. $2. Length, 2—21; wings, 31—4 lin.

Var. 2. Length, 13 lin. Hind coxe almost entirely black ;
2d abdominal segment and antenne obscurely testaceous. Ruthe.

Head narrower than the thorax, rufo-testaceous; front and
vertex in the middle, as well as the occiput, black, leaving the
orbits rufous, most broadly upon the vertex; eyes large; face
narrow; clypeus prominent; palpi whitish at the tips. Antenne
of the ? filiform, flagellum testaceous for about half its length,
thence gradually darkened to the apex, + shorter than the body,
25—27-jointed; those of the § setaceous, fuscous, the scape paler,
much longer than the body, 28—80-jointed. Thorax black, but
the disk of the mesothorax in the sutures and the medial space
usually more or less rufescent; pleure and scutellum sometimes
also rufescent. Metathorax subelongate, obliquely descending
behind, thickly and finely rugulose. Abdomen of the ? somewhat
longer than the head and thorax, of the $ shorter; segment 1
hardly equal to 3 of its length, of which the petiole makes !, and is
smooth and shining; condylus rimulose, dilated from the incon-
spicuous tubercles to the apex, which is about 38 times the width of
the petiole; segment 2 flavo-testaceous on its anterior or posterior
half, or on both; remaining segments black, or the posterior more
or less flavo-piceous. Wings of the % slightly coloured, yet enough
to show sometimes a whitish streak beneath the stigma; those of
the 2 nearly hyaline. In the British specimens which I have seen
the recurrent nervure is uniformly evected, but according to Ruthe
it is often interstitial. Hind coxe at the base, hind femora and
tibie at the apex, often broadly fuscous. The ¢ strongly resembles
that of punctiventris (sp. 12), especially when the rufous colour of

British Braconide. 125

the orbits is deficient ; but the presence of the tracheal grooves on
the 1st segment will distinguish punctiventris.

Perilitus cinctellus, Bouché (Naturg., 1884, p. 149) is
inadequately described, but Nees refers it to this species,
with what degree of certainty I know not. Bouché’s
insect is a parasite of Tortrix viridana, L., and makes
a ‘snow-white ’’ cocoon: it was known to Ratzeburg,
like all Bouche’s insects, but he is silent as to its identity
with the cinctellus of Nees.

Described from two males, four females, captured in
Devonshire and South Wales. Not common: found by
Haliday in North Ireland, and, besides the authors above
cited, mentioned by Van Vollenhoven as taken at Middel-
burg. Capron has captured two females at Shiere.

28. Meteorus tenellus, n. 8.

Niger, facie, ore, genis, verticis macula orbitali utrinque, anten-
narum basi subtus, pedibusque, rufo-testaceis ; abdominis cingulo
medio anoque flavidis. Ale hyaline squamulis testaceis, nervis
cum stigmate fuscis, hujus basi indeterminate pallida; nervo
recurrente vix evecto; areola cubitali 2da radium versus parum
angustata. Fossule tracheales nulle. Abdominis seementum
Imum petiolo elongato tereti levigato, condylo rimuloso. Terebra
abdominis dimidii longitudine.

Black; face, mouth, cheeks, an orbital spot on each side of the
vertex, antenne at the base beneath, and legs, rufo-testaceous; a
medial fascia on the abdomen, and the anus, yellow. Wings
hyaline; squamule testaceous; nervures and stigma fuscous; the
base of the latter indeterminately pale; recurrent nervure hardly
evected; 2d cubital areolet very slightly narrowed towards the
radius. ‘Tracheal grooves obsolete. Petiole of the 1st abdominal
segment elongate, smooth, cylindrical; condylus rimulose. Terebra
as long as zthe abdomen. ?. Length. 13; wings, 23 lin.

Head somewhat narrower than the thorax, rufo-testaceous; front,
vertex, and occiput black, leaving two large orbital spots and the
cheeks broadly, rufous. Face subquadrate; eyes not approxi-
mating in front; clypeus smooth, prominent; palpi testaceous.
Antenne filiform, very little shorter than the body, blackish,
rufescent at the base and beneath, 27-jointed, the ante-apical joints
longer than broad. Thorax black, except sometimes a rufous patch
on the mesopleure. Metathorax subelongate, thickly and finely
rugulose, not carinated, nor excayated behind. Abdomen not

126 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

longer than the head and thorax; segment 1 forming 3 of its
length, black; petiole equal to half the segment, subcylindrical,
smooth, slender; condylus gradually dilated to the apex and finely
rimulose; segment 2, and sometimes the base of 3, yellow; the
rest black, or those near the apex coloured like the 2d. Wings
short, hardly extending beyond the apex of the abdomen. Legs
uniformly testaceous, or the hind cox rufescent; tarsi fuscous.

This species will only compare with cinctellus, Ns.,
and from that it is easily distinguished. Described from
six females bred by Bignell singly from Peronea hastiana,
L. Cocoons not preserved.

29. Meteorus leviventris, Wesm.

Perilitus leviventris, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux.,
1835, p. 46, 2.

Meteorus leviventris, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862,
pa, 2).

M. medianus, Ruthe, lib. cit., p. 58, 3 &.

Perilitus rubens, var. 8, Nees, Mon., i., 86.

Meteorus rubens, var. y, Hal., Ent. Mag., ii., 30, d 2.

Variable; black; mouth, face, orbits, antennz beneath and at
the base, sides of the prothorax, mesothorax in the middle of the
disk, scutellum, and legs, dull rufo-testaceous; hind cox and 2d
abdominal segment piceous. Wings hyaline; squamule testaceous;
nervures fuscescent; stigma luteous; recurrent nervure interstitial
or slightly rejected ; 2d cubital areolet somewhat narrowed towards
the radius; radial areolet sublanceolate, not reaching the extremity
of the wing. First abdominal segment more or less rimulose or
levigated. Tracheal grooves obsolete. Terebra } as long as the
abdomen. g 9. Length, 1$—21; wings, 33—4$ lin.

Var. Front, stemmaticum, middle of the vertex, occiput,
3 patches on the mesothoracic lobes, metathorax, and abdomen,
except the piceous 2d segment, black; the rest rufo-testaceous;
legs pale testaceous. ¢ 9. M. medianus, Ruthe.

Head somewhat narrower than the thorax ; face transverse, flat,
not narrowed below, subrugulose in the middle. Palpi pale. An-
tenn of the ? + shorter than the body, fuscous, more or less
reddish beneath and towards the base, filiform, 26-jointed; those of
the g longer than the body, setaceous, 28-jointed. Metathorax
short, semiglobose, reticulato-rugulose, hardly excavated behind.
Abdomen in the ? as long asthe head and thorax, in the § shorter
and narrower; segment 1 about 3 of its entire length, with a short

British Braconide. 127

petiole and medial tubercles; usually rimulose except at the base,
but often levigated in different degrees, especially on the condylus ;
I have specimens in which this segment is almost smooth; they
differ in no other respect from the rest, some are intermediate, and
it appears to me that leviventris, Wesm., and medianus, Ruthe,
are the same species. Ruthe remarks that the examination of a
long series of specimens would very likely show that the next
species, M. rwbens, should also be united with these two. Another
allied species is M. obsoletus, Wesm. (lb. cit., p. 49), having a
longer terebra; but its identity with the present is more doubtful.

Described from four females, one male. Common;
taken by me in Kent, Yorkshire, and Leicestershire ; by
Bignell also in Devonshire.

30. Meteorus rubens, Nees.

Bracon rubens, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 181], p. 22;
Perilitus rubens, Nees, Mon., 1., 86, d 2.

Meteorus rubens, Hal., Ent. Mag., ui., 80; Ruthe,
Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 54, 3 @.

Rufo-testaceous; antenne towards the apex fuscous; legs testa-
ceous; metathorax and Ist abdominal segment more or less
blackish. Wings as in sp. 29; recurrent nervure interstitial. First
abdominal segment rimulose, often more or less levigated. Tracheal
grooves obsolete. Terebra 4 as long as the abdomen. Length,

4—21; wings, 3i1—4$ lin.

Var. g. Third and following abdominal segments black, or
with a blackish spot upon the disk.

Head as in the preceding species; antennie rather shorter and
stouter, those of the 2 26- (seldom 25- or 27-) jointed, as long as
the head, thorax, and Ist abdominal segment; those of the g§ 28-
jointed, longer than the body. The average size is somewhat less
than that of leviventris, but besides the colour no further means of
distinction appear. Head usually rufo-testaceous, unicolorous, or
the occiput and stemmaticum fuscous. Thorax rufo-testaceous 5
metathorax more or less blackened above, or black with a rufous
patch on each side. First abdominal segment usually infuscated
or black, seldom rufo-testaceous. The males bred by Bignell have
the posterior segments more or less black, and the same character
appears in the smaller females.

Nees v. Esenbeck and Haliday seem to have regarded
this and No. 29 as varieties of the same species ;

128 Rey. I. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Wesmael and Ruthe (the latter doubtfully) considered
them distinct. It is hard to settle the question even by
breeding, for individuals of the same brood are always
uniform, while one brood is found to differ slightly from
another. It is probable that they all belong to one
inconstant species, the leading characters of which are
the absence of tracheal grooves, the tendency of the Ist
abdominal segment to become smooth, and the habit of
gregarious parasitism.

Described from thirteen females, three males. The
form known as rubens occurs, according to Haliday, on
sandy coasts; I have obtained it at Sandwich, and
among the roots of rushes at Freshwater Bay, Pembroke-
shire, where it was very abundant. But it is equally
common ata distance from the sea. Bignell bred two
broods from Agrotis tritici, L., oregariously, like Micro-
gasters. Their cocoons are irrecularly heaped together,
and not pensile. The individuals of one batch are
larger than those of the other; the latter came out
May 31st, to the number of thirteen, and continued in
the pupa-state eighteen days.

31. Meteorus fragilis, Wesm.

Perilitus fragilis, Wesm., Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., 1835,
Oss eee

Meteorus colon, Hal., Ent. Mag., i11., 30, 2.

M. fragilis, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p.55, 3 2.

Perilitus fasciatus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 77, pl. vii,
Pals eles

Black above, beneath flavo-testaceous ; face, mouth, orbits, 2d
abdominal segment, in the g also the apex of the abdomen, and
legs, pale; 2d abdominal segment with 2 indeterminate black
spots; scutellum sometimes rufescent. Antenne fuscous, except
the extreme base, long and slender, like the petiole and legs.
Wings ample, hyaline; squamule and stigma flavo-testaceous ;
nervures fuscescent; recurrent nervure evected into the 2d cubital
areolet, which is prolonged for its reception, and is also much
narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal grooves obsolete. Terebra
about i the abdomen. ¢ 2. Length, 2—2}; wings, 4—4$ lin.

Head not narrower than the thorax. Palpi whitish. Antenne
setaceous, fuscous, or fusco-testaceous, becoming darker after the
base; those of the ? longer than the body, 81—82-jointed; of the

British Braconide. 129

& half as long again as the body, 31—86-jointed. Disk of the
thorax entirely black, or sometimes piceous; scutellum, or its
apex, with the neighbouring sutures, rufescent. Mesopleure ruto-
testaceous, beneath the wings blackish. Metathorax sloping
gradually behind, scabriculous, the posterior declivity ill-defined.
First abdominal segment elongate, with medial inconspicuous
tubercles, from whence to the apex it is slightly and gradually
dilated; apex 3 times wider than the base; petiole almost smooth;
condylus finely rimulose. Hind femora and tibie fuscescent at the
apex, the latter also obsoletely annulated near the base. According
to Wesmael the terebra is as long as the abdomen; but for this
allowance must be made.

Described from four females, five males. Not very
common. Found by Wesmael near Brussels ; by Hali-
day on the banks of the Shannon; Capron has taken
three females at Shiere, and it occurs occasionally at
Nunton, Wilts. Bignell possessed five males, which
he bred from Teniocampa stabilis, View. Ratzeburg
obtained it in July from Phalera bucephala, L., and
Gnophria quadra, L.; the latter, he says, is sorely
infested with this parasite. On emerging from the
victim it spins a thread 2—8 inches long, from which it
suspends itself head downwards and weaves its cocoon,
which resembles that of ictericus.

32. Meteorus luwridus, Ruthe.

Meteorus luridus, Ruthe, Berl. ent. Zeits., 1862, p. 57,

de ee

? Perilitus dilutus, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., i., 77 (im-

perfectly described).

Testaceous ; face, mouth, cheeks, base of the antennx beneath,
prothorax, and legs paler; 1st abdominal segment, metathorax,
head, mesothorax, and antenne towards the apex, more or less in-
fuscated ; abdomen of the g also usually darkened at the apex.
Wings subfumato-hyaline ; stigma and squamule yellow; recur-
rent nervure evected into the 2d cubital areolet, which is prolonged
for its reception, or sometimes interstitial; 2d cubital areolet very
slightly narrowed towards the radius. Tracheal grooves obsolete.
Terebra hardly longer than } the abdomen. $ 2. Length, 23;
wings, 5 lin.

Var. a. Entirely testaceous; metathorax and posterior abdo-
minal segments inclining to rufous; antenne fuscous at the tips,
and all the articulations annulated with fuscous. 3 @.

130 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of

Var. 8. Three fuscous patches on the lobes of the mesothorax 3
front, vertex in the middle, and occiput, black; metathorax and
1st abdominal segment more or less infuscated; antenne fuscous,
the base pale.

Var. y. Meso- and metathorax black or infuscated on the disk ;
hind tibiee sometimes ringed with fuscous before the base. 9.

Var. 6. Head or mesothorax infuscated; scutellum rufescent ;
abdomen black, only the 2d segment anteriorly testaceous. 3.

Very like fragilis, but somewhat stouter and larger; differing
also in colour, in the habits of the larve, and in the structure of
the cocoons. Out of twenty 2 examples, says Ruthe, not one
presented any black or fuscous shade on the abdomen behind the
2d segment. The 2d segment, however, is often of a paler yellow
than those which follow. The striole on the condylus are finer
and more numerous, often extending over a portion of the petiole.
Wings larger and more obscure. Antenne of the ? as long as the
body, 830—83-jointed, in pale specimens testaceous almost to the
apex, in darker specimens more or less fuscous, and paler beneath,
the 2 basal joints always testaceous;-those of the g about half as
long again as the body, 34-jointed. The varieties above mentioned
are taken from Ruthe, as all the British examples that I have seen
are pale.

Common near Berlin, according to Ruthe, from June
to October. Only recently noticed in Britain ; Capron
has taken three females at Shiere. In Bridgman’s col-
lection is a ?, bred Aug. 15th by W. J. Cross at Ely,
out of Hupithecia venosata, F. Twenty-three specimens
of both sexes were sent to Bignell by Mrs. Hutchinson,
bred gregariously from a single larva of Noctua brunnea,
F’. Cocoons pale brown, irregularly heaped together,
each covered with a thin web of filaments which hinders
them from shining, not pensile. ‘‘ The bunch of cocoons
was found on the surface of the earth and moss in the
cage, attached to one dead larva.”

British Braconide. 131

EXXpLANATION OF PuaTE VY.

Fic. 1. Huwphorus ornatus, Marsh., 9.

mS ON OO

. Streblocera fulviceps, Westw., 2; 2a, antenna ¢, after

Westwood; 206, antenna of Streblocera macroscapa,
Ruthe, 2, after Reinhard.

. Wing; and 3a, antenna of Hustalocerus clavicornis,

Wesm., from Van Vollenhoven’s copy of Haliday’s
drawing.
. Wesmaclia cremasta, Marsh., ?.

. Perilitus rwtilus, Nees, ?.
. Meteorus deceptor, Wesm., 3.
. M. deceptor, Wesm., 2; Ta, ecsoon of M. deceptor.

. Hind wing of Meteorus albiditarsis, Cur.

. Meteorus abdominator, Nees, ?.

. M. wnicolor, Wesm., °.

*RANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRr Ul. (JUNE.)

(> 153 ey)

VIII. Description of a new species of the lepidopterous
genus Carama, together with a few notes on the
genus. By Grorce T. Baxsr, F.E.S.

[Read March 2nd, 1887. |

Puate VI.
Carama Butler, nis: (Pl: Vic, fies..1, 2, & 3):

Alis anterioribus et posticis albis, thorace et capitis vertice eum
anteriore parte pectoris et femoribus anticis nigricantibus.

Anterior and posterior wings white. In the male the costal
border of the fore wings beneath is black, the vertex of head and
collar white; front of pectus, palpi, and femora of anterior legs
smoky black. In the female the black markings are replaced by
a light tint of grey, and there is no trace beneath of the black
costal margin. In one of my female specimens there is a dark
mark on the costa just in front of the apex, but this does not
appear in the others, neither is it visible in those in the Museum
collection. The yellow bands on the upper surface of the abdomen
are more marked in this species than in any other of the genus.
Expanse, 38 mm.

All these specimens were sent me from Goya, Cor-
rientes, South America, where it appears to be not
uncommon.

Carama Butleri can be at once distinguished from any
other of the genus by the vertex of the head and collar
being white, whereas in all the rest either one or both
are sulphur-yellow.

The whole of this group is a New World genus, all
being found in South America. All are pure white, of
a silky texture, the specific characters being mainly in
the coloration of collar, head, pectus, and lees. The
abdomen of the female is ringed above with yellow, but
it is rarely much visible owing to the very long white
hairs with which the body is clothed. Mr. Butler ‘having
monographed the genus (vide ‘Cistula Entomologica,’
vol. il., pp. 203 and 204), it is unnecessary to give

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART II. (JUNE.)

134 Mr. G. T. Baker’s description of a new

detailed accounts of the species, though a few notes on
each, with a short table of their points of difference,
may not be without use, more especial reference being
made to the plate ; and with this object I have carefully
examined the specimens in the Museum, and, with
Mr. Butler’s permission, made free use of his mono-
graph.

Carama Walkeri, Buti. (Pl. VI., fig. 11).
This is the largest species of the genus; the vertex of head
is yellow, collar white; palpi, front of pectus, and inside of
anterior legs smoky brown.

This was the species under which Walker included all,
except nivea, of the then known species of the genus ;
it may, however, at once be distinguished from the others
by its much larger size.

Carama virgo, Butl. (Pl. VI., fig. 10).

Vertex of head and collar sulphur-yellow ; palpi, front of pectus,
and anterior legs blackish brown; tarsi of other legs black.

This is easily recognised from Walkert by its smaller
S1Ze.

Carama ovina, Sepp. (PI. VI., fig. 9).

Vertex of head and collar pale sulphur-yellow; palpi, front of
pectus, and inside of tibiee of fore legs pale brown; other legs all
white.

Differs from Walkeri in its smaller size, and from
virgo in the two pairs of posterior legs being all white.

Carama plumosa, Butl. (Pl. VI., figs. 4, 5, 6, & 7).

Collar only sulphur-yellow ; palpi, front of pectus, and fore legs
smoky brown; hind tarsi brownish; rest of legs white.

Differs from Walkert in its smaller size, and from
virgo and ovina in that the vertex of the head is white
and not yellow.

This species presents a very curious case of sexual
aberrant neuration. On reference to the plate it will be
seen that the male (having the normal neuration of the
genus) emits all its branches in regular order, the fourth
and fifth subcostal branches being emitted from a foot-
stalk, whereas the female emits the third and fourth

species of the lepidopterous genus Carama. 135

branches from a footstalk, and the fifth from the inferior
margin of the main vein, between the second and third
branches, like unto a misplaced radial. This, though
not overlooked by Mr. Butler, was not mentioned in his
monograph ; it cannot, however, be regarded as any-
thing else than an aberration, the species in every other
character being identical with the rest of the genus.

Carama pura, Butl. (Pl. VL, fig. 8).
Vertex of head and collar sulphur-yellow; face, palpi, front
of pectus, and front of anterior legs smoky brown; rest of legs
white.

Nearest allied to ovina, but differs in that its face and
front of anterior legs are smoky brown, which is not the
case with that species.

Carama Butleri, n.s. (Pl. VI., figs. 1, 2, & 8).

3. Vertex of head and collar white; palpi, front of pectus,
and femora of anterior legs smoky black; costal margin beneath
black.

@. Similar to the male, but the black is replaced by a light
shade of grey; and the costal margin beneath has no trace of
black.

This may at once be separated from all its allied
species by both the vertex of head and the collar being
white.

Carama nivea, Cram.

There is no specimen of this in the Museum, but
Cramer gives a description and a poor figure of it in his
Pap. Exot., from which it appears very doubtful if it:
belongs to this genus. It is represented as larger than
Walkeri, and has three reddish spots at the anal angle
of the hind wing; these, however, may not improbably
be stains, and is evidently a larger and altogether more
robust insect.

The following table shortly sums up the main specific
differences :—

186 = Species of the lepidopterous genus Carama.

Vertex of head and Ag
collar white. i C. Butleri.

Vertex of head white ; )
collar pale sulphur- } C. plwmosa.
yellow. j

Tarsi of four a C. virgo.

Palpi and front legs black.
of pectus smoky-
brown. Vertex of head Face and SG)

and collar pale
sulphur-yellow.

of anterior legs; C. pura.
Four pos- | smoky brown. j
terior legs
white. Inside of tibie
in anterior es] C. ovina.
pale brown.

[ Vertex of head yellow ;

collar white. C. Walkert.

EXXPLANATION OF Prater VI.

Fic. 1. Imago of Carama Butleri.

2. Front view of head, ¢, C. Butlert.
3. ” ” ” 2 ’ ”

4, re 6 3, C. plumosa.
5. ” ” ” 25 oe)

6. Neuration, $, C. plwmosa (typical).
the 9 2, a (aberrant).
8. Front view of head, C. pura.

9. % “5 # C. ovina.

10. 4 A C. virgo.

11 ry) PA C. Walkeri.

.
~

sie)

IX. A revision of the genera Acrolophus, Poey, and
Anaphora, Clem. By The Right Honble. Lord
Watusineuam, M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8., &c.

[Read April 6th, 1887. |

Puates VII. & VIII.

Apout a year ago I received from Mons. Emile Ragonot,
President of the French Entomological Society, a box
containing thirteen specimens which had the general
appearance of the genus Anaphora, Clem. Perhaps,
owing to their unlucky number, they had suffered woeful
treatment on the journey. On carefully examining the
remnants I found myself quite unable to recognise any
named species, and at once determined to devote my
first week of leisure to a study of the group to which
they belonged. The literature of the subject is not
voluminous. Taking the genera Acrolophus and Ana-
phora* together, the number of species described amounts
to fourteen only, some of which are already admitted to
be synonymous. The peculiar form represented by
these genera, having for its chief characteristic hirsute
and ereatly recurved or elevated palpi, appears to be
confined to the two continents of America and to the
West Indies, but extending to the Sandwich Islands,
the Hawaiian genus Stewberhinus, Butl., obviously be-
longing to the same group. ‘There are probably an
infinite number of species scattered throughout the
Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.

In general appearance these insects have a strong
superficial resemblance to certain Asiatic forms chiefly
included at present in the Indian genus Alavona, WIk.,
but represented also in Africa. ‘The different shape of

* I find on examination that the types of Tirasia granulatella,
Walker, from Villa Nova, and Eddara zylinella, Walker, from
Jamaica, are both females of some spec ies of the Anaphorine, but

itis not possible to adopt these generic names without knowing the
structure of their respective males.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT Il. (JUNE.)

138 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

the palpi and of the anal appendages usually serves to
separate them with precision, although their relation-
ship is probably not remote. A discussion of the
affinities of Alavona must be reserved for a separate
paper. ‘The genera now under revision may conveniently
be placed in a subfamily of the Tinetde under the name
Anaphorine, but no arbitrary limitations can be placed
upon this subfamily without a careful study of the
structural characters of several presumably allied genera,
such as Tiquadra, Walk., Amydria, Clem., Setomorpha,
Pie OGG

The description of the larva of Anaphora popeanella
(“agrotipennella’’), contributed by Miss Murtfeldt to the
‘Canadian Entomologist,’ vol. vili., pp. 185-6, shows
that the “thoracic legs” are “ unusually long,’ that
the ‘‘ segmentation ” is ‘‘ strongly marked,” and that the
whole larva ‘tapers posteriorly from its greatest
diameter at the head and first joint.” The colour is
described as ‘‘a dark purple-brown, the general surface
dull, having the appearance of very fine stippling, but
variegated with conspicuous, slightly elevated, polished
spots, eight on each thoracic, and ten on each abdominal
joint.” ‘‘ Head horizontal, broad and thick, of a highly
polished black colour, the triangular face outlined by a
fine line of brown.” Its habits are decidedly peculiar,
and remind one rather of a trap-door spider than a
lepidopterous insect. It inhabited a tough silken gallery,
“white and smooth inside,” ‘which had an open
entrance at the surface of the ground, from which its
inmate emerged at night to feed” upon white clover.
‘The chrysalis was slender, elongate, the abdominal
segments sharply edged but not serrated, and of a
mahogany-brown colour. The palpalsheaths conspicuous,
extending down on the ventral side as far as those of
the antenne.” The chrysalis was ultimately found in
the middle of the long subterranean silken gallery.

These larval habits, as well as the differently-formed
sexual appendages and palpi seem to separate Anaphora
and its allies from Tiquadra, Walk., which, under the
name Acureuta, is described by Zeller (Hore Soc. Ent.
Ross, xiil., p. 201) as having a case-bearing larva.

No great difficulty is likely to arise in distinguishing
all other known or rather described genera from those
included in this paper; but intermediate forms may

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 139

probably be found. Some apology appears to be needed
for the creation of an unwonted number of new generic
names, but if the future study of the group is to be
facilitated it is not well to ignore structural differences
of palpi, antenne, and neuration, such as are usually
considered to possess generic value. The whole group
has been very little studied, although largely represented
on the other side of the Atlantic, and the time may
probably come when some lover of the Micro-Lepidoptera,
more fortunate or more industrious than myself, may
be not ungrateful for this attempt at orderly subdivision,
if it should enable him to distinguish and classify a
much larger accumulation of specimens and species
than I have ever had the pleasure to examine.

The generic characters have been taken chiefly from
the form of the labial palpi and antenne, and from the
double or single apical vein of the fore wings. The
sexual appendages on the ultimate segments of the
bodies of the males have been found reliable in sepa-
rating the species, although certainly not uniform
throughout the genera. These appendages, both as to
the form of the uncus,—sometimes single, sometimes
double, sometimes arched, and sometimes angulated,—
and as to the form of the lateral claspers presenting
various modifications, seem to afford a not unnatural
basis for specific distinction, inasmuch as they must
more or less affect the process of mating and the trans-
mission of hereditary peculharities.

Full descriptions of these appendages are to be found
in a paper by Dr. Buchanan White in the ‘ Annales de
la Societé Francaise’ for 1878, p. 467, et seq., entitled,
‘Observations sur l’armure génitale de plusieurs especes
frangaises de Zygenide.’” In that paper the term
‘‘teoumen’”’ is used to indicate the organ here referred
to under the name ‘‘ uncus’’; whilst what I have called
‘lateral. claspers’’ are entitled ‘“‘ harpagones.” This
terminology is discussed in a valuable paper in the
‘Transactions’ of the Linnean Society, 2nd ser., 1883,
vol. ii., pt. 6, p. 270, by Mr. P. H. Gosse, who uses the
terms “uncus” and ‘ harpes,” both of which I should
perhaps have done better to have adopted,

140 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

TABULATION OF GENERA OF ANAPHORINAE.

A. Palpi erect or slightly recurved.
a. Apical vein of fore wing forked.
1. Palpi erect — Kunepistr, Wlsm.
11. Palpi appressed to the head = Nronoputs, JWIsm.
b. Apical vein of fore wing not forked.
1. Antenne bipectinate — AnkisrRopHoRus, IWIsm.
ir. Antenne simple or serrated towards apex.
1. Tarsal joints of hind legs strongly fringed above
— THYSANOSKELIS, Wlsm.
2. Tarsal joints of hind legs not strongly fringed above.
AA. Palpi erect, with distinct separate tufts on each joint
= OrtHoLoPHus, Wism.
BB. Palpi slightly recurved, uniformly hirsute throughout
—= PsrupanaPHora, Wlsm.
B. Palpi strongly recurved.
a. Antenne bipectinate — Fripmrta, Wlsm.
b. Antenne serrated throughout.
1. Apical vein forked = Cmnocrnrs, Wism.
ir. Apical vein not forked = Anarnora, Clem.
c. Antenne simple, compressed, or slightly serrated at the ends.
1. Apical vein forked.
1. Head with erect crest = Ursana, WIk.
2. Head without erect crest = Hyrocnuorus, Wlsm.
1r Apical vein not forked.
1. Palpi roughly clothed throughout = Acroxornuus, Poey.
2. Palpi not roughly clothed throughout = Sra@peruinvs, Butl.

The following six species cannot at present be included
in any tabular arrangement, so far as it may be depen-
dent on the form of the uncus and lateral claspers :—
Acrolophus (Pinaris) hamiferellus, Hb., A. cervinus,
Wlsm., A. vitellus, Poey, A. pallidus, Moschl., Anaphora
leucodocis, Z., A. minima, Wlsm. ‘The genus Pinaris of
Hubner, in which he places his Brazilian species hami-
ferella, included a number of ae forms with
short palpi; and Poey (Cent. Lep. I. Cuba) properly
declines to recognise it as the type of that genus. We
know nothing of its structure except that the palpi are
long and recurved, and the antenne apparently simple ;
expanse, 80 mm. Of Acrolophus cervinus I have not
seen a male, but the form of the palpi in the female is
precisely similar to those of the females of Anaphora
plumifrontella. Acrolophus vitellus, Poey, having simple

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 141

antenne, is taken as the type of that genus throughout
this paper, but I have had no opportunity of examining
the structure of its anal appendages. Acrolophus
pallidus, Méschl., appears to be described from a single
female from Parimaribo, the male not being known.

Anaphora leucodocis, Z., has the antenne serrated,
and may therefore safely be left in the genus in which
it was placed by Zeller, as corresponding with A. popea-
nella, Clem. For the same reason A. minima, Wlsm.,
goes with it. The anal segments of my single specimen
are somewhat injured ; although much smaller it shows
some affinities to A. pusilla.

NEOLOPHUS, Ni. g.
(Neos = new, Aogos =a crest).
Type. Neolophus furcatus, Wlsm.

Labial palpi of male somewhat recurved, flattened against but
not reaching beyond the crown of the head; of female shorter than
in the male, not erect or recurved. Mazillary palpi small, de-
pressed. Antenne simple, but with lines of raised scales, giving
an appearance of serration. Hore wings elongate, with the costa
nearly straight, the apex shghtly rounded, the apical margin
oblique, scarcely convex ; with 12 veins, 8 and 9 from a common
stem. Hind wings as wide as the fore wings; with 8 veins, 6 and
7 parallel.

Neolophus furcatus, n.s. (Pl. VIL., figs. 1, la, 1b).

Labial palpi, 3, slightly recurved, reaching to the back of the
head; the apical joint roughly clothed with appressed scales, not
brush-like. Antenne brownish ochreous, not serrated, although
having that appearance at the tips, owing to the presence of raised
scales. Head, thorax, and palpi dull greyish fuscous. Fore wings
rather narrow, the costa almost straight, the apical margin oblique,
scarcely convex; apical vein forked; greyish, sprinkled and
striated around the margins with brownish fuscous; a broad
irregular streak of brownish fuscous, from the base to the end of
the cell, partly connected with two ill-defined spots of the same
colour on the inner and outer thirds of the fold; fringes greyish
fuscous. Hind wings pale greyish brown. Abdomen the same;
lateral claspers narrow towards the base, rather triangular and
upturned beyond it, obtusely rounded at the apex; uncus double,

142 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

nearly straight, scarcely at all bent over, its opposing branch below
being of nearly equal length with itself. Hap.al. §,19 mm.

Hab. <A single male from Arizona, collected by
Morrison.

Evuuepiste, Wism., Trans. Am. Eint. Soce., x., p. 169
(1882).
Type. Hulepiste cressoni, Wlsm.

‘Head rough; maxillary palpi none,* tongue none, ocelli none.
Labial palpi ascending, with the second joint roughly clothed with
coarse scales, projecting beneath ; terminal joint coarsely scaled,
tapering to a blunt point; about equal in length to the second
joint. Antenne (with the basal joint thickened and coarsely
scaled) slightly serrated and pilose beneath. Anal appendages of
the male greatly developed; the side claspers elongate-ovate,
projecting well beyond the triangular-pointed upper shield, which
is clothed with long scales; the anal segment with short diverging
bristles beneath. Fore wings: costa arched, apex rounded, apical
margin oblique, slightly convex; dorsal margin nearly parallel
with the costal, but slightly emarginate before the anal angle ;
apical vein forked. Hind wings ovate, rather wider than the fore
wings, widest on the basal half, tapering outwards towards the
rounded apex, and not emarginate below it. Veins of the fore
wings twelve, not including the false vein after vein 1 on the dorsal
margin ; two of these from the same stem; cell closed. The vein
running from the upper corner of the cell in the fore wings is
forked, one branch ending on the costal margin and one in the
apex.”

TABULATION OF SpEcIES oF HULEPISTE.
A. Lateral claspers narrow, with straight upper edge.. cressoni, Wlsm.

B. Lateral claspers wider, with arched or dilated upper
edge... Sie ae a¢ Se a6 .. maculifer, Wlsm.

Eulepiste cressoni, Wlsm.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., x., p. 169 (1882).

** Palpi brown, with ochreous scales intermixed, the apical joint
with an indistinct pale ochreous band around its middle. Antenne
pale brown. Fore wings brown with scattered purplish fuscous
and ocbreous scales, the former collected in raised tufts, especially
about the dorsal margin; the latter aggregated in the form of

* T find very short maxillary palpi in this genus and species,
which were overlooked when the original description was made.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 143

three or four square patches, one before and one beyond the middle
of the dorsal margin, one about the middle of the costa, and one
at or just before the apex. ‘These in some specimens are so
arranged as to form an indistinct chess-board pattern, the dark and
pale squares being alternate on the costal and dorsal halves of the
wing; in some specimens the median costal and the antemedian
dorsal pale squares, which are always somewhat the more con-
spicuous, are joined in an angulated fascia. Abdomen with the
hind wings and their cilia dull brown. The first two pairs of legs
conspicuously spotted with brown and ochreous, the third pair
ochreous on the tibix, spotted with brown on the tarsal joints.
Expanse, 15 to 20 mm., the female being larger than the male.
Texas.”

To this I may add that the thorax is crested posteriorly, the
uncus double with the points abruptly bent over, very closely
approximate, and laterally compressed or flattened; the lateral
claspers of approximately even width throughout, the ends rather
square, but slightly oblique.

Eulepiste maculifer, n.s. (Pl. VII., figs. 1c, 1d).

Labial palpi, g, erect, the first joint thickly scaled beneath, the
second and third joints without distinct tufts, brownish fuscous,
paler on the inner sides and above. @ porrect, the first and second
joints clothed with a coarse projecting tuft; the third joint only
exposed, slender. Antennae brownish, having a spotted appear-
ance owing to thin lines of rather darker raised scales at the joints.
Head brownish fuscous, tufted above the eyes. Thorax and fore
wings brownish fuscous, the latter mottled with dark ferruginous and
bearing a dingy white spot on the outer half of the fold and a more
diffused and ill-defined patch of the same colour on the apical
portion of the wing; there are some dull whitish markings in the
cilia and before the anal angle; along the costa the brownish
fuscous colouring is interrupted by paler and more greyish fuscous
before and beyond the middle. Hind wings brownish. Abdomen
and hind legs the same; tarsal joints spotted with fuscous; uncus
slightly bent over, double, the points closely approximate; lateral
claspers elongate, attenuated posteriorly, oblique at the ends,
their upper extremity rather pointed. Hap. al. §, 20 mm; 2,
20—24 mm.

Hab. Three males and two females from Arizona
(Morrison).

144 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

Hypocorpvs, n. g.
(umcxaoros = hidden or furtive).
Type. Hypoclopus griseus, Wlsm.

Labial palpi, 3, overarching the thorax; all the joints roughly
clothed; @ short, porrected. Antenne pilose, slightly serrated
towards the apex. Fore wings with the costa rather straight, the
apical margin oblique, somewhat attenuated towards the base;
apical vein forked. Hind wings slightly wider than the fore wings;
uncus single.

The necessity for establishing this genus rests upon
the wide difference in the structure of the palpi from
those of Neolophus, with which in all other respects it
perfectly agrees. It differs from Cenogenes in its
antenne, and from Urbara, Walk., in the absence of an
erect crest at the top of the head, as well as in the form
of the wings.

Hypoclopus griseus, n.s. (Pl. VIL., figs. 2, 2a, 2b).

Palpi, 3 , overarching the thorax and reaching to its posterior
margin; ? short, standing straight forward from the head about
1mm. Antenne dull greyish ochreous; g compressed, ovate,
pilose, having a serrate appearance owing to lines of partially
raised scales on their anterior sides; ? simple. Head, thorax,
and palpi with an equal admixture of hoary and greyish fuscous
scales. Fore wings greyish fuscous, profusely sprinkled with
hoary scales, which predominate in a patch below the middle of
the fold; a sprinkling of dark fuscous scales is also noticeable,
especially along the costa, where they form a series of small dots,
and at the outer end of the cell, where they are concentrated into
an ill-defined dark fuscous patch; a smaller dark fuscous patch
occurring beyond the middle of the fold. In the fringes patches
of hoary and greyish fuscous scales alternate with each other.
The apical vein is forked. Hind wings reddish brown; fringes
cinereous. Abdomen cinereous; lateral claspers attenuated in the
middle and widened posteriorly, their ends rounded above, obtusely
angulated below. The uncus is bent over and is single, but a
supplementary point with a double stem in the form of the lower
mandible of a bird, coming from below it, reaches nearly as far as
the uncus itself. Hap. al. 26 mm.

Three males and one female received from Morrison,
collected in Arizona. ‘This species may be distinguished
by its almost square-ended lateral claspers, and by the
length of the opposite branch of the uncus, which,

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 145

although it occurs in other species, does not appear to
attain the same proportions; the forking of the apical
vein and the single uncus separate it from other species
having much the same general appearance.

Urnzara, Wlk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., xxix., 835 (1864).
Type. Urbara galeata, W1k.

“3. Body rather stout. Head above with a thick erect tuft
of hairs. Eyes large, prominent. Proboscis distinct. Palpi
thick, erect, thickly clothed with long erect hairs, nearly twice
longer than the breadth of the head; first joint long, but much
shorter than the second; third about half the length of the second.
Antenne slender, minutely setulose, much shorter than the fore
wings. Legs stout, squamous; spurslong. Wings rather narrow,
rounded at the tips; exterior border very oblique hindward.”

To this may be added that the apical vein is forked.

Urbara galeata, W1k.

WI1k., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., xxix., 885 (1864).

*“g. Brown. Head above and palpi blackish brown. Legs
cinereous. Fore wings with four black points in the disk; two of
these in a direct line between the other two and the interior border;
a row of black points along the exterior border. Length of the
body, 4 lines; of the wings, 12 lines.

‘““a. Ega. From Mr. Bates’s collection.”

The apical jomts of the palpi are broken off, but have
evidently been long and recurved, asin Anaphora and
Acrolophus.

THYSANOSCELIS, N. &.
(ddoavos = a fringe, oxéaros =a leg).
Type. Thysanoscelis hirsutus, Wlsm.

Labial palpi recurved, closely appressed to the head, but not
reaching above the crown; second joint thickly clothed with a
stout, close brush of scales; apical joint short, also concealed in
rough scales. Maaillary palpi depressed. Antenne with the
basal joint tufted or bearing a close brush of scales, simple. Tongue
very short. Thorax tufted. Lore wings elongate, rounded at the
apex, with the costa slightly arched near the base, the costal and
dorsal margins beyond parallel; bearing patches of raised scales ;
all the veins separate, 8 and 9 from the same point. Hind wings
slightly wider than the fore wings, ovate. Posterior legs with the
inner spurs much longer than the outer, with strong erect brushes

146 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

of scales above to the penultimate tarsal joint. Abdomen, lateral
claspers wide at the base, slender and straight beyond; the uncus
double, points closely approximate. The form of the uncus and
lateral claspers should probably be regarded as having rather a
specific than a generic value.

Thysanoscelis hirsutus,n.s. (Pl. VIL, figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3¢).

Head and palpi whitish fawn, inclining to ochreous above ; the
palpi with a few brown scales at the sides. Thorax whitish fawn,
speckled and mottled with brownish ochreous, sparsely irrorated
with dark brown scales, some beneath the costa, some on the dise
and beyond it, others on the fold; the extreme base of the costal
margin is umber-brown; three patches of raised scales are espe-
cially noticeable, one above, the other below the middle of the fold,
the third on the fold and near its outer end. Hind wings greyish
brown; fringes cinereous. Abdomen greyish brown; anal tuft
cinereous; lateral claspers slender, rounded at the apex; uncus
double, bent over, not angulated. Hap. al. 17}—20 mm.

Espirito Santo, Brazil. I have two males of this
curious species, purchased of Deyrolle in Paris many
years ago. ‘They obviously belong to the same group as
Acrolophus, Anaphora, &c., but cannot, so far as I can
determine, be rightly included in any hitherto described
genus.

ANKISTROPHORUS, Nn. g.
\"Aymoreov = a hook, gogetv = to carry).
Type. Ankistrophorus corrientis, Wlsm.

Labial palpi erect, thickly clothed; apical joimt short, not
brush-like, not reaching the thorax. Mawillary palpi 3-jointed,
slender, not folded. Ocelli wanting. Antenne bipectinate, the
pectinations short, fringed with delicate hairs. Fore wings, costa
straight, apical margin oblique, scarcely convex; neuration as in
Anaphora; apical vein not forked. Abdomen, lateral claspers
more or less spoon-shaped, inverted; uncus double, with small
supplementary lateral processes.

Ankistrophorus corrientis, nu. s. (Pl. VIL, figs. 4, 4a, 40).

Labial palpi cinereous, somewhat darkened above at the base.
Antenne cinereous. Head and thorax cinereous, the latter
strongly tufted posteriorly. Fore wings cinereous, much clouded
and speckled with dark greyish fuscous, of which the more con-
spicuous patches are at the base and end of the cell, and above the

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 147

outer third of the fold. The wings vary considerably in colour in
different specimens, the dark shading being much reduced in some
and increased in others. Hind wings fuscous, with a decided
purple tinge in good specimens; the fringes cinereous. Abdomen
greyish fuscous; the lateral claspers somewhat spoon-shaped and
inverted, but of approximately even width throughout, except at
the extreme base; the uncus is double, the points slightly diverging
and wide apart; in three out of four males under observation
these points are completely bent under from the base, reaching
nearly to the narrow stem of the lateral claspers; two small
supplementary processes reach to the base of the uneal points; the
opposing point beneath the uncus is short and double. Heap. al.
27 mm.

Five males collected at Goya, Corrientes, Argentine
Republic, by Mr. L. K. Perrens.

Acrotopuus, Poey, Cent. Lep. Cuba (1832).
Type. Acrolophus vitellus, Poey.
Poey thus describes this genus :—

“Lingua nulla, antenne simplices; palpi longissimi,
recurvi, post tergum rejecti; articuli omnes usque ad
apicem barbati; fimbria anali longa.

Genre Acrolophe, Poey.

“Point de langue distincte, antennes simples, palpes
tres longs, couchés sur le dos, avec tous les articles
barbus jusqu’a’ l’extremité; frange longue vers l’angle
de l’anus.”’

TABULATION OF SpEcIES oF AcRoLoPHUS, Poey.

A. Uncus single = simulatus, Wlsm.
B. Uncus double.
a. With supplementary lateral processes = plumifrontellus, Clem.
b. Without supplementary lateral processes.
1. Points of the uncus laterally compressed — argentinus, Wlsm.
u. Points of the uncus not laterally compressed.
1. Lateral claspers spoon-shaped, widened in the middle
= arizonellus, Wlsm.
2. Lateral claspers slender, scarcely dilated.
AA. The points of the uncus acute = texanellus, Cham.
BB. The points of the uncus obtuse = mortipennella 2, Grote.
Not included in the above tabulation (see p. 140) :— hamiferellus,
Hiib.; cervinus, Wlsm. ; vitellus, Poey; pallidus, Moschl.

?

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART II. (JUNE.) M

148 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

Acrolophus vitellus, Poey.
Poey, Cent. Lep. Cuba (1882).

‘““Alis lutev-fuscis, atomis anticarum nigris, costa
“nigra punctata.”

Acrolophe vitellus.— Ailes Vun jaune brun; les supé-
rieures couvertes d’atomes noirs, plus distincts sur la
cote.

After this short description Poey refers to the figure,
which shows the expanse of the wings to be about 20 mm.
The neuration of the fore wings, which is also figured,
proves that the apical vein is not forked. One. speci-
men, Cuba.

Acrolophus simulatus, Wlsm. (Pl. VII., fig. 7).

Acrolophus ? simulatus, Wlsm., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,
x., 168—9 (1882).

‘* Head rough; maxillary palpinone; tongue none; ocelli none.
Labial palpi recurved over the head and part of the thorax ; the
second joint very long, roughly clothed with projecting scales
beneath; third joint about half as long as the second, brush-like,
with very long diverging scales on the under side. Antenne
strong, slightly pubescent, somewhat serrated on both sides,
especially towards the apex. The anal appendages in the male
much developed, the elongate ovate side claspers not reaching
beyond the upper shield, which is triangular and pointed.* Fore
wings with the costal margin arched, apex rounded, apical margin
oblique, slightly convex, the dorsal margin somewhat convex, not
emarginate before the rounded anal angle. Hind wings ovate,
wider than the fore wings. Fore wings with twelve separate
veins. The vein from the upper corner of the discal cell in the
fore wings ends on the costal margin, and is not forked; cell of
hind wings not closed. Alternate brown and whitish ochreous
patches along the costal and dorsal halves of the fore wings, the
paler portions apparently predominating rather more than in
Hulepiste cressoni, the darker portions assuming the form of two
angulated fasciz ; there are numerous raised bluish fuscous scales
scattered especially about the darker patches. Hind wings and
cilia dull brown. Expanse,15 mm. Texas.”

To the description of this species | should wish to
add that the antenne are not strictly serrated in struc-

* As seen from above.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 149

ture, but have a serrated appearance caused by rings of
slightly elevated scales. The lateral claspers slender,
attenuated near the base, dilated downwards beyond ;
their upper edge being nearly straight, the tapering ends
evenly rounded and slightly bent inwards. The uncus
is single, with the point short and very little bent over.
On re-examination of the cell of the hind wings I find
a slender nervure closing it at the end.

Acrolophus plumifrontellus, Clem. (Pl. VII., figs. 5—5e).

Anaphora plumifrontella, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil, 1859, 26s Tin. Nor: Amer:, 39;.575-09, 00:
7 Bele. we Kennt... xxi... 217 (1873):

A. bombycina, Z., Bei. z. Kennt., xxiii., 216—7 (1873).

** Labial palpi reddish brown. Thorax dull brown, tinged with
reddish. Fore wings rubescent and maroon-brown intermixed, the
former hue prevailing along the fold, at the base along costa and
disc, dusted with dark brown; with a dusky or dark brownish spot
on the end of the disc, one about the middle of the fold and
another near the base. In some specimens these spots are quite
indistinct. Hind wings dusky brown. Exp. al. 17 lines (= 386mm.)
Females not known.”

To this description we may add that the antenne are compressed,
not strictly serrated throughout, but only slightly so towards the
tip; lateral claspers spoon-shaped, rather abruptly dilated and bent,
with a pair of supplementary claspers above them, nearly as long
as themselves; uncus double, the points parallel and divided.

I have four females from North Carolina, of which the
following is a description :—

Labial palpi extended straight out beyond the head, roughly
clothed but tapering to a point, 5 mm. long.

Fore wings full 6 mm. wide, with the costa slightly rounded ;
the apical margin also convex. Hap. al. 35 mm.

I have a considerable number of males from North
Carolina which agree with a specimen compared with
the type at Philadelphia in 1871. In Zeller’s series are
four specimens; two from Massachusetts, sent by Mr.
Packard and labelled ‘‘bombycina, Z.’’; a third from
New York, with a label in Mr. Grote’s handwriting,
nlumifrontella, Clem.” ; the fourth is labelled ‘‘ bomby-
cina”’ in Zeller’s writing, and is a female, evidently of a
different species, from Buenos Ayres, received from

150 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

Lederer.* We may thus safely conclude that bombycina
and plumifrontella are one and the same species.

Although plumifrontella, being the first species de-
scribed by Clemens under his genus Anaphora, has been
regarded as his type, it does not so well agree with his
generic description in the matter of serrate antenne as
popeanella, a fact which he emphasises by putting a
heading in italics above the description of the latter
species, “‘ Antenne of & distinctly serrated beneath.” It
will therefore be convenient to regard popeanella as the
type of the genus Anaphora, and to place plumifrontella
in Acrolophus under the distinguishing character of
‘“‘ Antenne simple, compressed, or slightly serrated at the
ends.”+ Arcanella falling into Ortholophus on account of
its erect palpi.

Acrolophus mortipennellus, Gr.

Anaphora mortipennella, Gr., Can. Ent., iv., 1387 (1872),
Can. Ent., xviii., 199; Wlsm., Trans. Am. Ent.
D0C., x: 167.

“ %, Labial palpi reflexed, thrown back over and as long as the
dorsum of thorax, but not closely applied, thickly scaled, but less
so than in allied species, fuscous outwardly along the sides, dead
whitish on the inside. Head and thorax above dead or dirty
whitish. Primaries pale, dirty whitish, with heavily sprinkled
black scales on costal region at base, fading outwardly. A black
scale patch at extremity of discal cell, and a larger one on sub-
median fold, below median vein, at about the middle of the wing;
parallel with this at base a few black scales. There is a faint
sprinkling of black scales over the median neryules, and about
internal angle are two or three better marked black points on the
margin. Four costal black marks before the apex, the first of these
above discal spot; other costal marks towards the base of the
wing. Fringes fuscous, faintly lined. Secondaries fuscous, much
darker than, and strangely contrasting with, the pallid primaries.
Beneath both wings fuscous with ochrey stains. The basal joint
of labial palpi is prominently dark fuscous or blackish outwardly.
Expanse, 25mm. Central Alabama. June.”

* Professor Zeller (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873) mentions his
doubts about this South American female, but remarks that his
scruples were removed by the fact that ‘‘ the wing-veins correspond
exactly’ with those of the male from Massachusetts.

+ See foot-note to p. 155.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 151

“Smaller than A. plumifrontella, and easily recognised
by its pallid discolorous fore wings, which are also a
little more determinate at apices and internal angle
than usual.”

I am not absolutely certain about the identity of this
species; the only specimen I have seen with that name
attached was in a box sent to me for examination by
Prof’ Fernald. I understood it had been obtained from
Miss Murtfeldt, but was very doubtful at the time
whether it was truly Grote’s mortipennellus. The
memorandum [ have about it shows that the apical
vein was forked, which would probably throw it into the
genus Neolophus, but its colouring differed considerably
from the two species of that genus now described. In
Mr. Grote’s collection in the British Museum are several
specimens with antenne simple and apical vein not
forked, which agree with the description, but are not
labelled. These have the uncus double, not sharpened
at the points, which slightly diverge ; the lateral claspers
long and slender, of almost even width beyond their
narrow stem, and evenly rounded at the ends. I have
little doubt that they represent the true A. mortipen-
nellus, Grote.

Acrolophus cervinus, n.s. (Pl. VIL., fig. 6).

Palpi, 2, porrect, about 5 mm. long; whitish fawn-colour.
Head and thorax the same. Antenne, 2, simple. Fore wings
pale fawn-colour, the apex obtuse, apical margin oblique, costal
margin straight and nearly parallel with the dorsal margin
throughout; a few dark fuscous scales are sparsely sprinkled about
the apical margin of the fore wings. Abdomen and legs of same
colour as hind wings. Heap. al. 34 mm.

Two females collected by Belfrage in Texas on the
16th and 18th May (about 1868) respectively. I have
not seen the male of this species, but, although probably
closely allied to plumifrontellus, the narrow fore wings
with straight costa and almost straight oblique apical
margin show it to be distinct from that species.

Acrolophus argentinus, n.s. (Pl. VII., fig. 8).
Palpi, $ , recurved and reaching beyond the middle of the thorax.
Antenne greyish ochreous, serrated. Head, thorax, and palpi
dull greyish fuscous. Fore wings greyish fuscous, slightly mottled

152 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

with dark fuscous along the extreme costal margin, with a con-
spicuous dark brownish fuscous blotch on the middle of the fold,
dilated upwards and blending with the ground colour of the wing
its lower edge overlapping the fold, somewhat angulated and more
clearly defined; beyond it is a less conspicuous small patch of the
same colour at the end of the cell, followed by a few brownish
ochreous scales ; apical vein not forked. Hind wings pale brownish
fuscous. Abdomen greyish fuscous ; the anal appendages are of an
ordinary form, the lateral claspers being somewhat narrowed
towards the base, of even width beyond, the ends rounded; the
uncus is double, evenly curved, somewhat laterally compressed,
the points closely approximate and converging. Hap. al. 27 mm.

Hab. Two males sent by Mons. Ragonot labelled
“Buenos Ayres.”

Acrolophus texanellus, Chamb. (Pl. VIL., fig. 9).

Chamb., Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Survey, iv. (1),
Dp. T9878):

Chambers describes this species as follows : —

“Very distinct from plumifrontella, popeanella, and arcanella,
Clem., and from agrotipennella and mortipennella, Grote; nor
ean I recognise it at all in Scardina or Bombycina, as described by
Zeller. Palpi overarching the thorax, dark brown on the outward,
luteous-brown on the inner surfaces. Antenne compressed, straw-
yellow ; thorax dark grey-brown; fore wings brown, tinged with
ereyish yellow; the usual spot at the end of the disk indistinct ;
the other spots common to the wings of the other species I cannot
find in this. One of them may be represented by an indistinct
blackish line beneath the middle of the fold. Hind wings and
abdomen fuscous-grey, like the thorax, and a little darker or rather
less yellowish than the fore wings. Under surface of both wings
ereyish fuscous. Smaller than any specimens that I have seen of
the other species, having an alar expansion of only nine lines.
Bosque County, Texas.”’

To this I may add that the antenni are compressed, flattened,
having a roughened or serrated appearance caused by lines of
slightly raised scales around each joint. The apical vein of the
fore wing is not forked. ‘The lateral claspers are narrow, elongate,
slightly upturned from near the base, but straightened beyond, not
spoon-shaped, but evenly rounded and slightly inverted at the apex.
The uncus is double, straight, the points scarcely at all bent over,
very short, not closely approximate, slightly diverging.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 158

Acrolophus arizonellus, n.s. (Pl. VIL., fig. 10).

Palpi, 3, recurved, reaching beyond the middle of the thorax;
? short, slightly upturned, but scarcely reaching more than the
length of the head beyond it. Antenne subochreous, rather
flattened, simple, having a very slight notched appearance owing
to the scales on the upper side being a little raised at the joints.
Head, thorax, and palpi pale brownish, with a slightly hoary
appearance from an admixture of grey hairs. Fore wings greyish
brown, sprinkled with dark brown scales; the costal margin very
narrowly subochreous, with about six pairs of ill-defined dark
brown dots along it; a conspicuous dark brown spot at the end of
the cell and another on the fold at one-third from the base; below
this in one specimen is a pale patch; the fringes slightly paler
than the wing, but mottled with brown ; under side pale brownish, |
the margins narrowly greyish ochreous. Hind wings brown, with
pale tips to the fringes; under side pale brownish. Abdomen: the
long hairy clothing of the base of the abdomen above is pale
greyish ochreous, the abdomen itself inclining to brown ; lateral
claspers elongate, spoon-shaped, curved inwards, tending to form
a slight angle at their upper and outward extremity; the uncus
double, with the two points very slightly diverging and not widely
separated. Hep. al. §,25mm.; 2, 86 mm.

I have a male and two females from Arizona, collected
by the late Mr. Morrison.

Acrolophus pallidus, Méschl.

Moschler, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges, in Wien, xxxi., p. 488,
n. 188, t. 18, f. 46 (1881).

I am indebted to Mr. Kirby for the following transla-
tion of the original description, which I have not seen :—

‘“Tntermediate in size between P. hamiferella, Hiibn., Zutr.,
441, and scardina, Zell., but may be at once distinguished from
both by the ground colour of the wings. Antenne ochreous
(lehmgelb), palpi ochreous, the basal and middle joints dark brown
at the sides. Head and thorax reddish ochreous, upper side of the
abdomen dark umber-brown, under surface and pectus light
ochreous; front legs dark brown on the outside and pale yellow on
the inside; middle legs pale yellow, the tarsi dark brown on the
outside; hind legs pale yellow, the tibiz dark brown on the outside,
and the tarsi spotted with brown on the outside. Fore wings
reddish ochreous, the inner margin suffused with brownish towards

154 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

the anal angle, the costa marked with black dots, and the rest of
the wing sparingly sprinkled with less distinct ones. Fringes of
the colour of the wings, and brownish at the tips. Hind wings
dark umber-brown, costa pale yellow, fringes greyish brown,
divided by a greyish yellow line. Under side umber-brown. Fore
wings dirty ochreous, in the marginal area, dusted with brown.
Hind wings with the costa narrowly ochreous, and the hind
margin still more narrowly edged with ochreous, and ochreous-
yellow scaling is visible over the whole surface of the wings;
marginal line finely brown. Fringes of the fore wings yellowish
at the base and greyish yellow at the tip, the hind wings greyish
yellow, with a more brownish line of separation. 33.6 mm.

‘“‘One female from Paramaribo.”

Acrolophus hamiferellus, Hb.

Pinaris hamiferella, Hb., Zutrage, figs. 441, 442;
Poey, Cent. Lep. I. Cub.

Hiubner’s description is short and somewhat vague :
it may be rendered as follows :— ‘‘ This remarkable
species, whose palpi curve back over the head to the
base of the abdomen, can at most be compared with
heracliella, with which it has some resemblance in
general habit, but scarcely any at all in the shape of the
wings.” The locality given is Rio Janeiro, and, if the
figure is correct, the apical vein is not forked, the
antenne are simple, and the expanse of the fore wings
is 80 mm.

CNOGENES, Nn. &.
(ncewos = new, yévos = race). ‘
Type. Cenogenes perrensella, Wism.

Labial palpi, 3, recurved, overarching the thorax; 2 short,
porrected. Antenne serrated throughout on both sides and pilose.
Fore wings with the costa slightly arched, apical margin oblique ;
the apical vein forked. Hind wings scarcely wider than the fore
wings; uncus single.

This genus belongs to the section of the subfamily
Anaphorine, which is distinguished by strongly recurved
palpi. The structure of the antenne at once separates
it from the other genera in this section, which resemble
it in having the apical vein of the fore wings forked.
I believe it will be found to be represented in North

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 155

America. A specimen sent to me for examination some
years ago by Prof. Fernald under the name Anaphora
mortipennella, Grote, greatly resembled it in structure ;
the apical vein was forked, which is not the case
with specimens in Grote’s collection at the British
Museum; these I think may be more correctly regarded
as the types of that species.

Cenogenes perrensella, Wlsm. (Pl. VIL., figs. X, Xa).

Labial palpi dull whitish, recurved over the thorax, touched
with fuscous on the outer sides at the extreme base. Antenne
luteous, serrated on both sides and pilose. Head, thorax, and fore
wings dull whitish, the latter smeared with dark fuscous at the
base of the costal margin with two patches of fuscous scales, the
one at the commencement of the outer third of the fold, the other
less conspicuous on the outer end of the cell; the surface of the
fore wings is more or less sprinkled with short lines of fuscous
scales, especially along their costal and apical portions. Hind
wings very pale brownish fuscous. Abdomen the same; the
lateral claspers are slender, slightly dilated posteriorly, obliquely
terminated, the uncus single, bent over, not angulated. Hxp. al.
a Loam" 9, 17, mm.

A pair received from Mr. L. K. Perrens, collected at
Goya, Corrientes, Argentine Republic.

AnapHora, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1859,
pp. 260—1; Tin. Nor. Am., pp. 56—7.

Type. Anaphora popeanella, Clem.

Dr. Clemens thus described the genus Anaphora:—

‘‘ Head hairy, concealed by the labial palpi in the g, free in the
9. Ocelli none. Eyes small. Antenne but little longer than
the thorax, serrated beneath, with the ends of the articles finely
ciliated. Maxillary palpi moderately long, scaly, and three-
jointed in both § and ?. Labial palpi in the g* greatly developed,
ascending and thrown back on the dorsum of the thorax, which
they equal in length; the first article scaly, arctate and equal, to
the superior margin of the eyes, and the two succeeding ones
equal and furnished with abundant spreading hairs; in the ? short,
not ascending above the eyes, articles nearly equal, the first and

** Mr. Stainton’s note in his edition of Clemens’ papers is as
follows :—‘‘ This is printed @ in the original, but Dr. Clemens has
marked in pencil that it should be ¢.”—H. T. 8,

156 -Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

second hairy beneath, the third rather smooth and porrected.
Tongue wanting. Wings exceeding the tip of the abdomen; the
anterior with costa nearly straight, hind margin obliquely convex,
inner margin nearly straight, but slightly emarginate above the in-
terior angle; the posterior ovate, and both with rather short cilia.”

The types of this genus, according to Clemens, are
popeanella, plumifrontella, and arcanella; but of the
latter he writes, ‘‘ Labial palpi shorter in 3 than in the
preceding ; ascending, but not recurved.” This deserip-
tion conflicts with his statement that in this genus the
labial palpi equal the thorax in length, and if we take it
that it is an essential character of the genus that they
should do so, arcanella should properly be eliminated,
but its exclusion renders a new generic description
necessary. Taking the shorter palpi as the main
character of the new genus, I have proposed to separate
it under the name Pseudanaphora. The antenne of
plumifrontella are certainly not serrated in the strict
sense of the word;* those of popeanella are distinctly
serrated. Popeanella therefore is the species which
most precisely agrees with the characters of the genus
Anaphora, and may conveniently be taken as the type ;
while plumifrontella may more properly be relegated to
the older genus Acrolophus. One correction should
certainly be made in Clemens’ tabulation of genera,
** Antenne serrated beneath in both 3 and 2 Anaphora.”
The females of all the species appear to have simple
antenne. I can certainly answer for those of popeanella
and plumifrontella.

TABULATION OF SpEcrES oF ANAPHORA, Clem.
A. Uncus abruptly angulated.
a. Lateral claspers with a notch at the ends — bogotensis, Wlsm.
b. Lateral claspers without a notch at the ends.
1. Lateral claspers toothed on the under side = ferruginea, Wlsm.
11. Lateral claspers not toothed on the under side.
1. Points of the uncus distinctly separate = popeanella, Clem.
2. Points of the uncus closely approximate = morrisoni, Wlsm.

* See p. 148. Prof. Zeller (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., 1873) draws
attention to this difference, and points out that whereas in one
species the serrations are long and separate, in the other they
are yet distinguishable under a miscroscope, but are shorter,
broader, truncated at the end, and so closely pressed together that
they are only divided from each other when the antenne are bent
backwards.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 157

B. Uncus curved over.
a. With supplementary processes on each side of the uncus.
1. These long and conspicuous = ornata, Wlsm.
11. Short and inconspicuous — tenuis, Wlsm.
b. Without supplementary processes on each side of the uncus.
1. Uncus long and slender, with lateral excrescences at its middle
=unceigera, Wism.
ir. Uncus without lateral excrescences at its middle.
1. Lateral claspers evenly rounded at the ends

= propinqua, Wlsm.
2. Lateral claspers terminated obliquely.

AA. Points of the uncus closely approximate — pusillus, Wlsm.
BB. Points of the uncus distinctly separete
== macrogaster, Wlsm.
Not included in the above tabulation (see p. 140) :—minima, Wlsm. ;
leucodosis, Zell.

Anaphora morrison, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 12).

Palpi recurved, reaching to the posterior margin of the thorax,
purplish fuscous. Antenne cinereous, stout, serrated, the ends of
the articles being fringed with delicate hairs. Head and thorax
greyish fuscous. Fore wings purplish fuscous, without conspicuous
markings, the usual discal and apical spots being indicated by dark
fuscous scales; apical vein not forked. Hind wings greyish
fuscous-cinereous. Abdomen purplish fuscous; lateral claspers
approximately of equal width throughout, evenly rounded at the
ends; the uncus double, abruptly angulated above and _ bent
straight down, with a small protruding knob at the angle; the
points very closely approximate. Hap. al. 18 mm.

~ Florida (Morrison) ; two males.

Anaphora propinqua, Nn. 8.

Palpi recurved, reaching to the posterior margin of the thorax,
purplish fuscous. Antenne cinereous, stout, serrated, the ends of
the articles being fringed with delicate hairs. Head, thorax, and
fore wings purplish fuscous, the latter without conspicuous
markings, the usual discal and apical spots being indicated by dark
fuscous scales; no ferruginous shade on fold or dise; a few irreeu-
larly distributed white scales, single or in groups of two to four, are
noticeable on the outer portion of the wing and on the end of the
fold; these appear to be loosely attached and very fugitive; apical
vein not forked. Hind wings greyish fuscous-cinereous. Abdomen
purplish fuscous ; the lateral claspers of much the same form as in
morrisont, ‘Lhe uncus is double, arched over, not angulated, and

158 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

with the points closely approximate; differing very decidedly in
form from that of morrisoni, from which species the whole insect
is otherwise scarcely distinguishable. Hap. al. 18 mm.

Florida (Morrison) ; two males.

Anaphora pusilla, Z. (Pl. VIII, fig. 13).
Zell., Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xiii., 196-—7 (1877).
“Parva; antennis 3 arcte serratis, palpis preter basim teretibus,
apice barbato; alis aut latis, rotundatis, brunnescentibus, macula

vene transverse una, duabus plice margineque postico nigro-
fUSCIS ae7;

The following is a translation of Zeller’s description :—

“The smallest species known to me; with broad wings, and very
similar in colour and pattern to my A. scardina; but it differs
from all others in the naked palpi, only furnished with a tuft of
hair-like scales at the end.*

“Smaller than Depressaria applana. Body brown. Palpi
recurved to the end of the roughly-scaled thorax, cylindrical,
clothed with short thickly appressed scales, very pale brownish, the
basal joint thickened by longer raised scales, and for the most part
dark brown; the terminal joint ends in a compressed brown brush
of scales. Antenne very pale brown, compressed, the under
surface very closely serrated, pubescent. Abdomen brownish grey.
Legs pale brownish grey, front femora and tibiz brownish, the
middle tibize only of this colour outwardly. Fore wings 3% lines
long,+ broad, rather widened behind, with a well-marked tip, and
gradually rounded hind margin, pale greyish brown, palest on the
inner marginal half; the hinder three-quarters of the costa is
marked with obsolete dark dots. The markings consist of three

* To this character, somewhat prominently mentioned by Zeller,
I am not disposed to attach any great importance. In a series of
A. popeanella I find the palpi in many different positions, and
greatly varying in the degree to which they are denuded. Some
have precisely the appearance of Zeller’s type of A. pusilla, and I
cannot but regard the absence of long scales on the first and second
joints of the palpi in that species as the result of denudation.
These remarks do not apply to the genus Stewberhinus, Butler
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1882, p. 402), founded on a somewhat
similar peculiarity. The palpi of the type of Steberhinus,
although probably not quite in a natural position when erect, are
quite natural in having their stem smoothly sealed, the apical joint
only brush-lke.

} The type-specimen measures 153 mm.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 159

blotches formed of coarse dark brown scales, one in the fold at
one-third, a larger streak before the transverse nervure, which is
larger than the first. The hind margin of its fringes are pretty
thickly sprinkled with dark brown scales, except at the tip and
anal angle. Hind wings rounded at the tips, greyish brown, paler
than the fore wings. The terminal half of the hind marginal
fringes, and the whole of the inner marginal fringes, light grey.
The whole under side coloured like the hind wings above. One
male taken at the lamp at Barranquilla, 3lst December, by Baron
von Nolcken.”

To this I may add that the apical vein is not forked; the lateral
claspers are dilated downwards below the middle, thence tapering
upwards to an obtusely rounded point; the uncus is double, bent
over the points. touching each other.

Anaphora minima, n. 8.

Palpi overarching the thorax, reaching to its posterior margin.
Antenne greyish ochreous, strongly serrated and fringed with fine
hairs. Head, thorax, and palpi greyish ochreous; the palpi dark
fuscous beneath at the base. Fore wings greyish ochreous, reticu-
lated with dark fuscous ; a spot of ferruginous-brown scales at the
end of the cell. Hind wings and fringes cinercous. Abdomen
cinereous. The anal appendages in this specimen are too much
injured to admit of description, but in other respects the specimen
is extremely perfect. Hap. al. 13mm.

Hab. I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Leech for a
single male from Ceara, Brazil, collected in August,
1884. It is allied to pusilla, but differs not only in its
markings, but in its narrower fore wings and smaller
size: its palpi are amply clothed throughout.

Anaphora leucodocis.

Fell., Hor. Hnit.Ross:, xu, p. 197—s8;, no. 2:(1877).

Parva, antennis setaceis, palpis ultra thoracem reflexis, valde
pulosis ; alis aut acuminatis, griseo-lutescentibus, stria ex basi in
apicem perducta alba, antice nigro-marginata. 3.

Translation of original description (Mr. Lirby) :—

“This species, which stands next to A. pusilla in size, is
distinguished from all others by the sharply-pointed fore wings,
and the straight white longitudinal streak, which is produced to
the tip. Body pale clay-colour, or pale greyish clay-colour. The
pointed palpi are clothed with long thick hair to the tip, and are

160 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

recurved over the whole thorax, and are paler on the side turned
towards the back. Antenne slender at the tip, so shortly serrated
as to appear cylindrical, slightly pubescent. Anal tuft as pale as
the legs. Fore wings 5 lines long,* rather narrow, pointed, with the
hind margin curving back, pale ochreous-grey, more or less shading
into yellowish ochreous, and irregularly sprinkled with scattered
black scales. A white longitudinal stripe runs from the shoulder
to the tip of the wing; its front edge is irregularly bordered with
black, except at the base, anda black transverse streak extending
from this border runs nearly across it. The ground colour between
this and the costa is rather dark. One specimen has five brown
dots along the inner margin, and another has a continuous series of
brown particles. Fringes not much paler than the ground colour.
Hind wings pointed, but ending much more obtusely than the fore
wings; dark brownish. Fringes paler round the tips of the wings,
and on the inner margin. Under side unicolorous dark grey-
brown, but the abdominal area of the hind wings and the adjacent
fringes conspicuously pale. One of the specimens in Staudinger’s
collection is from Cuba, and the other two are perhaps from
Brazil.”

This species, having the antenne shortly serrated, is
probably rightly placed in the genus Anaphora.

Anaphora bogotensis, n. 8. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 14).

Palpi recurved, reaching to the posterior edge of the thorax.
Antenne stout, strongly serrated. Head, thorax, and palpi
greyish brown. Fore wings greyish brown, blotched and sprinkled
with brownish fuscous, a brownish fuscous spot on the end of the
cell, another more conspicuous about the middle of the fold,
preceded by a smaller one of the same colour, a row of indistinct
brownish fuscous spots along the costal margin, others less notice-
able along the apical margin, with a line of three extending
obliquely inwards from below the apex. Hind wings brown, with
somewhat paler fringes. Abdomen greyish brown ; lateral claspers
rather wide, slightly depressed, and decidedly concave at the ends;
the uncus is double, abruptly angulated above, the angle projecting
in an obtuse point, the points or hooks below diverging; at the
base of the uncus above is a small supplementary point or pro-
tuberance from the end of the same segment. Hap. al. 28 mm.

Hab. Eleven males from Zeller’s cabinet, collected

* If English lines are intended this would give an expanse of
about 21 mm. when measured in the same manner as A. pusillus.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 161

at Bogota by Baron von Nolcken, and labelled in Zeller’s
handwriting, ‘‘ Anaphora sp. bei scardina.”” This species
is in appearance almost undistinguishable from the
variety of scardina described as popeanella by Clemens,
but the concave ends of the abdominal claspers enable
it to be instantly recognised.

Anaphora ferruginea, n.s. (Pl. VILL, fig. 15).

Palpi reaching as far as the posterior edge of the thorax
Antenne slightly paler than the palpi, naked, stout, and shortly
pectinate anteriorly. Head, thorax, and palpi ferruginous. Fore
wings ferruginous, slightly blotched above the fold and on the cell
with fuscous, also sprinkled towards the costal and apical margins
with small groups of fuscous scales; fringes purplish fuscous,
slenderly tipped with whitish, especially at the anal angle. Hind
wings brownish. Abdomen the same; lateral claspers dilated in
the middle, narrowed towards the apex, which is evenly rounded ;
about their middle on the under side is a tooth-like projection
turning inwards and resembling the structure of these organs in
the Indian genus Alavona, Wlk.; the uncus is double, flattened
above, and abruptly angulated, the angle projecting somewhat over
and beyond the points; these are triangular when viewed laterally,
and are sharply pointed and divergent. Hp. al. 831; mm.

A sinele male in Zeller’s collection, labelled as collected
by Baron von Nolcken at Bogota. It is very distinct
both in colour and structure from other known species
of this genus.

Anaphora popeanella, Clem. (Pl. VIII., figs. 11, 1la,
LAhbs Lic).

Anaphora popeanella, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1859, 261; Tin. Nor. Amer., 57—8; Gr.,
Can. Ent., iv., 187 and 148; Z., Bei. z. Kennt.,
1878, 215.

A. agrotipennella, Gr., g , Can. Ent., iv., 187; ?, 143
(1872), xvili., 199; Wlsm., Trans. Am. Ent.
Soe., x., 167; Murtf., Can. Ent., viii., 185.

A. scardina, Z., Bei. z. Kennt., xxiii., 215—216 (May,
1873).

“ Antenne of the g distinctly serrated beneath. Labial palpi
dark brownish, whitish? at the tip in the 2. Thorax dull
brownish in the g, with the tegule tipped behind with grey;
whitish ? tinged with brown in the 2. Fore wings brownish

162 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

luteous or dull reddish brown, with luteous or yellow along the fold
and inner margin; a spot on the dise and one on the middle of the
nervules of the same hue, with a dark brown spot on the fold
beneath the median vein, most frequently semicircular, with a
short dark brown streak at the base on the submedian vein, and
another parallel to it beneath the median. The anterior margin
striated from the costa with dark brown, with a subterminal row
of dark brown spots above the branches of the median vein, and
the ends of the nervules dotted with the same hue; cilia pale
yellowish brown. Hind wings brownish yellow, cilia the same.
Exp. al. 12 to 18 lines (=%5}—88 mm). Male and female alike.
Texas.”

Now, so far as the antennz and palpi are concerned, Clemens’
observation ‘‘male and female alike” is certainly misleading. The
antenne of the male are stout and deeply serrated, ‘‘ with the ends
of the articles finely ciliated,” as described by him. Those of the
female are simple. The lateral claspers are elongate, spoon-
shaped, scarcely dilated, and evenly rounded. The uncus double,
angulated above, and bent over at right angles, with a conspicuous
thickening at the angle.

Mr. Grote, in describing his agrotipennella, points out
that this differs from popeanella as follows :—‘‘ A. popea-
nella disagrees with A. agrotipennella by, among other
characters, its being described as luteous along the
inner margin.”

An examination of my extensive series shows that
both varieties belong to the same species. The anal
appendages do not differ, and intermediate variations of
colouring are noticeable. ‘There can be no doubt that
they differ only in the extension of the pale colour of
the fold in the direction of the dorsal margin. In
confirmation of this view it is noticeable that both forms
are labelled in Zeller’s collection ‘‘ Anaphora scardina,
Z.”; the typical form of agrotipennella received from
Grote, as well as from Boll from 'l'exas, being placed in
the same series, and evidently regarded by Zeller as
synonymous.

I have two specimens compared with what was sup-
posed to be the type of popeanella at Philadelphia; a
third specimen bred by Miss Murtfeldt, and received
from her under the the name agrotipennella, Gr.; one
specimen from Mons. Ragonot from boll’s collection and
labelled ‘‘ scardina, Texas’; several similar specimens

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 163

from Morrison from North Carolina; in all twenty-two
males and one female, including those from the Zeller
cabinet. A female in the British Museum, in Grote’s
collection, measures 38 mm., and in colour and markings
resembles the typical form of the male.

Anaphora ornata, n.s. (Pl. VIII, fig. 16).

Palpi recurved, reaching nearly to the posterior margin of the
thorax; greyish fuscous, having a speckled appearance owing to
the scales being tipped with dirty whitish. Head and thorax of
the same colour as the palpi. Antenne dull ochreous, stout, and
strongly serrated. Fore wings brownish fuscous, blotched with
whitish ochreous, especially upon and below the fold; slightly
beyond the middle of the fold is a conspicuous quadrangular dark
fuscous patch, its upper edge blending with the ground colour of
the wing above it, its lower edge straight and clearly defined ;
between this patch and the base of the wing is a smaller dark spot
of the same colour, the dorsal margin below the pale ochreous
fold is shadéd with brownish fuscous, and some small dark spots
are evenly distributed along the costal margin; a small ill-defined
pale ochreous patch beyond the outer edge of the cell; the whitish
ochreous colour of the fold extends in an undulating line above it
before and after the quadrangular dark patch; apical vein not
forked. Hind wings brown; fringes the same. Abdomen greyish
fuscous ; the anal appendages are very peculiar: lateral claspers
spoon-shaped and evenly rounded at the ends, tending slightly
upwards; the unecus double, curved over, with the points con-
verging at the apex; two supplementary lateral processes extend
from the margin of the penultimate segment, and are of even
width, but slightly turned up at the ends, reaching to half the
length of the uncus. Hap. al. 25 mm.

A single male in Zeller’s collection, taken by Baron
von Nolcken: probably in Columbia, but no locality is
marked on the specimen. I have received from Mons.
Ragonot for examination a specimen from Buenos Ayres,
which has a somewhat similar pattern of colouring on
the fore wings, but differs completely in the form of the
anal appendages.

Anaphora uncigera, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 17).
Palpi overarching thorax and reaching to posterior margin.
Antenne pale brownish, strongly serrated. Head, thorax, and
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887. PART II. (JUNE.) N

164 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

palpi pale brown. Lore wings pale brown, rounded at the apex 5
the costa slightly arched, pale brown, sparsely sprinkled with dots
of darker brown, especially along the costal margin; the extreme
base of the costa dark brown; there is but a slight indication of
the usual discal spot; apical vein not forked. Hind wings darker
than the fore wings, brownish fuscous ; fringes inclining to greyish;
on the under side the hind wings are paler than the fore wings.
Abdomen greyish fuscous. The peculiarity of this species consists
in the anal appendages: the lateral claspers are narrow at the base,
dilated into a wide triangle posteriorly, having a distinct pro-
jecting point at their lower apex; the uncus is much bent over,
consisting of two very long slender converging points, thickened
below their middle with irregular knobs on the outer side. Hap.
al. &, 20 mm.; ? 2, 2385 mm.

One male and one female in Zeller’s cabinet, collected
by Baron von Noleken at Bogota. The form of the
uncus distinguishes this species from all its known
congeners.

The female, if [am right in believing it to belong to
this species, has the palpi projecting forward about
13} mm., not recurved. The spot at the end of the cell
more apparent than in the male.

Anaphora tenuis, n.s. (Pl. VIII., fig. 18).

Palpi recurved, reaching as far as the posterior edge of the
thorax; fuscous at the sides, tending to ochreous or brownish
ochreous beneath (the under side being turned upwards their paler
colour renders them conspicuous). Antenne brownish ochreous,
serrated, the end of each article fringed with slender hairs. Head
and thorax purplish fuscous. Fore wings purplish fuscous, with
scarcely any markings; such as there are in some specimens
consist of a dark spot on the disc, and a larger one on the fold
preceded by a darkish patch; in one variety collected by Boll in
Texas, which I believe to belong to this species, the dark spot on
the fold assumes the form of a rather conspicuous triangular
blotch. Hind wings brown, with scarcely paler fringes. Abdomen
the same ; much more slender than in the species allied to plumi-
frontella; lateral claspers somewhat attenuate near the base,
elongate-ovate beyond, evenly rounded at the ends; the uncus is
curved over, not angulated, the two points very short, slightly
diverging, with a pair of small supplementary lateral processes at
its base. Hap. al. 24 mm,

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 165

Seven males from North Carolina, collected by
Morrison; there is also a single male in “Zeller’s
collection without locality.

Anaphora macrogaster, n.s. (Pl. VIL, figs. 19, 19a).

Labial palpi, 3, recurved, reaching nearly to the posterior edge
of the thorax; 92 erect, reaching somewhat above the elongate
basal joint of the antenne. Antenne 3, bipectinate, the pectina-
tions wider at their bases than outwardly, fringed with short hairs ;
subochreous; Q simple. Head, thorax, and palpi mottled ereyish
and brownish fuscous. Lore wings brownish fuscous, slightly
mottled with paler along the costal and apical margins; with an
elongate patch of dull whitish running irregularly along the length
of the fold; a smaller spot of the same colour immediately beyond
the outer end of the cell. Hind wings brown; the fringes scarcely
paler. Abdomen the same colour as the hind wings, that of the
male about 7 mm., of female 10 mm.; the lateral claspers of the
male spoon-shaped, scarcely inverted, dilated outwardly, but
tapering slightly upwards and rounded at the apex; uncus double,
the points parallel and somewhat closely approximate. Eup. al.
3, 22 mm.; 2, 29mm.

Three males and three females from Arizona, collected
by Morrison.

FELDERIA, n. g.
Type. Acrolophus cossoides, F. & R.

Labial palpi overarching the thorax, roughly clothed with long
loose scales. Maxillary palpi 3-jointed, rather long and slender.
Antenne strongly bipectinate, the pectinations fringed with delicate
hairs. Fore wing, the form of the wings and neuration as in
Anaphora. Abdomen, lateral claspers of varying form, more or
less spoon-shaped.

TaBuLatTion oF Sprctes oF FELpERta, Wism.
A. Uncus single = pygmea, Wlsm.
B. Uncus double.
a. Lateral claspers squared at the ends = doeri, Wlsm.
b. Lateral claspers rounded at the ends.
1. Uncus abruptly bent over = maculatus, Wlsm.:
11. Uncus not abruptly bent over.
1. Lateral claspers spoon-shaped, tapering posteriorly
= filicicornis, Wism.
2. Lateral claspers with edges parallel, not tapering posteriorly
= cossoides, F. & R.

166 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

Felderia doeri, n. 8. (Pl. VIIL., figs. 20, 20a, 20d).

Labial palpi overarching the thorax, and reaching beyond its
posterior margin. Antenne subochreous, strongly bipectinate, the
pectinations fringed on both sides with slender hairs. Head,
thorax, and palpi mottled cinereous and greyish brown. Fore
wings cinereous, blotched and mottled with greyish brown
throughout; the costa obscurely spotted with fuscous from base to
apex ; a conspicuous brownish fuscous spot at the end of the cell,
a more conspicuous spot of the same colour beyond the middle of
the fold, preceded by a smaller one also on the fold. Under side
with a slight ochreous tinge about apex and apical margin. Hind
wings cinereous-brown. Abdomen greyish brown; anal tuft paler;
the lateral claspers of peculiar form, being thickened at the base,
attenuated and abruptly arched upwards in the middle, with the
dilated spoon-shaped apex depressed and terminated in several
small tooth-like processes, evidently adapted for firm grasping ;
the uncus is double, curved, but with the points parallel and closely
approximate.

Received from Herr H. Doer; Petropolis, near Rio
Janeiro, Brazil. Five males in my collection.

Felderia maculata, n.s. (Pl. VIII., fig. 21).

Palpi overarching the thorax and reaching to its posterior edge.
Antenne subochreous, strongly bipectinate, the pectinations
fringed with slender hairs. Head, palpi, and thorax dull umber.
Fore wings dull umber, with a few brownish ochreous scales at the
base of the fold and costal margin; a conspicuous whitish ochreous
patch occupies the apical portion of the wing, reaching to the
middle of the apical margin; a projecting point of umber scales
encroaches upon it from the costa at its inner edge; a few whitish
ochreous scales are scattered throughout the umber fringes. Hind
wings wmber-brown, slightly paler than the fore wings. Abdomen
the same ; the lateral claspers are dilated from their base upwards,
but of equal width beyond it; they are rounded at the apex, and
indented along their immer edge; the uncus is abruptly angulated
above. the two points being very long and reaching straight down-
wards to beyond the ends of the claspers; they are closely approxi-
mate and parallel, except at their extreme points, which are
slightly divergent. Hap. al. 85mm.

Hab, Two males received from Herr H. Doer from
Petropolis, near Kio Janeiro, Brazil.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 167

Felderia filicicornis, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., figs. 22, 22a).

Labial palpi strongly recurved, reaching to the posterior margin
of the thorax. Antenne strongly bipectinate, the pectinations
being slightly narrower at their bases, wider outwardly, sub-
ochreous. Head, thorax, and palpi thickly clothed with fuscous
hair-like seales, tipped with hoary white. Fore wings mottled
greyish and brownish fuscous; about twelve brownish fuscous ill-
defined dots along the costal margin, not arranged in pairs, but
distributed at approximately equal distances ; a brownish fuscous
spot at the end of the cell, from which a streak of the same colour
extends obliquely downwards to the anal angle; fringes greyish
fuscous, speckled with whitish. Hind wings brownish, with a
faint purplish tinge; fringes pale greyish brown. Abdomen
brownish. Under side of all the wings pale cinereous, the costal
margin of the fore wings not defined by a pale line as in arizonella.
Exp. al. §,26mm.; 2, 27—31 mm. The lateral claspers of the
male spoon-shaped, widened in the middle, tapering outwardly,
and rounded at the apex; the uncus double, the two points pavallel,
shorter and wider apart than in arizonellus.

Hab. One male and five females from Arizona,
collected by Morrison.

This species has much the appearance of arizonella,
Wlsm., but the peculiar form of the antenne in the
male at once serves to distinguish it.

Felderia cossoides, Rog. (Pl. VIIL., fig. 23).
Feld. and Rog., Nov., t. cxxxix., f. 35.

A single specimen of this species in Zeller’s collection
is in poor condition, scarcely admitting of any descrip-
tion of the markings. No description is published with
the figure, the only remark made being ‘‘ Pinaris hami-
ferella, Hb., Zutr., 441, etiam hujus generis esse videtur.”’
The figure represents a not very dark reddish brown
species with hind wings approximately the same colour
as the fore wings, with a dark spot on the end of the
cell, and another before and below it lying above the
commencement of the outer third of the fold; there is
also a series of small darkish spots around the costal
and apical margins, the palpi rather paler than the
wings, and the antenne obviously pectinate.

In all these particulars Zeller’s specimen may fairly

168 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

be taken to agree, so far as its condition enables a com-
parison to be made. The antenne are very strongly
bipectinate, each tooth fringed with slender hairs on
both sides. The lateral claspers are elongate, evenly
rounded at the end, and of even width throughout, so
far as they can be seen beyond the terminal segments
of the abdomen. ‘The uncus is double, with the points
parallel, but not closely approximate. It measures
32mm. in the expanse of the fore wings.

m ° .

