THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY LIBRARY 1925 8. ae te ae ey Oe 2 > - * , a ee ; = 7 ww) TRANSACTIONS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON EO R- fae. | YaIoOA R oe. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY. SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO., PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK. PIO2=1 90s. DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. Part I. (TRANS., pp. 1-130, PRoc., i-xvi) was published 14th April, 1902. lc. 5 er 131-272, ,, xXvii-xx) 55 lth June, ,, oy WINI.. (( - 273-678, ,, XXi-Xxxli) 5° «Lith dNov.- as gS rac | ee 679-730, —_,, xxxili—xliv) » -s0th Dec, 5 Pea V oni - 5 Xlv-eviii) » 26th Feb., 1903. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. FOUNDED, 1833. INCORPORATED BY RoyAaL CHARTER, 1885. ’ OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1902-1908. President. THe Rev. Canon FOWLER, M.A., D.Sc., F.LS. Vice-Presidents. FREDERICK DuCANE GODMAN, D.C.L., F.R.S. Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Dr: DAVID SHARP, MA, EUR.S:, FALS., F.Z.S. Treasurer. ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., F.L.S. Secretaries. HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S. HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A. Librarian. GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS. Other Members of Council. ROBERT ADKIN. Pror. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc., F.R.S.E. ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A. WILLIAM LUCAS DISTANT. THE Rev. FRANCIS D. MORICE, M.A. EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.R.S., F.L.S. CoLtonEL C. SWINHOKH, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Resident Librarian. WILLIAM R. HALL. (olaye 7) THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1834—1902. The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows at the following reduced prices :— PUBLIC, FELLOWS. First Series, 4 volumes (18384—1849) ......... Price £4 13 0 £310 O Second Series, 5 volumes (1850—1861)......... 8 0 0 515 0 Third Series, 5 volumes (1862—1869) ......... 11 0 0 410 O The Transactions for the year 1868 ............ O50) i ‘ TREO tie ee 1 2 | es A Tei Le 1” 8 40 2 5 0 35 bn TSTMS. ceesamcees 1 5 0 | = ; LST2 5 cossnessoes 1 2 0 a 3 LBS eascesee sees 116 O . af IRS (: SanReR na naee ieee (W) * a STD ences oozes 1 32) 10 3.0 0 “a FS LO Gis ccceeee 1 ie ba) a “A ISH A Sesasnceranee 1 4 0 = 5 USTSie see eecenes 0: 10 015 0 = : 1B TO) ees 20 016 6 53 . ilte{s] Usonesenenecee 019 O 014 38 » 7 USSlle zc ecse-ceee 116 0 et + + lets hose neebocce’ 110 0 Lt 256 » * IGE eeocapectices fw i 0) 8 ¥ ao TSS4 Ts Aes ee 1 8 0 1 0 _ 3 Ustsi3) adqoadocaner: L610 019 6 ‘5 a ISB Gi eaccotos 16 10 019 6 Bs 5 NSS es ccsesane 1 4 6 019 0 : of Iltststey oeeqeamanacs Nhe ilisy | 70) LCs ‘- ss SSO. cc ween sere 116 6 Ue * + 1SOO Te eecesees Use) (0) L070 * 5 IRs} aaraanaancoe 16 70 Np , : 1892 cn sckecncenes L970 [> 2 38 : ASR ES eapeococanee 1 5 6 O19) 3 1898 ees neeesecs 110 6 1 2 I by eraeraeecee by Le USOC Fececeenaeen 10 0 1 52776 f 1ODilenceitic 1.4 0 018 0 3 OOS cs .essccene 185 6 1 4 SOO Re eeeacen ssc 110 0 T7246 ; IFS (010) Seenaeecooar 110 9 lL: 2206 A Rs 1908 fess 116 0 1 611 + a | I (02 ROe 22 6 112 0 Any single volume from 1862 to 1877 half-price to Fellows. First Series, vol. v., is out of print. First Series, vols. i.—iv., and Second Series, vol. iv., cannot be sold separately. The other volumes may be obtained separately, also the following : Pascoe’s ‘ Longicornia Malaydnd? .......c0.ceeeeees £2 12 O £119 0 Baly’s ‘ Phytophaga Malayana, Pt. 1., Aposta- SUCORG sed dct wane saat tones Mason eked ead toen eee 016 0 012 0 Saunders’ ‘ British Heterogyna and Fossorial DAY TRUENODTET A? Whe. ccesu cons cveescnsesrvenesssseces 0 4 6 (ay! Saunders’ ‘ Synopsis of British Hymenoptera, aU Glee rue sscsenoerecmocneseetecrsesasteetnee veces OF 60 O 4 6 Newport’s ‘ Athalia centifolix’ (Prize Essay) OP 0 Op LO The JourNaL oF PROCEEDINGS is bound up with the TRANSACTIONS. Fellows who have paid their | Subscription for the current year, are entitled, without further payment, to receive the Transactions for the year, which will be forwarded free, by post, to any address, (S ava) CONTENTS: Explanation of the plates Errata as List of ellows:. ; Additions to the Library Walle VIII. MEMOTIRS. List of the Australian and Tasmanian Wordellide, with Descrip- tions of New Species. By Arruur M. Lea, F.E.S. . The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata, L. ES HORACE Sr. JOHN K. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.S. . Descriptions of New Australian Bepidapbera: By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.8. . On Hypotiane, a new subfimily 2 Pyralide. By “Taomas ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8. . Report on a Collection of Newiean Loe Bees ronmed! in Mr. Witu1am L. Disranrt, chiefly from the Transvaal. By WILLIAM F. Kirsy, F.L.S8. . An Entomological Excursion © Gentral Spain, es; ‘Guonce CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.. Notes on Hawaiian Wasps, eis es ations 7m New Spee By Rosert Cyri Layton Perkins, B.A. Communicated by Dr. Davip SHarp, M.A., F.R.S. j Four New Species ead a Newt (Ganie of sonnet Drie, enontere (Ichneumonide, sub-fam. Ophionine) from the Hawaiian Islands. By Roserr Cyrit Layron Perkins, B.A. Communicated Ly Dr. Davin SuHarp, M.A., F.R.S. . . On the Generic Gharnctar of Hawaiian Gpateanide fone new genera characterized. By Ropert Cyrit Layton PERKINS, B.A. Communicated by Dr. Davin SuHarp, M.A,, F.R.S. a . A Monograph of the genus Acrida, Sta/ ( = Truxalis, Val7.), wath Notes of some allied genera, and descriptions of new species. By Matcotm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc. . Notes on some cases of Shascnal Dionehe in Butterflies, with an account of Experiments by Mr. Guy A. K. MArsHALL, F.Z.8. By Dr. Freperick A. Dixry, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford . On the economic importance of the pansies a Caecide. By Auick L. Empieton, B.Sc. Communicated by Dr. Davip SHarp, M.A., F.R.S., ete. . Additional GES on My. Distant’s Oollection of eric an foe pane By Witriam F. Krrsy, F.L.S., F.E.S. . Memoir upon the Risyaekotal fora Capside wei, By Gzonex Wiis KirKarpy, F.E.S. . Lepidoptera from the Chatham Teen By Eipw: ARD May RICK, BLA, F.Z.S. XEN vill vill ix XXiil (S-ynr } XVI. On a new cricket of aquatic habits, found in Fiji by Professor Gustave Gitson. By Professor Louis ComproN MIALL, F.R.S., and Professor Gustave GiLson XVIT. Five Years’ Observations and Experimen‘s (1896—1901) on ive Bionomics of South African Insects, chiefly directed to the Investigation of MWimiery and Warning Colours. By Guy A. K. Marsuatn, F.Z.8. With a discussion of the results and other subjec ts suggested by them, by Professor Epwarp B. Povutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. , Hope Professor of Zoology in the Univ ersity of Oxford and Fellow of Jesus ( ‘ollege, Oxford; and an Appendix containing descriptions of new species by Ernest Epwarp Austen, WiLtiAM Lucas Distant, COLONEL Cyarves T. Bryeuay, F. "Z. a5 GrUWaAe Ke Manrsuatt, F.Z. S., and JuLES BourGEoIS XVIII. Descriptions of new and little ean species a Dregne Epiplemide, Micronide, and Geometride, in the National Collection. By Cotoner CHartes Swinnor, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete. XIX. On asymmetry in the Males ‘of Hemurcie one oth er Sphinges By Tuomas ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. XX. The Protective Resemblance to flowers ee by an Atriean Homopterous Insect, Fata nigrocincta, Walker. By Srpnry LAnGrorp Hinpr. Communicated by Professor Epwarp B. Pourron, M.A., D.Sc., F-R.S. XXI. Descriptions of some Ants from the Rocka Mowntains of ‘Canal (Alberta and British Columbia). Collected by Epwarp Wuymperr. By Professor AuGustE Forrr, M.D., Hon. F.E.S. XXII. “On the Tracheal System of Simulium.” By THomas HAarotp ~ Taytor, M.A. Communicated es Professor LEwis CoMPTON Mratt, F.R.S. XXIII. Oa Heter ogynts paradoxa, Rmbr.: an instance of variation by segregation. By THomaAs ALGERNON Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S. Proceedings for 1902 Annual Meeting President’s Address General Index Special Index Plate III. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. . 11—24 Plates I & II. See pages 1—10 | Plates XXIV ) Plate IV. 189—218 Plates XXVI) PA Ixxvii & XXV. J See pages 679—693 a re Be ae , ; 695—698 Plates V & VI. 9 248—272 & XXVIL. f , Plates VII & VIII. ,, 281—285 Plate XXVIII. a 717—729 Plates IX. to XXIII. ,, 287—584 | ERRATA. Page 127 TRANSACTIONS. , line 2 from bottom, for Schirus read Sehirus. Pages 477, 537, for Pelenogaster read DBelonogaster. Page 679, line 14 from bottom, for mennon read memnon. Page 681, line 18 from bottom, for Zetodes read _ Setodes. Page 717, line 18 from top, for makes read make. Page 726, line 6 from top, , for Tutts. read Tutt’s. Page 728, line 22 from top, for Ceratochetu read Ceratocheta. Dare 729, in Explanation of Plate, for Kamb. vead Ramb. PROCEEDINGS. Page xli, line 13 from top, for hanophyges duricuri read hanophyes durieut. ist of Fellows OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Date of HONORARY FELLOWS. Election. 