The specimen figured by Rogenhofer came from
.
Ypanema, and was collected by Natterer; the label on
Zeller’s specimen shows that it came from the same
locality.

Felderia pygmea, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., figs. XX, XXa).

Palpi recurved, overarching the thorax, clothed with long mixed
cinereous and brownish fuscous scales. Antenne strongly bi-
pectinate, the pectinations placed widely apart, fringed with slender
hairs. Head and thorax cinereous, strongly shaded with brownish
fuscous. Fore wings with the costa somewhat arched; the apex
depressed, rounded; the apical margin oblique, ground colour
cinereous, suffused with brownish fuscous, the darker shades of
which are concentrated along the costal margin and in four
separate patches on the wing-surface ; the first of these is situated
at one-third from the base on the costal half of the wing, a smaller
patch of the same colour lying below it beneath the fold; beyond
this, near the middle of the dorsal margin, is a similar patch, a
more conspicuous one being placed on the outer end of the discal
cell; each of these patches is followed by a few scales of the pale
cineveous ground colour of the wing; there are also some few
inconspicuous dark spots upon the apical portion of the wing and
about the apical margin, but none of the markings are clearly
defined. Hind wings pale brownish fuscous. Abdomen the same,
slightly darker posteriorly; lateral claspers slender, somewhat
dilated and upturned posteriorly ; uncus curved, single. Exp. al.
12 mm.

A single male from Goya, Corrientes, Argentine
Repubhe, collected and sent to me by Mr. L. K. Perrens.
This species is particularly interesting, as showing that
the genus Ielderia, characterised by its pectinate
antenne, like its near allies Anaphora and Acrolophus,
is represented by species of minute size.

————— ——

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 169

ORTHOLOPHUS, N. g.
(Ogbos = straight, ropos = crest).
Type. Ortholophus variabilis, Wism.

Labial palpi, 3, erect, not recurved over the head, the joints
thickly clothed; 4 porrected. Mawillary palpi short, depressed.
Antenne simple, or slightly serrated. Ocelli none. Fore wings
elongate, narrower in proportion to their length than in Anaphora
or Acrolophus; neuration as in Acrolophus; apical vein of the
fore wing not forked ; uncus single or double.

Ortholophus variabilis, n.s. (Pl. VIIL., figs. 24, 24a,
24 b, 24 ¢).

Labial palpi, 3, erect, not recurved, dirty whitish, more or less
tinged with greyish fuscous, with which they are sometimes
entirely suffused, about 8} mm. long, separately tufted on each
joint; @ porrect, standing out about 2 mm. beyond the head.
Antenne subochreous; ¢ serrated; ? simple. Head, thorax, and
fore wings dirty whitish, sprinkled and suffused with greyish
fuscous, varying with the colour of the fore wings. ore wings
elongate, narrow, the costa slightly rounded, apex rounded, apical
margin oblique, convex, presenting several varieties of colouring ;
apical vein not forked. Var. a. dirty whitish, mottled along the
apical and costal margins with greyish fuscous; a triangular
fuscous patch overlapping the fold, and more or less connected with
a spot of the same colour at the end of the cell; fringes mottled
alternately greyish fuscous and dirty white both in fore and hind
wings. Var. 8. greyish fuscous, with scarcely any admixture of
whitish scales, the darker fuscous patches distinctly visible, and a
few brownish ochreous scales on the dise. Var. y. pale greyish
fuscous, the dark patches almost obsolete, with no admixture of
whitish scales, except in the fringes. Hind wings in all the
varieties brownish, with a slight purplish tinge; the fringes
scarcely paler. Abdomen pale greyish fuscous ; lateral claspers of
nearly even width from the base outwards, slightly angulated
downwards about their middle, the ends rounded, but more so
below than above; uncus single, evenly bent over, but very little
longer than its opposing branch coming from beneathit. Hap. al.
og, 24—27 mm.; 2, 30—34 mm.

I have a considerable series of this species collected
by Morrison in Arizona, and had always regarded it as
equivalent to mortipennella, Gr., the only described
species with whitish fore wings and darker hind wings;

170 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

but Mr. Grote’s remark that in his species the labial
palpi reach as far back as the dorsum of the thorax
proves that it is distinct.

PSEUDANAPHORA, N. g.
Type. Anaphora arcanella, Clem.

Labial palpi ascending, not recurved to the thorax. Maxillary
palpi scaled, 3-jointed, of moderate length. Antenne simple, or
slightly serrated towards their apex. Fore wings with the costa
scarcely arched, of approximately even width throughout, except
at the extreme base; the apical margin oblique, slightly convex;
the apical vein not forked. Hind wings slightly wider than the
fore wings, with the costal margin arched; apical vein not forked ;
uncus double.

The single species known to Dr. Clemens was placed
by him in his genus Anaphora, although differing very
widely from the other types of the genus in the form of
the labial palpi; these, as noticed by that author, are
shorter than in other species of Anaphora, and, according
to his description, are ‘‘ascending but not recurved.”
I find the second joint is somewhat recurved, so that,
although the palpi have an erect appearance, they
differ considerably from those of Ortholophus, in which
the first joint is so long as to enable the other two to
stand erect above the head. Although the second joint
is absolutely straight, Clemens’ Anaphora arcanella
differs also in structure from my genus Neolophus by
having the apical vein of the fore wings not forked,
although in other respects it greatly resembles it. I have
a second species obviously belonging to this genus,
represented by a single specimen in Zeller’s collection
from North America, but without a special locality label.
It differs from arcanella chiefly in the form of the anal
appendages, and in the greater width of the fore wings.
The specimen is not in good condition.

Pseudanaphora arcanella, Clem. (Pl. VIII., fig. 25).

Anaphora arcanella, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1859;) 262 Bins ‘Nor... Am... ol p0,0Ur
Gr:, Can. Eint.; iv:, 148:; Chamb., Bull;Ucs:
Geol. and Geog. Survey, iv., 79; Wlsm., Trans.
Am. Ent. Soc., x., 167.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. fej

“Labial palpi shorter in the 3 than in the preceding ( popea-
nella and plumifrontella) ascending, but not recurved. Palpi
luteous-brown in front, dark brown externally. Thorax dark
brown, almost blackish. Fore wings dark brown, with an obscure
purplish hue; with luteous-brown on the dise and in the fold,
interrupted by a blackish brown, nearly square, submedian spot in
the fold, and a small one near its base of the same hue,—sometimes
merely a few blackish brown scales,—with an irregular blackish
brown spot on the end of the disc, and the costa and apical portion
of the wing dusted and dotted, sometimes striated with blackish
brown. Hind wings dark brown, tinged with black. Exp. al.
12 lines (=25 mm.). Female not known.”

To this may be added :—Antenne slightly serrated towards apex.
Fore wings with 12 veins, all separate; apical vein not forked.
Hind wings 8 veins, also separate, 7 and 8 parallel. Lateral
claspers slender, widening slightly towards their posterior extremi-
ties, which are rather square. Uncus double, rather abruptly bent
over, but not angulated, the points parallel, separated by about the
width of ene of them.

Srapernines, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., April, 1881, 402.
Type. Steberhinus testaceus, Butl.
“Urbare affine genus Ypsolopho* simile, differt autem palpis
maris permagnis crassis, scopis terminalibus expansis, feminz
palpis simplicibus longulis porrectis ; antennis crassis.”

“The development of the male palpi in this genus is
considerably greater than in the little South American
eenus to which Walker has given the name of Urbara:
this organ curves upwards far above the head in
Steberhinus, and is broadly fringed at the back, so as to
present the appearance of a hearth-broom.”t

Steeberhinus testaceus, Butl.
Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., April, 1881, 402—3. .

‘« Primaries above pale testaceous ; six dark brown spots arranged
in pairs, two at the base, two just beyond the basal third, the fifth
(which is largest) just below the end of the cell, and the sixth in an
oblique line with it on the dorsal margin; two or three widely

* «© Y, verbascellus especially.”

+The development is quite different from that in Anaphora,
being quite slender and only emitting divergent bristles from the
back of the last joint.”

172 Lord Walsingham’s revision of the

separated brown costal spots, and an arched series close to the
outer margin; a slender brown marginal line, and a paler line
near the base of the fringe, beyond which it (the fringe) is almost
pure white; secondaries silvery white, with faint cupreous re-
flections ; an indistinct marginal testaceous line ; body testaceous ;
palpi with the terminal bristles dark brown; abdomen silvery at
the base. Primaries below greyish testaceous, with a narrow buff-
coloured border ; fringe silvery ; secondaries with greyish testaceous
costal area ; otherwise as above; body below shining golden buff.
Expanse of wings, 6 lines. A pair. Honolulu.”

The antenne are simple, not serrated.

Eixpnuanation oF Puates VII. & VIII.

PG ATE eaves

Fie. 1. Neolophus furcatus, Wism.; 1a, head of $; 16, terminal
appendages of 3%.
Hulepiste maculifer, Wlsm.; 1c, head of $; 1d, head
of @.

2. Hypoclopus griseus, Wlsm.; terminal appendages of 3;
2a, side view of head of 9; 20, neuration of fore
wing.

3. Thysanoskelis hirsutus, Wlsm.; 3a, head of 3; 86,
tarsal joints of hind leg; 3c, terminal appendages
OM eye

4. Ankistrophorus corrientes, Wlsm.; 4a, head of 3; 40,
terminal appendages of ¢.

5. Acrolophus plumifrontellus, Clem., g; 5a, head of 3;
5b, head of 9; 5c, terminal appendages of ¢; 5d,
terminal appendages of 9; 5e, neuration of fore wing.

6. A. cervinus, Wlsm.; head of ?.

7. A. stmulatus, Wism.; terminal appendages of g.

8

. A. argentinus, Wism. ; ‘3 3 »
9. A. texanellus, Chamb. ; a 3
10. A. arizonellus, Wlsm. ; a5 a *

X. Cenogenes perrensellus, Wism.; antenna of g; Xa,
terminal appendages of 3g.

genera Acrolophus and Anaphora. 173

PLATE, VIE:

Fig. 11. Anaphora popeanella, Clem., 3; lla, head of g; 118,
head of 2; 11c, terminal appendages of 3.
12. A. morrisoni, Wlsm.; terminal appendages of 3.
13. A. pusilla, Z.;
14. A. bogotensis, Wlsm.; fs se >
15. A. ferruginea, Wlsm. ; id

9 ” ”

9” ”
16. A. ornata, Wlsm. ; 3 5 .
17. A. uncigera, Wism. a ~
18. A. tenuis, Wlsm.; Ne ss aA
19. A. macrogaster, Wlsm., 2; 19a, terminal appendages
Ol a.

20. Felderia doeri, Wlsm.; 20a, head and antenne of 3;
20 b, terminal appendages of 3.
XX. FL. pygmea, Wism.; terminal appendages of f; XXa,
antenna.
21. Felderia maculata, Wlsm.; terminal appendages of 3.
22. F. filicicornis, Wlsm.; terminal appendages of 3;
22a, antenna of g.
23. F. cossoides, F. & R.;3 terminal appendages of 3.
24. Ortholophus variabilis, Wlsm., 3; 24a, head of 3;
246, head of 9; 24c, terminal appendages of 3.
25. Psewdanaphora arcanella, Clem.; terminal appendages

of g.

X. Description of a new genus of Rhopalocera allied to
Anteros, Hew. By Groner T. Baxer, F.E.S.

[Read March 2nd, 1887.]
PuaTE IX.

OUROCNEMIS, Nn. &.

Head very prominent, square, with collar. Palpi deflexed. Body
robust. The three pairs of legs stout, with long hairy tufts, the
second pair having very long tarsal tufts. Neuration as usual,
viz., costal vein short, extending to not over a third of the costa;
subcostal vein quadriramose, the first two branches emitted before
the end of the cell, the last two making a long fork to the costa
just in front of apex; upper radial emitted from anterior angle of
cell, lower radial from centre of cell; median and posterior veins
normal. Hind wings with quite normal neuration. Fore wings
subfaleate; hind wings deeply excavated between the first median
branch and submedian vein, with fringe lengthened into a caudal
appendage at the extremity of the latter.

I have two female specimens of this insect from Goya,
Corrientes, South America, and at first thought it was
altogether new; but, with the kind assistance of Mr.
Osbert Salvin, I now find it to have been placed by
Hewitson in the Hrycinid genus Anteros, and named
axiochus. Though somewhat nearly allied to Anteros,
the structure and clothing of the palpi preclude it being
placed in that genus, and necessitate the formation of a
new one.

Hitherto the only sex that appears to have been known
in this country was the male, from a poor specimen of
which Hewitson took his description ; and, as this differs
somewhat from my females, it may be as well to describe
them in detail.

Ourocnemis axiochus, Hew. (Pl. IX., figs. 1 & 2).
The entire upper surface of all the wings is sooty black, with a
very faint bluish lustre over the basal half. Fringes of same
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT II. (JUNE.)

176 ~—- Description of a new genus of Rhopalocera.

colour, but with the extremities tipped with white. Body and
thorax same hue as the wings. Expanse, 86 mm.

Under surface, 9: Fore wings black-brown, with a large costal
yellow spot near the base, and a second of the same colour
extended transversely over the end of cell; between these spots,
at the base, and near the costa beyond the cell, are three shining
plumbageous markings; costal and external borders at apex
yellowish, with a subapical tawny suffusion ; posterior margin and
fringe black, divided by a plumbageous stripe, with an ill-defined
plumbageous submarginal patch near the centre of outer border.
Hind wings with base of costa yellow, divided by a transverse
black e-shaped dash, a large triangular black patch occupying the
subbasal area, crossed by a A-shaped silvery mark; the whole
centre of the wing being occupied by a very irregular belt of sandy
ochraceous irrorated with grey, and bounded externally by an
irregular blackish belt, suffused externally with plumbageous.
Margin of fringe black, divided by a plumbageous stripe. Body
blackish, with scattered shining plumbageous scales. Antenne
rusty reddish, with base of club blackish ; legs black and lustrous,
stout and very hairy, with the extremities of tarsi ochraceous.

The irregular belt of sandy ochraceous on the under

surface of the hind wing is entirely wanting in the
male sex.

EXPLANATION OF PuatE IX.

Fig. 1. 2 imago of Ouroenemis axiochus, upper surface.
2 a" A 5 under surface.
Neuration of wings.

bo

Bo:

Head, front view.
» profile.
Palpi (magnified).
» showing structure of 3 (magnified).
Legs (magnified).
Structure of fore leg of ¢, showing how the coxa is
produced beyond the coxo-trochanter joint; together

BIB s

ie)
.

with the imperfect tarsus; both typical of Hrycinide.

(alae)

XI. New genera and species of Buprestide. — -
By Cuartes O. WaATERTOUSE,

[Read May 4th, 1887. |

Waist I have been engaged in determining the
Buprestide of Central America, I have found it necessary
to propose several new genera. Some of them are not
founded on Central American species, and I have there-
fore thought it best to publish them in the present
paper, as they cannot conveniently be inserted in the
‘Biologia Centrali Americana.’

MixocHLoRvs, 0. g.

Antennal pores in a cavity on the lower internal margin of the
joints. Scutellum small, transverse, trapezoidal. Sternal cavity
formed by the meso-. and meta-sterna. Head gently convex in
front. Antennal cavities small, round. Thorax a little broader
than long, not much narrowed anteriorly, with three longitudinal
impressions above; the central one extending from the base to the
front margin, broader at the base than in front; the lateral
impressions do not reach the anterior margin. Posterior angles
acute, scarcely diverging. The base gently bisinuate. Elytra at
the base as broad as the thorax, scarcely sinuate at the sides,
gradually narrowed to the apex; punctate-striate ; longitudinally
impressed at the suture. Tarsi short, the basal joint about as long
as the two following joints together. Claws angularly dilated at.
the base beneath.

The species for which I propose this genus might at
first sight be taken for one of the Agrilide. It is,
however, clearly allied to Ay@ocera (Waterh., Biologia
Cent. Amer., Coleopt., iii., pt.1., p. 4), and should be
placed near Pelecopselaphus. It differs from Ageocera
in its narrower form; the elytra are not costate, and the
claws are dilated at the base.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART Il. (JUNE.)

178 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s new

Mixochlorus suturalis, n. s.

Lete aureo-viridis, crebre punctulatus; fronte, thoracis elytro-
rumque vittis duabus rufo-cupreis. Long. 13 mm.

Head densely punctured, gently convex; the forehead reddish
coppery, with a green median line on the vertex. Thorax rather
straight at the sides, a little narrowed in front, broadest at the
posterior angles, which are acute; rather strongly and moderately
closely punctured on the raised parts, densely punctured in the
impressions. Scutellum green. Elytra somewhat strongly punc-
tate-striate ; the suture with a broad green stripe, which is im-
pressed, finely rugulose and punctured; the two interstices next to
the green stripe finely and not very closely punctured, the lateral
interstices closely and finely strigose. The extreme margins
green; the epipleural dilatation at the base blue. Prosternum very
strongly punctured; the abdomen rather less strongly and less
closely punctured, the apex semicircularly emarginate.

Hab. Honduras (Brit. Mus.).

Note.—There is a species of Agrilus from Mexico,
which so much resembles this that it might at first
sight be mistaken for it. The thorax is, however,
uniform in colour, and the punctuation of the elytra is
not in lines.

PERONZEMIS, 0. g.

Form nearly that of Cinyra albonotata, but with the thorax
more convex and more parallel at the sides. Antennal pores
anterior. Scutellum transverse and trapezoidal. Sternal cavity
formed by the meso- and meta-sterna. Basal joint.of the posterior
tarsi scarcely as long as the 2nd and 8rd together. Head slightly
convex; antennal cavities small and round. Thorax a little
broader than long, very convex anteriorly ; with three rather deep
ovate impressions at the base; the posterior angles slightly
diverging and acute. Elytra as broad as the thorax, subparallel
for two-thirds their length (slightly sinuate at the sides), gradually
and obliquely narrowed at the apex; the apex of each elytron
angular in the middle. First and second segments of the abdomen
separated by a suture. The lateral line of the thorax runs obliquely
downwards and vanishes in front.

Peronemis thoracicus, n. 8.
Elongatus, subnitidus ; capite viridi, medio rufo-cupreo ; thorace
lete rufo-cupreo, crebre sat fortiter punctato, basi infuscato;

genera and species of Buprestidae. 179

seutello cyaneo, nitido; elytris eneis, fortiter striatis, plaga scu-
tellari, altera ad medium (ad suturam non attingenti) brunneo-
eneis nitidis. Long. 10} mm.

The head is closely and moderately strongly punctured. The
thorax is rather more strongly punctured ;
the three basal impressions extend nearly
to the middle, the central one is rather
wider than the others; they are slightly
tinted with bluish green at the base. The
suture of the elytra is green; the interstices
are slightly costiform, except below the
shoulder and near the suture in the middle. |
There is a quadrangular patch occupying @
the scutellar region, and a second square
spot about the middle of a more brown
colour, more shining, and slightly more y&
raised than the rest of the elytra; the
humeral callosity and the margin near the
base are also of the same bronzy-brown
colour; the margins near the apex are finely denticulate. The
sterna, abdomen, and legs are bluish green, varied with blue,
purple, and neous.

Hab. Jamaica.

A

TRYPANTIUS, 0. g.

I propose this name for Stenogaster biteniatus, Chey.,
and an allied species. The chief character of Steno-
gaster is the somewhat remarkable fact that only the
4th joint of the tarsi is furnished with a lamina; it is
therefore quite inadmissible that S. biteniatus, which
has the 2nd and 8rd joints also furnished with a short
lamina, should be included in the genus. The costa of
the elytra does not reach the base, which is the case
in Stenogaster; the forehead has a deep longitudinal
furrow, and the channel on the inner margin of the eye
is also very deep.

Trypantius infrequens, n. s.

Elongatus, angustus, depressus, «neus, nitidus, crebre punc-
tatus, parce griseo-pubescens, pube ante apicem elytrorum in
fasciis duabus congesta. Long. 10 mm.

Very similar in form to 7’. biteniatus, but narrower and more
regularly narrowed posteriorly. Head moderately strongly and

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRi Il. (JUNE.) 0

180 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s new

closely punctured, the frontal furrow deep and clearly defined.
Thorax longitudinally impressed in the middle, declivous and
impressed at the sides, somewhat closely punctured, the punctures
very irregular in shape and size; close to the margin there is a
ridge as in 7’. biteniatus, but it is not so clearly defined, closer to
the margin and more parallel with it. Scutellum strongly trans-
verse, the middle of the posterior margin prolonged into a point.
Elytra gradually narrowed from the base to the apex, depressed,
closely punctured, the punctures not clearly defined and irregular
in size. Each elytron has an obtuse costa, commencing about
one-third from the base, and nearly extending to the apex; the
apex is obtuse and slightly serrated. There are two rather
indistinct fasciz of whitish pubescence, the upper one directed
upwards at the suture. Prosternal process closely and finely
punctured: the middle of the metasternum shining and more
sparingly punctured. All the under surface is sparingly clothed
with whitish pubescence.

Hab. Mexico (coll. Brit. Mus.).

CYPHOTHORAX, N. g.

Intermediate between Stenogaster and Agrilus. Head gently
concave, deeply channelled between the eyes. Thorax transverse,
narrowed in front of the middle; the disk in the middle with an
elevated swelling. Scutellum nearly equilaterally triangular.
Elytra somewhat flat, subparallel, obliquely narrowed at the
apical third; irregularly punctured, with scarcely any trace of
lines. Tarsi moderately short, the basal joint of the posterior
pair about as long as the two following joints together; the 2nd
and 8rd joints are furnished below with a pilose pad, but have no
distinct lamina ; the 4th joint has a lamina as in Stenogaster.

I propose this genus for Stenogaster palleolatus, Cheyr.

AUTARCONTES, N. g.

I proposed this name for Agrilws mucoreus, Klug, and some
allied species. The thorax is broad and transverse, with an
angular prominence at the sides close to the base. The elytra are
somewhat parallel for two-thirds their length, and then obliquely
narrowed to the apex; the apex of each elytron truncate or
slightly sinuate. Each elytron has an obtuse costa for two-thirds
its length, the dorsal space between them more or less flat. The
basal joint of the posterior tarsi in A. mwcoreus is short; the other
species show a gradation to the longer tarsi of ordinary Agrilus.

genera and species of Buprestide. 181

The four species which I propose to associate, although
differing in the length of the posterior tarsi, appear to
me to form a natural group, for which it is convenient
to have a name as distinct from Agrilus.

Autarcontes planus, 0.8.

Elongatus, sat latus, dorsim planatus, sneo-niger, subtus
eyaneus; elytris ante apicem guttulis numerosis griseis ornatis.
Long. 183—14 mm.

Black above, slightly tinted with zneous (sometimes with violet).
Forehead deeply incised between the eyes. Thorax twice as broad
as long, broadest just before the base, narrowed anteriorly ; rather
flat above, with a shallow double impression at the base ; obliquely
declivous at the sides and irregularly impressed; irregularly and
not very closely punctured. Scutellum gently concave, smooth ;
transverse, with the middle of the posterior margin produced into
a point. Elytra flat on the back, and very closely punctured ;
sides beyond the costa, and the apex more shining and less closely
and more irregularly punctured. A few small greyish spots are
scattered over the surface, but in the apical region they are more
numerous. The apex of each elytron is truncate, slightly sinuate,
the outer angle very acute. Prosternal process and metasternum
strongly punctured; the abdomen much less strongly punctured.
Posterior tarsi short.

Hab. Para and Nauta, Amazons (Bates) ; Bahia.

Autarcontes pictiventris, n. 8.

Statura A. mucorei, Kl., magis tamen elongatus, depressus,
niger, opacus ; elytris pube grisea irroratis ; corpore subtus cyaneo,
nitido, abdomine maculis coccineis utrinque ornato. Long. 18 mm.

Thorax short and broad, obliquely narrowed in front, flattened
(or very slightly concave) on the disk, declivous and impressed at
the sides; the angle at the side near the base is very prominent
and very acute. Elytra relatively much longer than in 4.
mucoreus, flattened dorsally; densely punctured; with numerous
vermiculate greyish marks; two bands behind the middle and the
apex are almost without spots. The red spots on the last three
segments of the abdomen are quadrate, with an oval smooth space
at the base. The apex of each elytron is truncate and slightly
emarginate; the outer angle acute. Posterior tarsi rather long.

Hab. Amazons, Santarem.

182 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse’s new

Autarcontes abdominalis, n. s.

Niger; elytris inter costas snescentibus immaculatis, fascia
anguste ante apicem e pube grisea ornatis; corpore subtus cyaneo,
maculis coccineis utrinque ornato. Long. 17 mm.

This species much resembles the preceding, and has the thorax
acutely angular at the sides in the same way, closely punctured.
The impression on the disk, which in the preceding species is
somewhat trefoil in shape, is more distinctly divided into three
impressions, of which the anterior one is small. The dorsal
region of the elytra is slightly tinted with brassy; the sides and
apex black, the apex with a fascia of grey pubescence. The red
spot on the basal (2nd) segment of the abdomen is large and
transverse; those on the three following segments are a little
smaller (but larger than in the preceding species), each with a
smooth oval spot at the base. Posterior tarsi long.

Hab. Nicaragua, Chontales (7. Belt).

OMOCHYSEUS, 0. g.

General characters of Agrilws. Thorax transversely quadrate,
deeply excavated on the disk. Scutellum triangular, broad at the
base, gradually acuminate. Elytra not much narrowed posteriorly,
each with a single costa; the shoulders much elevated into a sort
of curved costa; the apex suddenly obliquely inclined, forming a
distinct but obtuse angle with the dorsal line of the elytra.

I propose this name for a Brazilian insect closely
allied to Agrilus, but which, from its peculiar form,
I think merits generic distinction ; the chief characters
being the much elevated shoulders of the elytra, and the
suddenly inclined apex.

Omochyseus humeralis, 0. 8.

Niger, vix purpurascens ; pectore abdomineque cyaneis, pedibus
cupreis; capite profunde excavato; thorace transverso, quadrato,
disco fortiter impresso, transversim strigoso, antice guttis duabus
elevatis nitidisinstructo; lateribus declivibus rugulosis, guttis duabus
nitidis elevatis instructis; scutello elongato triangulari; elytris
sicut griseo-marmoratis, confertim subtiliter punctatis, guttis
numerosis irregularibus parum elevatis nitidis seriatim dispositis,
fascia post-medium nigro-velutina; apice ipso inclinato utrinque
arcuatim paulo dilatato; singulo elytro unicostato; humeris bene
elevatis. Long. 11} mm,

genera and species of Buprestide. 183

The head is closely punctured, with a deep shining excavation
between the eyes. The elytra at the base are as broad as the
thorax, narrowed slightly just below the
shoulders, and then subparallel to the ex- \y —
panded apex. The shoulders are elevated
into a short curved costa, deeply impressed
within; the usual costa reaches from the
shoulder to the apical declivity. The pro-
sternal process is closely and very coarsely
punctured. The middle of the metasternum
is brassy. The abdomen is not very closely ¢
punctured.

Hab. Brazil, Santa Martha. C

Since the above was written I have
seen M. J. Thomson’s description of
Agrilus omocyrius (Typi, Append.,
p- 58), and think it possible that they
may refer to the same species. In that case, however,
M. Thomson’s description appears incorrect. The
shoulders of the elytra do not project, but are elevated.
The elytra have a black fascia before the middle and a
second behind, not two behind the middle. The pro-
sternum is not striolate, but deeply punctured.

Omochyseus terminalis, n. 8.
Precedenti similimus; thoracis lateribus postice minus angu-
latis, plagis discoidalibus elevatis punctatis; elytrorum costa ante
apicem evanescenti, apice haud dilatato. Long. 12mm.

This species very closely resembles the preceding. The thorax
is, however, less angular at the sides, but especially the raised spot
on each side of the front of the disk, instead of being smooth, is
coarsely punctured. The costa on the elytra does not quite reach
the apical declivity. The apical declivity is slightly cyaneous,
transverse, somewhat trapezoidal in outline, not dilated and
rounded on the outer side.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca.

PARADOMORPHUS, N. g.
I propose this name for Agrilus frontalis, L. & G.,
and some allied species, which differ from Agrilus in

having the basal joint of the posterior tarsi comparatively
short.

184 New genera and species of Buprestide.

Paradomorphus albicollis, n. s.

Niger, hie et illic eneo-tinctus; capite quadrinodoso; thorace
transverso, subquadrato, dense albo-tomentoso; elytris unicostatis,
basi cyaneo-seneis, medio eneis, ad apicem nigrescentibus; apice
ipso albomaculato. Long. 93 mm.

The head has four nearly equal round nodes, the two anterior
ones neous. The thorax is evenly convex, nearly straight at the
sides ; the basal median lobe broadly truncate. The elytra at the
shoulders are as broad as the thorax, gently sinuous at the sides,
obliquely narrowed at the apical third; densely punctured; the
base impressed ; the shoulders elevated; the apex of each elytron
rounded and denticulate. Besides the apical chalky white spot
there are three small pale grey pubescent spots between the suture
and the costa, and behind the middle there is a narrow flexuous
greyish fascia, which does not reach the suture. The 2nd segment
of the abdomen (united with the 1st) broad and swollen. The
antepenultimate and apical segments each with a conspicuous
white spot on each side.

Hab. Jamaica (Brit. Mus.).

( 185 )

XII. On Pyralidina from Australia and the South
Pacific. By EH. Meyricr, B.A., F.E.S.

[Read June 1st, 1887. |

As the discovery or recognition of additional species in
this group, and of additional synonyms for known
species, continues to make progress, I hope from time
to time to publish such notes and descriptions as will
keep the knowledge of the subject up to date. The
present paper is a collection of such notes; but before
proceeding to their systematic consideration I desire to
call attention to the identification of the species of this
group in the paper by Mr. Butler, published in the
‘Transactions’ of this Society for 1886, pp. 420 sqq.,
and treating specially on Lepidoptera from these regions.
In doing so I hope not to appear discourteous ; I am
much indebted to Mr. Butler for the courtesy with which
he has assisted me to examine the types of these and
other species ; and it is also only just to point out that
his paper was read before mine, published earlier in the
same volume, was in print, and he therefore had not
the opportunity of correctly identifying some of the
Pacific species described therein.

The following are my identifications of the Pyralidina
described in his paper :—

Aporocosmus bracteatus (described as a Noctuid) is a
synonym of HMurycreon lamprodeta, Meyr. Mr. Butler
himself subsequently made this identification, and was
kind enough to call my attention to it.

Microsea plagifera is a variety of Striglina myrtea,
Drury (= fenestrina, Feld., and fenestrata, Gn.), with
the spot (which varies very much and is sometimes
absent) unusually large.

Pharambara reticulata is a Siculodes; it is a good
species, but there is already a Siculodes reticula of
Guénée, and I conceive therefore that the name cannot
stand; I propose for it the name of crypsiria, by which
it is already known in Australian collections.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT III. (SEPT.) Pp

186 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Graphicopoda hecate is a synonym of Hrebangela
melanauges, Meyr.

Pseudephyra straminea belongs to the Noctuina.

Niphadaza bicolor is a synonym of Compsophila
iocosma, Meyy.

Oligostigma pallida is a synonym of Paraponyx
dicentra, Meyr.

Rinecera nigrescens is a synonym of Strepsimela siqni-
feralis, Waller.

Hormatholepis erebina is a good genus and species.

Asopia leonina appears a good species, but I was not
able to make a sufficient examination to locate it cor-
rectly; it is, of course, not an Asopia, as generally
understood.

Leucophotis pulchra is a good species, and I think
genus.

Eindotricha annuligera is a synonym of Semioceros
mesochlora, Meyr.

Endotricha obscura is a synonym (¢) of Hndotricha
ethopa, Meyr.

Rhimphalea enone is a synonym of Rhimphalea lindalis,
Walk. (= sceletalis, Ld.).

Pterygisus ochreipennis 18 a species of Hurycreon,
vid. infr.

Gonocausta asuridia is a Siculodes ; a good species.

Margaronia limbata appears to be a good species of
Margarodes.

Botys horatius is a synonym of Pleonectusa parallela,
Meyr.

Botys argyrogaster is a synonym of Dracenura pelochra,
Meyr.

Tmprepes insignis is a synonym of Deuterarcha xantho-
mela, Meyr.

Scopula auritincta is a Conogethes ; a good species.

Nymphula sordida is a synonym otf Tritea ustalis,
Walk. (= turbidalis, Walk., and afinitalis, Ld.).

Salebria squamicornis is a synonym of L’picrocis
eucometis, Meyr.; a pale specimen.

Mella arenosa is apparently a good species, but in the
absence of the male the genus must be considered
doubtful.

Anerastia nitens is a synonym of [eosphora psama-
thella, Meyr.

Diptychophora inornata belongs to the Noctuina.

Australia and the South Pacific. 187

The following notes are arranged in systematic
sequence :—

EPIPASCHIADA.

From a consideration of increased material, I now
conclude that several of the genera in this family
established by myself and others on neural characters
are not tenable; the characters employed, viz., the
anastomosing of veins 7 and 8 of the hind wings, and
stalking of veins 4 and 5, though valuable in other
families, are here found to differ not only in closely
allied species, but also sometimes in individuals of the
same species. I propose, therefore, to sink Cacozelia,
Grote, as synonymous with Stericta, Ld.; and_ to
include Catamola, Meyr., and Astrapometis, Meyr., as
well as the American Deuterollyta, Ld., and Mochlocera,
Grote, under the head of Hpipaschia, Clem. As thus
defined, Stericta will differ from Epipaschia essentially
only by the penicillate maxillary palpi of the male.
Titanoceros should have the maxillary palpi absent ; but
I have only seen the one specimen. The classification
of the Australian species will then be as follows :—
Titanoceros cataxantha, Meyr.; Epipaschia saburalis,
Walk., H. elassota, Meyr., H. capnopis, Meyr., EH. funerea,
Walk.; Stericta demotis, Meyr., S. tornotis, Meyr.,
S. habitalis, Gn., S. thyridalis, Walk., S. recurvalis, Walk.,
S. cholica, Meyr., S. costigeralis, Walk., S. xanthomelalis,
Walk., S. pyrastis, Meyr.

Eprpascuia, Clem.
Epipaschia saburalis, Walk.
Also from Albany, West Australia ; in December.

Hpipaschia funerea, Walk.
Also from Glen Innes (3500 ft.), New South Wales ;
Melbourne, Victoria; Perth, West Australia; in
November and December.

StERicra, Ld.
Stericta \?) demotis, n. s.
?, 21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous, mixed with
whitish-ochreous and dark fuscous. Antenne whitish-ochreous,

188 Mr. EK. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

annulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, irro-
rated with dark grey. Legs dark fuscous, ringed with whitish-
ochreous. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; veins 4 and 5 from
a point; fuscous, irrorated with blackish-fuscous, sometimes mixed
with whitish-ochreous towards margins; a small blackish-fuscous
spot on costa near base, edged laterally with pale; lines cloudy,
blackish-fuscous; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of
inner margin, obscurely edged with pale anteriorly, almost
straight; second from before two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of
inner margin, posteriorly obscurely edged with whitish-ochreous,
upper two-thirds strongly but unevenly curved outwards; a small
blackish discal spot between these, preceded by some raised
ochreous-whitish seales; cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed and
obscurely barred with fuseous, with an ill-defined dark fuscous
line near base. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 from a point,
8 free; fuscous-grey, paler towards base and grey-whitish towards
costa; an indistinct grey discal lunule at one-third; a curved
ill-defined grey-whitish line about three-fourths, anteriorly edged
with darker grey; a cloudy dark fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia
erey-whitish, with a fuscous-grey line near base.

Geraldton, West Australia; three specimens on
flowers after dark, in November. In the case of this
and the following species the male is still unknown, and
they might therefore possibly be referable to Epipaschia ;
I think this species, however, is almost certainly a true
Stericta ; S. tornotis is more doubtful.

Stericta (2) tornotis, n. 8.

?,20mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish-fuscous, some-
what mixed with whitish-ochreous; face and palpi dark fuscous.
Antenne whitish-ochreous, annulated with fuscous. Legs dark
fuscous, ringed with whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin
oblique, slightly rounded; veins 4 and 5 stalked; reddish-fuscous,
thinly irrorated with dark fuscous and a few whitish-ochreous
scales; a transverse dark fuscous tuft of scales in disc before one-
third; lines cloudy, whitish-ochreous, edged on discal side with
dark fuscous; first from two-fifths of costa to middle of inner
margin, somewhat curved outwards near costa; second from
three-fifths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, middle third
abruptly curved outwards; a small discal tuft of dark fuseous
scales between these; a whitish iroration towards middle of hind

Australia and the South Pacific. 189

margin; a strong blackish hind-marginal line, interrupted by
whitish dots on veins; cilia fuscous-reddish, sharply barred with
blackish-grey. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 stalked, 7 anasto-
mosing strongly with 8; fuscous-grey; cilia grey, with a darker
grey line near base.

Helidon, Queensland ; one specimen in September.

Stericta habitalis, Gn.

Also from Albany, Geraldton, and Carnarvon, West
Australia ; in October, November, and April.

Stericta thyridalis, Walk.

Larva 16-legged, cylindrical, posterior extremity tapering; some-
what wrinkled, with a few scattered hairs; greyish-ochreous,
slightly pinkish-tinged ; spots very small, black; lines blackish-
grey, dorsal very fine, subdorsal moderately broad, lateral slender ;
head blackish-fuscous, suffusedly reticulated with ochreous. Feeds
gregariously in tubes of silk and refuse on a shrubby plant
(perhaps a Leucopogon, but not properly identified) belonging to
the Epacridacee, in September and October.

Also from Albany, West Australia ; bred in November
and December.

Stericta recurvalis, Walk.

Salma recurvalis, Walk., Cr., 107; Haacosmia rubigi-
nosa, ib., Suppl., 609; Crambus melanospilellus,
ibs, Hupplscl 759:

So ?, 28—32 mm. Head and palpi in male wholly blackish-
fuscous, in female whitish-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous.
Antenne fuscous, ciliations in male 2, basal process large, reflexed.
Thorax crested posteriorly, whitish-ochreous, in male suffused
with blackish-fuscous anteriorly, in female greenish-tinged and
mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, irrorated
with fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, suffusedly ringed with whitish-
ochreous. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin rather obliquely rounded; veins 4 and 5
approximated at base; whitish-ochreous, in female irregularly
mixed with light olive-greenish and fuscous-reddish, and unevenly
irrorated with blackish-fuscous, in male more or less wholly
suffused with fuscous and irrorated with blackish-fuscous, a space
on costa between first and second lines and a small spot on middle
of hind margin generally remaining pale; a tuft of raised scales in

190 Mr. EK. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

dise before one-third; «a short thick cloudy blackish streak from
costa near base; first line blackish, somewhat irregular, nearly
straight, from costa near before middle to middle of inner margin,
forming a rather conspicuous spot on costa usually preceded by a
pale spot; a blackish discal dot, preceded by some raised scales,
towards costa close beyond first line; second line blackish, sub-
dentate, from three-fifths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin,
forming a small spot on costa, upper two-thirds strongly curved
outwards ; an interrupted blackish hind-marginal line; cilia grey-
whitish, sometimes reddish-tinged, with a grey line near base, and
obscurely barred with grey, forming dark grey dots on the line.
Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 approximated at base, 7 anasto-
mosing shortly with 8; fuscous, becoming grey-whitish near base ;
amore or less indistinct curved subdentate pale line about three-
fourths ; hind-marginal line and cilia as in fore wings.

Melbourne, Victoria; Launceston and Hobart, Tas-
mania; in January; several specimens. I formerly
confused females of this with Balanotis crypsaula, and
from this latter my former description of recurvalis was
drawn; it much resembles Stericta recurvalis, but the
lines are quite differently placed.

Stericta cholica, Meyr.
The female does not differ from the male in marking.

Stericta costigeralis, Walk.

The female is larger than the male, ranging to
29 mm., but not different in marking. Occurs also at
Sydney, New South Wales; Fernshaw, Victoria; in
October and December.

Stericta xanthomelalis, Walk.

| have not been able to properly examine this species,
but it is probably referable here.

Stericta pyrastis, n. s.

g, 34-35 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs dark fuscous, mixed with whitish and reddish; antennal
process short; thorax beneath with two expansible tufts of long
hairs from base of anterior legs. Fore wings very elongate-
triangular, costa slightly sinuate, apex rounded, hind margin

Australia and the South Pacific. 191

rather obliquely rounded; veins 4 and 5 closely approximated at
base; ochreous-brown, irregularly irrorated with blackish ; base of
costa and inner margin suffused with black: first line dark fuscous,
from one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, irrecular, on
lower half suffusedly margined on both sides with whitish ; a small
round blackish discal spot; costal space between first and second
lines irrorated with white; second line blackish, from two-thirds
of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, upper half strongly curved
outwards, lower acutely dentate, upper third strongly thickened
and preceded by a whitish irroration, lower third also thickened ;
a blackish suffusion towards hind margin beneath apex; cilia
brownish, with two darker lines and obscurely barred with blackish.
Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 from a point; bright orange; a
broad blackish-fuscous hind-marginal border ; cilia whitish, tinged
with reddish-fuscous, with a blackish line.

Neweastle, New South Wales; two specimens
(Australian Museum). The condition of the palpi did
not permit me to make sure whether this species
belongs here or to the preceding genus ; but I think
here.

PYRALIDIDA.
Bauanotis, Meyr.
Balanotis carinentalis, Walk.

Also from Townsville and Duaringa, Queensland ;

Newcastle and Kiama, New South Wales.

Balanotis didymalis, Walk.

The female differs from the male in having the yellow
colour of the costa and inner margin of hind wings
replaced by white: the specimens described by me are
male, and not female, as erroneously stated.

Also from Cape York, Queensland ; Neweastle, New
South Wales.
Balanotis crypsaula, ni. 8.
Balanotis recurvalis, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1884, 70 (nec. Walk.).

Two species having been confused, as noted above,
I propose this name for the one which I originally, but
erroneously, described as recurvalis.

The quotation of Tasmania as a locality is incorrect

192 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

(or at least premature), and arose from the confusion of
species.

Aguossa, Latr.
Aglossa pinguinalis, L.
An undoubted female of this species, alleged to have
been taken near Melbourne, Victoria (coll. Lucas), but I
think the locality requires confirmation ; if it occurs at

all, it will probably be found common: of course an
introduced species.

Aglossa cuprealis, Hb.
Also from Neweastle, New South Wales ; in December.

Asopta, T'r.
Asopia ducalis, Walk.

Pyralis ducalis, Walk., Suppl., 1242; P. regalis, ib.,
1241.

?, 19 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-yellow; palpi slender,
ascending, terminal joint halfsecond. Antenne purplish, beneath
yellowish. Thorax purple, anterior margin ochreous-yellow.
Abdomen purple, apex yellowish. Legs ochreous-yellowish (ante-
rior pair broken). Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa almost
straight, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; veins 8 and
9 out of 7; purple, sprinkled with dark grey ; a moderate ochreous-
yellow triangular spot on costa about one-fourth, and a second
about two-thirds; lines hardly darker than ground colour, very
indistinct, proceeding from costal spots, tolerably straight, first to
inner margin at one-fourth, second at three-fourths; a narrow
ochreous-yellow hind-marginal fascia, indented by ground colour
below middle; cilia ochreous-yellow. Hind wings with colour,
hind-marginal fascia, and cilia as in fore wings, but hind-marginal
fascia more attenuated irregularly towards middle and abruptly
dilated near anal angle.

(Jueensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas) ; two others
in British Museum collection. Walker's first name,
reqalis, must of course be dropped, as he overlooked the
Kuropean Asopia regalis, Schiff. Walker quotes this and
various other species received from Mr. Digeles as from
Swan River (West Australia); this is almost certainly
due to some misunderstanding : all of those with which

Australia and the South Pacific. 193

IT am acquainted [ have received from (Queensland only,
and I have no reason to suppose Mr. Diggles ever
collected in West Australia. I do not usually notice
Walker’s localities, but this error seemed worth marking.

Asopia farinalis, L.

Also from Toowoomba (2000 feet), Queensland ; Glen
Innes (38500 feet), New South Wales; Melbourne,
Victoria; Albany and York, West Australia: from
October to April, and in June.

Asopia gerontialis, Walk.
Authenticated from Cooktown, Queensland (coll. Lucas).

Asopia caustica, Meyr.

Male and female. Ranges to 20mm. ; quite constant
in marking; four specimens.

Viressa, Moore.
Vitessa hemiallactis, n.s.

I propose this name for the New Guinea species
previously identified by me (from the description) as
V. pyraliata, Walk., and described in the Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1886, 218. I have since seen Walker’s
specimens, and, although very similar to mine, they
differ as much as the other species of this genus do
from one another. V. pyraliata is distinguished from
V. hemiallactis by having all the white markings very
much reduced, and in particular by having the ante-
median white band of fore wings replaced by one or two
small spots only.

Anemosa, Walk.

Forehead with a very long horny narrow flattened projection.
Ocell present. Tongue well-developed. Antenne in male mode-
rately bipectinated, becoming filiform and ciliated towards apex.
Labial palpi very long, straight, porrected, loosely rough-scaled
above and beneath, with long expansible hairs above, somewhat
attenuated. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Anterior tibie
thickened with dense hairs beneath. Fore wings with vein 1
furcate towards base, lower fork running perpendicularly to inner

194 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

margin, 2 from three-fourths of cell, transverse vein strongly
angulated, 6 out of 9 almost at base, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 approxi-
mated to 9 near base, 11 from before middle of cell, very oblique.
Hind wings broader than fore wings ; veins 4 and 5 almost from a
point, 7 out of 6 near origin, connected with 8 at a point.

A singular genus, apparently somewhat allied to
Drymiarcha and Oedematophaga, especially the former.

Anemosa isadalis, Walk.
Anemosa isadalis (isadasalis), Walk., 849.

g, 24-27 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs whitish-
ochreous; palpi somewhat mixed with dark fuscous; anterior
tibiz dark fuscous. Abdomen light yellowish. Fore wings elon-
gate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin obliquely rounded; whitish-ochreous, sometimes
faintly reddish-tinged, with a few scattered dark fuscous seales ;
lines cloudy, fuscous, more or less distinct, becoming blackish on
inner margin, first from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin, moderately curved; second from two-thirds of costa to
three-fifths of immer margin, middle third forming an abrupt
rounded projection outwards; a small round silvery-white blackish-
margined spot on second line in middle, and sometimes a smaller
one above it ; cilia whitish-ochreous, terminal half reddish-fuscous.
Hind wings pale ochreous-yellowish ; apex and hind-marginal
edge suffusedly reddish-tinged; cilia pale yellowish.

Newcastle, New South Wales; two specimens
(Australian Museum).

OEDEMATOPHAGA, Meyr.
Oedematophaga egalis, Walk.

Also from Melbourne, Victoria; | have seen galls
probably belonging to this species in ‘Tasmania.

OrnoGENEsS, Meyr.
Ocenogenes fugalis, Feld.

Also from Deloraine and Launceston, Tasmania; in
December.

Australia and the South Pacific. 195

ENDOTRICHA, Z.
Endotricha heliopa, Meyyr.

2, 24mm. Lines and discal spot as in male, but colouring
entirely grey; basal area slightly purplish-tinged, central area
faintly ochreous-tinged; cilia with basal half deep crimson,
extreme base greyish-ochreous, terminal half white. Both sexes
may be recognised by the partially crimson cilia.

Sale, Victoria (coll. Lucas).

Endotricha pyrosalis, Gn.

Also from Duaringa, Queensland; Newcastle, New
South Wales; Hobart, Tasmania; Perth and North-
ampton, West Australia; in November and December.
Western specimens are somewhat duller and less yellow
than Eastern.

Eindotricha compsopa, n. 8.

36 2?,12—13 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
reddish-ochreous ; palpi mixed with dark fuscous; antennal
ciliations of male 3. Legs ochreous-whitish, partly irrorated with
dark fuscous. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa sinuate,
apex obtuse, hind margin rather strongly oblique, slightly rounded ;
veins 4 and 5 separate; reddish-ochreous, purplish-tinged and
irrorated with black, except towards base and costa; first line
strong, white, sightly curved outwards, from two-fifths of costa to
before middle of inner margin, anterior edge finely margined with
black, posterior edge suffused; second line very slender, white,
from four-fifths of costa to anal angle, slightly angulated outwards
above middle, obscurely blackish-edged ; a hind-marginal series of
black lunules; cilia white, with a blackish line near base. Hind
wings with veins 4 and 4 separate; light ochreous-purplish, finely
irrorated with black; first line as in fore wings, running from
costa before middle to inner margin before anal angle, closely
followed by a narrow waved white line nearly confluent with it ;
hind-marginal lunules and cilia as in fore wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; several specimens sent by
Mr. G. Barnard. Intermediate between LH. heliopa and
. puncticostalis.

Endotricha puncticostalis, Walk.
Also from Rosewood, Queensland, in December.

196 Mr. EK. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Eindotricha ethopa, Meyr.

Eindotricha obscura, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 427, is the female of this species.

Eindotricha aglaopa, n. 8.

3, 16 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish-fuscous mixed
with ochreous; patagia terminating in long whitish hairs. An-
tenne pale ochreous annulated with lark fuscous, ciliations 3.
Abdomen blackish, somewhat mixed with purplish, anal tuft
ochreous-yellowish. Legs whitish-ochreous, anterior and middle
coxe and femora coarsely irrorated with black. Fore wings elon-
gate-triangular, costa sinuate, apex obtuse, hind margin rounded,
oblique; veins 4 and 5 separate; very deep fuscous-purple, irro-
rated with black; lines scarcely paler, almost straight and tolerably
parallel, hardly traceable except on costa, where they form con-
spicuous whitish-ochreous marks, first at one-third, second at
three-fourths ; between these are three pairs of minute whitish-
ochreous dots on costa; cilia with basal half blackish, terminal
half crimson-whitish. Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 separate ;
blackish ; a broad clear yellow band before middle, containing
some black scales above middle, on costa dilated and extending
suffusedly to base; cilia with basal half blackish, terminal half
yellow-whitish.

Victoria ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

PrersicopteRA, Meyr..
Persicoptera pulchrinalis, Gn.

Also from Bathurst (2500 feet), New South Wales ;
Victoria; and Perth, West Australia; in October and
November.

MyYRMIDONISTIS, N. &.

Forehead vertical, loosely scaled. Ocelli present. Tongue
well-developed. Antenne almost as long as fore wings, in
male with joints angularly projecting, moderately ciliated (1),
stalk abruptly thickened and deeply notched at base on inner side,
forming a sharp projection above notch, basal joint with upper
angle sharply projecting below it. Labial palpi very long, straight,
porrected, densely rough-scaled above and beneath, terminal joint
moderate, loosely scaled. Maxillary palpi rather short, loosely
rough-scaled, terminally dilated. Posterior tibize in male with
outer median and terminal spurs very short, inner median spur

Australia and the South Pacific. 197

long (inner terminal spur apparently broken). Fore wings with
veins 3, 4, 5 closely approximated at base, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 and
11 very oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5
closely approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing
with 8 to near middle.

This is another eccentric genus, in essential structure
approaching nearest to Diplopseustis, but extremely dis-
similar in appearance.

Myrmidonistis hoplora, n. s.

S$, 28 mm. Head white. Palpi greyish-ochreous irrorated
with dark fuscous, lower longitudinal half white sprinkled with
reddish. Antenne whitish-ochreous. Thorax whitish-ochreous,
collar whitish, shoulders tuscous. Abdomen whitish. Legs white,
anterior femora and tibize dark fuscous (tarsi broken). Fore wings
rather elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin rather oblique, slightly rounded; greenish-
erey, irrorated with white ; a narrow white costal streak, margined
beneath with fuscous-reddish ; ines very obscure, narrow, white,
dentate, first from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin, second from four-fifths of costa parallel to hind margin to
below middle, thence abruptly bent in to below middle of dise,
and again rectangularly bent to inner margin beyond middle; a
small fuscous dot beneath costa at one-third, and a transverse
linear fuscous discal spot in middle; a white hind-marginal streak,
terminated by an irregular fuscous-reddish hind-marginal line ;
cilia whitish, with two greenish-grey lines. Hind wings with hind
margin somewhat bent on vein 2; colour, second line, hind-
marginal streak and line, and cilia as in fore wings.

(Jueensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Dipetopseustis, Meyr.
Diplopseustis haplodes, n. 8.

3,12 mm. Head, antenn, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-
ochreous, shoulders fuscous. Palpidark fuscous, labial moderately
long, apex of maxillary whitish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish.
anterior tibize and first joint of tarsi dark fuscous. Fore wings
rather elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin rather obliquely rounded; veins 4 and 5 separate ; whitish-
ochreous, with a few pale fuscous scales, especially towards hind
margin; costa suffused with fuscous from base to near middle,
remainder marked with five small cloudy blackish spots; lines

198 Mr. EF. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

slender, fuscous, first from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin, slightly curved, second from three-fourths of costa to two-
thirds of inner margin, upper half moderately curved outwards ; a
conspicuous black crescentic discal spot; cilia with basal half
whitish-ochreous, terminal half whitish, with a blackish sub-
moniliform parting-line, and a dark grey spot above anal angle.
Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 separate; whitish, towards hind
margin suffused with pale grey; a grey spot on inner margin
representing first line ; second line as in fore wings, but interrupted
and indistinct; cilia whitish, with a blackish submoniliform
median line.

Toowoomba (2000 feet), Queensland ; one specimen in
December. Relatively broader winged than the other
species of the genus, and differing also in having veins
4 and 5 separate in both wings.

Diplopseustis prophetica, n. 8.

é,14mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
whitish-ochreous; eyes red; palpi mixed with dark fuscous, labial
moderately long; anterior tibie suffused with fuscous. Fore
wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin oblique, hardly rounded, sinuate beneath
apex; veins 4 and 6 stalked; pale brownish-ochreous; base of
costa suffused with dark fuscous; extreme costal edge blackish on
basal third and a small median spot; an elongate-oval transparent
spot very near base in middle; first line white, posteriorly
suffusedly margined with dark fuscous, from one-third of costa to
one-third of inner margin, slightly sinuate; a small white discal
spot beyond middle, preceded and followed by a suffused dark
fuscous dot; second line white, anteriorly suffusedly margined
with dark fuscous, from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of
inner margin, upper half somewhat curved outwards ; cilia whitish-
ochreous, with a dark grey line (imperfect). Hind wings with
veins 4 and 65 short-stalked ; pale whitish-ochreous, becoming pale
brownish-ochreous towards hind margin; lines, formed as in fore
wings, indicated on upper half but very obscurely; cilia ochreous-
whitish (imperfect).

Warragul, Victoria; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Australia und the South Pacific. 199

SICULODID.
STRIGLINA, Gn.
Striglina irias, n. s.

?, 85mm. Head and thorax grey, slightly purplish-tinged ;
face dark grey, forming a conical projection. Palpi dark grey,
mixed with ochreous. Antenne greyish-ochreous. Abdomen pale
grey, mixed with ochreous, anal extremity mixed with bright
crimson. Legs grey-whitish, somewhat irrorated with darker grey
and crimson. Fore wings triangular, costa almost straight, apex
round-pointed, hind margin bowed, very oblique; pale ashy-grey,
irrorated with pale crimson ; costal edge pale crimson ; numerous
short darker grey transverse strigule placed between veins, tending
to form transverse series; cilia pale ashy-grey, irrorated with pale
crimson. Hind wings with hind margin very shghtly rounded ;
colour, strigule, and cilia as in fore wings, but strigule in more
regular series ; a moderate round grey discal spot above middle.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas); a second
unnamed in British Museum collection. Nearest to
S. myrtea.

Striglina semitessellalis, Walk.
Pyralis semitessellalis, Walk., Suppl., 1246.

1 have not obtained the species, and Walker’s type is
in poor condition, but the following is a diagnosis
of it :—

Brownish-grey ; posterior two-fifths of both wings whitish reticu-
lated with reddish, with irregular subapical and supra-anal patches
of ground colour.

Queensland.

Striglina pyrrhata, Walk.

Arhodia pyrrhata, Walk., Suppl., 1575.

SP, 26—29 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-brown,
thorax more obscure posteriorly. Antenne ochreous. Abdomen
light ochreous, suffused with light crimson on basal half. Legs
dark fuscous mixed with pale ochreous hairs, anterior pair suffused
with crimson, posterior pair whitish-ochreous. Fore wings
triangular, costa straight, apex round-pointed, hind margin bowed,
oblique; yellow-ochreous, closely and regularly reticulated with
deeper ochreous; two or three small dark fuscous spots on pos-

terior half of costa; a purple line from dise at two-thirds to inner
margin at three-fifths; cilia ochreous-brown, with a darker line

200 Mr. KE. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

near base. Hind wings with colour and cilia as in fore wings; a
straight purple median transverse line.

Sydney, New South Wales; Warragul, Victoria; in
February ; two specimens (coll. Raynor and Lucas).

SicutopEs, H.-S.
Siculodes magnifica, Nn. 8.

?,18mm. Head and palpi orange mixed with black, face with
a conical projection; palpi porrected, roughly scaled. Antenne
black, moderately ciliated (1) (in male probably more strongly
ciliated). Thorax black, margins and posterior half of patagia
orange. Abdomen black, sides and segmental margins orange.
Lees blackish, apex of tarsal joints whitish-ochreous, posterior
tibiw orange. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa some-
what sinuate, abruptly arched before apex, hind margin strongly
rounded, oblique; veins 8 and 9 separate; black; three moderate
orange fasciew, not quite touching margins; first subbasal, irre-
gular; second median, narrowed towards extremities; third sub-
terminal, contracted above middle; an orange dot on costa at
one-fourth; cilia black. Hind wings black; a broad orange
median band, not reaching costa; a small cloudy orange spot
beneath costa before apex, and a larger orange spot before middle
of hind margin, round which are some scattered orange scales ;
cilia black.

Bulli, New South Wales ; one specimen in October.

Siculodes asuridia, Butl.

Gonocausta asuridia, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 429, Pl. X., 5.

Queensland ; nearest allied to the preceding species.

Siculodes theorina, n. 8.

$,58mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous
mixed with grey-whitish, partly tinged with brownish or reddish ;
antenne shortly bipectinated throughout. Palpi ferruginous,
ascending, smooth-scaled, terminal joint very short. Legs pale
ochreous, suffused with reddish and mixed with grey. Fore wings
elongate-triangwar, costa rather strongly sinuate, apex obtuse,
hind margin bowed, oblique; vein 1 basally fureate, 8 and 9
separate ; reddish-ochreous, costal half suffused with grey-whitish
except on an apical patch; five ferruginous fasciz, darkest on

Australia and the South Pacific. 201

costa, interrupted beneath it, becoming paler towards inner mar-
gin, edged with dark grey; first three narrow, third from two-fifths
of costa to before middle of inner margin; fourth moderate, from
two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, sharply angu-
lated at one-fourth from costa, almost confluent with an irregular
discal spot in angle, posterior edge indented towards inner margin ;
fifth narrow, parallel to fourth, posteriorly merging into irregular
reticulations ; cilia fuscous. Hind wings with apex obtuse, hind
margin rounded; reddish-ochreous, obscurely reticulated with
fuscous ; four tolerably parallel curved fascive indicated by fuscous
opposite-waved margins, space between second and third forming
four partially hyaline circular spots in disc; cilia fuscous, towards
anal angle tips whitish.

Queensland; one specimen (coll. Macleay). Pheno-
menally large as compared with allied forms from
neighbouring regions. The pectination of the antenne
is but an exaggeration of the dentation which occurs in
some other species.

Siculodes aurata, Butl.

Pharambara aurata, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 1882,
233 ; Siculodes hydreutis, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W., 1886, 253).
Since seeing Mr. Butler’s type (from New Britain) I
have been enabled to make this identification.

Siculodes crypsivia, Nn. s.

Pharanbara reticulata, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 420.

I make this change for the reasons stated at the
beginning of this paper.

Duaringa, Queensland; sent commonly by Mr. G.
Barnard.

Siculodes rhythmica, n. s.

9, 19mm. Head and antenne grey-whitish. Palpi whitish-
grey, slender, smooth, ascending, terminal joint moderately long.
Thorax white, anterior margin suffused with pale greyish-fuscous.
Abdomen whitish. Legs white, banded with dark grey. Fore
wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin very obliquely rounded; veins 8 and 9

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) Q

202 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Separate ; snow-white ; costa suffused with fuscous on basal third ;
numerous irregularly scattered and partially confluent short trans-
verse fuscous strigule between the veins; a round black dot before
apex, a second before hind margin in middle, and a third above
anal angle; a short black longitudinal mark above second dot;
cilia white, barred with light fuscous. Hind wings with colour,
strigule, and cilia as in fore wings; a round black dot before hind
margin beneath apex, and a second before hind margin con-
siderably above anal angle. Fore wings beneath with a double
longitudinal streak of black scales, mixed with purple and green
metallic scales, along upper margin of cell; markings more
ochreous.

Port Darwin, North Australia; two specimens. Nearly
allied to S. anticalis, Walk.

Mesopempta, Mey.
Mesopempta polyphoralis, Walk.

Pyralis polyphoralis, Walk., Suppl., 1977; P. poly-
graphalis, ib., 1245.

So ?,15—16 mm. Head and palpi deep ferruginous. Antenne
pale ochreous. ‘Thorax and abdomen reddish-ochreous. Legs
reddish-ochreous or fuscous, tarsal joints with pale apical rings,
posterior tibiz in male with an expansible pencil of long fine
whitish hairs from base lying in a groove. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin obliquely rounded ; pale reddish-ochreous; a darker basal
patch extending to one-third of costa and one-fourth of inner
margin, its outer edge forming an angular projection above middle;
costa between this and fascia strigulated with darker and lighter ;
a moderate darker fascia, in female more ferruginous-brown,
posterior edge straight and sharply defined by a whitish-ochreous
line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,
anterior edge dilated inwards on lower half and touching projection
of basal patch ; a somewhat darker cloud on hind margin beneath
apex, and another on anal angle; cilia reddish-ochreous, terminal
half whitish-ochreous. Hind wings with hind margin slightly
rounded ; colour and markings much as in fore wings, but basal
pateh much smaller and without projection, inner edge of fascia
straight and parallel to outer, a tolerably defined streak parallel to
fascia at three-fourths, sometimes a small dark reddish-fuscous
spot near hind margin beneath apex; cilia as in fore wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; three specimens sent by Mr.

Australia and the South Pacific. 203

G. Barnard. Walker intentionally substituted the name
of polyphoralis, having used the name of Pyralis poly-
graphalis twice, in the first instance for a different
species.

TINEODIDA.

I think the curious additional genus given below dis-
closes so much affinity to the Siculodide that the family
should be transferred to this position. In the diagnosis
of the family the neuration of the hind wings should be
altered to read: Vein 5 remote from 4, 6 and 7 separate,
8 free or anastomosing at a point with 7.

HPHARPASTIS, 0. 2.

Forehead vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed.
Antenne three-fourths, in male slender, strongly bipectinated.
Labial palpi long, straight, porrected, second joint rough-scaled
above and beneath, terminal joint slender. Maxillary palpi
moderate, terminally strongly dilated with rough scales. Posterior
tibiz in male with all spurs nearly equal. Fore wings with vein 1
simple, 3, 4, 5 remote, 8 and 9 stalked. Hind wings as broad as
fore wings; 3, 4, 5 remote, 6 and 7 somewhat approximated at
base, 8 free, lower median naked.

EHpharpastis dedala, v. s.

S 2, 15—16 mm. Head bronzy-ochreous, margins of eyes
white. Palpi bronzy-ochreous, beneath white, apex of maxillary
palpi white. Antennz dark fuscous, annulated with white. Thorax
bronzy-ochreous, posteriorly mixed with white. Abdomen white,
segments coarsely irrorated with black towards base. Legs white,
irrorated with black. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, very
narrow at base, costa slightly sinuate, apex subfalecate, hind margin
concave, rather oblique, rounded beneath; bronzy-ochreous ;
markings snow-white, partially coarsely margined with black ;
seven small subquadrate spots on costa, costal edge between them
blackish ; a small cloudy spot beneath first costal; three irregular
fascie, tolerably perpendicular to inner margin, first from second
costal spot, slender, second from third costal spot, moderate, third
from fifth and sixth costal spots, moderate, sometimes dilated
towards lower extremity; a fine transverse linear white discal
mark between second and third fascie ; cilia white, with a blackish
median line, and barred with blackish except on upper half of hind
margin. Hind wings narrow towards base, apex round-pointed,

204 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

hind margin subconeave, short; grey, becoming dark grey towards
inner margin ; margins of three fascie indicated by white lines in
dise, coalescing to form irregular white spots on inner margin at
one-fourth, middle, and three-fourths; a darker grey spot on
middle of hind margin; cilia white, with a grey median line, and
barred with grey except on upper half of hind margin.

Perth, West Australia; two specimens, in October
and November.

MUSOTIMID.
TrRicHopHYsETIS, Meyr.
Trichophysetis cretacea, Butl.
Hydrocampa cretacea, Butl., Ill. Het., iii., 75, pl. lix.,
8; Trichophysetis neophyla, Meyr., Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1884, 287).

Butler’s type is from Japan.

Musotma, Meyr.
Musotima nitidalis, Walk.
Also from Albany, West Australia.

HYDROCAMPIDE.
Marearosticua, Ld.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli very small. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne three-fourths, in male filiform, somewhat
rough-scaled on back, moderately ciliated (}). Labial palpi mode-
rate, curved, ascending, second joint roughly haired beneath,
terminal joint moderate, cylindrical, obtuse. Maxillary palpi
moderate, terminally loosely dilated with scales. Middle tibie of
male sometimes with a pencil of hairs lying in a groove; posterior
tibie with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5
stalked, 10 out of stalk of 8 and 9, 11 absent. Hind wings as
broad as fore wings; veins 4 and 5 approximated at base,
6 anastomosing with 8 at a point near origin, 7 absent (coincident
with 8).

Margarosticha sphenotis, n.s.

32, 19—2% mm. Head and palpi pale ochreous mixed with
white. Antenne whitish-ochreous. ‘Thorax white, somewhat
mixed with ochreous. Abdomen yellow-ochreous, apex blackish.
Legs white, anterior pair ochreous-whitish, apex of joints grey ;
middle tibia in male with a tuft of long hairs in groove. Fore

Australia and the South Pacific. 205

wings very elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly arched, apex
rectangular, hind margin obliquely rounded, somewhat sinuate
beneath apex; deep ochreous-yellow, in female paler ; markings
snow-white, obscurely margined with dark grey, an elongate-
triangular spot on base of inner margin parallel to costa, reaching
dise at one-third; a moderately broad rather outwardly oblique
fascia-like spot from inner margin at two-fifths, reaching half
across wing, its apex produced into two long teeth posteriorly; a
leaden-metallic elongate mark on anal angle; a moderate out-
wardly oblique fascia from two-thirds of costa, reaching two-thirds
across wing, and a narrower fascia from costa near before and
parallel to hind margin, both attenuated and almost or quite
meeting at lower extremity; an interrupted black hind-marginal
line; cilia shining whitish-grey. Hind wings snow-white; a dark
erey irregular fascia at one-third, anteriorly suffused ; an irregular
ochreous-yellow grey-margined fascia from middle of costa to anal
angle, dilated beneath, followed by an iridescent pale grey narrow
fascia with an acute tooth beneath; space between this fascia and
marginal spots closely speckled with black; five roundish black
marginal spots on upper portion of hind margin, first and fifth
smaller, all surrounded with clear white and connected by yellow
dots; apex narrowly ochreous-yellow; cilia shining whitish-grey,
with a dark grey basal line.

Cairns, Queensland; three specimens (coll. Macleay
and Lucas).

Catractysta, Hb.
Cataclysta lampetialis, Walk.
Cataclysta lampetialis, Walk., 451.

?,17mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-yellowish mixed
with white. Antenne whitish-ochreous. Abdomen yellowish,
segmental margins whitish. Legs whitish, anterior pair with apex
of joints dark grey. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa
almost straight, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded;
ochreous-yellow, from base to two-thirds irregularly irrorated with
black; a straight narrow leaden-metallic partially blackish-mar-
gined fascia from beneath costa at three-fifths to before anal angle;
a transverse white laterally black-margined spot in disc at three-
fourths, nearly reaching costa, narrowed beneath; a narrow leaden-
metallic blackish-margined fascia near and parallel to hind margin,
becoming white above, not reaching costa, beneath attenuated and
bent down to anal angle; an interrupted black hind-marginal line ;
cilia whitish-grey, with a darker grey line. Hind wings with all

206 Mr. BE. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

veins present; ochreous-yellow, towards base irregularly irrorated
with black; markings whitish densely irrorated with blackish,
appearing grey, blackish-margined; an irregular median band,
becoming very broad towards costa, where it includes an irregular
spot of ground colour; a narrow irregular fascia between this and
hind margin; four rounded-quadrate black spots on hind margin
towards middle, lowest rather smaller; cilia grey-whitish, with a
erey line.

(Jueensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Paraponyx, Hb.
Paraponyx eromenalis, Snell.

Cenostola eromenalis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1880, 226 ;
ib., 1883, pl. iii., 4.

3, 16 mm. Head white, crown centrally yellowish. Palpi
white, upper half of second joint fuscous, second joint roughly
tufted beneath. Antenne whitish-ochreous. Thorax whitish,
mixed with ochreous, and spotted with dark fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous (partly defaced), with a clear white subbasal
ring. Legs white, anterior tibie ochreous, with apical half dark
fuscous. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight,
apex tolerably obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded, somewhat
sinuate beneath apex; brownish-ochreous, mixed with whitish
towards disc; costal edge whitish, with six somewhat wedge-
shaped small dark fuscous spots; first and second connected with
base by two fine blackish lines parallel to costa, separated by an
ochreous-yellow streak continued to apex of wing; beneath this is
a silvery-white black-margined streak from near base to five-sixths,
interrupted by first and second lines and by a yellow bar in
middle; an irregular white anteriorly blackish-margined streak
from near base of inner margin to meet longitudinal white streak
before first line; first and second lines white, more or less
ochreous-tinged, margined with dark fuscous; first from second
costal spot to two-fifths of inner margin, unevenly curved; second
starting from longitudinal white streak beyond central bar, below
middle acutely bent inwards to below yellow bar, which it
surrounds with two projections, thence again acutely outwards to
near inner margin, and again acutely inwards to middle of inner
margins; velns near costa posteriorly lined with black; a snow-
white black-margined streak in dise from second to submarginal
lines; submarginal narrow, snow-white, black-margined, parallel
to hind margin, not quite reaching costa attenuated in middle,

Australia and the South Pacific. 207

leaving an ochreous-yellow hind-marginal fascia; a row of elon-
gate blackish dots on hind margin; cilia grey-whitish, somewhat
mixed with grey, with a grey apical spot, and a blackish line near
base. Hind wings white ; first line at one-third, ochreous-whitish,
margined with black, anteriorly broadly, straight, somewhat
waved; a short ochreous-yellow transverse discal streak, resting
on middle of second line; second line irregular, mixed with
ochreous, strongly margined with blackish, from two-thirds of
costa to inner margin near anal angle, upper half curved outwards ;
an irregular curved blackish line from costa near beyond second
line, running into second line near lower extremity, included
space ochreous-brown; a narrow ochreous hind-marginal fascia,
margined anteriorly with blackish, touching preceding line above
middle ; three white dots on middle of hind margin, followed by
quadrate black spots in cilia; cilia as in fore wings, with a second
grey line towards middle.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas). If really
Snellen’s species, also from Celebes and Java. I believe
that it is so; but Snellen unaccountably refers it to
Cenostola, whereas it is an undoubted Paraponyx ; his
description is insufficient for the unusually complex
markings of this species, and his figure is also very
poor; I have therefore redescribed the species to avoid
misapprehension.

Paraponyx polydectalis, Walk.
Also from Newcastle, New South Wales.

Paraponyx responsalis, Walk.

Diasemia responsalis, Walk., Suppl., 1826.

g, 14—16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
pale ochreous, sometimes mixed with darker ochreous or fuscous ;
palpi with second joint shortly rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint
about half second, rather thick, filiform, obtuse. Legs ochreous-
whitish. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa almost
straight, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded; ochreous,
somewhat irrorated with fuscous; extreme base fuscous; an
irregular whitish transverse line at one-fifth, anteriorly margined
with a fuscous line; first and second lines rather irregular, white,
margined with fuscous, first from two-fifths of costa to before
middle of inner margin, slightly bent outwards beneath costa,
second from four-fifths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,

208 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

below middle with a short rather abrupt curve inwards; included
median space suffused with fuscous, containing small white
orbicular and reniform spots, and a white cloudy spot on middle
of costa; a series of irregular white spots before hind margin,
surrounded by a more or less dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia grey-
whitish, with a darker grey median line (imperfect). Hind wings
with colour, submarginal spots, and cilia as in fore wings; first
and second lines white, dark-margined, tolerably regular and
slightly curved, converging almost to a point on inner margin
beyond middle, included median space fuscous.

Duaringa, Queensland; two specimens sent by Mr.
G. Barnard.

Paraponyx dicentra, Meyy.

Oligostigma pallida, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond.,
1886, 428, is a synonym of this.

Hyprevretis, Meyr.
Hydreuretis tullialis, Walk.
Also from Neweastle, New South Wales.

ScHanosius, Dup.
Schenobius imparellus, Meyr.

Also from Melbourne, Victoria. The water-plant on
which the larva of this species feeds has been identified
for me as Heleocharis sphacellata.

BOTYDIDAs.
MarGaroDEs, Gn.
Margarodes limbata, Butl.
Margarodes limbata, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 430.

Apparently a good species.

Margarodes unionalis, Hb.
Neweastle, New South Wales; one specimen (Australian
Museum). Also from South Africa, South Europe,
and Asia,

Australia and the South Pacific. 209

Margarodes diaphanalis, Walk.

Margaronia diaphanalis, Walk., Suppl., 1865; Botys
margaronialis, ib., 1442.

?, 29 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
shining white; lower part of face greyish; palpi towards apex
dark purplish-grey; shoulders narrowly fuscous-grey. Legs
blackish ringed with white, posterior pair white. Fore wings very
elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin slightly rounded, very oblique; iridescent white; a
narrow dark fuscous costal streak from base to apex, posteriorly
attenuated ; a black transverse discal dot; a submarginal series of
conspicuous black dots; cilia shining white. Hind wings and
cilia iridescent white; sometimes hind-marginal dots as in fore
wings.

Cairns, Queensland; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
IT have compared Walker’s specimens of margaronialis ;
but his diaphanalis, which is not in the British Museum
collection, I have identified from description ; however,
I believe there is little doubt about it. The former is
from Java, the latter from Aru. I think it not im-
probable that M. plumifera, Butl. (Ann. Mag. N. H.,
1882, 236), from New Britain, may be the male of this
species.

Margarodes tritonias, n. s.

3, 45—49 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
iridescent greenish-whitish ; lower angles of face and margins of
shoulders bright yellow-ochreous; antennal ciliations one-third ;
anal tuft blackish; anterior and middle tibie suffused with
ochreous, middle tibize shortly rough-scaled above. Palpi bright
yellow-ochreous, lower half of labial white. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin almost straight, oblique; iridescent greenish-whitish; a
moderate pale ochreous costal streak, becoming obsolete towards
apex, costal edge purplish-tinged; a blackish discal dot; a hind-
marginal series of minute black elongate dots; cilia white. Hind
wings iridescent greenish-whitish; a very fine blackish hind-
marginal line, tending to be interrupted; cilia white.

Cooktown, Queensland; two specimens (coll. Macleay).

Margarodes vertumnalis, Gn.
Also from Neweastle, New South Wales.

210 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

PacuyarcHEs, Ld.
Pachyarches psittacalis, Hb.

Margaronia maliferalis, Walk., Suppl., 1363, is a
synonym of this. Also from Townsville, Queensland.

(FLYPHODES, Gn.
Glyphodes tyres, Cr.
Pyralis tyres, Cr., 263 C; Pygospila tyresalis, Gn., 312.

Port Darwin, North Australia; several specimens
(coll. Macleay). Also from India and Ceylon. Lederer
follows Guénée in maintaining a separate genus, Pygo-
spila, for this species ; but he does not give any sufficient
point of distinction from Glyphodes, only alleging diffe-
rences in the anal tuft which I find imappreciable ; I
have therefore suppressed it.

Glyphodes conjunctalis, Walk.

Glyphodes conjunctalis, Walk., Suppl., 1857; G. acto-
rionalis, Ld., pl. xiv., 4 (nec Walk.) ; G. Lederert,
Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 1884, 208).

SY, 25—28 mm. Head and antenne dark fuscous, with a
white line above eyes. Palpi black, apex white. Thorax blackish,
with a quadrate white spot on each side. Abdomen fuscous,
towards base and apex blackish, beneath white, with black rings.
Legs dark fuscous, posterior pair white, outer spurs half inner.
Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ; blackish, with violet-white
somewhat transparent markings; a small spot in dise before one-
fourth, and a larger roundish one beyond it; an irregular elongate
spot along inner margin from near base to middle; a large suboval
transverse blotch in dise beyond middle, not reaching margins; a
small transverse spot on costa at four-fifths, beneath which is a
round dot; a straight transverse series of four subtriangular dots
on lower half of wing near hind margin, lowest marginal; from
one to three dots before hind margin below middle ; cilia blackish,
beneath apex and above anal angle white. Hind wings blackish,
with violet-white subtransparent markings; a very broad band
extending from very near base to beyond middle, outer edge
curved, waved; two dots transversely placed near beyond this
towards costa; a moderate subquadrate spot on hind margin above

Australia and the South Pacific. 211

middle ; two small triangular spots very near hind margin above
anal angle; cilia blackish, near above anal angle and sometimes
shortly beneath apex white with a black basal line.

Cairns, Queensland; four specimens (coll. Macleay
and Lucas). Also from New Guinea and Mysol.

Glyphodes Doleschali, Ld.
Glyphodes Doleschali, Lid., 478, pl. xiv., 1.

Cooktown, Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from Amboina.

Glyphodes perspicillalis, Z.
Also from Cooktown and Cairns, Queensland.

Glyphodes tolumnialis, Walk.

Duaringa and Cooktown, Queensland; Newcastle,
New South Wales.

I notice that Mr. Moore, in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon,
asserts that the Austrahan G. tolumnialis is quite
distinct from his sexpunctalis (= lomaspilalis, Snell. =
nympha, Butl.); as [ had previously asserted their
identity, and he gives no points of distinction, I should
have been justified in neglecting this statement ; I have,
however, again examined the evidence, as well as in
some other cases mentioned hereafter. I compared
Butler’s types of nympha, which Mr. Moore himself
regards as identical with his sexrpunctalis, with Walker’s
types of tolumnialis, standing in the same drawer of the
British Museum collection, and am unable to detect
even a shadow of difference between them; and Mr.
Moore’s description applies equally to both. Until,
therefore, he shall have indicated his grounds, I think
the distinction may be considered of as little value as
the characters of the new genus which he institutes to
contain this species.

Glyphodes excelsalis, Walk.
Also from Duaringa and Cooktown, Queensland.
Glyphodes Westermanni, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1877, 73,
pl. v., 8, is a synonym of this; from Celebes.

212 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Glyphodes ityalis, Walk.
Glyphodes ityalis (itysalis), Walk., 501; G. prepersialis,
Snell., Midd. Sum., 68, Tijd. v. Ent., 1883,

pl. viii., 11; G. malayana, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1880, 684.

The species varies somewhat in the discal mark of the
hind wings, which tends to become obsolete. I have it
also from Ceylon.

Glyphodes bivitralis, Gn.
Glyphodes bivitralis, Gn., 298.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
India. Antennal ciliations of male one; posterior tibie
with outer spurs one-fourth of inner.

Glyphodes cosmarcha, n. 8.

?,46mm. Head and antenne whitish-ochreous, with a white
line above eyes. Palpi with a cloudy dark fuscous lateral line,
above it light ochreous, beneath white. Thorax pale ochreous,
with obscure whitish lines (partly defaced). Abdomen pale
ochreous mixed with whitish, apex whitish. Legs ochreous-
whitish, posterior tibize with outer spurs one-third of inner. Fore
wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin oblique, somewhat bowed; pale greyish-
ochreous; markings violet-whitish, semitransparent, margined
with dark fuscous; a narrow basal fascia; a slender fascia from
costa near base to one-third of inner margin, preceded and followed
by faint parallel fuscous lines; a broad fascia from one-third of
costa to middle of inner margin, constricted beneath ; a narrow
irregular transverse streak near beyond this, not reaching either
margin; a subquadrate blotch on costa at three-fifths, reaching
nearly half across wing, connected with inner margin by a dark
fuscous cloudy suffusion; a line from three-fourths of costa to
three-fourths of inner margin, forming a small spot on costa,
sinuate beneath it, on lower half forming four small connected
triangular spots; a cloudy fuscous spot near hind margin above
middle ; a dark fuscous hind-marginal line ; cilia ochreous-whitish,
with a cloudy fuscous line. Hind wings violet-whitish, semi-
transparent; a short oblique yellow-ochreous streak on transverse
yein, margined with dark fuscous ; a very small yellow-ochreous
dark-margined oval spot below middle of disc; a narrow yellow-
ochreous fascia, margined with dark fuscous, from a dark fuscous

Australia and the South Pacific. 2138

blotch on costa at two-thirds to hind margin near anal angle,
where it is bent inwards ; an obscure cloudy dark fuscous line near
beyond this; a small dark fuseous apical spot; two small roundish
dark fuscous spots near hind margin beneath apex; a dark fuscous
hind-marginal line; cilia white, with an obscure grey line.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Morocosma, Ld.
Morocosma margaritaria, Cr.
Pyralis margaritaria, Cr., 867 C ; Glyphodes cramer-
alis, Gn., 293; Morocosma margaritaria, Ld.,
pl. xiv., 7; M. polybapta, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H.,
1882, 236.

Cairns, Queensland; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from Amboina and Duke-of-York Island.

Eucuasta, Ld.
Euclasta maceratalis, Ld.
Townsville and Rockhampton, Queensland.

SyncLera, Ld.

I have not satisfactory material to make out a full
description of the generic characters, but they appear to
be in the main identical with those of Glyphodes, from
which this genus is distinguished by having the antenne
nearly as long as the fore wings, and the maxillary palpi
filiform.

Synclera braurealis, Walk.

Zebronia braurealis, Walk., 971; Lepyrodes astomalis,
Feld., pl. exxxv., 22; Glyphodes astomalis, Meyr.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, 224.

Occurs also in Ceylon and Borneo.

Although I have not been able to re-examine the
characters of this species, | expect it is referable here ;
in the single specimen which | previously examined the
antenne were imperfect, and | probably overlooked the
filiform character of the maxillary palpi.

214 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Synclera onychinalis, Gn.
Asopia onychinalis, Gn., 205, pl. vi., 9.
Cooktown, Queensland; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from Celebes and India.

PHALANGIODES, (7.
Phalangiodes neptis, Cr.
Also from Duaringa, Queensland.

Phalangiodes columalis, Snell.

Phalangiodes coluwmalis, Snell., Tid. v. Ent., 1880,
239';1b5 LO8a, pl. Iv-, o-
New Guinea; several specimens (coll. Macleay). Also
from Celebes.
RuHIMPHALEA, Ld.
Rhimphalea lindalis, Walk.
Botys lindalis (Undusalis), Walk., 712; Rhimphalea
sceletalis, Ld., 411, pl. xv., 3; R. enone, Butl.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, 428.

Occurs also in Borneo.

LoncHopEs, Gn.
Lonchodes argillacea, Butl.

Tatobotys argillacea, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, 686 ;
Lonchodes ceramochra, Meyy., Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1885, 443.

Butler’s specimens were from Formosa.

Spanista, Ld.
Spanista ornatalis, Dup.
Cataclysta clutalis, Walk., 448; Pyralis deciusalis, ib.,
905; and Cataclysta fraterna, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H.,
1875, 415, are additional synonyms of this species.

FinoprEs, Gn.
Forehead rounded, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne considerably longer than fore wings, in male
serrate, shortly ciliated (}). Labial palpi moderate, arched,

Australia and the South Pacific. 215

ascending, second joint with dense projecting seales beneath,
terminal joint very short, cylindrical, obtuse. Maxillary palpi
moderate, terminally dilated with loose scales. Abdomen in male
elongate, anal tuft moderately large. Posterior tibie with outer
middle-spur absent in both sexes ; anterior femora and basal half
of tarsi in male clothed with dense hairs beneath. Fore wings
with vein 10 approximated to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings as
broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6
near origin, anastomosing with 8 to beyond one-third (in the only
male examined coincident with 8 to apex, but possibly an abnormal
instance).

Filodes fulvidorsalis, Hb.
Pinacia fulvidorsalis, Hb., Zut., 643, 644; Filodes
fulvidorsalis, Gn., 317 ; Iid.,pletxilsi lite
Cooktown, Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from Manilla, Java, and Ceylon.

Drace#nura, Meyr.
Dracenura pelochra, Meyr.

Botys argyrogaster, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 431, is a synonym of this.

Pieonectusa, Ld.

Pleonectusa adhesalis, Walk.

Botys adhesalis, Walk., 664; B. atopalis, ib., 664;
B. damasalis, ib., 668; B. macaralis, ib., 709).

?, 20—22 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous, tinged with
whitish-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, towards base white beneath.
Antenne pale greyish-ochreous, annulated with fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish. Fore wings very
elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin oblique, somewhat bowed; fuscous, some-
what tinged with whitish-ochreous ; a dark fuscous dot beneath
costa at one-fourth, and a small dark fuscous transverse discal
spot in middle ; second line slender, dark fuscous, slightly waved,
from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, gently
curved outwards; a fine dark fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia
whitish, with a strong dark grey line near base. Hind wings with
colour, diseal spot, second and hind-marginal lines, and cilia as in
fore wings; but discal spot at one-third, smaller and less distinct,

second line somewhat irregular but hardly curved.

216 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Queensland ; two specimens (coll. Lucas). Also from
Borneo, China, Ceylon, and Mauritius.

Pleonectusa parallela, Meyv.
Botys horatius, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
430, is a synonym of this.

Pleonectusa modestalis, Ld.

Erilita modestalis, Lid., 426, pl. xvi., 3; Pleonectusa
chalinota, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
233.

Lederer founded the genus Hrilita on this species,
distinguishing it by a supposed peculiarity in the origin
of vein 5 of the fore wings, which I am unable to
perceive. I therefore think the genus may be rightly
suppressed. It was in consequence of this supposed
distinction that I failed at first to identify his species.

CnapHauocrocis, Ld.
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Gn.

Salbia medinalis, Gn., 201; Botys rutilalis, Walk.,
665; B. iolealis, ib., 666; B. nurscialis, ib., 724;
B. acerrimalis, ib., Suppl., 1449; Cnaphalocrocis
tolinalis, Lid., pl. xii., 7.

Mr. Moore has identified Guenée’s description of Salbia
medinalis with this species; and, although this pre-
supposes some inaccuracy in the description, Guénée
described a single female only, perhaps not in good
condition, and I am disposed to regard the identification
as probably correct. Mr. Moore also alleges that
Walker’s nurscialis is a distinct species, without giving
reasons ; in this case there is some colour for the suppo-
sition, as in the Australian insect there isa more or less
yellowish hind-marginal streak which seems obsolete
elsewhere, but the point is variable, and without further
evidence I prefer to regard it as a local form only.
I have not, however, examined the neuration of the
extra-Australian form.

Australia and the South Pacific.

Lo
—
—~I

Marasmia, Ld.

Marasmia hemicrossa, n. 8.

3 2, 16—17 mm. Head fuscous, margins of face slenderly
white. Palpi dark fuscous, beneath white towards base. Antenne
pale greyish-ochreous. Thorax fuscous, becoming white pos-
teriorly. Abdomen whitish, base and lateral hairs of anal seg-
ment in male fuscous. Legs white, anterior tibie fuscous. Fore
wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, hind
margin obliquely rounded; whitish; a broad fuscous costal border,
containing a small dark fuscous discal spot in middle, and an
equally broad fuscous hind-marginal band, its anterior edge
triangularly indented above anal angle, and indicated on costal
band by a pale obscure line; cilia fuscous (imperfect). Hind
wings white, thinly scaled ; a transverse linear dark fuscous discal
spot at one-third; a short oblique cloudy dark fuscous streak from
anal angle; in male a broad very pale whitish-ochreous apical
suffusion, becoming fuscous at extreme apex; in female a large
quadrate fuscous apical spot; cilia white.

Tahiti: two specimens received from Mr. J. J. Walker,
R.N.
DouicHosticHa, Meyr.
Dolichosticha trapezalis, Gn.

Salbia trapezalis, Gn., 200; Botys creonalis, Walk.,
579; B. neoclesalis, ib., 685; B. suspicalis, ib.,
667; B. convectalis, ib., Suppl., 1411; Cnaphalo-
crocis bifurcalis, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., 1880, 219 ;
ib., 1883, pl. viil., 5.

I have no doubt of this identification; the species
varies somewhat, but I have specimens agreeing perfectly
with Guénée’s description. A Tahitian form, sent by
Mr. J J. Walker, is unusually dark and large, but not
distinct.

West Indies, Tahiti, Marquesas and Ellice Islands,
Fiji, Celebes, Java, Ceylon, India, West and South
Africa.

Dolichosticha venihalis, Walk.

Also from Tahiti; sent by Mr. J. J. Walker.

Dolichosticha perinephes, Meyy.
Duaringa, Queensland; one female sent by Mr. G.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PARY III. (SEPT.) R

218 My. EB. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Barnard, more ochreous-yellowish than the Fijian male,
but not otherwise different.

SYNGAMIA, Gn.
Syngamia floridalis, Z.

Also from Cairns, Queensland (coll. Macleay and
Lucas); Tahiti (Mr. J. J. Walker).

Hyalea fulvidalis, Wallgr., Wien. Ent. Mon., 1860,
174, is, I feel satisfied, an additional synonym of this
species.

AGATHODES, Gn.

Forehead flat, oblique. Ocelli present. ‘Tongue well-developed.
Antenne four-fifths, in male shortly ciliated (4), filiform. Labial
palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint with long dense
projecting scales beneath, terminal joint concealed. Maxillary
palpi rather short, terminally dilated with scales. Abdomen in
male with anal segment elongate, tuft short, slender, valves
retracted. Posterior tibia with outer middle-spur one-fourth,
outer end-spur one-third of inner. Fore wings with vein 10
approximated to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings one-third broader
than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 closely approximated at base, 7 out
of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to one-third.

Agathodes ostensalis, Hb.

Perinephela ostensalis, Hb., Zut., 833, 884 ; Agathodes
ostensalis, Gn., 208.

Cooktown, Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from Celebes, Sumatra, Java, and India.

Dratarausta, Ld.

Forehead tolerably flat, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne almost as long as fore wings (in male filiform,
shortly ciliated, according to Lederer). Labial palpi moderate,
obliquely ascending, second joint with short rough projecting
scales beneath, terminal joint moderately long, cylindrical. Mavxil-
lary palpi moderate, dilated with scales towards apex. Fore wings
with vein 10 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9, 11 oblique. Hind
wings as broad as fore wings; veins 3 and 4 from a point, 5 absent,
7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle,

Australia and the South Pacific. 219

Diathrausta profundalis, Ld.
Diathrausta profundalis, Ld., 146, pl. xvil., 7.

2,15 mm. Head dark fuscous, sides of face and central line
of crown whitish. Palpi dark fuscous, towards base and on
terminal joint white. Antenne and thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen
dark fuscous, segmental margins more or less white. (Legs
broken.) Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently
arched, apex rectangular, hind margin oblique, bowed, sinuate
beneath apex; blackish-fuscous ; second line darker, obscure, from
costa at three-fifths, preceded by a clear white oblong transverse
spot reaching half across wing, beneath which it is bent abruptly
inwards to middle of disc, thence again rectangularly bent to
inner margin beyond middle, near inner margin preceded and
followed by a small cloudy white spot; a cloudy white dot on
costa beyond second line, anda small clear white spot on costa
before apex; cilia white, with dark fuscous apical, median, and
anal spots. Hind wings with colour and markings as in fore
wings, but second line margined on both sides with white through-
out; cilia with an additional small dark fuscous spot near anal
angle.

Queensland; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
Amboina, Celebes, and Java. As Lederer scarcely
describes the species, I have redescribed it.

DiasEmMia, Gn.
Diasemia ramburialis, Dup.
Lineodes leodocusalis, Walk., 947, from North America,
is an additional synonym of this.

Also from Brisbane, Queensland; Murrurundi and
Sydney, New South Wales ; from September to December.

Diasemia grammalis, Dbld.

Isopteryx impulsalis, Walk., 404, from Ceylon, is an
additional synonym of this.

IscunurceEs, Ld.

The characters of this genus are given by me under
the head of Nesolocha; those given by Lederer are
partly erroneous, and led to my renaming it.

220 Mr. . Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Ischnurges illustralis, Ld.

Ischnurges illustralis, Lid., 418, pl. xv., 12; Nesolocha
autolitha, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
240.

Neweastle, New South Wales; one specimen (Australian
Museum). Ithink there can be no doubt that Lederer’s
quotation of New Zealand as a locality for this species
is quite erroneous, and should be struck out; probably
there is here, as in some other cases, a confusion with
New Guinea.

Prssocosma, Meyr.
Pessocosma wolealis, Walk.
Also from ‘Toowoomba, (Queensland; Albany and

Geraldton, West Australia; in May, June, November,
and December.

ARCHERNIS, Meyr.
Archernis (7) octoguttalis, Feld.

Also from Cape York, Queensland; one specimen
(coll. Macleay). In this specimen (also a female) the
middle costal spot is divided into a moderate costal and
small discal spot; the yellow hind-marginal band is
narrower. Recorded also from Ceylon. I consider that
Pyralis smaragdina, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, 411,
from South Africa, is a synonym of this species ;
Felder’s name dates from the same year, but is appa-
rently the earlier.

Semiocreros, Meyr.
Semioceros mesochlora, Meyr.

Deuterarcha mesochlora, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1884, 8138; Hndotricha annuligera, Butl., Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, 427.

In the male which | originally deseribed the antennal
tuft was abraded, and therefore unnoticed; since then
Mr. Barnard has sent down numerous specimens which
enable me to correct my error. The antenne of the
male are bent once only, in the middle, with a small
simple tuft of scales on back immediately before bend.

Australia and the South Pacific. 2

bho
amare

Semioceros parapseplis, ni. s.

gd 9, 12-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, with a
few fuscous scales. Palpi white, terminal joint and apex of second
dark fuscous. Antenne pale greyish-ochreous, in male shortly
ciliated (4), bent before middle, tuft small, fuscous. Abdomen
light ochreous trrorated with fuscous, segmental margins white.
Legs pale greyish-ochreous, apex of jomts white. Fore wings
elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin rather strongly oblique, somewhat bowed ;
whitish-ochreous, suffusedly wrorated with rather dark fuscous,
except generally towards costa and inner margin; an obscure
whitish subbasal spot on inner margin; first line blackish-fuscous,
rather irregular, from one-fifth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, forming a small spot on inner margin, and preceded on
lower half by a white suffusion ; orbicular and claviform apparently
subquadrate and confluent. indicated only by cloudy dark fuscous
lateral margins; reniform similar; a white dot connecting
orbicular with first line; a narrow transverse white spot connecting
orbicular and reniform, and a larger quadrate white spot immedi-
ately below this touching second line; a white subquadrate spot
connecting reniform with second line ; second line blackish-fuscous,
rather irregular, from three-fourths of costa to near anal angle,
thence abruptly bent inwards to beneath reniform, and again
abruptly bent to inner margin at two-thirds, posteriorly narrowly
and suffusedly margined with white, forming a white spot touching
hind margin above anal angle; a blackish-fuscous hind-marginal
line; cilia whitish, with a submoniliform dark fuscous line tending
to form bars, terminal half light grey, with a white bar above anal
angle. Hind wings with colour, discal (reniform) spot, and all
posterior markings as in fore wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; six specimens sent by Mr. G.
Barnard. Nearly allied to S. murcalis, but much
smaller and more neatly marked ; best distinguished by
the presence of the quadrate white spot below middle of
dise of fore wings.

Crratocuasis, Ld.

Forehead rounded, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne three-fourths, in male strongly ciliated (13),
bent in middle, bend thickened, rough-scaled above, and with
some larger roughly tufted scales beneath. Labial palpi moderate,
curved, ascending, second joint with short rough projecting scales

222 Mr. HK. Meyrick on Pyralidina fron

beneath, terminal joint moderate, cylindrical. Maxillary palpi
very short, rudimentary. Abdomen in male with moderate anal
tuft, valves retracted. Anterior tarsi in male thickened with
dense scales curved over beneath; posterior tibia with outer spurs
half inner. Fore wings with vein 10 approximated to 9, 11 oblique.
Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 closely approxi-
mated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near
middle.
Ceratoclasis chlorura, n. s.

3,20mm. Head dark fuscous, with an ochreous-whitish spot
between antenne. Palpi dark fuscous, base ochreous-whitish.
Antenne and thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, apical
tuft and under surface ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish,
tibie suffused with grey. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa
sinuate, posteriorly moderately arched, apex rounded, hind margin
obliquely rounded; dark fuscous ; a cloudy subquadrate ochreous-
whitish spot in dise before middle; second line very obscure,
ochreous-whitish, starting from an ochreous-white spot on costa
at four-fifths, running to anal angle, somewhat angulated inwards
below middle ; cilia dark fuscous, with a cloudy whitish spot above
anal angle. Hind wings dark fuscous; cilia dark fuscous, above
anal angle broadly ochreous-whitish, with a grey line.

(Jueensland; one specimen, in indifferent condition
(coll. Lucas).

EREBANGELA, Meyr.
Erebangela melanauges, Meyr.

Graphicopoda hecate, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 421, is a synonym of this.

STREPSIMELA, Meyr.
Strepsimela signiferalis, Waller.

Rinecera mirabilis, Butl., Mem. Nat. Ac. Sci., 1884,
95, and I. nigrescens, Baal Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 424, are additional synonyms of this species.
The generic name Rinecera is orthographically quite
incorrect, and if corrected would become Rhinoceros ; it
is therefore inadmissible. Specimens of this species,
taken by Mr. J. J. Walker in Tahiti and the Marquesas,
show an interesting tendency to a more or less pyro-
nounced obsolescence of the white markings in the
male. I think that this species, which appears to be

o)

Australia and the South Pacific. 223

common throughout the whole of the South Pacific
islands (occurring nowhere else), and to be lable to
eradual local variation throughout its range, would be
interesting to study; it would be worth while to take
long series of it from each island.

Strepsimela pseudadelpha, n. 8.

3 ?, 1S—21l mm. Head blackish-fuscous, on sides of crow
and between antenne orange-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, second
joint broadly whitish-ochreous beneath. Antenne blackish-fus-
cous, in male with space between tufts also clothed with rough
projecting scales, terminal portion beyond second tuft pale ochreous
above. Thorax blackish-fuscous. Abdomen blackish-fuscous with
a few orange scales, anal segment in male bright orange on sides,
with a very large exsertible tuft of whitish-ochreous hairs. Legs
in male pale yellow-ochreous, anterior tibie with a dark fuscous
band, femora without upper tuft, apex of lower tuft blackish-grey ;
in female wholly dark fuscous. Fore wings rather elongate-
triangular, costa slightly sinuate, posteriorly arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin oblique, rather strongly bowed; blackish-fuscous,
purplish-tinged; in female an indistinct orange-ochreous mark
near base; lines darker, tolerably distinct; first from one-fourth
of costa to one-third of inner margin, slightly curved, anteriorly
edged obscurely in male with paler, in female with orange-
ochreous; second irregular, from three-fourths of costa to near
anal angle, thence acutely angulated inwards to beneath middle of
disc, and again abruptly bent to inner margin at two-thirds,
posteriorly obscurely edged with paler, forming a distinct small
yellow-ochreous spot on costa; a quadrate discal spot, indicated
only by darker lateral margins, preceded and followed by more or
less indistinct small cloudy whitish-ochreous marks, sometimes
almost obsolete; cilia dark fuscous. Hind wings with colour,
discal spot, second line, and cilia as in fore wings; in female
sometimes a cloudy orange spot near base, and posterior margin of
second line more orange; cilia in male becoming light orange on
lower half of hind margin, with a dark fuscous line.

Fiji; several specimens (coll. Lucas). Superticially
extremely similar to Ptil@ola ulophanes, Meyr.

AXDIODES, Gn.
Forehead vertical. Ocelli present. ‘Tongue well-developed.
Antenne three-fourths, in male strongly ciliated (2), basal joint

224 Mr. EK. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

stout. Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending, second joint
with dense projecting scales beneath, terminal joint moderate,
with short projecting scales beneath, obtuse. Maxillary palpi
absent. Abdomen in male with anal segment elongate, tuft small,
valves retracted. Fore wings with vein 10 rising out of stalk of 8
and 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins
8, 4, 5 closely approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anasto-
mosing with 8 to near middle; inner margin in male folded
beneath, with a pencil of long hairs.

Afdiodes quaternalis, Ld.
Aidiodes quaternalis, Ld., 488, pl. xvii., 1.

Queensland ; two specimens (coll. Lucas). Also from
Amboina and Java.

AGROTERA, Schrk.

Forehead rounded, oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne three-fourths, in male moderately ciliated.
Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint with dense
projecting scales beneath, flatly compressed, terminal joint with
acute triangular separate tuft of scales. Maxillary palpi short,
filiform, pointed. Fore wings with vein 10 closely approximated
to 9, 11 very oblique. Hind wings as broad as fore wings; veins
3, 4, 5 approximsted at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing
with 8 to near middle.

Agrotera effertalis, Walk.

Adiodes effertalis, Walk., 348.

9,17 mm. Head orange, face and palpi dark fuscous. Antenne
pale yellowish, spotted with dark fuscous, apex of basal joint
black. Thorax pale yellow, spotted with orange. Abdomen pale
yellow, segments irregularly orange towards base, sides posteriorly
and apex fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair with
apical half of tibiee dark fuscous, apex of first and third and entire
two apical joints of tarsi black. Fore wings triangular, costa
hardly sinuate, slightly arched, apex tolerably rectangular, hind
margin obliquely rounded, somewhat sinuate beneath apex ; rather
dark purple-fuscous; basal area up to first line pale yellow
irregularly spotted with orange, with a small blackish spot on
costa near base; first line black, irregular, from one-third of costa
to two-fifths of inner margin, slightly curved; a small obscure
dark fuscous discal spot; costal edge posteriorly suffused with

Australia and the South Pacific. 225

ochreous-yellowish ; second line dark fuscous, waved, from three-
fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, rather abruptly
sinuate inwards beneath middle; a blackish hind-marginal line ;
cilia whitish-yellowish, with an apical spot, a subapical dash,
median and anal spots dark grey. Hind wings with colour and
markings as in fore wings, but purple-fuscous ground colour,
together with first line, ceasing abruptly below middle and replaced
by whitish-ochreous, in which second line is obscurely indicated
with fuscous ; no discal spot.

Queensland; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
Amboina, Ceylon, and India.

NosopHora, Ld.
Nosophora chironalis, Walk.
Botys chironalis, Walk., 683; Nosophora chironalis,
Ld., 407, pl. xiv., 12; N. ochnodes, Meyr., Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1886, 255.

I was misled into redescribing this species by Walker’s
express implication that the hind wings were marked
with a similar spot to that of the fore wings; on
examining his specimen I find that it is unset, and the
description of the hind wings doubtless went by con-
jecture.

Prexecyntis, Meyr.
Pelecyntis abstitalis, Walk.
Also from Tahiti (Mr. J. J. Walker).

CompsopHiILa, Meyr.
Compsophala tocosma, Meyr.

Niphadaza bicolor, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 428, pl. x., 8, is a synonym of this.

Pycnarmon, Ld.
Pycnarmon jaguaralis, Gn.
Also from Cairns, Queensland (coll. Macleay).

Notarcua, Meyr.
Notarcha tharsalea, n.s.

o ?,29—81 mm. Head and antenne whitish-ochreous, cilia-
tions of male one-fourth. Palpi whitish-ochreous. apex of basal

226 Mr. K. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

joint dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, with twelve black
spots, arranged one on each shoulder, one on each side, and a
dorsal series of four pairs. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, base of
second segment, a basal spot on third and fourth, and an apical
Spot on seventh and anal segments blackish. Legs whitish-
ochreous, anterior pair with an apical band on tibie and two spots
on tarsi black. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa pos-
teriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely
rounded; whitish-ochreous, costa and hind margin orange-tinged ;
inner margin broadly orange, forming a separate erect spot near
base; markings black, sharply defined; an irregular spot on costa
near base; first line irregular, from one-fifth of costa, obsolete
towards inner margin; a moderate subquadrate spot beneath costa
at one-third, a larger transverse-oblong discal spot in middle, and
a smaller round spot beneath and between these; second line
rather thick, irregular, from costa before three-fourths to near
inner margin at two-thirds, but obsolete on orange suffusion, middle
third forming a short acute angle outwards, lower third a short
curve inwards; a submarginal series of seven roundish spots,
smallest and approaching nearest to hind margin in middle; cilia
whitish-ochreous, yellow towards base, barred with blackish. Hind
wings whitish-ochreous, hind margin orange-tinged; markings
black ; a roundish discal spot at one-third; second line as in fore
wings, but more irregular; a submarginal series of six spots,
uppermost much larger and apical; cilia as in fore wings, but not
barred on lower third of hind margin.

Cooktown and Townsville, Queensland ; eight speci-
mens (coll. Macleay).

Notarcha trigalis, Ld.

This name (quoted as a synonym) should be retained
for the species formerly quoted by me as N. orissalis,
Walk. lLladopted the name orissalis from Lederer’s own
identification of his species with Walker’s; but Mr.
Butler has since kindly pointed out to me that neither
the specimen in the British Museum collection (which
is not, however, Walker’s type), nor Walker’s original
description, can be truly identical with this species. In
this conclusion | quite concur. The quotation of Borneo
as a locality should also be struck out. Cooktown,
(Jueensland (coll. Macleay), is an additional locality.

Australia and the South Pacific. 227

Conoeetuss, Meyr.

Conogethes lictor, n.s.
¢, 22—23 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen fuscous ;
antennal ciliations one-third. Palpi dark fuscous, base white.
Legs pearly-white. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa pos-
teriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin oblique,
strongly bowed; fuscous; lines slender, dark fuscous, well-marked ;
first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, almost
straight; second from three-fifths of costa, triangularly indented
inwards immediately below costa, below middle rectangularly bent
inwards to beneath discal spot, and again rectangularly bent to
inner margin before middle; costa whitish-ochreous from before
first line to beyond second, before second line dilated into a
triangular blotch reaching half across wing, its anterior edge
margined by the transverse linear dark fuscous discal spot; cilia
fuscous, with a darker line near base, with a white space above
anal angle. Hind wings with colour, discal spot, second line, and
cilia as in fore wings; but second line not indented beneath costa,

white space of cilia larger.

Townsville, Queensland; several specimens (coll.
Macleay).

Conogethes edilis, 0. s.

3,21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen light
fuscous; antennal ciliations one. Legs fuscous-whitish. Fore
wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; fuscous; a small cloudy
dark fuscous mark from costa near base; lines slender, somewhat
regular, darker fuscous, indistinct; first from one-fourth of costa
to one-third of inner margin, slightly curved; second from two-
thirds of costa, where it forms a small spot, irregularly curved
outwards, below middle bent inwards to beneath discal spot, and
again bent to inner margin beyond middle ; costal edge immediately
before and beyond second line ochreous-white ; discal spot narrow,
transverse, somewhat inwards-curved, ochreous-white, laterally
dark-margined, touching costal edge before second line: a darker
fuscous hind-marginal line; cilia white, with a dark fuscous
interrupted line appearing to form bars on basal half, terminal
half greyish towards middle of hind margin. Hind wings with
colour, second and hind-marginal lines as in fore wings; cilia
white, basal half barred with dark fuscous.

Townsville, Queensland; several specimens (coll.
Macleay).

228 Mr. KE. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Pacuyzancua, Meyr.
Pachyzancla bianoralis, Walk.
Botys bianoralis, Walk., 1001.

3 2, 25—26mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
rather dark fuscous; palpi white towards base beneath ; antennal
ciliations two-thirds; abdomen with two whitish rings towards
apex. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair yellowish-fuscous
above. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly sinuate,
posteriorly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ;
rather dark fuscous, with darker markings; first line from one-
fourth of costa to before middle of inner margin, somewhat curved
outwards; a dot beneath costa at one-third, and a transverse
linear discal spot in middle; second line from costa at two-thirds,
slightly curved, rather approaching hind margin, beneath middle
abruptly bent inwards to beneath discal spot, thence again abruptly
bent to inner margin at two-thirds; an interrupted hind-marginal
line; cilia fuscous, with a dark fuscous line, and a small white spot
above anal angle. Hind wings with colour, discal spot, second
and hind-marginal lines as in fore wings; cilia white, with a dark
fuscous basal band.

Queensland ; two specumens (coll. Lucas). Also from
Borneo and Ceylon. In two specimens from Ceylon |
do not see the white spot in the cilia of fore wings, but
there is no other difference.

BoryopkEs, Gn.
Botyodes asialis, Gu.

Botyodes asialis, Gn., 821; Ld., pl. xii., 8; Lygropis
siriorantha, Meyr., Trane? Ent. ha, Lond., 1886,
262
Although I have not obtained a male, 1 apprehend
there is no doubt of this identification. If so, however,
either Lederer’s generic characters or mine are at fault,
but I should like to examine the male before insisting.

STEREOCOPA, Meyr.
Stereocopa scoparialis, Walk.

Also from Carnarvon, West Australia ; and Victoria.

Australia and the South Pacijc. 229

Preryaisus, Butl.
Pterygisus fedalis, Gn.

Tsopteryx foedalis, Gn., 228, pl. iv., 7; Snell., Tijd. v.
Ent., 1872, 96; I. spilomelalis, Walk., 403;
Physematia (2) epispila, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soe.
Lond,, 1886, 257.

The ordinary form of this species appears to differ
from the Fijian form described by me in having the sub-
marginal markings connected to form a band instead of
separate spots, but | now regard this as only local
variation. The generic characters given by me at the
head of this species are therefore referable to Pterygisus,
with the correction that the maxillary palpi should be
stated as very short, rudimentary.

Queensland; two specimens (coll. Lucas). Also from
Fiji, Celebes, Java, Ceylon, India, and Madagascar.

HELLULa, Gn.
Hellula undalis, F.

Leucochroma phidilealis, Walk., 972, and Leucinodes
exemptalis, ib., Suppl., 1318, are additional synonyms of
this species.

Also from Brisbane, Queensland ; Glen Innes (3500 ft.),
Bathurst, and Cooma, New South Wales; Albany,
Geraldton, and Carnarvon, West Australia. Its range
extends also to China and South America.

Dysauuacta, Ld.

Forehead flat, very oblique. Ocelli present. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne three-fourths, in male shortly ciliated (4),
basal joint elongate, slender, with a strong subconical horny pro-
jection trom apex on inner side. Labial palpi moderate, straight,
porrected, second joint triangularly scaled, terminal joint con-
cealed. Maxillary palpi moderately long, apex somewhat dilated
with scales. Abdomen in male with large exsertible anal tuft of
hairs. Posterior tibie with outer spurs one-fourth of inner. Fore
Wings with vein 10°closely approximated to 9, 11 very oblique.
Hind wings rather broader than fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 closely
approximated at base. 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8
to near middle,

230 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Dysallacta negatalis, Walk.

Phalangiodes negatalis, Walk., 468 ; Botys monesusalis,
ib., 653; B. phanasalis, ib., 727; Dysallacta
negatalis, Lid., pl. xii., 6.

Duaringa and Toowoomba, Queensland; Neweastle,
New South Wales; in December. Also from Celebes,
Java, and India.

Borys, T'r.
Botys pharidalis, Walk.
Botys pharidalis (pharisalis), Walk., 726.

3, 20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-brown; palpi
white beneath. Antenne pale ochreous, ciliations two-thirds.
Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Legs white, femora and anterior
tibiz ochreous-fuscous, posterior tibiae with outer spurs half inner.
Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded; ochreous-
brown, with a few scattered dark fuscous scales; markings dark
fuscous, tolerably defined; lines slender, waved, first from one-
fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, obsolete towards
costa, nearly straight, second from three-fourths of costa to two-
thirds of inner margin, moderately curved outwards, slightly
sinuate beneath costa, triangularly indented at two-thirds to below
discal spot ; a discal dot close beyond first line, and a small narrow
transverse discal spot in middle; cilia grey-whitish, with a thick
basal and slenderer median line dark grey. Hind wings fuscous-
grey, becoming lighter towards base; faint traces of second line as
in fore wings; cilia whitish, with a dark grey basal line.

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen, in March.
Walker’s original specimen is in exceedingly bad con-
dition.

Botys pheopteralis, Gn.

Botys licarsisalis, Walk., 686, is another synonym of
this species. Mr. Moore appears to think that this
species is not Guénée’s pheopteralis, but he gives no
reasons ; Lederer and Zeller were satisfied that it is.

Australia and the South Pacific. 231

Botys hipponalis, Walk.

Asopia hipponalis, Walk., 374; Botys pigresalis, ib.,
724.

S$, 20 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen pale
yellowish-ochreous; antennal ciliations 14; shoulders narrowly
dark fuscous; abdomen with two black dots on third segment.
Palpi dark fuscous, beneath white towards base. Legs ochreous-
whitish, anterior pair with apex of joints dark grey, posterior
tibia with outer spurs one-third of inner. Fore wings rather
elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse,
hind margin rather obliquely rounded; light yellowish-ochreous:
costa suffused with dark grey from base to two-thirds; a blackish
dot beneath costa near base, and another on inner margin near
base; lines slender, wregularly subdentate, dark fuscous; first
from one-fifth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, irregular ;
second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,
middle third bent outward in an abrupt quadrate projection; a
blackish dot beneath costa at one-third, and small blackish narrow
transverse discal spot in middle; a rather narrow irregular grey
hind-marginal fascia, somewhat excavated below middle; cilia
grey-whitish, with a sharp dark grey line. Hind wings with colour,
discal spot, second line, hind-marginal fascia, and cilia as in fore
wings; hind-marginal fascia becoming obsolete towards anal angle.

Queensland: one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Botys epitrota, n.s.

3, 26 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen light ochreous-
yellowish ; shoulders narrowly fuscous; abdomen with two dark
fuscous dots on anal segment. Palpi dark fuscous, lower half
white. Antenne yellow-whitish, ciliations one. Legs white,
anterior pair with a dot at apex of femora and tarsi, and apical
half of tibie black ; posterior tibize with outer middle-spur one-
third, outer end-spur one-half inner. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin bowed, oblique; light ochreous-yellowish; an indistinet
fuscous subcostal streak from base to two-thirds; a dark fuscous
dot at base of costa, and another on inner margin near base ; lines
dark fuscous, interrupted into dots, first from before one-fourth
of costa towards one-third of inner margin, not reaching it, second
from three-fourths of costa to beyond middle of inner margin,
sinuate above middle, below middle rectangularly bent very widely
inwards beneath discal spot; a blackish dot beneath costa near

232, Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

beyond first line, and a moderately large oval blackish discal spot
in middle; a waved fuscous subterminal line running from a spot
beneath costa to a larger spot on anal angle; a fuscous apical
spot; a hind-marginal row of minute dark fuscous dots; cilia
whitish-yellowish. Hind wings with colour, second line, apical
spot, hind-marginal dots, and cilia as in fore wings; discal spot
somewhat smaller, before middle; subterminal line very faint,

without spots.

Neweastle, New South Wales; two specimens (Australian
Museum).

ISOCENTRIS, 0. g.

Forehead flat, vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed.
Antenne three-fourths, in male filiform, moderately ciliated.
Labial palpi moderate, straight, porrected, triangularly scaled,
terminal joint tolerably concealed. Maxillary palpi moderate,
filiform. Abdomen in male with slender anal tuft, valves tolerably
retracted. Posterior tibia with spurs all long and almost equal.
Fore wings with vein 10 tolerably approximated to 9, 11 oblique.
Hind wings about as broad as fore wings; veins 3, 4, 5 approxi-
mated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to near
middle.

| have formed this genus to include the species which
I formerly placed as a separate section (B) of the genus
Botys; I suggested at the time the possibility of this
course, and it now seems desirable. ‘he characters of
Botys, as given by me, must of course be altered by
striking out the words “or all long and equal.”

Isocentris equalis, Ld.
Botys equalis, Ld., 468, pl. x., 3.
Duaringa, Queensland ; and India.

Tsocentris rhodophilalis, Walk.
Endotricha rhodophilalis, Walk., Suppl., 1811; Botys

amenalis, ib., 1445.
g,18mm. Head yellow, with a fuscous-red spot on each side
of crown. Palpi yellow, apex dark fuscous. Antennie yellowish,
ciliations two-thirds. Thorax yellow, with some ferruginous scales.
Abdomen yellowish, segmental margins white, second and anal
segments mixed with crimson. Anterior femora fuscous-crimson
above, white beneath, tibize yellow with blackish apex, first joint

Australia and the South Pacific. 233

of tarsi yellow with white apex, second and third yellow with black
apex, second white at base, fourth and fifth white; middle legs
yellow, tarsi white; posterior legs white. Fore wings rather
elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex
rectangular, hind margin bowed, oblique; bright yellow; a
crimson dot beneath costa near base, a second at one-fifth, and a
third on inner margin at one-fifth ; lines very slender, indistinct,
ferruginous, irregularly sinuate ; first from a black dot on costa at
one-fourth to inner margin at two-fifths; second from a dark
fuscous dot on costa before two-thirds, below middle bent inwards
to beneath middle of disc, thence again bent to inner margin at
three-fifths ; a large irregularly 8-shaped crimson spot in centre of
disc. touching angle of second line; a moderate crimson waved
submarginal band, attenuated to a point on costa, its middle third
curved outwards and partially touching subterminal line; a fine
erimson waved subterminal line, and an interrupted crimson hind-
marginal line, separated by ferruginous-yellow ; cilia silvery-white,
basal third crimson, separated by a waved deep crimson line.
Hind wings with colour, second line, submarginal band, sub-
terminal and hind-marginal lines, and cilia as in fore wings.

Cape York, Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from Ceylon. Mr. Moore quotes Samea dives,
Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, 682, from Formosa, as a
synonym of this species; but, although he has probably
seen Butler’s type, and I have not, I think there must
be a mistake somewhere, as I cannot make the descrip-
tion agree at all; for instance, the cilia are given as
dark brown.

Mecyna, Gn.
Mecyna polygonalis, Hb.
Also from Glen Innes (4500 feet), Newcastle, Bathurst,

and Mount Kosciusko (6500 feet), New South Wales;
Albany, Geraldton, and Perth, West Australia.

Mecyna reversalis, Gn.

Mecyna reversalis, Gn., 409.

Cape York, Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Macleay).
Also from North and South America. The occurrence
of this species in Australia seems difficult to believe ;
but there can be no question as to the identity of the
specimen, which is easily distinguishable from any form

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaART III. (SEPT.) §

234 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

of M. polygonalis and M. deprivalis, and I see no reason
to doubt the authenticity of the locality. Of course
some confirmatory evidence would be desirable.

Mecyna miniosalis, Gn.
Ebulea miniosalis, Gn., 8362; EH. orseisalis, Walk., 749.

A true Mecyna, with the following individual points of
structure in male: Labial palpi moderate; maxillary
palpi short, loosely dilated ; middle tibize rough-scaled,
with large loose tuft of hairs lying exposed on inner
side ; posterior tibiz with a small tuft of short hairs at
base, spurs very long, outer three-fourths of imner.
Guénée’s specific description is sufficient.

Palm Island (Halifax Bay), Queensland ; one speci-
men (coll. Macleay). Also from New Guinea and Java.

Myriotis, Meyr.
Myriotis ptoalis, Walk.
Also from Geraldton, West Australia, in November.

Mnesictena, Meyr.
Mnesictena pactolina, n. s.

3 2, 20—22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax deep ochreous-
yellow; base of palpi white beneath. Antenne yellowish, ciliations
of male one. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs white, anterior
tibie and second and third joints of tarsi ochreous-yellow. Fore
wings rather elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately
arched, apex rectangular, hind margin oblique, somewhat rounded ;
deep ochreous-yellow; a grey dot towards base in middle; lines
slender, waved, fuscous-grey ; first from one-fourth of costa to
two-fifths of inner margin, somewhat curved; second from two-
thirds of costa obliquely outwards, curved round to beneath two-
thirds of disc, thence to inner margin at three-fourths; a thick
cloudy grey suffused streak from second line above middle to first
line below middle ; indications of an interrupted grey subterminal
line; cilia white, with a blackish-grey basal line, and a small grey
apical spot. Hind wings whitish-ochreous ; cilia white, basal half
whitish-ochreous.

Cooktown and Townsville, Queensland; Port Darwin,
North Australia ; four specimens.

Australia and the South Pacific. 235

Mnesictena celatalis, Walk.
Botys celatalis, Walk., 657; B. suavalis, ib., Suppl.,
1448.

9, 26 mm. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous, sides of face
narrowly white. Palpi ochreous-brown, beneath white towards
base. Antenne whitish-ochreous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish.
Legs white, anterior femora pale ochreous above, anterior tibie
ochreous at base and with a broad ochreous or dark grey subapical
band. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly
moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin oblique, slightly
rounded; light ochreous-yellow; costa suffused with brownish-
ochreous; markings brownish-ochreous; first line from before
one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, somewhat bent
below middle; a dot beneath costa at one-third, and a small
curved linear transverse discal spot in middle; second line from
two-thirds of costa towards anal angle, slightly curved outwards,
below middle rectangularly bent inwards to beneath discal spot,
and again rectangularly bent to inner margin before two-thirds,
somewhat indented below costa and above inner margin; a cloudy
subdentate subterminal line from three-fourths of costa to anal
angle, thickest above, indented inwards above lower extremity ; a
cloudy irregular hind-marginal line; cilia ochreous-yellow, tips
paler. Hind wings with colour, second, subterminal, and hind-
marginal lines, and cilia as in fore wings; a small indistinct
cloudy discal spot, touching angle of second line.

Queensland; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
Java and Ceylon.

MyrtostepHes, Meyr.
Myriostephes pheniccalis, Hb.

Hematia phenicealis, Hb., Zut., 115, 116; Rhodaria
phenicealis, Gn., 173; R. flegiahs, Walk., 316;
R. panopealis, ib., 818 ; Botys cacilialis, ib., 581 ;
B. onythesalis, ib., 784; Rhodaria ocellusalis, ib.,
923; R. noraxalis, ib., 926; Asopia largalis, ib.,
938; Rhodaria juncturalis, ib., Suppl., 1288 ;
R. concatenalis, ib., 1284; Myriostephes heliamma,

Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, 448.
Also from India, China, West Africa, the West Indies,
and North and South America. I consider all the forms
quoted above identical; but there is more or less

236 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

variation in the extent of the yellow suffusion, tending
to produce local forms, which nevertheless I do not find
constant. Generally there is a tendency in- Indo-
Malayan and Australian forms to show a yellow sub-
marginal streak, which is usually absent in American
specimens; but the difference seems unreliable.

Myriostephes achewalis, Walk.

Botys achealis (acheusalis), Walk., 1007.

3 2, 25—27mm. Head orange, lower part of face dark fuscous.
Palpi dark fuscous, lower longitudinal half orange. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, basal joint orange with a black dot, ciliations of
male 14. Thorax orange, shoulders narrowly black. Abdomen
orange, with a black band at three-fourths. Legs pale orange,
anterior tibiz banded with black. Fore wings very elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin obliquely rounded; orange; markings blackish, shghtly
bluish-tinged ; a moderate streak along costa from base to two-
thirds ; a rather narrow straight fascia from two-fifths of costa to
two-fifths of inner margin, beneath costal streak dilated to contain
a dot of ground colour; a rather narrow fascia from three-fifths of
costa to anal angle, much dilated beneath, and confluent with an
irregular moderate hind-marginal fascia; cilia dark grey. Hind
wings orange; a moderate somewhat irregular blackish hind-
marginal fascia, narrowed beneath ; cilia dark grey.

Sydney, New South Wales; several specimens in
February and March (coll. Macleay). Rather a dis-
cordant species; but I find the resemblance to
Metallarcha apparently superficial only.

Druterarcna, Meyr.
Deuterarcha xanthomela, Meyr.
Also from Toowoomba, Queensland, in December.
Emprepes insignis, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
431, is a synonym of this.

MerauuarcHa, Meyr.
Metallarcha tetraplaca, n. 8.
39, 19—22 mm. Head yellow, frontal projection flattened-
conical. Palpi blackish, lower longitudinal half yellow. Antenne
pale yellowish. Thorax yellow, shoulders dark fuscous. Abdomen

Australia and the South Pacific, 237

light ochreous-yellow. Legs dark fuscous, posterior pair yellowish.
Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately
arched, apex rounded, hind margin very obliquely rounded ; clear
yellow; markings light ashy-grey, margined with blackish; a
streak along costa from base to four-fifths, its apex attenuated;
first and second lines moderately broad, fascia-like; first from
beyond one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, almost
straight; second from costa near apex, continued near and parallel
to hind margin to below middle, thence abruptly bent in to
beneath middle of disc, sometimes almost reaching first line, and
curved strongly round to inner margin at three-fourths ; a perpen-
dicular bar from three-fifths of costa to curve of second line,
representing discal spot; a black hind-marginal line; cilia grey.
Hind wings fuscous-grey ; costa suffusedly whitish-ochreous, except
on a bar before middle and another almost apical; apex and upper
half of hind margin narrowly and irregularly pale ochreous-
yellowish, sometimes continued further towards anal angle ; cilia
whitish-qchreous.

South Australia (probably near Gawler); several
specimens (coll. Macleay). Intermediate between M.
epichrysa and M. ewrychrysa.

Metallarcha eurychrysa, Meyr.

Having obtained a series of specimens, I add the
following points to the description :—

St 2, 20—27 mm. Ground colour of fore wings bright yellow ;
costal streak usually not extending beyond four-fifths; anterior
fascia slightly sinuate; second fascia containing a small spot of
ground colour on inner margin; hind-marginal yellow dots often
nearly obsolete; cilia yellow, with a dark fuscous line, sometimes
nearly obsolete, and a dark fuscous apical suffusion. Ground
colour of hind wings bright ochreous-yellow.

Geraldton and Albany, West Australia ; locally com-
mon in November.

Metallarcha pseliota, n. s.

32, 18—20 mm. Head deep yellow, frontal projection flat-
tened-conical. Palpi blackish, lower longitudinal half deep yellow.
Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax deep yellow, shoulders dark
fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-yellow. Legs blackish, posterior
pair ochreous-yellow. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, hind margin very obliquely rounded ;

238 Mr. BE. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

white, slightly ochreous-tinged; markings blackish; a somewhat
irregular streak along costa from base to four-fifths, with a short
rounded projection on lower edge before middle; a semi-oval spot
on inner margin at one-third, beyond which the imner margin is
ochreous-yellow; lines narrow, lower extremities meeting and
coalescing on inner margin beyond middle, first from costa at one-
third, straight, second from costa at five-sixths, below middle
rectangularly bent inwards, forming a short curve beneath two-
thirds of dise; a narrow bar from two-thirds of costa to curve of
second line, representing discal spot; a blackish hind-marginal
band, its anterior edge irregular, closely approaching second line
throughout, containing a submarginal series of seven subconfluent
round deep ochreous-yellow spots; cilia grey, with a darker line
near base. Hind wings ochreous-yellow ; a dark fuscous irregular
fascia from apex towards two-thirds of inner margin, rapidly
attenuated and not nearly reaching it; a dark fuscous hind-
marginal line not reaching anal angle; cilia pale ochreous-
yellowish.

South Australia (probably near Gawler); several
specimens (coll. Macleay).

Kurycreon, Ld.
Eurycreon ochrochoa, u. 8s.

3S ?, 18 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
pale ochreous; frontal projection rounded; palpi white beneath
towards base; antennal ciliations of male one. Legs white,
anterior pair fuscous above. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular,
costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
oblique, somewhat rounded; light yellow-ochreous, in female irro-
rated with pale red-brownish ; lines slender, cloudy, dark fuscous ;
first from inner margin at two-fifths, becoming obsolete towards
costa; second slightly waved, from three-fourths of costa, slightly
indented above middle, below middle obtusely bent inwards to
near middle of disc, thence again rectangularly bent to inner
margin at two-thirds; a small roundish discal spot obscurely out-
lined with red-brownish; cilia hight grey, with a somewhat darker
line near base. Hind wings with ground colour, second line, and
cilia as in fore wings.

Duaringa, Queensland; two specimens sent by Mr.
G. Barnard. Nearest to EH. familiaris, and equally or
more short-winged; easily distinguished from it by the
ochreous-yellowish colouring, without grey suffusion in
hind wings, and the erey cilia.

Australia and the South Pacific. 239

Eurycreon homogama, n. s.

32, 16—20 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax pale ochreous ;
frontal projection obtusely rounded; antennal ciliations of male
two-thirds. Palpi brownish-ochreous, lower longitudinal half
white. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs in male whitish, in
female whitish-ochreous, anterior pair brownish-ochreous above.
Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa sinuate, apex obtuse,
hind margin very obliquely rounded; in male whitish-ochreous,
brownish-tinged, costa obscurely suffused with pale brownish-
ochreous, in female wholly pale brownish-ochreous ; lines cloudy,
fuscous; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, indistinct, towards costa obsolete; second from three-
fourths of costa, where it is darkest, above middle shortly indented
inwards, below middle obtusely bent inwards to beneath discal
spot, and again obtusely bent to two-thirds of inner margin; a
small cloudy indistinct ochreous-fuscous spot beneath costa before
middle, and a somewhat larger subquadrate discal spot outlined
with ochreous-fuscous beyond middle; cilia whitish-ochreous
sprinkled with brownish-ochreous, extreme tips fuscous. Hind
wings with colour, second line, and cilia as in fore wings.

Carnarvon, West Australia; four specimens in October.
Allied to the equally long-winged EH. xenogama and
E. aphrarcha, but distinguished from both by its ochreous
colouring; the male of EH. xenogama is very similar to
this species, but the female extremely different.

Eurycreon xenogama, Meyy.
Also from Perth and Geraldton, West Australia, in
November.

Eurycreon aphrarcha, n. 8.

g¢,16—19mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen greyish-
ochreous irrorated with dark grey; frontal projection rounded ;
antennal ciliations two-thirds. Palpi greyish-ochreous irrorated
with black, lower longitudinal half white. Legs whitish, anterior
pair dark fuscous. Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa
sinuate, apex obtuse, hind margin very obliquely rounded; rather
light fuscous, becoming darker towards basal two-thirds of costa ;
lines irregular, cloudy, blackish, tolerably distinct; first from one-
fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin; second from three-
fourths of costa, above middle shortly indented inwards, below
middle obtusely bent inwards to beneath discal spot, and again

240 Mr. KE. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

obtusely bent to inner margin at three-fifths, preceded and followed
by a more or less perceptible white irroration, especially towards
costa; an indistinct dark fuscous dot beneath costa before middle,
and a small subquadrate discal spot obscurely outlined with cloudy
blackish beyond middle; a hind-marginal row of cloudy blackish
dots; cilia light greyish-ochreous, with two grey lines. Hind
wings pale greyish-ochreous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous ;
an obscure fuscous discal dot, sometimes obsolete; second line
fuscous, formed as in fore wings; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a
erey line near base.

Carnarvon, West Australia ; four specimens in October.

Hurycreon strangalota, n. s.

3d, 19 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, irrorated with
whitish-ochreous ; frontal projection rounded. Palpi dark fuscous,
beneath white towards base. Antenne greyish-ochreous, ciliations
one-half. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, irrorated with dark
fuscous on sides of back, segmental margins white. Legs greyish-
ochreous suffused with dark fuscous, apex of joints whitish,
posterior tibie whitish. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa
gently arched on posterior half, apex obtuse, hind margin very
obliquely rounded; pale whitish-fuscous, coarsely irrorated with
dark fuscous; first and second lines strongly marked, irregular,
blackish; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, somewhat angulated in middle; second from three-fourths
of costa, somewhat indented above middle, near above anal angle
abruptly bent in upwards to beneath discal spot, thence again
abruptly curved round to two-thirds of inner margin; a small
round pale spot strongly outlined with blackish beneath costa
near beyond first line, and a transverse-oblong pale diseal spot
strongly outlined with blackish beyond middle ; a blackish dot on
costa above discal spot; a cloudy irregular blackish hind-marginal
line; cilia grey-whitish, with a cloudy dark grey line tending to be
interrupted and to form bars, costal cilia whitish with two cloudy
blackish dots between second line and apex. Hind wings with
colour, second and hind-marginal lines, and cilia as in fore wings;
a narrow transverse strongly marked blackish discal spot before
middle.

Bathurst, New South Wales ; one specimen, in March.
Allied to 1. capnochroa; differs by the larger size, pale
centre of subcostal spot beyond first line, reduction of
subquadrate ante-apical spots of costa to cloudy dots,

Australia and the South Pacific. 241

origin of second line from costa nearer apex, paler cilia,
and other minor points.

Eurycreon hemicirea, n. 8.

Sg, 19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, irrorated
with whitish-ochreous ; frontal projection small, rounded, Antennx
pale greyish-ochreous spotted with fuscous, ciliations two-thirds.
Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, irregularly irrorated with dark
fuscous. Anterior legs fuscous, tibie and tarsi ringed with
ochreous-whitish; middle and posterior femora fuscous-whitish
with dark fuscous subapical rings, tibie whitish with dark fuscous
subbasal and subapical bands, tarsi dark fuscous, apex of joints
whitish. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly gently
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin very obliquely rounded ; pale
whitish-fuscous, irregularly suffused with pale fuscous and irrorated
with dark fuscous; lines rather irregular, strong, dark fuscous ;
first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin ; second
from four-fifths of costa, tolerably parallel to hind margin, some-
what sinuate above middle, at two-thirds obtusely bent inwards to
beneath discal spot, and again rectangularly bent to two-thirds of
inner margin; asmallround spot strongly outlined with dark fuscous
beneath costa beyond first line, and a transverse-oblong discal spot
strongly outlined with dark fuscous beyond middle; three semi-
circular rings outlined strongly with dark fuscous on costa, first
above discal spot, third immediately preceding and confluent with
second line ; a hind-marginal series of cloudy dark fuscous lunules ;
cilia pale whitish-ochreous, obscurely barred with grey, and with a
cloudy dark grey line. Hind wings with colour, second line and
following shade, hind-marginal lunules, and cilia as in fore wings ;
a dark fuscous oblique transverse-linear discal spot before middle.

Launceston, Tasmania; one specimen, in January.
Very similar to H. strangalota, but with second line of
fore wings rising from still nearer apex, and distinguished
from all species of the genus by the semicircular dark
rings on costa.

Eurycreon capnochroa, Meyr.

Also from Glen Innes and Mount Kosciusko (8600 feet),
New South Wales; Hobart, Tasmania.

Eurycreon liophea, nu. s.
g, 15 mm. Head and thorax fuscous; frontal projection
rounded-conical, Palpi fuscous, lower longitudinal half white,

242 Mr. EK. Mevrick on Pyralidina from

Antenne light fuscous, ciliations one-half. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous irrorated with fuscous, segmental margins white. Anterior
legs dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints whitish; middle and
posterior legs white. Fore wings rather elongate-triangular, costa
posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin rather
oblique, rounded beneath; fuscous; lines slender, dark fuscous ;
first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin,
indistinct; second from three-fourths of costa, slightly indented
above middle, near above anal angle abruptly bent in upwards to
beneath discal spot, and again rectangularly bent to two-thirds of
inner margin; a very small round spot finely outlined with dark
fuscous beneath costa beyond first line, and a curved oblong-trans-
verse discal spot finely outlined with dark fuscous beyond middle ;
a cloudy dark fuscous somewhat interrupted hind-marginal line ;
cilia whitish-grey, with a cloudy grey interrupted line. Hind
wings with colour, second and hind-marginal lines, and cilia as in
fore wings; a cloudy oblique transverse-linear dark fuscous discal
spot before middle.

Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen. Very like
E. capnochroa, but quite without costal spots, bars in
cilia, or white centre of discal spot.

Eurycreon ochreipennis, Butl.

Pterygisus ochreipennis, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 429, pl. x., 9.

This is the insect formerly alluded to by me as Felder’s
Botys beatalis ; I now think this identification erroneous,
and regard Felder as having probably intended a species
of Metallarcha.

Eurycreon ateloxantha, n. s.

3, 10—11 mm. Head and thorax fuscous; frontal projection
small, rounded. Palpi dark fuscous, lower longitudinal half white.
Antenne pale fuscous, ciliations two-thirds. Abdomen dark
fuscous, mixed with yellowish towards base, anal tuft ochreous-
whitish. Anterior legs dark fuscous; middle and posterior legs
ochreous-whitish. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly
slightly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin oblique, rounded beneath ;
whitish-ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous, appearing
rather dark fuscous, with deep reddish-ochreous reflections ; lines
blackish fuscous; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of
inner margin, rather irregular; second from three-fourths of costa,

Australia and the South Pacific. 243

slightly indented above middle, near above anal angle abruptly
bent inwards to below discal spot, thence again rectangularly bent
to two-thirds of inner margin; a small roundish spot beneath
costa beyond first line, and a transverse-oblong discal spot, both
strongly outlined with blackish-fuscous; second line preceded and
followed on costa by a pale spot ; a blackish-fuscous hind-marginal
line; cilia grey-whitish, with a dark fuscous line. Hind wings
ochreous-yellow; base and centre of dise irrorated with dark
fuscous ; second line and cilia as in fore wings; a transverse linear
dark fuscous discal spot before middle ; space between second line
and hind margin wholly suffused with dark fuscous, except towards
anal angle.

Toowoomba (2000 feet), Queensland ; two specimens
in December.

Eurycreon lamprodeta, Meyr.

Aporocosmus bracteatus, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 399, isasynonym of this. I daresay the Australian
locality quoted by Butler may be correct, but I should
like confirmation.

Eurycreon massalis, Walk.

Also from Rosewood, Queensland; Sydney, New
South Wales.

CrioputHona, Meyr.
Criophthona harmodia, n. s.

3, 15—18mm. Headand thorax ochreous-brown. Palpi dark fus-
cous, beneath white towards base. Antenne fuscous, ciliations one.
Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft pale greyish-ochreous. Legs fuscous.
Fore wings very elongate-triangular, costa sinuate, apex obtuse,
hind margin very obliquely rounded; shining ochreous-fuscous ;
lines obscurely darker ; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third
of inner margin, very indistinct, sometimes anteriorly whitish-
edged near inner margin; second from three-fourths of costa,
somewhat indented above middle, at two-thirds obtusely bent
inwards to beneath discal spot, and again rectangularly bent to
two-thirds of inner margin, posteriorly more or less partially finely
edged with white, sometimes forming a spot on costa; a roundish
spot very obscurely outlined with darker before middle, and a
subquadrate spot somewhat more distinctly outlined beyond
middle, intervening space sometimes obscurely whitish; cilia
shining grey. Hind wings fuscous-grey, towards apex darker;

244 Mr. KE. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

second line somewhat darker, formed as in fore wings; cilia grey-
whitish, with a cloudy grey line.

Albany, West Australia; three specimens, in December.

SEDENIA, Gn.
Sedenia rupalis, Gn.

Also from Glen Innes, Bathurst, and Cooma, New
South Wales; Launceston, Tasmania; Mount Lofty,
South Australia; Geraldton, West Australia.

Sedenia cervalis, Gn.

Also from Glen Innes and Cooma, New South Wales ;
Wimmera, Victoria.

Sedenia aspasta, ni. s.

3,12—15 mm. Headand thorax fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous,
beneath white. Antenne light fuscous, ciliations two. Abdomen
fuscous, segmental margins pale yellowish. Legs dark fuscous,
posterior pair yellow-whitish. Fore wings very elongate-triangular,
costa almost straight, apex rounded, hind margin very oblique,
hardly rounded; fuscous, ochreous-tinged, sprinkled with blackish ;
lines hardly perceptibly darker, almost obsolete; first from one-
fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin; second from five-
sixths of costa to very near anal angle, abruptly bent in thence to
beneath two-thirds of disc, and again rectangularly bent to inner
margin near anal angle; cilia fuscous. Hind wings ochreous-
yellow; a narrow dark fuscous border extending completely round
wing, but nearly obsolete on inner margin; cilia pale fuscous-
erey.

Carnarvon, West Australia; two specimens in October.

Tritma, Meyr.
Tritea ustalis, Walk.

Also from Rosewood, Queensland; Glen Innes,
Bathurst, and Cooma, New South Wales; Wimmera,
Victoria; Geraldton, West Australia; from October to
April.

Nymphula sordida, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond.,
1886, 482, is an additional synonym of this,

Australia and the South Pacvfic. 245

SCOPARIAD A.
Kourpsiopes, Meyr.
Eiclipsiodes drosera, 0. 8.

3 2,18—20mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs dark fuscous, slightly mixed with white; forehead with a
short cone, sometimes obsolete; palpi rather long, terminal joint
concealed. Fore wings triangular, costa almost straight, apex
obtuse, hind margin rather obliquely rounded; dark fuscous, with
some scattered white scales tending to form a cloudy patch on
costa before second line and another on anal angle; lines sub-
dentate, black; first from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner
margin, somewhat curved; second from three-fourths of costa to
three-fifths of inner margin, sinuate inwards below middle,
followed on costa and sometimes on inner margin by a small
cloudy white spot; orbicular and claviform roundish, outlined
with blackish, obscure, touching first line; reniform tolerably
8-shaped, outlined with blackish, almost touching second line
beneath; a cloudy darker shade near beyond and parallel to second
line; an irregular white marginal line, sometimes obsolete, mar-
gined obscurely with blackish; cilia grey, with a dark grey line.
Hind wings dark fuscous; two or three cloudy whitish spots before
middle, and a curved series of small white partially confluent
spots beyond middle, all sometimes obsolete ; cilia as in fore wings.

Victoria ; several specimens (coll. Lucas).

Eclipsiodes crypsixantha, Meyy.
Also from Duaringa, Queensland ; Blackheath (8500
feet) and Bathurst, New South Wales.

Nycrarcua, Mey.
Nyctarcha ophideres, Walk.
Also from Duaringa, (Jueensland.

Nyctarcha paracentra, n.s.

?,15mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs
blackish ; palpi white beneath towards base; apex of tarsal joints
yellow-whitish. Fore wings suboblong, rather dilated posteriorly,
costa almost straight, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded ;
dark fuscous, purplish-tinged; a cloudy outwardly oblique whitish
spot on costa at two-thirds, reaching half across wing; a short

246 Mr. EK. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

white erect linear mark on inner margin at three-fourths; cilia
dark fuscous. Hind wings light orange; a small dark fuscous
basal patch, narrowly extended along inner margin to anal angle ;
a moderate blackish hind-marginal border, its anterior edge semi-
circularly excavated on upper half, and rather prominent below
middle ; cilia dark fuscous, on inner margin pale yellowish.

York, West Australia ; one specimen, in October, not
in very good condition ; it is immediately separated from
the other species with orange hind wings by the blackish
base. I have seen a second specimen, also West
Australian.

Scoparia, Hw.
Scoparia threnodes, ni. s.

36 2,15—17mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax blackish ;
palpi 23, base white; antennal ciliations of male one-half; thorax
with a forwards-angulated white transverse bar very near posterior
extremity. Abdomen whitish-grey, apex whitish-ochreous. Legs
blackish, apex of joints white. Fore wings elongate, triangular,
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hind margin obliquely
rounded; grey, coarsely irrorated with black and with some
scattered white scales, appearing almost blackish ; first line in-
distinct, whitish, posteriorly black-margined, somewhat curved ;
orbicular and claviform roundish, black-margined but hardly
traceable, touching first line; reniform 8-shaped, black-margined,
tolerably distinct except beneath, often connected with costa by a
whitish suffusion ; second line very indistinct, whitish, anteriorly
black-margined; subterminal line rather broad, cloudy, white,
more or less distinct, almost touching second line in middle; an
irregular white marginal line; cilia grey, with a blackish line near
base, narrowly barred with white, extreme tips white. Hind
wings 1}; pale grey, towards hind margin somewhat darker, with
a faint post-median line ; cilia grey-whitish, with a grey line.

Perth, West Australia; five specimens, in November.
Nearest to S. anthracias, from which it differs by the
white thoracic marking, traceable white lines of fore
wings, and other points. In my tabulation it falls under
the same head with S. chalicodes, from which it differs
widely by the dense black irroration.

Scoparia chiasta, Meyr.
Also from Melbourne, Victoria.

Australia and the South Pacvfic. 247

Scoparia spelea, Meyr.
Also from '’oowoomba, Queensland.

Scoparia plagiotis, n. s.

?, 19—20 mm. Head grey mixed with white. Palpi four,
grey mixed with black, white towards base beneath. Antenne
pale grey. Thorax ochreous-grey, somewhat mixed with blackish.
Abdomen whitish-grey, apex whitish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous
irrorated with white, apex of joints white. Fore wings elongate,
narrow, subtriangular, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin nearly straight, oblique, rounded beneath; light grey,
ochreous-tinged, partially irrorated with white; veins rather
strongly and irregularly but incompletely marked with black ;
first line cloudy, white, strongly curved, posteriorly blackish-
margined near costa; orbicular and claviform very small, elongate-
oval, outlined with black, touching first line; reniform 8-shaped,
very indistinctly blackish-margined ; second line cloudy, white ;
subterminal line cloudy, white, touching second line in middle ;
cilia whitish, obscurely barred with ochreous-grey, and with a
cloudy grey line. Hind wings 13; whitish-grey, hind margin
scarcely darker; cilia white, with a pale grey line.

Campbelltown, Tasmania; two specimens in December.
Not very near any other; may be placed between S.
cleodoralis and S. manganeutis. In tabulation falls with
S. chalicodes; easily separated by the distinct white
lines.

Trrraprosopus, Butl.
Tetraprosopus Meyricki, Butl.
Also from Glen Innes (4500 feet), Newcastle, and

Bathurst, New South Wales.

XeERoscopa, Meyr.
Xeroscopa philonephes, Meyr.
Also from Mount Kosciusko (4700 feet), New South
Wales.
Xeroscopa nephelitis, n. 8.
3 2, 22—24 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs

glossy grey, slightly ochreous-tinged; antennal ciliations of male
one-half; posterior tibia ochreous-white. Palpi two, fuscous-grey,

248 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

base white. Fore wings elongate, subtriangular, costa almost
straight, apex rounded, hind margin rather obliquely rounded ;
glossy ochreous-grey, irrorated with grey-whitish; cilia glossy
whitish-grey, with a faint darker line near base. Hind wings
whitish-grey, ochreous-tinged; a somewhat darker very obscure
hind-marginal band ; cilia whitish, with a grey line.

Mount Kosciusko (5000—6000 feet), New South
Wales ; four specimens, in January.

CRAMBIDA,
Diatra@a, Guild.
Diatrea parramattella, Meyr.
Chilo parramattellus, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,
1878, 178.
CALAMOTROPHA, Z.
Calamotropha dielota, Mey.
Also from Queensland (coll. Lucas).

Procnuostona, Meyr.
Ptochostola micropheella, Walk.
Crambus micropheellus, Walk., Suppl., 1758; Ptocho-
stola dimidiella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,
1878, 190; ib., 1882, 154.

Also from Brisbane, Queensland ; Bathurst and Black-
heath, New South Wales ; Melbourne, Victoria; Laun-
ceston and Hobart, Tasmania; Penola, South Australia;
Albany, West Australia; from September to April.
By an error of observation I formerly recorded this
name of Walker’s as a synonym of Crambus cuneiferellus.

THINASOTIA, Hein.
Thinasotia claviferella, Walk.

Aquita claviferella, Walk., Suppl., 1765; Aphomia
strigosa, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, 398,
pl. xlii., 10; Crambus strigosus, Meyr., Trans.
N. Zeal. Inst., 1882, 31.

Melbourne, Victoria; Hobart, Tasmania; besides the

recorded New Zealand localities. The distribution of
this species is quite exceptional.

Australia and the South Pacific. 249

Thinasotia lativittalis, Walk.

Also from Deloraine and Georges Bay, Tasmania ;
Ardrossan, South Australia; Perth, West Australia.

Hepnora, Meyr.
Hednota pleniferella, Walk.
Also from Deloraine, Tasmania.

Hednota toxotis, n. s.

3 ?,183—19 mm. Head pale ochreous, with a white line above
eyes, cone slight. Palpi three, dark ochreous-fuscous mixed with
white, beneath white. Antenne grey, in male triangularly
dentate, teeth ending in tufts of long cilia. Thorax brownish-
ochreous. Abdomen grey. Legs grey-whitish, anterior tibie
greyish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, subtriangular, costa gently
arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin oblique, sinuate-indented
in middle; veins 4 and 5 separate, 11 bent; in male ochreous-
brown, in female greyish-ochreous, partially somewhat irrorated
with white, sometimes becoming white on posterior half; a
blackish irroration towards middle of disc; a more or less defined
narrow snow-white median longitudinal streak from base to hind
margin, partially black-margined, suffusedly interrupted towards
base and cut by discal spot; a moderate oval leaden-metallic
discal spot beyond middle, suffusedly margined with black; a
slightly sinuate leaden-metallic transverse line from five-sixths of
costa to anal angle; a white hind-marginal fascia, anterior edge
convex and preceded by a cloudy blackish irroration which is cut
by the metallic transverse line, containing five or six elongate
black hind-marginal marks on veins; cilia glossy grey, basal half
whitish with a black line near base, except on lower third of hind
margin, where it is wholly glossy metallic-grey. Hind wings with
veins 4 and 5 coincident; in male dark grey, in female grey ; cilia
grey-whitish, with a grey line.

Melbourne, Victoria; several specimens (coll. Lucas).
Somewhat allied to H. pedionoma and H. longipalpella,
but very distinct.

Hednota pedionoma, Meyr.

Also from Melbourne and the Wimmera, Victoria ;
Launceston, ‘l’asmania.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) T

250 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Hednota gelastis, n. s.

3, 9mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen grey-whitish
irrorated with dark fuscous; cone slight; palpi four. Antenne
greyish, filiform, moderately ciliated (1). Legs fuscous, posterior
pair grey-whitish. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa gently
arched, apex rounded, hind margin extremely oblique, almost
straight; veins 4 and 5 separate; grey-whitish, irrorated with
dark fuscous; two thick ochreous-brown transverse lines, partially
irrorated with blackish, first from two-fifths of costa to two-fifths
of inner margin, somewhat curved outwards, second from three-
fourths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, upper half
moderately curved outwards; an obscure white discal dot between
them; cilia grey-whitish, with a blackish line near base and grey
subapical line. Hind wings subovate, hardly broader than fore
wings; veins 4 and 5 from a point; grey; cilia light grey.

Campbelltown, Tasmania ; one specimen in December.
The smallest and most inconspicuous species, abnormal
in appearance from the smaller hind wings and peculiar
markings.

Hednota panselenella, Meyr.
Also from Hobart, Tasmania.

Hednota acontophora, Meyr.

Also from MHobart, Tasmania; Adelaide, South
Australia.

Hednota asterias, n. 8.

3, 27 mm. Head ferruginous, face fuscous, cone moderate.
Palpi 43, fuscous, white towards base beneath. Antenne grey,
subdentate, very shortly ciliated (4). Thorax ashy-grey. Abdomen
grey-whitish, ochreous-tinged. Legs grey, posterior pair grey-
whitish. Fore wings elongate, moderately dilated, subtriangular,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin hardly perceptibly
sinuate, slightly oblique, rounded beneath; veins 4 and 5 separate ;
glossy grey, slightly ochreous-tinged, somewhat irrorated with
whitish-grey ; margins of veins marked by fine unevenly scattered
black scales; a round clear white discal dot beyond middle; cilia
glossy light grey, with a darker ochreous-grey line near base.
Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 short-stalked; beneath with a
longitudinal fold near inner margin, its edge fringed with rough
hairs on anal half; whitish-grey, towards hind margin scarcely
darker ; cilia grey-whitish, with a light grey line.

Australia and the South Pacific. 251

Albany, West Australia; one specimen in December.
Crambus demissalis, Walk., is represented in the British
Museum collection by a rather poor specimen of this
species, but it is apparent that there must be some error ;
Walker describes his species as silvery-white, with black
discal and marginal points, and in other respects quite
distinct ; his name may therefore be dropped until the
type is discovered. As an instance of confusion of
types in the same genus, I may mention that Walker's
Crambus cuneiferellus was at one time represented in the
collection by a specimen of the absurdly different
Thudaca obliquella; his description being really recog-
nisable enough.

ERomEneE, /Hb.
Eromene ocellea, Hw.

Mount Lofty, South Australia; one specimen taken
by Mr. E. Guest. 1 was extremely surprised to receive
this species, and inquired particularly into its capture ;
Mr. Guest informed me that he took it himself in 1885,
and had never met with a second specimen, and suggested
that, as the locality was within a hundred yards of a
grocery store, the pupa might have been imported in
straw from the South of Europe. 1 am disposed to
think that this is not altogether improbable, but more
evidence is required. The species is recorded from
Europe, North Africa, Madeira, and North America ; it
therefore possesses some means of distribution.

GALLERIADA.
Herteromicta, Meyr.
Heteromicta pachytera, Meyy.

Also from Sydney, New South Wales; Melbourne,
Victoria; Quorn, South Australia; Geraldton, West
Australia. The sexes are similar; size varies from
16 to 26 mm.

MELISSOBLAPTES, Z.

The two following species are true Melissoblaptes, as
distinguished from Heteromicta.

252 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Melissoblaptes sordidella, Walk.

Gyrtona sordidella, Walk., Suppl., 1728.

9,24mm. Head, palpi, and thorax greyish-ochreous suffusedly
irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne fuscous, ringed with paler.
Abdomen ochreous-whitish, segments suffused with grey except on
margins. Legs dark fuscous, apex of joints ochreous-whitish,
posterior pair suffused with ochreous-whitish. Fore wings elongate,
suboblong, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
rather obliquely rounded; fuscous, somewhat sprinkled irregularly
with ochreous-whitish, and coarsely irrorated with black; an
obscure darker fascia near before and parallel to first line; lines
thick, cloudy, dark fuscous; first from two-fifths of costa to before
middle of inner margin, somewhat curved; second from close
beyond middle of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, rather
sinuate inwards beneath costa, almost rectangularly angulated in
middle; a dark fuscous discal dot between them ; a cloudy darker
band between second line and hind margin, parallel to second line ;
a hind-marginal row of small dark fuscous subconfluent spots ;
cilia fuscous, with ochreous-whitish and black points. Hind wings
whitish-fuscous, somewhat darker posteriorly; a fuscous hind-
marginal line interrupted by whitish-ochreous dots; cilia whitish-
fuscous.

Blackheath (3500 feet), New South Wales; one speci-
men in February.

Melissoblaptes egidia, n. s.

3 2, 28—382 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax light
grey; antenne in male quite naked. Abdomen grey-whitish.
Legs grey. Fore wings elongate, suboblong, costa rather strongly
arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin rather strongly oblique,
almost straight; light grey, with a few fine scattered black scales ;
basal area somewhat mixed with light brown-reddish and black
scales, especially in male; lines subdentate, blackish, somewhat
mixed with hght brown-reddish ; first from two-fifths of costa to
middle of inner margin, somewhat curved outwards, rather thick,
towards inner margin slender ; second from three-fourths of costa
to three-fourths of inner margin, slender, moderately bent outwards
above middle; some reddish scales towards hind margin, especially
in male; cilia grey-whitish, somewhat mixed with reddish, with
two dark grey lines. Hind wings pale grey, ochreous-tinged; cilia
whitish-grey. Under surface of fore wings in male with dise
wholly fulvous:

Australia and the South Pacific. 258

Mount Lofty, South Australia; two specimens taken
by Mr. E. Guest.

PHYCITIDA.
CEROPREPES, 7%.

The essential characters of the neuration (previously
not quite correctly stated by me) are: Fore wings with
veins 4 and 5 separate, 10 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9.
Hind wings with veins 4 and 5 stalked from a point
with 8. Although in the case of the following species
the male is unknown, I have little doubt of its correct
location.

Ceroprepes sebasmia, N. 8.

?,24mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs blackish-
grey, closely irrorated with whitish ; palpi with scales of second
joint forming a short triangular apical tuft beneath, terminal joint
obtuse. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, narrow
at base, posteriorly moderately dilated, costa moderately arched,
apex obtuse, hind margin somewhat obliquely rounded; dark grey,
densely irrorated with whitish ; veins obscurely blackish ; first line
indicated by a very fine irregular black line from one-third of
costa obliquely outwards, in dise forming an angle and becoming
obsolete; cilia grey irrorated with white. Hind wings pale
greyish-ochreous, apex suffusedly fuscous; a cloudy fuscous hind-
marginal line; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a cloudy fuscous line.

Quorn, South Australia ; one specimen in October.

Conopatura, Meyr.
Conobathra automorpha, Meyyr.
Also from Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

CanTHELTa, Walk.

Forehead vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed.
Antenne three-fourths, in male stout, filiform, minutely ciliated
(}), slightly sinuate at base, sinuation with a streak of slightly
rough scales above. Labial palpi moderate, arched, ascending,
with loosely appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second,
tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi moderate, loosely scaled.
Abdomen in male with small anal tuft. Middle tibie smooth-
sealed ; posterior tibie with outer spurs half inner. Fore wings
with veins 4 and 5 approximated at base, 7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked,

254 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

10 closely approximated to 9. Hind wings 13; veins 4 and 6
stalked from a point with 3, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing
with 8 to near middle.

Nearly approaching Catastia in structure; differing
principally by the smooth middle tibie. The sinuation
and roughening of the antennz are much less apparent
than in Catastia, and the palpi more ascending.

Canthelea egnalis, Walk.

Pyralis egnalis (egnusalis), Walk., Pyr., 905; Can-
_ thelea gratella, ib., Cr., 26; Suppl., 1726.

S 2, 16—19 mm. Head yellow-ochreous, mixed with ferru-
ginous. Palpi yellow-ochreous, terminal joint and apex of second
ferruginous in front. Antenne yellow-ochreous, scale-streak dark
fuscous. Thorax in male yellow-ochreous, shoulders reddish-
ochreous; in female wholly reddish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous, anterior pair carmine-tinged,
more or less suffused with dark fuscous, middle pair with apex of
tibiz carmine, tarsi suffused with dark fuscous. Fore wings
elongate, posteriorly gradually dilated, costa hardly arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin rather obliquely rounded; ochreous-yellow;
in female an ochreous-white costal streak, suffusedly margined
beneath with dark grey mixed with crimson; markings dull
crimson, somewhat mixed with grey, especially in female, where
they are also more suffused; a thick upwards-curved streak from
middle of base to inner margin at one-third; first lime from two-
fifths of costa to middle of inner margin, narrow, irregular,
generally more or less interrupted; second line from four-fifths of
costa to four-fifths of inner margin, irregular, above middle with a
sharp indentation inwards sending a projection into disc, on which
are often two transversely placed dark grey dots; a variable
irregular hind-marginal fascia, suffusedly confluent with second
line at both extremities; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, greyish-
tinged, with two cloudy pale crimson lines. Hind wings pale
whitish-ochreous; apex suffused with fuscous; a cloudy fuscous
hind-marginal line; cilia ochreous-whitish, with a cloudy fuscous
line.

(Jueensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
Ceylon. I have described the species from a series of
Ceylon specimens,

Australia and the South Pacific. 255

MyeEtois, Z.
Myelois actiosella, Walk.

Aurana actiosella, Walk., 122.

36, 17 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi fuscous, second joint
with apex and two bands whitish. Antenne, thorax, and abdomen
grey. Legs dark fuscous ringed with white, posterior tibiz whitish.
Fore wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa almost straight,
apex obtuse, hind margin rather oblique, straight, rounded beneath ;
white, with a few fine scattered fuscous scales; a fuscous basal
fascia, its outer edge running from near base of costa to one-fourth
of inner margin; a slender obscure fuscous streak along basal half
of costa; first line thick, dark fuscous, becoming lighter beneath,
from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, anterior
edge concave, posteriorly connected beneath with second line by
a fuscous oblong patch covering dorsal half of median area; two
black dots tranversely placed in dise above middle; a thick dark
fuscous streak from apex of costa to posterior angle of dorsal
fuscous patch, intersected by second line, which is whitish,
margined anteriorly with dark fuscous and posteriorly with light
fuscous, running from four-fifths of costa to inner margin before
anal angle, somewhat sinuate; an interrupted blackish hind-
marginal line; cilia light fuscous, becoming white towards apex.
Hind wings grey, semitransparent; a cloudy dark grey hind-
marginal line; cilia whitish, with a grey line.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
Ceylon.

EUZoPHERA, Z.
Euzophera subarcuella, Meyr.

This species is correctly referable here, and it was by
error that 1 removed it to Cateremna. The fore wings
in the male have a long tuft of hairs beneath the costa,
rising from the base; a peculiar character, but I regard
it as merely specific.

Also from Glen Innes and Sydney, New South Wales;
Melbourne, Victoria; Mount Lofty and Ardrossan, South
Australia.

Euzophera holophragma, n. s.
?,14mm. Head grey mixed with white. Palpi white with a

few dark grey scales, terminal joint and apex of second blackish-
grey, terminal joint short. Antenne grey-whitish. Thorax grey,

256 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyratidina from

irrorated with white and obscurely spotted with blackish. Abdomen
pale ochreous-grey. Legs blackish, partially irrorated with white,
apex of joints white. Fore wings elongate, moderately dilated,
costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded;
light grey, with a few fine scattered black scales; a straight
transverse darker shade formed by blackish irroration from one-
fifth of costa to one-third of inner margin; an ill-defined down-
wards-curved white band, sprinkled with black scales, from costa
beyond this shade, returning to costa before second line, enclosing
a short cloudy blackish streak along median part of costa, and cut
by a strong blackish bar before middle representing first line; a
small blackish transverse discal spot beyond middle; second line
from costa near apex to anal angle, whitish, very obscure except
on costa, where it becomes white, margined anteriorly with
blackish, indented above middle, followed on costa by a blackish
suffusion; cilia grey, irrorated with white. Hind wings light
fuscous-grey, darker towards apex; a darker hind-marginal line ;
cilia grey-whitish.

Carnarvon, West Australia ; one specimen in October.
Nearly allied to EH. subarcuella, but readily separated by
the strong blackish bar cutting the subcostal band of
fore wings, and by the substitution of black for the
characteristic purple scales strewn on this band.

Evucarpuia, Hb.
Eucarphia tritalis, Walk.
Also from Duaringa and Toowoomba, Queensland ;

Glen Innes, Orange, and Cooma, New South Wales;
Albany, Geraldton, and Perth, West Australia.

TETRALOPHA, Z.

Forehead vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed.
Antenne two-thirds, in male dentate, dentations terminating in
tufts of long cilia (2), towards apex filiform, pubescent. Labial
palpi moderately long, recurved, with appressed scales, terminal
joint short, cylindrical. Maxillary palpi in male terminating in a
long single or double pencil of fine hairs. Abdomen in male with
small anal tuft. Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 from a point,
7 absent, 8 and 9 stalked. Hinds wings 12; vein 3 closely approxi-
mated to 4 at base, 4 and 5 stalked, 7 out of 6 near origin, anasto-
mosing with 8 to near middle,

Australia and the South Pacific. 257

Tetralopha piratis, n. s.

3, 28 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and anterior legs white
sprinkled with fuscous; tuft of maxillary palpi yellow-whitish.
Antenne grey-whitish. Abdomen white, segments suffused with
dark fuscous towards base. (Middle and posterior legs broken.)
Fore wings elongate, posteriorly strongly dilated, costa bent beyond
middle, apex obtuse, hind margin somewhat oblique, straight,
rounded beneath ; white, irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ;
basal third wholly fuscous except towards costa, bounded by first
line; a strong black line from one-third of costa to two-fifths of
inner margin, forming a tuft of raised scales in disc; first line
from two-fifths of costa to middle of inner margin, clear white,
margined with black on both sides but less completely posteriorly,
somewhat sinuate irregularly below middle; a transverse curved
fine linear dark fuscous mark in dise beyond middle; second line
white, ill-defined, obscurely fuscous-margined, from near before
apex to near before anal angle, angularly indented beneath costa ;
veins posteriorly obscurely dark fuscous, interrupted on second
line; a dark fuscous interrupted hind-marginal line; cilia white
mixed with fuscous, with an obscure fuscous line. Hind wings
grey-whitish, semitransparent; costa posteriorly and hind margin
very narrowly grey; a dark grey hind-marginal line; cilia whitish,
with a grey line.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

ETIELLA, Z.
Etiella chrysoporella, Meyr.

Also from Duaringa and Toowoomba, Queensland ;
Bathurst, New South Wales ; Geraldton and Carnarvon,
West Australia.

Ktiella Behrit, Z.

Also from Brisbane, Queensland; Glen Innes, Bathurst,
and Cooma, New South Wales; Perth, West Australia.

Epicrocis, Z.

I consider this generic name is to be used for the
genus now generally known as Salebria, Hein. The
name Salebria was first used by Zeller in 1846 for that
section of Pempelia characterised by scale-tufts on surface
of wings ; afterwards Heinemann described as Salebria

258 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

of Zeller a genus distinguished from true Pempelia by
the presence of vein 5 in the hind wings, but this is not
Zeller’s group. Zeller did not employ the name after
1847, considering the section untenable. In 1848
Zeller founded the genus Hpicrocis on a single species,
E. festivella; this species does not, in my judgment,
differ generically from the species of Heinemann’s genus
Salebria, and the characters are given correctly and in
full; I therefore have no hesitation in adopting it. This
(with some other exotic genera described at the same
time) does not seem ever to have been re-examined by
Zeller in later years, or he would probably have noticed
this identity.

Eipicrocis eucometis, Meyr.
Salebria squamicornis, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 489, is a synonym of this.

Epicrocis gypsopa, Meyr.

Also from Albany, York, Perth, and Carnarvon, West
Australia.

Eipicrocis macrota, Nn. 8.

S$ 2,18—22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey, thinly irrorated
with blackish; palpi in female very long, porrected; maxillary
palpi of male ochreous-yellow. Antennie grey, basal joint and tuft
black, tuft large. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, greyish-tinged.
Legs grey-whitish irrorated with black, tibiz with subapical black
bands, anterior tarsi blackish. Fore wings elongate, very narrow,
posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin rather obliquely rounded; grey, towards costa
and hind margin with fine scattered black scales; basal third
crossed by six fine longitudinal black lines; inner margin mixed
with pale reddish-ochreous; an ill-defined white spot on inner
margin at one-fourth, sometimes obsolete; first line slender,
whitish, posteriorly black-margined, somewhat irregular, from
two-fifths of costa to middle of inner margin, somewhat angulated
in middle; a pale reddish-ochreous suffusion, mixed with white,
towards middle of disc; a small black discal spot at two-thirds,
beneath which is a roundish patch irrorated with black; second
line slender, whitish, blackish-margined, from five-sixths of costa
to before anal angle, angulated obtusely inwards at one-fourth,
outwards in middle, and somewhat sinuate inwards near inner
margin; a black hind-marginal line ; cilia grey, with rows of white

Australia and the South Pacific. 259

and black points. Hind wings thinly scaled, ochreous-grey-whitish,
apex and upper part of hind margin narrowly greyish; cilia
ochreous-whitish.

Carnarvon, West Australia; six specimens in October,
principally on Hucalyptus blossom after dark. Imme-
diately recognisable by the extremely narrow fore wings ;
nearest allied to . gypsopa.

Epicrocis mesembrina, n. 8.

3,21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs dark grey
sprinkled with whitish. Abdomen dark grey, margins of segments
broadly whitish-yellow. Fore wings elongate, narrow at base,
moderately dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
rather oblique, rounded beneath; dark grey, closely irrorated with
white ; inner margin irregularly blackish towards base, forming a
small spot before first line; first line from one-third of costa to
two-fifths of inner margin, irregular, white, on upper half obsolete,
posteriorly sharply black-margined throughout, the margin forming
a small spot on costa; a dark fuscous erect cloudy spot from inner
margin beyond middle, reaching half across wing; a blackish
transverse-linear discal dot; second line indicated by dark fuscous
margins, from four-fifths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin,
rather irregular, indented inwards beneath costa, posterior margin
suffusedly dilated towards apex; a dark fuscous hind-marginal
line; cilia dark grey, with rows of whitish points. Hind wings
ochreous-yellow; a narrow dark fuscous hind-marginal border,
uniting at apex with a somewhat broader costal border ; cilia grey,
with a darker basal line.

Albany, West Australia; one specimen (Australian
Museum).
Lipicrocis festivella, Z.
Epicrocis festivella, Z., Is., 1848, 878; ib., Caff., 77;
Pyralis ratoalis, Walk., 916; Scopula albigeralis,
ib., Suppl., 1468.
Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas). Also from
Java, Ceylon, and South Africa.

Epicrocis euraphella, Meyr.

Although the male is still unknown, I conjecture that
the species should be placed in this genus rather than
in Hypophana, because of its evident relationship to
ii, macrota.

260 Mr. K. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

Pempetia, Hb.

The following species agrees with this genus so far as
the structure of the female permits a conclusion to be
formed ; but it is of peculiar facies, and may prove on
discovery of the male to be a distinct genus.

Pempelia (2) hemichlena, n.s.

?,18—21 mm. Head and thorax whitish, suffusedly spotted
with pale ochreous. Palpi pale ochreous, second joint with three
whitish bands, third apical. Antenne grey. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous, tarsi suffused with grey. Fore
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa bent beyond middle, apex
obtuse, hind margin somewhat oblique, straight, rounded beneath;
fuscous ; basal half whitish-ochreous, bounded by a sinuate line
from middle of costa to middle of inner margin, bordered on lower
half by a white streak margined anteriorly with reddish and pos-
teriorly with blackish; a central longitudinal reddish streak from
base of wing to apex of white streak, having beneath its middle a
large tuft of reddish scales mixed with blackish, and margined
above by a grey suffusion which extends to costa at one-fourth ; a
tuft of raised scales near inner margin beyond white streak; a
whitish-ochreous black-margined crescentic mark in dise beyond
middle; a very faintly indicated grey-whitish subterminal line,
sinuate and dilated on costa; some reddish scales towards apex ;
a black hind-marginal line, tending to form spots; cilia grey, with
rows of whitish points, base whitish. Hind wings with veins
3 and 4 from near together ; light grey, more or less suffused with
pale whitish-yellowish towards base; a grey hind-marginal line;
cilia whitish, with a cloudy grey line.

Victoria ; two specimens (coll. Lucas).

TyLocHaREs, Meyr.

The location of the following species must also be
recarded as merely provisional, in the absence of the
male. Superficially it is very distinct from any other
Australian species.

Tylochares (2) 1anthemis, n. 8.
?, 16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
whitish-ochreous ; terminal joint of labial palpi moderate, tolerably
pointed; maxillary palpi short, loosely scaled, appressed to face.

Australia and the South Pacific. 261

Legs ochreous-whitish. Fore wings elongate, posteriorly some-
what dilated, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin oblique, hardly rounded; whitish-ochreous, faintly tinged
with reddish-ochreous; basal and terminal areas mixed with light
ochreous-reddish, forming a suffusion towards margin of lines;
basal area suffusedly mixed with grey towards margins; lines
white, somewhat irregular, tolerably defined ; first from two-fifths
of costa to middle of inner margin, hardly curved; second from
four-fifths of costa to before anal angle, straight, faintly sinuate
above middle; median area irregularly mixed with grey; a faint
whitish discal spot, beneath which is a small cloudy dark grey
spot; a dark grey spot on costa beyond second line, connected with
a dark grey hind-marginal line; cilia with basal half ochreous-
white, terminal half light grey. Hind wings semitransparent, pale
grey ; a suffused dark grey hind-marginal line; cilia whitish, with
a dark grey line.

LASIostTIcHa, N. &.

I propose this name in place of Lasiocera, Meyr.,
preoccupied in the Coleoptera.

Lasiosticha antelia, Meyy.

Also from Victoria (coll. Lucas); two females, with
the fore wings suffused with whitish towards costa, but
otherwise quite similar.

HrospHora, Meyr.
Heosphora psamathella, Meyr.

Also from Brisbane, Queensland ; Fernshaw, Victoria.
Ancrastia nitens, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
440, is a synonym of this.

ANERASTIA, Hb.

So far as my knowledge of the species of the Anerastia
sroup extends, I should be disposed at present to refer
them all to a single genus Anerastia, characterised by
the pecular and apparently constant neuration (as
described below), the obsolescence of the maxillary palpi,
and the very short or rudimentary tongue; regarding
the variation in the character of the labial palpi, the
presence or absence of a horny frontal cone, and of a
basal sinuation and small scale-streak or tuft in the

262 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

antenne of the male, as merely specific points; these
latter appear to me to differ more or less in every species.
If this view is correct the preceding genus, Heosphora,
would also be merged in this. I do not press my view
at present, because I believe M. Ragonot, who has had
the opportunity of examining much more extensive
material, thinks differently, and it seems desirable to
await the publication of his opinions before making
further change. I have therefore described the following
species as an Anerastia, but indicated in the specific
description the structural points in which it diverges
from other forms.

The special points of neuration, by which Anerastia
(including Heosphora) is characterised, are the absence
of vein 5 of the fore wings (which is coincident with 4),
and the free vein 8 of the hind wings, which is approxi-
mated to 7 but does not anastomose with it, as usual in
the family. his latter point I regard as most important
here; it seems to have been hardly noticed. The ocelli
appear to be always present, but sometimes more or less
concealed ; I mention this because Heinemann states
that they are absent.

Anerastia metallactis, n. s.

3d, 20—21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
whitish-ochreous, slightly brownish-tinged; frontal cone long,
obtuse-conical; tongue present, very small; antenn without basal
sinuation or roughening, filiform, ciliations one-half; labial palpi
very long, straight, porrected; maxillary palpi obsolete. Legs
dark fuscous, posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Fore wings elon-
gate, moderate, posteriorly scarcely dilated, costa gently arched,
apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded; pale brownish-
ochreous, slightly reddish-tinged ; costal edge ochreous-white ; all
veins rather broadly ochreous-whitish mixed with fuscous-grey ;
except subcostal, which forms a clear ochreous-white straight
narrow streak from base to costa before apex, below narrowly and
suffusedly margined with dark grey; cilia grey-whitish. Hind
wings semitransparent, pale whitish-grey; cilia whitish.

Bathurst, New South Wales; three specimens taken
by Mrs. Stephenson.

Australia and the South Pacific. 268

Crocyporora, Meyr.
Crocydopora cinigerella, Walk.
Also from Duaringa, Queensland; Glen Innes, Bathurst,

and Cooma, New South Wales; Fernshaw, Victoria ;
and in New Zealand.

ERNOPHTHORA, N. &.

Forehead vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed.
Antenne three-fourths, in male subdentate, moderately ciliated,
not sinuate, with a small tuft of scales on back at base. Labial
palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, second joint with loosely
appressed scales, terminal joint short, filiform, slender, pointed.
Maxillary palpi rather short, filiform. Abdomen in male with
small anal tuft. Posterior tibia with outer spurs half inner. Fore
wings with vein 2 from close before angle, 3 and 4 stalked,
5 absent, transverse vein obsolete, 7 absent, 10 rising out of stalk
of 8 and 9, 11 closely approximated to it at base. Hind wings 13;
vein 4 absent, 5 absent, transverse vein absent, 6 and 7 both
rising out of 8 at one-third and two-thirds respectively.

Allied to Hypophana, but with remarkable neuration ;
no other genus of the family has both veins 4 and 5 of
the hind wings absent.

Ernophthora phenicias, n. 8.

$, 15mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous-
grey, somewhat mixed with whitish. Antenne grey. Legs
white, irrorated with fuscous-crimson, and banded with dark
fuscous. Fore wings elongate, narrow, tolerably dilated posteriorly,
costa slightly arched, apex tolerably rectangular, hind margin
rather oblique, straight, rounded beneath; white, irregularly
irrorated with fuscous-crimson; a fuscous basal fascia mixed with
blackish, outer edge from near base of costa‘to one-third of inner
margin; a moderately broad fuscous fascia, mixed with black on
upper half, from one-third of costa to middle of inner margin,
somewhat dilated and indistinct beneath, confluent posteriorly
with a cloudy fuscous suffusion along inner margin to anal angle;
a small roundish blackish spot beneath middle of costa, and a
blackish dot beneath it; second line whitish, margined with
cloudy fuscous lines spotted with longitudinal blackish marks,
from costa near apex to before anal angle, indented beneath costa,
indentation connected with dorsal suffusion by a cloudy fuscous

264 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

streak, a cloudy blackish interrupted hind-marginal line; cilia
whitish, mixed with fuscous (imperfect). Hind wings semi-
transparent, light grey; veins and a cloudy hind-marginal line
darker grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with a cloudy grey line.

Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Hypopnana, Meyr.
Hypophana homosema, nu. s.

32, 16—19 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish-
grey, somewhat prismatic; tuft of antenne in male grey in front,
black behind, ciliations one-third; thorax in male beneath with
cuirass of shining pearly-white scales, concealing a large tuft of
black hairs on each side. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs ochreous-
white irrorated with dark grey. Fore wings elongate, narrow,
posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hind margin obliquely rounded; veins 4 and 5 stalked; grey,
closely irrorated with white, more suffusedly towards costa, and
with scattered black scales tending to collect on veins; a thick
ill-defined whitish-ochreous longitudinal streak along submedian
fold from base to anal angle, and another near inner margin from
base to two-thirds, both often partially obsolete or interrupted
posteriorly; an irroration of black scales tending to form a dot
below fold at one-third, a second in dise before middle, a third in
dise at two-thirds, and two curved shades near hind margin repre-
senting margins of second line, but these are all very obscure and
often not traceable; cilia grey irrorated with white. Hind wings
with veins 3 and 4 from a point, 5 absent; nearly transparent,
whitish-grey; a cloudy grey hind-marginal line; cilia whitish,
with a grey basal line.

Perth, York, Geraldton, and Carnarvon, West Australia ;
very common, in October and November. Nearly allied
to H. petalocosma, but without the characteristic black
scale-streak at base of hind wings in male.

BALANOMIS, 0. g.

Forehead somewhat prominent. Ocelli present. Tongue well-
developed. Antenne three-fourths (in male broken). Labial palpi
moderate, curved, ascending, thickened throughout with dense
somewhat rough scales, terminal joint somewhat shorter than
second, tolerably pointed. Maxillary palpi short, loosely scaled,
appressed to face. Middle and posterior tibie thickened with
dense scales. Fore wings in male towards base with costal fold

Australia and the South Pacific. 265

filled with downy matter; vein 2 from near angle, 4 and 5 stalked,
6 rising out of stalk of 8 and 9 almost at base, 7 absent, 11 from
middle of cell. Hind wings 13; cell extremely short, veins 4 and
5 from a point, 7 rising out of 6 about middle of wing, anasto-
mosing rather shortly with 8.

Balanomis encyclia, n. 8.

3 2, 20 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne whitish-ochreous;
thorax, abdomen, and legs light brownish-ochreous. Fore wings
very elongate, narrow, somewhat dilated, costa posteriorly arched,
apex rounded, hind margin obliquely rounded ; brownish-ochreous,
sprinkled with reddish, white, and dark fuscous scales; a large
ocellated patch indicated about two-thirds, consisting of a cloudy
whitish centre, surrounded successively by blackish, ochreous, and
whitish rings, all very indistinet except on anterior margin; a very
indistinct pale angulated line beyond this; cilia pale ochreous,
base more reddish, tips whitish. Hind wings semitransparent,
grey-whitish, hind margin greyer ; cilia whitish.

Newcastle, New South Wales ; two specimens, in bad
preservation (Australian Museum).

Hommosoma, Curt.
Homeosoma vagella, Z.

Also from Glen Innes (4500 feet), Bathurst, and
Cooma, New South Wales; Geraldton and Carnarvon,
West Australia.

Homeosoma fornacella, Meyr.
Also from Georges Bay, Tasmania.

HKPHESTIA, Gn.
Ephestia elutella, Hb.

Also from Cooma, New South Wales; Perth and
Geraldton, West Australia.

Ephestia desuetella, Walk.

I have pointed out elsewhere that this name is to be
substituted for H. ficulella, Barrett. Also from Car-
narvon, West Australia.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) U

266 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from

PTEROPHORIDA.
Cosmocuostis, Meyr.
Cosmoclostis aglaodesma, Meyr.

The British Museum has received this also from the
Solomon Islands.

TricHopritus, Wlsm.
Trichoptilus centetes, Meyr.

Also from Queensland ; one specimen (coll. Lucas).

Trichoptilus adelphodes, n.s.

3 ?,14—16 mm. Head ochreous. Palpi ochreous mixed with
white and fuscous, base white, second joint reaching middle of face.
Antenne ochreous-whitish, with a dark fuscous line on back.
Thorax ochreous, posterior margin more or less white. Abdomen
ochreous mixed with ochreous-whitish, sides generally mixed with
dark fuscous, apex in male with a single moderate obliquely
ascending hair-pencil, valves small. Legs white, longitudinally
striped with blackish, posterior tibize banded in middle and at apex
with brownish-ochreous or dark fuscous. Fore wings cleft from
middle, segments linear; veins 2 and 10 present; brownish-
ochreous; costal edge and first segment more or less suffused with
fuscous; a black dot in dise at one-third, and another on first
segment at base; generally a few white scales before cleft ; some
white scales forming obscure bands on both segments before middle
and towards apex; cilia rather dark fuscous, or ochreous-fuscous,
on costa spotted with white on bands, on lower margin of first
segment mixed with white, with one or two black scales. on upper
margin of second segment with some white scales towards base,
some black scales towards middle, and a white apical spot, on
lower margin of second segment with narrow white bars opposite
bands. Hind wings cleft firstly from one-fourth, secondly from
base, segments linear; rather dark fuscous; cilia light fuscous,
third segment at most with one or two black scales on inner
marein at three-fifths, and a frmge of white hair-scales between
this and base.

Carnarvon, West Australia ; six specimens in October.
The species was rather common, appearing to frequent
a species of vetch, but at the time I mistook it for
T. xerodes. It is much more nearly allied to T’. centetes,
differing at first sight principally in the more pronounced

Australia and the South Pacific. 267

whitish bands of the fore wings; but the characters on
which I should rely for its distinction are the absence of
the subcostal black dot near base, the single apical hair-
pencil of the abdomen in male, and the possession of
only one or two black scales in place of the decided
spot of J. centetes. It agrees with T. centetes, and
differs from any of the other Australian species in the
presence of vein 10 of the fore wings, and of the black
dot on the base of first segment.

Trichoptilus xerodes, Meyr.
Also from York, West Australia.

TETRASCHALIS, n. g.

Forehead without tuft. Antenne minutely ciliated (3). Palpi
moderately long, ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint
long, filiform. Tibi tufted with scales on origin of spurs. Fore
wings bifid, cleft from middle; veins 2 and 4 stalked, 3 absent,
5 and 6 very short, 7 from below angle of cell, long, 9, 10, and 11
out of 8. Hind wings trifid, third segment with tuft of black
scales in dorsal cilia; vein 2 from middle of cell, 3 absent, 5 and 6
very short, 7 to apex.

Allied to Oxyptilus, but distinguished by having vein
11 of the fore wings rising out of the stalk of 8, 9,
and 10.

Tetraschalis arachnodes, n. s.

3, 21—24 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen light
brownish-ochreous, mixed with whitish, reddish, and dark fuscous
scales. Antenne whitish. Legs very slender, whitish, irrorated
with reddish-fuscous, anterior and middle pair tending to be longi-
tudinally striped. Fore wings with segments linear, first slightly,
second posteriorly moderately dilated, pointed; reddish-fuscous,
sprinkled with whitish and irrorated with dark fuscous; a cloudy
narrow white band on base of first segment, a broader one at its
middle, and a narrow one at three-fourths, two latter also indicated
on second segment; cilia grey, irregularly mixed throughout with
black scales. Hind wings cleft firstly from one-fourth, secondly
from near base, segments linear; fuscous, third segment dark
reddish-fuscous; cilia grey, third segment with a few black scales
on upper margin, on lower margin with a tolerably continuous row
of close black scales from near base to apex and a fringe of white

268 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina.

hair-seales, a large triangular tooth of black scales beyond middle
and another at apex.

Neweastle, New South Wales; two specimens, in
indifferent condition (Australian Museum).

SPHENARCHES, Meyr.
Sphenarches caffer, Z.

Oxyptilus caffer, Z., Linn. Ent., vi., 348, Caff., 118 ;
O. anisodactylus, Walk., 984; O. Walkeri, W1lsm.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, 279; Sphenarches
synophrys, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
Mie

Also from Sydney, New South Wales; one specimen
in February. I am indebted to the kindness of Lord

Walsingham for calling my attention to the above

synonymic identification, in which, after examination of

his specimens, I fully agree. ‘The range of the species
therefore extends from South and West Africa through

Ceylon to Australia and the South Pacific Islands.

Mimeseoptiuus, Wallgr.
Mimeseoptilus celidotus, Meyr.
Also from Albany, West Australia.

2 bo

XII. Descriptions of some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyricr, B.A., F.E.S.

[Read June 1st, 1887. |

In this paper I have described a few new genera and
species which seemed to me to have individual charac-
teristics that rendered them worth making known, from
a systematic point of view; with one or two others as to
which there has been some specific confusion.

HYDROCAMPIDA.

MIxopHyLa, 0. g.

Forehead vertical. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed.
Antenne $, in male—?. Labial palpi moderately long, slender,
smooth-scaled, recurved, terminal joint two-thirds of second,
acute. Maxillary palpi moderate, slender, porrected, apex peni-
cillate. Posterior tibize with all spurs long and almost equal.
Fore wings with veins 4 and 5 somewhat approximated at base,
8 and 9 stalked, 10 absent, 11 from near 9. Hind wings as broad
as fore wings; veins 4 and 5 approximated at base, 6 rising from
near 7, 7 from angle of cell, anastomosing with 8 from near origin
to before middle, lower median loosely pectinated towards base.

A most singular genus, very distinct from any known
to me. It must, I think, be regarded as an early
developmental type in this family, showing some affinity
with the Musotimide and Crambide. It will hardly be
credited that this insect, with labial palpi like those of
an CGicophora (to say nothing of the peculiar neuration),
is described by Mr. Moore without remark as a typical
Crambus, presumably solely on the ground of the similar
type of marking.

Mixophyla erminea, Moore.
Crambus ermineus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii., 380, pl.
Cleexive, we
?, 11mm. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs snow-

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.)

270 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of

white; anterior legs dark fuscous above. Antenne grey. Fore
wings rather elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin hardly oblique, faintly sinuate below apex,
rounded beneath; snow-white; two fine grey transverse lines;
first from beyond middle of costa to beyond middle of inner
margin, unevenly curved outwards, forming a dark grey spot on
inner margin; second from before three-fourths of costa to inner
margin before anal angle, obtusely angulated somewhat above
middle, lower half slightly sinuate; a series of seven irregular
elongate ochreous-yellow marks near beyond second line, four
lowest hind marginal, fifth and sixth confluent, with a round black
submarginal dot between them; a black line along upper third of
hind margin; cilia snow-white, terminal half metallic-grey, except
round anal angle. Hind wings whitish, suffused with pale grey
posteriorly; cilia snow-white.

Colombo, Ceylon; one specimen in December.

MicroscHanis, n. 2.

Forehead vertical, with a conical projection of scales. Ocelli
present. Tongue rudimentary. Antenne 2, in male sub-
dentate, moderately ciliated (}). Labial palpi very long,
straight, porrected, loosely rough-scaled above and_ beneath,
gradually attenuated to apex. Maxillary palpi short, thick,
porrected, loosely scaled. Abdomen in male with uncus developed,
prensors moderate, exserted. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs
about half inner. Fore wings with vein 2 from two-thirds of cell,
4 and 5 approximated at base, 8 and 9 stalked, 11 running into 12.
Hind wings narrower than fore wings ; veins 4 and 5 approximated
at base, 7 from a point with 6, anastomosing with 8 to near middle,
lower median naked.

Closely allied to Schwnobius, but the species is much
smaller and more crambideous-looking ; distinguished
from it by vein 11 of the fore wings running into 12 ;
and it is to be noted that this character is of frequent
occurrence in the Crambide, but very unusual in any

other family of the Pyralidina.

Microschenis immeritalis, Walk.

Dosara immeritalis, Walk. Pyr., 830; Araxes decursella,
ib.,°Cr., 194

3,11—12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and

legs whitish-ochreous; anterior legs fuscous above. Fore wings

some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. 271

elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin somewhat obliquely rounded; whitish-ochreous, towards
margins more yellowish-tinged; cilia whitish-ochreous, yellowish-
tinged. Hind wings oblong-ovate, very pale whitish-ochreous ;
cilia whitish-ochreous.

Point de Galle, Ceylon; two specimens in November.
Walker’s genus Dosara is a synonym of Huryecreon, and
his genus Araxes a synonym of Crambus.

BOTYDIDA.
MarGaropEs, Gn.
Margarodes nereis, n. 8.

2, 52—54 mm. Head greenish-white, lower angles of face
triangularly deep ferruginous, meeting on lower margin. Labial
palpi deep ferruginous, lower half white. Maxillary palpi wholly
deep ferruginous. Antenne white above, yellow-ochreous beneath.
Thorax very pale whitish-greenish, shoulders bright ferruginous.
Abdomen greenish-whitish, apex light ochreous. Legs greenish-
whitish, anterior pair with tibie and apex of femora, middle pair
with tibiz, except towards apex, ferruginous. Fore wings elongate-
triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin oblique, slightly bowed; pale ochreous-greenish, irrorated
with green-whitish, especially on veins posteriorly, with prismatic
reflections ; a moderate ferruginous costal streak, beyond middle
becoming rapidly paler, beyond two-thirds reduced to a slender
line along costal edge, bordered beneath throughout by a moderate
suffused white streak, becoming less defined and more greenish-
white posteriorly; a blackish transverse-linear discal dot; a hind
marginal series of black dots between veins; cilia with basal half
green-whitish, terminal half light shining silvery-grey. Hind
wings with colour as in fore wings, but somewhat obscured by
numerous whitish hairs, becoming denser towards base; hind
marginal dots as in fore wings, but more elongate transversely ;
cilia as in fore wings.

This species is described by Walker and Moore as
M. glauculalis, Gn., which it certainly is not, if Guenée’s
description is correct, which there is no reason to doubt.
This species is closely allied to M. tritonias, Meyr., and
M. oceanitis, Meyr., but quite distinct.

Kandy, Ceylon; two specimens. The British Museum
has a series.

272 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of

SCOPARIAD.
Scoparia, Hw.
Scoparia chordactis, n. 8.

3g, 23mm. Head whitish, behind eyes fuscous. Labial palpi 2,
grey-whitish, terminal joint concealed in scales of second.
Maxillary palpi dark fuscous, apex broadly whitish. Antenne
grey, joints somewhat incised, ciliations 4. Thorax lght
fuscous, mixed with grey-whitish on back. (Abdomen broken.)
Legs whitish, anterior pair fuscous. Fore wings elongate,
posteriorly gradually somewhat dilated, costa almost straight,
apex obtuse, hind margin rather oblique, rounded beneath ; pale
ochreous-brownish, irregularly suffused with white, except on a
cloudy median longitudinal streak from base to hind margin,
becoming well-defined posteriorly; a fine black median longi-
tudinal line from base to two-fifths; orbicular represented by a
short black longitudinal line, claviform by a shorter blackish
mark; reniform barely perceptible as an 8-shaped outline, its
middle marked with a cloudy blackish dot; veins posteriorly
marked here and there with blackish, especially on median
streak; cilia pale greyish-ochreous, basal half obscurely barred
with white. Hind wings 13, pale whitish-grey, thinly scaled;
cilia white.

Straits of Magellan; one specimen, received from
Mr. J.J. Walker, R.N. Interesting because approaching
nearest in character to some of the larger New Zealand
species; perhaps most allied to S. panopla, but that
species is much more strongly marked.

CRAMBIDA.
Cramsus, F’.
Crambus signifer, Walk.
Thiallela signifera, Walk., 120; Araxes admigratella
5s . ‘ ’ ? b) U J
ib., 192; A. cesella, ib., 198; Crambus troglody-
tellus, Snell. T. v. E., 1872, 108, pl. viii., 6.

gd, 12—15 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white, sometimes
somewhat irrorated with pale ochreous or fuscous. Labial
palpi 3, white, with obscure dark fuscous bars before and beyond
middle. Maxillary palpi white. Antenne pale greyish-ochreous,
ciliations }. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, greyish-tinged.
Legs white, anterior pair and base of tarsal joints fuscous

some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. 273

above, posterior tibie with outer spurs nearly equal inner. Fore
wings elongate, posteriorly rather strongly dilated, costa almost
straight, apex obtuse, hind margin rather oblique, rounded
beneath; veins 4 and 5 stalked, 9 absent (coincident with 8);
pale brownish-ochreous, more or less irrorated with fuscous and
ochreous-whitish, on posterior half very closely; two fine white
transverse lines, sometimes partially obsolete, except margins ;
first from beyond middle of costa to beyond middle of inner
margin, irregular, incompletely margined with dark fuscous,
upper half sharply curved or angulated outwards, lower half very
strongly curved inwards, sometimes preceded on upper half by a
strong fuscous suffusion; second from three-fourths of costa to
inner margin before anal angle, acutely dentate, anteriorly finely
margined with dark fuscous, moderately curved outwards; a
cloudy more or less distinct white streak from apex of wing to
first line below middle; a fine black hind-marginal line; cilia
ochreous-grey irorated with white ; basal half in Ceylon specimens
clear white, with a median spot and one or two bars on upper part
of hind margin light greyish-ochreous; in Mauritius specimens
with several narrow white bars only. Hind wings with veins
4 and 5 stalked; grey-whitish, semitransparent, posteriorly
becoming greyer; a grey hind-marginal line; cilia white, with a
faint greyish line.

St. Denis, Réunion, and Port Louis, Mauritius, in
April and May; Kandy, Ceylon, in January; also from
Borneo and West Africa; common and widely distri-
buted. Nearest allied to C. cuneiferellus. There can be
no question of the specific identity of the slight geogra-
phical varieties noted above.

GELECHIADA.
Hypsouopuus, FP’,
Hypsolophus ianthes, n. sp.

9, 12 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, crown suffused
with grey on top. Palpi dark grey, ochreous-tinged and finely
irrorated with whitish-grey, terminal joint whitish-ochreous
irrorated with grey, tuft of second joint long, oblong. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, finely annulated with dark grey. Abdomen
grey. Legs whitish-ochreous, anterior and middle pair sutfusedly
irrorated with fuscous. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, apex pointed, hind margin extremely obliquely rounded;
vein 3 absent (coincident with 2); ochreous; a minute obscure

274 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of

dark fuscous dot in dise at two-fifths, and a cloudy dark fuscous
dot in dise at three-fifths, beneath which is an obscure fuscous
suffusion; some fuscous scales towards hind margin and apical
part of costa, tending to form obscure marginal dots; cilia
ochreous. Hind wings with apex round-pointed, hind margin
moderately sinuate; veins 3 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 short-
stalked; light grey; cilia pale grey. ,

St. Denis, Réunion; one specimen in April. The
neuration of this species gives me occasion to remark
that, so far as my material enables me to judge, I do
not think the genera Hypsolophus (Ypsolophus) and
Nothris are naturally distinct, or ought to be kept
separate. Heineman states several points of distinction
—the absence of ocelli, the shorter tuft of the palpi, the
constantly separate veins 2 and 3 of fore wings, and the
stalking of veins 6 and 7 of hind wings—as characteristic
of Nothris, but these seem to be illusory. The supposed
absence of ocelli is a mistake; I find them distinct in
the typical verbascellus, and in all species which I have
examined; but this character in the Gelechiadeé is of
little value. The length of the tuft is purely specific
and varies with every species, being also a mere com-
parative difference. The two neural characters cut
against one another, being found variously interchanged
in nearly allied species; thus, in H. fasciellus 2 and 3 of
fore wings are stalked, 6 and 7 of hind wings stalked
(though placed by Heinemann in his Ypsolophus ; perhaps
the character varies) ; in H. verbascellus 2 and 3 separate,
6 and 7 stalked; in H. ianthes 2 and 8 coincident, 6 and
7 stalked; in an undescribed Australian species 2 and 3
coincident, 6 and 7 separate; in H. marginellus 2 and 8
separate, 6 and 7 separate; H. ustulellus 2 and 38
stalked, 6 and 7 separate: these represent all the
possible combinations, and one might therefore as well
make six genera as two. In my type of H. lemniscellus
6 and 7 are from a point, and therefore intermediate in
character. The species being, as a whole, all very
similar in appearance, their number certainly not
excessively large, and the genus in the extended sense
being strictly definable, natural, and easily recognisable,
I think it may well remain undivided.

some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. 275

MacrRERNIS, N. &.

Head smooth. Ocelli present. Tongue well-developed. Antenne
longer than fore wings; in male somewhat thickened above base,
subserrate, simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial
palpi (in male) with second joint moderate, subascending, termi-
nating in a long dense triangular’ projecting tuft, terminal joint
wholly concealed. Maxillary palpi very short, appressed to
tongue. Posterior tibiz clothed with dense rough hairs. Fore
wings with vein 1 fureate, 2 from angle, 3 absent, 5 absent, 7 to
hind margin, 8 and 9 rising out of 7, 11 from middle. Hind wings
as broad as fore wings, trapezoidal, apex pointed, hind margin
sinuate, cilia 4; veins 8 and 4 very long-stalked, 5 from rather
near 4, parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.

Nearly allied to Crocanthes, but with entirely different
palpi, similar to those of Anarsia, male; the female is
unknown, but perhaps also corresponds in structure of
palpi to Anarsia. I do not think, however, that there is
any close relationship with that genus.

Macrernis heliapta, n. s.

g, 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-ochreous, palpi
mixed with fuscous. Antenne ochreous-yellow, towards base
becoming dark fuscous above. Abdomen greyish-ochreous, apex
ochreous-yellowish. Legs dark fuscous, posterior pair with apex of
joints and hairs of posterior tibie ochreous-yellowish. Fore wings
elongate, narrow, tolerably parallel-sided, costa gently arched,
apex pointed, hind margin sinuate, rather oblique; reddish-
ochreous, with scattered black scales, especially towards costa and
inner margin; base of costa dark fuscous; a black dot in dise at
one-third, and a second at two-thirds; a blackish apical dot; cilia
light reddish-ochreous, with a few black points. Hind wings pale
grey, posteriorly paler and tinged with whitish-ochreous; cilia
pale whitish-ochreous, greyish-tinged, with a faint cloudy grey line.

Kandy, Ceylon; one specimen in December.

DEPRESSARIADA.
Pumosacnes, Meyr.
Pheosaces tetraspilella, Walk.
Gelechia tetraspilella, Walk., 633.

g,14—15 mm. Head, palpi, antennie, thorax, abdomen, and
legs whitish-ochreous; ocelli visible; palpi with apex of basal

276 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of

joint blackish, second joint very long, more brownish-ochreous,
irrorated with blackish, terminal joint half second; anterior and
middle legs suffused with dark fuscous, except apex of joints.
Fore wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind
margin obliquely rounded; whitish-ochreous, sometimes thinly
irrorated with fuscous, with a few fine scattered black scales ;
costal edge blackish at base; a rather large black dot in disc
at two-fifths, a second in dise beyond middle, and a third, smaller
and sometimes nearly obsolete, on fold obliquely beyond first; a
hind-marginal row of very indistinct cloudy minute dark fuscous
dots; cilia whitish-ochreous, with some scattered fuscous and
black points. Hind wings whitish-ochreous, irrorated with pale
grey, towards base sometimes suffused with very pale grey; cilia
whitish-ochreous, sometimes with a faint cloudy greyish line.

Kandy and Point de Galle, Ceylon; in December and
January, three specimens. ‘The generic identity of this
insect with the New Zealand species of Pheosaces is
interesting, as 1 am not aware of the genus occurring in
Australia; the only structural points in which it differs
from the New Zealand species are the presence of
ocelli, to which I attach no importance, and the
relatively shorter terminal joint of the palpi.

PLUTELLID.
ANCYLOMETIS, ND. &.

Head smooth, side tufts tolerably appressed. Ocelli appa-
rently absent. Tongue well-developed. Antenne 4, in male
serrate, joints very short, minutely ciliated (), basal joint
moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi moderately long, recurved,
second joint somewhat exceeding base of antennz, thickened with
dense appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than second, slender
or somewhat thickened with appressed scales, acute. Maxillary
palpi very short, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiz more or less
densely clothed with rough hairs. Fore wings with vein 1 fureate,
2 from near angle, 7 absent (coincident with 8). Hind wings
slightly narrower than fore wings, elongate-ovate, cilia }; in
male with a thickened discal or marginal ridge; veins 3 and 4
from a point, 5 more or less closely approximated to 4 at base or
absent, 6 and 7 parallel.

An early form of the family, and, I think, indicating
some approach to the connection with the Gicophoride.

some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. an

Sect. A. Hind wings with vein 5 present, ridge discal.

Ancylometis trigonodes, n. 8.

3, 11 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, face whitish-ochreous.
Palpi light ochreous-yellow, terminal joint dark fuscous except
apex, second joint somewhat rough above towards apex. Antenne
and thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen greyish-ochreous, segmental
margins ochreous-whitish. Legs dark fuscous, apex of joints and
posterior tibiz whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, rather
narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind margin
obliquely rounded; dark fuscous, very slightly purplish-tinged; a
large ochreous-white triangular patch, mixed with pale yellow in
middle, occupying median area, its base extending on costa from
one-third to five-sixths, its apex narrowly truncate and resting on
inner margin beyond middle, its posterior side with a short
triangular projection below middle; a small dark fuscous spot on
costa at two-thirds; a few yellow-whitish scales forming an
obscure cloudy line from anal angle to posterior side of triangular
patch near costa; cilia dark fuscous, basal half obscurely barred
with whitish-grey-ochreous. Hind wings fuscous-grey, becoming
much paler and semitransparent on basal half; a thickened dark
fuscous ridge along lower margin of cell from near base to angle,
its anterior extremity suffused with ochreous-whitish ; cilia grey,
becoming whitish-ochreous round anal angle and on inner margin.

Port Louis, Mauritius; one specimen, in May.

Ancylometis sc@ocosma, N. 8.

3, 11 mm. Head and palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint of
palpi rather stout. Antenne greyish-ochreous, suffusedly annu-
lated with dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen greyish-ochreous,
suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, ringed
with ochreous-whitish. Fore wings elongate, rather narrow, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, hind margin obliquely rounded;
whitish-ochreous, irrorated with dark fuscous, tinged with yellowish
round dark markings; costa suffused with dark fuscous; a small
dark fuscous basal patch, its outer edge irregular and mixed with
black; a large round blackish-fuscous dot in dise at one-third, and
a second on fold slightly beyond it, connected by a fuscous
suffusion; a third in dise at two-thirds, a fourth directly beneath
it and connected with it by a pale yellow-ochreous spot, and a fifth
on inner margin beneath this; hind margin broadly suffused with
fuscous; cilia fuscous, mixed with whitish-ochreous (imperfect),

278 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions of

Hind wings grey, paler and semitransparent towards base; a grey
thickened ridge along lower margin of cell from near base to angle,
its anterior extremity suffused with whitish-ochreous; cilia grey-
whitish, with a cloudy grey line.

St. Denis, Réunion ; two specimens, in April.

Sect. B. Hind wings with vein 5 absent, ridge inner
marginal.

Ancylometis astrapias, 0.8.

S$, 12 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous,
second joint externally fuscous, becoming dark fuscous towards
apex, terminal joint slender, internally fuscous. Antenne dark
fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, patagia fuscous. Abdomen
light grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, posterior
pair whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, hind margin very obliquely rounded ; fuscous,
costa suffusedly darker; a pale greyish-ochreous median longi-
tudinal streak from base, basal two-fifths straight, margined
beneath by a blackish streak and above by a cloudy blackish dot
at two-fifths, beyond this rather dislocated upwards and less
defined, margined above by a cloudy blackish dot at two-thirds,
thence bent abruptly upwards to costa before apex, anterior edge
margined suffusedly with dark fuscous, posterior edge very
suffused and ill-defined; cilia light greyish-ochreous, basal half
obscurely barred with fuscous. Hind wings grey, towards base
more thinly scaled; inner margin thickened to form a smail
ridge; cilia whitish-grey, towards base darker.

Port Louis, Mauritius; two specimens, in May.

TINEIDA.

LASIOCTENA, 0. g.

Head with dense somewhat rough suberect hair-seales. Ocelli
absent. Tongue absent. Antennz somewhat over }; in male
moderately bipectinated throughout, pectinations densely ciliated,
basal joint moderate, densely scaled. Labial palpi moderate,
slender, ascending, with appressed scales, at base with some rough
hair-scales, terminal joint rather short, acute. Maxillary palpi
absent. Thorax hairy beneath. Posterior tibie tolerably smooth-
scaled, outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with vein 1 strongly
furcate, all veins separate, 2 from angle, 7 to hind margin, 11

some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera. 279

from middle, secondary cell well-defined. Hind wings broader
than fore wings, oblong-ovate, cilia }; 6 and 7 approximated at

base, other veins separate and parallel.

Closely approaches Melasina in structure, but distin-
suished by the quite different character of the labial
palpi.

Lastoctena sisyrea, ni. 8.

3, 27—29 mm. Head and thorax grey, ochreous-tinged, mixed
with white. Palpi white, above dark grey. Antenne white,
pectinations grey. Abdomen grey, segmental margins white.
Anterior legs dark grey, middle and posterior legs grey irrorated
with white. Fore wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, hind margin very obliquely rounded; grey, ochreous-
tinged, irregularly irrorated with white, the irroration tending to
form a very suffused white streak from base of costa to hind
margin below apex; markings fuscous mixed with black, ill-
defined; a small elongate spot in dise before middle, a second,
larger and subtriangular, on fold obliquely before it, a third on
fold obliquely beyond it, and a fourth in dise at two-thirds ; a more
or less perceptible row of cloudy dots from five-sixths of costa to
inner margin before anal angle; cilia ochreous-grey, mixed with
white. Hind wings ochreous-grey; cilia whitish or ochreous-
whitish, basal third ochreous-grey.

Grahamstown, South Africa; two specimens.

ELACHISTIDA.
Burauis, T'r.
Butalis chlorema, n.s.

S, 16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen whitish-
ochreous; face brownish-tinged; palpi anteriorly suffused with
dark fuscous, except towards base. Antenne and legs dark
fuscous (posterior legs broken). Fore wings elongate, rather
narrow, long-pointed; veins 8 and 5 absent; whitish-ochreous,
paler towards disc; a fuscous-grey dot in dise at two-thirds; cilia
whitish-fuscous. Hind wings somewhat narrower than fore wings,
cilia 2; veins 4 and 5 stalked; fuscous-grey, paler towards base
cilia whitish-fuscous.

Grahamstown, South Africa; one specimen. A dis-

tinct though inconspicuous species, belonging to the
group of b. desidella.

280 Mr. E. Meyrick’s descriptions, cc.

PLACOSTOLA, 0. g.

Head smooth. Ocelli absent. Tongue well-developed. An-
tenne longer than fore wings (according to Stainton), filiform,
basal joint elongate, without pecten, with a tuft of scales above.
Labial palpi long, recurved, slender, smooth-scaled, terminal joint
shorter than second, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, drooping,
filiform. Posterior tibie clothed with dense rough hairs above,
outer spurs half inner. Fore wings with vein 1 fureate, 2—5
parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hind wings 3, linear-
lanceolate, with tooth of scales from bend of costa near base,
cilia 83; veins 2—5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 closely approxi-
mated towards base.

Closely allied to Stathmopoda, from which it differs by
the basal tuft of antenne. The neuration is identical.
To this genus I refer without doubt the Indian species
described by Stainton (Trans. Ent. Soc., 3rd Ser., I.) as
Gracilaria resplendens ; closely agreeing with mine in
appearance and in the structural details given, except
that, as the antenne of my specimen are broken in the
middle, I cannot verify the statement as to their being
longer than the fore wings. The peculiar shape of the
fore wings, accurately given in Stainton’s figure, is very
characteristic of Stathmopoda and allied genera (of which
I have many species), and is never to my knowledge
reproduced in the Gracilariade. Probably both Stainton’s
specimen and my own are females.

Placostola diplaspis, n. 8

?(?),8 mm. Head shining white. Palpi, antenne, thorax, and
legs whitish-ochreous, femora white. (Abdomen broken.) Fore
wings very narrow, broadest near base, gradually narrowed to
acute apex; brownish-ochreous, ferruginous-tinged; two large
shining snow-white transverse blotches, margined with ferru-
cinous; first about one-third, triangular, apex resting on costa;
second about two-thirds, subquadrate, anterior margin convex};
cilia whitish-ochreous, more ferruginous-tinged round apex. Hind
wings and cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

Aden, Arabia; one specimen, taken by Mr. G. H.
Raynor, in January. LEasily distinguished from P.
resplendens by absence of white apical spot of fore
wings, more triangular first and less triangular second
blotches, and pale hind wings.

XIV. Notes in 1886 upon lepidopterous larve, dc. By
Hipwarp) Bil Pouuron, M-A:; 9 Pa.S, E.G:8:,
F.Z.8., of Jesus and Keble Colleges, Oxford.

| Read April 6th, 1887.}
PuaTE X.

CONTENTS.

1. Notes upon the young larve of Smerinthus populi, and upon the red
spots in Smerinthus larvee.
2. Description of an unnamed Sphinx larva from Celebes.
3. Further observations on the protective attitude of Geometer larve.
4. A further account of the defensive structures of the larva of
Dicranura vinula.
5. Additional eversible glands in larvee.
6. On markings which appear on larve before pupation, and which
correspond in position to the underlying pupal wings.
7. Further notes upon the larva of Paniscus cephalotes.
8. A special point in the protective attitude of the imago of Gonoptera
libatrix.
9. The comparatively late emergence of female moths from the pupa.
10. The hereditary transmission of pink tubercles on the larve of
Saturnia carpini.
11. Relation between phytophagous larve and various species of food-
plant.
12. The origin of carnivorous habits in phytophagous larve.
13. The young larvee of Vanessa urtice and Saturnia carpini seek light.
14, The movements of larve guided by an appreciation of the force of
gravitation.

1. NorEs UPON THE YOUNG LARVE OF SMERINTHUS
POPULI, AND UPON THE RED SPOTS IN SMERINTHUS LARVA :—
a. The markings of the young S. populi larva.—A young
yellowish green larva of this species was carefully
examined when it was advanced in the second stage,
and 13 mm. long when extended at rest. It possessed
the red spot on two of the segments, but a description
of this feature will be found below. At this stage the
yellow marginal lines of the face terminate upwards in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) xX

282, Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

two apical tubercles, which are especially large but not
predominant, and are without any distinctive colour.
Two dorsal tubercles are especially distinct upon the
second and the third thoracic segments, continuing
anteriorly the direction of the barely recognisable eighth
stripe, as in the young Sphinx ligustri, in which, how-
ever, the marking is far more distinct and persistent.
A. semicircular crown, of especially large tubercles,
extends in the vertical plane immediately behind the
head upon the most anterior annulus of the first
thoracic segment. There are about fifteen tubercles in
the semicircle, and they are directed forwards, and
produce a very striking effect. The first and seventh
stripe are especially lar ge and distinct; the stripes and
the subdorsal are chiefly made up of tubercles, but
there is some suffusion of the ground colour, which is
(as usual) complete in the posterior part of the seventh
stripe upon the eighth abdominal segment. The first
stripe extends anteriorly as a line of tubercles on to the
thoracic segments, becoming at first horizontal and
parallel with the subdorsal, but appearing to rise on
the first thoracic segment, and joining the ends of the
semicircular crown; but in the anterior part of its
course the line becomes very difficult to follow. The
seventh stripe is also continued forward to the anterior
limits of the sixth abdominal segment. There are
oblique stripes (chiefly made up of shagreen dots) just
above the claspers on the third, fourth, and fifth
abdominal segments. These lines are more nearly
horizontal than the ordinary oblique stripes, and their
relation to the latter is doubtful. They may represent
the forward extension of the fourth, fifth, and sixth
oblique stripes (respectively), but they have also the
appearance of a subspiracular line twisted into partial
parallelism with the oblique stripes. Hence an ex-
amination at this stage adds nothing to our knowledge
of these lines, which are also found during the whole
subsequent life of the larva, and which I have previously
described in the last stage (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1885, Pt. II. (Aug.), p. 297). The extension of the first
stripe and the semicircular crown are not equally
distinct in later stages, but the latter is easily recog-
misable. The eighth stripe disappears. The whole
comparison strongly confirms Weismann’s conclusion

upon lepidopterous larve, cc. 283

as to the extreme uniformity, and therefore the
ancestral character, of the appearances witnessed in
the ontogeny of this species.

6. The young larva of Sesia bombyliformis, ¢&c.—I have
found a note, in Prof. Westwood’s ‘Modern Classification
of Insects’ (1840, vol. 1., p. 866), which proves that the
yonng larve of the genus are spinous, and thus resemble
all the other young Sphinx larve which have been ex-
amined for this character. At that time the character
had not been described in any other of the Sphingide,
and therefore Prof. Westwood looked upon the genus as
aberrant. The note is as follows :—‘‘ Sesia (S. bombyli-
formis, &c.) is certainly the most aberrant genus in the
family, the caterpillars being slightly pilose; and when
about ten days old they have several furcate spines
upon each segment of the abdomen that entirely
disappear when they are full-fed, according to the
information given by Mr. Dale to Mr. Curtis. The full-
grown caterpillar is, however, evidently Sphingideous.”’
The fact that the spines are furcate compares in an
interesting manner with the character of these structures
in the genus Smerinthus.

y. Further notes wpon the red spots of Smerinthus
larve :—i. Smerinthus ocellatus.x—In two mature larve,
captured in August, 1886, the red spots were more
developed than in any other individual of this species
hitherto described. Both were light yellowish green
varieties, although not extreme forms, and both were
found upon Salix triandra near Oxford. The most
extreme variety is represented in Plate X., fig. 1; but
the other only differed in the absence of the minute dot
of the upper row on the first thoracic segment. The
small size of the upper dot on the seventh abdominal
segment is noteworthy, and was the same in both
individuals. Comparing these larve with that figured
in one of my previous papers (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1884, Pt. 1., p. 27, &c.), it is seen that in the larve here
described the spots of the two upper rows are larger
and extend on to more segments, while those upon the
claspers are much larger and more distinct. In breeding
large numbers of this species I found the spots in
various degrees of development upon many of the
whitish larve, although more frequently upon the
yellowish varieties. This observation confirms the

984 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

single instance of a spotted whitish larva, which I
recorded last year.

li. Smerinthus populi.—I1 have had the opportunity
of making notes upon the red spots upon larve in
early stages. Seven young larve, fed upon Populus
nigra, were kindly given me by Mr. A. Sidgwick, of
which, on July 15th, the youngest (No. 1) was ad-
vanced in the second stage, and 183 mm. long when
extended at rest. It was a bright yellowish green
variety, and possessed distinct red spots on the third
abdominal, and very minute ones on the second thoracic
segment. The other six larve were changing their
skins for the second time, and they were all about
15°5 mm. long. ‘Two larve were yellowish green (but
not extreme forms), of which one (No. 2) had large
spots on the third abdominal and on the second thoracic
segments, the former being the larger; there were also
very small spots on the fourth abdominal, and _ still
smaller on the first abdominal. The other larva (No. 3)
had very small spots on the third abdominal only. Four
larve were bluish green, two being more distinct
varieties; and of these one (No. 4) had rather large
spots on the third abdominal only, the other (No. 5)
having no traces of the spots. Of the two remaining
larve—less decided varieties of the same colour—one
(No. 6) possessed distinct but rather small spots on the
third abdominal, smaller and less distinct spots on the
first abdominal, and far smaller, so as to be hardly
visible, on the second thoracic segment. The other
larva (No. 7) had well-developed spots on the third
abdominal only. On July 18th the larve were re-
examined. No. 1 was changing its second skin, and
the red spots were much less distinct, although visible.
The other six larve had now entered the third stage.
No. 2 possessed large and distinct spots on the third
abdominal, and small, although distinct, spots on the
second thoracic segment, while there were very faint
and minute ones upon the fourth abdominal. No. 3 had
lost all traces of the spots. No. 4 possessed a spot on
the left side only of the third abdominal. No. 5 was as
before. No. 6 had the merest trace upon the third
abdominal only. No. 7 was as before.

These observations certainly confirm Mr. William
White’s observations upon the comparatively early

upon lepidopterous larve, &e. 285

appearance of these features, but they also conclusively
show that the characters do not necessarily develop in
the successive stages, but that they may gradually
decrease and disappear in the course of development,
just as if they were features of phylogenetic significance
only. Extended observation will, I feel sure, confirm
this conclusion, and will prove that the spots are
present upon a much larger proportion of young larve
than upon those in the later stages, although it is well
known that in a certain proportion of the latter the
character reaches a pitch of perfection which has not
been hitherto described in the earlier stages. The first
appearance of the spots upon the third abdominal
seoment, and then upon the second thoracic, has
already been proved by Mr. White,—a conclusion
which is abundantly confirmed by my observations.

On September 21st I found two larve of this species
upon balsam poplar at Bembridge (Isle of Wight). Both
possessed the spots to a remarkable extent. One larva
was about half-grown in the last stage, and was of a
yellowish green ground colour. The other was adult,
and a very white variety, exactly resembling in ground
colour that figured by Mr. Bignell, and represented in
my paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Pt. I., April, 1884).
The spots of the upper row in both larve are arranged
below in the order of relative magnitude, the largest
spots being numbered first :—

Yellow larva—(1) abdominal, 7; (2) abdominal, 3;
(3) abdominal, 4; (4) abdominal, 2 and 5; (5) abdo-
minal, 1; (6) thoracic, 2; (7) thoracic, 3; (8) thoracic,
1, and abdominal, 6.

White larva—(1) abdominal, 8; (2) abdominal, 4 and
7; (3) abdominal, 5 and 2, and thoracic, 2; (4) abdo-
minal, 1; (5) abdominal, 6, and thoracic, 1 and 3,—all
these very small.

There was also a reddening of the upper side of the
base of the horn in both larve.

Nos. (1) and (2) of the yellow larva were almost
equal, so that the spot which appears first in the young
larva is one of the largest in the adult, but the same
comparison does not hold with the spots which appear
next in order. It is strange that the spots should be so
large upon abdominal 7, for in S. ocellatus this segment
is remarkable for the minute size of its spot, which is

286 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

only present in extreme varieties. Furthermore, in
S. tiie the red band or spot was remarkably small
upon this segment. Hence it is probable that S. populi
is abnormal in this respect. The larve here described
probably indicate that the spots in the larva already
referred to, as figured by Mr. Bignell, are represented
as too numerous in the anterior part of the body, for in
neither of these extreme varieties did the number of spots
in any row ever exceed the number of the segments.

The spiracular row of spots was well marked in these
larvee, and a small spot appeared on the third thoracic
segment and a larger one upon the second in the
yellowish larva; the latter spot being well developed in
the whitish larva, but the former and that around the
prothoracic spiracle could not be seen when the larva
Was examined (perhaps because it was examined some-
what late, after the changes of colour before pupation
had commenced).

The claspers were all marked, but this row was not
well developed, the spot on the anal clasper of the
yellowish larva being especially small.

A character, new to me, was the extension of the
system on to the head. The head of the yellowish
variety is represented from the left side in Plate X.,
fig. 2, x 2 diameters. The chief colour is on the area
of the ocelli, and it extends over the marginal line as a
linear vertical mark on the face. The apex is also
suffused, the colour extending on to the sides of the
upper part of the face. The red tint formed the ground
colour, for there were no red apical tubercles. The
whitish larva possessed the ocellar and apical red areas,
but not the extension of the former.

On July 6th I had the opportunity of examining a
number of larve, reared by Mr. Arthur Sidgwick from a
single batch of eggs, and all fed under the same con-
ditions of light, and with the same food—Populus nigra
and balsam poplar. The colours and development of
spots is seen to be very heterogeneous.

upon lepidopterous larve, de. 287

Stage of larva. Tint of ground colour. Red spots.

1. Beginning of last | Bright yellowish green. | Upper row. — Spot

stage. on 8rd abdomi-
nal; slight suffu-
sion of spiracles
on abdominal seg-
ments 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6 of right
side; and left,
on the Ist and
7th abdominal, as
well.
Ile re 3 ms “a - No spots.
1. Near beginning h i i ¥ ;
of last stage.
1. Small (in stage | Rather yellowish. ae 5
3 or 4).
1. Almost mature. | Yellowish, but not ex-| ,, -
treme.
3. ” 9 Bluish green. . E
4. Small, in last - 5 rr i
stage.
3 <5 ‘3 On bluish side of an) A spot on the side

intermediate variety. of 8rd abdominal

only.
3. Almost mature. Pe ‘5 5 No spots.
1, ” » Intermediate. ie me
1. Small, in last . 3 Ҥ
stage.
3. Changing 8rd or | Bluish green. Fr s

or 4th skin.
2. Intermediate. 9 ”

1. Advanced in last

On bluish side of an

stage. intermediate variety.
2. Small, in last | On yellowish side ofan] ,, “
stage. intermediate variety.
ul 5 45 PAgtG ‘5 Ps Spot on 3rd abdo-
minal, and the
faintest suffusion
of the middle
abdominal _ spi-
racles.

iii. Smerinthus tiie.—During the past summer I reared
a large number of larve from a single batch of eggs
obtained from a captured female. Many of the larve
possessed the red markings, which seemed to be
extremely linear on their first appearance, forcibly

288 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

reminding me of the earliest traces of purple borders
in Sphinx ligustri. As the larve entered the later
stages the red borders contracted and became broader,
finally assuming the well-known appearance of somewhat
elongate spots on the anterior margin of the oblique
stripes. I have already mentioned the relatively slight
development of the red marking upon the seventh
abdominal segment. ‘This observation of the primarily
linear appearance of the spots seems to indicate that
these features in S. tili@ have arisen from a modification
of a normal coloured border, as I suggested last year
(Trans: Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, Pt. II., p. 189) :—‘‘ It
seems possible that the appearances seen in Smerinthus
tlie are due to a fading away of the character (i.e.,
coloured borders) instead of its origin. In the other
Smerinthus larve the shortening borders may have been
arrested at the spot-stage, which has evidently been
made use of as an independent larval marking, and
which has received additions in the other rows.”’

2. DESCRIPTION OF AN UNNAMED SPHINX LARVA FROM
Crepes. — My friend Dr. 8. J. Hickson, of Downing
College, Cambridge, very kindly brought me a well-
preserved specimen of a mature Cherocampoid larva
from Celebes. The larva is represented in Plate X.,
fig. 3 (natural size), and is extremely interesting in
uniting the characteristics of several genera of the
Sphingide. In the first place it possesses the terri-
fying eye-like marks on the first abdominal segment,
although there is no trace of similar markings on any
of the other segments. In the genus Cherocampa
(and in closely allied genera) the chief terrifying marks
are upon the same segment, but there are generally
other smaller marks on the second abdominal and
sometimes also on the third thoracic segments, while in
many species traces of the marks are repeated on
abdominal segments 3—8. The marking itself consists
of a small and narrow black ‘“ ground area,” a normal
white ‘‘mirror,’ and an intensely black ‘‘ nucleus,”
within which again are some minute white markings.
‘The only other larva I can find described with but a single
terrifying mark (similarly placed) is Pergesa mongoliana
(A. G. Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. ix., part x., 1876).
It appears probable that a single pair of such markings,

upon lepidopterous larve, ke. 289

appropriately placed and highly conspicuous in the
terrifying attitude, must be at least as efficient in
causing alarm asa greater number of markings. And
as a matter of fact, in Prof. Weismann’s figure of
C. porcellus in the terrifying attitude, it is shown that
the single pair (which are by far the largest) on the
first abdominal segment are prominent and alone
produce any effect, the marks on the second abdominal
segment being insignificant and partially concealed,
while the marks repeated on other segments are of great
morphological interest, but of no functional importance.
Dr. Hickson informs me that the terrifying attitude was
very perfectly assumed by the larva, as we should
expect from the tapering of the body anteriorly and the
small head, by which the complete retraction into the
part possessing the eye-like marks is rendered possible.
All this is typical of Cherocampa. It is noteworthy that
the anterior part of the marking extends on to the third
thoracic segment. The marking occurs as an inter-
ruption of the subdorsal line, thus indicating its origin
from the latter, as Prof. Weismann has shown, and the
line itself persists faintly along its whole length, existing
as a lightish and often interrupted stripe immediately
below the line in which the rather darker ground colour
of the dorsal area terminates. This arrangement
very much resembles that which I have previously de-
scribed in Smerinthus. The ground colour was green, as
in the young stages of Cherocampa, and in a small pro-
portion of the mature larve (in the two English species),
but it retains distinct traces of shagreening over the
whole surface, and the caudal horn is sprinkled with
typical hair-bearing tubercles. The persistence of the
shagreen dots upon the horn resembles Acherontia (and
other genera), but the general surface of the larva has
far more distinct traces of these structures than are
found in this genus. Very large white dots remain on the
sides of the third thoracic and first abdominal segments,
in the same situation which is marked by a conspicuous
light patch in Cherocampa elpenor. The shape of the
caudal horn is peculiar, but very unlike that of
Cherocampa, beg large and strongly curved down-
wards towards the apex, and tapering very suddenly
close to the point into a conical form. Except in the
last point, which, as far as I know, is peculiar, the

290 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

shape of the horn suggests Sphinx, just as its surface
suggests the closely allied genus Acherontia. There are
six oblique white stripes on the sides, with distinct
anterior borders formed of darkened ground colour,
while the borders are faintly continued on to the dorsal
area, and above the subdorsal tend to meet in a series
of Vs. This latter suggestion of the first and ‘‘ eighth
stripe”? is also present in the normal position, and the
whole arrangement almost exactly recalls that of
Smerinthus and the early stages of Sphina ligustri. Thus
the seventh stripe is especially prominent, and runs up
into the base of the caudal horn, while the posterior
part of the subdorsal is continuous with the stripe,
exactly as in the above-mentioned genera. This remark-
able union of characteristics of such different genera
serves to indicate the morphological identity of the faint
oblique stripes of Cherocampa elpenor and of C. porcellus
with the more distinct markings of Smerinthus and
Sphinx, and I have little doubt that these features will
be found to exist in the younger stages of Cherocampa,
when they are examined with this object in view. The
last character is an extremely ancestral feature,—the
permanence of the dorsal tubercles which I have de-
scribed in the younger stages of Sphinx and Smerinthus.
These persist as two pairs of white marks upon the
dorsal surface of the abdominal segments in front of the
eighth ; white spots also occur on the dorsal surface of
the thoracic segments. Traces of at least one of the
two lateral tubercles can also be faintly made out as an
especially white part of each stripe above and rather
behind the spiracle. Since my description of these
tubercles in young Sphinx larve a paper has appeared
by Dr. Wilhelm Muller (‘‘ Sudamerikanische Nymphali-
denraupen,” ‘ Zoologischen Jahrbuchern,’ J. W. Spengel.
Jena, 1886), in which he describes the same tubercles
in larve of many widely-separated groups, and calls
them the “primitive tubercles.” Before I read his
paper I had also recognised them in many different
larve, and had regarded them as very primitive features.
In fact, I had discussed with Prof. Meldola my intention
to work out these characters, which are common to
widely-separated larve, and from them to endeavour to
reconstruct, as far as possible, their arrangement in the
ancestral larva. Dr. W. Muller has, however, now

upon lepidopterous larve, cc. 291

worked out the arrangement of the primitive tubercles
very completely, and I only mention my own observa-
tions in connection with the subject as an entirely
independent confirmation of his conclusions. I think
it is extremely probable that the white spots occurring
in pairs upon the dorsal surface of the mature larve of
Cherocampa elpenor and C. porcellus (figured by Weis-
mann) represent one of the two pairs (probably the
posterior) of the dorsal primitive tubercles. If this be
the case they will be found, with the other pair, at
earlier stages of the ontogeny, and will be found to
assume the appearance of tubercles. Although the
traces of the primitive tubercles merely take the form
of white patches in Dr. Hickson’s larva, yet there
is no other Sphinx larva hitherto described in which
the position of so large a part of the primitive
characters are distinctly indicated in the later stages.
The ontogeny of such a larva is probably extremely
uniform.

3. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROTECTIVE ATTITUDE
oF GEOMETER LARVA :—a. The spiral or irregular position
assumed by young larvé resting on leaves.—I am now able
to add observations of two species, in addition to those
previously described. The young brown larve of Selenia
lunaria twist themselves into an irregular spiral when
seated on the leaves of their food-plant, and this attitude
is sometimes assumed by the mature larve when resting
in such a position. The young brown larve of Rumia
crategata also have the same habit, generally sitting on
the edge of a leaf close to the piece which they have
eaten out of it. In this position the larva suggests
most strongly the appearance of a small part of the
leaf which has been injured in some way, and has curled
up and turned brown, but still remains adherent by one
end to the uninjured part of the leaf.

6. The supporting thread sometimes dispensed with in
the twig-like attitude. — Although the almost invisible
thread is invariably made use of in ail the most perfect
and elaborate resemblances to twigs, I have observed
that in an effective and well-concealed form of this
protective appearance the larva (in the case of A. betu-
laria) is supported in another way, viz., by holding a
branch, leaf-stalk, or leaf in the clasp of its thoracic

292, Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

legs. Thus the larva often presents the appearance of
a twig passing obliquely from one branch to the other,
and, although such a position seems likely to attract
attention because it represents something unnatural,
yet in reality the concealment is very perfect, for the
twigs of the food-plant (birch) are so extremely
numerous, and present such a complicated network to
the observer, that one such oblique twig-like appearance
readily escapes detection, and may often fall into the
line along which a real twig is prolonged. Very com-
monly the larve are supported anteriorly by holding
the leaves or stem of the branch to which the claspers
cling, and in this case the concealment among the
interlacing twigs of the food-plant is even more perfect.
It is probable that the same mode of support will be
found to hold good in other species of Geometre. The
attitude is shown in Plate X., fig. 4, a green variety of
A. betularia being figured on a twig of birch.

y. The softening of the contact between a Geometer
larva and the twig on which it is resting. —In a note
to the translation of Weismann’s ‘Essay on the
Markings of Caterpillars,’ p. 292, Prof. Meldola states
as follows :—‘‘ The adaptive resemblance is considerably
enhanced in Catocala and in Lasiocampa quercifolia by
the row of fleshy protuberances along the sides of these
caterpillars, which enables them to rest on the tree-
trunks by day without casting a sharp shadow. The
hairs along the sides of the caterpillar of Pacilocampa
populi doubtless serve the same purpose.” This expla-
nation, which had been previously given by Professor
Meldola, is accepted by Sir John Lubbock (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 242) and by Mr. Peter Cameron
(ibid., 1880, p. 75), and the latter writer extends the
explanation to the hairy larve of certain phytophagous
Hymenoptera. I can now bring forward a confirmatory
observation which supports the explanation offered by
Prof. Meldola in the strongest manner. The larve of
Geometre, in the typical attitude of protective re-
semblance to a twig, only touch their food-plant at and
between the two posterior pairs of claspers, and this
part of the larva, in relation to the food-plant, of course
represents the point at which a twig is united with the
branch immediately below the divergence. At such a
point the bark of twig and branch are continuous, and

upon lepidopterous larve, ce. 293

anything which suggested a deep furrow between them
would destroy the protective resemblance. At one point
only in the body of a Geometer larva is there any
necessity for maintaining apparent continuity with the
food-plant, and at this point only in the larve which I
have examined fleshy tubercles like those described
above (in Catocala, &c.), are developed. In fig. 1 the

posterior part of the body of the larva of Rumia
crategata is shown (x 9 diameters), and the fleshy
processes are seen to exactly correspond to that part of
the body which would otherwise cause a dark shadow in
the deep cleft between itself and the branch. ‘The effect
of the fleshy processes is diagrammatically shown in
fig. 2, in which (a) represents a section across two
branches immediately below the point at which they
have divided, (b) represents a section across the larval
body between the two posterior pairs of claspers,
showing the formation of a deep cleft, while (c) shows

294 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

how the outline of the larva on the branch is approxi-
mated to that of (a) by means of the processes.
Although the cleft is largely filled up in (c), a con-
siderable furrow remains, but this is not apparent

a ealuen iS ES

(a) (0) (c)
Fie, 2.

because of the light colour of the fleshy processes, which
prevent the attention from being directed to the shadow
which would otherwise indicate the position of the
sroove. The processes therefore attain the object of
softening the contact between the larva and its food-
plant in a two-fold manner, by partially filling up the
cleft, and by neutralising the shadow in the groove
which remains. I have also noticed the processes in
the larva of A. betularia, and I believe that they are of
very general occurrence in Geometre. The appearance
of such structures in the one small part of the larva
where such a cleft exists and their absence elsewhere,
together with their obvious function in this and the
other cases, seem to render Prof. Meldola’s explanation
a matter of certainty.

0. An extreme instance of the specialisation of a larva
to its normal food-plant. — We occasionally meet with
larve which are specialised in relation to the minute
details of their peculiar food-plants, or of their com-
monest food-plants, if the larve occur upon more than
one. Such specialisation in the details of protective
resemblance would seem to imply an extremely ancient
association of the larve with their food-plants, and it
may occasionally aid us in deciding upon the ancestral
food-plant of a larva out of the many species of plants
which may be eaten. Such an ancestral association
must have existed between the larva of Deilephila
Hippophaes and its food-plant, Hippophaes rhamnoides,

upon lepidopterous larve, ce. 295

for not only are the colours of the leaves faithfully
reproduced, but the characteristic orange berries are
represented by an orange spot at the base of the caudal
horn upon each side, as was pointed out by Weismann,
and as I can confirm from my experience of the larva
at Visp in Switzerland. In the case of Rumia crategata
it is similarly possible to affirm that hawthorn is the
food-plant with which the larva has been longest
associated out of the several species of plants upon
which it also occurs. On Plate X., fig. 5 (natural size)
a drawing was made of a living example of this larva
as it rested upon a twig of hawthorn. It is at once
seen that the dorsal tubercles placed on about the
middle of the length of the larva very faithfully repre-
sent a superficially similar structure upon many of the
side twigs of the food-plant. Not only do these pro-
jections occur towards the middle of the length of the
twigs, but they are situated on the angle of a slight
bend, a character which is also reproduced in the larval
form. Furthermore, the mode in which the different
varieties of the larva are coloured is almost exactly the
same as in the varying twigs of this plant. The bark
is covered by a thin superficial layer which is of a bluish-
erey colour, while the deeper layers beneath are brown,
or green, or mixed brown and green, becoming visible
over a large part of the surface owing to the breaking
away of the former layer. Hence the colour of the
branches is brown or green, mottled with grey, and not
only is this the exact appearance of the larva, but the
way in which the colours are blended is precisely similar
in the animal and the plant. The darker colours of the
larva may be brown, or green, or mixed brown and
ereen, mottled in all cases with bluish grey. Such
remarkable specialisation to the details of single food-
plant certainly warrants the suggestion that the associa-
tion is very ancient, —that Crategus is the ancestral food-
plant of Rumia crategata.

4. A FURTHER ACCOUNT OF THE DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES
OF THE LARVA OF DicrAaNuRA vinuLA.—In my last paper
‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, Pt. I., June, pp. 156—158)
I gave an account of defensive appearance and habits of
the larva of D. vinula. I am now able to give a figure
of the larva in the terrifying attitude (see Plate X.,

296 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

fig. 6, nat. size). The larva appears to depend entirely
upon tactile stimuli for the direction in which to move
its terrifying full-face, and towards which to eject the
irritant acid secretion. Visual sensations appear to
play no part as guides in the assumption of the de-
fensive attitude. The large and full-fed larva which is
represented in fig. 6 was only sensitive to tactile im-
pressions, and the slightest touch upon either side or
upon the back was always followed by a corresponding
movement of the anterior part of the larva, and the
attitude thus taken up on each occasion was maintained
for some considerable time, although instantly altered
when another part of the body was touched.

In the same paper (loc. cit.) I described a complex
form of prothoracic ‘‘gland’”’ which was everted by
applying pressure to the larva of Dicranura furcula. I
have now found that a similar “‘ gland” is present in
D. vinula; and I wish to correct an error in the
description of this structure given in my last paper.
The account was written from the memory of an
observation made many months before in Switzerland,
and it is wrong in describing the everted gland as
consisting of six diverging processes. In reality two
lateral processes—or everted gland-tubes—are present
upon each side, while a median pouch represents the par-
tially everted sac, in which the irritant secretion is stored.
All are coloured green from the green blood which is
forced into them, on eversion. ‘These structures are
most easily everted in D. vinula at the beginning of the
last larval stage, a time when all the defensive structures
appear to be at their highest state of functional activity.
At this time the caudal filaments are large and brightly
coloured, and are extremely sensitive; while later in the
stage they decline in importance, and generally cease to
be capable of eversion. The larva does not seem to be
able to evert its prothoracic gland voluntarily, but very
slight pressure is at this very sensitive period sufficient
to cause eversion. It appears probable that this
structure, starting as an ordinary gland, became volun-
tarily eversible like the ventral glands of Crwsus and the
dorsal glands of the larve of Liparide described in the
next section, and that the power of eversion has been very
recently lost, as the larva has acquired the remarkable
power of ejecting the intensely irritant secretion to a

upon lepidopterous larve, &e. 297

considerable distance by forcing it through the narrow
chink with its closely approximated lips, which con-
stitutes the mouth of the duct leading to the sac. Such
a formidable means of defence may readily have sup-
planted the more usual method of eversion, a method
which can only give rise to the discharge of vapour into
the air, instead of a well-directed stream of fluid, which,
if volatile, as it is in these larve, of course produces
abundance of vapour.

The appearance of the everted gland is indicated in
Plate X., fig. 7 (x 2 diameters), in which the head
and prothorax of a larva in the sensitive period are
shown from below. Of the four gland-tubes the anterior
pair are seen to be much larger and longer than the
posterior pair. The position of the structures corre-
sponds with that of the horizontal slit-like mouth of
the short duct leading to the sac, through which
eversion takes place, and which is shown upon the
red prothoracic margin of the head, below the true
mouth, in fig. 6. In an earlier paper (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1885, Pt. II., August, p. 822) I have given
an account of the eversion and introversion of the pink
flagella of the larva of D. vinula. I have now studied
the subject more thoroughly, and can add further details.
In Plate X., fig. 8 (x 8 diameters) the left conical
receptacle is seen from the left side, with its flagellum
completely everted. Immediately above the receptacle
the basal section of the flagellum is white or very
faintly pinkish, and through this part the rest of the
flagellum can be seen to pass during eversion and intro-
version. ‘The withdrawn flagellum can also be seen with
a little care in the receptacle itself. It follows from
such a constitution that the summit of the receptacle
when the flagellum is introverted represents the rim of
a tubular depression, of which the lumen is bounded
by the morphologically outermost,—the cuticular layers
of the flagellum itself. In eversion the rim rises to
successively higher levels as each section of the outer
part of the flagellar cuticle passes over its edge, and
becomes truly outermost in position, and, last of all, the
apex is unfolded, and the rim then disappears. Con-
versely, in introversion the apex sinks, and a rim at
once appears, which also sinks until the summit of the
receptacle is reached. In fact, the structure affords

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) Y

298 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

an excellent example of a ‘“‘ pleurecbolic” introvert,
‘“‘acrembolic’ during introversion, very clearly de-
scribed and distinguished from the converse type of
introvert by Prof. E. Ray Lankester (‘ Encyclopedia
Britannica,’ article ‘‘ Mollusca,” p. 652). As far as
Iam aware, all the introverts in insects belong to this
type. One result of this organisation is the extreme
delicacy of the rim in the introverted organ, for the
smallest injury causing a thickening or a slight adhesion
on any part of the margin will entirely prevent eversion.
And it is in this manner that the flagella usually become
functionless: they are not otherwise injured in them-
selves, but are merely permanently introverted, and
can easily be seen lying in the receptacle.

The organ is everted by forcing blood into it, and
advantage was taken of this fact in obtaining the
material from which fig. 8 was drawn. A loose ligature
of silk was placed round the apex of the receptacle of a
larva, and when the flagellum was fully everted on
irritation the ligature was tightened, and the flagellum,
being full of blood, was incapable of introversion.
Another ligature was applied immediately below the
former, and the receptacle divided between the two, and
the flagellum was then drawn with the aid of a camera
lucida. The structure was then hardened in a warm
aqueous solution of mercuric chloride, and subsequently
in spirit, longitudinal sections being taken through the
apex imbedded after long soaking in melted paraffin.
The structure of the organ, as shown by the sections,
is represented in Plate X., fig. 9 x 188. The appa-
rently smooth cuticle is seen to be covered with
extremely minute spine-like processes. The cuticle
itself is, as usual, made up of a homogeneous, super-
ficial, and a finely lamellated deeper layer, of which the
former is alone continued into the processes. Neither
of these layers contain pigment in this part of the
larva, but the pink colour is entirely due to the
immediately subjacent hypodermis cells. These cells
possess a fusiform outline when seen from the surface,
while sections show them to be flattened and to overlap
in an imbricated manner. The pink pigment is darkest
round the margins of the cells, and especially at their
apices. Beneath the cells is a very delicate layer which
represents the ‘‘dermal” tissue in many other parts,

upon lepidopterous larve, &c. 299

and beneath this again is a space filled with blood in
the everted organ, while in the centre is the retractor
muscle, made up of several bundles arranged round an
axial space, which contains a large ganglion. ‘There is
httle doubt that the blood penetrates the axial space
and between the bundles of the muscle. The muscular
tissue consists of striated fibres, and the bundles are
surrounded by a sheath which must be highly elastic.
The ganglion cells are very large, and their processes
are often seen to be continuous with nerve-fibres. The
proportion of nervous to muscular tissue is very large,
a fact which is doubtless correlated with the extra-
ordinary rapidity and extent of the muscular contraction
and relaxation during intro- and eversion respectively.
The extent of contraction is so great that the length of
the relaxed muscle must be some considerable multiple
of its length when completely shortened. All the
structural details above described are plainly indicated
in fig. 9.

5. ADDITIONAL EVERSIBLE GLANDS IN LARVA. —I feel
sure that these defensive structures are of constant
occurrence in lepidopterous larvee.

a. The larva of Liparis auriflua.—This larva, although
well protected by its irritating hairs, also possesses two
median dorsal eversible glands of an orange colour.
In the commonest variety of this larva there is a red
dorsal band traversed by a median black line, situated
over the dorsal vessel. The black line everywhere
divides the red band, except towards the anterior
margins of the 6th and 7th abdominal segments, where,
exactly between the two tubercles which bear the long
black hairs on each segment, a bridge of the red colour
unites the opposite halves into which the band is
divided, and the glands are present upon these bridges,
their orange colour being distinct against the surrounding
red. Another variety of the larva only possesses the
merest trace of the red band, and the orange glands
are therefore peculiarly conspicuous against a black
background. The glands are not often completely
everted, but they are very sensitive to tactile impressions,
and on stimulation a clear transparent secretion appears
in the lumen, being probably raised by partial eversion.
The secretion is not acid to ltmus paper, but it

300 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

possesses a peculiar and penetrating odour. These
glands are, in the case of L. chrysorrhwa, alluded to by
Duponchel, quoted in Stainton’s ‘ Manual,’ ‘A reddish
tubercle on the back of each of the 11th and 12th
segments.” In this description the sezments are wrongly
numbered ; they should be 10th and 11th. Newman,
in ‘British Moths,’ alludes to the glands in both L.
chrysorrhaa and L. auriflua: “The tenth and eleventh
segments have a circular, wax-like, cup-shaped, scarlet
spot on the very middle of the back.” They are also
described, in L. awriflua, as glands by Mr. A. H. Swinton
in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
London, who wrongly implies that their secretion is of
value in providing a poison for the irritant hairs of the '
species. ‘The glands are purely odoriferous, and have no
means of discharging their fluid contents on to the
hairs. Furthermore, it is probable that the hairs in
this species are merely mechanical irritants: they
are equally effectual for a long time after they have
been shed by the larva, as I know from the experience
of pulling to pieces an old cocoon in which the hairs
were interwoven.

B. In the Liparide generally.—Finding the glands in
Inparis, 1 examined the larva of Orgyia antiqua, and
found similar structures in the same position. Last
year I described a single gland on the 7th abdominal
segment of Dasychira (Orgyia) pudibunda, evidently
corresponding to the posterior of the two in the former
species. I therefore asked Lord Walsingham to allow
me to look through the preserved larve of Liparide in
his collection. Lord Walsingham kindly allowed me to
examine the larve, and greatly helped me in the search.
All the Liparide were found to possess the glands,
except the genus Demas, in which I could not detect
them. ‘Two glands occurred in all the larve of the
other genera, except in Dasychira (for D. jfascelina
resembled D. pudibunda in only possessing the posterior
eland). The glands were minute in Psilura (Lymantria)
monacha, and small in Hypogymna dispar, while they
resembled those of ZL. auriflua in all other British
species. Hxamining some species of Indian Liparide,
the two glands were found in Lymantria concolor (Walker),
and where they were small and resembled those of our
own P. monacha, to which the species is evidently closely

upon lepidopterous larve, ce. 301

allied. They were also found in Cherotricha plana
(Walker), Charnidas exclamationis, in three species of
the genus Artaxa (A. vitellina, scintillans, and guttata
fall Walker]), and in Dasychira dalbergie (Moore). 1
was unable to find them in a few Indian larve belonging
to this genus, but they may have been present and
difficult to detect in the preserved larve. Thus the
character is probably almost coextensive with the family.
Stainton probably recognises this in the general descrip-
tion of the Liparide, given in the ‘ Manual,’ containing
this sentence: ‘‘ Larva . . . frequently with two fleshy
protuberances on the twelfth segment.” As above
stated, the glands occur upon the 6th and 7th abdo-
minal segments, %. ¢., upon the 10th and 11th segments
of the other system of terminology. The single gland
of our two british species of Dasychira helps to unite
these in a single genus, and to separate them from
other species, thus confirming the classification of
Stainton’s ‘ Manual’ and controverting that of Newman.
All these eversible glands are ‘‘pleurecbolic’”’ and
‘‘acrembolic,” like the flagella of D. vinula, and all
must possess an axial retractor muscle. I have proved
this by means of sections in the case of the ventral
glands of the larva of the hymenopterous Cresus septen-
trionalis, one of which, in a state of partial eversion, is
shown in longitudinal section in Plate X., fig. 10, x 24°65.
The axial retractor muscle (r, m, fig. 10) is made up of
striated fibres.

6. ON MARKINGS WHICH FREQUENTLY APPEAR ON LARVA
BEFORE PUPATION, AND WHICH CORRESPOND IN POSITION
TO THE UNDERLYING PUPAL wiInGs. — When a larva is
examined in the contracted quiescent state which pre-
cedes pupation, the lateral region of the meso- and meta-
thoracic segments are seen to be swollen. This expan-
sion is due to the underlying pupal wings which are
formed as pouch-like diverticula from the body-cavity.
The larval cuticle is easily stripped off an insect which
has been kept in spirit, and the pouch-like rudimentary
wings are then distinctly seen to be the cause of the
swollen appearance. But the rapid morphological
changes which are going on beneath the surface are
often attended by other modifications of the superposed
larval tissues, which are far more difficult to explain.

302 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

Thus in many larve the swollen lateral area of both
segments is seen to have undergone a marked alteration
in colour. Sometimes the pigment in the larval hypo-
dermis disappears, and the areas are coloured by the
green blood of the insect (e. g., Selenia illunaria, and in
many other larvee); but in other cases new pigment may
be deposited in the larval cuticle, and an entirely new
marking may thus make its appearance at the extreme
end of the larval life. The most striking instance which
has come under my observation is afforded by the bright
green larva of Gonoptera libatrix, in which the convexity
of each thoracic swelling becomes covered with a black
patch, that upon the mesothorax being the larger and
of a deeper tint. The appearance of the anterior part
of the larva just before pupation is shown in Plate X.,
fig. 11 (x 2). Thin sections examined under a high
power reveal the fact that the pigment is placed in the
superficial layer of the cuticle, thus occupying the
position in which black colouring-matter apparently
always occurs. This formation of pigment at such a
time, and in such a position, is of great physiological
interest, for either the pigment itself or its factors must
have traversed the lower thicker lamellated layer of the
cuticle in order to reach the thin superficial layer, thus
clearly showing that no part of the cuticle is beyond the
reach of physiological processes while it forms the
covering of the living larva. If there were a time in
which the larval cuticle could be looked upon as a mere
mechanical investment it would be at this very period,
when it is to be shortly cast off, and when the larval
hypodermis cells are elaborating, or are just about to
elaborate, a new (pupal) cuticle beneath the surface.
But at this very time we have the clearest indications
that the larva has not lost its organic hold upon its
superficial investment. It would be of great interest to
carefully investigate the exact time at which the pigment
appears, and to examine by means of sections its
relation to the first formation of the pupal cuticle. It
is impossible at present to form an opinion as to
whether the appearance is of any significance in relation
to the difficult question of the origin of wings, or
whether (as appears more probable) it is merely an
incidental result which attends the commencement of
new activities by the hypodermis cells. In Plate X.,

upon lepidopterous larve, Lc. 303

fig. 12 x 10, a transverse section of the mesothorax of
G. libatrix is represented, showing the superficial larval
cuticle with the black pigment present in its outer layer
over an area corresponding to the swelling, which is
seen to correspond with the pupal fore wing, shown in
section beneath and formed as a diverticulum from the
body-cavity. The pupal body and wing is covered by
its own partially formed cuticle, of which the rough
superficial layer is complete while the lower lamellated
layer is in process of development. The details of the
larval and pupal cuticle and the hypodermis cells of this
region are shown in Plate X., fig. 18 x 188. The
cells are seen to be remarkably long, and their deep
ends are prolonged into fibre-like processes, while their
superficial extremities are continuous with a layer
(coloured red in fig. 18) which represents the partially
developed lamellated layer of the pupal cuticle.

7. FurTHER NOTES UPON THE LARVA OF Paniscus
CEPHALOTES.—(1). On August 1st I found an adult larva
of D. vinula near Oxford, and eight eggs of P. cephalotes
were attached to it in the following positions: one egg
between the 8rd thoracic and 1st abdominal segment,
six between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments, and
one between the 2nd and 8rd abdominal segments.
The eggs were not crowded, but nearly all were attached
to the left side of the larva. Three of the eggs (out of
the six described above) were near the median dorsal
line, on the purple band or its white border, one of these
being attached on the right side of the middle line. I[
was very interested to find that the larva could evert its
caudal tentacles, although they were comparatively
small and unimportant as a means of defence, this being
always the case after the first part of the last stage.
On August 11th the eggs had all developed a few days,
and the development began just as the larva ceased
feeding and darkened. On August 9th I removed seven
out of the eight parasitic larve while they were quite
small, two being in the first stage and six just beginning
the second. The larva which was left was unhealthy and
soon died.

(2). On August 24th an adult larva of D. vinula was
sent to me by Mr. W. H. Harwood: by the next day it
had become brown, and had begun its cocoon. It had

304 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

five eggs of P. cephalotes attached to it in the following
positions : three eggs between the 2nd and 8rd thoracic
segments, one of these being close to the median dorsal
line and two rather farther down on the left side; two
eggs at the same level as the two last described, between
the 8rd thoracic and 1st abdominal segment. They had
all just begun to develop before the larva arrived, but
were in the first stage. When the larva darkened on
the 25th the area to which the parasites were attached
remained green. In this instance the larva was unable
to protrude its flagella. There was every reason for the
belief that the eggs had been attached to the larva
before the last stage, and that DeGeer was right in
saying that the skin can be changed without removing
the eggs. Thus there were ragged remnants of skin
round the ova at their points of attachment, and further,
one of the prothoracic spiracles contained the main
tracheal branch of the last stage, still lying in its lumen,
seeming to show the difficulty with which the skin had
been thrown off owing to the fact that it was pinned
down, as it were, by the ova, so that ecdysis was only
accomplished after the old skin had been torn to a
considerable extent. There were minute scars near the
ova, as if others had been attached to the larva, but had
been torn out in ecdysis, or they may have been due to
ineffectual attempts at oviposition on the part of the
female Paniscus. In this case also all the ova were
removed except one.

(3). On August 22nd I found another adult larva near
Oxford, and to it only three ova were attached: one
ovum between the 2nd and 8rd thoracic segments just
below the white margin of the purple band; two ova
between the 8rd thoracic and 1st abdominal segment,
close together and in the same position. These latter
ova were removed. The larva was unable to make use
of its flagella. On August 25th the larva was about
full-grown, and the parasites had just begun to develop.

On September 8rd larva (2) was examined, and the
parasite was seen to have grown immensely, being far
larger than any obtained last year. Its posterior
extremity was detached from the egg-shell, and it was
still eating the larva, although the latter was much
shrivelled and was dead (recently). The Paniscus was
very distended and glistening, being thus quite different

upon lepidopterous larve, de. 305

from those observed last year, which after detachment
lost the glistening appearance. The Dicranura larva
had not been allowed to construct a cocoon, but No. (3)
was contained in one, which was opened at this date,
when it was seen that the single parasite was still
small, although it was growing.

On Sept. 8th, when the former larva was beginning
to spin, having ceased to feed a day or two earlier, I saw
in the box a freshly formed and still undarkened pupa of
some internal dipterous parasite. Hence the D. vinula
had been simultaneously attacked by internal and
external parasites of very different kinds. On Oct. 4th
the box was opened, and it was found that the dipterous
imago had emerged from the pupa many days before,
and was dead. The species was ascertained to be
Tachina quadripustulata.

On Sept. 11th the larva had constructed a large
scaffolding of white silk over the remains of the
Dicranura and the dipterous pupa. The larva No. (3) had
now become very large, although not quite so large as
the other; it had just begun to spin, having ceased to
feed at about this date. From the previous observation
of this larva it was seen that all the increase in size
which follows an unusual supply of nourishment takes
place after detachment, and that the larvee are of nearly
uniform size when they are detached. The length of
the larva at this date was 22°5 mm., when rather
stretched and very nearly straight.

On Sept. 16th the larva was rather smaller, having
become slightly shrunken during the process of spinning
a scaffolding. At this date it was drawn from two
points of view, and it is seen in Plate X., fig. 14
(ventral view), and fig. 15 (lateral view), both figures
being of the natural size. The silk spun by both the
larve was white at first, but subsequently became dark.
No. (3) did not construct a cocoon, but expended its silk
in making a large scaffolding in the chip-box, but the
central depression in which the larva now lies has the
form of a furrow with well-defined sides, and probably
represents the beginning of a cocoon. Larva No. (2), as
it wandered over the chip-box spinning a scaffolding,
came upon the hard cocoon which had been spun by the
D. vinula, and entered through the hole by which the
latter had been removed. In the smaller cavity it

306 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

constructed a perfect oval cocoon. This entirely confirms
my conclusions of last year, that the larve fail to make
cocoons in a comparatively large space, because all their
silk is exhausted in the scaffolding.

Thus larva No. (2) fed during a period of about four-
teen days, and the other for about seventeen days; so
that the duration of growth is precisely similar to that
of the larve described last year (also extending from
fourteen to seventeen days), although the size attained
was far less in the latter case. The conclusion that the
amount of growth is independent of the duration of the
whole feeding period is also shown in the fact that the
larger of the two larve (1886) ceased to feed in the
shorter time. It is also interesting in relation to the
same conclusion that larva No. (2) killed its host in
eleven days, while in 1885 the Dicranura larva lasted
through the attack of seven parasites during twelve days.
On the subject of the size of these two larve, Mr. K. A.
Fitch informs me that size is so entirely irregular
among the imagos of the Ichnewmonide that it cannot
be adopted as any criterion of specific identity. It is
exceedingly interesting to find so perfect an adaptation
to the necessarily uncertain amount of food obtainable
in the larval stage. I look forward with interest to the
appearance of the imagos of my larve, for they have
probably reached the upward limit of attainable size,
inasmuch as the Dicranura larve did not seem to be
completely eaten when the Paniscus larvee ceased to feed.

I am now able to add the duration of the pupal period
in Paniscus. In my last paper I described six larvee
(1885) as pupating May 17th—25th. On June 15th
three imagos emerged, another appeared on the following
day, and the remainder a few days later. Thus the
pupal period lasts for about four weeks. Each imago
directly after emergence ejects short white cylinders of
excreta, which from their appearance are probably some
product of nitrogenous metabolism. It is thus seen that
these imagos appear some weeks before the time at
which the larve of D. vinula have arrived at the stages of
growth in which they are liable to the attacks of these
parasites. A number of cocoons of D. vinula were kept
under the same conditions as the Paniscus larve and
pup, with the result that the eggs laid by the imagos
of the former hatched at the time when the Paniscus

upon lepidopterous larve, dc. 307

imagos emerged. I endeavoured to keep the latter
insects alive in glass cylinders, until the Dicranura
larve were advanced in size, but they only lived for
about a week. The mature larve of T’eniocampa gothica
were offered to them, and on one occasion I witnessed an
attack made upon one of these by a virgin female
Paniscus. The struggling larva was firmly held by the
hooked feet of the hymenopteron, while the mandibles
of the latter were deeply embedded in its body, so that
it bled freely ; at the same time the sheaths of the hori-
zontal ovipositor were held erect, as if the organ were
about to be used. At this critical point I was obliged to
leave in order to catch a train, but I afterwards found
that no eggs had been affixed to the larva, which had
died in consequence of the injuries inflicted upon it. I
certainly gained the impression that the Paniscus was
partially eating the larva, for so severe a bite would of
course have entirely prevented the latter from acting as
food for the offspring of the Paniscus. Furthermore, |
have not found any scar on the Dicranura larve with
eggs attached to them, which would indicate such severe
treatment.

I wish now to correct a mistaken account which I gave
last year of the ovum and the newly-hatched Paniscus
larva. The mistake was due to the fact that the ova
were partially hatched when I first examined them. In
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Pt. II., June, 1886, p. 164, I
thus described the ovum :—‘ The free anterior pointed
end of the ovum is marked off from the rest by a distinct
line, and after development begins it remains attached
to the young larva as a black and shining head-shield.”
The fact is that the unhatched ovum is rounded ante-
riorly, and exhibits no lines upon its surface, but in
hatching it splits along the lower surface, corresponding
to the ventral line of the enclosed larva, the line of
separation passing upwards over the anterior and on to
the front part of the superior surface of the black shell
of the ovum. The head of the larva partially protrudes
through the anterior part of the fissure thus made, and
it is black and shining on its upper surface, exactly
resembling the shell of the ovum. Gradual growth
brings the head completely out of the ovum, being
separated from it by the white larval body; but for
many hours the head can alone be seen on an

308 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

examination of the ovum from above, and at such a time
it exactly presents the appearance described in my last
year’s notes. Furthermore, the head is not black and
shining at any other larval stage, so that my mistake
was very natural. The position of the young larva

Fie. 3.

relatively to the egg-shell is shown in fig. 3; at the stage
of growth which is represented the head is just outside
the shell, and separated from it by one or two of the
thoracic segments. It can be readily imagined that
when the head is alone seen between the valves of the
shell, which it exactly resembles in colour, the whole
suggests an ege-covering marked by sutural lines. The
harmony in colour is doubtless protective, for it renders
the young larva indistinguishable from the egg during
the earliest period of growth. The head is seen in the
figure to be relatively large and well-developed; it is
probable that a minute examination may show more
distinct traces of the sense-organs and other structural
features than in the later stages, and it is to be expected
that these external hymenopterous parasites will preserve
clearer indications of the ancestral non-parasitic forms
from which they have been derived than those which are
presented by the more degenerate ento-parasitic species.
Now that I have the material I hope to investigate the
structure of Paniscus larvee by means of sections.

8. A SPECIAL POINT IN THE PROTECTIVE ATTITUDE OF
THE IMAGO OF GONOPTERA LIBATRIX.— The shape and
colour of this moth forcibly suggest the appearance of a
red leaf spotted with a few white bosses of fungoid

upon lepidopterous larve, cc. 309

growth. The time of emergence and the habit of
hybernation in the perfect stage correspond with the
period of year at which the resembled objects form a
predominant feature in nature. The moth is eagerly
pursued and keenly relished by birds, so that it is of the
greatest importance that the protective resemblance
should be as perfect as possible, and that any in-
dispensable structure which would interfere with the
resemblance should be as far as possible concealed in the
attitude of rest. On examining the moth I was very
interested to find that the eyes are completely covered
by a tuft of long hairs, which droop from the base of the
antennze when the latter are directed backwards, and are
themselves concealed beneath the wings in the protective
attitude. When the moth is about to fly the antenne
are brought forward, and the same action raises the
tufts and uncovers the eyes, so that both pairs of sense-
organs are rendered efficient simultaneously. The base
of the left antenna, with its tuft of hairs, is shown in
Plate X., fig. 16, x 24°5. It is likely that the tufts
may be of use in defending the eyes from dust, &c., as
well as in preventing the brilliancy of these organs from
interfering with the protective resemblance. Instances
of an analogous arrangement, with the latter significance,
are found in the gecko and the chameleon, the strong
protective resemblance being in these cases necessary
for the capture of prey rather than the avoidance of
enemies. The capture being largely dependent upon
sight, the eyes are very large, and would tend to render
these animals highly conspicuous. Hence in the gecko
the pupil is (except in dim light) a narrow chink with
very irregular margins, while all the rest of the exposed
part of the eye is coloured in such a manner as to
harmonise with the general surface of the animal,
rendered inconspicuous by its strong resemblance to the
stone which it frequents. Inthe chameleon the arrange-
ment is even more perfect, for the large eyes are covered
with skin, except for a small aperture opposite the pupil,
through which the animal can look. This skin is
directly continuous with that of the rest of the body,
and, like it, can be changed in tint so as to correspond
with the colour of surrounding surfaces.

310 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

9. THE COMPARATIVELY LATE EMERGENCE OF FEMALE
MOTHS FROM THE pupa.—LEvery entomologist who has
bred lepidopterous insects in the hope of pairmg them
in order to obtain eggs must have noticed that the great
difficulty with which he has to contend is the fact that
the males tend to emerge before the females. I have
noticed this for several years, and in the case of all the
species which I have employed in large numbers, and I
know that others have had a similar experience. At
first sight it would appear that this want of uniformity
must be a disadvantage to the species, for large numbers
of males must die before the females appear, and during
the time when the latter are only beginning to emerge
in small numbers. But, on the other hand, a more
than compensating advantage is doubtless gained by
the complete rivalry among a large number of males for
each of the females as they emerge, so that in the
majority of cases success in courtship is gained through
the possession of qualities which are of advantage to
the species, and not merely through the circumstance of
emergence at an appropriate time.

10. THE HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF PINK TUBERCLES
ON THE LARV# OF SATURNIA cAaRPINI.— The following
notes I owe almost entirely to the kindness of my friend
Dr. F. A. Dixey. On July 25th, 1885, eighty larve of
this species were sent to Dr. Dixey from Norfolk, where
they had been found feeding on meadow-sweet. The
larve were mostly in the last stage, or the last but one,
and after their arrival in Oxford they were fed upon
willow. The ground colour of these in the last stage
but one, whenever observed, was of a light bright green,
but in the last stage it varied from this colour to a dull
and dusky green. The black markings were also very
variable in the last stage, being, as a rule, especially
small in the bright green larve. In some larve the
black rings were incomplete, and were occasionally
reduced to a mere black line round each tubercle. The
longitudinal black marks, as a rule, only occurred in
the dull green larve. In seventy-six larve the tubercles
were yellow, varying from orange to lemon-yellow, and
the lighter tubercles were generally found upon the
bright green larve. In three larve the tubercles were
pink, without a trace of yellow or orange; in one the

upon lepidopterous larve, &e. 311

tubercles were pure white. Of the three larve with
pink tubercles, one was recognised from its size to be a
female, and it was of a dull green colour, with the black
markings largely developed. The other two were
similarly recognised as males, and they were both of
the brightest green colour, but with the black markings
well developed (unusually so for so light a ground colour).
The perfect insects emerged during the last ten days of
April, 1886, and 120 eges were obtained from the female
moth which was developed from the larva with pink
spots, the male parent being derived from one of the
two pink-spotted larve just described. The larve
emerged on May 28rd, 1886, and were fed upon haw-
thorn. During their first stages they showed a dis-
tinctly gregarious habit, and persistently sought the
side of their glass cage, which was turned towards the
light. Eighty of the larve were given to me, while the
remainder were reared by Dr. Dixey. Of these forty,
thirteen were found in the last stage to have yellow or
orange tubercles, twenty-seven to have pink spots like
the parents. The black segmental rings were not
imperfect in any of the forty larve, as was so often the
case in the original batch of larve. In this they com-
pletely resembled their parents. The green ground
colour varied, but was mostly bright lke that of the
male parent. One larva spun a cocoon with apparently
no valvular opening. Nearly all the larve had a
diarrhoeal discharge immediately before spinning, but
this appeared to be entirely normal, and to be uncon-
nected with any unhealthy condition. The eighty larve
given to me were partially used for physiological in-
vestigations, but forty-eight became sufficiently advanced
in the last stage to note the colours of the tubercles,
which were found to be pink in thirty-seven larve. The
results can therefore be tabulated as follows :—

1885. 80 larve, of which three (or 3°75 per cent.)
possessed pink tubercles.

1886. 88 larve, of which 64 (or 72°7 per cent.)
possessed pink tubercles.

It should be added that my larve were exposed to
surroundings of different colours, but that the tubercles
and the black markings were entirely unaffected, while
the dullness or brightness of the green ground colour

312 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

certainly seemed to be influenced by dark or light
surroundings. While the great majority of my larve
possessed the uniformly developed well-marked black
bands described by Dr. Dixey, in a few individuals these
markings were present to a very slight degree.

11. RELATION BETWEEN PHYTOPHAGOUS LARVE AND
VARIOUS SPECIES OF FOOD-PLANT.—One of the most in-
teresting things about insects is their extraordinary
specialisation in relation to plants, and the complete
interdependence between these widely separated groups of
organisms. Not the least interesting feature of this rela-
tionship is the fact that so many species of phytophagous
larve are rigidly limited to a few or often to only a single
species of food-plant. If such larve are offered other
food-plants it is well known that they will generally starve
without touching them. And yet there can be no doubt
that the food-plants must have been often extended or
changed as the range of a species altered, and, although
such change may be frequently in the direction of allied
or representative species of plants, this is by no means
always the case. Thus, taking a single instance, the
common food-plants of S. ocellatus are sallow and apple,
the occasional food-plants laurel and poplar. But if a
larva becomes so specialised in relation to a food-plant
that it will starve without touching another species
there seems to be a great barrier in the way of any
alteration, and the continued abundance of the animal
would seem to be endangered by a double series of risks,
i.e., those which beset the animal itself, and those
which beset the plant upon which it depends. Many
observations, however, tend to prove that the rigid
specialisation largely grows up in the life of each
individual, and is therefore not inherent in the species.
This seems to be shown by the following observations :—
The larve of S. populi feed commonly upon poplar,
rarely upon sallow and laurel: during the past season I
offered laurel to some half-grown larve which had been
previously fed upon Populus nigra, and, although left
without other food for some days, the laurel was
untouched. The larve similarly refused Populus alba.
So also S. ligustri commonly feeds upon privet, lilac,
and ash, but it has been occasionally found upon holly ;
and | have unsuccessfully offered the latter food-plant to

upon lepidopterous larve, ec. 313

larve which had been previously fed upon privet, &c.
The converse relation does not hold, for Mr. Grut
informs me that a larva which he found upon holly ate
privet with complete readiness. So also S. ocellatus
found upon sallow will always eat apple, and vice versa ;
but I feel sure that in either case it would starve without
touching laurel or poplar. The last observation which
has come under my notice is the most remarkable. In
1885 I found a company of half-grown larve of
P. bucephala feeding upon hazel, and I offered them
elm and Salia triandra, both of which were untouched ;
while they readily ate oak and Salix cinerea or S.
smithiana. In this case elm is a very common food-
plant of the species, perhaps the commonest at Oxford,
where the larve were found.

It therefore seems certain that the young larva on
hatching is in a far less specialised condition, as regards
its food-plants, than that which it will subsequently
reach. And this conclusion is supported by further
direct evidence, for it is well known that young larve
will nibble leaves of plants upon which the species has
never been found, and may sometimes grow for a con-
siderable time upon such food ; while conversely the half-
grown larve offered some new food do not usually give
themselves the chance of becoming adapted to it, for as a
rule they will starve without nibbling it in the least.
There is not much difficulty in imagining the conditions
under which a change of food-plant might occur without
the most obvious cause, 7. ¢., alteration in range of distri-
bution. The instinct of laying eggs is far stronger
than that of laying them upon any particular species of
plant, for it is well known that in confinement moths
will lay eggs upon any surface which is at hand.
Sunilarly a deformed female moth could not seek a
scattered food-plant, but would be compelled to lay its
eggs in a limited area. So also, in the case of rare
plants, any larva wandering far before pupation would
render it possible that the moth might not find the
plant at all, and under these circumstances it could not
wait beyond a certain period without laying its eggs;
and the same facts would probably hold for the last
eggs laid by many strong-flying species. Again, in certain
cases it is possible that the female moth may have been
deceived by the superficial resemblance between plants,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) Z

814 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

although, as a rule, the instinct is very accurate in this
respect. Thus it has occurred to me that the remarkable
association of sallow and apple, as the normal food-plants
of S. ocellatus, may have been due to the considerable
superficial resemblance between the wild crab (Pyrus
malus var. acerba) and some of the broad-leaved sallows
(such as Salix caprea or 'S. cinerea). There can be very
little doubt after the above-described observations that
holly is more recent as a food-plant of S. ligustri, and
laurel in the case of S. populi, and such cases help us to
understand how changes have occurred. The ready
erowth of a complete specialisation between such larve
and their more ancestral food-plants, and the less com-
plete specialisation to the more recent food-plants, is
probably the direct result of the far greater age and
frequency of the former relationship, so that in this case
heredity works with instead of against the specialisation
which grows up in the life of each individual. And
probably, for the same reason, the change from one
ancestral food-plant to another, or from a recent to an
ancestral food-plant, when larve are half-grown, is
rendered possible in those cases in which it has been
proved to occur. But whether these suggestions be
well founded or not, the main facts of this section must
be held as established by observation,—that the newly-
hatched larva is free to form special relations with
occasional or rare food-plants which cannot be formed
by the more mature larva in which such relations have
already grown up towards a commoner food-plant. And
this observation obviously goes a long way towards the
explanation of those changes of food-plants which we
know must have often occurred.

12. THE ORIGIN OF CARNIVOROUS HABITS IN PHYTO-
PHAGOUS LARV#.—Several observations make it probable
that cannibalism or carnivorous habits tend to arise in
larve, and have probably arisen in the past, out of the
necessities which follow the scarcity of the normal food.
During the summer of 1886 I was keeping large numbers
of larvee under conditions which rendered it probable
that the food-supply would sometimes fall short. In
order to investigate the colour-relation between larve
and their surroundings, coloured glass cages and bags
of coloured glazed lining were made use of ; within these

upon lepidopterous larve, te. 315

coverings the condition of the food-plant could not be
watched, and sometimes it withered, or was eaten earlier
than I expected. Thus the larve were sometimes
without food for a few days, and it was then found that
S. ocellatus had lost their caudal horns, while in some
cases the dorsal surface of the posterior part of the body
had been also nibbled. This habit of nibbling off the
caudal horns of other individuals is well known in this
species and in D. vinula, but I do not think that it has
been recognised as the result of hunger and as an
obvious tendency towards cannibalism. This is proved
by the fact that other lots of larve, always abundantly
supplied with food, were either not injured at all or only
in a very small proportion of cases. In one instance I
kept some larvee of D. vinula and S. ocellatus together in
a blue cage, and on one occasion the food-plant had
withered, and while it was being renewed I observed that
a D. vinula was gnawing the thoracic leg of an
S. ocellatus, and when the two were separated the former
soon returned and seized one of the claspers in its
mandibles, and bit it until it bled. Under similar
circumstances I have found an almost full-grown larva
of A. betularia which was engaged in swallowing a
small larva of the same species. The small larva was
held tightly in the clasp of the thoracic legs, and
nearly half of it had disappeared when the observation
was made.

These uniform results of the absence of food in all
three species of purely phytophagous larvee which have
been placed under such circumstances seem to offer a
probable explanation of those instances in which canni-
balism is well known to occur.

13. THE YouNG LARV% oF VANESSA URTICH AND
SATURNIA CARPINI SEEK LIGHT.—Dr. Dixey informs me
that his larve of S. carpini, when young, always
assembled on the side of the cylinder which was turned
towards the light, and I have made a similar observation
in the case of the young larve of V. urtice. In both
cases rotation of the cylinders was followed by a corre-
sponding change in the position of the larve. Both
these larve are dark coloured when young, so that the
observation, as far as it goes, supports Lord Walsing-
ham’s conclusions as to the advantage gained by the

316 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

absorption of radiant energy by larve. It would be
well to test the theory by interposing a transparent
athermanous screen between the larve and the source
of light.

14. THE MOVEMENTS OF LARVH GUIDED BY AN APPRE-
CIATION OF THE FORCE OF GRAVITATION.—The following
observation seems to admit of no escape from the con-
clusion that larve are guided by this sense, which must
be of great importance to them when they have been
blown off their food-plants, or have fallen after being
disturbed. During the past summer I had great oppor-
tunities of observing the larve of Vanessa urtice. It
was necessary, for some experiments which I was then
conducting, that the larve of the different companies
should be kept apart, and accordingly they were placed
in separate boxes. But a large company contains from
100 to 200 individuals, and it was found exceedingly
difficult to put the last larve in the box without losing
or injuring many others which had been previously
captured, and which crawled up the side of the box and
endeavoured to escape when the lid was removed. The
explanation suggested in the title of this section then
occurred to me, and I at once tested it by turning the
box upside down in my pocket, when the larve immedi-
ately crowded to the bottom of the box, which was then
uppermost. On another occasion I witnessed the
practical use of this sense of direction in the case of
the same species. While the individuals of a large
company were being removed from a nettle-bed, about a
dozen larve fell to the ground and escaped among the
‘crowded leaves. Returning in the course of half an
hour all the larve were found upon the tops of the
nettles, having evidently commenced to reascend without
any loss of time. Another instance of the same sense
of direction is seen in the behaviour of larve (such as
Pygara bucephala) which have been blown off trees in
the neighbourhood of walls and houses, for under such
circumstances the larve obey the instinct to crawl
upwards upon any adjacent surface, whatever it may
happen to be, and they may often be seen patiently
ascending some object which does not lead to their
food-plant. But under natural conditions the larve are
not equally liable to be misled by this sense of direction,

upon lepidopterous larve, de. 317

and under all circumstances it is controlled by that
other sense which enables the larva to recognise its
food-plant as soon as it reaches it.

DESCRIPTION OF PuaATE X.

Fic. 1. Natural size. The mature larva of Smerinthus
ocellatus, seen from the right side. The larva was found on
S. triandra, and possessed the most developed system of red
spots which I have yet seen. The figure shows that all three rows
were highly developed, the upper row being represented on every
segment anterior to the 8th abdominal; the middle row possessing
in addition a spot upon the latter segment, while the lower row
was quite complete, all the claspers being distinctly marked.

Fic. 2, x 2 diameters. The head of a mature larva of
Smerinthus populi, seen from the right side. The patches of dark
shading upon the head indicate the position of the red markings.
The larva possessed a remarkably developed system of red spots,
which extended on to the head itself in the positions shown in the
figure. The chief masses are seen to be in the area of the ocelli,
represented as a semicircle of black points, and on the apex of the
head.

Fic. 3. Natural size, seen from the right side. An apparently
mature Cherocampoid Sphing larva, brought from Celebes by
Dr. Hickson. The larva combines, in an interesting manner, the
characteristics of many genera of Sphingide. The well-formed
eye-like mark on the 1st abdominal segment, together with the
correlated form of the anterior part of the body and the head,
rendering possible the well-known terrifying attitude,—all are as in
Cherocampa. The oblique stripes, with their dark borders, the
traces of shagreening, and the subdorsal persistent for its whole
length, especially resemble Smerinthus and the younger stages of
Sphinx. The shape of the caudal horn is peculiar, but recalls that
of the latter genus, while the fact that the shagreening is far
more prominent upon this structure than upon any other part of
the body also obtains in other genera, although it is perhaps most
characteristic of Acherontia. The white dorsal and lateral spots
are probably very ancestral features recognisable in the younger
stages of Sphing and Smerinthus. The living larva was green in
colour.

318 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

Fic. 4. Natural size. A mature larva of Amphidasis betularia,
seen from the left side. The figure represents a common green
variety of this variable larva, and it is seen that in this, the usual
attitude of rest, the larva is supported by holding a portion of the
food-plant with its last pair of thoracic legs, instead of by the
thread which is usually spun by the larve of Geometre for this
purpose.

Fic. 5. Natural size. The mature larva of Rwmia crategata,
as seen from the right side attached to its food-plant—hawthorn—
in the natural attitude of rest. The larva is recognised by the
supporting thread, which, however, from its colour and fineness,
does not attract attention in nature. The figure was drawn from
an actual specimen of the larva on its food-plant, and it indicates
the remarkable resemblance between the structural details of the
animal and the plant upon which it most commonly occurs. The
twigs resemble the larva in colour, in shape, and in direction.
About in the middle of the majority of the twigs there is a
prominent projection, which is almost exactly imitated by the
dorsal tubercles of the larva; the processes form the crown of a
very slight bend in both, while the ends of the twigs greatly
resemble the head of the larva. Such a specialised protective
resemblance would seem to be the product of a very prolonged
association of the larva with this species of plant.

Fic. 6. Natural size. The mature larvaof Dicranura vinula in
the terrifying attitude, as seen from the left side. Thelarva had been
irritated on the left side of its body, and, in obedience to the tactile
stimulus, had assumed the attitude represented in the figure. In
addition to the terrifying appearance being thus brought to bear
upon the point from which the attack is made, the mouth of the
gland secreting formic acid is also directed so that an enemy
would probably be struck by the discharged fluid. The caudal
flagella are represented as everted to their full extent, although
the power of using these weapons is generally lost in the mature
larve.

Fic. 7, X 2 diameters. The head and prothorax of a larva of
Dicranura vinula towards the beginning of the last stage, looked
at from below. At this stage of growth slight pressure applied to
the larva causes the eversion of the gland-tubes which secrete the
formic acid, and of the median sae in which the fluid is stored.
There are seen to be four tubes, the anterior pair being longer and
wider than the posterior pair. The position of the everted organs
is seen to correspond with that of the horizontal slit-like mouth
through which eversion takes place, and shown upon the red
margin of the prothorax below the head in fig. 6.

upon lepidopterous larve, dc. 319

Fig. 8, x 8 diameters. The left conical receptacle of the larva
of Dicranura vinula, as seen from the left side, with its flagellum
completely everted. Comparison with fig. 6 indicates that the
flagellum curves towards the dorsal aspect of the larva. On the
dorsal side of the base of the receptacle the anal flap is seen, and a
tubercle (of which there are two) terminating in a bristle, and
made use of in removing the feces. The base of the flagellum is
faintly coloured and transparent, so that the rest of the organ can
be distinctly seen passing through this part during introversion.
As introversion commences with the apex of the organ, the latter
is seen to enter the transparent portion when the pink part is
reduced to half its length. In the normal position of rest the
transparent base is also introverted, and the deeply coloured part
of the organ can be dimly seen lying in the semitransparent
receptacle. The latter is covered with black patches, each of
which bears a tubercle terminating in a bristle.

Fie. 9, x 188 diameters. The apex of the flagellum of the larva
of Dicranura vinula, drawn so as to show the arrangement of its
structural details. From the base up to the horizon a—a the
superficial characters are shown; the cuticle, which appears
smooth to the naked eye and with very low powers, is seen to be
prolonged into very numerous fine sharp short processes (c) ; these
are also seen in section above a—a, and they are shown to be
processes of the superficial cuticular layer. Between a—a and
B—Bs the hypodermis cells (hk. c.) are seen from the surface, the
cuticle having been removed. Above a—a the cuticle is seen in
section around the rest of the structure, and it consists of the two
normal layers, a superficial cuticular layer, which is non-laminated
(s. Ul. c.), and a deep cuticular layer, which is finely laminated
(d.l.c.) Both are quite transparent in this organ, although the
former contains the black pigment in other parts of the larva.
The whole of the pink pigment is contained in the flattened hypo-
dermis cells (h. c.), and, as indicated in the drawing, it is darkest
round the margins of the cells, and especially at their apices.
Above B—B a longitudinal section along the middle line of the
organ is shown; an oblique view of a transverse section of the
structures beneath the cuticle, through half the organ, being
represented immediately below B—s. ‘The structures on the
left side of the drawing are alone shaded in the longitudinal
section. The hypodermis cells (h. ¢.) are seen to be flattened and
to overlap each other. Beneath the cells is a delicate layer (x, 1.)
representing the thicker ‘dermal’? connective tissues in many
other parts. Beneath this there is a space filled with blood in the
everted organ. Then follows the retractor muscle made up of.

320 Mr. Poulton’s notes in 1886

several bundles arranged round an axial space containing a large
ganglion. The muscle bundles (7. m.) consist of striated fibres,
and they are surrounded by a sheath (m. s.), which must be highly
elastic. Occupying the axial space there is seen to be a ganglion
made up of large ganglion cells (g. c.) and nerve-fibres (n. f.).
The proportion of nervous to muscular tissue is seen to be very
large.

Fic. 10, X 24°5 diameters. One of the eversible ventral glands
of the larva of Crewsus septentrionalis, as seen in longitudinal
section. The gland is represented as almost completely everted,
the apex being still retracted. The layers are represented dia-
grammatically: (s. 0. c.) superficial non-laminated cuticular
layer; (d. 1. c.)=the deep laminated layer; (h. c.) =the hypo-
dermis cells. The retractor muscle is shown at (7. m.); its fibres
are striated.

Fic. 11, x 2 diameters. The head and four anterior segments of
the larva of Gonoptera libatriz, as seen from the left side in the
contracted state before pupation. The larva had been taken out of
its cocoon. Two large black patches are very conspicuous on the
second and third thoracie segments: no trace of these markings
was present in the larva before the cocoon was spun. The line
parallel with the dorsal contour of all segments except the anterior
thoracic is the subdorsal, which was present in the younger larva,
and still remains distinct. The black patches exactly cover the
pupal wings which are developed beneath.

Fia.12, x 10 diameters. A transverse section through the middle
of the second thoracic segment of the larva of Gonoptera libatria,
showing the relation of the black patch indicated in the last figure
to the developing pupal wings. Only the right half of the section
is complete, the median line being indicated by the dotted line a—a,
The digestive canal is indicated at (d. c.), the commissural strands
of the ganglionic cord at (n.c.) The pupal cuticle is represented
by (p. c.), and the larval cuticle by (J. c.) The pupal wing (p. w.)
is seen to be developing as a pouch-like diverticulum of the body-
cavity. The black patch (0. p.) is shown to be due to pigment in
the superficial part of the larval cuticle; its extent is seen to
correspond with that of the rudimentary wing beneath.

Fig. 18, x 188 diameters. A portion of the developing wing of
the last figure, together with the larval cuticle which covers it,
seen in transverse section. The larval cuticle consists of the two
normal layers, of which the superficial one (s’. J’. c'.) is seen to
contain the whole of the pigment of the black patch, while the
lower lamellated layer (d’. 1’. c/.) is coloured by staining reagents.
This high magnification shows that the larval surface is rough,

upon lepidopterous larve, ce. 321

although it appears perfectly smooth to the naked eye. Of course
there are no hypodermis cells beneath the larval cuticle, for these
structures have sunk to a lower level after forming the cuticle of
the pupal wing, which now intervenes between them and the
larval cuticle. These cells (h. c.) are extremely long and narrow
when their whole length is shown in the section: their bases
become attenuated and pass into fine fibre-like processes: their
upper parts become continuous with an apparently homogeneous
layer (d. l. c.), which represents the partially formed lower lamel-
lated layer of the cuticle. Above this is the previously formed
superficial layer (s. l. c.), which is ochreous in colour, but which
quickly deepens into black on exposure to air when the larval skin
is thrown off. This latter layer is seen to be much thicker and
rougher than that of the larva.

Fig. 14. Natural size. The larva of Paniscus cephalotes,
externally parasitic upon the larva of Dicranura vinula. The
larva is seen from beneath, and it is of very exceptional size. The
D. vinula larva was attacked by several of these parasites, of
which all but one were destroyed, and the latter therefore appears
to have attained the maximum size, for the host was not quite
demolished.

Fic. 15. Natural size. The same larva, seen from the left side.

Fic. 16, x 24:5 diameters. The base of the left antenna of the
imago of Gonoptera libatrix, as seen from the left side in the
attitude of rest. In this attitude the main part of the antenna
passes backwards beneath the wings, while a tuft of hairs rising
from the base is brought over the eye of the moth, When the
moth is disturbed the antennex are brought forward, and the same
action raises the tuft and uncovers the eyes. When at rest the
brilliancy of the eyes is thus prevented from interfering with the
very perfect protective resemblance to a dead leaf, and the eyes
are also defended from dust, &c., especially during the prolonged
rest of hybernation, which in this species takes place in the
imaginal stage.

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XV. On Byrsops, and some allied genera. By Francts P.
Pascog, F.L.S., &c.

[Read June Ist, 1887. |

PLATE XI.

OnLy one species of Byrsops* has, I believe, been de-
scribed since 1842, when Schénherr enumerated twenty-
five. I have now in the following pages described four-
teen, which I have not been able to identify with any of
his descriptions. ‘To these I have added a few others,
chiefly new generic forms, belonging to the same sub-
family.

With Lacordaire’s ‘“‘ Byrsopsides vrais’? I place Syn-
thocus, it having the same prothoracic canal as Byrsops.
These and the other genera of this section of Byrsopine
may be better understood by the following table :—

Intermediate cox contiguous.

Prothorax gspined at the sides ate .. HopLitoTRACcHELus, Schon.
Prothorax not spined.
Tarsi elongate ore Be fa .. Byrsops, Schon.
Tarsi not elongate.
Funicle six-jointed es 36 .. DyYEROCERA.
Funicle seven-jointed.
Club adnate .. bs Ss .. Davnaxius.

Club not adnate.
First abdominal segment distinct Ixopicus, Pasce.

First abdominal segment combined
with the second .. are .. Liasorvs.

* The genus was first distinguished by Schénherr in 1826 under
the name of Cryptops (Cure. Disp. Meth., p. 65) ; previous writers
—Thunberg, Wiedemann, &e.—had confounded it with Brachy-
cerus. Schonherr subsequently changed the name to Byrsops.
He spoke of its species being from the Cape and Bengal, but as it
is exclusively South African, it would be interesting to know what
were the insects he mistook for Byrsops. They were in Wester-
mann’s collection at Copenhagen.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART II. (SEPT.)

324 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

Intermediate coxe not contiguous.
Metasternum pointed anteriorly.

Scrobes curving beneath the eye ; .. SynTHocus, Schon.
Scrobes straight in front of the eye.
Pectoral canal narrow, deep aD .. OPHRYODOTUS.
Pectoral canal broad, shallow ae .. PEZERPES.

Metasternum broad and truncate anteriorly .. Huryxena.

The following is a list of the species described in this
paper :—

Byrsops socia. Byrsops vicaria.
Ap plumbea. 5 tersula.
a scapularis: 55 eximia.
a. mendica. 3 farinosa.
x alveata. Daulaxius stolatus.
35 intermedia. Dyerocera gravida.
5 glaucescens. Liasotus ovis.
yt) terrena. Ophryodotus singularis.
re encausta. Pezerpes rugosus.
5 vittigera. Buryxena bruchotides.

Spartecerus infaustus (accidentally figured).

1. Edge of declivity* rounded.

Byrsops socia.

B. subovata, squamositate subsilacea nitida tecta; rostro sat
elongato, basi angustiore, leviter reticulatim foveato; prothorace
angustato, ante medium incurvato, antice late sulcato; elytris
oblongo-quadratis, triseriatim tuberculatis, dorso fere in medio et
juxta basin macula communi umbrina notatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. §. Africa.

Subovate, covered with a somewhat glossy greyish yellow squa-
mosity;}+ head rather narrow, superciliary ridges strongly raised ;
rostrum rather long, narrowed at the base, slightly reticulately
pitted in front; prothorax rather longer than broad, incurved at
the sides to the middle and thence rounded to the base, coarsely
pitted, the apex with a larger pit or groove; elytra oblong-quad-
rate, much broader than the prothorax at the base, each with three
rows of mammilliform tubercles, the inner one commencing behind

* In the Byrsopine the elytra are generally suddenly bent down
or truncate behind, the vertical portion constituting the ‘“ de-
clivity.”’ Our genus Gronops is an exception.

+ What is by some entomologists called a ‘‘squamosity”’ is
intended to represent the modern Latin ‘‘ indumentum,” for which
our language has no equivalent. In reality squamosity is nothing
more than very minute scales, never overlapping, and not always
contiguous.

and some allied genera. 325

the middle, of seven tubercles, each gradually smaller to the apex,
the second of seven, including one at the base nearer the suture,
the outer row of eight, the last three much the smallest, the
interstices rather closely and coarsely punctured, at the base a
common bilobed and just before the middle a quadrate spot com-
posed of short erect umber hairs ; legs dotted with long white sete.

Alhed to B. buccellaria (the type of the genus), but,
inter alia, with a narrower head and prothorax, the
latter longer than broad, and the elytra quadrate, with
the tubercles mammilliform.

Byrsops plumbea. (Pl. XI., fig. 7).

B. ovata, nigra, squamis minutis albidis confertim vestita, ad
latera elytrorum maculis plurimis niveis ornata; rostro breve,
angusto, subgibboso, impunctato; elytris latis, modice convexis,
minus tuberculatis. Long. 3} lin.

Hab. Cape.

Ovate, black, clothed above with minute, whitish, non-con-
tiguous scales; head broad, convex in front, and with low super-
ciliary ridges; rostrum short, narrow, gibbous in the middle, and
without grooves or punctures; club of the antenne stout, and as
long as the funicle ; prothorax transverse, very slightly rounded at
the apex, the disc irregular, dotted with a few glossy black
granules ; scutellum transverse, covered with ferruginous hairs;
elytra in the middle nearly twice as broad as the prothorax, with
numerous shallow punctures placed in irregular lines, each elytron
with two rows of tubercles, the inner with three, the middle with
five, and the outer with seven, the latter with the tubercles com-
pressed and continuous, between the outer and close to the middle
row a black stripe, the deflexed sides with well-limited spots com-
posed of snowy scales; body beneath blackish, suture between
the two basal segments of the abdomen nearly obsolete; legs
covered with whitish scales, and dotted with longish sete.

The black derm just visible between the white scales,
which are also present in the punctures, especially on
the elytra, gives a leaden hue to this species. ‘The spots
on the sides are probably lable to unite.

Byrsops scapularis.
B. late subovata, indumento, vel squamis minutis, subnitide
griseis dense tecta; rostro crasso, leviter foveato; prothorace rude

326 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

foveato, in medio subsuleato ; elytris subquadratis, prothorace fere
duplo latioribus, tuberculis conicis numerosis triseriatim dispositis,
unum humerale majus. Long. 4 ln.

Hab. Cape.

Broadly subovate, covered with a slightly glossy greyish squa-
mosity, or with minute scales; head broad, over each eye an
angular superciliary ridge; rostrum short, four rows of shallow
pits posteriorly ; funicle rather short, slender; prothorax broad
and rounded at the sides, convex, and roughly pitted above, the
middle with a shallow groove, and a few glossy black granules,
more or less united on the deflected sides; elytra subquadrate,
much broader at the base than the prothorax, the sides subparallel,
each elytron with three rows of mostly mammilliform contiguous
tubercles, the inner row towards the base of a few oblong slightly
raised tubercles or merely a raised line, the intermediate and outer
rows commencing near the base, the largest tubercle at the
shoulder, the intervals irregularly and closely pitted, the deflected
sides with mostly very large and approximate pits, the declivity
with a row of smaller tubercles, a continuation of the inner row;
body beneath with a dull greyish squamosity, second abdominal
segment marked off from the first by a very distinct suture; legs
with whitish scales and dotted with black sete.

Compared with B. buccellaria this species has con-
tiguous and larger tubercles, coarser fovezw, and on the
shoulders a rounded and prominent callus-like tubercle.

Byrsops mendica.

B. ovata; squamositate obscure grisea sat laxe tecta; rostro
subangusto, ruguloso; prothorace antice constricto, postice con-
vexo, apicem versus profunde trifoveato; elytris breviter ovatis,
triseriatim tuberculatis, tuberculis magnis; tarsis crassiusculis.
Long. 23 lin.

Hab. Cape.

Ovate; rather thinly covered with a dull greyish squamosity ;
head broad, superciliary ridges raised; rostrum somewhat narrow,
scarcely longer than the head, roughish, dotted with a few short
sete ; prothorax not longer than broad, indistinctly tuberculate,
constricted anteriorly, and markably convex behind, near the apex
three deep fovee, and at the base two short raised tuberculiform
lines; elytra shortly ovate, each with three lines of mostly stout
approximate tubercles, the outer row with a larger tubercle at the
shoulder followed by six gradually smaller ones, except the last,

and some allied genera. 327

intermediate row of five gradually larger tubercles towards the
declivity, inner row of two large tubercles continuous with three
small ones on the declivity, itself forming with its fellow a shallow
groove, the interstices finely punctured; beneath and legs roughly
squamose, setigerous; tarsi stout.

This species may be placed after B. Hopei, but it is
much smaller, with narrower rostrum, the inner row of
tubercles confined to the edge of the declivity, &e.

Byrsops alveata.

B. subovata, squamositate grisea dense tecta; rostro antice bi-
sulcato; prothorace in medio carinis angustis altis duabus munito ;
elytris breviter ovatis, tuberculis majusculis triseriatim dispositis.
Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Cape.

Subovate, densely covered with a greyish squamosity; super-
ciliary ridges semicircular; rostrum longer than the head, with
three stout ridges forming two deep grooves between them, the
outer ridge joined to the superciliary ridge; prothorax sub-
cylindrical, four-ridged, the two middle ridges linear and raised,
forming a narrow groove between them, the lateral ridges inter-
rupted, the interspaces more or less excavated; elytra shortly
ovate, each with three rows of tubercles, the outer row of six large
oval ones, the intermediate row of four, two only before the
declivity, the inner of four, all the tubercles more or less contiguous
at the base, and coarsely pitted between the rows, at the base near
the suture an oval patch of brown closely-set hairs; legs dotted
with slender black setie ; tarsi rather long.

The sculpture of the rostrum and prothorax and the
larger tubercles on the elytra at once distinguishes this
species. It may be placed after B. lutosa.

Byrsops intermedia.

B. ovata, squamositate saturate grisea sat tenuiter tecta; rostro
longiore, pauci-foveato ; prothorace subcylindrico, in medio leviter
suleato, antice utrinque late excavato; elytris ovatis, triseriatim
tuberculatis, tuberculis majusculis, approximatis vel subapyproxi-
matis, basi singulorum macula silacea notatis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Cape.
Ovate, dark grey, with a pale slightly interrupted squamosity ;
superciliary ridges raised, a smaller ridge bounding the base of the

328 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

rostrum, this longer than the head, flattish in front, with about
eight foveex; prothorax subcylindrical, broadly grooved in the
middle, with a large fovea on each side anteriorly, rest of the pro-
thorax and sides sparsely and finely punctured ; elytra ovate, each
with three rows of tubercles, these rather large, mostly conical,
more or less approximate, and confined to the edge of the declivity,
the inner row of six, the first tubercle connected with an elevated
ridge extended from the base, the second row of six large tubercles,
the first oblong and out of the line of the remainder, third row of
eight tubercles, interspaces moderately punctured; abdomen with
a few coarse punctures; legs with many short sete; tarsi rather
stout.

This species may be placed near B. buccellaria, but it
has no central spot on the elytra, and it has much
broader tarsi.

Byrsops terrena.

B. ovata, squamositate sordide grisea tecta; rostro brevi,
erassiusculo, pauci-foveato ; prothorace sat valde transverso, disco
granulis parvis nitide nigris adspersis; elytris sat breviter ovatis,
singulis carinis tuberculatis tribus munitis. Long. 4 lin.

Hab. South Africa.

Ovate, uniformly covered with an opaque earthy greyish squa-
mosity ; head broad, superciliary ridges scarcely raised ; rostrum
thickish, shorter than the head, convex, and with few foves in
front; prothorax much broader than long, with remote lines, each
consisting of a few small glossy black granules; elytra rather
shortly ovate, each with three slightly raised lines dotted with
small mammilliform non-approximate tubercles, nearly obsolete on
the declivity, the interstices finely punctured; body beneath with
a roughish squamosity, that on the legs of a silvery hue; tibia and
tarsi dotted with many black sete.

Allied to B. rana, but larger, broader, the elytra more
tuberculate, only slightly punctured, and the prothorax
without the white spot at the side.

Byrsops glaucescens.

B. ovata, squamositate griseo-alba tecta; fronte carinula obliqua
instructa; rostro antice pauci-foveato, basi tuberculo ovali in-
structo; prothorace cylindrico, basin versus tuberculis quatuor
setigeris utrinque dispositis; elytris breviter ovatis, dorso etuber-
culatis; tarsis latis. Long. 23 lin,

Hab. S. Africa.

and some allied genera. 329

Ovate, covered with a greyish-white squamosity (to the naked
eye having a glaucous tint), and with a few minute black setx
above; superciliary ridges raised, front with two lesser oblique
ridges bounding the base of the rostrum, this of moderate length,
marked with four fovee in front, the base with an oval tubercle ;
prothorax cylindrical, rather longer than broad, anteriorly with
three large concavities, posteriorly two lines, each of four seti-
gerous tubercles, having a short groove between them; elytra
shortly ovate, each with three rows of tubercles, the inner row of
one tubercle only posteriorly and three on the declivity, the second
row with four, including one at the declivity and two at the apex,
the outer or lateral row with five, at the base two raised lines, rest
of the elytra obsoletely punctured except the line near the suture,
at the commencement of the declivity a black curved transverse
line; body beneath and legs with a dense squamosity; tarsi
dilated.

The broad tarsi—an exception to the characters of
the genus—and the disk of the elytra non-tuberculate,
with the well-defined black apical line, will at once
distinguish this pretty little species.

2. Edge of the declivity angulate.

Byrsops encausta. (Pl. X1., fig. 6).

B. oblonga, squamis minutis argenteo-griseis tecta; capite
antice convexo; rostro integro, leviter foveato; prothorax tri-
sulcato; elytris plaga communi basali, apice posticeque bifida,
fusco-hirsuta notatis, postice tuberculatis ; tarsis elongatis. Long.
4} lin.

Hab. South Africa.

Oblong, the elytra especially covered with minute silvery grey
scales, those on the head and prothorax more decidedly grey; head
convex in front, a curved shallow depression marking it off from
the rostrum, this stoutish, entire, and indistinctly pitted; pro-
thorax nearly parallel at the sides, irregularly pitted, the three
largest pits anteriorly, the middle one forming part of a longi-
tudinal groove; elytra much broader than the prothorax, but not
at the base, each with a row of four or five small tubercles at the
side of the dise and another row of large tubercles on the inflexed
side, between these a brown stripe varying in certain lights,
posteriorly near the suture two small tubercles, the declivity also
with tubercles, the largest near the angle, a large oblong dark
brown patch, composed of erect hairs, but not extending to the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART III. (SEPT.) 2A

330 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

declivity, and its two extremities bifid; legs dotted with slender
black sete; tarsi slender; suture between the two basal segments
of the abdomen marked by a row of larger punctures.

The stripes or patches on the elytra of this and
neighbouring species are made up of short erect closely-
set hairs—a modification of scales.

Byrsops vittigera. (Pl. XI., fig. 4).
B. oblongo-ovata, squamis minutis griseo-albis tecta; rostro
angusto, integro, antice sex-foveato; elytris lineis vittis duabus

abbreviatis umbrino-notatis, postice tuberculatis; tarsis elongatis.
Long. 4 lin.

Hab. - Cape.

Head in front broadly convex, superciliary ridges nearly obso-
lete; rostrum with a double row of six fovee on the basal half;
prothorax rather longer than broad, slightly rounded at the sides,
irregularly and unequally pitted, anteriorly three deeper and
larger pits, and at the base an oblong depression; elytra broader
than the prothorax, each with three raised lines on the disc, and a
fourth on the deflected side, the inner and third short, the inter-
mediate towards the declivity developing into three narrow and
gradually larger tubercles, on the declivity a smaller and more
conical tubercle, between the lines and at the deflected sides rows
of punctures extending to the apex, on each side of the suture an
umber-coloured stripe, not extending to the declivity, composed of
erect hairs, and followed by two tubercles; legs dotted with black
sete ; tarsi long and linear.

Possibly an ally of B. retusus, described by Boheman
from a specimen without head and legs. The tarsi are
unusually long and slender.

Byrsops vicaria.

B. oblonga, subtilissime granulata, squamis minutis griseis
tecta; rostro crassiusculo, integro, antice obsolete foveato; elytris
vitta communi basali fusca notatis, postice tuberculatis; tarsis
elongatis. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. Cape.

Allied to the last but narrower, with only one stripe on the disc
of the elytra, and the upper surface dotted with very small glossy
black granules; head and rostrum as in the last, but the latter
shorter and stouter; prothorax broader and very slightly pitted,
except the three anterior pits, which are just as strongly marked ;

and some allied genera. 331

elytra with the outer line on the disc well developed, the tubercles
more mammilliform, the deflected sides only striate-punctate, the
interstices raised; legs dotted with black sete; tarsi not so
slender; faint trace of a suture between the first and second
abdominal segments.

Byrsops tersula. (Pl. XL, fig. 8).

B. oblonga, griseo-squamosa fusco varia; rostro basi sex-punc-
tato ; prothorace antice transversim constricto; elytris tuberculis
maguis triseriatim instructis, interstitiis fuscis seriatim punctatis.
Long. 3 lin.

Hab. South Africa.

Oblong, covered with minute greyish and brownish scales ; head
broad, a small round superciliary ridge, front irregularly punc-
tured; rostrum narrow, with a double row of six punctures at the
base ; prothorax convex, rounded at the sides, and about as long
as broad, the apex slightly produced with a transverse impression
behind it, the dise roughly punctured in the middle, punctures at
its sides smaller and less approximate, the sides and middle striped
with brown; elytra not twice the length of the prothorax, disc
seriate-punctate, each with three rows of tubercles, all conical and
gradually larger to the proclivity, the interval between the first
and second rows with a double row of punctures, the inner and
outer rows with three tubercles each, the intermediate with five,
the last of this row much the largest, on the declivity one
mammilliform and two or three smaller tubercles, the deflexed
sides with numerous scattered punctures; first abdominal suture
nearly obsolete; legs dotted with long sete or hairs.

The intervals between the rows of tubercles have a
brownish hue, but the outer stripe is dark brown. A
pretty little species slightly resembling B. vittigera.

Byrsops eximia. (Pl. XI., fig. 5).

B. oblonga, subparallela, squamis minutis roseo-griseis vestita,
linea lanceolata suturali, postice abbreviata, fusca ornata, discoque
ad latera fusca ; rostro carinis tribus abbreviatis instructo. Long.
53 lin.

Hab. Cape.

Narrowly oblong, the side nearly parallel, clothed with very
minute rose-grey scales; head broad, superciliary ridges well
developed: rostrum constricted at the base, in front three carine,

332 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

but not extending to the apex; antenne black; scape thick ;
funicle linear, slender, the two basal joints elongate; club large,
ovate; prothorax oblong, grooved in the middle, irregularly pune-
tured, and three oblong depressions anteriorly ; elytra slightly
broader in the middle than at the base, unequally and nearly
obsoletely seriate-punctate, dise on each side with a row of small
tubercles terminating at the declivity in a large tubercle, and a
smaller one nearer the suture, sides of the dise obliquely inflexed
and dark brown, on the suture, but extending to the declivity,
a dark chocolate-brown lanceolate stripe composed of densely
packed erect short hairs, the declivity itself clouded with brown,
with one larger and four smaller tubercles on each side of the
suture; body beneath and legs pale ferruginous, the latter elongate
and dotted with numerous long black sete.

I have a specimen—agreeing with another in the
British Museum—labelled B. amplexicollis, Wiedm., to
which this species is closely allied, but it does not agree
with Boheman’s description (Schounherr, vi., 2, p. 390) ;
indeed, if the character of the tarsi is correct (‘‘ tarsis
subtus dense nigro-pilosis’’) it can hardly belong to the
genus.

Byrsops farinosa.

B. oblonga, silacea, squamis minutis albidis tecta; rostro
longiusculo, gibboso, obsolete punctato ; prothorace convexo, vix
punctato; elytris supra planatis, ad latera modice rotundatis,
lineatim leviter punctatis, postice tuberculis parvis marginatis.
Long. 53 lin.

Hab. South Africa.

Oblong, pale brownish yellow clothed with minute whitish
scales; head broadly concave between the two elevated super-
ciliary ridges; rostrum rather longer, narrowed at the base,
cibbous, obsoletely punctured ; antennz small, the funicle gradually
stouter to the club; prothorax convex, rather longer than broad,
constricted anteriorly, scarcely punctured; elytra moderately
rounded at the sides, abruptly declivous behind, the dise flat, with
very small punctures in lines, the deflexed sides with broad rather
shallow grooves, and covered with brownish yellow scales, the dise
at the declivity margined with above a dozen small round tubercles,
and about the same number, but much smaller, at the side; body
beneath rusty-brown, legs mottled with the same colour, and
dotted with small black sete; tarsi with the claw-joint cylindrical
and longer than the others together.

and some allied genera, S00

To the naked eye a pale fawn-coloured species with
scarcely any punctuation, and witn only very small
marginal tubercles.

DavLAXxIvs.

Caput depressum; rostrum subangustum; scrobes_ breves,
oblique. Antenne breviuscule; funiculus septem articulatus,
articulo ultimo ad clavam arcte applicato. Elytra convexa,

amphata. Rima pectoralis profunda. Pedes validi; tarsi breves
incrassati.

The last joint of the funicle intimately with, and
indeed forming part of, the club, and the thick tarsi,
are the principal technical characters of this new genus,
differentiating it from Byrsops. The facies is that of
a Brachycerus. It may be noticed that the light-coloured
scales are linear or lanceolate, with a deep median
groove, those on the tibiz standing well out from the
surface; the darker scales are smaller, many of them
having a small central puncture.

Daulaxius stolatus. (Pl. XI., fig. 11).
D. validus, squamis fulvo-griseis dense tectus, disco prothoracis
elytrisque basi et fere in medio fascia lata abbreviata nigro-fusca
notatis. Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Delagoa Bay.

Broadly ovate, closely covered with fulvous-grey scales, the dise
of the prothorax anda large |-shaped patch on the base of the
elytra dark brown; head irregularly excavated between the two
well-developed superciliary ridges; basal half of the rostrum
roughly punctured; basal joint of the funicle pyriform; club
oblong, pointed; prothorax scarcely broader than long, narrower
at the apex, the sides rounded, dise with rough irregular tubercles,
but having a marked interrupted groove in the middle; elytra
at the sides more than twice as broad as the prothorax at the base,
not suddenly declivous posteriorly, each elytron with three rows of
tubercles, the two inner rot continued beyond the declivity, the
outer row bounding the dise of about ten contiguous tubercles, at
the shoulder a short row of three, all closely covered with scales ;
three intermediate segments of the abdomen of equal length ; legs
closely covered with greyish scales, and dotted with black sete,
three basal joints of the tarsi very short and broad.

334 Mr. I. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

DYEROCERA.

Rostrum crassum, difforme; scrobes transverse, ab oculos
distantes. Antenne valide; scapus brevis; funiculus sex-articu-
latus, articulis totis transversis ad clavam gradatim latioribus.
Prothorax elevatus, apice truncatus, lobis ocularibus ciliatis.
Elytra convexa, ampliata. Tibie apice extus producte; tarsi
angustati. Rima pectoralis obsoleta.

This genus would perhaps be better piagad in the
Brachycerine, as the antenne are only partially genicu-
late, and the mandibles, so far as I can make out, are
covered by the mentum; but the six-jointed funicle, the
large ocular lobes, and the depression, hardly amounting
to a canal, in front of the anterior coxe, have decided
me, at any rate provisionally, to refer it to the Byrso-
pine. In the exponent of this genus the sculpture of
the head and rostrum is very complex; on the elytra
there are a number of large and small tubercles, appa-
rently arranged in a row, but under a Codington they
are seen to be very much mixed.

Dyerocera gravida. (Pl. XL, fig. 9).

D. breviter ovata, squamis minutis cinereis vestita ; prothorace
confuse granulata; elytris globosis, quasi seriatim tuberculatis.
Long. 4 lin.

Hab. Transvaal.

Shortly ovate, black, shining, not closely covered with minute
ashy scales; head moderately broad; eyes large, a ridge over
each, between them a Y-shaped glossy black raised mark; rostrum
short, arched, the basal half with a glossy black median ridge with
two or three tubercles at the sides, anteriorly a well-marked
eroove, the apex on each side with a porrect cylindrical process ;
antenne blackish, the first joint of the funicle scarcely as long as
broad; the club shortly ovate, pointed, and clearly marked off
from, although closely contiguous to, the last joint of the funicle ;
prothorax very transverse, the sides expanded and tuberculate,
the dise clouded with about nine irregular glossy tubercles, a row
of smaller ones at the base; elytra globose, the base lower than
the prothorax at its junction, covered above with irregular rows of
tubercles, several of the smaller more or less granuliform, the
larger more or less semicircular at the top, the cavity behind filled
with minute hairs, the spaces between the tubercles unequally and
more or less deeply pitted, sutural row raised at the base ; abdomen

and some allied genera. 3385

closely embraced by the elytra, the three intermediate segments of
equal length; legs dotted with long white sete; last tarsal joint
nearly as long as the three preceding together.

Liasorus.

Caput latum; rostrum breve; scrobes arcuate. Antenne
breves ; funiculus articulo basali longiusculo, czeteris valde trans-
versis; clava distincta. Prothorax ad latera rotundatus. Elytra
ovata. Tibiz apice intus spinose; tarsi breves, validi. Abdomen
segmentis duobus basalibus conjunctis.

The only exponent of this genus has the facies of
certain Spartecert, but the contiguity of the intermediate
coxe requires it, according to Lacordaire’s arrangement,
to be placed among his ‘‘ Byrsopsides vrais.” The union
of the two basal segments of the abdomen is probably
not a reliable generic character, as it occurs in some
species of Byrsops. There appears to be a small
triangular scutellum hardly to be distinguished from the
elytra.

Inasotus ovis. (Pl. XI., fig. 10).
L. oblongo-ovatus, squamositate grisea omnino dense tectus,
supra foveis determinatis impressus; elytris postice tuberculatis.
Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Natal.

Oblong ovate, everywhere closely covered with a pure grey
squamosity, except a dark spot on each elytron at the base; head
very broad, and having two slight depressions between the eyes;
rostrum as broad as long, a single tubercle at the base, and sparsely
punctured ; antenn with a short robust scape; first joint of the
funicle rather longer than broad, the rest very transverse and of
equal breadth throughout; club ovate, pointed, black; prothorax
slightly transverse, narrowly bilobed at the apex, deeply pitted on
the disc, less so at the sides; elytra shortly ovate, the sides broad
and inflexed, irregularly and closely pitted, the intervals, except at
the base, more or less tuberculate, tubercles in three lines on each
elytron, the outer lines of seven tubercles extending from the
shoulder to the apex, the intermediate line of four and the interior
of three, the larger tubercles conical, each having a minute black
seta arising just below its apex behind; abdomen slightly punc-
tured,

336 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

OPHRYODOTUS.

Rostrum modice elongatum, basi angustius; scrobes supra
oculos currentes. Antenne graciles; articulus basalis funiculo
quam ceteris simul sumpti paulo longior. Prothorax angustus.
Elytra triangularia postice modice declivia. Pectus excavatum.
Coxe intermedie separate. Abdomen segmento basali ampliato.
Pedes mediocres; tibie recte, intermedie et posteriores apice
extus tri- quadri-spinose.

The scrobe passing above the eye is, so far as | know,
a character unique. ‘The great length comparatively of
the basal joint of the funicle is quite exceptional in this
group, and throughout the family it is rarely met with.
The corbels of the posterior tibie are only slightly
cavernous, while the apex externally is furnished with
four short stiff spines, the intermediate tibie having
only three.

Ophryodotus singularis. (Pl. XL., fig. 2).

O. oblongus, omnino griseo-squamosus; caput supra oculum
utrinque tuberculum magnum obsitum; rostrum in medio sul-
catum; prothorax ad latera tuberculatus, disco lineis duabus alte
elevatis tuberculatis instructo; elytra seriatim tuberculata, tuber-
culi valde inequali; tarsi breviusculi. Long. 3 lin.

Hab. South Africa.

A small spinose species with an unusually narrow prothorax.
Head convex above, a large triangular tubercle above each eye,
the deep hollow between them continuous with the groove on the
rostrum; antenne pale ferruginous, tomentose, the club distinct,
large, ovate; prothorax narrow throughout, prolonged over the
head, lobes moderate ocular, on each side a row of three spines,
and with two strongly raised lines on the dise crowned with
irregular spiniform tubercles, the space between the lines forming
a deep groove having a slightly raised line, punctured on each
side, in the middle ; scutellum punctiform, covered with a white
tomentum; elytra at the base slightly sloping away to the
shoulders, where it is about three times broader than the pro-
thorax, thence gradually narrowing to the apex and terminating in
two conical slightly diverging tubercles, seriate-punctate, the inter-
stices raised, the third and sixth forming two strongly elevated
lines, each crowned with a row of mostly large more or less
conical tubercles, the inner row only continued to the apex; body
beneath with scattered punctures partly concealed by scales;

and some allied genera. 337

femora slightly thickened in the middle; tarsi with a few long
black sete.

PEZERPES.

Rostrum difforme; scrobes laterales, ad partem anteriorem
oculi attingentes; scapus antennarum valde clavatus; funiculus
articulo basali elongato ; clava magna; prothorax oblongus; elytra
prothorace latiora; pectus antice excavatum; abdomen segmentis
duobus basalibus ampliatis, sutura invisa; coxe antic separate ;
femora tibieque incrassate ; tarsi exigui; sutura prima abdominis
invisa.

In technical characters this genus comes very near
Synthocus, although very different in facies, but the
scrobe not passing beneath the eye at once distinguishes
it. The smallness of the tarsi and the stout femora
and tibize are very noticeable. The first and second

abdominal segments show no trace of a suture between
them.
Pezerpes rugosus. (Pl. XI., fig. 3).

P. angustus, oblongus, supra nodosus et tuberculatus, tomento
griseo tectus; caput supra oculos tuberculis duobus validis in-
structum ; prothorax profunde sulcatus; elytra subseriatim tuber-
culata, apice late rotundata. Long. 2 lin.

Hab. South Africa.

A small narrowly oblong species covered with a pale brownish
tomentum, knotted and tuberculate above. Head with two large
elevated tubercles above the eyes; rostrum gibbous, deeply
grooved in the middle; antennz testaceous, basal joint of the
funicle not so long as the rest together; club stout, ovate; pro-
thorax longer than broad, two elevated lines crowned with tubercles
in the middle, with a deep groove between them, a large and a
smaller tubercle on each side; elytra nearly twice as broad as the
prothorax, broadly rounded at the apex, each with four unequal
rows of tubercles, the tubercles mostly cylindrical, the largest
posterior, between them closely punctured; femora and _ tibixe
closely covered with a greyish tomentum ; tarsi ferruginous, naked.

HURYXENA.

Rostrum mediocre. Antenne breves, articulo basali funiculi
erassiore. Prothorax transversus. Elytra brevia, planata, postice
abrupta declivia. Pectus profunde excavatum. Mesosternum
latum, antice truncatum, Pedes mediocres; femora paulo in-
crassata ; tibie intus apice calcarate ; tarsi graciles.

338 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on Byrsops,

This genus is at once differentiated from Synthocus by
its intermediate coxe separated by a broad and truncate
mesosternum, and tibie sharply spurred at the apex.
The genus represented by a remarkable form with very
broad elytra, abruptly declivous posteriorly.

Huryxena bruchoides. (Pl. XI., fig. 1).

E. latissime ovata, grisescens; prothorax cum capite squamo-
sitate griso-fulvya sat dense tectus, hic tuberculato-marginatus ;
elytra latissima, supra planata, singulo linea flexuosa elevata
munito; corpus infra pedesque squamositate grisea tecti. Long.
23 lin.

Hab. Cape.

Head and prothorax covered with a greyish-fulvous squamosity,
but darker and thinner on the elytra; front of the head flattish,
between the eyes two small approximate tubercles; rostrum
longer than the head, transversely gibbous behind the middle;
prothorax short, gradually rounded from the apex to the base, the
dise very irregular and tuberculate, tubercles round the margin
contiguous, each tipped with a black seta, tubercles in the middle
and base fewer; no scutellum; elytra broader than long, flat
above, each with a raised flexuons line, the suture with a finer
raised line not continued to the declivity, the sides and shoulders
tuberculate, at the base and away from the suture a mammilliform
lobe projecting slightly over the prothorax, the declivity with two
rows of small tubercles; basal segment of the abdomen as long as
the three next together.

Spartecerus infaustus. (Pl. XI., fig. 12).

S. oblongo-ovatus, niger, fere esquamosus, supra confertim
rugoso-tuberculatus ; rostro antice elevato, grosse tuberculato, a
capite profundissime separato; elytris ovatis, modice convexis.
Long. 5 lin.

Hab. Transvaal.

Oblong ovate, black, nearly scaleless, above closely covered with
coarse but delicately granulate tubercles; head rounded, but with
a slight depression in front and a short ridge over each eye;
rostrum much broader at the apex, considerably raised above the
head at the base, from which it is marked off by a very deep
fissure ; basal joint of the funicle scarcely stouter than the second;
prothorax moderately transverse, rounded at the sides, tubercles
flattish, more or less coalescing, anteriorly a transverse groove

and some allied genera. 339

between them; scutellum very small; elytra moderately convex,
rounded at the apex, tubercles varying im size, arranged in
irregular rows with unequal depressions between them, the third
row raised on the declivity; body beneath, tibize and tarsi closely
clothed with a rusty seurf; second abdominal segment as long as
the next two together, and separated from the first by a curved
suture.

Compared to the type, S. angulatus, this is an aberrant
form, and will by-and-bye, no doubt, be raised to generic
rank ; another member probably of the ‘‘ Pseudo” or
‘*Para’’ nomenclature.

EXPLANATION OF PuatE XI.

Fic. 1. Huryxena bruchoides; sterna and coxe.
Ophryodotus singularis; side view of the head.
Pezerpes rugosus; side view of the head.
Byrsops vittigera; antenna.
% eximia.
a encausta; fore tarsus and part of tibia.
Fs plumbea.
* terswla.
Dyerocera gravida ; side view of the head.
. Liasotus ovis; front view of the head and rostrum.
. Daulaxius stolatus; side view of the head.
12. Spartecerus infaustus ; side view of the head.

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XVI. Contributions to a knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota.
Part. I. Fam. Pentatomide. By W. L. Distanr.

[Read September 7th, 1887. ]

PuatTE XII.

Mr. E. T. Arxrtnson, now of Calcutta, has recently
published a list of all the described species of Indian
Homoptera, and is preparing to extend his labours to
the Heteroptera. He submitted a number of species to
me for determination, several of which I found to be
nondescript, and therefore necessary to be described.
I also recognised in my own collection many undescribed
species from the Oriental Region, which had accumulated
during the last few years, whilst my attention had been
engrossed by another order of insects. It thus becomes
necessary to make these species known, in order that
Mr. Atkinson’s list shall be as complete as possible, the
object of that list being to assist, or rather to promote,
the study of the Rhynchota in India. I am myself a
great believer in the efficacy of such catalogues, and
particularly when they are worked out with the appre-
ciative care of Mr. Atkinson.

All descriptive papers—so naturally condemned by
purely theoretical entomologists, and certainly the dry-
as-dust appearance of such papers is sufficient to disgust
the uninitiated—are, or should be, capable of not only
increasing our knowledge of the multiplicity and
diversity of genera and species, but should also contain
the material which assists the study of geographical
distribution. It may therefore be permissible to analyse
the contents of this paper.

The Plataspine are an obscure and still imperfectly
worked-out group. One species of Coptosoma is here
described from Sikkim, and Mr. Atkinson has submitted
to me another new species which he has either lately or
will almost immediately describe himself. This genus
is not only a somewhat difficult one to study, but the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT III. (SEPT.)

342 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

smallness and obscurity of its species have not promoted
its favour with Hemipterists; consequently we may
safely affirm that our knowledge of the Oriental
Coptosome is extremely limited. In the Asopine Sikkim
has also given us a new genus allied to Cazira. In the
Pentatomine there are several interesting points. Doly-
coris verbasct is a well-known and not uncommon Pale-
arctic Pentatomid. Stal separated an allied Indian
species under the name of D. indicus, whilst in this
paper Formosa is shown to have another allied but
distinct specific form. In Scylax we have a new genus,
which, though strictly belonging to the Pentatomine,
has all the superficial characteristics of Phyllocephaline.
Two species of Carbula are added to the Indian fauna,
but we may safely affirm that our enumeration of this
genus is still imperfect. The genus Ageus was hitherto
only represented by two species,—one from Burma, the
other found in Western Tropical Africa; a third from
Assam is now added. The genus Hurydema usually
produces novelties in most Old World collections, though
I was not prepared for another new species in the
Indian fauna. Compastes possessed only one known
Indian species; Sikkim has now contributed two more to
the list. The only other remark necessary is as regards
Basicryptus, a genus of Phyllocephaline. This genus
has its head-quarters in Tropical and Southern Africa ;
one species has been described from Australia, another
from Manilla, and I have here been enabled to make
known a species found in Northern India.

I have unfortunately been compelled to use—in more
than one instance— such misleading habitats as ‘‘ North
India,”’ and such inexact ones as ‘‘N.E. India.” In
these cases the fault is not to be visited on the writer,
who possessed no other information. I hope the Society,
on a future occasion, will allow me to proceed with
some further descriptions of nondescripts in other
families of the Oriental Heteroptera.

PLATASPINA.

Coptosoma fimbriatum, n. 8.
Body above shining black; margin of head (broadly), eyes,
ocelli, antenne, lateral margins of pronotum, abdominal margin
as seen at base of scutellum, head beneath, rostrum, legs, margins

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 343

of sternum and abdomen, and anal segment, reddish ochraceous ;
abdomen beneath shining black, sternum dull opaque black.
Long. 5 mm.; max. lat. 5 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

The head is prominent, rounded in front, and not perceptibly
sinuated in front of eyes; the ocelli are situate wide apart, rather
nearer to the eyes than to each other, and the tibiz are sulcated
above.

ASOPIN AL.
SESHA, N. g.

Head somewhat long and prominent, concavely sinuate at
lateral margins, lobes about equal in length, lateral lobes with
their edges distinctly raised and carinate; ocelli wide apart,
nearer to eyes than to each other. Pronotum with the disk
cibbous, the margins carinate, the anterior angles obtusely spinous,
the lateral angles produced into long slender spines, the anterior
margin concave, the lateral margins between the anterior and
lateral angles broadly sinuate, between the lateral angles and base
also deeply sinuate, the base nearly straight. Scutellum short and
broad, reaching a little beyond the base of membrane, the lateral
angles somewhat acutely sinuate at middle, the apex broadly
rounded. Corium slightly ampliated towards the middle of lateral
margin. Membrane extending considerably beyond apex of abdo-
men. Rostrum reaching the intermediate coxe. A raised and
somewhat triangular plate between the posterior cox. Anterior
femora with a strong spine beneath near apex; anterior tibie
laminately ampliated on each side along apical half, much more
strongly so outwardly.

This genus is allied to Cazira.

Sesha manifesta, n.s. (Pl. XII., fig. 2).

Body above pale stramineous, with the following dark blue
shining spots: two at base of head attached to eyes; five on pro-
notum, two transverse near anterior margin, and three more oblong
across disk; four on scutellum, two basal and two subapical, the
basal much the largest; and two on corium, one at about centre of
lateral margin, and one at apex, which is smallest. Membrane
pale fuscous-hyaline, with some dark bluish spots near base, and
the apex fuscous. Body beneath dark bluish; antenne, rostrum,
legs, prosternum, lateral margin of abdomen (narrowly), and
some irregular lateral spots, a centrai longitudinal macular

344 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

abdominal fascia, and terminal segment stramineous. Long.
11 mm. }; exp. pronot. angl. 8 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

Antenne with the second joint a little shorter than the third,
fourth and fifth joints longest and subequal, or fifth a little longer
than the fourth. Pronotum and scutellum coarsely punctate ;
corium somewhat finely punctate.

PENTATOMIN.
Halyomorpha murrea, n.s. (Pl. XII, fig. 5).

Body above very pale greenish ochraceous, the corium (excluding
outer marginal area), and basal area of pronotum with a slight
purplish tinge. Head with the lateral margins, margins of central
lobe, a small linear spot at base, and a similar spot on each side
before the eyes, black. Eyes somewhat purplish; ocelli pale
castaneous ; antennz with the basal joint pale greenish ochraceous
minutely speckled with black, second and third joints purplish,
apical half of third joint black (remaining joints mutilated). Pro-
notum with the lateral margins and a double series of spots on
anterior half ochraceous; between and around these ochraceous
spots are a number of small and somewhat tessellate black spots ;
basal half minutely and sparingly darkly punctate. Scutellum
with four black spots at base, two central and one near each basal
angle; four more obscure and broken black spots across disk,
followed by two similar spots on basal half, some tessellate and
minute black spots at apex, and a series of minute dark punctures
on each lateral margin, from basal third to apex. Corium minutely
and sparingly darkly punctate, costal area greenish, thickly and
irregularly spotted with black, lateral margins near base ochra-
ceous. Connexivum ochraceous, with a black linear spot at base
and apex of each marginal segment. Membrane pale obscure
creamy, minutely and sparingly speckled with black, basal two-
thirds pale purplish from reflection of abdomen beneath. Body
beneath and legs pale greenish, a linear spot in front and behind
eyes, a spot near anterior and intermediate coxe, a spot towards
lateral margins of meso- and metasternum, a spot at base of
anterior tibie, a spot near apex of intermediate and posterior
femora, a marginal spot at base and apex of apical segments, and
the apex of the rostrum, black. Long. 15 mm.;* exp. pronot.
angl. 8 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus.).

* This measurement extends to apex of projecting membrane.

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 345

The second joint of the antenn is a little shorter than the
third (remainder mutilated) ; the rostrum just passes the posterior
cox, and the membrane extends considerably beyond the apex of
the abdomen.

I have only seen one specimen of this distinct and
beautifully-marked species.

Dolycoris formosana, nN. 8.
Allied to D. indicus, Stal, from which it differs by its larger
size; the connexivum unicolorous, not spotted with black; the
corium purplish brown; apices of the femora spotted with black,
and apices of the posterior tibie of the same colour; the puncta-
tion is also somewhat coarser and deeper. Long. 13 mm.

Hab. Formosa (coll. Dist.).

Scybax, n. g.

Head very large, flat, and long, the lateral lobes very much
longer than the central, slightly concave, obtusely pointed at apex,
and cleft at apex in female, but apparently coalesced in male. Pro-
notum with the lateral angles very strongly produced forwardly into
robust obtuse spines (in the typical species these spines have their
apices parallel to the eyes); anterior margin concave for the
reception of the head, the anterior angles minute and truncate;
posterior margin straight, oblique from basal angles of scutellum
to lateral angles. Scutellum short and broad, not extending much
beyond base of membrane; the lateral margins obliquely directed
inwardly to about middle, and then straight to near apex, which is
broadly rounded. Corium short, not reaching apex of scutellum.
Membrane with prominent reticulated veins. Rostrum long, about
reaching the posterior cox. Antenne inserted beneath the head
in front of eyes, second joint barely reaching apex of head.

I place this genus near Dichelocephala, to which it
has affinities though not resemblance. It has somewhat
the facies of Macrina, in so far as the pronotal angles
are examined, but that it does not belong to the subfam.
Phyllocephaline is proved by the length of the rostrum.

Seylax porrectus, n.s. (Pl. XII., fig. 7).

Body above ochraceous. Head, pronotum, and-scutellum some-
what thickly punctate; pronotum with two short transverse and
one central short longitudinal levigate linear spots; scutellum with

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887. PART II. (SEPT.) 2B

346 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

a central longitudinal levigate fascia, which possesses a central
row of minute punctures, and a few scattered punctures on each
side. Corium with the costal area very sparingly and finely
punctate, the inner area coarsely and somewhat thickly punctate.
Membrane pale brownish ochraceous. Body beneath and legs
ochraceous; the body somewhat finely and darkly punctate, and
with a central and two sublateral fascia formed of blackish
punctures; legs speckled with brownish. Long. 15 mm.

Hab. India (sic) (coll. Dist.).

The lateral lobes of the head are divided to near the apex of the
central lobe, and the membrane extends to about half of the anal
appendage. Antenne with the second joint much shorter than
the third, remainder mutilated. Rostrum reaching the posterior
coxee, its apex pitchy.

I have long possessed this specimen with only the
above imperfect and misleading locality attached, and
therefore hesitated to describe it; the following species,
however, now received from Sikkim, prove its general
habitat, and it was probably derived from some district
of North-Eastern India.

Scylax macrinus, n.s. (Pl. XII, fig. 9).

Closely allied to S. porrectus, but differing by the somewhat
smaller size, the lateral lobes of the head only cleft for a short
distance before the head (coalesced in male), and the membrane
not reaching the apex of the last abdominal segment. Long.
14 to 15 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

Carbula fusca, n. 8.

Above shining fuscous-brown. Head somewhat thickly covered
with bronzy-green punctures; eyes luteous; antenne brown, the
last joimt with the apical two-thirds blackish. Pronotum with the
anterior area and lateral margins punctured with bronzy-green,
remaining area coarsely punctate, lateral angles prominently and
obtusely produced, their apices reddish brown. Scutellum coarsely
punctate, sometimes slightly shaded with bronzy-green. Corium
coarsely punctate. Membrane pale hyaline. Body beneath,
rostrum, and legs brown, the abdomen paler, with a broad central
blackish fascia, on each side of which is a narrower and more
irregular fascia of the same colour, and between these fascie are
scattered dark punctures. Femora punctured or speckled with

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 347

blackish ; head beneath and sternum coarsely and darkly punctate ;
mesosternum with a large irregular luteous spot on each side.
Long. 7 to 8 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 5 to 6 mm.

Hab. Darjiling, Sikkim, Nepal (coll. Dist. and Cale.
Mus.).

This species is easily recognised by its prominent and obtusely
rounded pronotal angles. The rostrum reaches the third abdominal
segment. Antenne with the second and third joints subequal in
length, and much shorter than the fourth; fourth and fifth sub-
equal in length ; fifth moderately thickened.

Carbula scutellata, n. 8.

Head luteous, covered with coarse black punctures, eyes fuscous,
the ocelli red. Antenne luteous, somewhat infuscated at apex.
Pronotum luteous, coarsely and darkly punctate, the lateral
margins levigate, the lateral angles produced into long acute black
spines. Scutellum luteous, sparingly and coarsely darkly punctate,
a large levigate spot at each basal angle, the apex also broadly
impunctate ; the punctures are usually thickest at lateral margins,
and sometimes at base. Corium luteous with a purplish tinge,
thickly and darkly punctate. Membrane pale hyaline. Con-
nexivum luteous, with black segmental marginal spots. Body
beneath and legs luteous, with a few scattered black punctures on
disk and on femora, and the margins and apices of the pronotal
angles black. Long. 8 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 5} mm.

Hab. Bombay (Leith); N. Khasia (Chennell) ; ——
(coll. Dist.):

The fourth and fifth joints of the antenne are subequal in
length, and the rostrum just passes the posterior coxe.

Ageus mimus, n.s. (Pl. XIL., fig. 1).

Head fuscous, the central lobe, excluding’ apex and lateral
margins, ochraceous; eyes greyish; antenne black, apices of the
joints minutely greyish. Pronotum reddish ochraceous, with
thirteen fuscous spots arranged six at base, of which two almost
occupy the lateral angles and the intervening four are more or less
triangular; five discal, of which the central one is longest and
intervenes between the two central basal spots, and also between
two large spots placed near anterior margin. Scutellum fuscous,
with a central longitudinal ochraceous line, and a similar line
extending from each basal angle and meeting central line on disk.
Corium reddish ochraceous, with fuscous punctures and some

348 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

irregularly-shaped spots of the same colour. of which the most
prominent are a claval streak, three discal (the lowermost largest),
one large and long costal spot at about centre, and three subapical
spots (the central largest). Membrane bronzy-brown. Abdomen
above reddish. Head beneath ochraceous, margins of rostral canal,
margins of antennal bases, and a fascia from the same to base of
head, fuscous. Prosternum fuscous, anterior and posterior margins
and a transverse discal line ochraceous; lateral margins and a
spot near coxe reddish. Meso- and metasternums fuscous, their
margins and the odoriferous apertures ochraceous, and with red-
dish spots near bases of coxe. Abdomen beneath reddish ochra-
ceous, ornamented with a number of large dark fuscous spots.
Legs fuscous, the femora streaked with ochraceous. Rostrum
black. Long. 23 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm.

Hab. Assam (Calc. Mus.).

The second joint of the antenne is shorter than the third, the
third and fourth subequal in length (fifth joint mutilated). The
head is rather thickly and finely punctate, excepting the lateral
margins, which are levigate. Pronotum more coarsely and
sparingly punctate, the lateral margins levigate and finely crenu-
late anteriorly, the lateral angles obtusely pointed and slightly
produced. Scutellum coarsely and rather closely punctate. Corium
finely and sparingly punctate. Rostrum dislocated in specimen
described, but apparently reaching the third abdominal segment.
Abdomen with a central longitudinal sulcation.

This species is allied to A. tessellatus, Dall., and now
makes a second described Indian species. It can be at
once separated from Dallas’s species by the different
markings, different colour of the legs, rostrum, &c.

Eurydema multipunctata, n.s. (Pl. XIL., fig. 6).

Body above pale ochraceous, sometimes suffused with purplish
above. Head with the margins of the central lobe (angulated
externally about centre) and the base black. Antenne ochraceous,
the apex of the third, and the fourth and fifth joints palely infus-
cated. Pronotum with twelve black spots, arranged four on the
anterior margin, remainder on disk, three in each angular area,
and two at centre. Scutellum with ten black spots, situate four at
base, four near centre, and two before apex. Corium with three
black spots arranged somewhat longitudinally. Membrane
blackish, pale hyaline at apex and margins. Body beneath pale
ochraceous; head with two black spots at base, sternum with a

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 549

double submarginal series of black spots, a transverse black spot
on each side of metasternum, anda double series of black marginal
spots to abdomen. Rostrum ochraceous, with the apex pitchy.
Long. 8 to 9 mm.

Hab. ? (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

The fourth joint of the antenne is longest, and the rostrum
reaches the posterior cox.

The variation in colour and size of this species is
very marked. Some specimens are almost purplish
above, and others nearly pale uniform stramineous.
The numerous black spots, however, appear to be quite
constant both in position and number. Unfortunately
no exact locality is affixed to the specimens.

Alcimus flavicornis, n. 8.

Head black, with the following yellow markings: three central
lines on anterior half, a linear spot near base, and a similar spot in
front of each eye. Antenne fuscous-brown. Pronotum very dark
obscure ochraceous, thickly covered with coarse dark punctures;
anterior fourth black with five yellow spots, situate one on each
lateral margin, and three central angulated spots, two near anterior
margin and one between and behind them, apical angles widely
produced laterally and upwardly, their apical thirds yellow,
extreme apices black. Scutellum and corium dark obscure
ochraceous, darkly and coarsely punctate, irrorated with levigate
yellow markings, and the seutellum with two large yellow levigate
spots near basal angles. Membrane fuscous, its apex paler. Head
and prosternum beneath as above, with two fused yellow spots on
each side of eyes, the apices of the pronotal angles yellow as
above. Meso- and metasternums and abdomen beneath ochra-
ceous; the sutures, a series of sublateral streaks, and a central
longitudinal fascia to abdomen, blackish. Rostrum and legs dark
castaneous, femora more or less streaked with yellowish. Long.
8 to9 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 to 12 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).
Antenne with the second and third joints longest and subequal

in length, fourth shorter than third and longer than fifth. Rostrum
just passing the posterior coxe.

Hoplistodera incisa, n.s. (PI. XII., fig. 3).
Ochraceous with brownish tints. Head finely and sparingly

punctate. Antenne ochraceous, becoming darker towards apex.
Pronotum sparingly but coarsely punctate, the lateral angles

350 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

produced into robust subacute spines, the apices very slightly
reflexed backwardly, and with a notched tubercle beneath at about
half their length. Scutellum with the basal half very sparingly
but coarsely punctate, the apical half thickly punctate. Corium
coarsely and irregularly punctate. Membrane pale hyaline. Body
beneath ochraceous, with a sublateral series of castaneous spots on
each side; legs pale luteous, the femora annulated with brown
near apex. Rostrum ochraceous, the apex pitchy and extending a
little beyond posterior coxe. Antenne with the second and third
joints subequal in length, apical joint longest. Long. 8 mm. 3
exp. pronot. angl. 9 mm.

Hab. Mungphu, Sikkim, Assam (Cale. Mus. and
coll. Dist.).

This species is allied to the Javan TF. testacea, Hope.

Antestia modificata, n.s. (Pl. XIL., fig. 4).

Ochraceous, spotted with bluish black. Head luteous, the mar-
eins of the central lobe, margins of the lateral lobes in front of
eyes, and two spots at base, bluish black. Eyes brownish.
Antenne bluish black. Pronotum with eight bluish black spots,
six largest arranged in double series on disk, and a small rounded
spot in each lateral angle. Scutellum with six bluish black spots,
four largest arranged in double series on disk, and a smaller
elongate spot in each basal angle. Corium with four bluish black
spots, situate one at base, one at apex, and two central. Membrane
pale hyaline, with a large bluish black subquadrate spot at base.
Body beneath pale luteous, sternum spotted with bluish black, and
abdomen with sutural fasciz and lateral spots of the same colour.
Legs luteous, femora with a blackish spot near their apices. Long.
7mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

Antenne with the second joint shorter than the third, fourth
and fifth joints longest. The body above is very sparingly
punctate.

Abeona? serrata, n. 8.

Above ochraceous, thickly, darkly, and coarsely punctate; con-
nexivum reddish ochraceous, with black linear spots near bases
and apices of segmental sutures. Antenne four-jointed, first and
second joints dark ochraceous; third and fourth joints luteous,
with their apical halves blackish ; second joint very long, as long
as third and fourth put together, third and fourth subequal in
leneth. Head with the lateral lobes much longer than central

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 351

lobe, but notched in front. Pronotum with the lateral margins
serrated, the lateral angles moderately and broadly produced and
obtusely bispined. Scutellum with a small blackish foveate spot
in each basal angle. Membrane brownish ochraceous. Body
beneath with the head, legs, rostrum, and sternum ochraceous, the
abdomen brownish ochraceous. Head with a black linear spot on
each side of base of antenne. Prosternum with some scattered
black punctures. The rostrum just passes the intermediate coxe,
and the tibie are suleated above. The abdomen is obtusely
suleated to about the fourth abdominal segment. Long. 14 mm.;
exp. pronot. angl. 9 mm.

Hab. Bombay (coll. Dist.).

I have placed this species in the genus Abeona, with
whose structural characters it seems to agree. In the
typical species Stal describes ‘‘antenne maxima parte
et rostrum mutila,” so that, if I am right, the other
distinguishing characters of Abeona are four-jointed
antenne and rostrum reaching the intermediate coxex.

Compastes truncatus, n.s. (Pl. XII., fig. 10).

Brownish ochraceous, covered with coarse and darker punctures ;
connexivum luteous, with blackish spots at bases and apices of
sutures. Membrane brownish, the venation darker. Antenne
with the first, second, and third joints brownish, minutely darker
at apices (remainder mutilated); second joint longer than third.
Pronotum with the lateral margins obtusely crenulate, the lateral
angles produced into broad and apically truncated spines. Body
beneath and legs ochraceous, punctured with brownish. Rostrum
ochraceous, its apex pitchy and reaching the second abdominal
segment. Ventral spine reaching the intermediate cox. Long.
16 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (Cale. Mus. and coll. Dist.).

The truncated apices of the pronotal angles will alone
render this species easily distinguishable.

Compastes spinosus, n.s. (Pl. XII., fig. 11).

Above brownish, coarsely and darkly punctate. Pronotum
rugulose, with a central longitudinal luteous line, the lateral
margins with three prominent spines, the lateral angles broadly
produced and somewhat obtusely spined posteriorly. Membrane
pale fuscous. Body beneath brownish and darkly punctate; legs

352 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

ochraceous, mottled and spotted with brownish; sublateral mar-
gins of the sternum bronzy. Rostrum ochraceous, with its apex
pitchy and passing the posterior coxe. Antenne mutilated. Long.
17 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 8 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

Placosternum cervus, n. 8.

Allied to P. taurus by the lateral angles of the pronotum being
profoundly bisinuated at their apices, but smaller than that
species, and having the lateral angles very much more developed,
they being broadly and strongly produced upwardly and forwardly,
and deeply notched at each edge of the apex. The lateral angles
of the pronotum are not simply crenulate, but shortly spinous.
Long. 19 mm. ; exp. pronot. angl. 17 mm.

Hab. Assam; Sadia, 350 ft. (Chennell)—coll. Dist.

ACANTHOSOMIN AL.
Sastragala rufispina, n. 8.

Body above dark ochraceous, pronotal angles purplish red. Head
finely and transversely wrinkled, apical portion of the central lobe
excavated and foveate (antennze mutilated). Pronotum, scutellum,
and corium somewhat sparingly and coarsely punctate. Pronotum
with the lateral angles produced into obtusely pointed spines.
Membrane pale hyaline, blackish at base. Body beneath very
pale ochraceous, legs a little darker in hue; rostrum with the apex
pitchy and reaching the second abdominal segment, last abdominal
segment with two small black spots at apex. Pronotal spines red
beneath as above. Long. 17 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 11 mm.

Hab. North India (sic). Col. Buckley (coll. Dist.).

; Sastragala mustelina, n. s.

Body above ochraceous, membrane pale brownish, connexivum
with the segmental spines black. Antenne ochraceous, apical half
of the third joint infuscated; third joint much longer than second
(remainder mutilated) ; head somewhat obscurely transversely
wrinkled, eyes pitchy. Pronotum, scutellum, and corium coarsely
punctate. Pronotum with the lateral angles produced into long,
straight, somewhat conical, and subacutely pointed spines. Body
beneath, rostrum, and legs coloured as above. Rostrum with the
extreme apex pitchy. Long. 15 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 11 mm.

Hab. Naga Hills (Capt. Butler)—coll. Dist.

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 353

Sastragala binotata, n.s. (Pl. XIL., fig. 12).

Apex above brownish ochraceous, corium with the lateral mar-
gins—widened into a spot at centre—dull ochraceous, inwardly
shaded with blackish. Membrane bronzy. Head transversely
wrinkled; antennz ochraceous, third joint much longer than the
second (remainder mutilated). Pronotum and scutellum sparingly
and coarsely punctate, the corium more thickly punctate. Pro-
notum with the lateral angles produced into long, somewhat
conical spines, their apices subacute and very slightly reflexed
backwardly. Body beneath and legs ochraceous, rostrum with the
apex pitchy. Long. 13 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

Sastragala parmata, 0.8.

Body above brownish ochraceous; pronotal spines reddish
brown ; scutellum with a large cordate ochraceous spot surrounded
with blackish. Antenne ochraceous, third and fourth joints some-
what darker, second and third joints subequal in length, a little
shorter than fourth (remainder mutilated); eyes purplish brown.
Pronotum sparingly and coarsely punctate, the lateral angles
produced into long thick rounded spines, very slightly reflexed at
apices. Scutellum with the central spot levigate, remainder
coarsely punctate, the apex ochraceous. Corium coarsely punctate,
with the lateral margin luteous and levigate. Body beneath and
legs ochraceous; rostrum with the apex pitchy. Long. 12 mm. ;
exp. pronot. angl. 9 mm.

Hab. North India (sic), (coll. Dist.).

Sastragala javanensis, n. 8.

Body above pale brownish ; head, lateral and anterior margins
and a transverse fascia across anterior disk of pronotum, and the
lateral margins of the corium, luteous; eyes and pronotal spines
black ; scutellum black, with a large rounded discal ochraceous
spot. Antenne ochraceous, second joint shortest, third and fourth
joints longest and subequal in length. Pronotum with the posterior
disk coarsely punctate, the anterior portion impunctate, excepting
a row of punctures on anterior margin, the lateral angles produced
into long acutely pointed spines, very slightly reflexed at apices.
Scutellum coarsely punctate, excepting the central Iuteous spot,
which is levigate. Corium thickly and coarsely punctate, excluding
lateral margins, which are levigate. Membrane pale ochraceous

354 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

and subhyaline; abdominal appendages black. Body beneath and
legs luteous, abdominal spines luteous beneath, apical angles of
last abdominal segment black. Long. 12mm.; exp. pronot. angl.
10 mm.

Hab. Java; Kederi (Baron von Huegel)—coll. Dist.

Anaxandra fulvicornis, n. 8.

Body ochraceous, with an olivaceous tinge; anterior lateral
margins of head, a central narrow longitudinal fascia commencing
before apex of head and terminating on disk of pronotum, and the
lateral margins of the scutellum—joined together before apex—
black. Antenne with the basal joint ochraceous (remainder muti-
lated). Pronotum with the posterior disk coarsely punctate, the
lateral angles produced into long, slightly ascending, and forwardly
directed dull luteous spines, their apices very slightly reflexed and
subacute. Scutellum with the basal two-thirds luteous, posteriorly
rounded and margined with black. Corium coarsely punctate and
rugulose. Membrane bronzy. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ;
mesonotum with an oblique black line on each side. Long.
15 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 14 mm.

Hab. Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

This species by its colour markings is very closely
allied to A. nigro-lineata, Stal, but differs by the much
less expanse of the pronotal angles, which in §Stal’s
species are described as measuring 183 mm.

Anaxandra tauriformis, 0. 8.

Body above bright castaneous; lateral margins of the head,
anterior and lateral margins and posterior disk of the pronotum,
lateral margins of the scutellum, lateral margins of the corium,
and the membrane, ochraceous. Antennz with the first and second
joints ochraceous (remainder mutilated). The head is transversely
wrinkled and possesses a few dark punctures; the eyes are greyish
brown, inwardly margined with ochraceous. The pronotum is
sparingly and coarsely punctate on disk, and thickly punctate on
anterior margin. The pronotal angles are produced into long
upwardly and forwardly directed spines, the apices of which are dis-
tinctly truncately reflexed backwardly ; these spines are sparingly
punctate for about half their length. Scutellum sparingly and
coarsely punctate. Corium thickly punctate. Abdominal spines
castaneous. Body beneath and legs ochraceous; abdominal

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. B55

spines castancous as above, but inwardly margined with blackish.
Long. 15 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 14; mm.

Hab. Khasia Hills (coll. Dist.).

Anaxandra compacta, 0.8.

Body above ochraceous, with an olivaceous tinge; head with the
basal margin, a spot behind each eye, and the margins of the
central lobe—not reaching apex,—two circular enclosing lines near
anterior margin of pronotum, and a large central rounded spot
near base of scutellum, black; pronotal angles castaneous. The
pronotum and scutellum are very obsoletely and obscurely punc-
tate, the corium finely but distinctly punctate. The pronotal
angles are produced into short but robust spines, their apices
rounded above and subtruncate. Body beneath ochraceous, much
tessellated with black, pronotal spines castaneous as above. Long.
10 mm. ; exp. pronot. angl. 10 mm.

Hab. Assam; Sadia, 350 ft. (Chennell )—coll. Dist.

Clinocoris scutellata, n. 8.

Body above ochraceous, thickly and coarsely punctate; pronotal
spines rosy red; scutellum with a blackish central longitudinal
fascia extending from about base to centre. Antenne ochraceous.
Pronotum with the lateral angles straightly produced into sub-
acute spines, the apices of which are slightly reflexed backwardly,
and the posterior margins somewhat sinuated. Membrane pale
hyaline, with reflections of the red upper surface of the abdomen.
Body beneath and legs ochraceous; sternum coarsely punctate.
Long. 8 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 6 mm.

Hab. Assam; Naga Hills, 2000 to 6000 ft. (Chennell)
—coll. Dist.

Clinocoris maculata, n. s.

Body above dark ochraceous; pronotum and scutellum coarsely
but sparingly punctate, corium thickly punctate, pronotal spines
black, corium with a levigate ochraceous spot on disk of apical
area. The punctures are all dark brownish, and the corium is
thus much darker than the pronotum or scutellum. The pronotal
lateral angles are produced into stout spines, the apices of which
are subacute and prominently reflexed, and their posterior margins
sinuated. Membrane very pale ochraceous, pitchy towards apex.
Body beneath apparently ochraceous, but imperfectly seen owing
to specimen being carded. long. 8 mm.; exp. pronot, angl.
6 mm.

Hab. North-east India (coll. Dist.),

856 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

UROLABIDIN#.
Urochela pulchra, n.s. (Pl. XIL., fig. 8).

Body above ochraceous, shaded and punctured with brownish.
Head and pronotum brownish, margins of pronotum olivaceous ;
antenne brownish, second joint longer than the first (remainder
mutilated); scutellum olivaceous, with scattered coarse brown
punctures, with some mottled markings and a spot in each basal
angle of the same colour. Corium olivaceous, with large irregular
coarse brown punctures on inner area, the clavus brownish.
Membrane brownish, the apex paler. Body beneath brownish,
laterally spotted with ochraceous ; connexivum ochraceous spotted
with black; legs ochraceous, femora speckled with brownish ;
rostrum with the apex pitchy. Long. 15 mm. .

Hab. Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

Urochela ferruginea, n. 8.

Body above brownish ochraceous, very thickly and darkly pune-
tate. Head with the eyes fuscous, and two central lines of the
same colour; antenne fuscous, first and second joints subequal in
length, third very short (remainder mutilated). Pronotum with
a central longitudinal line and the margins narrowly luteous.
Seutellum with a central longitudinal line, a linear spot at basal
angles, the apex, and the margins narrowly luteous. Corium with
the margins narrowly, and some longitudinal discal lines luteous.
Membrane fuscous. Connexivum fuscous, with lineate ochraceous
spots. Body beneath brownish ochraceous, tinged with fuscous,
and with fuscous lateral spots, connexivum as above; legs
brownish ochraceous, apices of the tibie and tarsi fuscous. Long.
12 mm.

Hab. Assam (coll. Dist.).

Urolabida Chennelli, n.s.

Body above reddish ochraceous, marked with black and luteous.
Head with the central and anterior portions luteous, the eyes
fuscous; antenne with the first joint reddish ochraceous (remainder
mutilated). Pronotum with a blackish discal semicircular line,
between which and base the colour is paler and thickly punctured
with fuscous ; on the anterior disk are two levigate luteous spots.
Seutellum Iuteous with three black basal spots, one central and
one at each angle, a large rounded reddish ochraceous spot divided
by a central longitudinal luteous line, and the apical area thickly

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 357

punctured with fuscous. Corium with the inner claval and the
apical margins black, these black lines outwardly and broadly
margined with luteous, the costal margin of the same colour.
Membrane pale hyaline. Body beneath and legs luteous, apices
of the femora beneath, and apices of the tarsi and rostrum,
blackish. Long. 15 mm.

Hab. Assam; Naga Hills, 2000 to 6000 ft. (Chennell)
—coll. Dist.

Urolabida khasiana, n. 8.

Above luteous with reddish ochraceous markings, a small black
spot at each lateral pronotal angle, and two black spots on apical
margin of corium. Head with some reddish ochraceous markings
behind the eyes, which are blackish; antennz with the first and
second joints ochraceous (remainder mutilated). Pronotum with
the anterior and lateral margins and two transverse fascis on
disk reddish ochraceous. Scutellum with the lateral margins
reddish ochraceous. Corium reddish ochraceous, the lateral,
claval, and apical margins luteous, the last with two prominent
black spots. Membrane pale hyaline. Body beneath and legs
luteous; apex of rostrum, a spot on apices of femora beneath, and
the apices of the tarsi black. Long. 14 mm.

Hab. Assam; North Khasia, 1500 to 8000 ft. (Chen-
nell)—coll. Dist.

TESSARATOMIN Z.
Eusthenes antennatus, n. 8.

Head, pronotum, and corium purplish brown ; legs ochraceous ;
scutellum very dark olivaceous, with the apex castaneous; mem-
brane shining brassy brown. Antenne with the basal and apical
joints ochraceous, the last with the apex blackish, second and third
joints blackish, the base of the second joint very narrowly
ochraceous. Body beneath brownish ochraceous, or in some
specimens castaneous; legs castaneous, the tarsi very slightly
paler. Antenne with the apical joint somewhat longest, the
second joint very slightly longer than the third; the pronotum is
finely transversely striate, the scutellum more coarsely so, the
corium thickly and finely punctate ; posterior femora armed with
a long spine, and with a double row of short spines on apical half
of under surface, of which the two last are the longest. Long.
35 to 86 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 12 mm.

Hab. Khasia Hills, Nepal, Assam (coll. Dist.).
The elongate form of the body and colour of the

358 Mr. W. L. Distant’s contributions to a

antenne are sufficient to readily distinguish this from
the other species of the genus. It is of a variable
nature, as the connexivum is generally purplish brown,
with an ochraceous spot at base of segments, but these
spots are sometimes scarcely visible. In one specimen
now before me the right-hand third joint of the antenne
is normal, whilst the left-hand corresponding joint has
the apex broadly ochraceous.

Eusthenes eurytus, n. 8.

Allied to H. hercules, Stal, but smaller, the pronotum much less
rounded at anterior-lateral margins, and the lateral angles even
less produced than in that species. Antenne wholly black, the
apical joint very narrowly ochraceous at its apex. Tarsi bright
ochraceous. Long. 86 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 16mm.

Hab. India (sic).

I have no better locality for this species than the
vague one of ‘‘ India.” It has been in my collection
for some years, and, not having received another, | take
this opportunity of describing it.

PHYLLOCEPHALIN A.

Basicryptus illwminatus, n. s.

Body above dull dark reddish; pronotum with a broad discal
transverse luteous fascia margined with black, attenuated at each
each end, and slightly notched beneath at centre. Head with the
eyes dull ochraceous; antenne with the first, second, and third
joints reddish (remainder mutilated). Pronotum with the lateral
margins somewhat finely crenulated, the lateral angles broadly
and subacutely produced. Scutellum with a small luteous spot in
each basal angle, and a few very small luteous spots at apex, and
with some central and lateral black punctures. Corium with the
base of lateral margin narrowly luteous, and with some very small
and irregular scattered black spots. Membrane pale hyaline,
somewhat thickly ornamented with small fuscous spots. Body
beneath and legs dull reddish, with blackish punctures; disk of
sternum and some sublateral streaks to abdomen obscure luteous ;
tarsi somewhat ochraceous beneath. Long. 14 mm.; exp. pronot.
angel. 10 mm.

Hab. North India (sic), (coll. Dist.).

knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota. 359

Gonopsis rubescens, N. 8.

Body above sanguineous. Head somewhat obscurely punctate,
antenne reddish, third joint shorter than second or fourth, fifth
joint longest and pilose. Pronotum with the lateral margins finely
crenulated, the lateral angles produced into short subacute spines ;
between these spines is a transverse ridge, before which the surface
is obliquely deflected towards the head; the pronotum is also
transversely rugulose, excepting two levigate spots on anterior
area. Scutellum longitudinally rugose, with a row of black
punctures on basal half of lateral margins. Corium obscurely
punctate and finely rugulose, with a few black punctures near
inner apical angle. Membrane pale hyaline. Body beneath and
legs pale reddish; the body is very finely and darkly punctate,
and the tibiz have a fuscous spot on under side of apices. Long.
14 mm.; exp. pronot. angl. 7 mim.

Hab. Sikkim (coll. Dist.).

EXPLANATION OF Puate XII.

Fig. 1. Ageus mimus. Fic. 7. Scylax porrectus.
2. Sesha manifesta. 8. Urochela pulchra.
3. Hoplistodera incisa. 9. Scylax macrinus.
4. Antestia modificata. 10. Compastes truncatus.
5. Halyomorpha murrea. UAE 53 spinosus.
6. Hurydema multipunctata. 12. Sastragala binotata.

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( 861 )

XVII. Further additions to the Rey. T. A. Marshall’s
Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. By Joun B.
Bripeman, F.L.S.

| Read September 7th, 1887.!

Tue additions to the Rey. T. A. Marshall’s list of British
Ichneumonide appear interminable; new species and
species new to Britain are constantly occurring. Since
my last paper Mr. G. C. Champion very kindly sent me
a box of well-set ichneumons, most of which came from
Aviemore, and contained several species new to our
list. Professor C. G. Thomson has kindly examined my
species of Hxochus, and the species of Ichneumon lucta-
torius group, among which were several of his new
species. I am also indebted to many other entomolo-
gists for insects sent to me.

Ichneumon rufidorsatus, n. 8.
Mesothorace supra, scutello, abdominis basi, pedibusque rufis,
coxis nigris; annulo antennarum rufo.

Head rather remotely punctate; punctures not deeply im-
pressed; antenne rather stout, slightly thickened between the
middle and the apex, the latter attenuate, scarcely more than half
the length of the body; 1st joint of flagellum almost twice as long
as wide, 4th quadrate; head behind the eyes not narrow. Thorax
scarcely narrower than the head; mesonotum somewhat shining,
punctate, punctures not very close; scutellum shining, with
scattered punctures; metathorax subopaque, very finely rugose,
with three superior are; supero-medial area quadrate; cost
fine; spiracles almost linear. Abdomen scarcely wider than the
head and thorax, elongate-ovate; Ynd, 8rd, and 4th segments
almost the same width, transverse; the Ist segment almost
smooth and shining, obsoletely reticulate, with a few scattered
punctures at the apex; remaining segments closely and finely
punctate; the gastroceli transverse, not deeply impressed, the
space between them a little narrower than the middle area of the
post-petiole ; aculeus distinctly projecting beyond the 7th segment.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT IV. (DEC.) 20¢

362 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's

Areolet of wings open above, recurrent nervure received just
beyond the middle; legs moderate.

Head black, mouth piceous, scape of antenne black; 1st to 8th
joints of flagellum fuscous; 9th to 11th reddish ; the remainder
black. Thorax black; collar above, mesonotum and scutellum
red; tubercles and squamule reddish or piceous; Ist to 3rd
segments of the abdomen red; 4th and Sth black; 6th and 7th
reddish or fulvous. Legsred; cox black, front ones red beneath ;
trochanters black at the base; apical joint of tarsi fuscous. Stigma
pale testaceous. Female. Length, 7 mm.

One female taken by Mr. G. C. Champion at Avie-
more.

This appears to be undescribed ; it comes very near
to I. picticollis, Holm., but has differently-coloured legs.

Herpestomus distinctus, 0. s.

Segmentis 2—3 pedibusque rufis, femoribus et tibiis posticis
apice fuscis.

Head subopaque, not punctate, transverse, scarcely narrowed
behind the eyes; clypeus distinctly separated from the face, apex
widely rotundate ; face transverse, rather prominent in the middle;
antenne scarcely half the length of the body, stout, somewhat
clavate; 1st and 2nd joints of flagellum scarcely longer than wide,
3rd quadrate, remainder transverse. Mesonotum distinetly tri-
lobed, with somewhat scattered punctures; scutellum flat, with
scattered punctures; metathorax about as long as wide, obsoletely
rugose; supero-medial area elongate, about one-third longer than
wide, sides parallel, rounded in front, lateral arew subdivided;
postero-medial area very slightly depressed in the middle. Abdo-
men subopaque, obsoletely reticulate, covered with rather scattered
short pubescence; aculeus just exserted; 1st segment somewhat
irregularly and rather coarsely aciculate, apex shining; base of
2nd segment with a very shallow transverse impression, interrupted
in the middle. Legs rather stout. Wings with the outer nervure
of the areolet subobsolete; radial cell short, almost as broad
as lone.

Black, scape and two first joints of flagellum reddish; 8th and
9th joints show indications of pale marks; extreme apex of Ist
and 4th segments of the abdomen reddish; 2nd and 3rd entirely
red. Legs red; apical half of hind femora, apex and extreme
base of hind tibiz, and apical joint of hind tarsi, fuscous. Tegule
piceous, stigma and nervures pale fuscous. Female, Length
5 mm,

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 363

One female was taken by Mr. G. C. Champion at
Caterham.

This very distinct species is easily known from the
two other species having the 1st segment aciculate ;
flaviger has the orbits, thorax, and scutellum yellow-
marked; striatus has the antenne longer, two-thirds the
length of the body.

Pheogenes versutus, Wesm.
Wesm., Tent., 1844, 186, °.

Mr. G. C. Champion has taken a female Pheogenes at
Mickleham, which I believe to be this species.

Hemiteles albomarginatus, n. s.

Niger; pedibus rufis basi nigris; segmentis 5—7 abdominis
albomarginatis; aculeo dimidio abdominis longiore.

Shining; head wider than the thorax, transverse, very narrow
behind the eyes towards the neck, almost free from punctures,
slightly pubescent; antenne about as long as the body, thin,
almost filiform, rather thinner at the base than in the middle,
apex slightly attenuated; 2nd and 3rd joints of the flagellum of
equal length, nearly four times as long as wide. Thorax a little
longer than high; mesonotum distinctly trilobed with somewhat
scattered punctures, more sparingly punctured on the lateral lobes;
scutellum gibbose, with scattered punctures ; metathorax with five
distinct arew ; cost very prominent, rather coarsely rugose ;
supero-medial area about as long as wide, pentagonal. Abdomen
elongate-ovate; apex of 2nd segment the widest (this is almost
wider than the thorax); apex of Ist segment broad, about one-
fourth longer than the width of the apex; spiracles not projecting,
rugosely punctate, apex smooth; remaining segments transverse ;
2nd and 38rd with asomewhat distinct transverse central depression,
2nd between the base and the depression rugosely punctate, 3rd
shows indistinctly the same sculpture in the centre ; aculeus about
two-thirds the length of the abdomen. Wings with an imperfect
pentagonal areolet, nervelet distinct, radial cell rather short; 38rd
division of the costa one-third longer than the inner division of
the radial nervure; transverse anal nervure slightly ante-furcal,
divided one-third from bottom. Legs slender.

Black; incision of the 2nd segment of the abdomen faintly
reddish; 5th to 7th with a distinct white apical margin. Legs
red; cox, base of trochanters, and base of femora behind, more

364 My. Bridgman’s additions to T’. A. Marshall's

or less black, hinder ones the most so; apical joints of the tarsi
fuscous. Tegule and base of wings white; stigma fuscous, base
pale; wings slightly fuscous. Female. Length nearly 5 mm.

One female taken by Mr. G. C. Champion at Box
Hill.

Aptesis hemiptera, Gr., 3.

Mr. J. J. Walker has fortunately bred both sexes of
A. hemiptera from Catoptria microgramma, and I am
indebted to Mr. G. C. Bignell for a pair of them.
C. G. Thomson, in Opuscula Ent., 998, 70, described an
insect as the male of A. hemiptera, but it is evidently
not the true male. He says the stigma at the base is
not broadly white; in Mr. Walker’s male the base is
white, as inthe female, and legs are differently coloured.
It is like no male that I have seen any description of.

Head and thorax smooth and shining, with a few punctures
very minute, and almost obsolete; head transverse, sides behind
the eyes slightly sloping; antenne filiform, about three-fourths
the length of the body. Thorax short, about as long as high, as
wide as the head, distinctly trilobed in front ; metathorax short ;
supero-medial area subquadrate, smooth and shining; lateral are
divided (these and posterior face, which is rather concave and
subdivided by two perpendicular lines, rather finely rugose) ;
posterior transverse costa terminating laterally in a short spine.
Abdomen subovate, almost as wide as the thorax, rather longer
than the head and thorax, apex of 3rd and base of 4th segments
the widest part; post-petiole quadrate, twice as wide and one-third
shorter than the petiole; spiracles not prominent; Ist and 2nd
segments distinctly aciculate, 8rd obsoletely so in the middle ;
abdomen covered with rather scattered pubescence; 2nd and
remaining segments transverse. Legs rather slender; calcarix of
hind tibizw almost half as long as 1st tarsal joint. Wings with an
imperfect pentagonal areolet; radial cell short and wide; posterior
inferior angle of discoidal cell acute; transverse discoidal nervure
divided below the middle, transverse anal subopposite, divided
below the middle.

Black ; 2nd and greater part of 3rd segments castaneous ; front
and middle legs pale chestnut; cox, base of trochanters, tarsi,
and extreme apex of middle tibiw, black; hind legs black ; apex
of trochanters, base of femora, and middle of tibiw, red. Tegule
piceous ; stigma black, base white; wings smoky, with a sub-
obsolete white blotch against the stigma, as in the female, but less
distinct. Length, 5 mm,

Or

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 36

Pezomachus sylvicola, Ist.
Fst., Mon. Gatt. Pez., 102, 27, 2.

Mr. G. C. Champion has taken a female Pezomachus,
which I believe to be this species. It differs only in one
respect from Férster’s description: he says, ‘* aculeus
scarcely as long as the 1st segment.” Mr. Champion’s
insect has the aculeus about one-third the length of the
Ist segment. I believe the aculeus varies in length in
some species; in P. Neesii it varies very much. This
insect looks a great deal like a very smooth and shining
specimen of P. zonatus.

A single female was taken at Caterham.

Pezomachus Neesit, Fst., ? var.

I have seen amongst Pezomachi collected by Mr.
Billups and Mr. Champion what I considered a small
variety of P. Neesti, Fst., but on closer examination I
find the differences constant; the aculeus projects
rather more than is usual in Neesii, the 1st segment
only of the abdomen is red, the remainder purplish
brown with the incisions faintly reddish, the base of the
antenne generally darker, and flagellum with eighteen
joints; whilst the genuine P. Neesii, with the partially
red 2nd segment of the abdomen, always, as far as my
observation goes, has twenty joints in the flagellum. 1
am inclined to think it is a good species and not a
variety.

Pezomachus Debeyit, Fst.

Fst., Mon. Gatt. Pez., 110, 37, 2.

Mr. Champion has taken a Pezomachus at Sheppy,
which agrees with this species, except that it has the
spiracles on the 1st segment slightly projecting.

Pezomachus emulus, Fst.
Fst:, Mon. Gatt. Pez., 146, 86, ?.

In Mr. Champion's collection are two specimens of a
Pezomachus which I believe to be this species; it differs
from Férster’s description in having the aculeus longer,
which he says is scarcely longer than half of the 1st
segment; these two have it almost as long as the

366 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's

segment. Forster knew but one specimen. The apex of
the abdomen in one of the two is brownish.

Sagaritis fasciata, n.s.

Segmentis mediis rufo-fasciatis, segmento tertio transverso,
aculeo segmento primo longiore.

?. Sides of head behind the eyes very slightly oblique;
antenne of female not more than half the length of the body;
supero-medial area of metathorax about as long as wide, closed
behind; lateral arew subdivided. Post-petiole rather wider than
long, about twice the width of the petiole, sides scarcely swollen,
2nd segment rather longer than wide, 3rd transverse, aculeus
almost as long as one-third of the abdomen. Areolet of wings
petiolated; recurrent nervure received just before the middle;
transverse anal nervure not divided.

Black; palpi and mandibles fulvous-yellow; Ist segment of
abdomen with a very narrow red margin, 2nd and 8rd with a
broad apical red band, 4th obscurely red at the sides of the apical
margin. Legs red, coxe black; middle and hind trochanters
black-marked at the base, yellowish at the apex; extreme base of
femora yellowish; hind tibie white, apex and before the base
dark; middle tibi slightly fuscous at the apex; base of 1st joint
of hind tarsi pale, remainder fuscous, articulations slightly paler ;
middle tarsi the same, but the brown much paler ; stigma piceous-
yellow, tegul yellow.

3. Differs only from the female in having the antenne longer,
supero-medial area of metathorax a little narrower and imperfectly
closed behind, the 2nd and 8rd segments of the abdomen longer,
the latter rather longer than wide, and the transverse anal nervure
of hind wings obsoletely divided below the middle; the abdomen
is more highly coloured, the apex of the 3rd segment has a dark
mark in the middle, and the sides of the remainder are broadly
red; the black at the apex of the hind tibie is more inclined to
red. Male and female. Length, 6°5—7 mm.

I took two females and one male together at Horning
Ferry, in June, 1882. They appear to me to be a
distinct species; in some respects they agree with
S. maculipes, Tschek., but differ in the length of the
3rd segment and the aculeus, which is longer than
usual in this genus, and the colour of the abdomen; in
length of aculeus it comes nearer to S. Holmgreni,
Tschek., but the legs are differently coloured and the
head wider.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 367

Sagaritis maculipes, Tschek.
Tschek., Ichn. Frag., 49, 6, 3 2.

I have taken in this neighbourhood what I believe to
be this species ; it has also been bred by Mr. W. H. iB:
Fletcher from an unknown host. The cocoon is pearly
white, with two indistinct zones of scattered black dots.

Cymodusa antennator, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Tryp. Suec., 41, 4, 3 2.

Dr. Capron has taken the female of this species at
Shiere: he also takes a male Cymodusa, which I identi-
fied as C. flavipes, Brischke. This Dr. Capron thinks 1s
the male of C. antennator, Holm. It may be so, but it
differs in many respects from the female ; the head is not
so wide, the face is wider, hind femora dark, and there
is no trace of red on the abdomen of any I have seen
(I have four males). Holmgren gives a variety of the
male, ‘abdomen black, except the subtestaceous or red
incision of 2nd segment, and hind femora entirely
black”; this agrees exactly with Dr. Capron’s males,
and also a male which I took at Wimbledon. In a foot-
note Holmgren says that this variety is perhaps a
distinct species. Dr. Capron remarks that he has taken
no male of C. antennator, or female of C. flavipes; it is
possible that these may be the sexes of the same insect.

Limneria mandibularis, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Ophion. Suec., 97, 76, ¢ ¢.

Dr. Capron has taken this very distinct species in the
neighbourhood of Shiere. The head and thorax are
very coarsely punctate, wings are without areolet, hind
legs greater part black, aculeus and antenne short, and
transverse anal nervure divided, readily distinguishes it
from the other species of this group of Limneria.

Limneria distincta, n. 8.
Niger, metathorace excavato, pedibus posticis nigris tibiis basi
et medio rufis.

Head transverse, scarcely contracted behind the eyes, rather
wider than the thorax; antennre not quite so long as the body ;

868 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to 1’. A. Marshall's

face subquadrate, about the same width as the forehead. Thorax
longer than high; mesonotum reticulate, with large close and
rather shallow punctures; metanotum with a deep longitudinal
furrow ; lateral are subdivided; supero-medial area longer than
broad, not closed behind, central groove is continuous from base
to apex. Abdomen long and slender, more than one-third longer
than the head and thorax, not so wide as the thorax; 1st segment
longer than the hind cox and trochanters, petiole slender, about
as long as the post-petiole, the latter rather more than twice as
wide as the petiole, longer than broad, sides almost parallel; 2nd
segment one-third longer than wide, 3rd quadrate, 4th, 5th, and
6th of equal length, one-third wider than long; abdomen pube-
scent at the sides and apex. Wings with a petiolated areolet;
recurrent neryure received about in the middle of the aveolet ;
external radial nervure almost straight; transverse anal nervure
not divided.

Black; legs red, cox and trochanters black, middle femora
with a black streak in the middle behind, hind legs black, tibie
dull red, apex and before the base black, base of tarsal joints
whitish, tarsi of middle legs the same colour, apex of middle tibize
fuscous, calcarie white. Stigma fuscous, base of wings and
tegule yellow; mandibles and palpi yellow. Male. Length,
6 mm.

This appears to me to be a very distinct and un-
described species ; the colour of the hind legs is different
from any other of this group.

A single male was bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher
from Gelechia lentiginosella in July, 1886, taken in
Abbott’s Wood.

Dicolus subtiliventris, Fst. ?
Fst., Ueb. d. Gatt. u. Art. d. Fam. d. Plectis., 96.

It is impossible to be sure that this is really Foérster’s
species, because his description is so short: ‘‘ Hind
tibiz distinctly notched before the apex, face dark brown,
antenne 31 joints, ?’’; all these points agree exactly
with an insect taken by Mr. Bignell in the neighbourhood
of Plymouth. Below I give a more detailed description
of the insect :—

Head oblique behind the eyes; antenne with long dense pube-
scence, a little longer than the body; head shining, very delicately
punctured; clypeus small, semicircular, distinctly separated from

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 369

the face, the latter elevated in the middle. Thorax not so wide as
the head, punctured as on the head, nearly three times as long as
wide, not trilobed in front; metathorax with a transverse suture a
little before the middle, without arex, superior surface separated
from the posterior surface by a prominent costa. Abdomen about
as wide as the thorax and longer than the head and thorax, and
widest towards the apex; Ist segment long and slender, about
four times as long as wide, spiracles placed before the middle,
post-petiole very little wider than the petiole; 2nd and 38rd
segments of equal length, longer than wide; 4th cylindrical, one-
fourth longer than wide; remainder transverse; the 2nd has an
oblong perpendicular depression (? is this normal), with a slightly-
raised ridge in the middle; aculeus straight, slender, and scarcely
projecting. Legs slender, hind coxe long, hind tibize with a wide
notch before the apex. Wings without an areolet (very similar to
Hemiteles); stigma moderate; external radial nervure curved,
forming a slight S$; transverse anal nervure of hind wings obso-
letely divided just below the middle.

@. Black; face partly piceous, antenne reddish, paler beneath,
palpi whitish, mouth and clypeus fulvous, thorax above partly
piceous, prothorax at the sides and beneath, mesopleura and breast,
fulvous-red; abdomen fusco-piceous; extreme apex of 2nd, all the
3rd, and middle of the base of the 4th segments stramineous, the
8rd fuscous at the sides ; legs pale fulvous; front and middle coxe
and trochanters pale straw ; hind coxie with a slight fuscous mark
on the outside towards the apex; apex of hind femora and tibie
with a slight fuscous stain; base of wings and squamule stra-
mineous. Stigma palish fuscous. Length about 5 mm.

Catoglyptus crassipes, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Tryph. Suec., 107, 3 ?.

Mr. Champion has taken a male of this species in the
London district.

Catoglyptus pulchricornis, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Tryph. Suec., 109, 7, 2.

Dr. Capron has taken two males of this species in the
neighbourhood of Shiere: he says they differ from the
female in having the antenne entirely black, the legs
rather darker, and the posterior coxe entirely black. In
one specimen the clypeus and face are yellowish white ;
in the other, a much smalier specimen, the inner orbits

370 =Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's

only have a broad yellowish streak: the abdomen has
the peculiar rugosity of the female.

Catoglyptus fuscicornis, Gmel.

Dr. Capron says that Huryproctus (Mesoleptus, Curt.)
Waltoni, which he takes in the neighbourhood of Shiere,
is the male of C. fuscicornis.

Perilissus minutus, n. 8.
Niger, pedibus pallidis, coxis posticis nigris, scapo flavo, facie

flavo-maculata 9; facie genis et temporibus, thorace flavo-macu-
lato 3.

Head subopaque, sides slightly oblique behind the eyes, rather
more so in the male than in the female; antenne as long as the
body. Thorax subopaque, very finely and closely punctate ;
mesonotum trilobed; supero-medial area of metathorax somewhat
triangular, longer than wide, closed behind; lateral arexw obso-
letely subdivided. Abdomen subopaque; 1st segment of female
slightly rounded at the sides, tapering from base to apex, one-third
longer than the width of the apex, spiracles almost in the middle
and not distinct; lst segment of the male much narrower, only
about twice as wide at the apex as at the base, spiracles very
prominent; both with a shallow furrow on the post-petiole;
remaining segments transverse, the 4th the widest; aculeus
slightly projecting and quite straight; legs rather slender. Wings
with a large areolet, as in Mesochorus; recurrent nervure received
before the middle ; external radial nervure slightly curved ; trans-
verse anal nervure of hinder wings divided hardly below the middle,
subopposite.

Black; palpi and greater part of mandibles yellow, frontal orbits
yellow, and a fulvous blotch behind the eyes in the female; male
mouth, face, frontal orbits, and cheeks yellow; scape yellow, black
above in the female, base of flagellum beneath, remainder fuscous.
Thorax of female black; in the male a yellow spot on the lower
part of the prothorax, and another on the front part of the meso-
pleura; a line below the wings and front sutures reddish. Abdo-
men of the female, incisions of three first segments fulvous at the
sides, wider and continued across the back in the male. Legs
pale yellowish red; coxe black; front coxe yellow, base black ;
apex of middle pair yellowish (female); male almost entirely
yellow, as well as extreme apex of hinder pair; trochanters
yellow, hind pair of female reddish; hind tibie reddish white,

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 371

apex fuscous; apical joint of front and middle tarsi fuscous ; hind
tarsi fuscous, base of joints palish. Stigma pale fuscous ; tubercles
and tegule whitish. Male and female. Length, 5 mm.

Taken by Dr. Capron in the neighbourhood of Shiere.
This species appears to come very near P. nigricollis,
Thom., but the description is far too short to be certain :
he makes no mention of the pale scape, partly black
coxe, or the reddish mark behind the eyes of the female.

Mesoleius attenuatus, n. s.
Niger, abdominis medio rufo, pedibus maxima ex parte rufis.

Head transverse, behind the eyes slightly oblique; antenne
filiform, longer than the body; apex of clypeus subtruncate.
Thorax about one-third longer than high; mesonotum distinetly
trilobed; metathorax without arew; mesopleura scabriculous and
dull, dise smooth and shining. Abdomen elongate, slender, longer
than the head and thorax ; apex of 4th segment the widest, nearly
as wide as the thorax; Ist segment rather longer than the hind
cox, petiole slender, sides parallel, about twice as long as wide ;
post-petiole rather longer than the petiole, apex very little wider
than the petiole, finely scabriculous, apex shining, without canali-
cula, spiracles placed before the middle; 2nd segment very finely
scabriculous, about one-third longer than wide ; 38rd, sculpture the
same, longer than wide, about the same length as the 2nd;
remainder transverse. Legs slender; last two joints of hind tarsi
of almost equal length. Wings with an areolet; transverse anal
nervure divided in the middle.

Black; face, mandibles, clypeus, and scape beneath yellow ;
segments 2—4 of abdomen red; tubercles and tegule yellow ;
stigma pale testaceous. Legs red; cox black, extreme apex of
front and middle ones yellow; trochanters yellow, base of hind
pair black; extreme apex of hind femora dark; hind tarsi and
apical one-third of hind tibie nigro-fuscous. Ventral fold pale.
Male. Length, 8 mm.

One male taken by Mr. E. Brunetti, who very kindly
gave me the insect; it belongs to Sect. A of Mesoleptus
of Holmgren’s Mon. Tryph. Suec., which division he
afterwards placed in the genus Mesoleius (Disp. Syn.
Mesol. Scand.), and is very distinct from any of the
group.

372 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T’. A. Marshall’s

Mesoleius (Saotus) ? brevispina, Thom.
Thom., Ent. Opus., 934.

Mr. J. KE. Fletcher has bred several male Tryphons
which agree better with this species than any other
Tean find; itis very similar to Perilissus bicolor, Brischke,
but the teeth of the mandibles being of equal length
will not allow it to go into that genus. The only
difference that I can see from Thomson’s description is
that the calcariz of the tibie are a trifle longer than
one-third of the Ist joint of the tarsi. His descriptions
are so very meagre that one can never be quite certain :
in this he does not say if he knows the male. This
eroup of Mesoleius have the abdomen more compressed
and glazed than usual; some of the females are as
much compressed as Bassus cognatus. I give a descrip-
tion of this insect :—

Head transverse, narrow behind the eyes; antenne about as
long as the body; apex of clypeus truncate, depressed, transversely
raised before the apex. Thorax shining, parapsides obsolete ;
mesopleura obsoletely reticulate; supero- and postero-medial are
subdistinct. Side of post-petiole of abdomen almost parallel
longer than wide, depressed in the middle, basal depression obso-
letely continued on to the post-petiole; 2nd and drd segments
longer than wide, from the second segment abdomen subcom-
pressed. Legs moderate. Wings without an areolet; transverse
anal nervure slightly ante-furcal, divided far below the middle ;
transverse ordinary not interstitial.

Black; face, frontal orbits, the lower part of prothorax, meso-
pleura and breast, large hook-shaped marks on shoulders, a double
mark in centre of mesonotum, tubercles, tegule, a mark below the
wings, scutellum, or middle of scutellum, extreme apex of 1st
segment, apex broadly of 2nd, a dorsal mark on 3rd margin of the
remainder thinly, belly, front leg, hind cox, and trochanters
yellow; hind femora red; base of hind tibie dirty white, apical
half and hind tarsi fuscous; stigma fuscous. Antenne fuscous
above, reddish beneath. ‘The pale marks on the abdomen vary a
little in quantity. Male. Length, 5 mm.

Bred by Mr. J. EK. Fletcher from Nematus purpure,
Cam., a new leaf-rolling sawfly, discovered by him at
Worcester on Salix purpurea, June, 1886.

Cataloque of British Ichneumonide. 373

Mesoleius flavopictus, Gr.

Mesoleptus flavopictus, Grav., I. E., 11., 338, 3 ; Mesoleius,
Bris., D. Jeb. d. Prov: W.u. O-Preuss, ¢ 2.

Mr. Champion has taken, at Caterham, a female which
agrees exactly with Gravenhorst’s male, except that the
hind coxe are entirely red. It differs slightly from
Brischke’s description: he says all the coxe are red,
the supero-medial area of the metathorax indistinct,
and transverse anal nervure divided in the middle.
Mr. Champion’s insect has the supero-medial area
rather distinct, elongate, with almost parallel sides, and
transverse anal nervure divided a little below the middle ;
but this is of very little consequence, as all these points
are subject to variation. Mr. Marshall has placed
flavopictus in the genus Perilissus.

Grypocentrus cinctellus, Ruthe.

Ruthe, Stett. ent. Zeit., xvi., 54, 1; Holm., Mon.
inyph. Suec., 1938. 9:

Dr. Capron has taken this species in the neighbour-
hood of Shiere.

Thymarus compressus, Thom.
Thom., Opus. Eint., 909, 3 ¢.

Dr. Capron informs me he has taken this species in
the neighbourhood of Shiere.

Lathrolestus macropygus, Holm.

Perilissus macropygus, Holm., Mon. Tryph. Suec., 126,
12, g; Lathrolestus macropygus, Thom., Opus.
Bite Oleus 2

This handsome httle insect has been taken by Mr.
Champion at Aviemore; the female, which Thomson
says is Perilissus soleatus, Holm., has not yet been taken
in Britain that I know of. JL. macropygus has since
been taken by Dr. Capron in the neighbourhood of
Shiere,

374 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T'. A. Marshall's

Polyblastus sanguinatorius, Ratz.

Ratz., Die Ichn. d. Forst., 1i., 129, 51 ; Holm., Mon.
Tryph. Suec., 213, 2; Brischke, D. Ich. d. Prov. W. u.
O-Preuss, 65, 3 ¢.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher has bred a specimen of this
lovely little T’ryphon from an unknown host. Ratzeburg
says that Brischke bred a male from Cladius eucera ;
Brischke says that it was bred from Cladius viminalis
and Nematus larve. The Tryphonideé frequently infest
sawfly larve, and in all probability Mr. Fletcher intro-
duced the larva of a Cladius or Nematus with the food-
plant into his case.

Cteniscus gnathoxanthus, Gr.

Tryphon gnathoxanthus, Gr., Ich. Eur., i1., 147, 94, 2;
Cteniscus gnathoxanthus, Holm., Mon. Tryph.
DUC pao helen Sane e

Mr. Bignell has taken a female of this very distinct
species in Devonshire.

Triclistus (Hxochus) Holmgreni, Bohm.
Holm., Disp. Met. Exoch. Scand., 57, 1, 2.

Dr. Capron has sent me this insect, which he has
taken at Shiere. Holmgren says it is very rare.

Triclistus lativentris, Thom.
Thom., Deuts. Entom. Zeits., xxxi. (1887), 203,
Oni ee.
A single specimen of this was bred in May, 1884,
from Emmelesia alchemillata by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.

Triclistus nitifrons, Thom.
Phos, :¢.¢:, 20476 ceo..

This I took on Mousehold, near Norwich, in August,
1877, and had considered it 7’. congener.

Triclistus pubwentris, Thom.
Thom.; .l.c., 205, Sisco 2.

Taken at Harlham, near Norwich, in June, 1878,
This I considered 7’. podagricus.

=~

Or

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 3

Exochus niger, mihi.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, 169.

Thomson says this is a T'riclistus, although the wings
have no areolet.

Exochus Woldstedtii, Holm.

I have taken the male of this insect at Earlham, in
the neighbourhood of Norwich, in June, 1886.

Exochus nigripalpis, Thom.

This species is common in this country. I had con-
sidered it H. gravipes, but Thomson says it is his nigrt-
palpis.

Exochus procerus, Holm.

Holm., Meth. Exoch. Scand., 68, 11, ¢ ?.

I have a specimen of this insect: unfortunately it has
no locality or number to it, so | am unable to say from
whom I received it ; all I can say is that it is British.

Bassus deplanatus, Gr.

Mr. G. C. Champion has taken a male Bassus at
Aviemore which agrees very closely with B. deplanatus,
Gr., but Gravenhorst says that the scape of the antenne
is red or ferruginous, towards the apex brownish or
blackish, and the front coxe black, more or less red
beneath. In Mr. Champion’s specimen the former are
entirely black, and the latter entirely red. Holmgren
gives the same description, and says the transverse anal
nervure is divided a little above the middle; in the
Scotch specimen it is divided in the middle. It is larger,
measuring 8 mm.; Holmgren and Gravenhorst give the
length 23—8 or almost 3 lines. It is probably only a
large var. of the B. deplanatus, Gr.

Bassus punctatus, n.s.
Niger, pedibus rufis basi nigris, posticis tarsis et tibiis apice
nigris, scutello flavo limbato; areola nulla.
Subopaque; head transverse, rather narrowed behind the eyes,
finely punctate, interstices reticulate; antenne about two-thirds
the length of the body. Thorax punctate, interstices reticulate

376 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall's

metathorax without aree. First three segments of abdomen
punctate, interstices reticulate; apex of 3rd free from punctures ;
base of 4th punctate, the remainder reticulate ; 1st segment a little
longer than wide, sides almost parallel; 2nd transverse. Legs
moderate. Wings without an areolet; transverse anal nervure
divided a little below the middle.

Black; a yellow mark in middle of the face, an oblong mark in
front of wings, a streak below, sides and extreme apex of scutellum
yellow. Legs red; cox, base of trochanters, apex of hind tibize
and hind tarsi black; apical joint of front and middle tarsi
fuscous. Tegule and base of wings yellow; stigma fuscous,
extreme base slightly paler, Female. Length, 7°5 mm.

One female taken by Mr. G. C. Champion at Avie-
more. This Bassus appears to be undescribed; the
colour of the scutellum and coxe, as well as the sculp-
ture of the base of the abdomen, is distinct from any I
can find described.

Ephialtes ruficollis, Desvig.
Desvig., Mus. Cat. Brit. Ichn., 88, 11.

The Rev. T. A. Marshall has placed this insect in his
catalogue as a synonym of Thalessa clavata, F., but this
is a mistake; it isa true Hphialtes. I have a male and
female bred by Mr. C. G. Barrett many years ago. The
transverse ordinary nervure is interstitial, and the trans-
verse anal almost opposite and divided in the middle ;
the male has a narrow testaceous band at the base of
the 2nd and 8rd segments.

If Thalessa clavata is included in the catalogue on the
streneth of Desvignes’ insect, then it must be removed
from the British list.

Pimpla nigricans, Thom.

Thom., Opusc. Ent., 754, 28, 3 2.

Mr. Champion has taken, at Box Hill, a Pimpla which
I believe to be this species. Thomson says it differs
from P. detrita, Holm., in having the tubercles black,
and the 5th joint of the tarsi not longer than the 3rd ;
besides these points the lst segment of the abdomen is
a little shorter and the aculeus a little longer.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 377

Polysphincta gracilis, Holm.
Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec., 32, 8, 3 ?.

Mr. Champion has taken a female of this very distinct
species at Aviemore.

Polysphincta subrufa, n.s.

Niger, thorace subtus pedibusque rufis, tibiis posticis fuscis
variis; aculeo segmento primo longitudine.

Shining; antennz rather more than three-fourths the length of
the body; head moderately narrowed behind; mesonotum obso-
letely trilobed in front; metathorax with three distinct superior
ares; 1st segment of abdomen about as long as the width of the
apex, keels distinct, extending to beyond the middle of the
segment, this and the 2nd obsoletely scabriculous; 2nd and 3rd
segments with a transverse impression ; the remaining segments
smooth and shining; aculeus as long as the 1st segment (about
one-fifth the length of the abdomen), and stout. Radial cell of
wings lanceolate, one-third longer than the internal division of the
radial nervure; transverse anal nervure divided a little below the
middle, the emitting nervure not very distinct.

Black; clypeus and mandibles dirty white, apex of latter
brownish; the lower half of the mesopleura, metathorax beneath,
breast, and legs red; base of hind tibiz paler, apex and before the
base fuscous; apex of middle tibie and apex of joints of middle
and hind tarsi fuscous, their last joints entirely so. Stigma palish
brown, base pale; tegule yellowish white. Length about 6 mm.

One female taken by Mr. G. C. Champion at Avie-
more, and another by Mr. EH. A. Atmore at Lynn in
June, 1887.

This beautiful insect belongs to Holmegren’s division
A. b. +, but differs in colour and structure from any
Polysphincta I can find described. It seems to me to
come nearest to P. percontatoria, Mull.

Glypta elongata, Holm.

Holm., Mon. Pimp. Suec., 38, 6, 2.

I took a female of this species at Brundall in July,
1881. Last year Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher bred it from
the larvee of Bactra lanceolana from Worthing, in July ;
it is very like G. fronticornis, but the head behind the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PaRT IV. (DEC.) 2D

3878 Mr. Bridgman’s additions to T. A. Marshall’s

eyes does not slope towards the neck. It appears to
vary in colour; the single male Mr. Fletcher bred has
the margins only of the abdominal segments obscurely
red, the coxe reddish brown, apex of hind femora, base
and apex of hind tibiw, and apex of tarsal joints,
brownish. The abdomen of the female also varies in
colour to almost entirely black: one has the coxe red-
dish brown. G. fronticornis I have not yet seen: either
agree very well with Gravenhorst’s description of G.
fronticornis.

Glypta rufata, n.s.

Abdomine rufo apice infuscato, pedibus rufis, aculeo abdominis
longitudine.

Shining, punctate; head transverse, narrow behind the eyes;
antenne three-fourths the length of the body ; mesonotum slightly
trilobed in front; metanotum shining, transversely rugose, with
five more or less distinct aree; mesopleura shining, punctate,
punctures very much scattered behind; 1st segment of abdomen
rather longer than wide, keels distinct for two-thirds the length of
the segment, obsolete towards the apex; 2nd and 3rd segments
about one-fourth broader than long; aculeus scarcely shorter than
the abdomen. Wings without an areolet; transverse anal nervure
divided below the middle, one-third from the bottom. Claws of
tarsi pectinated.

Black; apex of clypeus and palpi piceous; flagellum beneath
red. Abdomen red; apical segments more or less fuscous; the
others usually with transverse fuscous stains, generally faint.
Legs red; hind tibie at the apex and before the base slightly
fuscous ; apex of joints of hind tarsi fuscous, more or less intense.
Stigma of female pale, male pale fuscous, squamule red; base of
wings yellow. Male and female. Length, 5—6 mm.

Bred by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher from Hupeacilia notu-
lana from Wicken Fen, in June, 1886.

This very distinct species, in coloration, is somewhat
like G. monoceros, but the forehead is not cornuted, the
legs are differently coloured, and the claws pectinated.

Lissonota formosa, n. s.
Niger; thorace rufo-flavoque maculato, aculeo corpore paulo
breviore, pedibus rufis.
Head transverse, behind the eyes oblique, but less so than in
L. variabilis; antenne not so long as the body. Thorax punctate ;

Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. 379

mesonotum more finely punctate than the metanotum, and a little
more coarsely so than in variabilis; punctures less distinct than
on the latter, with a rather distinct central depression; Ist seg-
ment of abdomen about one-third longer than wide; 2nd and 8rd
longer than wide; these three segments rather strongly punctate,
the apical margins shining; 4th more finely punctate; aculeus
about as long as thorax and abdomen. Wings as in L. variabilis.
Black; mouth, clypeus, and inner orbits yellow; mesothorax
entirely; scutellum, back part of prothorax and sides of meta-
thorax, red; a line on the upper part of the prothorax, a line at
the sides above the front cox, a triangular mark on the shoulders
and tubercles, yellow. Apical margins of Ist—3rd and sides of
drd—7th segments of the abdomen castaneous. Legs red; front
and middle coxe and trochanters yellow ; hind trochanters fuscous
above; middle and hind tarsi slightly fuscous. Base of wings and
tegule pale yellow; stigma pale testaceous. Length, 5 mm.

One female was bred in 1886 by Mr. G. T. Porritt
from either Rhodophea consociella or Nephopterya gent-
stella.

This insect is very like variabilis and lateralis, but
differs from both beside in the rich coloration, from the
former in the punctate abdomen, and from the latter in
the longer 2nd and 3rd segments of the abdomen.

Echthrus lancifer, Gr.

Gr, Ui, 1l.,.901, 22, o: Lasch.. 1D. Schiut. Pimp,
308, 2, 2; Brischke, D. Ich. d. Prov. W. u. O-Preuss,
1880, 21, 4 2.

Mr. Billups took a fine female at Walmer, August 5th,
1886, which he very kindly presented to me.

Echthrus nubeculatus, Gr.
Grete, 11-866; 205649.
Mr. G. C. Champion has taken a female of this

species at Aviemore. The head, thorax, and abdomen
are closely and coarsely punctate.

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XVIII.—On a new genus of South African Pselaphide.
By Tuos. L. Casey. (Communicated by Dr. D. SHarp.)

[Read September 7th, 1887.]

Tue genus here brought to notice belongs to the group
Faronides, distinguished by the claws, which are two in
number, and equal or very nearly so. The general
characters being those of the Huplectini, the following
diagnosis will be sufficient for purposes of identifi-
cation :—

Farnonipius, n. g. (Huplectini).

Head transverse; eyes very large, prominent, situated at the
base; gen almost entirely obsolete; front with a single deep
fovea; antennz long, slender, not capitate, approximate at base,
inserted at the sides of a frontal tubercle, which is divided by a
distinct groove, first joint as long as the next two together;
maxillary palpi small, fourth joint as long as the preceding joints
combined, ovate, slightly truncate at tip. Under surface of the
head with two impressed fovezw near the base, connected by a
deeply impressed transverse groove, and also having a dense
fringe of long erect sets at each side of the basal margin. Pro-
thorax with a large transverse basal impression and lateral foveze
not connected. Elytra more than twice as long as the prothorax,
each elytron having at base three parallel rows of small deep
fover, the sutural striz being continous from the fourth fovea of
the inner series. Abdomen distinctly shorter than the elytra;
border wide, inclined; first visible dorsal segment shorter than
the second, having near the base a transverse line of spongiose
structure, which is slightly interrupted in the middle. Prosternum
with a deep transverse groove nearly throughout its width. Elytra
without lateral fovee or carine. Legs and tarsi slender.

The systematic position of this genus appears to be
in the vicinity of Sagola, Sharp, which it resembles in
the structure and position of the antenne, but from
which it differs greatly in the structure of the under

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887. PART Iv. (DEC.)

382 Mr. T. L. Casey on a new genus of

surface of the head, and in the number and relative
position of the frontal and prenotal impressions.

Faronidius africanus, n. 8.

Form slender, linear, depressed; integuments feebly shining,
pale rufo-ferruginous throughout; pubescence long, fine, very
dense, subrecumbent. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax,
wider than long; base transversely truncate; eyes very large and
prominent from above; front with a deep rounded fovea in the

middle of the length and in a line through the anterior portion of
the eyes; it is continued anteriorly by a narrow deep canaliculation
which bisects the frontal tubercle; the latter transverse, abrupt
behind; antennz slighly more than one-half as long as the body ;
third joint small, remainder longer than wide, obconical; eleventh
slightly more robust, slightly shorter than the two preceding
together, with an oblique process at apex. Prothorax widest at
one-third its length from the apex, much wider than long; sides
strongly rounded anteriorly, feebly convergent and very slightly
sinuate towards base; the latter transverse, abruptly and slightly

South African Pselaphide. 383

arcuate in the middle, one-half wider than the apex; disk evenly
convex anteriorly; basal impression large and deep. Elytra at
base slightly wider than the prothorax; sides more strongly
arcuate near the apex; disk depressed, distinctly longer than the
head and prothorax together. Abdomen slightly shorter than the
elytra, equal to the latter in width. Length, 1°5 mm.

Wellington, South Africa.

The structure of the vertex is somewhat peculiar, the
median tubercle being connected with the anterior
margin of the clypeus by a corneous band, which
appears at first sight to be a strongly elevated carina,
but which is in reality entirely detached from the vertex,
except at its point of origin on the tubercle and clypeus.
The type is a female, the apex of the abdomen beneath
being unmodified ; it is the only representative which I
have seen.

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( 885 )

XIX. On the butterflies of the French Pyrenees.
By H. J. Euwess, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

[Read October 5th, 1887.]

Ir is a curious fact how little attention has been paid
by English lepidopterists to the butterflies of Europe
generally. It is not so in all branches of Natural
History, and, as regards birds, I may say that there is
hardly a country in Europe on which able ornithological
memoirs are not to be found in the pages of ‘ The Ibis’;
whilst on European butterflies there is hardly a paper
of real importance in any English entomological journal.
The only two general works on European butterflies by
Englishmen, namely, Kirby’s ‘Huropean Lepidoptera’
and Lang’s ‘ Butterflies of Europe,’ are mere compila-
tions, without much original observation or special
knowledge of the subject, and only of use to beginners.

Though I cannot pretend that the present paper
is anything more than a preliminary list, yet, as
there is, so far as I know, no complete catalogue of
Pyrenean butterflies in existence, I hope it may have
some interest to the members of the Society. And, in
order to make my notes more useful, I have included the
names of species found by M. de Graslin, Struve, and
MM. René and Charles Oberthur, who have all written
on the Pyrenean Lepidoptera. To M. Charles Oberthiir
I am not only indebted for much kind guidance and
assistance during the time I was at Vernet, but also
for looking over and correcting the list I drew up, which
his ten or twelve years’ experience in the Pyrenees
enabled him to do with some confidence in its accuracy.

The works I have consulted in writing this paper are
as follows :—

A. de Graslin, ‘ Notice sur deux Explorations Entomo-
logiques faites dans les Pyrenees Orientales en 1847
et en 1857.’

‘Annales Soc. Ent. France,’ 1862, pp. 297—8792.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1887.—PART IV. (DEC.)

386 Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

This contains a long list of 87 butterflies and about 440
species of moths (excluding Micros), taken at Collioure,
on the coast of the Mediterranean, at Vernet, and at Mont
Louis, with numerous critical remarks on the localities,
and on the larve, to which M. de Graslin appears to
have paid particular attention. Some new species are
ficured.

Oscar Struve, ‘ Drei sommer in Pyrenaén.’

Stettiner ‘Ent. Zeit.’ 1882, pp. 898—405, 410, 429.
This paper gives an account of the localities visited by
the author in 1879 in the Western and Central Pyrenees,
where, however, he does not seem to have got any great
results, owing to frequent change of locality and bad
weather, and a list of the Lepidoptera, 92 species of
butterflies and 176 of moths (excluding Micros), found
by him during 1880 and 1881 at Vernet and Mont
Louis, in the Kastern Pyrenees.

Charles Oberthur, ‘ Lepidoptéres des Pyrenées.’

‘Ktudes d’Entomologie, Huitiéme Livraison,’ Juin
1884, Rennes. A whole part of M. Oberthur’s beautifully-
printed and illustrated ‘ Etudes’ are devoted to Pyrenean
Lepidoptera, mostly from Cauterets, in the central part
of the range, and from the Picos d’Kuropa, an extension
of the Pyrenees in Northern Spain, which MM. Oberthir
were the first entomologists to visit. This paper con-
tains no general catalogue, but notes on a number of
species, and good figures of several, and has been of
creat use to me in making up my list.

Leaving London, with my wife, on the 28th June, I
travelled, vid Paris and Toulouse, direct to Vernet les
Bains, a watering-place in the Department of the
Pyrenées Orientales, which has been better worked than
any other place in the Pyrenees, and is, on account of
its situation near the shores of the Mediterranean, its
warm climate, and its position close under Mont Canigou,
the highest point in the eastern part of the range,
perhaps the richest field for an entomologist in the South
of France. Here we found comfortable quarters and
excellent cooking at a very much lower rate than in the
Central and Western Pyrenees, which are more frequented
by tourists and bathers. ‘Though not so easy of access
as Luchon or Cauterets, Vernet is only seven miles from
the railway at Prades, and a very good centre for
excursions. The rainfall is much less, the weather

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 387

more settled, and the climate, though hotter, not more
oppressive than that of the low valleys in the Western
and Central Pyrenees. Though the elevation of the
village is only 2000 feet, and the character of the
immediate neighbourhood somewhat dry and arid, yet,
by riding or walking up the valley, at the foot of which
Vernet hes, you soon get into woods and pastures of an
alpine character, and have less distance to go to the
good collecting spots than at any of the other places
which I visited, except Gavarnie.

The species found at Vernet are a curious mixture of
Mediterranean forms, such as Rhodocera Cleopatra,
Anthocharis euphenoidesand Thais medesicaste, with purely
alpine and arctic ones, such as Colias phicomone, Lycena
orbitulus, Erebra Lappona, and Argynnis pales. It
would be possible to take all these in a single day by
ascending about 4000 feet.

Though some of the more southern forms were over
or past their best when I arrived, yet I think the month
of July, or from June 15th to July 15th, is the best
month all round for collecting, and, though a few species,
such as Hrebia neoridas and EH. pitho, do not appear till
later ; yet I got almost all the Rhopalocera that Ober-
thur, Struve, and De Graslin collected in the course of
several years. The Heterocera, of course, I could not
hope to do much with in so short a time, though I took
many interesting species, and have no doubt that much
remains to be learnt of those which frequent the higher |
elevations, which, owing to the difficulty of getting
tolerable quarters, have been comparatively neglected by
all collectors. If Messrs. Oberthur carry out their
intention of building a chalet at about 6000 feet, they
will be well repaid both by night and by day; but,
strange to say, not a single high mountain inn of the
class so common in the Alps is yet to be found in the
Pyrenees, and one must take one’s choice of a long ride
up the mountain and down again at night, or of lying
out in some of the few and dirty chalets which exist at
or above 5000 feet.

After spending twelve days at Vernet, we went on to
Bagneres de Luchon, where the weather was very
unsettled during the seven days we remained, and,
though I lost no chance of working the higher ground, I
had several days spoilt by heavy thunderstorms and

388 Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

deluges of rain. The vegetation is here much more
luxuriant, the forests larger and finer, and the climate
of the higher valleys damper and less sunny than at
Vernet. Directly one crosses the watershed between the
Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay, as you do in
travelling by rail from Toulouse to Luchon, the change
from the arid vineyards, wheat-fields, and olive-gardens
of Roussillon to the green pastures, beech-woods, and
maize-fields of Bearn is very marked. I have there-
fore marked all the species I noted which occur in
the Eastern and Central Pyrenees, or both of them,
with an EH. or C., to show the distribution as far as
I know it.

From Luchon we went on to St. Sauveur and Gavarnie,
which latter I found a very charming place, both for
scenery and collecting, and concluded our trip by
ascending the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, where I was
astonished by taking Lycena betica, Hrebia Lappona,
Lycena orbitulus, and Rhodocera rhamni, all within a
few yards of each other, at about 8000 feet elevation.

The return journey was made vid Bayonne and
Biarritz, where I stayed part of two days, and found
common, in the marshes near the town, several species,
such as Satyrus phedra, Cenonympha edipus, Lycena
alcon, and Cyclopides morpheus, which I had never
previously taken either in Germany, Switzerland, or the
Pyrenees.

In the enclosed list I have given my authority for all
species not taken by myself, and have marked with a ?
a few which seem to have been included by others on
doubtful authority. An exploration of the Spanish side
of the mountains will doubtless add several species to
this list. The elevations at which the various species
occur are, of course, only approximate, but are in
some cases interesting, as showing how high up some
of the southern species occur; Anthocharis euphenoides,
for instance, which is a vernal species on the Mediter-
ranean coast, goes up to 6000 or 7000 feet in July,
whilst R. rhamni, a vernal and autumnal species with
us, was fresh out in July at 7000—8000 feet in the
Central Pyrenees.

ck

Ov © po

ids
12.

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 389

Papilio podalirius. E. C. To about 8000 ft.—I did
not take the type, which, according to Oberthiir,
is found in the central and probably in the western
parts of the chain. The variety Feisthamelt, Dup.,
is common at Vernet in July and August, but of
the first generation, which occurs in May there,
some specimens given me by M. Oberthur are as
yellow as the ordinary podalirius from Germany
and Brittany, and others are as white as [eist-
hameli from Collioure and Andalusia. If these
specimens are bred from the same batch of eggs
it would seem that the variety is not constant.
De Graslin says that the larva of Feisthameli is
not different from that of podalirius.

. Papilio machaon. KE. C. To 5000 ft.
. Thais rumina, var. medesicaste. E. To 2000 ft.

May—July.

. Parnassius apollo. E. C. 8—5000 ft. June, July.
. P. mnemosyne. E. C. 4—5000 ft. June, July.—

I found this common in July in the shady wooded
glens on the north side of the slope at the Col du
Cheval Mort, and endeavoured again without
success to discover the food-plant of its larva.
No species of Corydalis was, however, to be found
in the places where it was most abundant.

. Aporia Crategi. E. C. Common at 3—4000 ft.,

and up to 6000 ft.

. Pieris brassice. E. C. To 4000 ft.

. P. rape. H.C. To 7000 ft.

. Pinay. EH. C. To 6000 ft.

bP callidices. Ve. . 6—9000' it. “June; —July.—

I found it wherever I went above 6000 ft., and see no
difference between Pyrenean and Alpine specimens.

P. daplidice. KE. C. To 2000 ft. Not abundant.

Anthocharis euphenoides. EH. C.? Common to 5000 ft.
at Vernet. May—July.—I am almost positive that
I saw this species at 7000 ft., near the Port d’Es-
pagne, above Gavarnie, but was unable to take it.

A. Belia, var. ausonia, occurs at Collioure on the
coast, but not as in the Alps and Himalaya in the
mountains.

A. tages, var. bellezina.—M. Oberthiir notes this on
my list as occurring in the Kastern Pyrenees, but
does not say whether on the coast or in the
mountains.

390
13.

14.

15.
16.

Lig(e

18.
19.
20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

A. cardamines. C. To 5000 ft. July.—Not observed
in the Eastern Pyrenees, but found at Luchon
and Cauterets.

Leucophasia sinapis, and var. diniensis. HE. C. To
6000 ft. May—July.

Colias edusa. E. C. To 5000 ft. June, July.

C. phicomone. H.C. 6—8000 ft. July.—Very
abundant above Vernet.

C. hyale. EH. C. July—August.—I did not observe
this, but M. Oberthur says it is common at Vernet
in August.

C. chrysotheme is noted by Struve as occurring at
Vernet, but I think he must mean what I took,
and De Graslin notes as “ C. edusa variety ap-
proaching chrysotheme.”” These were small pale
forms of edusa, which occurred at the same time
and place as the large brilliant ones which are
typical of hot sunny climates. Iam not aware that
C. chrysotheme occurs anywhere west of the Tyrol,
where, | think, it was once reported by G. Mann.

Rhodocera rhamni. EK. C. 2—8000 ft. March—
June, fide de Graslin; July, Elwes.

R. Cleopatra. E. 1—2000 ft. June, July.—Com-
mon at Vernet.

Thecla betule. E.—I procured a specimen of this
taken at Vernet by Michel Nou. Neither de Gras-
lin or Struve note it.

T. spint. E.—Noted by de Graslin at Villefranche,
just below Vernet. I took a female of the form
Lynceus at Vernet.

T. ilicis, and vars. esculi and cerri. HK. C. 1—8000ft.
June, July.— Common at Vernet. Neither the
var. cerri, which, according to Oberthur, exists in
both sexes in France, or the var. e@scult, which,
according to Staudinger, is a southern variety,
seem to me quite worthy of separation.

T. acacie. E. To 3000 ft. June, July.—Not so
common as the last, but occurs early in July at
Vernet.

T. roboris. E. 1—8000 ft. June, July. — This
fine species is common at Vernet in several places ;
it settles on ash and chestnut trees, and is not
difficult to catch in good condition at the begin-
ning of July. On some of the low trees at the

25.

26.

PALE
28.

20;

30.
ol.

butterflies of the F'rench Pyrenees. 391

head of the valley of St. Vincent it was so
numerous that I caught twenty in an hour or so,
and, when disturbed, it usually returns to the
same perch.

T. rubi. H.—I did not observe this myself, but

procured specimens from Michel Nou, taken at
Vernet. De Graslin says it is very common at
Collioure, and the specimens I have from there
have a median line of white spots on hind wings
below, which is more marked than in those from
any other locality.

’ T. quercus. Hi.—Noted by Struve at Vernet, but

never seen by Oberthur, who has collected several
years there.

Polyommatus virgauree. Hi. C. 38—6000 ft. June,

Jee

PB

July.—The var. Meigu, which differs from the
type in having more or less of the black spots of
the lower surface showing through the copper of
the wing above, occurs in the Pyrenees, but only,
I think, as an aberration, and, though it seems
more abundant and well-marked in Central Spain,
it can hardly be looked on even there as a constant
variety.

P. hippothoe. HK. C. 8—6000 ft. July.—Not un-

common in moist pastures.

alciphron, var. gordis. EK. C. 2—8000 ft.
June, July.—Common at Vernet; also found at
Cauterets.

doriis. H.C. Var. subalpina. EH. To 6000 ft.
June, July.—Not common. Those which I took,
as also noted by Oberthur, are like the common
form; but Struve notes also the var. subalpina as
occurring at Vernet. Ido not think this variety
can be separated in the Pyrenees.

phieas. HK. C. To 5000 ft.

Lycena betica. HK. C. To 8000 ft. May—July.—

Not noted by De Grashn, but taken by Struve
and myself at Vernet, and by me at Gavarnie and
on the Pic du Midi at 8000 ft. This latter speci-
men had one fore wing so much crippled that it
seemed hardly capable of having flown up so
high from below; and, as the species occurs at
considerable elevations on the Himalaya, it may

~ be an inhabitant of the higher Pyrenees.

392 Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

L. argiades. W.—Not noted by any one from the
mountains, but, as I took it at Biarritz, it most
likely occurs in the lower parts of the Western
Pyrenees.

82. L. egon. E.C. To 6000 ft. June, July.—Com-

— mon almost everywhere.

33. L. argus. C. Fide Oberthur.—Not seen by either
De Graslin or Struve, but noted at Cautarets
with @gon by Oberthur ; and I took one or two at
Gavarnie, which I believe to be argus.

34. L. orion. EH. 1500 ft-—Not seen by me, but noted
by de Graslin at Villefranche.

85. L. baton. EH. 1500 ft. — Not seen by me, but
specimens taken at Vernet by M. Nou were inter-
mediate between the type and the var. panoptes,
which I have from Collioure, on the coast. Struve
notes both the type and panoptes at Vernet.

36. L. orbitulus. EK. C. 6—8000 ft. July.

37. L. pyrenaica, Bdv. C. 6—8000 ft. July. Cf. Ob., Ht.
Ent. Liv., viii. p. 16.—-With regard to this species,
Oberthur has cleared up some of the doubt which
existed as to pyrenaica, and, whether it is treated
as a distinct species or only as a variety, it seems
to be quite easy to distinguish not only from
orbitulus of the Alps, but also from the form
found with it in the Central Pyrenees. In the
eastern part of the range alone I found it at
Gavarnie and on the Pic du Midi, whilst orbitulus
was common above the forest, by the track from
Vernet to the Pla Guilhelm. My collection con-
tains a good series of the forms of this species,
and, though I cannot agree with Oberthur in all
points, yet I think the arrangement given in Stau-
dinger’s Catalogue may be amended as follows :—

L. orbitulus, Prun., Sum. Alp. Pyr. Altai, Alatau,
Tarbagatai.

? Var. rustica, Edw. Colorado.
? Var. podarce, Feld., tehama, Reak., nestos, Bdl.
Wash. terr., California, U.S.A.
Var. vel. sp. aquilo, Bdl. Lapland. Minor ¢
cerulescens.
?Var. Wosnesenskyti, Men. Kamschatcha, non
vidi.
Vay. vel. sp. ? Franklini, Curt. Labrador, Arct.
Am. Subtus distincte nigro-punctatus.

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 393

Var. vel. sp. pyrenaica, Bdy. Cent. Pyr., N.
Spain (Picos d’Huropa). (Orbitulus and pyre-
naica, ‘“‘species valde distincta,’”’ fide Ober-
thur). 2= Dardanus, Frra,°As, min. alp.
Armenia; (Sierra Nevada, Andalusia, (fide
Stegr.).

Var. vel. sp. Leela, de Nicé., J. A. S. B., 1883,
p- 66, t. 1; fig. 8, 3a. Ladak.

LL. Hiltisi, Marsh., from the N.W. Himalaya, is
an allied species nearest to Leela. Pheretiades,
Ky., from the Alatau and mountains of Kuldja
seems distinct. Pheres, Stgr., Pheretulus, Ster.,
and Pherulus, Stgr., from the mountains of
Khokand, seem, as far as I can judge from the
few specimens I have, to be all the same species ;
but, in any case, the name of Pheres has been
used by Boisduval for a Californian Lycena. The
Colorado form, rustica, Edw., is so near our
alpine one that I can hardly separate it, but that
found in California and Washington territory,
tehama, Reakirt, is much more distinct, pale below,
and much spotted with black. Edwards considers
it distinct from orbitulus. The type of Franklini
came from Arctic America, and is said by Oberthur
to be almost identical with aquilo. Whether the
Labrador form is identical with Franklini or not I
cannot say, but it is very distinct on the under
side from the form found on the fells of Lapland,
which I take to be aquilo, Bdv. Wosnesenskyti
I know only from the figure. Agagrus, Christoph,
from the Alps of North Persia, is nearly allied to
orbitulus, and may perhaps be considered only as
a well-marked local form ; but I have seen it only
from one locality, and do not know whether it
varies. ‘The distribution of the forms of this
species at many isolated points in the high alpine
and arctic regions of the Palearctic and Nearctic
region is very curious, and worthy of a more
detailed study.

38. L. eros. HK. C. 4—65000 ft.—Rare in the Pyrenees,
where I have not taken it myself.

Var. 2, cerulescens, Ob. C.

39. L. icarus. E. C. To 5000 ft.
40. L. ewmedon. EH. C, 4—6000 ft. July.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—pPaRT IV. (DEC.) 2h

394

45.

61.

62.

eae

. Limenitis camilla. FE. C. 2

Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

LL. escheri. EE. C.? 1—8000 ft. July.

LL. astrarche (medon). EK. C. 2—8000 ft. July.—
I only took it at St. Sauveur, but Struve notes it
at Vernet.

. bellarqgus. EK. C. 38—5000 ft. July.

- amanda. EK. C. 2—8000 ft. June, July.—
Not common and local. I took it only at the
ruined monastery of St. Martin du Canigou, near
Vernet, and at St. Sauveur.

L. corydon. EK. C. 8—4000 ft. July.

L. hylas. H.C. 2—8000 ft. July.

L. argiolus. HE. C.—Common at Biarritz; taken
at Vernet.

L. minima. EK. C. 1—8000 ft.—Seems rare in the
Pyrenees at low elevations only. In the Alps up
to 7—8000 ft.

L. semiargus. H.-C. 2—6000 ft. June, July.

L. melanops.. HK. 1000 ft. April.—Only mentioned
by de Graslin, who took it at Villefranche. I
have taken it at Sion, in the Valais, in May,
though it is not included in Frey’s ‘ Lepidoptera
der Schweiz.’

- L. arion. E. C. To 5000 ft. June, July.

. Nemeobius lucina. EH. C.? 8000 ft. June.—I only

procured this from Michel Nou at Vernet, and
never Saw it myself, probably because I was too
late.

. Libythea celtis. EK. 2000 ft.—Struve found this in

the valley of St. Vincent, near Vernet.
4000 ft. July.—Not
uncommon in various places on bramble flowers.

. Apatura iris. C. 2000 ft. July.—Only seen by

me at Luchon, where alone Oberthur also took it.

. A. tha, var. elytie. C. 2000 ft. June, July.—

Common at St. Sauveur, but seen nowhere else.

. Vanessa c-album. Hi. C. 1—8000 ft—Common at

Vernet and Luchon in July.

. V. polychloros.. HE. C.? 2000 ft. July.—Only taken

at Vernet, where it was rare.
V.urtice. H..C. To 8000 ft. July.
Vite. Vie Ci Vo S000:
V. antiopa., EK. C. 2—8000 ft.
V.atalanta. EK. C. To 5000 ft.
V. cardu. HK. C. To 8000 ft.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

ial.

(5

(NE

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 395

Melitea aurinia, var. merope. EH. 6—7000 ft. July.
—Only taken above Vernet at Pla Guilhelm ; it
agrees with the alpine form.

M. phebe. HE. C. To 5000 ft.— Commoner at
Vernet than in the Hautes Pyrenées, whence
Oberthur does not record it. I found one or two
at St. Sauveur.

M. didyma. H.C. To 5000 ft. June, July.—
Very variable here, as elsewhere. I do not think
the very numerous varieties named in Staudinger’s
Catalogue can be strictly defined. Typical speci-
mens are generally quite distinguishable, but in
a very large series they run into each other.

M. dejone. E. To 8000 ft. June, July.—Com-
monest at St. Martin, near Vernet; not recorded
in the Hautes Pyrenées.

M. athalia. HE. C. To-5000 ft. June, July.—
Very numerous and variable almost everywhere.

M. parthenie. KE. C. 5000ft. July.—I only found
this near the Col du Cheval Mort, above Vernet.
The form seems to come nearest varia, Meyer
Dur, of the Alps. Oberthur notes it in the Hautes
Pyrenées.

M. dictynna. HE. C. 2—8000 ft. June, July.—
Rare at Vernet ; commoner near St. Sauveur.
Argynnis euphrosyne. E. C. 8—6000 ft. June,

July.—Those found in the rhododendron region
at 6000 ft. in July seem to be a transition to the
Lapland form jfingal, as are also some from the

higher valleys of the Alps.

A. selene, HE. C. 2—4000 ft.—I found it uncom-
mon, but it was probably over in July.

A. pales. E. C. 5—8000 ft. July. — Common
wherever I went above 5000 or 6000 ft., but I saw
none of the dark females (napea, Hub.), which
are so plentiful in some parts of the Alps.

. A.dia. HK. C. 2—8000 ft. June, July.
. A. daphne. E. C.— Only taken at Vernet by

M. Réné Oberthiir, and seems rare farther west,
where I did not take it myself.

A. ino. C. 4—5000 ft. July.—Not common in
the Central Pyrenees. I took it in the Val du
Lys only.

A. lathonia. HE. C. To 5000 ft.

396 Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

78. A.aglaia. HK. C. 2—6000 ft. June, July.
19. A. adippe. EH. C. To 5000. July.
080. A. paphia. Hi. C. 2—4000 ft. July.

81. Melanargia galathea. C. To 8000 ft. July.

82. M. lachesis. Hi. 1—4000 ft. July.—Very abun-
dant at Vernet, but I never saw M. galathea here
or lachesis to the westward.

88. Hrebia epiphron. H. C. 4—7000 ft. July. — The
form which has been named pyrenaica by Herrich-
Schaffer, and which is characterised by Staudinger
as var. major ocellis magnis, seems to me too
inconstant to be worthy of distinction, and,
though the majority of the specimens I took at
Vernet and in the Hautes Pyrenées,-are certainly
somewhat different, yet there occurred with them
specimens hardly distinguishable from those of
the Alps, which are usually cassiope. Staudinger
notes H. melampus as found in the Pyrenees, but
I know of no good authority for this.

84. H. manto?, var. cecilia, Hb. C. 4500—6000 ft.
July, August.—I found, in the Luchon district, a
black spotless H’rebia, associated with @me, which
Tat the time took to be a form of that species, but I
find that it is referred by Staudinger and Oberthtr
to manto, which is also given by Staudinger, in his
Catalogue, as an inhabitant of the Pyrenees. I
never saw a specimen of manto, however, from these
mountains, and, being also ignorant of the female
of cecilia, do not know if it differs as much on the
under side from the male as the female of manto
does from the male. Cecilia is said to be found
as an aberration in the Eastern Alps, and I have
specimens from the Valais and Gadmenthal which
are intermediate between cecilia and eme.

85. H. eme. C. 4—6000 ft. July.— Not uncommon
near Luchon in July. Struve mentions having
found the var. spodia also in this district, but I
think it is donbtfully distinguishable.

86. EH. stygne. EH. C. 8—6000 ft. June, July.—The
commonest species of Hrebia everywhere up to
about 5000 ft., where it becomes mixed with Hvias
at Vernet, and some of the specimens taken here
are so like Hvias that I can hardly say to which
they belong.

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 397

87. H. Hvias. EK. C. 5—7000 ft. June, July.—I found
this only near Vernet at highish elevations, but
de Graslin says it occurs also low down, as it
does in the Valais, where I have taken it at
3000 ft. in May. My specimens are perhaps
smaller, but I do not think can be separated from
the Swiss Hvias, though Staudinger, in his
collection, has separated a form as var. pyrenaica.

88. H. melas forma pyrenea, Ob. KH. T—9000 ft. July.
Cf. Oberthiir, Et. Ent., viil., pp. 20-——24.—E.
melas forma Lefebvrei, Boisd. C. T—9000 ft.
July. — Oberthur has written so much on the
varieties of this species that I need say no more,
but, if the true Lefebvrer of the Hautes Pyrenées
was not connected by intermediate forms with
that of Mt. Canigou, as Oberthiir states it is, it
would be better worthy of specific rank on account
of the differences in both sexes than many species
of Hrebia which are looked on as distinct. It is
curious that this species, which is found nowhere
in the Alps west of Carniola, should reappear in

* ereat abundance in the Pyrenees, and that the
form of the Eastern Pyrenees, as well as that
found in the Picos d’Kuropa in Northern Spain,
should both be much nearer to that of South-
eastern Europe than the Central Pyrenean form.
I found it abundant in certain places where the
mountain slopes are covered with great stones and
boulders. It is difficult to catch, unless a grassy
spot can be found among or near these great
stone-heaps, where running is impossible; but I
took thirty males and two females in about two
hours in one place above Vernet, and could have
caught nearly as many on the Pic du Midi, if I
had had time.

89. EH. lappona. EH. C. 6—9000 ft. July. — Common
on the road to Pla Guilhelm, above Vernet, where
the specimens do not differ from those found in
the Alps; but the form taken in the Hautes
Pyrenées, which has been named sthennyo by
de Graslin, differs in the absence of the brown
band on the fore wings, in which the black spots
are enclosed; and those which I took on the
Pic du Midi and near Gavarnie also differ in the

098

SOME.

Sia:

92. Ei.

93. E.

Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

almost total absence of the broad fascia on the
hind wings below.

Tyndarus, var. dromus. H.C. 5—8000 ft.
July.—Common in most parts of the mountains,
and separable from the Swiss form, as far as I
can judge, those found near Vernet having a
more distinct fulvous band than those from the
Hautes Pyrenées. Cf. Ob., Et. Ent., viil.,.p. 25.
Gorge and var. Gorgone, Boisd. EK. C. 6—9000ft.
July, August.— I am unable at present to say
whether the form which is known as Gorgone,
and which Staudinger characterises as follows:
“var. major, 3 subtus unicolor, 2 venis albi-
cantibus,”’ is constantly distinct from Gorge or
not. Struve says, Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 403, that
he found the two together at the Port de Venasque,
above Luchon. He also includes both in his list
of the Lepidoptera of the Eastern Pyrenees,
whilst Oberthur says that in the Hautes Pyrenées
Gorgone replaces Gorge. I found two varieties,
one larger near the Port d’Espagne, and one
smaller on the Pic du Midi, both in the Hautes
Pyrenées, and came to the conclusion that they
were both Gorge, like the form from Mt. Canigou;
whilst others, of which the female is paler below
than any alpine Gorge, and agree with Staudinger’s
definition of Gorgone, are not quite the same as
those from Cauterets, given me as Gorgone by
Oberthur. This author also describes and figures
Gorgone, var. gigantea, from Northern Spain; so
I think it seems clear that the various forms are
not constant, though I have certainly seen none
from the Alps which resemble the typical Gorgone.

neoridas. EK. 3000 ft. July, August. — This
species had not appeared when I left Vernet, but
Oberthur says it is common at the Monastery of
St. Martin du Canigou, near Vernet, in August.

pitho, var. pyrenaica. C. August.—I did not
take this species, which seems not uncommon at
the end of the season in the Hautes Pyrenées ;
but my only specimen from the Pyrenees does not
confirm Staudinger’s distinction, which is as
follows: ‘‘ Minor magis ocellata subtus magis
variegata.”’

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

Se

100.
HO:

102.
103.

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 399

E. Euryale. E. C. 5—6000 ft. July.—lI did not
find it common, and Oberthiir says itis variable,
as it is elsewhere.

It will be seen from the above remarks that there
is still something to be done before the twelve
species of Hrebia found in the Pyrenees are
thoroughly understood. Unfortunately there are
no resident collectors who can accumulate long
series, and see whether the supposed variations
are constant; but MM. Oberthtr have done
much to clear up their obscurity, and we may
hope for another part of the ‘Etudes Entomo-
logiques’ to be devoted before long to the Pyre-
nees.

Satyrus alcyone. EH. C. To 5000 ft. July.—The
commonest of the genus at Vernet ; rarer in the
Hautes Pyrenées, where I found it as high as
5000 ft. at Gavarnie.

S. circe. E. 2000 ft. July.— Not common at
Vernet, where it settles on tree-trunks and not
on the ground, as most of the Huropean Satyrus
which I have seen habitually do. This species
belongs to the group which is so well represented
in the Himalaya, and which has been separated
by Butler as Aulocera, though I do not as yet
know whether there is any good generic dis-
tinction.

S. Briseis. E. To 4000 ft. (fide Struve).—I did
not take this myself, but procured it at Vernet,
and Struve notes it as found at Mont Louis.

S. semele. HE. C.? To 3000 ft. July.—I did not
take this except near Vernet, but it doubtless
occurs to the westward.

S. arethusa, var. erythia, and transitus ad Boabdil.
E.—I insert this on the authority of M. Charles
Oberthir. I doubt whether the forms distin-
cuished as erythia, Hub., dentata, Stgr., and
Boabdil, Ramb., are constantly distinguishable.

S. statilinus. E. July.—Not taken by myself, but
occurs not uncommonly below Vernet.

S.fidia. BE. July.—On the dry hot hills between
Vernet and Prades.

S. actea. E.—Taken by M. Oberthur near Vernet.

Parage mera. H.C. Up to 6000 or 7000 ft.

400

tes

~ DP megeras, “Ee

Mr. H. J. Elwes on the

June, July.—A very common and variable species
almost everywhere.

P. egeria, var. egerides. C. 2000 ft.—Taken at
Luchon and Biarritz.

Not common at the season when

I was in the Pyrenees, but occurred at Vernet.

. Epinephele lycaon. EH. 2—8000 ft. July.
. H. ganira, and var. hispulla. E. C. 2—5000 ft.

July.—It seems difficult to separate the southern
form hispulla in this part of France, where the
females especially vary very much.

- f.ida. EH. 1—2000 ft.—Occurs on the hot dry

hills below Vernet.

. LE. pasiphae. Ti. 1—2000 ft. July.—In the same

places as the last, but frequenting brambles and
thick bushy places near water.

. E. tithonus. HK. C. 2—8000 ft. July, August.—

I did not take this at Vernet, though it occurs
there. It was found at St. Sauveur, and very
numerous at Biarritz.

EH. hyperanthus. C. 2—8000 ft. — Common at
Luchon, but not seen at Vernet.

Cenonympha edipus.—I do not know whether I
ought to include this in the Pyrenean list, as
I only found it near Biarritz, where it was found
in marshy places, and probably extends into the
western valleys of the hills.

. C.arcania. H.C. To 5000 ft. June, July.—

Common and variable. The specimens found at
higher elevations were smaller than below, but
I saw nothing lke the alpine var. or species
satyrion.

. C. dorus. HE. 1—2000 ft. July.—Common on

the dry stony hills below Vernet.

. C. pamphilus. E. C. To 5000 ft. June, July.
. C.iphis. H.—I did not see this myself, but both

Struve and de Graslin inelude it in their Vernet
lists.

. Spilothyrus althee. E. 8000 ft. July. — Rare at

Vernet.

. S. lavathere. C. 4500 ft.—Of this species I only

saw one specimen in the box of a French gentle-
man who took it at Gavarnie.

. Syricthus carthami. H.C. To 5000 ft. July.

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 401

119. S. alveus. E.—De Graslin mentions also the
varieties fritillum and cirsit as taken with the
type in the Val d’Kyna, but I do not pretend to
be able to distinguish them.

120. S. serratule. Ei.—Also mentioned by de Graslin
as taken with the last.

iiS.sao. H.C. Lo 5000. “July:

122. Nisoniades tages. W.—Only taken by me at Biar-
ritz, but doubtless occurs in the Western and
Central Pyrenees. Sue

; ‘ No doubt these occur in

a Hesperia thamnas. EK. Hel Chairalt anduanoctenn

4. H.lincola. Hh. ©. Pyrenees, though I did not
125. H. linea. KE. ra a =

ake them.

126. H. comma. H.— Only mentioned by de Graslin.
I did not see it.

127. H. sylvanus. E. C. To 5000 ft. July.

Cyclopides morpheus. W. July. — Perhaps not
rightly included, as I only took it near Biarritz.
The flight of this species is unlike that of any
other lepidopterous insect I ever saw. I found
the males hovering with a short jerking flight
over dried-up marsh and the females settled on
hedges on the adjacent hill-side. It is curious
that this peculiar insect, which has no congener
in the Palearctic region (unless C. ornatus,
Brem., which seems to me to be generically
distinct, is included), and which is local and only
found here and there in Europe, should extend
right through Armenia and Siberia to Amurland
and Corea, without, as far as I know, the slightest
variation.

If to the species in this list were added those which
occur in the unexplored valleys on the Spanish side of
the Pyrenees, and those which a better knowledge of the
western and lower part of the range would no doubt
include, we should probably have at least 150 species,
or within twenty of the number found, according to
Frey’s latest work, in the whole of Switzerland, which is
perhaps the richest part of Europe in Lepidoptera, con-
sidering its size.

Of species found in the Swiss Alps, but absent in the
Pyrenees, the most worthy of notice are as follows :—

Parnassius delius.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1887.—PART IV. (DEC.) 2F

402 Mr. H, J. Elwes on the

Colias paleno.

Lycena optilete, pheretes, donzelii, sebrus.

Limenitis populi, sibilla.

Neptus lucilla.

Melitea maturna, aurelia, asteria.

Argynnis amathusia, thore.

Hrebia melampus, mnestra, pharte, ceto, medusa, glact-
alis, medea, ligea.

Chionobus aello.

Pararge hiera.

Canonympha satyrion, davus.

Syricthus andromeda.

Many of these are high northern and alpine species,
or frequenters of peat-bogs, which are rare in the
Pyrenees.

Of the species found in the Pyrenees, but not in the
Alps, some are inhabitants of the more arid region of
Southern France, such as Melanargia lachesis, Hrebia
neoridas, Canonympha dorus, Satyrus jfidia, and only
found in the drier parts of the Eastern Pyrenees; whilst
others, such as Thecla roboris, Melitea dejone, are rather
Spanish than French species. Lycena pyrenaica, if
really distinct from orbitulus, is the only one absolutely
peculiar to the range, and Hrebia melas is an inhabitant
of South-eastern Hurope ; its variety Lefebvrei, however,
seems to me to have quite as good a claim to be con-
sidered distinct as L. pyrenaica, and, were it not for the
great variation which is found in the forms of melas, |
should say that it was so.

In going through Staudinger’s Catalogue, I find,
among the Bombyces, the following species, which are
supposed to be confined to the Pyrenees :

Zygaena anthyllidis.

Lmydia cribrum, var. Rippertii, which Struve thinks
is a distinct species.

Hepialus pyrenaicus and IT. alticola.

Psyche Leschenaultii.

Orygia aurolimbata, of which, however, a variety
occurs in Spain.

Among the Noctue I do not find a single species
recorded. Among the Geometre, the following : Cleogene
peleticraria, which differs only in the male sex from
C. niveata of the Alps; Ortholitha calinaria. Hupithecia
cyneusata, of which a single female only has been taken.

butterflies of the French Pyrenees. 403

On the whole it is rather surprising that a range of
mountains so extensive, so high, and so isolated as the
Pyrenees should have developed so few distinct forms
among the Lepidoptera, and should have so large a
proportion of those inhabiting the Alps, which seem so
completely separated from the Pyrenees by the great
plains and low dry hills of Southern France. This is
not the case among plants, of which there are, I think,
& very much larger proportion of peculiar species in the
Pyrenees; whilst a much greater number of common
Swiss alpine plants are absent. I shall be glad to hear
from entomologists whether this absence of peculiar
species in the Pyrenees is also the case in other orders
of insects, and how it is to be accounted for.

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4

PROCHEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

For THE YRrarR 1887.
pene

February 2, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.8., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Nomination of Vice- Presidents.
The President nominated Mr. Robert M‘Lachlan, F.R.S.,
Mr. Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.R.S., and Mr. H. T. Stainton,
F.R.S., Vice-Presidents during the Session 1887-1888.

Election of Fellows.

The Rey. W. J. Holland, M.A., of Pittsburgh, United
States; Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., Fellow of Wadham College,
Oxford; Mr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., of Brompton, S.W.; and
Mr. Sydney Klein, F.R.A.S., of Willesden, N.W.; were
elected Fellows.

Hehibitions, de.

Mr. P. Crowley exhibited a new species of Synchlée—
S. Johnstonitrom Kilimanjaro; also, for comparison,
specimens of Synchlée mesentina and S. hellica, which the
new species closely resembled.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I., 1887. B

Mr. W. White exhibited a number of preserved larve of
Kuropean Lepidoptera in various stages of growth, illustrating
the gradual development of the markings and colours of the
species. Amongst them were arranged nine examples each
of Saturnia carpint and Deilephila euphorbia, the ontogeny of
both which species, he remarked, had been most completely
described by Prof. Weismann in his ‘ Studies in the Theory
of Descent,’ a work which had been rendered familiar to us
in England by Prof. Meldola’s admirably annotated trans-
lation. Mr. White called attention to a specimen of the local
variety named Ligurica, of the former species, in which all
trace of the black markings is lost; and also to a young
individual of the latter species which possessed an anomalous
annular excrescence between two of its segments. The
younger stages of Bombyx rubi and Bb. quercus were amongst
the other species exemplified by the specimens exhibited.

Mr. Gervase I’. Mathew exhibited (1), a remarkable variety
of the female of Lycena telicanus, taken near Gallipoli,
Turkey. The variation consisted in the usual white streaks
on the under side of the hind wings of the species being
replaced by white bands and blotches, and the fore wings
having a large round white spot at the end of the cell; (2),
some specimens of a species of Lycena from Vigo, which he
thought were varieties of L. baton, but which differed from
that species in being much larger and darker. ‘The wings of
the males are more or less suffused with dusky towards the
outer margins, instead of being a pale lilac-blue, and the
fringes are not as evenly spotted as in baton; (8), examples
of a Leucophasia from Vigo, which appeared to be identical
with L. estiva of Staudinger.

My. G. T. Porritt exhibited, on behalf of Mr. N. F. Dobrée,
a series of a remarkable red form of Veniocampa gracilis, bred
last season from larvee collected in Hampshire.

Mr. Eland Shaw exhibited specimens of Pachytylus ciner-
ascens (Fab.), Mecostethus grossus (Linne), and Gryllus flavipes
(Gmel.).

Papers read,

Mr. Eland Shaw read the following ‘‘ Notes on the Identity

of Gryllus (Locusta) flavipes, Gmel.” :—

‘Gmelin, in his edition (xiii.) of Syst. Nat. Linné, Tom i.,
part iv., p. 2088, No. 280, gives the name of flavipes to an
insect in Leske’s Museum, copying Zschach’s description in
Karsten’s ‘Museum Leskianum,’ p. 49, No. 50. Donovan,
in Nat. Hist. Brit. Insects (1806), xi., fig. 891, gives a good
figure, calling it Gryllus flavipes, Gmel., but makes the
mistake of attributing its appearance in the Syst. Nat. to
Linné instead of Gmelin. This figure and the specimens
which are labelled flavipes, Gmel., in the Brit. Mus. Brit.
Coll. and the Dublin Nat. Mus., are to be referred to Gryllus
(Locusta) grossus, Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii., p. 702, now
placed in Fieber’s genus Mecostethus of the Acridiodea. Dono-
van does not mention grossus, Linné, though both Zschach
and Gmelin include it. Stephens, in Illustr. Brit. Ent.
Mandib., vi. (1885), p. 21, gives a good description, and says
that flavipes is not uncommon in marshes in this country,
and supposes, from the silence of continental authors, that it
is peculiar to Britain. Strange to say, he quotes Berkenhout,
in Synopsis Nat. Hist. Gt. Brit. and Ireland, i. (1789), p. 112,
No. 7, for grossus, Linné; but says ‘ Berkenhout gives this as
British, but I presume improperly, as I have never seen an
indigenous example.’ It seems evident, however, that
Berkenhout’s description refers to one or more of our common
species, probably of the genus Stenobothrus. The Brit. Mus.
and Dublin specimens are, I believe, British, and Mr.
M‘Lachlan has one taken a few years ago in the fen district.

“Then comes the modern muddle in the synomymy.
Leopold Fischer, in Orth. Europ. (1853), p. 395, gives flavipes,
Gmel., of Donovan (teste Steph.), and /lavipes, Steph., as
synonymous with Pachytylus cinerascens, Fabr., but does not
seem to have had Donovan’s figure to refer to. Adam White,
in compiling his list, Brit. Mus. Lists, xvii., 1855, copies
Fischer’s mistake, although, I believe, he must have had
Donovan’s figure and also specimens of cinerascens, Fabr., at
his disposal ; and he also gives grossus, Linné, as a doubtful
British species. Brunner v. Wattenwyl, in his Prodr. der
Europ. Orth. (1882), p. 178, also seems to have simply
copied Fischer.

* So the synonymy ought to read ;—

(Paine)

““Gryllus (Locusta) grossus, Linné (1766), Syst. Nat., i.,
702 (nec. Berk. nec. Steph.) ; Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii., 61.

‘“« derydium grossum, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins., xii., 155.

‘“« Hidipoda grossa, Serv., Orth., 741.

“ Gomphocerus grossus, Burm., Handb. der Ent., ii., 651.

‘* Mecostethus grossus, Fieber, Synopsis Lotos, ii., 99;
Brunner v. Watt., Prod. der Eur. Orth., 94, fig. 24.

‘“* Stetheophyma grossum, Fischer, L., Orth. Eur., 357,
pl. xvi., figs. 8-8a; White, A., Brit. Mus. List, xvii., 16.

“Gryllus (Locusta) flavipes, Gmelin,. Syst. Nat. Linné,
ed. xiii., Tom i., part iv., p. 2088, No. 2830; Donovan, Nat.
Hist. Brit. Ins., xii., 87, tab. 391.

“ Locusta flavipes, Stephens, Dlustr. Brit. Ent. Mandib.,
Vilesvonl «

“ Gryllus germanicus, Stoll, Repres., tab. xxiii. }, fig. 89.

“ Acridium rubripes, DeGeer, Mem., iil., 477, tab. xxi.,
fig eA?

Mr. H. Goss read a communication from Prof. Riley, of
Washington, on the subject of the ‘ Australian Bug”
(Icerya purchasi). It was stated that the insect had of late
years become very destructive to various trees and shrubs in
California, into which country, as well as into New Zealand
and Cape Colony, it had been introduced from Australia,
where it was believed to be indigenous; but on this point
further evidence was asked for.

The Rey. T. A. Marshall communicated ‘‘ A Monograph of
the British Braconidae.” Part 2, being a continuation from
Part 1 of the ‘ Transactions’ for 1885.

Mr. Francis P. Pascoe read a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions
of some new species of Brachycerus.”’

Mr. Francis Galton, F.R.S., read a paper on ‘“ Pedigree
Moth-breeding as a means of verifying Certain Important
Constants in the General Theory of Heredity.” In this
paper Mr. Galton suggested the institution of a system of
experimental breedings, to be continued for several years,
with the object of procuring evidence as to the precise
measure of the diminution of the rate at which a divergence
from the average of the race proceeds in successive genera-
tions of continually selected animals.

()

Mr. Frederic Merrifield read a paper (by way of an
appendix to Mr. Galton’s paper) entitled ‘‘ A proposed method
of breeding Selenia illustraria, with the object of obtaining
data for Mr. Galton.”

Mons. Wailly suggested that Bombyx cynthia and certain
species of Attacus would be suitable for nares from for the
purpose proposed.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said he considered the fact fiat S, illustraria
was dimorphic an objection to its selection for the experiments
proposed, and he suggested that the Common Silkworm
Moth, or some of the larger Bombyces referred to by Mons.
Wailly, would be more suitable for Mr. Galton’s purposes.
He also said that the genus Hphyra, which had been named
as suitable for breeding from for the purposes in question,
was also open to objection on the ground of seasonal di-
morphism; and he added that it was most important that the
larvee, if those of indigenous species be selected, should be
kept in the open air, as the artificial conditions of life indoors
would no doubt affect the result of the experiments.

Prof. Meldola stated that Mr. Galton had consulted him
some weeks ago with respect to the proposed breeding experi-
ments, and, although he had no practical experience in
breeding Selenia tllustraria, as was familiar with the life-
histories of S. tllwnaria and S. lunaria. He wished, however,
to call attention in the first place to some remarks on
S. illustraria by Dr. Knaggs in the Ent. Mo, Mag. (vol. i.,
pp. 2388 and 256), which had some bearing on the pro-
jected experiments. Although 8. illustraria was for some
reasons a species well adapted for testing Mr. Galton's con-
clusions, he was inclined to believe that the fact of this moth
being seasonally dimorphic was likely to introduce disturbing
elements into the experiments which might or might not
influence the results, but which would, at any rate, render
any conclusions drawn from these experiments less satis-
factory than if the species had not been seasonally dimorphic.
The object of Mr. Galton’s experiments, according to the
paper which he had circulated, is to measure the diminution
in the rate of divergence from the average racial character
produced by continued selection in successive generations,

C wi)

According to the kaown method of investigation the effects
due to individual differences (sex, differences due to nourish-
‘ment, &c.) could be eliminated, but it appeared to him
(Prof. Meldola) somewhat doubtful whether the ‘probable
error’ could be properly estimated and allowed for in a
species in which the alternate generations differed so con-
siderably in size. In every individual of one generation
there are present in a latent form the hereditary tendencies
of the other generation, and the experiments of Weismann
and Kdwards have shown how slight are the influences which
determine the production of one or the other form in a
seasonally dimorphic species. In other words, the measure-
ment of the rate of divergence would in such cases be com-
plicated by the continued tendency of some of the individuals
of one generation to approach those of the other in character ;
so that, although the extreme forms might be selected for
pairing in one generation, it was at present doubtful whether
the particular character selected (say size) would necessarily
correspond in the two broods. There might be such a
correspondence, but no experiments had hitherto been made
in this direction, and the point therefore remained doubtful.
Supposing, by way of example, that half a dozen of the
largest pairs of the spring brood were selected and mated,
and a similar number of the smallest pairs. The effects
upon the size of their descendants could only be measured
in the next spring brood; but in the meantime an autumn
brood would have been interpolated, and the question as to
whether this intermediate smaller brood influences the trans-
mission of the selected character (large or small size), and if
so, to what extent, and further, whether the superior or
inferior size of the spring parents is associated with a corre-
sponding superiority or inferiority in the size of their
autumnal progeny, must be, as it appeared to him (Professor
Meldola), in the first place settled by experiment before the
‘rate of divergence” required by Mr. Galton could be
estimated in a manner that would place the results beyond
the region of doubt. That periodic heredity does tend to
produce instability of character is shown by the frequency
with which intermediate forms have been bred in all

(sar 4)

_ experiments upon seasonally dimorphic species, and every
entomologist who has bred the spring and summer genera-
tions of S, illunaria knows that the two forms approach each
other so closely in some individuals that unless actually
labelled at the time it would be difficult to say to which
generation they belonged. From these considerations it
appeared to him that S. ilustraria, although a species well
worthy of being bred and studied, was perhaps not so well
adapted for the proposed inquiry as some other species in
which the phenomena of heredity were not so complicated.
In attacking scientific problems where large numbers of facts
had to be registered it was always desirable to eliminate, as
far as possible, all disturbing influences, and to begin with
the simplest attainable cases. Whether such a simplification
of the results was possible in the case of a seasonally
dimorphic species, it was for Mr. Galton to determine; but,
since the only object in selecting S. illustraria was that,
being double-brooded, it would be possible to get through
two generations annually, he would suggest that some
digoneutic non-seasonally dimorphic species should in the
first place be experimented upon, and he would mention the
very common Rumia crategata as a very good moth for the
purpose. In coneluding Prof. Meldola said that he did not
in any way wish to discourage the proposed experiments with
P. illustraria. He thought that many points of the highest
possible importance to the theory of heredity, some of which
he had alluded to in his previous remarks, could be cleared
up by the projected investigation; and he trusted that
Mr. Merrifield would carry on the work, bearing those points
in view. All he contended for was that for Mr. Galton’s
particular purpose this or any other seasonally dimorphic
species was not likely to yield such satisfactory results as the
species suggested by him.

Mr. W. F. Kirby pointed out a difficulty which might arise
in making these experiments on account of the general
diminution of size in specimens bred in confinement; and he
cited Liparis dispar as an instance of the gradual diminution
in size of a species when bred in confinement for several
generations. He remarked that prior to the extinction of the

( viii )

species in this country the British specimens were con-
siderably larger than the continental type, whereas at the
present day the specimens bred in confinement are much
below the average size of the continental specimens.

Mr. Baly suggested that the development of the eggs
might be retarded so as to counteract this tendency to
diminution in size.

Mr. W. White asked whether Abraxas grossnlariata had
been thought of as suitable for the proposed experiments
instead of Selenia illustraria.

Mr. Porritt observed that he thought some species of
Ephyra—tor instance, orbicularia or omicronaria—would be
the best to breed from for Mr. Galton’s purposes.

Mr. Sydney Klein suggested a possible difficulty in the
measurement of the moths; and he dwelt on the great
importance of keeping the larve out of doors.

Mr. Waterhouse thought the measurement of the wings
would be difficult unless some definite plan of measurements
to be followed with every specimen, were agreed upon.

Mr. Dunning expressed an opinion that the proposed
experiments ought not to be left to any one individual, or be
confined to any one species.

Mr. Bates said he had no practical ‘experience in breeding
British moths, but he suggested that an amended memo-
randum, explaining exactly the data required by Mr. Galton,
should be printed and circulated amongst all the entomo-
logists in the United Kingdom, whether members of the
Society or not.

Dr. Sharp remarked that he thought valuable results
would be obtained from a series of systematic observations
such as those proposed by Mr. Galton and Mr. Merrifield ;
but that if more than one observer were required it would
be necessary for the authors to publish a statement con-
taining full details as to the selection of moths, the preserva-
tion of specimens, and the mode of measurement to be
adopted.

March 2, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

The Rey. Thomas Wm. Daltry, M.A., F.L.5., of Madeley
Vicarage, Staffordshire; Dr. Neville Manders, L.R.C.P., of
the Army Medical Staff, Mooltan, Punjaub, India; Mr.
Alfred Sich, of Chiswick; and Mr. James P. McDougall, of
Blackheath, were elected Fellows.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. Slater exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. P. Mutch,—in
illustration of the effect of food in producing variation in
Lepidoptera,—two specimens of Arctia caja, one of which
had been bred from a larva fed on lime-leaves, and the other
from a larva fed on the low plants constituting the ordinary
pabulum of the species.

Mr. H. J. Elwes exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera-
Heterocera selected from those caught by him, with the
assistance of Mr. O. Moller, in the verandah of the Club at
Darjeeling, in Sikkim, at an elevation of 7000 feet, on the
night of Aug. 4th, 1886, between 9 p.m. andla.m. They
represented above 120 species, which is believed to be a larger
number than had been ever previously caught in one night.
Mr. Elwes stated that Mr. Wallace’s observations on the
conditions most favourable for collecting moths in the tropics
were abundantly confirmed by his own experience during
four months’ collecting in Sikkim and the Khasias. These
conditions are—a dark wet night in the rainy season; a
situation commanding a large extent of virgin forest and
uncultivated ground; and a white-washed verandah not too
high, with powerful lamps in it. At the Darjeeling Club he
lost many of the larger species which flew up to the top of
the verandah, where they were often caught by bats when
out of his reach. He said that on many nights during June
and July he took from sixty to eighty species, and during his

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I., 1887. C

(ee)

stay there obtained from six to seven hundred species in this
manner, though this is probably not a third of the species
which were obtained by the late Mr. Atkinson, who resided a
great part of several seasons at Darjeeling. Among the
species exhibited were the following :—

Bompyces.—Zeuzera multipunctata, Moore; Stauropus sik-
kimensis, Moore; Dasychira albescens, Moore; Lophopteryx
saturata, Walk. ; Chrysorabdia viridata, Moore; Oreta obtusa,
Walk. ; O. vinaria, Moore; Gazalina antica, Walk.; Agnidra
specularia, Walk. ; Agrisius guttivitta, Walk. ; Bizone divakara,
Moore; Huproctes melanophila, Walk.; Barsine flammealis,
Moore; Sendyra catocalina, Walk.; S. bala, Moore; Prabasa
sp., near venosa, Moore; Tyana callichlora, Walk. ; and others
unnamed.

Nocrum. — Diphthera prasinaria; D. atrovirens; Canna
pulchripicta ; Gaurena florens, Walk. ; Graphiphora rubricilla ;
Gonitis involuta; Plusia verticillata, Guen.; <Arvena selenam-
phora’?; and five other species.

GromEetRm. — Aspilates Falconaria; Nelcynda_ rectificata ;
Boarmia albidaria; Boarmia sp.; Odontoptera chalybeata ;
Urapteryx ebuleata, Guen.; Crocallis, sp. nova ?; Sironopteryx
rufivinctata ; Cidaria aurigona, Butl.; Cidaria, sp. nova?;
Acidalia vagata; A. plurilinearia; Myrtela planaria; Macro-
silix mysticata, Walk.; Pseudocoremia quadrifida; Anisodes
myriaria; Thalera glaucaria; Thalassodes distinctaria; Diopteris?,
sp. nova; MNupithecia, sp. nova ?; Mupithecia sp. ; Hupithecta
sp.; and six other Geometers.

CrampBitEs AND Micros. — Pygospila tyres, Cr.; Muglyphis
fulvidorsalis ; Heterodes cinerealis, Moore; Margaronia conchy-
lalis; Phakellura indica ; Glyphodes sp. ; Glyphodes sp. ; Botys
sp., near lupulinalis; Hypaena lacessalis; Hypena sp., near
crassalis; and twenty other species, many of which are
probably undescribed.

Mr. Elwes remarked that the difficulty of naming Indian
Heterocera, excepting the larger species of Sphinges and
Bombyces which have been mostly collected hitherto, is very
great; and the extremely large number of genera described
by Walker and Moore, which haye never been properly defined

(es)

by their authors, or critically examined by other entomolo-
gists, makes the study of Indian moths, especially in the
absence of any general catalogue of Heterocera, a most
difficult and troublesome task. It is much to be hoped that
a general revision of the Indian Heterocera will soon be
undertaken by a competent naturalist. He also made some
remarks on the Khasia Hills, which he believed to be the true
habitat of the greater part of those insects described many
years ago by Prof. Westwood and others as from Sylhet. A
great part of this district is a flat cultivated plain, under water
during the rainy season; and, though some of the species
supposed to come from Sylhet occur no doubt on the elevated
hillocks or ‘‘teelahs,’” which are the favourite sites for
tea-gardens, yet the majority of them are taken by natives at
low elevations, in such places as Terria Ghat and Lacait, on
the southern slopes of the Khasia, and brought for sale to
the town of Sylhet, which is not far off. Owing to the
unhealthy and extremely hot and wet climate of these lower
hills no Europeans have done much collecting there. Mr.
Elwes further pointed out that almost all the hill-tracts of
Assam are an extraordinarily rich and practically virgin field
for the entomologist. He believed that any man of energy,
good constitution, and temperate habits might spend several
seasons most profitably and agreeably in collecting insects in
Assam, where the means of communication and facilities for
travel are now much greater than formerly, and where good
travellers’ bungalows are found in many places most con-
venient and suitable for collecting.

A discussion ensued, in which Mr. M‘Lachlan, Dr. Sharp,
Mr. Champion, Mr. Poulton, Mr. Kirby, and others took part.

The Rev. W. W. Fowler exhibited a specimen of Cathor-
miocerus socius, taken a few years ago at Sandown, Isle of
Wight. It was captured near the shore, having evidently
been washed down by heavy rains from some plants on the
cliff.

Mr. §S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Cathormiocerus
maritimus, and a specimen of Platytarsus hirtus, taken many
years ago in moss.

Mr. F. Grut said he was requested by Mons, Péringuey, of

Ce kai 9)

Cape Town, to announce that the latter was engaged on a
monograph of the genus Hipporrhinus, and wanted British
entomologists to send him specimens, and give him other
assistance.

Papers read.

Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., communicated a paper
entitled ‘* Descriptions of new species of Rhopalocera from the
Solomon Islands.”

Mr. G. T. Baker communicated a paper entitled ‘ De-
scription of a new species of the lepidopterous genus Carama,
together with a few notes on the genus’; and a second paper
entitled ‘‘ Description of a new species of Rhopalocera allied
to Theela.”

April 6, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Francis Galton, M.A., F.R.S., of 42, Rutland Gate,
S.W.; Mr. John Henry Leech, B.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8., of
10, Hyde Park Terrace, W.; and Mr. George §. Parkinson,
of Percy Cross, Fulham, W., were elected Fellows.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. Samuel Stevens exhibited specimens of Arctia mendica
collected in the County of Cork, Ireland, by Mr. McDowall,
of Manchester. ‘The majority of the males were as white as
the females of the English form, but some of them were of a
smoky-white colour, intermediate between the white Irish
specimens and the English form. The females were almost
identical with the English type, but differed therefrom in
having fewer spots on the wings. Mr. Stevens stated that
Mr. McDowall had never met with the black or ordinary
Tinglish form of the male in Cork.

Mi. M‘Lachlan exhibited a zine box, used by anglers for

( x)

the purpose of keeping living flies in, which he thought
might be adapted to practical entomological use in the field.

Mr. George T. Porritt exhibited along series of Hybernia
progemmaria, bred from moths collected at Huddersfield last
spring. He said that out of two hundred specimens all the
females and a large proportion of the males belonged to the
dark variety called fuscata, which, though almost unknown
twenty years ago in the West Riding, now seemed likely to
replace the paler and original type of the species.

Mr. Jenner Weir observed that the melanic varieties of
Alybernia progemmaria were very interesting, as it appeared
from Mr. Porritt’s statement that twenty years ago this dark
form was unknown. He suggested that the development of
this form might be due to the greater number of manufactories
in the district, and the consequent increase of smoke and the
blackening of the tree-trunks on which the species is usually
found, which would give the dark form an advantage over the
paler form in the struggle for existence. This seemed the
more probable because all the females, which were apterous,
were darker than the males, and would be well concealed by
their colour, which much resembled a piece of bark. Mr.
Weir added that the same remarks would apply to the
melanie variety of Biston betularia, which had also appeared
of late years, and was also becoming more common.

Lord Walsingham also commented on the apparent increase
in the number of melanie forms in the north, and suggested
explanations of the probable causes of such increase.

Mr. Gervase Mathew, R.N., exhibited several new species
of Rhopalocera taken by him in the Solomon Islands during
the visits to those islands of H.M.S. ‘ Espiégle’ in 1882 and
1883. Amongst the specimens exhibited were species of
Euplea, Mycalesis, Messarus, Rhinopolpa, Cyrestis, Diadema,
Parthenos, Lampides, Sithon, Pieris, Papilio, &e.

Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited a large hairy Bombyciform
larva brought from Celebes by Dr. Hickson. The natives
describe the larva as causing a complaint of the nature of
erysipelas in those who touch it. On handling the larva,
which had been kept in spirit, the points of the short crowded
bristles deeply penetrate the skin, while the bristles themselves

(xiv 4)

break off at their contracted bases. The sharp points being
barbed. adhere with great force, and further penetration would
doubtless ensue if they were neglected. The bristles are
hollow, and may convey an irritant poison, but no aperture
has yet been found in the apex. There are longer hairs on
the larva which appear to produce no effect.

Lord Walsingham called attention to the way in which ale
hairs were barbed in Pityocampa processionea and some other
species.

Mr. M‘Lachlan remarked that it was well known that
urtication, in the case of some species, was caused by the
mere mechanical action of the hairs in the skin, but that
other species possessed glands at the base of the hairs which
contained an irritant poison.

Mr. Poulton said that formic acid had been detected in
the hairs, as well as in the blood, of P. processionea, but that
in many species—including Liparis awriflua—irritation was
simply due to the presence of hairs which had penetrated the
skin, and that he had experienced great irritation after teariug
to pieces an old cocoon of that species.

Lord Walsingham, Mr. Jenner Weir, and Mr. Slater said
that they had experienced greater irritation from handling
the larve of Liparis chrysorrhwa than from the larve of
Liparis auriflua.

Mr. Philip Crowley exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera
recently received by him from the West Coast of Africa.
Amongst the specimens exhibited were several new or un-
described species of Mylothris, Diadema, Harma, Rhoma-
lewosoma, &C.

Mr. H. Goss called attention to the capture, at Oporto last
September, by Mr. G. D. Tait, of a specimen of Anosia
plevippus. He remarked that, although some twenty speci-
mens had during the last few years been captured in the
South of England, only two other specimens had been
recorded from the continent of Europe.

Lord Walsingham exhibited about twenty new species
belonging to Acrolophus, Anuphora, and other allied genera,

XV)

Papers read.

Lord Walsingham read a paper entitled ‘A Revision of
the Genera Acrolophus (Poey) and Anaphora (Clem.).”

Mr. Stainton made some remarks on species of these
genera, and said he was very glad to find Lord Walsingham
was working at Anaphora and allied genera.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said that the neuration of the wings and
the genitalia and anal appendages were amongst the most
constant and best characteristics of genera and species. He
wished that lepidopterists generally would give more attention
to structural characters, and not be guided so much by colour
and wing-pattern; Lord Walsingham had worked at these
genera ina very thorough manner, and the attention which
he had bestowed on details was apparent from the de-
scriptions of the species and the plates which accompanied
the paper.

Dr. Sharp and Mr. Champion also made some remarks on
the paper.

Mr. E. B. Poulton read ‘‘ Notes in 1886 on Lepidopterous
arve, &e.’’ :—

“1. Markings and red spots of Smerinthus larva.—The mark-
ings of a young S. populi (in the second stage) were described
and compared with those of the mature larva, the comparison
indicating the greatest uniformity and supporting Weismann’s
conclusions. A mature S. ocellatus was described, possessing
a very complete system of red spots, and in similar varieties
of S. populi it was shown that the spots may be found in the
second stage, and that they may diminish or may even dis-
appear in the succeeding stage; although it is well known
that in other individuals they may undergo gradual develop-
ment. The order of the appearance of the spots upon the
segments, viz., first upon the 8rd abdominal and then upon
the 2nd thoracic segment, was seen in S. populi, thus con-
firming Mr. White’s observations. In S, tilie it was shown
that the spots may arise from the shortening and broadening
of linear borders to the stripes, so that in this species the
spots are probably the remnants of coloured borders, as Mr.
Poulton suggested last year.

(xm)

“9. An ancestral Sphina larva from Celebes.—This probably
mature larva, brought by -Dr. Hickson, was exhibited, and
shown to possess a pair of terrifying eye-like marks and the
correlated body-form of Cherocampa; the whitish oblique
stripes with borders of darkened ground-colour, traces of
subdorsal, and of shagreening, of Smerinthus and the younger
stages of Sphinv; the curved caudal horn of the latter genus,
which, however, was far more shagreened than the rest of the
body, as in Acherontia. The ground-colour had been green.

“3, The attitude of Geometer larva.—lt was shown that the
spiral attitude upon leaves is assumed by the young larve of
R. cratagata and S. linaria; that the supporting thread is
dispensed with in 4d. betularia, the larva merely holding a
twig or leaf in the clasp of its thoracic legs; and that the line
of contact between certain Geometer larve and the twig to
which they are holding by the claspers is softened by the
presence of a fringe of light-coloured lobes, thus preventing
the deep shadow which would otherwise be conspicuous
(strongly confirming this interpretation of the use of similar
structures in other larve originally suggested by Prof. Mel-
dola). The exact resemblance of the larva of R. crategata
to the special peculiarities of its chief food-plant—hawthorn—
was pointed out, and it was suggested that such a close
identity in appearance must have been the result of a great
length of time—that the hawthorn is the ancestral food-plant.

“4. Defensive structures of the larva of D. vinula.—It was
shown that the prothoracic gland secreting formic acid can be
everted by pressure, and that it consists of four (not six, as
Mr. Poulton stated last year) tubes and a central sac. ‘The
larva in ejecting the secretion seems to be entirely guided as
to direction by the tactile sense. The flagella of the same
species were described and figured, showing their retractor
muscles together with a large ganglion which occupies the
axis of the organ.

“5, Additional eversible glands. — Prothoraciec glands were
described in many larve, and they were shown to be bifid in
Pieris rapa, thus leading towards the more complicated organs
of Dicranura. <A dorsal gland upon each of the 6th and 7th
abdominal segments was described as a character of the larvee

() xine)

of Liparide, except Demas, in which both are absent, and
Dasychira, which only possesses the posterior gland. The
ventral glands of Crwsus were figured, showing the retractor
muscle.

“6, Markings on larva before pupation. — Markings were
described upon the 2nd and 8rd thoracic segments, imme-
diately over the pupal wings, which are being formed beneath.
In G. libatriv the markings were shown by figures to be
black and very distinct. Sections proved that the black
pigment was in the superficial layer of the cuticle, which
therefore is not beyond the reach of such physiological pro-
cesses as are implied by its deposition at so late a period
of larval life.

“7, Notes on Paniscus cephalotes. — It was shown that the
pupal stage lasts for about a month; that the imagos may
emerge at the time when the young D. vinula larye (which
they often attack) are hatched. One imago was seen to
attack a larva (of 7. gothica) with its mandibles as though it
were in want of animal food. The position of the eggs of this
species on three larve of D. vinula was described, together with
the experiments in which all the eggs but one were removed
in the case of each larva; the remaining egg
larva which attained an enormous size. An error in the
description of the egg made by Mr. Poulton (last year) was
corrected.

‘8. A covering for the eyes of the imago of G. libatriv.—
A tuft of hair was described upon the basal part of the
antenne, which covers the eyes in the protective attitude of
resemblance to a dead withered leaf. Thus the brillianey of
these organs does not render the insect conspicuous. It was
also considered probable that the tuft of hairs may act as a
defence.

“9, The late emergence of female moths from the pupa. — It
was suggested that this very generally observed fact was of
value to the species in securing competition among the
males for the females as they emerge, instead of a success
merely determined by emergence at an appropriate time.

“10. Hereditary transmission of pink tubercles in the larva of
S. carpini. — Dr. Dixey obtained eighty larve in 1885, of

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., 1887. D

producing a

(| xvii)

which three possessed the pink tubercles, instead of the
normal golden colour; in 1886 larve were obtained from a
pair of moths (male and female) which were developed from
two of the larvee with pink tubercles. Out of the eighty-eight
larvee thus obtained no less than sixty-four possessed pink
tubercles.

“11. Phytophagous larva and many species of food-plant.—
Many partially-grown larvee were described as refusing well-
known species of food-plant, which would have been readily
eaten had the larve been hatched upon the plant; thus a
special relation, which did not exist in the newly-hatched
larva, may grow up between the latter and its food-plant
within the limits of a single larval life. These facts were
shown to partially remove the apparent difficulties in the way
of an alteration in the food-plants of a species in its spread
into new countries, &e.

“12. Origin of carnivorous habits in phytophagous larve.—
It was shown that purely plant-eating larve (such as D.
vinula, S. ocellatus, and A. betularia) become carnivorous when
from any accident they are deprived of vegetable food, the
well-known propensities (nibbling each other's horns) of
the two species first-mentioned being largely dependent, in
frequency and in degree, upon the quality and amount of the
normal food. It was argued that confirmed carnivorous
habits arose from the repetition of such a cause.

“13. Young larveé seeking light. — It was shown that the
young and dark larve of S. carpini and V. urtice persistently
seek the light, thus perhaps supporting the conclusions of
Lord Walsingham as to the advantages gained by insects in
the absorption of radiant energy.

“14, The force of gravitation probably appreciated by larve.—
It was argued that larve which have from any cause fallen
from their food-plant are probably guided in the upward
direction by an appreciation of this force. It was found that
V. urtice larvee, placed in a closely shut box immediately after
removal trom their food-plant, always climbed to the topmost
part of the box, and correspondingly shifted their position
when the box was turned upside down.”’

In the discussion which ensued, Lord Walsingham referred

© eax )

at some length to instances of protective resemblance in
larvee ; he disclaimed the discovery of prothoracic glands in
certain larve, which Mr. Poulton had in his paper attributed
to him, and said that attention had been called to the subject
in a paper published in the ‘Annales de la Société Entomolo-
gique de France.’ He remarked that these glands occurred
in larve of some species of the genus Melitea, and that he
had also noticed their existence in the larve of some of the
sawflies. In conclusion, Lord Walsingham said he could not
agree with Mr. Poulton’s remarks that larve which had
fallen from their food-plants were probably guided in an
upward direction by an appreciation of the force of gravita-
tion; he believed that larve in climbing up were merely
instinctively endeavouring to regain their food-plants.

Mr. Jenner Weir cited further instances of protective
resemblance, both amongst larve and perfect insects.

Dr. F. A. Dixey asked whether in the extended condition
of the flagellum in D. vinula the blood was contamed in any
special receptacle, or simply found its way among the tissues
generally. He remarked on the extraordinary powers of
contraction which appeared to be possessed by the retractor
muscle of this organ, and enquired whether any corresponding
peculiarities of minute structure had been observed in it.
The muscular tissue of insects generally was noticeable as
exhibiting histological details in a well-marked manner, and
it would be interesting to ascertain whether any special
structural feature accompanied so remarkable a physiological
development as this appeared to be. With regard to the
larvee of Saturnia carpini, there was no doubt that when kept
in captivity they displayed in their early stages a strong
tendency to flock together; though this might be due rather
to their common desire to occupy a particular situation in
their abode than to any real gregarious habit. When kept
under glass cylinders they invariably sought the lightest side,
and if the glass was moved they shifted their own position
accordingly. Lord Walsingham’s explanation of the ten-
dency of certain larvee to travel upwards, as being merely due
to an instinctive desire to regain their food after being dis-
lodged, gave no doubt the true meaning of the habit; but he

( xx )

thought at the same time that Mr. Poulton had rightly
attributed to them a sense of the force of gravity, as it would
be difficult to see what other sense could guide them to
whichever part happened to be uppermost of a closed box
kept in the pocket. With regard to the dark spots observed
by Mr. Poulton in the larve of G. libatriax immediately before
pupation, he had seen a similar appearance in tho case of a
large parasitic hymenopterous larva.

Mr. Poulton, in reply to the first question, said that no
special receptacle existed in the flagellum, but that the blood
found its way in the lacune between the structures in the
organ. In reply to the second, he said that observations on
the minute structure of the muscle would no doubt be very
interesting, but had not yet been made; and that the very
same reasoning used by Dr. Dixey had occurred to him on
first observing the extraordinary contraction of the retractor
muscle. Mr. Poulton hoped to undertake the histological
investigation, which certainly promised good results if unusual
functional activity were attended by a correspondingly unusual
minute structure.

He explained that the statement in the paper was that
Lord Walsingham had first called his attention to the pro-
thoracic glands of larve.

He wished to add to Dr. Dixey’s arguments in favour of
the appreciation of gravity by fallen larve as a guide in
regaining their food-plant—-the conclusion that larve cannot
see in the true sense of the word. He thought that many
experiments and observations seemed to render it probable
that the ocelli are of no value as a guide to the movements of
larve. He had covered the ocelli of numbers of larve with
an opaque black varnish, which had been renewed at every
change of skin, but no difference could be observed between
the movements of these and the normal larve. He therefore
argued that it was extremely improbable that the larve could
regain the distant leaves of a tree from which they had fallen
by the guidance of the sense of sight; and as a matter of fact
such larve are often seen to ascend walls, palings, or other
objects, which do not lead to any food, as if acting under a
blind impulse to move upwards. Mr. Poulton argued that if

(8)

such an upward movement always occurs and is independent
of sight, and in fact of the presence of light or of the food-
plant itself (as was proved in the case of J’. urticw), it was
difficult to imagine anything which could serve as a guide,
except the appreciation of the force of gravitation.

In conclusion, Mr. Poulton expressed great interest in Dr.
Dixey’s description of the claret-coloured spots on a hyme-
nopterous larva; and he thought it extremely probable that
the character might possibly be found to be of great mor-
phological interest as bearing upon the origin of wings in
Insecta.

The discussion was further continued by Mr. Gervase
Mathew, Mr. W. White, Mr. G. T. Porritt, Dr. Sharp, and
others.

May 4, 1887.
Dr. Davin Smarr, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

The Rey. C. Ellis-Stevens, B.D., of 286, Green Avenue,
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.; Mr. Henry Rowland Brown,
B.A., of Oxhey Grove, Stanmore, Middlesex ; Mr. Frederic
Merrifield, of 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton; and Mr. Coryn-
don Matthews, of Erme Wood, Ivybridge, Devon, were elected
Fellows.

Exhibitions, éc.

Mr. Wm. Warren exhibited Huzophera oblitella, Z., caught
in the Isle of Wight; and, for purposes of comparison, a pair
of Stiymonota pallifrontana, Z. (a species taken several years
ago by Mr. W. Thompson, of Stoney Stratford), and a pair
of S. internana, Gn., with which the former had been till
lately confounded. He also exhibited specimens of Asthenia
pygmeana, Hb., another species new to Britain, and 4.
abieyana (Dup.) (subsequana, Haw.).

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I1., 1887. E

( ex =)

Mr. Stainton remarked that the two last-named species
(Asthenia pygmeana and A. abieyana) both had white under-
wings, and were in other respects very similar. It was
formerly thought that Haworth’s subsequana was identical
with the species previously figured by Hiibner as pygmeana ;
but now that the two allied species were critically examined
it appeared that the species described by Haworth as sub-
sequana was not Hubner’s pygmeana, but another species
known as the abicgana of Duponchel, dating only from 1842,
so that Haworth’s name subsequana had priority by thirty
years.

Mr. I. Pascoe exhibited a living specimen of Diaxines
Taylori (Wath.), taken out of the stem of an orchid
labium caleste

Sacco-

erowing in an orchid-house at Croydon, and
received from Moulmein, in Burmah.

Mr. Pascoe stated, with reference to his paper on brachy-
cerus in the April number of the Transactions, that M. Auri-
villius had informed him, but with a mark of doubt, that B.
suturalis is B, Kekloni, Gyll., and B. precursor is B. oblongus,
Fahr.; and that B. albicollis is probably a variety of B.
lividicollis, Fahy. As the two names last mentioned depend
on colour, Mr. Pascoe said it would perhaps be convenient
to preserve the former one. Bb. obtusus 1s, according to M.
Aurivillius, allied to, if not identical with, 1. globiferus,
Thunb., but, judging from a full description of b. bullatus,
given by Gyllenhall, which was subsequently referred to
Thunberg’s species, the two are quite different. Mr. Pascoe
further said that he should be much obliged to any persons
who recognise any of his figures as belonging to described
species, if they would kindly let him know.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited nearly 200 specimens of Neu-
roptera, in beautiful condition, collected by Mr. EK. Meyrick
in various parts of Australia and ‘Tasmania, comprising about
seventy species. There were between forty and fifty species
of Trichoptera, including moth-like forms from Western
Australia, allied to Plectrotarsus, Kol.; and other species
belonging to a group represented by Hydropsyche Mdwardsti
(M‘Lach.). Among the Planipennia the most remarkable
insect was a new species of the singular genus Psychopsis

(sx) )

(Newm.), from Mount Kosciusko, where it was common. Of
Pseudo-Neuroptera there was a species of Hmbiide from
Weatern Australia, and certain curious Psocide and Perlide.
The Trichoptera appeared to be exclusively confined to Seri-
customatida, Leptocerida, and Ilydropsychide. Myr. Meyrick
made some remarks on the localities in which he had collected
the species.

Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited three specimens of a new species
of Xenarthra, collected by Mr. G. Lewis in Ceylon; also a
species ot Lovoprosopus from Brazil.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a drawing of a flea which
he believed to be a new species. Numbers of specimens were
found on a small animal (Myrmecobius) from West Australia.
He proposed naming it Sarcopsylla myrmecobii.

Mr. Waterhouse also exhibited a living example of an
Ichneumon—Ophion macrurum—bred from a larva of Callo-
samia promethea, « North-American species of Saturnida. He
further exhibited a number of wings of Lepidoptera denuded
of the scales, in order to show the neuration for study, and
explained the method he had adopted for removing the scales.
The wings were first dipped in spirit and then placed in eau
de javelle (potassium hyperchlorite). Mr. Waterhouse said
he had sometimes substituted peroxide of hydrogen for eaw de
javelle, but the action was much less rapid, although the
results were satisfactory.

Mr. Poulton observed that, although the pigment had ~
disappeared, he thought the scales were not removed, but
were merely rendered transparent; and he remarked that
the discovery of some chemical for softening chitine had
long been wanted to prepare specimens for the microscope.
The discussion was continued by Mr. M‘lachlan and Dr.
Sharp.

Mr. Slater read a note, extracted from the ‘ Medical Press,’
on the subject of the poison used by certain tribes of African
Bushmen in the preparation of their arrows. It was stated
that a poison was prepared by them from the entrails of a
caterpillar which they called ‘‘ N’gwa.”’

The Rev. W. W. Fowler read the following extract from a
a letter received from Mr. J. Gardner, of West Hartlepool :—

(xxiv )

‘Ts it generally known by Coleopterists that Dytiscus mar-
yinalis possesses the power of making a loud buzzing noise,
like a humble bee, when pressed against anything? I got a
fine male a few days ago, which the tide had just washed
ashore on the sand, and brought it home. As it was in a pill-
box, much too small for its comfort, I turned it out into a
elazed flower-pot until boiling water was-got ready in which
to kill it. It had not been there long, when, to my surprise,
I heard a loud buzzing noise, and upon looking into the jar
found Dytiscus standing close to the edge of the jar, apparently
still, but making the loud buzzing noise just mentioned. I
called my wife to observe the strange phenomenon of a
water-beetle humming like a bee, when it suddenly took
flight and flew out upon the table-cloth. I put it back, and
it immediately commenced making the same noise, and then
attempted another flight.”

Dr. Sharp said he was familiar with the humming of
Dytiscus marginalis previous to flight, and thought it might
perhaps be connected with an inflation of the body for the
purpose of diminishing the specific gravity of the insect; he
had noticed also that it was occasionally accompanied by the
discharge of fluid from the body.

Papers read,

Mr. William White read a paper ‘‘On the Occurrence of
Anomalous Spots on Lepidopterous Larve.” The paper
dealt chiefly with the curious red spots which sometimes
occur upon the larve of the genera Smerinthus and Papilio,
and in it the author traced the order of development of the
spots upon the several segments of the caterpillars, and con-
sidered their cause and purpose. The main peculiarity of
their occurrence is that they do not resemble any other larval
markings, and are dissimilar in regard to their incidence and
other characters. They are found, upon minute examination,
to vary considerably both in size and intensity, and they
appear very irregularly amongst the individuals of a brood.
In some cases only a single spot upon each side of one
segment occurs—in one example there is a spot upon one
side only; in others there is a series of spots forming a

(Roger ))

complete row upon all or nearly all the segments; frequently a
double row occurs upon each side of the caterpillar. Generally
the proportion of individuals in a brood bearing the character
is small; Prof. Weissmann observed a brood of ninety through-
out its ontogeny, in which there was but one spotted. Not-
withstanding these points of irregularity, there is apparently
a regular course of development in relation to the segments
that is distinctly traceable. This is shown in a series of
analytical tables, in which the value of the spots is reduced
to numerical equivalents. Upon twenty-two specimens of
such larve (preserved) being submitted to close analysis, the
order of development upon the segments is ascertained to be
as follows :—

Dorsal row 29.82) poy wee Lk 5.
4 5 A

i eS:
Spiracular row . Bro wuia GE at Alp

Hdely Als,

The dorsal row is the more important series, and in the
above summary it is thus shown that the development
originates upon the 8rd abdominal segment. This point is
well borne out by instances in which it is the only segment
that bears the spots, and the experience of Dr. Weissmann is
in exact agreement with this evidence. The next segment
upon which it appears is the 7th abdominal, the 4th being in
almost equal relation to that segment; then follows the 2nd
thoracic segment (the three thoracic segments are distin-
guished by roman numerals); then the 5th abdominal, &c.,
as tabulated.

Another peculiarity shown in the tables is that there is a
tendency towards a higher development on the left side than
on the right. There are individuals which reverse this cha-
racter slightly, but the tendency in the aggregate is in favour
of the left side. It is not easy to imagine any cause for this
inequality.

Mr. White said he took exception to Weissmann’s theory that
the spots form the nucleus of the coloured border to the white
stripes of the allied Sphina ligustri, which he considers is not
supported even by his own evidence ; for, as he himself states,
the spots upon Smerinthus, when they occur, never develop
beyond the spot state, while the stripes of Sphina appear

PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., I., 1887. K

( Sexvie @)

suddenly on the 8rd or 4th stage, without passing through a
spot stage. Mr. Poulton’s view is that they imdicate the
decline of an old character, but this Mr. White also thought
unsatisfactory, for the reason that if they were vestigial they
would certainly recur in the younger phyletic stages, rather
than after the later ecdyses. The testimony of Dr. Weissmann
is that in his observations he invariably found them appear
first in the later stages, and then increase in intensity. This
would appear to be attested by the series of examples exhibited
here.

The red spots which occur sometimes, but with greater
rarity, upon larvee of Papilio podalirius are similar in general
character to those of Smerinthus populi and ocellatus, but they
are unlike them in their distribution ; in one of the specimens
exhibited they are in pairs upon nearly all the abdominal
segments, forming two longitudinal dorsal rows; but im
another example they exist upon the anterior segments only,
where in each case they are clustered more numerously in
less regular arrangement. In this species they are also more
sharply defined and circular, although there is an irregular
red blotch upon the dorsal area of the 8rd thoracic and 1st
abdominal segments, in addition to the spots.

After entering into the open question of the connection
between the Smerinthus spots and leaf-galls, and the objective
use of such relations, Mr. White said he considered that, in
spite of the plausibility of the resemblance they bear to the
nidus of some species of gall-insects which affect the proper
leaves to these red spots, and although some other facts seem
to favour that theory, there is no evidence whatever forth-
coming to show how the process of simulation could be
effected. Moreover, when the species of gall are considered
in detail, in relation to time, it appears still more improbable
that there is any connection existing between the spots and
insect-galls.

In conclusion, Mr. White said he agreed with Prof. Weiss-
mann in his view that the red spots upon these caterpillars
form a new character in process of development,—within
these restricted limits,—but whether such conspicuous spots
upon species so admirably protected will prove beneficial or

( xxvii)

injurious remains to be evidenced by prolonged series of
field observations extended over a lengthy period, and only
time will solve the problem.

Mr. Poulton stated that he had last year noticed the
marking appear in one specimen of a brood of Smerinthus
he had, first as a linear mark, then become a spot, and
afterwards disappear; and he laid stress upon this as
evidence of his theory, which Mr. White had not set forth
clearly.

Mr. White, in replying, said he thought this case was so
very extraordinary, and differed so entirely from all previous
experience, that it required continued experiments to be
carried on to complete the observation.

Mr. Waterhouse read ‘‘ Descriptions of New Genera and
Species of Buprestidae.”

June 1, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.8., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Exhibitions, dc.

Mr. Philip Crowley exhibited the following specimens of
Diurni, from the Kareen Hills, Burmah :—Papilio Zaleucus,
Hew., Papilio Adamsoni, Smith, Papilio ? sp. (male and female),
and Nymphalis Nicholii, Smith.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited specimens of an exotic ant,
Tapinoma melanocephalus, For., taken by himself in September
last at the Palm House, Kew, on a species of palm (Howea
Griesbachia) from Tropical Australia: he remarked that the
species was first described by Forel from Cayenne, then from
the Tonga Islands, and lately from Bahia and St. Thomas;
Forel also found it on board one of the West Indian Mail
steamers; and it has also been met with in India and South
America, but has not hitherto been found in Europe. This
brings the number of exotic ants found in Kew Gardens by
Messrs. Smith, Saunders, and billups, up to seven.

(C xxvii)

Mr. Billups also exhibited living specimens of Carabus
auratus, which had been found in vegetables in the Borough
Market ; and also of a species of Blaps, which had occurred
in vegetables from Northern Africa.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of a Brazilian Locust,
Conocephalus ? sp., which he had for some time preserved
alive, and which had only died that same morning. He called
attention to the change of colour which he had observed in
the eyes of this insect; in a bright light they were dirty
white or horn-coloured, with a black dot in the middle; but
at night, or if the insects were confined in a dark box, they
became altogether black; shortly after death, also, the eyes
became black. Mr. M‘Lachlan observed that he had noticed
a darker spot in the centre of the eye in certain Ephemeride,
and in other Neuroptera. The discussion was continued by
Dr. Sharp and others, but no one seemed to be able to account
for the alteration in question.

Lord Walsingham exhibited specimens of Cateremna tere-
brella, Zk., a species lately taken in Britain, which he had
caught in Norfolk, and also bred from fir-cones gathered in
the same locality.

Papers read.

Mr. Meyrick read two papers, (1) ‘‘On Pyralidina from
Australia and the South Pacific,” and (2) ‘‘ Descriptions of
some exotic Micro-Lepidoptera.”” In these papers about sixty
new species were described. A discussion ensued, in which Dr.
Sharp, Mr. Stainton, Mr. M‘hLachlan, and others took part.
Mr. Meyrick stated that, as far as the Pyralidina were con-
cerned, Australia could not be regarded as a separate region,
for a large number were not endemic, but appeared to have been
introduced from the Malay Archipelago. The method of this
immigration seemed doubtful. Mr. Meyrick was of opinion
that the insects flew very long distances, and effected a
settlement through their food-plants being widely distributed
and common. He instanced the undoubted immigration of
certain Australian species into New Zealand, a distance of
1200 miles. Mr. Stainton adduced the instance of Margarodes
unionalis, Which is a South-Kuropean insect, feeding on the
olive, yet is occasionally found in Britain. In connection

(imix -)

with these papers Mr. Meyrick exhibited specimens of O.wy-
chirota paradova, Meyr. (unique specimens representing the
family Oxychirotide), Epharpastis dedala, Meyr., and Mixo-
phyla erminea, Moore, and noticed two points bearing on
geoeraphical distribution as follows :—

“In connection with this and my previous papers on
Australian Pyralidina, two points bearing on the question
of geographical distribution suggest themselves.

““(1), Many Pyrales—principally Botydide—have a phe-
nomenally wide geographical range. It is a common thing
for the same species to occur unchanged in South Africa,
Mauritius, Ceylon, South Asia, the Malay Archipelago,
Australia, and through the South Pacific Islands to Tahiti;
sometimes even extending into Central America. These
insects are usually of inconsiderable size and weak flight ;
they do not appear in great numbers, or show any special
migratory instincts. Yet immigration into Australia has
taken place on so large a scale that, out of 129 species of
Botydide established as occurring in Australia, 73 are found
to be more or less widely distributed outside the Australian
region. Most of these species are so far dependent on climate
that they do not range far outside the tropical line; but,
apart from this, they seem to have little regard for barriers,
and little preference for one country as against another. It
must be a necessary condition of such wide distribution that
the larve should either feed on plants of extraordinarily wide
range or be able to accommodate themselves to a variety of
food. Evidence as to this is as yet scanty, but certainly a
few do feed on common introduced weeds. I do not say that
these facts prove anything, but they seem to suggest that,
given a certain suitable climatic adaptability and a proper
provision in the way of food, sea-barriers, unless very wide or
very stormy, present no effectual obstacie to an insect endowed
even with the feeblest powers of flight.

(2). The distribution of this and other groups of Lepi-
doptera within Australia does not seem in any way to support
the theory advanced by Dr. Wallace as to the origination of
the peculiar Australian fauna within West Australia when
separated as a distinct continent from East Australia. The

( xXxxt~.)

theory is based on the supposition that Australia presents at
this time the phenomenon of an eastern and western fauna,
each wholly distinct from the other. This by no means
expresses the facts as I find them. The region is rich in
Lepidoptera, but they oceur principally in certain limited
patches or tracts, either towards the sea-coast, or, if inland,
on hill-ranges, because there alone the average rainfall is
sufficient to maintain constantly the vegetation on which they
exist. All such tracts are therefore in a sense more or less
isolated, and may often contain numerous peculiar species.
It would therefore be more just to regard the region as
inhabited by a large number of separate faune, each differing
more or less widely from its neighbours. Thus, in travelling
from Sydney to Perth by the south coast, one would pass
through about ten different faune ; but the difference between
the first and sixth would not be greater than that between
the fifth and tenth. In other words, the rate of change is
uniform on the whole, though irregular in detail. One of
these faune occupies the south-west corner of Australia,
within a line from Albany to Perth, roughly speaking; it has
a good rainfall and very rich flora; and it is this corner which
is usually intended when Western Australia is spoken of as
the only part visited. One has, however, but to cross the low
range whose foot lies ten miles inland from Perth, and the
change of fauna begins at once, there being a distinctly per-
ceptible increase in eastern forms. I may add incidentally
that the indigenous Lepidopterous fauna of Western Australia,
as a whole, consists maimly of Tineina, the other groups
being poorly represented in endemic species as compared with
Kastern Australia; the Geometrina stand next, but at a great
distance.”

Mr. Pascoe read a paper “On the genus Byrsops,” a genus
of Curculionidee.

The President announced that Lord Walsingham’s collection
of Lepidoptera and their larvee, recently presented to the
Nation, would be exhibited in the Hall at the Natural History
Museum, South Kensington, until the end of June.

(Pexxx s)

July 6, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

[lection of a Fellow.
The Rev. W. T. H. Newman, M.A., 11, Park Terrace, The
Crescent, Oxford, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Kehibtions, &c.

Mr. M‘Lachlan remarked that at the meeting of the Society
in October, 1886, he exhibited a quantity of the so-called
‘jumping seeds”? from Mexico, containing larve of Carpo-
capsa saltitans, Westw. The seeds had long ceased to “jump,”
which proved that the larve were either dead, had become
quiescent, or had pupated; about a fortnight ago he opened
one of the seeds, and found therein a livmg pupa. On the
4th inst. a moth (exhibited) was produced.

The President, on behalf of the Rey. H. 8. Gorham, ex-
hibited the following Coleoptera, lately taken in the New
Forest :—Anoplodera sexguttata, Fab., wholly black variety ;
Grammoptera analis, Fab.; Colydium elongatum, Fab.; and a
specimen of Tachinus elongatus, Gyll., with brownish-red
elytra.

Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Orsodacna humeralis,
Latr. (lineola, Panz., var.), taken by himself at Norwood: he
also exhibited a specimen of the same beetle taken by himself
fifty years ago in Coombe Wood; during the interval he had
neyer seen it alive.

Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited, on behalf of Mr. N. F. Dobrée,
of Beverley, a series of about thirty specimens of a Tenio-
campa he had received from Hampshire, which had previously
been referred to as a red form of 7’. gracilis. Mr. Dobrée was
inclined to think they were not that species, but 7’. stabilis.

Mr. A. C. Horner exhibited the following species of
Coleoptera from the neighbourhood of Tonbridge :—Compso-
chilus palpalis, Msp. (5); Acrognathus mandibularis, Gyll. (4) ;
Homalota atrata, Mann., H. vilis, Kv., and H. difficilis, Bris. ;

(© mx 4)

Calodera rubens, Ev.; and Oxytelus fulvipes, Ky. He also ex-
hibited a Rhizophagus from Sherwood Forest, which appeared
to belong to a new species; and several specimens of Holo-
pedina polypori, Forst., also from Sherwood Forest, where he
had found it in company with, and probably parasitic on, Cis
vestitus. Concerning the latter insect he read the following
notes from the Rev. 'T. A. Marshall :—

‘‘Nunton Vicarage, Salisbury, Jan. 28,1887. Dear Sir,—
Your insects are undoubtedly Holopedina polypori, Forst.,
fully described in Verh. Pr. Rheinl. 1850, p. 502. The
description is very complete, and the insects were found by
Forster in a similar situation to yours; and he also con-
jectured them to be parasites of Cis. I thank you very much
for giving me specimens, as I had not seen the species before.

‘‘T used to suppose that H. polypori, Forst., was a synonym
of Cephalonomea formiciformis, West., having been informed
upon some good authority (I forget whose) that this was so.
It is quite clear to me now that the two species are distinct.

‘‘ Holopedina is very near Bethylus. I compared Panzer’s
figure of Tiphia (Bethylus) cenoptera, and at once concluded
that your insect could not be that, from the antennz and
wings. The wings of B. cenopterus are infuscated, and have
basal nervures, &c.—T. A. Marshall.”

Mr. Elisha exhibited two larvee of Zelleria hepariella, Stn.

Mr. Stainton remarked that as the greater part of the
larve of Zelleria were attached to the Oleacee, it seemed
strange that certain species had recently been found on
Saxifrage.

Paper read.

Mr. Slater read the following paper,* ‘‘On the presence
of Tannin in certain Insects, and its influence on their
colours’’:—Whilst meditating on the colours of insects,
I was struck with the fact that if we set aside the so-
called metallic or iridescent colours, which are not due to
any pigment, a vast majority of the remainder consist of
what we may call ‘leather-colours,” ranging from clay-
colours, dull and impure yellows, to yellowish browns of very
different degrees of intensity. On referring to descriptions

* Certain researches which I have just heard of compel me to lay my
observations before the Society sooner than I expected.

( xxx =)

and collections I found that these leather-colours are most
decided in leaf-, wood-, and bark-eaters, such as Melolonthide,
Dynastide, even Elateride, Buprestide, and Cetoniade, in
the absence of metallic coloration. It therefore at once
struck me that these colours may be due to the action of
tannin and its derivatives upon nitrogenous animal matter.
To test this supposition I took an elytron from each of
several beetles, especially Melolonthide, steeped them for a
short time in a mixture of alcohol and ether to remove
anything greasy, and then placed them in a strong solution of
ferric nitrate. The first specimen in the box is a Melolontha
macalis which has thus been treated; the left elytron, which
is a decided black, was fixed in its place again, to show the
contrast with the original colour. This production of a black
colour with solution of iron is a very good test for the presence
of tannin. ‘To confirm this result I treated other elytra with
a solution of potassium dichromate and with copper acetate,
and in each case I got the coloration which tannin is well
known to produce. I then applied the solution of iron to the
elytra of some carnivorous species, such as Carabus monilis
and Coccinella dispar. The action, as it may be seen in the
second and third specimens in the box, was practically nil.
Hence it would seem that carnivorous groups of insects do
not contain tannin in their tissues. I must now give a sum-
mary of the researches to which I alluded above, and which,
though undertaken with a quite different purpose, certainly
confirm my observations. M. Villon, writing to the Société
des Sciences Industrielles de Lyon, states that he has for a
long time sought for tannin formed in the tissues or in the
secretions of an animal. He has found it in the well-known
corn weevil, Calandra granaria. He mentions that so far back
as 1810, Penant, of Bourges, found gallic acid, a body closely
connected with tannin, in the same insect. M. Villon grinds
up the weevils to a paste, extracts them with strong boiling
alcohol, evaporates the liquid to dryness, and finally, after
purifying the product, he obtains from 500 grammes of
weevils 15 grammes of a tannin which he calls fracticorni-
tannic acid. This substance possesses all the general properties
of tannin, and has been experimentally used in tanning,

( xxv)

dyeing, &c. Indeed M. Villon’s object seems to be to turn
this animal tannin to practical account. The great part of
the discovery is that 1t shows tannin to be common both to
the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and thus breaks down
one of the few remaining boundary-lines between these two
main divisions of the organic world. The question still
remains whether the tannin found in insects is elaborated by
them de novo from their food, or is merely absorbed and
assimilated without decomposition, just as we see it is the
case with chlorophyll, and, I believe, with alizarine in the
genus Timarcha. M. Villon seems to speak in favour of the
former opinion, whilst my observations, so far as they have
gone, would suggest the latter. Still it is perfectly possible
that tannin might be generated in the organs of a Lamellicorn
beetle, but not in those of a Carab. It has occurred to me
that black patterns on buff or brown grounds may possibly be
produced by iron held in solution in the blood of the insect
being deposited in some parts of the chitinous tissue rather
than in others. On prolonged steeping certain elytra in
solutions of iron I have found black lines and spots making
their appearance. The power of chitine to take up colouring-
matters is considerable; the specimens given are dyed
respectively with magenta, orchil extract, basic aniline blue,
and soluble indigo. Chitine when pure does not, however,
turn brown or black when steeped in the solutions of iron,
thus showing that the presence of tannin is needed for the
production of those colours.”

A discussion ensued, in which Prof. Meldola, Mr. Poulton,
Dr. Sharp, and others took part.

August 3, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.8., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted

to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.
Mr. John Witherington Peers, M.A., of Wendover, near
Tring; and Mr. R. G. Lynam, of the North Staffordshire

( Fexxv.)

Infirmary, Stoke-on-Trent, were elected Fellows of the
Society.
Kuahibitions, de.

Jonkheer May, the Dutch Consul-General, exhibited a pupa
and two imagos of Cecidomyia destructor (Hessian Fly), which
had been submitted to him for exhibition by the Agricultural
Department.

Mr. W. White exhibited, and made remarks on, a specimen
of Philampelus satellitia, Linn., from Florida, with supposed
fungoid excrescences on the eyes. Mr. Stainton said he was
of opinion that the supposed fungoid growth might be the
pollinia of an Orchis. Mr. Poulton expressed a similar
opinion, and the discussion was continued by Mr. Pascoe,
Dr. Sharp, and others.

Mr. White also exhibited a specimen of Catephia alchymista,
bred from a pupa collected by Mr. Ralfe last autumn on the
South Coast.

Mr. M‘Lachlan sent for exhibition a number of oak-leaves
infested by Phylloxera punctata, Lichtenstein, which he had
received from Dr. Maxwell Masters, F.R.S.

Mr. Champion exhibited two rare species of Curculionide
from Sandown, Isle of Wight—viz., one specimen of Baridius
analis, and a series of Cathormiocerus socius. He remarked
that C. maritimus, Rye, had been placed in recent Huropean
Catalogues as a synonym of the last-named species, but that
this was an error. He also exhibited a series of Cicindela
germanica, from Blackgang, Isle of Wight.

Mons. Alfred Wailly exhibited, and made remarks on, a
number of living larvee of Antherea pernyi, A. mylitta, Telea
polyphemus, Platysamia cecropia, Actias luna, Attacus cynthia,
Callosamia promethea, and other silk-producing species. He
also exhibited imagos of the above species, imagos of Antherea
Yama-mat, and a number of species of Diurni from Sarawak.

Mons. Wailly said he recommended the rearing of these
silk-producing species in England on account of the beauty of
the larve, and as an interesting entomological study; but not
with a view to forming establishments of sericiculture, which,
on account of the climate, would not be practicable. He
further stated that some species, e.g., A. mylitta, would not

( xxxw )

pair in a closed room, but only in the open air; whilst others,
such as Actias luna, would pair in a closed room, and not in
front of an open window.

Mr. Poulton exhibited crystals of formate of lead obtaimed
by collecting the secretion of the larva of Dicranura vinula on
283 occasions. The secretion had been mixed with distilled
water, in which oxide of lead was suspended. The latter
dissolved, and the acid of the secretion being in excess, the
normal formate was produced. Prof. Meldola promised to
subject the crystals to combustion, so that their constitution
would be proved by the final test.

Mr. Oliver Janson called attention to Mr. Pryer’s new
work, ‘Rhopalocera Nihonica,’ and to the fact that the
illustrations had been executed by Japanese artists.

September 7, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Mr. Goss said he was requested to inform the Meeting that
in July last an Address to Her Majesty the Queen, on the
occasion of the Jubilee of her Reign, had been authorised
by the Council; that the preparation of the Address had
been entrusted to a committee, consisting of Dr. Sharp and
the Rev. W. W. Fowler; and that the following is a copy of
such Address :—

«To the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty.

‘‘We, the Honorary President, President, and Council of
the Entomological Society of London, desire to approach your
Majesty with sentiments of the most loyal devotion, and to
tender our dutiful congratulations on the Jubilee of your
Majesty’s accession to the Throne; we rejoice in the great
National progress that has been made under your benignant
sway, and as a Society devoted to the advancement of Science
we recognise with peculiar satisfaction the great development

( xxxvi1 )

that has taken place in all branches of scientific knowledge
and their application to the improvement of the condition of
your subjects.

‘“We fervently pray that the years to come of your
Majesty’s sway may be no less blessed, and that the in-
telligence and morality of your subjects may be continually
strengthened.”

Mr. Goss further stated that the Address, the copy of
which he had just read from the Minute-book of the Council
Meetings, was in due course forwarded by Mr. Fowler to the
Home Seeretary, who acknowledged its receipt in a letter, of
which the following is a copy :—

‘¢ Whitehall, 28th July, 1887.

‘«« Sir,—I have had the honor to lay before The Queen
the loyal and dutiful Address of the Entomological Society
on the occasion of Her Majesty attaiming the Fiftieth Year of
Her Reign; And I have to inform you that Her Majesty was
pleased to receive the same very graciously.

‘“T have the honor to be, Sir,
‘¢ Your obedient Servant,
‘* Henry Marruews.

“The Rev. W. W. Fow ter,
“The School-House, Lincoln.”

Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Arthur Sidgwick, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, of Woodstock Road, Oxford, was elected a
Fellow of the Society.

KHahibitions, dc.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited a living larva of Myrmeleon
europaeus, Which he had taken at Fontainebleau on the 6th of
August last.

Mr. Elisha exhibited a series of bred specimens of both
sexes of Zelleria hepariella, Stn., and also, on behalf of Mr.
C. S. Gregson, a series of eighty varieties of Abraxas grossu-
lariata selected from the specimens bred during the year
1886 from 4000 larve obtained from eggs laid by selected
varieties, the results of crossing and interbreeding for more

( xocevain 3)

than twenty years. Mr. Hlisha stated that Mr. Gregson
found the majority of the specimens he bred every season
“threw back’ to the original type, or differed therefrom
so slightly as to be scarcely noticeable varieties; so that,
although he was almost sure to get a few remarkable
forms every season, he never yet had a batch of eggs that
produced varieties alone, no matter how strongly marked or
different from the type the parents were. Mr. Elisha said
that about six or seven years ago he took at Dover some
very dark-banded forms of Cidaria suffumata. One of the
darkest specimens laid a batch of eggs, from which he
expected to breed varieties, but not a single specimen of the
dark form was produced, all the specimens reverting to the
common or type form.

My. Stainton remarked that the female of Zelleria hepariella
had until lately been considered a distinct species, and was
known as Zelleria insignipennella, but directly Myr. Elisha
began breeding the insect its identity with 7. hepariella was
established.

Mr. Tutt exhibited specimens of Crambus alpinellus, C. con-
taminellus, Lita semidecandrella, L. marmorea (dark forms),
and L. blandulella (a new species), Doryphora palustrella, and
Depressaria Yeatiana, all collected at Deal during last July
and August.

Mr. Stainton observed that Crambus alpinellus was so named
from the earliest captures of the species having been made on
the lower parts of the Alps, but that it had since been found
on the low sandy ground of North Germany, and its capture
at Deal quite agreed with what was now known of the distri-
bution of the species in Germany. It was first recorded as a
British species by Dr. Knages in 1871, from two specimens
taken at Southsea by Mr. Moncreaff. Mr. Stainton further
observed that he had named Mr. Tutt’s new species “ blandu-
lella”’ from its similarity to a small maculea, of which one of
the best known synonyms was blandella. He also remarked
that Deal was a new locality for Doryphora palustrella, which
had hitherto only been recorded from Wicken Fen and the
Norfolk Fens in Kngland, and from the neighbourhood of
Stettim on the Continent.

(© sxe

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Coote, a variety
of Lycena phleas; also a number of Stenobothrus rufipes, and
three specimens of Coccinella labilis, recently taken by himself
at Herne Bay.

Mr. Martin Jacoby exhibited specimens of Spilopyra sump-
tuosa, Baly, and Sybriacus magnificus, Baly. He also exhibited
several species of Galerucide, belonging to a genus which he
proposed to call Neobrotica, closely resembling in shape and
coloration certain species of Diabrotica, but differing there-
from as regards structural characters in the deep transverse
groove of the thorax, and in the appendiculate and not
bifid claws. Mr. Jacoby remarked that the similarity of
the two genera in the elytral patterns, and even in the colour
of the antenne and legs, was very striking; and, as he had
males and females of both genera before him, there could be no
question on account of sexual differences. He added that the
late Baron von Harold had described a Galeruca from Africa,
which, except in generic characters, exactly resembled a
South American genus (Dircema), and to which he drew
attention at the time.

Papers read.

Dr. Sharp communicated a paper, by Mr. Thomas L. Casey,
‘On a new genus of African Pseluphide.”’

Mr. Bridgman communicated a paper entitled ‘“ Further
Additions to the Rey. T. A. Marshall’s Catalogue of British
Ichneumonidae.”

Mr. Distant read a paper entitled ‘Contributions to a
Knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota.”

Mr. Knock read the following notes ‘‘ On the Parasites of
the Hessian Fly”’ :—

‘No doubt it will be within the recollection of many
of the Fellows present here this evening that on the 4th
August last there appeared in the ‘Daily Telegraph’ a
long article upon the Hessian Fly, Cecidomyia. destructor
(Say), which—vreferring to the parasites of the species—con-
cluded as follows, viz.:—‘It is hoped that the Hessian Flies
have not left these desirable travelling-companions behind
them; but if they have, the corn-crops of this country

© 28)

must, it is said, be protected by the colonisation of these
useful little parasites.

“This may have satisfied ‘ arm-chair naturalists,’ who are
content to rely upon information gathered from other sources
than those of practical experience in the field, and who, like
‘feather-bed warriors,’ copy the mistakes of others, which
are again copied and handed down to posterity.

‘After reading the article referred to, I determined to
have a field day among the barley, for the express purpose of
searching for the parasites of the Hessian Fly, which had not
at that time been recorded as occurring in Great Britain.
Mr. G. EK. Palmer, of Revell’s Hall Farm, Hertford, very
kindly gave me permission to ‘ go anywhere I liked’; and the
description and figure given by Miss EK. A. Ormerod in her
interesting pamphlet on ‘The Hessian Fly’ rendered it an
easy matter to recognise the infected plants, which were very
plentiful, among the poorly-grown barley.

“T had not been at work more than half an hour before I
discovered unmistakable signs that the parasites were there, for
in several infected stems I noticed that some had a small round
hole about 4, in. in diameter, and 3 in. above the 2nd joint.
I at once came to the conclusion that these holes had been
made by some parasitic fly, and two days after (August 7th)
I bred a male, on the 10th a female of the same species, and
the following day another male of a different genus. Since
that date I have bred a number, two of which I sent to Mr.
K. A. Fitch, who replied,—‘ the “ spotted leg”’ is an Hupelmus,
and may be identical with Lindemann’s Hupelmus Karschit ;
and the other, a Pteromalus, may be Semiotellus nigripes of
Lindemann, but at present it is not safe to go beyond family
and genus.’

‘‘T have not yet had an opportunity of submitting to Mr.
Fitch specimens of the other parasites bred, which I think Iam
right in saying comprise four or five species of Semiotellus, one
Eupelmus, and a very small semiapterous species. Some of
these parasites I kept alive for nearly three weeks in pill-
boxes—in which I placed a piece of damp blotting-paper, and
a few infected stems and loose puparia,—where they soon
made themselves quite at home, running about briskly in

(0 xi”)

the sunshine, and in dull weather hiding away down the
hollow stems. I have been enabled to note down a number
of observations upon them, but have not had leisure to put
them into form.

‘“‘T paid another visit to Revell’s Hall on August 8th, com-
mencing my search in another very large barley-field, and,
in order to form some sort of an estimate as to the extent of
the injured barley, I proceeded to mark out a distance of
20 yards; I then walked up the rows, carefully examining
the one between my feet and the three at each side, cutting
and counting the infected straws, and placing them in a bag.
Having arrived at my distance-post, I noted down the result
of each 20 yards worked; this I continued to do for just
four hours. I then measured the width of ground worked,
and found it to be just 80 yards; in this small space, 80 x 20
yards, I had cut over 800 infected straws, each containing
from one to four puparia. I believe that twice that number
were infested, for I noticed many plants looking very ‘seedy,’
though the ears were anything but seedy; these were not
bent down, but on cutting them I found puparia in the
usual place—just above the 2nd joint. You will observe that
these ears only contain from six to eight poor grains, instead
of nearly thirty, the average number, in a healthy plant.
A little time was lost during the four hours above-mentioned
in frequently taking off my coat, to free it of the quantity
of the irritable barley-ears, which, as everyone knows, have
such a knack of working their way up one’s sleeves, &e.

«We have all read from time to time that ‘ the Commission
appointed’ duly report to Parliament in how many counties
the crops have been attacked; but, so far, we have not heard
whether any practical steps have been taken to check the
progress of the Hessian Fly, or prevent its reappearance next
year. I venture to think something might have been done by
collecting the infected straw, instead of burning it, so that
the parasites might be bred and ‘turned down’ in infected
localities; we know they would not require any ‘red tape’ to
induce them to do their appointed duty. I do not appre-
hend that this would be too great an undertaking for the
Government, for it is obvious that if one person can in four

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv., 1887. G

(xh)

hours collect over 2000 puparia, fifty people could collect
a proportionately larger number, and there would be so many
less left to work future damage.

‘* Another thing which I believe is much wanted,—in
which opinion I am supported by Mr. G. E. Palmer,—is,
that every farmer should be supplied with a good figure of an
infected plant, for several farmers with whom I have conversed
upon the subject are totally ignorant as to the appearance of
a plant when attacked; and one said to me ‘ We hear a
deal about this Hessian Fly, but we don’t know what it’s like
or what to look for.’ Such being the case, an official report
is of little value to the farmers.

‘* Among the many letters which have appeared in the press
I think the following from the ‘Mark Lane Express,’ headed
‘Where the Hessian Fly came from,’ and signed ‘ English
Farmer,’ deserves attention :—‘ If any of your readers want
to know from whence this pest is coming, they have only to
examine the straw that is now being imported into this
country to satisfy themselves. Only a fortnight ago I
examined some rough straw lying in No. 1 Princess Dock-
shed, Hull, and found it badly infested,’ &e. If the above
statement is correct, all remedial measures will be useless
so long as infected straw is allowed to be imported.

‘T must apologise for these somewhat disjointed notes, and
at some future time I will endeavour to give more detailed
accounts of my observations both on the Hessian Fly and its
parasites.”

Mr. Enock exhibited specimens of injured barley; and a
diseussion ensued, in which Dr. Sharp, Mr. Jacoby, Mr.
Billups, Mr. Waterhouse, and others took part.

October 5, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

(exh)

Exhibitions, &c.

Mr. Jacoby exhibited a species of Aphthonoides, a genus of
Halticina, having a long spine on the posterior femora. He
also exhibited a specimen of Rhagiosoma madagascariensis, and
remarked that it had the appearance of a Longicorn.

Mr. Stevens exhibited a very dark specimen of Crambus
perlellus, from the Hebrides, which its captor supposed to be
a new species.

Mr. Porritt remarked that this brown form of Crambus
perlellus occurred at Hartlepool with the ordinary typical
form of the species, and was there regarded as only a variety
of it.

Mr. Slater exhibited a specimen of Gonepteryax Cleopatra,
which was stated to have been taken in the North of Scotland.

Mr. Jenner Weir remarked that he had found larve of
Gonepteryx Rhamni upon Rhamnus alaternus (not a British
species), and reared them from it. As this shrub was com-
monly imported from the Continent for horticultural purposes,
it seemed to him probable that the eggs or young larve of
Gonepterya Cleopatra might be easily introduced. He further
observed that the deposition of its ova by Gonepteryx Rhamnt
on Rhamnus alaternus was a remarkable instance of instinct ;
for although the shrub in question was undoubtedly a suitable
food-plant for the species of Gonepterya, it was very unlike
the two common species of the genus Rhamnus—frangula and
catharticus—both in appearance and character, being an ever-
green with bright glossy leaves, and the two latter species
being deciduous.

Mr. South exhibited an interesting series of about 150
specimens of Boarmia repandata, L., bred in 1876 and during
the present year from larve found feeding on bilberry
and heather in a small wooded glen on the coast, not far
distant from Lynmouth, North Devon. Mr. South remarked
that the present sylvan character of the locality might to a very
large extent be considered artificial, inasmuch as the oak trees
which now contribute so greatly to its beauty were without
doubt planted. Prior to the introduction of the oaks probably
the only arboreous plants which existed there were birches
and sallows, similar to those now observed in some other

(o xl)

portions of Exmoor; the connection between which and the
locality referred to was only interrupted here and there by an
occasional strip of cultivated land. Between these patches of
arable land are broad areas of common covered with heather,
gorse, and bilberry. Large detached masses of rock lie
scattered here and there along the sides and at the bottom
of the glen, which are now almost entirely covered by
vegetation. At the shore end, however, the rocks, which
belong to the Middle Devonian system, and consist of red and
grey grit, shales, and sandstones, stand out clear and bold.
The series of specimens exhibited included strongly-marked
examples of the type-form ; an extreme form of var. conversaria,
Hiib., a form intermediate between the type and the last-
named var. ; examples of var. destrigaria, Steph.; and another
form, believed by Mr. South to be the issue of a cross between
the var. conversaria and the var. destrigaria. In support of
this suggestion Mr. South said that in 1888 he bred about
equal numbers of the type and conversaria forms from ova
deposited by a banded female, which he had every reason to
suppose had paired with a typical male. It was apparent, on
looking at the entire series, that the extreme forms were in
each case connected with the type by intermediate forms and
their aberrations.

Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited young larve of Apatura iris,
which had been beaten off sallow in the New Forest. He
also exhibited eight larve of Sphina convolvuli, of which seven
were in the fourth stage and one in the third. A female moth,
captured in 8. Devon by Mr. Pode, laid eighteen eggs on
August 29th; all except one of these produced larve by
September 9th, and up to the date of the meeting only a
single larva had been lost. My. Poulton said the life-history
had been of extreme interest, throwing much hght upon
that of Sphinw ligustri, as well as upon difficult points in the
ontogeny of the allied genera, Acherontia and Smertithus.

Mr. Stainton commented on the interesting nature of the
exhibition, and said he was not aware that the larve of
Sphina convolvuli had ever before been seen in this country in
their early stages.

Mr. M‘Lachlan remarked that females of this species

( xive )

captured on former occasions, when the insect had been
unusually abundant, had been found upon dissection to have
the ovaries aborted.

Mr. R. W. Lloyd exhibited two specimens of Hlater pomone
and one of Mesosa nubila, recently taken in the New Forest.

My. Porritt exhibited a series of melanic varieties of Diurnea
fagella from Huddersfield, and he stated that the typical pale
form of the species had almost disappeared from that neigh-
bourhood.

Mr. Dannatt exhibited a specimen of the so-called ‘ Vege-
table Caterpillar,” from New Zealand.

Mr. Goss exhibited, on behalf of Mr. John Brown, of Cam-
bridge, a number of puparia of Cecidomyia destructor (the
Hessian Fly), received by the latter from Whittlesford and
Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire; from Long Stratton, Norfolk ;
from Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; and from Wiltshire. He
also exhibited a living larva of Cephus pygmaeus, Lat. (the
Corn Sawfly), which had been submitted to Mr. Brown by
Mr. Charles C. Ambrose, of Swaffham Prior, Cambridgeshire,
who reported that the species had been doing considerable
damage this year to wheat-crops in Burwell Fen.

Mr. Verrall, in reply to a question by Mr. Enock, said he
believed that the Hessian Fly was not a recent introduction
into Great Britain, but had been here probably for hundreds
of years; and that twelve years ago he had included the spe-
cies in a list of British Diptera which he had compiled. He
believed the reason of its not having been recorded years ago
was that the damage done by it was insignificant, and that
until the recent period of agricultural depression the British
farmer did not trouble himself about small grievances.

Prof. Riley, in answer to the question as to the probable date
of the introduction of the species in this country, said there
were probably as many conflicting views on the subject as had
been expressed about its first appearance in America. These
were based on the facts that American grain-growers had been
practically unfamihar with it prior to 1777; that its injuries on
Long Island followed the landing of Hessian troops in the sum-
mer of that year; that its subsequent progress westward at the
rate of fifteen or more miles a year was distinctly traced and

( ‘xlva. }

4

recorded; and that Col. G. Morgan (who wrote mostintelligently
about it at the time) claimed, in his letter of August 26th, 1788,
to Sir John Temple, to have given it the name of ‘ Hessian Fly.’
The consensus of opinion on the other side of the Atlantic
had been with Fitch, who followed contemporary conviction
at the time of the insect’s first injury, and held that it had
been imported into America by the Hessian troops; Balthazar
Wagner, however, in an admirable paper (1861) argued that
it could not have been imported by the Hessians, his reasons
being that, as had been long previously shown, it was not
known to occur in Hesse, and that the historic evidence as to
the times of departure and arrival of the troops taken together
with the life-history of the insect rendered such importation
highly improbable, or, as he puts it, out of the question. Hagen
(1880 and 1885), following Wagner, used the same facts and
arguments, and added some further historic data; but, with
more bibliographic zeal than biologic acumen, he went farther,
and claimed that it was never imported, but was indigenous to
America.

Prof. Riley said it would extend his observations beyond
reasonable limits to enter into the details on which he based
his own conviction, which had been substantially expressed in
the full paper by Packard in the‘ Third Report of the United
States Entomological Commission (1883).’ His opinion was
that while we might drop the Hessian theory,—since Mr. Henry
Phillips, jun., as quoted by Hagen (1885), finds mention of
the ‘“‘Hessian Fly’? in the unpublished minutes of the
American Philosophical Society for 1768 (a rather astonishing
fact, as it antedates the landing of the Hessians !),—and con-
cede that the insect was introduced some time prior to the
revolution, yet that its introduction about that time must be
accepted, because Hagen’s arguments to the contrary were not
supported by evidence.

Prof. Riley further remarked that he had referred to these
conflicting views of leading writers as to the original source
and time of introduction of the insect into America, not so
much to foreshadow the future conflict of opinion on similar
points in England as to bring out this important fact as a
warning to hasty generalisers, viz., that the arguments of

Co edgar)

Wagner, Hagen, &c., against its introduction into America,
were inherently weak from the biologic side. They are based
on the average or normal period of summer development of
about seven weeks from egg to adult, and ignore the important
bearing of exceptional retardation in development whereby the
puparia of one summer remain latent and only give forth the flies
in the spring or early summer of the ensuing year. This fact,
recognised by Harris (1852), Prof. Riley said he had evidence
of in America in garnered straw, and it was proved by Wagner
himself to have occurred in Germany in field-stubble. It was
more apt to occur, however, in straw kept dry and packed
than in stubble or exposed straw, and is in keeping with
many other similar cases of retarded development in insects,
some remarkable instances of which he called attention to
before the American Association for the Advancement of
Science in 1881. It destroyed Hagen’s main argument,
rendered the introduction of the species possible at almost any
season, and made its introduction to America by the Hessians
who left Portsmouth April 7th and landed June 3rd, 1777, on
Staten Island, quite probable and plausible from biologic
grounds. All the facts as to the history of the insect in Great
Britain indicated its recent introduction. The lengthy inquiry
carried on at the request of the Privy Council by Sir Joseph
Banks a century ago, a full record of which will be found in
Young's ‘ Annals of Agriculture,’ &e. (vol. xi., 1789, pp. 406-
613), proved quite conclusively that the insect was not here
then ; and there was no reason to suppose that since then it
would long have eluded detection whether by intelligent farmers,
or by entomologists like Kirby, Curtis, and Westwood. The
first authentic record of its appearance in this country was
that by Miss E. A. Ormerod last year (1886), and, as so often
happens after the first announcement of a discovery, when
public attention has been strongly called to a subject, hosts of
observers have been on the gwi vive for the insect who would
otherwise never have looked for it. As a consequence it had
been detected during the past summer along the eastern coast
up into Northern Scotland; and this wide distribution would
indicate that it had been at work unnoticed for some years
previous to 1886, though it may also be accounted for by the

(silva 7)

simultaneous import of infested straw from some given locality
into various ports along the coast. Prof. Riley said this
last view was rather confirmed by the balance of the evidence
and the statistics of straw importation, which, so far as he had
been able to get at them, showed that straw is brought into
Great Britain chiefly from France and Holland, and is carried
almost entirely into eastern ports, the port of Glasgow (which
reaches so near the eastern coast) being the only notable
exception. Much of the straw is also used for manure and
distributed by rail. The fact that the insect is yet con-
fined to the eastern counties is also confirmatory of its recent
advent; for, had it been long in the country, we should
expect it to be uniformly distributed over the grain-growing
parts of the island. The testimony of farmers who think
they saw the insect in years gone by (there have already been
such, and there will be others!) is rarely, if ever, to be
depended on; while entomologists who argue its indigenous
character from the general ignorance of, or indifference to,
the Cecidomyide on the part of British Dipterists, or from the
difficulty of separating the species of the genus Cecidomyia in
the adult state, forget how unique in appearance and easily
discerned the puparium is, and put mere opinion against
established fact. In conclusion, Prof. Riley said he believed
that the Hessian Fly had, beyond question, been introduced
into England since Curtis’s time, and probably within the
past three or four years.

Mr. Verrall, in reply to a further question, said he admitted
that he had no direct evidence in support of the opinion
he had expressed that the Hessian Fly had been in this
country for a great number of years. He called attention
to a recent paper on the Hessian Fly in Essex by Mr. J.
M. Campbell, in which it was stated that Miss Ormerod
had found the puparia of the species in some straw im-
ported from Belgium. As a matter of fact, however, the
insect was not known to occur in Belgium. Mr. Verrall
further said that he thought it improbable that Mr. Enock
would be able to recognise the perfect insect ‘ off-hand,” as
there were perhaps nearly 250 British species of Cecidomyida,
all minute, and many so closely allied as to be almost inde-
terminable unless bred, or examined when alive.

(exhiz »

Mr. M‘Lachlan, Mr. Elwes, Mr. Jacoby, and Dr. Sharp

continued the discussion.

Papers read.

Mr. James Edwards communicated the second and con-
cluding part of his ‘* Synopsis of British Homoptera-Cicadina.”

Professor Westwood contributed ‘‘ Notes on the life-history
of various species of the Neuropterous genus Ascalaphus.”’

Mr. Elwes read a paper ‘On the Butterflies of the
Pyrenees,” and exhibited a large number of species which he
had recently collected there.

Mr. M‘Lachlan said he spent some weeks in the Pyrenees
in 1886, and was able to confirm Mr. Elwes’ statements as to
the abundance of butterflies in that part of the world. He
remarked on the occurrence of Spanish forms in the district,
and on the absence, as a rule, of the peat-bogs so common
in the Swiss Alps. The discussion was continued by Mr.
Distant, Mr. White, Dr. Sharp, and others.

November 2, 1887.
Dr. Davip Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Exhibitions, de.

Mr. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Acidalia immorata, L.,
of which an example was purchased by him some years ago
at the sale of-the collection of the late Mr. Desvignes.
Mr. Stevens remarked that specimens of this insect, lately
captured near Lewes, had been described last month in the
‘Hntomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ and ‘ Entomologist’ by
Mr. J. H. A. Jenner as a species new to Britain.

Mr. Jenner Weir remarked that, as Mr. Desvignes was an
old friend and correspondent of the late Mr. Hopley, who
formerly lived at Lewes, it was probable that his specimen of
Acidalia immorata came from the same locality as Mr. Jenner’s
specimen.

Mr. Adkin exhibited, and made remarks on, a series of

ie)

male and female specimens of Arctia mendica from County
Cork; he also exhibited, for comparison, two specimens of
A. mendica from Antrim, and a series of bred specimens from
the London District. Some of the males from Cork were as
white as the typical English females, but the majority of
them were of a smoky-white colour, intermediate between the
form last mentioned and the typical English form.

Mr. Enock exhibited an example of a species of Hemiptera
—Calocoris bipunctatus—containing an internal parasitic larva.

Dr. Sharp exhibited three species of Coleoptera new to the
British list, viz.:—1. Octhebius auriculatus, Rey, found by
Messrs. Champion and Walker some years ago in the Isle of
Sheppey, but described only quite recently by M. Rey from
specimens found at Calais and Dieppe. 2. Limnius rivularis,
Rosenh., found by the late Dr. J. A. Power at Woking;
the species, though not uncommon in Southern Europe, had
not, he believed, been previously found farther north than
Central France. 3. Tropiphorus obtusus, Bonsd., taken by
himself on the banks of Water of Cairn between Irongray and
Dunscore, Dumfriesshire; he had considered previously that
this might be the male of 7. mercurialis, but M. Fauvel, who
was studying the European species of the genus, informed
him this was not the case, and he had no doubt was correct
in his view. He also exhibited a Goliathus, recently described
by Dr. O. Nickerl as a new species, under the name of
G. atlas, and remarked that the species existed in several
collections, and had been supposed to be possibly a hybrid
between G. regius and G. cacicus, as its characters appeared
to be exactly intermediate between those of the two species
named. Dr. Sharp also exhibited a living example of the
mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa vulgaris, from Southampton; between
the spines of its hind legs were a number of living Acaride,
placed in a symmetrical manner, so as to appear as if they
formed a part of the structure of the limb.

Mr. Eland Shaw exhibited two species of Orthoptera which
had been unusually common this year, viz., Nemobius sylvestris
from the New Forest, and Vettix subulatus from Charmouth,
Dorset.

Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited the cocoons of three species

(gale, 7)

of Lepidoptera in which the colour of the silk had been
controlled by the use of appropriate colours in the larval
environment at the time of ‘‘spinning up.” Mr. Poulton
said this colour-susceptibility had been previously proved by
him in 1886 in the case of Saturnia carpini, and the experi-
ments on the subject had been described in the Proc. Royal
Society, 1887. It appeared from these experiments that the
cocoons were dark brown when the larve had been placed in
a black bag; white when they had been freely exposed to
light with white surfaces in the immediate neighbourhood.
Mr. Poulton stated that the other two species subjected to
experiment during the past season afforded confirmatory
results. Thus the mature larva of Hritogaster lanestris had
been exposed to white surroundings by the Rev. W. J. H.
Newman, and cream-coloured cocoons were produced in all
cases; whilst two or three hundred larve from the same
company spun the ordinary dark brown cocoons among the
leaves of the food-plant. Im the latter case the green
surroundings appeared to act as a stimulus to the production
of a colour which corresponded with that which the leaves
would subsequently and permanently assume. Mr. Poulton
further stated that he had more recently exposed the larve
of Halias prasinana to white surroundings, and had obtained
a white and a very light yellow cocoon, far lighter than the
lightest of those met with upon leaves. The larva which
spun the white cocoon had previously begun to spin a brown
one upon a leaf, but upon being removed to white surroundings
it produced white silk.

Mr. Stainton suggested that larve should be placed in
ereen boxes, with the view of ascertaining whether the
cocoons would be green. He understood that it had been
suggested that the cocoons formed amongst leaves became
brown because the larve knew what colour the leaves would
ultimately become.

Mr. Poulton, in reply, said that, so far from the larvee
having any choice or intelligence in the matter, he felt
convinced that the whole process was entirely involuntary,
and that the susceptibility had arisen through the action of
natural selection upon favourable variations,

Ce liye?)

The discussion was continued by Mr. Waterhouse, Dr.
Sharp, Mr. M‘Lachlan, and others.

Mr. Klein exhibited a number of living larve of Ephestia
Kiihniella, which he said had been recently doing great
damage to flour in a warehouse in the east of London.

Papers read.

Mr. Sydney T. Klein read the following ‘‘ Notes on Kphestia
Kihniella ” :—

“In May last I discovered a colony of this scourge of
Mediterranean ports in some large warehouses in the east-
end of London. There were over a thousand tons of flour
stored in close proximity, and, under my direction, great
efforts were made to prevent the larve from spreading. In
spite of fumigating with sulphur and hot-liming the floors,
ceilings, and walls (practised continually for several days),
by which means enormous numbers of the imagines were
killed, they spread with great rapidity, until one entire ware-
house was literally smothered with larve, and_ several
hundred pounds’ worth of damage was done. The flour
was so intermingled with the larve-threads that it was
rendered unfit for even pig or cattle food. The ova, which
seemed to be deposited by the imagines generally upon the
top of the sack, hatched within a few days of being laid, and
the larve, at once burrowing through the sacking, com-
menced spinning long galleries in the flour, seldom, however,
going more than three inches from the exterior. I have
brought specimens of these galleries, the network very much
resembling wool. The larve, which were full-fed in about
three weeks, then made their way to the surface, and could
be seen in myriads crawling along the floor and up the walls
of the warehouse, till they reached the angle where the roof
met the walls. There they spun compact silken cocoons, in
which they turned to the pupa-state. Their migratory
habits, when full-fed, were very extraordinary; nothing
seemed to keep them within bounds. I had a colony of
some thousands at my house, in order to make experiments
how to exterminate them; but I found that my breeding-
cages, with the finest meshed wire, were useless to restrain

( lit)

them. I then placed them under a large glass shade on a
polished wooden surface with no perceptible outlet, but it
was no use; the corners and ceiling of my room were within
a week studded with their cocoons, and every day specimens
of the larve were discovered in different parts of the house,
from top to bottom; in fact, they increased and wandered to
such an alarming extent that I had to give up keeping them.
The colony was therefore delivered over to the tender mercies
of about fifty game and Plymouth-rock hens, which are kept
at the bottom of my garden. The evident appreciation with
which these plump larve were greeted at once suggested
a remedy for exterminating those in the warehouse; a great
number of hens was therefore requisitioned from the neigh-
bourhood in the east-end, and it was encouraging to see the
enormous quantities consumed. But the hens began to flag
after ten minutes of gorging, and, although they were kept
in the warehouse for several weeks, the insects still continued
to increase and spread to other granaries. The case was
referred to many able entomologists and scientists, but no
effective remedy was forthcoming, and it seemed as though
many thousands of pounds’ worth of goods would be involved.
Science having failed to find a remedy, it remained for
Nature to step in with those wonderful antidotes which she
always has in store for counteracting any over-production of
the fauna or flora under her charge. I held an inspection in
August, and brought away several of the full-fed larve for
examination, as I noted some regular markings which
had not been noticed before. These larvee seemed to pupate
quite regularly, and I did not suspect the state of the case
till I went down again at the beginning of September. No
sooner had I entered the warehouses than I noticed a most
extraordinary change in the appearance of the large piles of
flour. On closer examination I found this appearance was
caused by enormous numbers of a small black fly, the
ovipositor of the female of which clearly showed that it
belonged to the Ichnewnonide ; and, upon examining several
of the larve, the majority of which had markings on
their backs, the startling fact was established that Nature
had come to the rescue and provided the remedy herself. It

CU live 7)

is very rarely that such a striking example of Nature’s
wonderful counterbalancing powers is discovered.”

Mr. A. G. Butler contributed a paper ‘On the species of
the Lepidopterous genus Huchromia, with descriptions of new
species in the collection of the British Museum.”

Lord Walsingham communicated the following “Note,”
substituting the generic name Homonymus for the generic
name Ankistrophorus used in his ‘ Revision of the genera
Acrolophus and Anaphora.”

‘« HomonyMus.
‘Opavypos = homonymous.
= § Ankistrophorus, Wlsm., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1887, p. 146.
Type. Ankistrophorus corrientis, Wlsm.

The generic name Ankistrophorus, used on pp. 140, 146,
and 172, &c., in my Revision of the genera Acrolophus and
Anaphora, is found to be preoccupied by the more correctly-
spelt name Ancistrophora, Schin. (in the order of Diptera).
Iam therefore desirous to correct this error by substituting
for Ankistrophorus the generic name Homonymus, to be used
throughout the paper, and in all references to this genus.
The name is calculated to recall the circumstances under
which such correction has been made.”

December 7, 1887.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks voted
to the respective donors.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. C. E. Stanley-Phillips, of Shooter’s Hill; Mr. H. W.
Barker, of Peckham; and Herr E. G. Honrath, of Berlin,
were elected Fellows.

Exhibtions, &c.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited specimens of Cicadetta hema-
toides from the New Forest, and remarked that he believed
they were found nowhere else in England; that usually

(ay)

two or three specimens were taken each year, but that
in the present year they had been commoner, probably
in consequence of the heat and drought of the past summer.
Mr. Weir stated that he had received twelve specimens of
this insect from Charles Gulliver, of Ramnor Cottage,
Brockenhurst. Of this number three were taken in one
morning and nine in another; and, although the particular
locality was subsequently searched for them, no others were
found. He added that Charles Gulliver had informed him
that he was attracted to the insect by hearing the singing
of the male, but out of the twelve taken one only was a male.
It would therefore appear probable that the males are more
active than the females, and quickly retreat when disturbed,
leaving the females behind. The males had not been selected
from the females before Mr. Weir received the specimens, as
Gulliver assured him that the dozen exhibited were all the
family had collected during the past season.

Mr. M‘Lachlan exhibited a specimen of Pterostichus madidus,
F., which he had found in a potato. It seemed questionable
whether the beetle had been bred in the cavity or had entered
it for predaceous purposes. Mr. Theodore Wood, Mr. Kirby,
and Mr. Herbert Cox took part in the discussion which
ensued. Mr. M‘Lachlan also exhibited two specimens of a
species of Trichoptera— Neuwronia clathrata, Kol. —which
occurred rarely in Burnt Wood, Staffordshire, and elsewhere
in the Midlands. On enquiry he was informed that the two
specimens exhibited had been found in the Tottenham Marshes
by Mr. C. J. Boden.

Mr. Porritt exhibited a series of specimens of Cidaria
russata, from Yorkshire, the Isle of Man, the Hebrides, and
the South of England. The specimens from the two first-
named localities were almost black.

Mr. Verrall exhibited a specimen of Mycetaa hirta, Marsh.,
which was found devouring a champagne cork. The Rey.
Canon Fowler remarked that certain Cryptophagi had the
same habit.

Mr. M‘Lachlan asked whether the cork or the alcohol
attracted the insect? Mr. Jenner Weir, Dr. Sharp, and
Mr. Verrall continued the discussion.

(Capliva y)

Canon Fowler exhibited specimens of Acronycta alni and
Letocampa dictea, which came to the electric light on Lincoln
Cathedral during the Jubilee illuminations. He also exhibited
a specimen of Harpalus melancholicus, Dej., from Kingsgate.

My. Billups exhibited, for Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Plymouth,
a case of British oak-galls, as also their makers, and in some
cases the parasites. Amongst others there were Spathegaster
baccarum, aprilinus, and vesicatriv, Neuroterus numismatis,
leviusculus, Ostreus fumipennis and lenticularis, Dryophanta
longiventris, agma, and scutellaris, Aphilotrix sieboldi, radicis,
albopunctata, corticis, gemme, &c., Andricus terminatus, Cynips
Kollari, and many others. He also exhibited the cocoon
and pupa-case of a South American moth, from which he
had taken 140 specimens of a parasite of the genus
Smicra, showing the enormous fecundity of this species of
Ichneumonide.

Mr. O. Janson exhibited, for Mr. C. B. Mitford, a collection
of Lepidoptera from Sierra Leone.

Mr. White exhibited a female specimen of Composia olympia,
Butl., from Florida. He also exhibited, for Mr. Ralfe, a
curious structure formed by White Ants at Akyab, Burmah.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a series of wings of insects, with
drawings and also diagrams, in which he had coloured the
veins in accordance with what he believed to be the homo-
logies. He said that he found Dr. Adolph’s three memoirs
on insects’ wings, in the ‘Nova Acta d. ksl. Leop.-Carol.-
Deut. Akademie’ for 1879, 1884, and 1885, were not suff-
ciently known in England, and he therefore briefly explained
the theory propounded by that author; and also called
attention to Herr Redtenbacher’s paper (in the ‘ Ann d. k. k.
Naturh. Hofmuseums zu Wien,’ 1886) on the same subject.
A primitive wing would ina manner somewhat resemble a
fan, each fold of the fan being furnished with a longitudinal
vein, with numerous transverse veins uniting the longitudinal
ones. There were, then, two series of veins, an upper series
(termed convex veis), and a lower series (termed concave
veins). Perhaps the nearest approach to such a wing would
be the wing of a locust, or an Ephemera, which Mr. Water-
house considered an excellent type. Of the two series of

( dvi _)

veins the lower veins are the weaker and the more liable to
disappear, and in some eases (e.g., in Hymenoptera) they are
absent. When an upper vein is absent its course can
frequently be traced by the presence of a convex fold or
ridge, and there is often a dark spot on the transverse
hervures through which it has passed. If a lower vein is
absent its course can generally be traced by a pale impressed
line or concave fold, and a pale spot is frequently left in the
transverse veins through which it has passed. Mr. Water-
house believed that this theory would not improbably lead to
the determination of the homologies of the veins, although
there was much yet to learn. He pointed out that both the
convex and concave veins might fork or branch as they
approached the margin of the wing; and when, as the
branches diverge, they would become widely separated, a vein
was usually found between them: a concave vein between
the two branches of a convex vein; a convex vein between
the branches of a concave vein. A convex vein could never
cross a concave vein, or vice versa, and, although im some
cases they appeared to do so, the apparent crossing could
always be accounted for in some other way. It was also
important to bear in mind that the longitudinal veins were
often rendered zigzag by being drawn out of the line by the
transverse nervures; and also that the longitudinal veins,
distinct in their origin, become united by the transverse
nervures; thus a vein B running

between two others A and C, united ee

to A and C by the nervures # and z, = :
might become united to and appear

as a branch of A or C, according to which of the nervures
x or z became obsolete.

Mr. Champion inquired if Mr. Waterhouse had examined
the wings of any of the Coleoptera.

Mr. Verrall asked if a convex vein was not sometimes
placed over a concave one.

Mr. Waterhouse, in reply to Mr. Champion, said he had
not examined any wings of Coleoptera; and, in reply to
Mr. Verrall, he said these veins often closely approximated,
but he did not think they ever ran one over the other.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., IV., 1887. H

( tivair )

Mr. M‘Lachlan remarked on the differences in the terms
hitherto used for different families with regard to the neuration
of the wings, and he observed that in some points the neura-
tion of the wings of the Trichoptera and Lepidoptera agreed ;
and he called special attention to one or two species of
Lepidoptera (of which Mr. Waterhouse exhibited drawings)
as being most remarkable.

Mr. Poulton, Dr. Sharp, Mr. Verrall, and Mr. Waterhouse
continued the discussion.

Papers read.

Mr. G. T. Baker contributed ‘‘ Descriptions of new species
of Lepidoptera from Algiers.”

Mr. Gervase I’. Mathew, R.N., communicated a paper
entitled ‘‘ Life-histories of Rhopalocera from the Australian
Region.” The paper was accompanied by elaborate coloured
drawings of the perfect insects, their larve and pupe.

Mr. Frederic Merrifield read a ‘“ Report of Progress in
Pedigree Moth-breeding, with observations on incidental
points.” He also exhibited a large number of specimens of
Selenia illunaria, showing the results of the experiments he
had been making. He said that, having obtained plenty of
living specimens of S. illunaria in the spring, his experiments
with that species were more advanced than with S. iilustraria.
From eggs of illunaria laid by moths taken in the spring he
had reared a second generation fed on sleeved birch trees,
the moths emerging in July. From these he had made a
selection of long-winged (A), medium-winged (M), and short-
winged (Z) pairs, and from each of these pairs he had batches
of pupe numbering from 60 to 100, now hybernating.
Besides the insects thus reared under natural conditions, he
had reared some which were kept during all their stages in
an artificial temperature averaging a little under 80° Fahr.
In this way he had obtained four successive generations, and
from the last of them, being the fifth generation of the year,
counting a generation as beginning with the egg (the moths
caught in the spring reckoning as belonging to the first), he
had three selected broods, comprising between 200 and 3800

i a)

larve, now feeding, some few being nearly full-fed. The
forced second generation was distinctly larger than the same
generation sleeved, and each successive forced generation
showed a measurable increase in size over its predecessor.
From the forced second generation he had selected A, M,
and Z pairs, from each of which he had reared a number of
moths, but the A’s and Z’s in this third generation failed to
produce fertile eggs, though several pairs of each were tried.
The M’s produced abundantly, and from one of these M pairs
he bred 61 moths, from which he had again selected <A’s,
M’s, and Z’s, which laid fertile eggs, and from these pairs
he had the three broods of larvee above referred to as now
feeding, some of which he exhibited. He refrained at present
from any inferences as to the cause of the sterility of the
third generation of forced moths in the A, M, and Z lines,
but thought it would be prudent in continuing these experi-
ments to include some selections from points considerably
short of the extremes in size. All the successive generations
were of the summer type (Juliaria). In all the female was,
on the average, sensibly larger than the male, but in the
natural spring emergence the reverse was the case. S. illunaria
was the only English double-brooded Geometer, except per-
haps 7’. laricaria, which had one of its emergences in a winter
month, and he threw out the suggestion whether the relatively
smaller size of the female in the first emergence might be a
step towards or a remnant of apterousness, usual in the
female of our winter moths. It would be interesting to breed
and compare 7’. laricaria. He could not undertake any other
species than illunaria and illustraria, and circumstances might
interfere even with them; and as the experiments with them
must continue for many generations in order to reach the
results wanted for Mr. Galton’s purposes, and required un-
interrupted watchfulness, it was essential, to prevent an
accidental failure, that there should be a second line of
experiments conducted independently. Both species were
very easy to rear, and offered much scope for experiment in
various directions ; he would gladly supply eggs in the spring
for the purpose. Mr. Merrifield further said he should
be glad to be afforded the opportunity of seeing and, if

Ck

judged expedient, breeding from unusual varieties or types
of either species, or examples from Ireland, Wales, Northern
regions such as Scotland and Scandinavia, where both
species appear to be single-brooded, or from Central or
Southern Europe. 8S. lunaria would be an _ interesting
subject; and he should like to know whether in the resting
position it approximated to illunaria, which folds its wings
closely together like a butterfly, or to illustraria, which
holds them at an angle of 50° or 60°. He exhibited two
diagrams, one showing the measurements of the successive
broods, and the other the duration of the larval and other
stages in each; also a number of specimens of each brood of
illunaria, and several of illustraria.

Mr. Francis Galton alluded to the close attention Mr.
Merrifield had given to the subject, and complimented him
on the neatness, ingenuity, and skill with which he had con-
ducted his experiments, which he considered were of a very
high order. He hoped that other members of the Society
would assist Mr. Merrifield by making similar experiments.
Mr. Galton said his own part of the work had not yet com-
menced, but he hoped to begin it next March. He made some
observations on acquired faculties, and on the possibility of
mutilations being inherited. He believed that mutilations
in the legs of larvee affected the legs of the moth.

Prof. Meldola expressed his admiration of the manner in
which Mr. Merrifield had conducted these experiments, and
hoped that they would be successfully continued. He
suggested that the opportunity afforded by such wholesale
experiments should be utilised for the purpose of getting
accurate measurements of the relative variability of certain
selected characters in the moth, in addition to the size,
which character only was required for Mr. Galton’s purpose.
Thus, by carefully measuring the length of the antennae,
the distance between certain definite markings on the wings,
&e., in all the individuals of several distinct broods, data
would be obtained for expressing numerically the relative
amount of variability of the parts stated in terms of the
mean or average measurement. Observations of this kind
had been conducted on birds by Mr. Allen in North America,

(tka)

and had served to show the extreme relative variability of all
the parts. Accurate measurements of this variability were
much needed for large numbers of individuals belonging to
widely different species in as many diverse groups of the
Animal Kingdom as possible. By this means naturalists
would in the future be better able to realise the degree of
plasticity of different organisms. Such information, which
might well be supplied by entomologists for insects, would
be of great value as a contribution to the theory of Natural
and Sexual Selection.

Mr. Poulton said he was much interested in the results of
Mr. Merrifield’s experiments. He was extremely astonished
to learn that an insect parasite and a perfect, although much
dwarfed, imago had been bred from a Selenia pupa. At the
same time he remembered that Prof. Westwood had shown
him a dipterous parasite which had escaped from a cocoon of
Trichiosoma lucorum, and from which the hymenopterous
insect had also emerged. Mr. Poulton thought that Mr.
Merrifield’s experiments offered a most favourable opportunity
for practically testing whether acquired characters can or
cannot be transmitted. It was well known that certain larval
organs were the morphological equivalents of the corresponding
pupal and imaginal structures. Thus Mr. Poulton had found
that when the six ocelli of a lepidopterous larva had been
destroyed, the compound eye was not developed in the pupa
or in the imago. If any one of the larval thoracic legs were
cut off, the corresponding leg would almost certainly be
absent in the two later stages. Among all previously recorded
cases there had been no instance in which the effects of
mutilation had been proved to be transmissible to offspring.
Prof. Weismann, of Freiburg, had lately given many reasons
for believing that the transmission of acquired characters
(such as mutilations) cannot take place. But, as Mr. Francis
Galton had said, in all such previous cases the injury had
been inflicted comparatively late in life (viz., in Mammalia,
never before the close of intrauterine development), and in
order to finally show that such effects are not transmitted
they should be produced as early as possible in the life of the
parent. Such facilities are offered by Lepidoptera, for their

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., V., 1887. I

( im )

larvee have been correctly described as ‘‘embryos leading an
independent life,’ and the morphological interval which
separates this stage from the two later stages is perfectly
stupendous, completely dwarfing the differences between the
latter into insignificance. Mr. Poulton therefore considered
that if after the systematic mutilation of a large number of
larvee there was no trace of the effects in any individual of
the next generation, the result must be taken as strongly
confirmatory of Prof. Weismann’s view.

ANNUAL MEETING,
January 18th, 1888.
Dr. Davin Suarp, M.B., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.

An abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts for 1887 was read
by Mr. H. T. Stainton, one of the Auditors.
Mr. H. Goss, one of the Secretaries, read the following :—

Report of the Council for 1887.

In accordance with the Bye-Laws the Council beg to present
the following Report :—

During the year 1887 one Fellow (Mr. Logan) has died; four
Fellows have resigned, viz., Mons. Jekel, Major Lendy, Mr.
Parkinson, and Mr. Percy Wormald; and twenty have been
elected. The number of Fellows elected during the year,
although small in comparison with the number elected in 1886,
is above the average. At the same time the Society is in need
of a larger number of members to enable it to publish more
papers, and in other ways to advance its interests and promote
its objects; and the Council earnestly hope that the Fellows
will do their utmost to induce their friends to join the Society.

At the present time the Society consists of an Honorary
Life-President, 10 Honorary Fellows, 43 Life Fellows, and
242 paying the Annual Subscription, making the total number

( lem )

of Fellows now on the Society’s list 296, which, after allowing
for the losses by death and resignation, is an increase in
number of 15 since the date of the Annual Meeting last year.

The Transactions for the year 1887 form a volume of
408 pages, containing 19 memoirs contributed by the following
16 authors, viz., Miss Ormerod; Mr. F. Pascoe (2 papers) ;
My. F. Galton, F.R.S.; Mr. F. Merrifield; Mr. P. Crowley ;
Mr. G. F. Mathew, R.N.; the Rev. T. A. Marshall, M.A.;
Mr. G. T. Baker (2 papers); Lord Walsingham, F.R.S. ;
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse; Mr. E. Meyrick, B.A. (2 papers) ;
Mr. E. B. Poulton, M.A.; Mr. W. L. Distant; Mr. J. B.
Bridgman; Mr. T. L. Casey; and Mr. H. J. Elwes. Of these
19 memoirs 11 relate to Lepidoptera (or to enquiries in which
Lepidoptera were the subjects of experiment), 4 to Coleoptera,
2 to Hymenoptera, 1 to Hemiptera, and 1 to Diptera. The
memoirs above referred to are illustrated with 12 plates, of
which 9 are coloured. The Society is indebted to Mr. Pascoe
for plates 1, 2, and 11; to Mr. Crowley for the drawing of
plate 8; and to Lord Walsingham for the drawing and
printing of plates 7 and 8.

The Proceedings,—containing an account of the exhibitions
and discussions at the Meetings, in addition to several papers
not published in the Transactions,—extend to over 60 pages.

The financial position of the Society compares favourably
with that of previous years, the year 1886 being of course
excepted. The differences between the Society’s receipts in
1887 and 1886 can be shortly explained as follows :—In 1886
the Society elected 56 Fellows (85 new, and 21 former Sub-
seribers), whose united entrance-fees amounted to £117 12s.
During the year 1887 the Society has, as before stated, only
elected 20 new Fellows, and consequently has only received
£42 in entrance-fees.

During the past year upwards of 250 Books, Pamphlets,
Journals, and Papers have been added to the Library; the
Meetings have been better attended than in any previons year
of the Society’s existence; there has been a steady increase
in the number of persons elected Fellows; and, although the
Balance in hand is small, two Compositions have been

i oY

¢ Iniv 4

invested, and consequently the Society’s Capital has increased
by £31 10s. since the last Annual Meeting. On the whole,
therefore, the Council have reason to be satisfied with the
progress made by the Society during the year 1887.

The following is an Abstract of the Receipts and Payments
during 1887 :—

ReEceEIPtTs. PAYMENTS.
£ s. d. Br ssa:
Balance in hand Ist 1 Rent, Office Ex-
Jan., 1887 «- 3 Aj seketO penses andSalaryto} 128 8 &
Contributions of Fel-) Assistant. Librarian
lows” - : -j 322 7 0 Printing” - : - 156 13 3
Sale of Publications - 62 12 6 | Plates, &c. - - = ¥86'19""S
Donations - z - 1510 © | Books, Binding, &. - 1217 3
Interest on Consols - 1012 1 *Balance — - = 140) 457
* Of this Balance £8 14s. 7d.
remains in hand, and £81 10s.
has been invested.
£425 3 5 £425 3 5

11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.,
January 18th, 1888.

The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing
to substitute other names than those in the lists prepared by
the Council, the following Fellows constitute the Council for
1888 :—Henry J. Elwes, F.L.S.; the Rev. Canon Fowler,
M.A., F.L.8.; Herbert Goss, F.L.S.; Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S8.;
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.; Robert McLachlan,
F.R.S.; P. Brooke Mason, M.R.C.S., F.L.S.; Edward B.
Poulton, M.A., F.L.S.; Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.R.S.; Edward
Saunders, F.L.S.; Dr. David Sharp, F.Z.S.; Henry T.
Stainton, F.R.S.; and Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S.

The following are the officers elected :—President, Dr. David
Sharp; Treasurer, Mr. Edward Saunders; Secretaries, Mr.
Herbert Goss and the Rey. Canon Fowler; Librarian, Mr.
Ferdinand Grut.

The President then delivered an address, at the conclusion
of which Mr. McLachlan proposed a vote of thanks to Dr.
Sharp for his services as President during the year, and
requested that he would allow his address to be printed with

( key )

the Proceedings. The proposal was seconded by Mr. F.
Pascoe, and carried unanimously. The President returned
thanks.

Mr. Kirby proposed a vote of thanks to the Treasurer,
Secretaries, and Librarian, which was seconded by Mr. Water-
house, and carried unanimously. Mr. Saunders, Mr. Goss,
Canon Fowler, and Mr. Grut made some remarks in acknow-
ledgment.

A vote of thanks to the Council was proposed by Mr.
Waterhouse, seconded by Mr. White, and carried. Mr.
Stainton replied.

Abstract of Receipts and Payments for 1887.

Receipts. Payments.

a5 fy Ok Ey 8ads

Balance Ist Jan.,1887 14 110 | Rent, Salary to As-
Subscriptions oe ea ala 0 sistant-Librarian, 128 8 8

Entrance Fees " 37 16 0 Tnbrpey cx pensey
Ayrears 2 27 6 0 Printing =» Ripe “ 156 13: 3
Compositions i 3110 0 Plates, Colouring, &e. - 8619 8
Morakions i 1510 0 Books, Binding, &. - 1217 3
Transactions (Sale of) 62 12 6 Investments se ; 31 10 0
Interest on Consols - 1012 1 Balance in hand 8 14 7
£425 3 5 £425 3 5

ASSETS.

£ 8s. d
Subscriptions, considered good - : : 2 5 = 107100
Consols, £395 9s. 4d. - - - ° = (cost) 3877 4 0

LIABILITIES.
(None.)

H. T. STaInrTon.
J. JENNER WEIR.
R. McLacHtan.
N. P. FENwIckK.
Sypney T, KLEIN.

Examined and found correct,
January 11th, 1888.

(to levi)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

———
GENTLEMEN,

You will no doubt agree with the Council in considering
the Report they have presented to you, as well as that of the
Auditors, to be on the whole satisfactory. That we have a
balance of a few pounds in hand, and that our invested
money has increased from the small sum of £865 to the
rather less small sum of £895 is satisfactory, inasmuch as it
shows that your Treasurer and Council have been prudent,
and have kept you quite free from financial embarrassment.
But I am sorry to say this has only been accomplished by a
sacrifice you will unanimously regret: we have deferred till
1888 expenditure that we wished to make—that we ought to
have made—in 1887. You will, no doubt, have noticed that
Part IV of the volume of our ‘ Transactions’ for the year is
unusually small: this is due not to the lack of scientific
matter but to insufficiency of pence; and we greatly regret
having been obliged to defer till the volume for 1888 the
papers read in 1887 by Prof. Westwood, Messrs. J. Edwards,
A. G. Butler, F. Merrifield, and Gervase Mathew. The
publication of good papers being one of the most important
functions of our Society, it is greatly to be wished that the
number of its Fellows should increase, as only by this means
can it be hoped to do what is required. A lst of 800 names,
especially including as it does a considerable number of
foreign savants, is not a sufficient roll for the Entomological
Society of London, and is far in arrear of that attained by
some of the Entomological Societies of the Continent.

There is another point not mentioned in the Council’s
Report to which I think it well to draw your attention, and
that is the heavy duties that fall on our Honorary Librarian,

@ Lsauy )

Mr. Grut. You all know the efficient and courteous manner
in which those duties are performed, but there is a saying
that you should not flog a willing horse too hard, and we all
feel that we ought not to work a librarian, who is both
honorary and honoured, too inconsiderately. But our library
is constantly increasing, and so, too, are the duties of the
librarian, and the position is now such that we could not ask
him to undertake any additional work; indeed that we
would like, if possible, to relieve him of some of that he so
faithfully does for us. Unfortunately our Bye-Laws give
no power to appoint an honorary Assistant Librarian, as is
done by the Entomological Society of France, and, if we wish
to do so, it will be necessary to have a Special Meeting called
with a view to altering the Bye-Laws.

That we should have lost only one Fellow by death during
the year is a remarkable fact that we can expect only rarely
to recur. Mr. R. F. Logan, whose loss we mourn, was for
nearly forty years a member of our Society ; he was an artist,
residing near Edinburgh, and I understood, during the time
I was myself at Edinburgh, that he was in delicate health, so
that I did not make his acquaintance; and it was probably
owing to this weakness that he did not take so conspicuous
a place in Entomology as his early achievements in it
promised for him; he, however, retained his interest in it
till the last years of his life.

Death has also taken from us but few entomologists outside
the ranks of our Society. I know of no others than the few
of whom you will find obituary notices in the pages of the
‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’; the most prominent
being the Rey. John Hellins, so well known in connection
with life-histories of British Lepidoptera ; John Sang, who
possessed considerable powers as a draughtsman; and Mr.
Unwin, of Lewes. Outside our own country the names ef
only two that have disappeared call for mention: Pierre
Milliére, a lepidopterist of the South of France, who, like our
own Hellins, was well known on account of his published
observations of metamorphoses; and Max Gemminger, of
Munich, to whom Entomology owes a hearty acknowledgment,
for it is to him, in conjunction with von Harold, whose loss

( ixyiat”

we have scarcely ceased to mourn, that we owe that useful
and laborious work, the Munich Catalogue of Coleoptera.

I propose to oocupy your attention during the remainder
of the time at our disposal this evening by some remarks on
entomological collections.

In addressing an audience composed entirely of entomo-
logists it is perhaps superfluous that I should enlarge on the
value to society of these objects of our attention. We are
fortunate in possessing a taste denied at present, it would
appear, to the majority of mankind: we like to see insects,
and admire their beauty, or be astonished at their wonderful
diversity and the variations in the details of their structure,
and this taste amply justifies to ourselves the formation of
collections of the creatures we admire. But the Entomo-
logical Society of London, being the chief organisation of the
kind existing in Her Majesty’s dominions, is, or ought to be,
recognised as an institution of public value; moreover, the
sequel of my Address requires that I should not altogether
ignore this point, and I shall therefore make some brief
observations on it. The subject, however, is of such
importance and extent that I cannot deal adequately with it ;
to do so would require literary and philosophical powers far
beyond those I can bring to it, and far more time than is at
our disposal this evening.

Without collections there could be no extensive discussion
of entomological questions, no combination of investigations ;
they render possible the establishment of a nomenclature
common to the men of science of different nations, and thus
questions are discussed and conclusions established with the
force derived from the fact that they have been subject to
the criticisms of instructed men in all parts of the world.

Collections are standards of reference for nomenclature,
and without a generally accepted set of names the extension
and diffusion of knowledge to any considerable extent would
be impossible. The saying, ‘‘Nomina si nescis perit et
cognitio rerum,” is perfectly true when applied to mankind
generally, though it is not quite true in the case of a single
individual.

(“six )

Good collections of insects are a necessity for biological
research. Even for the completion of those departments of
biology that deal only with the structure and nature of the
individual, they are of great importance ; and for the wider
departments of Natural History, such as variation, distribution,
ancestry or origin, they are even more indispensable.

The question of the educational value of collections, both
public and private, is so extensive that I must not attempt
its discussion, particularly as there are special difficulties
with regard to insects as to the mode and extent of their
exhibition. But I may be permitted to remind you that they
are one of those instruments of civilisation by which the
thoughts of men are widened, and what an advantage it
would be to all if this could be done more effectually ; there
is probably nothing that would do more to relieve the
thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to.

In this enormous city—the largest agglomeration of people
in the world—where I am addressing you, it is of vital im-
portance that every means of improving the mental, as well
as the physical, condition of the people shall be thoroughly
developed. Formerly the Spitalfields weavers used to amuse
themselves by collecting insects: the growth of London,
and more especially the extraordinary increase of value of
property in its vicinity, is fast rendering any such occupation
impracticable to this class of men; and boxes of insects, the
private property of working men, are now, I suppose, nearly
things of the past. But certainly something should be done
by the resources of civilisation to replace this lost source of
enjoyment. Ina very beautiful passage in ‘ Frondes agrestes’
Ruskin calls attention to the fact that even the magnificent
surroundings of the mountain people of Switzerland are
insufficient to develop or foster all the virtues of the human
race. What then can we expect to be the character of the
millions of inhabitants of the back streets of London.

There are many who are inclined to neglect Science,
because they say it will not make men good. That may be
so; nevertheless, it is undeniable that if scientific knowledge
could be extended, even in a limited manner, to the mass of
mankind, it would greatly increase their prudence, their

( “alixsg) 7)

capacity for anticipating results, their knowlede of causation,
their perception of the intricate and subtle manner in which
what are apparently isolated facts or occurrences are really
linked to others. No one will be found to deny that the
possession and exercise of such faculties by the mass of
mankind would make life more agreeable for themselves and
for others, and there is fair reason for believing that in the
course of generations it may help to make good conduct
instinctive.

There are many—and in this many I fear we must include
some scientific men—who would admit the force of these
general considerations as to the value of science and of
scientific collections to the public, but who would say,
‘But I do not see why we should trouble ourselves about
insects; the other branches of science are sufficient; there
are chemistry and physics and astronomy, and if you must
concern yourself about living things surely the larger animals,
whales, lions, elephants, ostriches, are sufficient for all
practical purposes, and are nobler objects of study.” ‘To
these ample answer might be made; but there is such a
wealth of ignorance revealed in this opimion that it is im-
possible for me to delay to-night to expose it; and we may
refer those possessing similar ideas to Kirby and Spence’s
‘ Introduction to Entomology,’ which is specially adapted for
their perusal.

But it is certain that great as are the educational and
economic value of the other branches of science to the com-
munity, Hntomology is not inferior in these respects to any
one of them, and, though there may be some practical
difficulty in its use, it has some special advantages that must
not be forgotten.

‘‘Natura maxime miranda in minimis,” said Linneus:
and yet the small size of the individuals is really the only
cause for insects being so neglected, as they still are, by the
bulk of mankind. The quantity of organic matter on the
surface of our globe at any one time is but an unimportant
fragment of the total matter, and probably has for long
oscillated within small limits; by far the larger part of it is
locked up in vegetable forms, which are certainly of the

( ieee)

greatest economical importance to man. But of animal
forms the Arthropods are the most important, and it is even
not improbable that, notwithstanding the comparative small
size of the individual, the portion of the animal matter of
the world invested in them is greater than that devoted to
the Vertebrata: I say this with some hesitation, because it
is exceedingly difficult for the imagination to form any
adequate conception of the total amount of life in the waters
of the globe; but, leaving this out of consideration, it is
highly probable that insects would actually outweigh the
terrestrial Vertebrata; their ubiquity, and the enormous
numbers of their individuals and species, quite making up
for the small size of the individual. Whether this may be
the case or not it is at least certain that they are of enormous
material importance to the human race, and this is so well
known that I feel at liberty to do no more than mention the
economic value of Entomology, and of collections in so far
as they illustrate it.

Before quitting the first part of my subject I will ask you
to recall to your minds the fact that the organisation of an
insect is a very complex and perfect affair, and must have
taken vast periods of time for its evolution, if it has been
evoluted. It is equally complex and perfect,—I think even
more perfect, take it as a whole, than that of the Vertebrata,
—and Paleontology shows us that it is of equal or greater
antiquity. These facts, then, viz., the multitude of species,
their advanced structure, their presence in large numbers in
all parts of the world, their great antiquity, give them a
predominant importance as objects on which to base con-
siderations with regard to the distribution, variation, and
origin of species, and from this pomt of view their small
size becomes an advantage; we can get together without
difficulty ten thousand specimens of a beetle or a butterfly
for comparison, but how could ten thousand elephants or
lions or tigers be brought together ? The extreme variety in
the modes of life, of vital activities and capacities, and of
ontogeny in insects, render them of great value for statistical
purposes, because the chances of error due to the existence
of some unknown biological point are thus much diminished,

( Text )

I must, gentlemen, again apologise to you not only for
the desultory and imperfect nature of these remarks on the
value of Entomology and entomological collections, but also
for bringing before you considerations that to most of you
are mere truisms, and ask you to excuse me by recollecting
the wonderful ignorance of, the delightful contempt for,
Entomology still exhibited in these so-called enlightened days
by the mass of the community. This renders it necessary
to iterate and reiterate again and again even the most
elementary considerations.

If collections of insects are viewed as scientific instruments
it is at once seen that they are valuable in proportion as they
are complete, well-arranged, and accessible. I can say
nothing to-night as regards the latter two points, but we will,
if you please, consider the question of their state of com-
pleteness at present.

If we compare the extent and condition of entomological
collections with what they were in the time of Linneus and
our own countryman Kirby about one hundred years ago, we
are justified in entertaining a feeling of satisfaction: the
progress that has been made, especially in the department of
exotic Entomology, has been truly enormous.

Linneus, when towards the close of his life he published
in a.p. 1767 the twelfth edition of his memorable ‘Systema
Nature,’ was acquainted with rather less than 8000 species
of insects, of which over 2000 species were European, less
than 800 extra-EHuropean. The number of species at present
extant in collections can scarcely be less than 200,000, and
may possibly be as many as 250,000, of which more than
four-fifths are exotic. Although we may feel proud of such a
result, this gives us no idea at all of the completeness of our
collections ; it justifies us in saying we have worked well, but
how near are we to the end of our task ?

There are, it is quite clear, no data from which a direct esti-
mate can be formed as to the number of species now existing in
the whole world. Such calculations have been made, but are
not very trustworthy, for reasons that we need not at present
stop to consider ; but it may be said that the number of species
of existing insects, though eminently uncertain, is certainly

( iexini )

enormous. Indeed, comparing the results obtained during
the last century with those of the most recent collectors, it
would seem that entomological collections are still in the
infantile period of their existence. A very few years ago
about 200 species of Coleoptera were known from Japan, and
it was thought that there would be much in common between
the insects of it and Europe. Mr. Lewis has discovered
4000 or 5000 species of beetles in the Archipelago, most of
which were procured in two seasons, and the great majority
of them are not only different from European species, but are
absolutely new. Mr. Pryer has published lists, from which
it would appear that Lepidoptera are also abundant there.
I think we may put the number of species of Japanese
Coleoptera therefore at about 8000, and the total number of
Japanese insects of all orders at from 15,000 to 25,000 species
of which we know at present less than 8000. In Central
America equally astonishing results have been achieved by
another of our Fellows, Mr. Champion; despatched thither by
Messrs. Godman and Salvin for the purposes of their great
work on the Natural History of the region, he succeeded in
obtaining during four seasons fully 15,000 species of insects,
of which more than half, probably nearly three-quarters, are
new, and this although he did not exclusively confine himself
to collecting insects.

Mr. Masters has just published a Catalogue of the described
Coleoptera of Australia; these amount to about 7200 species;
now we know, from the amount of country there that is still
unexplored, and the fact that the obscure Coleoptera of
Australia have been greatly neglected by collectors and
describers, that this is only a small portion of its indigenous
beetles; so that it is quite probable the Coleoptera of Australia
may amount to 30,000 or 40,000 species, and the number of
insects of other orders with which we are not acquainted must
bring up the total to something prodigious.

Until quite recently it has been one of the commonplaces ot
Zoology that New Zealand was extraordinarily poor in insects ;
no prolonged or systematic entomological researches have yet
been made there, but the sporadic efforts of a number of
collectors have shown that this idea is quite erroneous; and
I recently received from Mr. Helms about 25,000 specimens,

( xy, )

representing about 500 species collected in a single season in
the environs of his residence at Greymouth, so that it would
appear that beetles are as numerous in individuals and in
species in New Zealand as they are in Kurope.

It has also been thought that the scattered islands of the
world have very little entomological fauna; that there is
some truth in this idea is more than probable, but the recent
researches of Wollaston in St. Helena, and of Blackburn in
the Sandwich Islands, have shown that these islands have a
considerable population of native insects, and that their com-
parative poverty is possibly largely due to recent extinction.

If such results have been obtained by a few skilful collectors
in the localities they have explored, we may reasonably assume
the same facts to hold good elsewhere. And there are still
parts of the world where there exists an astonishing profusion
of insect-life, of which we know very little indeed. On con-
sidering such facts there is, gentlemen, only one conclusion
we can come to—our collections are lamentably incomplete.
The species represented in them are certainly not one-fourth,
probably not one-tenth of those existing in the world. It
must, too, not be forgotten that the species we have obtained
consist in a large degree of those that are most easily
acquired: the forms that are first picked up in any locality
naturally consist to a very large extent of the species that are
most abundant; but afterwards discrimination as well as
mere collection is required, and the task of collecting insects
that are new or of real value is constantly becoming more
arduous, and must continue to do so. The order Diptera is
probably excessively numerous, but as the preservation of so
many of the two-winged flies is a matter of much difficulty,
extremely little has been accomplished in the way of obtaining
a knowledge of the forms inhabiting the tropics.

It is evident, then, that we cannot relax our efforts; indeed
the necessity for energy becomes still more evident when we
consider the present position of affairs on the surface of the
earth. The development of the means of locomotion by steam
is perhaps the most practically important of the changes of
the present century, and is undoubtedly creating a great
alteration in the population of the surface of our globe. The
European race is now establishing itself in many and distant

(Yixxy)

parts of the world, and wherever this is the case speedy and
extensive changes are effected in the organie products of the
spot. The forests are destroyed, the climate changed to a
greater or less extent, and the delicately poised balance of
life that may have existed with but slight oscillations for
thousands of years is interfered with, and as the result pro-
found though perhaps unnoticed changes take place in the
Natural History, the effect invariably being that species that
can but little tolerate changes become extinct. There is a
chapter in Zoology that will always afford scope for the
exercise of the imagination—the forms of animal life that
have been extinguished by man without his having gained
even a knowledge of their existence ; they must already be
numerous, probably very numerous; soon their number will
be enormous, for the signs of the times are that the process
of diffusion of the European races will continue, and, if that
is the case, a large portion of the existing fauna and flora of
the earth is doomed to extinction, and in all probability at no
very distant date.

In the last 120 years we have acquired insects for our
collections at the rate of about 2000 new species a year, and
have thus obtained the most easily acquired one-tenth of the
existing total; if, as these data indicate, it is to take us much
more than 1000 years to complete our collections, we may
feel only too sure that the task will never be accomplished, for
a very large part of the more interesting and important forms
will have been swept out of existence. In a letter I received
from Mr. Pascoe a few weeks ago he mentioned that he was
present at the spot now called Adelaide, when it was taken
possession of by the British in the name of King William IV.
Think of Adelaide as it is now, and of the geometrical ratio
in which the population increases in Australia, and then
reflect on what proportion of the present fauna of Australia
will have ceased to exist in another century or two.

In the interest of future generations, as well as for our
own satisfaction, we ought to work energetically at this
enormous task, and it will soon be absolutely necessary to
inquire what is the best way in which this can be done.

So far as I am aware there exists no society or other
organisation for the purpose of discovering and preserving

( exvi> >)

such objects of Natural History as are not yet represented in
museums or collections, and at present the general public
takes apparently no interest in the matter of zoological
exploration ; probably, indeed, it is taken for granted that it
is being done by those who understand that sort of thing.
Thus the work is left entirely to private individuals, whose
efforts, being uncombined and intermittent, can only be
expected to produce partially satisfactory results. The diffi-
culties in the case of insects are much increased by the fact
that only those who have had some experience in the
collecting and preserving of these small creatures will meet
with many species, even in a country or district where they
may be really abundant ; everyone, indeed, who has attempted
the formation of a collection of insects in our own country
knows well the perseverance and skill that are required to
obtain satisfactory results, and even yet we probably do not
know all the species that are to be found in our own islands.
Hence Mr. A. R. Wallace has suggested the appoimtment of
resident naturalists in suitable districts abroad. We cannot
at present, I think, afford to dispense with the efforts of what
we may call pioneer naturalists,—travellers who pass more
or less rapidly through a district, gathering and preserving
such specimens as present themselves ; still it is quite clear
that their efforts cannot give results with which Science may
rest contented. A combination of the two methods may not
prove to be impracticable. It is probable that in many parts
of the world there are missionaries, consuls, or men engaged
in commerce who would be willing to collect, if they knew
how to do it. Possibly the problem might be solved by one
or two travellers who would visit selected districts, and not
only themselves collect, but take special pains to imstruct
such residents as might be willing to learn how to collect and
transmit specimens.

Another way in which we may husband our slender
resources is by selection of localities. It is specially desirable
that we should obtain those forms that are likely soon to
become extinct,* and it is certainly on these spots that efforts

* On the subject of extinction vide the addresses delivered by Prof.
Newton to the British Association, Glasgow and Manchester meetings.

( lexyn, )

should be first concentrated. South America, the greater
part of Africa, China, and the larger mountain ranges of the
world will be probably the same in a hundred years time as
they are at present, but it is quite different in respect to
islands and archipelagoes: the introduction of a pair of goats
to an island may cause a revolution in its fauna, with the
extinction of many most valuable forms; and the felling of
forests in islands inflicts a fearful loss on the naturalist.

Thus, if we were to limit our efforts in the first instance to
some selected spots, such as the smaller islands, the Gala-
pagos, Sandwich, Fiji, Philippine, and West Indian archi-
pelagoes, New Zealand, Tasmania, and Madagascar, we
should probably, in the interests of the science of the future,
be doing a wise thing; and it is most desirable that when
the investigation of any of these spots is attempted it should
be done thoroughly and exhaustively. This can only be
accomplished by prolonged attention to special branches:
thus I feel myself quite incredulous as to our being really
acquainted with the beetles of the Galapagos, and I shall
never be able to overcome my incredulity until a good
collector of Coleoptera has spent a year there and the results
are known. I think it is a public duty, due not only to the
world at large, but to posterity, that we should investigate
thoroughly the Natural History of the countries we have
taken possession of; and I have no doubt, if we do so, future
generations will be deeply indebted to us. If we neglect it
they will say: ‘‘Those nineteenth century people destroyed
the forests of many parts of the world in their haste to get
wealth that they did not know how to use when they had
acquired it, and the fauna of the globe became dreadfully
impoverished, while scientific men were gravely discussing
problems, the data for whose solution were not in their
possession.”

My remarks have referred chiefly to the acquisition of
foreign insects and absolutely new species, but I must say a
little about collections of British and European insects, for
these also are very imperfect. There is no collection, so far
as I am aware, of British insects that would enable any one
to get really trustworthy and exhaustive information as to

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v., 1887. K

C dxexvini> )

the distribution of species throughout our islands, or the
extent of their variation therein; and we cannot yet answer
satisfactorily so elementary a question as to whether there
are any species actually confined to their limits. A vast
amount of enthusiasm and skill have in the last hundred
years been devoted to the formation of collections of the
insects of Britain and Europe, and I think the results are
certainly not adequate to the efforts that have been made.
The reasons for this are not difficult to find. Imperfect
modes of preparation and preservation have much to do with
it; and then each collector forms his collection for himself,
and does it so that as his knowledge of it dies with him, the
collection loses a large part of its value at his decease.

Bad collecting, so that the insects are in a deteriorated
condition before being pinned; then deterioration resulting
from the pins, the ravages arising from mites, mould, dust,
and careless handling, so deteriorate an ordinary collection
that at the close of a life-time the specimens are worth but
little, and if there is no locality or date or other particulars
attached to each specimen, the collection becomes of no
general value whatever.

Isolated and imperfectly directed efforts are the chief
reasons why there are no first-rate collections of British
insects. This is a matter of importance, because after all,
even in our own time and country, the collecting power in
the community is but small, and it must be well directed if
the maximum of result is expected from it.

You will have perceived from my remarks to-night that I
attach much importance and value to collections. There are
some who take a different view, and, perceiving that the
ultimate object of collections is the information that can be
obtained from them, say that attention is so much taken up
by the formation of the collections that it is actually diverted
from the questions the collections are formed to elucidate.
There is, no doubt, truth in this view, but it is equally true
that the larger questions of science can be answered only by
the combined efforts of a number of generations ; and, this
being the case, each generation should accomplish that part
of the work that is most needful at the moment, and at the
present time, in consequence of the extension of the

( deez )

European races, and the changes oceurring on the face of
the earth, there is probably no way in which we can so help
the biology of the future as by the formation of collections.

Mr. Bates, in an address he delivered to this Society a few
years ago, urged that the reason why entomologists frequently
accompanied their papers by no interesting generalisations was
that they perceived that the data are as yet too impertect.
And there can be little doubt that the instinctive tendency (if I
may be allowed the use of such a term) of entomologists to
occupy themselves largely with the formation of collections
is on the whole and at present a wise one.

I say this with no view of discouraging other branches of
entomological activity; indeed, if I did this, I should very
much regret having delivered this Address. I have already
alluded to the extreme importance of popularising and
diffusing all the branches of Science; and there can be no
doubt that observations of habits, of affinities, of anatomy,
are, independent of their intrinsic value, important aids in
encouraging collections by enlisting interest in the objects ;
while systematic and descriptive works are absolutely essential
as a key to the intricacies of nomenclature and arrangement
that are rendered inevitable by the vastness of the horde of
the species of insects. We may, too, view with toleration, if
not with approbation, a certain amount of speculative or
imaginative Entomology, though I think we ought none of
us to allow ourselves to indulge in it too freely, and we must
not forget that it can scarcely be considered to be Science.
In point of fact we are not yet in a position to give a positive
decision on any of the great problems of biology; and
perhaps it is well that this is the case. Were it otherwise
we might be inclined to lament the fate of our descendants,
who for the next thousand years would have no scientific
occupation other than that of making collections and observa-
tions with the result of showing that their great-great-grand-
fathers were extremely clever, and knew everything: a dis-
covery that the Chinese have already made, with intellectual
results apparently very far from satisfactory—the highest
mental effort of the educated Celestial being, they say, the
admiration of Confucius.

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( Belexxi 4)

INDEX.

NorE.—Where the name only of an Insect or Genus is mentioned,
the description will be found on the page referred to.

The Arabic Figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman
Numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

PAGE PAGE
GENERAL SUBJECTS ...... lIxxxi | HYMENOPTERA ......-. oP IXXXLY,
APHANIPTERA 4 000000008 05 Lxxxii? | TuiePIMOPTERA views cricieis oe 1xxxv
COLEOPTERA 5.5, eine sa vores Txxxiil || NEUROPTERA,) si. siee.0:01 e710 xcii
DIPTERAL si, ous's ccc ereteie a eel Ixxxili | ORTHOPTERA ...0+e00. eich wa XCll
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GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Additional eversible glands in lepidopterous larve, 299.

Address of President, lxvi.

Address to Her Majesty the Queen on the occasion of the Jubilee of her
reign, XXXV1.

A further account of the defensive structures of the larva of Dicranura
vinula, 295.

Annual Meeting, 1xii.

A special point in the protective attitude of the imago of Gonoptera
libatriz, 308.

Bombyciform larve, poisonous effects of certain, xiii,

Cocoons, colour of silk of, affected by the use of appropriate colours in
environment at the time of the change from the larval to the
pupal state, 1.

Description of an unnamed Sphina larva from Celebes, 288.

Dytiscus marginalis, power of making a humming noise before flight,
possessed by, xxiv.

Ephestia Kuhniella, notes on, lii.

Further notes upon the larva of Paniscus cephalotes, 303.

Further observations on the protective attitude of Geometer larve, 291.

Hessian fly, discussion concerning, xlv ; parasites of, xxxix.

Hybernia progemmaria, varieties of, xill.

( ‘hexxn /)

Icerya purchasi destructive to trees and shrubs in Australia, iv.

Lepidoptera from Darjeeling, ix.

Lepidoptera, method of denuding wings of scales, xxiii.

Notes on the identity of Gryllus (Locusta) flavipes, ii.

Notes upon the young larve of Smerinthus populi, and upon the red
spots in Smerinthus larvee, 281.

Occurrence of anomalous spots on lepidopterous larve, xxiv.

On markings which appear on larve before pupation, and which
correspond in position to the underlying pupal wings, 301.

On the presence of tannin in certain insects and its influence on their
colours, Xxx1l.

Pedigree Moth-breeding, discussion on, iv; report of progress in, lviii.

Pyralide, geographical distribution of, xxix.

Relation between phytophagous larvee and various species of food-plant,
312.

The comparatively late emergence of female moths from the pupa, 310.

The hereditary transmission of pink tubercles on the larve of Saturnia
carpini, 310.

The movement of larve guided by an appreciation of the force of
gravitation, 316.

The origin of carnivorous habits in phytophagous larve, 314.

The young larve of Vanessa urtice and Saturnia carpini seek light, 315.

APHANIPTERA.
Sarcopsylla myrnecobii, n.s., alluded to, xxiii.

COLEOPTERA.

Acrognathus mandibularis, exhibited, xxxi.

Anoplodera sexguttata, exhibited, xxxi.

Autarcontes, n.g., 180. A. abdominalis, n.s., 182.—pictiventris, n.s.,
181.—planus, n.s., 181.

Brachycerus, new species described as follows :—albicollis, 13.—capito,
10.—cinnamomeus, 8.—disjunctus, 10.—draco, 15.—electilis, 14.—
eximius, 9.—Faustii, 12.—gryphus, 16.—merens, 17.—obtusus, 14.
—omissus, 11.—phlyctenoides, 13.—precursor, 12.—rixator, 11.—
strumosus, 16.—suturalis, 9.—turbatus, 15.

Byrsops, new species described as follows :—alveata, 327.—encausta, 329.
—eximia, 331.—farinosa, 332.—glaucescens, 328.—intermedia, 327.
mendica, 326.—plumbea, 325.—scapularis, 325.—socia, 324.—ter-
rena, 328.—tersula, 331.—vicaria, 3380.—vittigera, 330.

Cathormiocerus maritimus, exhibited, xxxy.—socius, exhibited, xi.

Cicindela germanica, exhibited, xxxv.
Coccinella labilis, exhibited, xxxix.

Colydium elongatum, exhibited, xxxi.
Compsochilus palpalis, exhibited, xxxi.

Cyphothorax, n.g-; 180.

—

(> isxxini 5)

Daulaxius, n. g., 335. D. stolatus, n.s., 333.

Dyerocera, n. g., 334. D. gravida, n.s., 334.

Elater pomone, exhibited, xlv.

Euryxena, n. g., 337. EH. bruchoides, n.s., 338.

Faronidius, n. g., 381. F. africanus, n.s., 382.

Harpalus melancholicus, exhibited, lvi.

Liasotus, n. g., 335. LL. ovis, n.s., 335.

Limnius rivularis, exhibited, 1.

Mesosa nubila, exhibited, xlv.

Mixochlorus, n.g., 177. M. suturalis, n.s., 178.

Octhebius auriculatus, exhibited, 1.

Omochryseus, n. g., 182. O. humeralis, n.s., 182.—terminalis, n.s., 183.

Ophryodotus, n. g., 336. O. singularis, n.s., 336.

Orsodacna humeralis, exhibited, xxx1.

Paradonorphus, n. g., 183. P. albicollis, n.s., 184.—frontalis, alluded to,
183.

Peronemis, n.g., 178. P. thoracicus, n.s., 178.

Pezerpes, n. g., 337. P. rugosus, n.8., 337.

Spartecerus infaustus, 0. s., 338.

Spilopyra sumptuosa, exhibited, xxxix.

Stenogaster palleolatus, alluded to, 180.

Sybriacus magnificus, exhibited, xxxix.

Tropiphorus obtusus, exhibited, 1.

Trypantius, n.g., 179. T. infrequens, n.s., 179.

DIPTERA.

Cecidomyia destructor, alluded to, 1, xxxix, xlv.

HEMIPTERA.
Abeona (?) serrata, n.s., 350.
Ageus minimus, n.8., 347.
Alcinus flavicornis, n.s., 349.
Anaxandra compacta, n.8., 355.—fulvicornis, n. s., 354.—tauriformis,
n.s., 354.
Antestia modificata, n.s., 350.
Basicryptus illuminatus, n. s., 358.
Carbula fusca, nu. s., 346.—scutellata, n.s., 347.
Clinocoris maculata, n. s., 355.—scutellata, n. s., 355.
Compastes spinosus, n.s., 351.—truncatus, n,s., 351.
Coptosoma fimbriatum, n. s., 342.
Dolycoris formosana, n.s., 345.
Eurydema multipunctata, n. s., 348.
Eusthenes antennatus, n. s.,. 357.—eurytus, n.s., 358.
Gonopsis rubescens, 0. 8., 359.
Halyomorpha murrea, n. s., 344.
Hoplistodera incisa, n.s., 349.

( Ixxxiv )

Placostermum cervus, 0. 8., 352.

Sastralaga binotata, n.s., 353.—javanensis, n.s., 353.—mustelina, 0. 8.,
352.—parmata, n.s., 353.—rujispina, n.s., 352.

Scylax, n.g., 345. 8. macrinus, 346.—porrectus, n.s., 345.

Sesha, n.g., 348. S. manifesta, n.s., 343.

Urochela ferruginea, n. 8., 356.—pulchra, n.s., 356.

Urolabida Chennelli, n.s., 356.—khasiana, n.s., 359.

HYMENOPTERA.

Aptesis hemiptera, 304.

Aridelus, n.g., 66. A. bucephalus, n.s., 66.

Bassus deplanatus, alluded to, 375.—punctatus, n.s., 375.

Bracon chlorophthalmus, alluded to, 95.—cis, synonym of Meteorus profli-
gator, 123.—pallidus, synonym of Meteorus pallidus, 97.

Catoglyptus crassipes, alluded to, 369.—fuscicornis, alluded to, 370.—
pulchricornis, alluded to, 369.

Cephus pygmeus, exhibited, xlv.

Cteniscus gnathoxanthus, alluded to, 374.

Cymodusa antennator, alluded to, 367.

Cynips Kollari and other gall-flies, exhibited, lvi.

Dicolus subtiliventris, 368.

Echthrus lancifer, alluded to, 379.—nubeculatus, alluded to, 379.

Ephialtes rujicollis, 376.

Euphorides, characterised, 51. Huphorus, 538. EH. accinctus, 60,—api-
calis, 62.—coactus, 59.—fulvipes, 64.—intactus, 61.—mitis, 55.—
ornatus, n.s., 638.—pallidipes, 56.—parvulus, 65.—picipes, 58.—
similis, 60.—tuberculifer, n. s., 57.

Eustalocerus, 67. E. clavicornis, 68.

Exochus niger, alluded to, 375.—nigripalpis, alluded to, 375.—procerus,
alluded to, 375.—Wolstedtii, alluded to, 375.

Glypta elongata, alluded to, 377.—rufata, n.s., 378.

Grypocentrus cinctellus, alluded to, 373,

Hemiteles albomarginatus, n.s., 363.

Herpestomus distinctus, 0. 8., 362.

Holopedina polypori, exhibited, xxxil.

Ichneumon rujidorsatus, n.s., 561.

Lathrolestus macropygus, alluded to, 373.

Leiophron basalis, synonym of Perilitus bicolor, 77.—orchesie@, synonym
of Euphorus pallidipes, 56.—pallidistigma, synonym of Euphorus
parvulus, 65.—pallipes, synonym of Euphorus pallidipes, 56.

Limneria distincta, n.s., 367.—mandibularis, alluded to, 367

Lissonota formosa, n. s., 378.

Mesoleius attenuatus, n. s., 371.—brevispina, 372.—jlavopictus, 373.

Meteorides, 87.—Meteorus, 87.—abdominator, 111.—albicornis, 110.—
albiditarsis, 93.—atrator, 109.—caligatus, 98—chlorophthalmus,
synonym of M. chrysophthalmus, 95.— chrysophthalmus, 94.—
cinctellus, 124.—colon, synonym of M. fragilis, 128.—conjinis, 103,

( ‘exxy }

consors, 118.—deceptor, 96.—delator, 122.—facialis, 104.—filator,
121.—fragilis, 128.—ictericus, 99.—jaculator, 108.—leviventris,
126.—luridus, 129.—melanostictus, n.s., 115.—micropterus, 112.—
obfuscatus, 105. — pallidipes, 102. — pallidus, 97.— pendulator,
synonym of M, ictericus, 99.—proflig ator, 123.—pulchricornis, 113.
—punctiventris, 107.—rubens, 127.—scutellator, 116.—tenellus, n.s.,
125.—unicolor, 117.—versicolor, 119.—vexator, 105.

Microctonus, 81. M. emulus, synonym of Perilitus cerealium, 79.—
bicolor, synonym of Perilitus secalis, 78.—brevicornis, synonym of
Euphorus pallidipes, 56.—cultus, n.s., 85.—fascipennis, synonym
of Huphorus apicalis, 62.—oblitus, synonym of Euphorus similis,
60. — politus, synonym of Microctonus vernalis, 82. — retusus,
synonym of Perilitus brevicollis, 76.—splendidus, n.s., 83.—testa-
ceus, n.8., 85.—vernalis, 82.—xanthocephalus, n.s., 84.

Perilitus minutus, n.s., 370.

Perilitus, 71. P. @thiops, 80.—bicolor, 77.—bimaculatus, synonym of
Meteorus versicolor, 119.—brevicollis, 76.—brevipes, synonym of
Meteorus albicornis, 110. — cerealium, 79. — dispar, synonym of
Meteorus albiditarsis, 93.—faleiger, 75.—fasciatus, synonym of
Meteorus fragilis, 128.—formosus, synonym of Meteorus obfuscatus,
106. —idalius, synonym of Microctonus vernalis, 82.— laticeps,
synonym of Meteorus filator, 121.—rutilus, 73.— secalis, 78.—
similator, synonym of Meteorus atrator, 109.—strenwus, n.s., 74.

Pezomachus emulus, alluded to, 365.—Debeyii, alluded to, 365.—Neesii,
alluded to, 365,—sylvicola, alluded to, 365.

Pheogenes versutus, alluded to, 363.

Pimpla nigricans, alluded to, 376.

Polyblastus sanguinatorius, alluded to, 374.

Polysphincta gracilis, alluded to, 377.—subrufa, n.s., 377.

Sagaritis fasciata, n.s., 366.—maculipes, alluded to, 367.

Streblocera, 68. SS. fulviceps, 69.—longiscapha, synonym of S. macro-
scapa, 70.—macroscapa, 70.

Tapinoma melanocephalus, exhibited, xxvii.

Thymarus compressus, alluded to, 373.

Triclistus Holmgreni, alluded to, 374.—lativentris, alluded to, 374.—niti-
Srons, alluded to, 374.—pubiventris, alluded to, 374.

Wesmaelia, 66. W. cremasta, 67.

Zele, alluded to, 88. Z. ephippium, synonym of Meteorus ictericus, 99.
—testaceator, alluded to, 94.—thoracicus, synonym of Meteorus
obfuscatus, 105.

Zemiotes, alluded to, 89.
LEPIDOPTERA.

Acidalia immorata, exhibited, xlix.

Acrolophus, 147, A. argentinus, n.s., 151. — arizonellus, n.s., 153.—
cervinus, n.s., 151.— hamiferellus, 154. —- mortipenellus, 150.—
pallidus, 153.—plumifrontellus, 149,—simulatus, 148,.—texanellus,
152.—vitellus, 148.

( Ixxxvi )

Acronycta alni, exhibited, xlix.

Afdiodes, 223. AL. quaternalis, alluded to, 224.

Agathodes, 218. A. ostensalis, 218.

Aglossa cuprealis, alluded to, 192.—pinguinalis, alluded to, 192.

Agrotera, 224. A. effertalis, 224.

Alavona, alluded to, 137.

Amblypodia sophax, n. s., 47.

Amydria, alluded to, 188,

Anaphora, 155. A. agrotipenella, synonym of A. popeanella, 161.—arca-
nella, synonym of Pseudanaphora arcanella, 170. — bogotensis,
n.s., 160.—bombycina, synonym of Acrolophus plumifrontellus,
149.—ferruginea, n. s., 161.—lewcodocis, 159.—macrogaster, n. s.,
165.—minima, n. s., 159.—-morrisoni, n.s., 157.—ornata, n.s.. 163.
—popeanella, 161, description of larva of, 138.—propinqua, n.s.,
157.—pusilla, 158.—tenuis, n.s., 164.—uncigera, n.s., 163.

Ancylometis, n. g., 276. A. astrapias, n. s., 278.—sceocosma, 0. 8., 277,—
trigonodes, n.s., 277.

Anemosa, 193. A. isadalis, 194.

Anerastia, 261. «A. metallactis, n.s., 262.

Angeronia prunaria, alluded to, 29.

Ankistrophorus, n.g., 146. A. corrientis, n.s., 146.

Anteros, alluded to, 175.

Anthocaris Belia, var. ansonia, alluded to, 389.—cardamines, alluded to,
390.—ecuphenoidss, alluded to, 389.—tages, var. bellezina, alluded
to, 389.

Apatura ilia, var. elytie, alluded to, 394.—iris, alluded to, 394.

Aporia crategi, alluded to, 389.

Archernis (2) octoguttalis, alluded to, 220.

Argynnis, species alluded to, adippe, 396.—aglaia, 396.—daphne, 395.—
dia, 395.—euphrosyne, 395.—ino, 395.—lathonia, 395.—pales, 395.
—paphia, 396.—selene, 395.

Asopia caustica, alluded to, 193.—ducalis, 192.—farinalis, alluded to, 193.
—gerontialis, alluded to, 193.

Asthenia abiegana, exhibited, xxi.; synonym of. A. subsequana, xxil.—
pygmeana, exhibited, xxi.

Balanomis, n. g., 264. B. encyclia, n.s., 265.

Balanotis carinentalis, alluded to, 191.—crypsaula, n.s., 191.—didymalis,
alluded to, 191.—recurvalis, synonym of B. crypsaula, 191.

Botyodes asialis, alluded to, 228.

Botys argyrogaster, synonym of Dracenura pelochra, 215.—epitrota, n.s.,
231.—hipponalis, n.s., 231.—margaronialis, synonym of Marga-
redes diaphanalis, 209.—pheopteralis, alluded to, 230.—pharidalis,
230.

Butalis chlorema, n.s., 279.

Cenogenes, n.g., 154. C. perrensella, 155.

Calamotropha dielota, alluded to, 248.

Canthelea, 253. C. egnalis, 254,

Ciiisexri ~)

Carama Butleri, n.s., 133, 185.—nivea, 135.—ovina, 134.—plumosa, 134.
—pura, 135.—virgo, 134.—Walkeri, 134.

Cataclysta lampetialis, 295.

Cateremna terebrella, exhibited, xxviii.

Ceratoclasis, 221. C.chlorura, n.s., 222.

Ceroprepes, 253- C. sebasmia, n.s., 253.

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, 216.

Cenonympha, species alluded to, arcania, 400. — doris, 400.—iphis, 400.
eédipus, 400.—pamphilus, 400.

Colias, species alluded to, chrysotheme, 390,—edusa, 390.—hyale, 390.—
phicomone, 390.

Compsophila iocosma, alluded to, 225.

Conobathra automorpha, alluded to, 253.

Conogethes edilis, n.s., 227.—bicolor, n. s., 227.

Cosmoclostis aglaodesma, aliuded to, 266.

Crambus alpinellus, exhibited, xxxviii. — melanospinellus, synonym of
Stericta recurvalis, 189.—signifer, 272.

Criophthalma harmodia, n.s., 245.

Crocydopora cinigerella, alluded to, 263.

Cyclopides morpheus, alluded to, 401.

Cyrestis nitida, n.s., 43.—Solomonis, n.s., 42.

Deuterarcha xanthomela, alluded to, 236.

Diadema Forbesti, alluded to, 44.—fuliginescens, n.s., 44. — velleda,
alluded to, 45.

Diasemia grammalis, alluded to, 219.—ramburialis, alluded to, 219.

Diathrausta, 218. D. profundalis, 219.

Diatrea parramatella, alluded to, 248.

Dipsopleustis haplodes, n.s., 197.—prophetica, n.s., 198.

Dolichosticha perninephes, alluded to, 217.—trapezalis, alluded to, 217.—
venilialis, alluded to, 217.

Dracenura pelochra, alluded to, 215.

Drepana falcula, alluded to, 29.

Dysallacta, 229. D. negatalis, alluded to, 230.

Eclipsiodes crypsixantha, alluded to, 245.—drosera, n.s., 245.

Eddara zylinella, alluded to, 137.

Endotricha aglaopa, n.s., 196.—compsopa, n.s., 195.—heliopa, 195.—
obscura, female of @thopa, 196.—puncticostalis, alluded to, 195.—
pyrosalis, alluded to, 195.

Epharpastis, n. g., 203.—dedala, n.s., 208

Ephestia desuetella, alluded to, 265.—elutella, alluded to, 265.—Kiihniella,
alluded to, lil.

Epicrocis, 257. E. eucometis, alluded to, 258.—euraphella, alluded to,
259. — festivella, alluded to, 259.— gypsopa, alluded to, 258,—
macrota, 0. 8., 258.—mesembrina, n.s., 259.

Epinephele, species alluded to; var. hispulla, 400. — hyperanthus, 400.—
ida, 400.—janira, 400.—lycaon, 400.—pasiphae, 400.—tithonus, 400,

( Ixxxvili_ )

Epipaschia funerea, alluded to, 187.—saburalis, alluded to, 187.

Erebangela melanauges, alluded to, 222.

Erebia, species alluded to,—eme, 396.—epiphron, 396.—Euryale, 399.—
Erias, 397.—Gorge, 398.— var. Gorgone, 398.—lappona, 397.—
manto?, var. cecilia, 396.—melas forma pygmea, 397.—neoridas,
398.—pitho var. pyrenaica, 398.—Tyndarus var. dromus, 398.

Ernophthora, n. g., 263. E. phenicias, n.s., 263.

Eromene ocellea, 251.

Etiella chrysoprella, alluded to, 257.—Behrii, alluded to, 257.

Eucarphia tritalis, alluded to, 256.

Euclasta maceratalis, alluded to, 213.

Eulepiste, 142. E. cressoni, 142.—maculifer, n.s., 143.

Euplea nechos, n.s., 37.

Eurycreon aphrarcha, 0. s., 239.—atelorantha, n. s., 242.—capnochroa,
alluded to, 241.—hemicirea, n.s., 241.—homogama, n.s., 289.—
lamprodeta, alluded to, 243.—liophea, n.s., 241.—massalis, alluded
to, 243.—ochreipennis, alluded to, 242.—ochrochroa, n.&., 238,.—
strangalota, n.s., 240.—xenogama, alluded to, 239.

Euzophera holophragma, n. s., 255.—oblitella, exhibited, xxi.—subarcuella,
alluded to, 255.

Felderia, n.g., 165. F. cossoides, 167.—doeri, n.s., 166.—filicornis, n. s.,
167.—maculata, n. s.,166.—pygmea, n.s., 168.

Filodes, 214. F. fulvidorsalis, alluded to, 215.

Glyphodes bivitralis, alluded to, 212.—conjunctalis, 210.—cosmarcha, n. s.,
212.—Doleschali, alluded to, 211.—eacelsalis, alluded to, 211.—
ityalis, alluded to, 212.—perspicillalis, alluded to, 211.—tolum-
nialis, alluded to, 211.—tyres, alluded to, 210.

Gonepteryx Cleopatra, exhibited, xliii.

Hednota acontophora, alluded to, 250.—asterias, n. S., 250.—gelastis,n. s.,
250.—panselenella, alluded to, 250.—pedionoma, alluded to, 249.—
pleniferella, alluded to, 249.—toxotis, n. s., 249.

Hellula undalis, alluded to, 229.

Heosphora psamathella, alluded to, 261.

Hesperia, species alluded to,—comma, 401.—linea, 401.—lineola, 401.—
sylvanus, 401.—thamnas, 401.

Heteromicta pachytera, alluded to, 251.

Homeosoma fornacella, alluded to, 265.—vagella, alluded to, 2605.

Homonymus to be substituted as a generic name for Ankistrophorus, liv,

Hydreuretis tullialis, alluded to, 208.

Hypoclopus, n.g., 144. H. griseus, 144.

Hypogymna dispar, alluded to, 29.

Hypophana homosema, n.s., 264.

Hypsolophus ianthes, n.s., 273.

Ischnurges, alluded to, 220.—illustralis, alluded to, 220.

Tsocentrus, n. g., 232. I. equalis, alluded to, 232.—rhodophilalis, 232,

Isopteryx impulsalis, synonym of Diasemia grammalis, 219.

Lampides elianus, alluded to, 46.—c@rulina, n. s., 46.

( jlxsxax )

Lasioctena, n.g., 278. L. sisyr@a, n.s., 279.

Lasiosticha to be substituted as a generic name for Lasiocera, 261.—
L. antelia, alluded to, 261.

Leiocampa dictea, exhibited, lvi.

Lepyrodes astomalis, synonym of Synclera braurealis, 213.

Leucophasia sinapis and var. diniensis, alluded to, 390.

Libythea celtis, alluded to, 394.

Limenitis camilla, alluded to, 394.

Lonchodes argillacea, alluded to, 214.

Lycena, species alluded to,—@gon, 392.—amanda, 394.—argiades, 392.
—argiolus, 394.—argus, 392.—arion, 394.—astrarche, 394.—baton,
392.— bellargus, 394.—betica, 891.—corydon, 394.—Ellisi, 393.—
eros, 393.—escheri, 394.—ewmedon, 393.—hylas, 394.—icarus, 395.
—melanops, 394.— minima, 394.— orbitulus, 392.— orion, 392.—
pyrenaica, 392.—semiargus, 394.—telicanus, var. exhibited, 11.

Macrernis, n.g., 275. M. heliapta, n.s., 275.

Marasmia hemicrossa, n.s., 217.

Margarodes diaphanalis, 209.—limbata, alluded to, 208.—nereis, n. s., 271.
—tritonias, n.s., 209.—unionalis, alluded to, 208.—vertwmnalis,
alluded to, 209.

Margaronia maliferalis, synonym of Pachyarches psittacalis, 210.

Margarosticha, 204. M. sphenotis, n.s., 204.

Mecyna miniosalis, 234.—polygonalis, alluded to, 235.—reversalis, alluded
to, 233.

Melanargia galathea, alluded to, 396.—lachesis, alluded to, 396.

Melissoblaptes egidia, n.s., 252.—sordidella, 252.

Melitea, species alluded to,—athalia, 395.—auwrinia var. merope, 395.—
dejone, 395.—dictynna, 395.— didyma, 395.—parthenie, 395.—
phebe, 395.

Mesopempta polyphoralis, 202.

Messarus melichrysos, n.s., 39.—tredecia, n.s., 40.

Metallarcha eurychrysa, 237.—pseliota, n.s., 237.—tetraplaca, n.s., 236.

Microschenis, n.g., 270. M. immeritalis, 270.

Mimeseoptilus celidotus, alluded to, 268.

Mizxophyla, n. g., 269.—M. erminea, 269.

Mnesictena celatalis, 235.—pactolina, n.s., 254.

Morocosma margaritaria, alluded to, 2138.

Musotima nitidalis, alluded to, 204.

Mycalesis sara, n.s., 38.—splendens, n.s., 38.

Myelois actiosella, 255.

Myriostephes achealis, 236.—phenicealis, 235.

Myriotis ptoalis, alluded to, 234.

Myrmidonistis, n. g., 196. M. hoplora, n.s., 197.

Nemeobius lucina, alluded to, 394.

Neolophus, n.g., 141. N. furcatus, n.s., 141.

Nisioniades tages, alluded to, 401.

Nosophora chironalis, alluded to, 225.

(oxen!)

Notarcha tharsalea, n.s., 225.—trigalis, 226.

Nyctarcha ophideres, alluded to, 245.—paracentra, n.s., 245.

(Gdematophaga egalis, 194.

Enogenes fugalis, 194.

Ontholophus, n. g., 169. O. variabilis, n.s., 169.

Ourocnemis, n.g., 175. O. axiochus, 175.

Pachyarches psittacalis, alluded to, 210.

Pachyzancla bianoralis, 228.

Papilio mackaon, alluded to, 389.—podalirius, alluded to, 389.—poly-
demon, n. 8., 48.—polydorus, alluded to, 48.—polypemon, alluded
to, 49.—Zaleucus, exhibited, xxvii.

Parage egeria var. egerides, alluded to, 400.—megera, alluded to, 400.—
mera, alluded to, 399.

Paraponyx dicentra synonymous with Oligostigma pallida, 208.—erome-
nalis, 206.—polydectalis, alluded to, 207.—responsalis, 207.

Parnassius Apollo, alluded to, 889.—mnemosyne, alluded to, 389.

Parthenos gambrisius, alluded to, 45.—thesaurus, n.s., 45.

Pelecyntis abstitalis, alluded to, 225.

Pempelia (2) hemichlena, n.s., 260.

Persicoptera pulchrinalis, alluded to, 196.

Pessocosma iolealis, alluded to, 220.

Phalangiodes columalis, alluded to, 214.

Pheosaces tetraspitella, 275.

Pieris brassice, alluded to, 389.—callidice, alluded to, 389.—daplidice,
alluded to, 389.—discolor, n. s., 47.—napi, alluded to, 389.—quadri-
color, alluded to, 48.—rape, alluded to, 389.

Pinaris hamiferella, synonym of Acrolophus hamiferellus, 154.

Pleonectusa adhesalis, 215. —modestalis, alluded to, 216. — parallela,
alluded to, 216.

Polyommatus, species alluded to,—alciphron, var. gordius, 391.—dorilis,
var. subalpina, 391. —hippothoe, alluded to, 391.— var. Meigii,
alluded to, 391.—phleas, alluded to, 391.—virgauree, alluded to,
391.

Pseudanaphora, n. g., 170. P.arcanella, 170.

Pterygisus fedalis, 229.

Ptochostola micropheella, alluded to, 248.

Pycnarmon jaguaralis, alluded to, 225.

Pygospila tyresalis, synonym of Glyphodes tyres, 210.

Pyralis deciusalis, synonym of Spanista ornatalis, 214.—polygraphalis,
synonym of Mesopempta polyphoralis, 202.

Rhimphalea lindalis, alluded to, 214.

Rhinopalpa algina, alluded to, 42.—pavonia, n.s., 41.

Rhodocera Cleopatra, alluded to, 390.—rhamni, alluded to, 390.

Satyrus, species alluded to,—acte@a, 399.—alcyone, 399.—arethusa, var.
erythia, 399.—Briseis, 399.—circe, 399.—fidia, 399.—semele, 399.
—statilinus, 399.

Schenobius imparellus, alluded to, 208.

( xe ,.)

Scoparia chiasta, alluded to, 246.—chordactis, n.8., 272.—plagiotis, n.s.,
247.—spelea, alluded to, 247.—threnodes, n.s., 246.

Sedenia aspasta, v.s., 244.—cervalis, alluded to, 244.—rupalis, alluded to,
244.

Selenia illustraria, alluded to, 29.

Semioceros mesochlora, alluded to, 220.—parapsephis, n. s., 221.

Siculodes asuridia, alluded to, 200.—aurata, alluded to, 201.—crypsiria,
n.s., alluded to, 201.—magnijica, n.s., 200.—rhythmica, n.s., 201.
—theorina, n.s., 200.

Sithon chromis, n.s., 47.—Phocides, alluded to, 47.

Spanista ornatalis, alluded to, 214.

Sphenarches caffer, alluded to, 268.

Spilothyrus althee, alluded to, 400.—lavathere, alluded to, 400.

Stereocopa scoparialis, alluded to, 228.

Stericta cholica, alluded to, 190.—costigeralis, alluded to, 190.—demotis,
n.s., 187. — habitalis, alluded to, 189. — pyrastis, n.s., 190.—
recurvalis, 189.— thyridalis, 189.— tornotis, n.s., 188.— xantho-
melalis, alluded to, 190.

Stigmonota internana, exhibited, xxi.—-pallifrontana, exhibited, xxi.

Steberhinus, 171. 8S. testaceus, 171.

Strepsimela pseudadelpha, n.s., 221.—signiferalis, 222.

Striglina irias, n.s., 199.—pyrrhata, 199.—semitessellalis, 199.

Synchloé hellica, exhibited, 1.—mesentina, exhibited, i.—Johnstonii, n.s.,
35.

Synclera, 213. 8S. braurealis, alluded to, 215.—onychinalis, alluded to, 214.

Syngamia floridalis, alluded to, 218.

Syrichthus, species alluded to,—alveus, 401.—carthami, 400.—sao, 401.—
serratule, 401.

Tetralopha, 256.—T. piratis, n.s., 257.

Tetraprosopus Meyrickii, alluded to, 247.

Tetraschalis, n.g., 267. T. arachnodes, n.s., 267.

Thais rumina, var. medesicaste, 389.

Thecla, species alluded to,—acacia, 3890.—betule, 390.—ilicis, 390.—
roboris, 390.—rubi, 891.—spini, 390.

Thinasotia claviferella, alluded to, 248.—lativittalis, alluded to, 249.

Thysanocelis, n. g., 145. TT’. hirsutus, n.s., 146.

Tineodida, 203.

Tiquadra, alluded to, 138.

Tirasia granulatella, alluded to, 137.

Trichophysetis cretacea, alluded to, 204.

Trichoptilus adelphodes, n.s., 266.—centetes, alluded to, 266.—werodes,
alluded to, 267.

Tritea ustalis, alluded to, 244.

Tylochares (2) ianthemis, n. s., 260.

Urbara, 145. U. galeata, 145.

Vanessa, species alluded to,—antiopa, 394.—atalanta, 394.—c-album, 394,
—cardui, 394.—to, 894.—polychloros, 394.—urtice, 394.

(¢ *xcin)

Vitessa hemiallactis, n. s., 193.—pyraliata, alluded to, 193.
Xeroscopa nephelitis, n.s., 247.—philonephes, alluded to, 247.
Zebronia braurealis, synonym of Synclera braurealis, 213.
Zelleria hepariella, exhibited, xxxvil.

NEUROPTERA.
Hydropsyche Edwardsii, alluded to, xxii.
Neuronia clathrata, exhibited, lv.
Plectrotarsus, species alluded to,—exhibited, xxii.

ORTHOPTERA,

Cicadetta hematoides, exhibited, liv.
Gryllotalpa vulgaris, exhibited, 1.

Gryllus flavipes, exhibited and alluded to, li.
Mecostethus grossus, exhibited, 11.

Nemobius sylvestris, exhibited, 1.

Pachytylus cinerascens, exhibited, ii.

Tettix subulatus, exhibited. 1.

Newman

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