1900 Aurivituius, Professor Christopher, Stockholm. 1900 Braver, Professor Friedrich Moritz, Mayerhofyasse 6, Vienna. 1901 Fare, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France. 1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland. 1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 1884 OstEN SacKkEN, Baron C. R., Bunsenstiasse 8, Heidelberg. 1884 PackarD, Dr. Alpheus S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. 1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Tertusse 2, Geneva. 1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 1885 SNELLEN, Pieter Carl T., Rotterdam. 1893 Warrenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Trautsohngasse 6, Vienna. 1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden. FELLOWS. Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. Date of Election. 1901 + Apair, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay. 1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria- street, S.W. 1877. Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N. 1902 ApxKtN, Benaiah Whitley, Brandon House, Morden Hill, Lewisham, 1885 ApKrN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E. 1899 Anprews, Henry W., 9, Victoria-road, Eltham. 1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 1899 + ArRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, 8.W. ; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. 1886 ArmorgE, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn. 1850 + AveBury, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., EGS. etc., High Elms, Furnborough, Kent. 1901 1886 1890 1886 1895 1887 1902 1884 1897 ( x ) Bacort, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E. BanKEs, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham. Barcay, Francis H., F.G.8., Zhe Warren, Cromer. BarGacul, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1, Florence, Italy. BarkEr, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa. Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E. BarrauD, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford. Barrett, Charles Golding, Tremont, Peckham Rye, 8.E. Bares, F., 417, High-road, Chiswick, W. 1894 + Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. 1896 + BEARE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh. 1851 + Beaumont, Alfred, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. 1899 1897 1885 1895 1886 1880 1895 1897 1891 BEpDWELL, Ernest C., 25, Ossian-road, Stroud Green, N. Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings. BetHuNnE-BaKER, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., H.M.S. “Doris,” Channel Squadron, Bippur, F. W., M.A., 3, Anole Paddock, Sevenoaks. BIGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash. BrncHay, Lieut.-Col. C. T., F.Z.8., Bombay Staff Corps, 6 Gavendwr- road, West Kensington, S.W. Brrp, George W., The Manor House, West Wickham, Beckenham. Buaser, W. H., F.L.S., 85, Gloucester-street, Warwick-square, S.W. 1894 + BLacKBURNE-Mazg, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury. 1889 1885 1886 1891 1876 1888 BLaNDFoRD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 48, Wimpole-street, W. Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Eagle House, Batheaston, Bath, BLOOMFIELD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory, Hastings. Boortu, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth. Borre, Alfred Preudhomme de, Villa la Fauvette, Petit Saconner, Geneva. Borrer, Win., F.GS., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint, Hassocks, RS.O., Sussex. Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs. BouskeEtL, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton. Bower, B.A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst. 1894 + Bowues, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, S.¥. 1893 1877 1870 1894 Brapant, Edouard, Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord) France. Briaes, Charles Adolphus, Roch: House, Lynmouth, Barnstaple. Briees, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, Barnstaple. BricHt, Percy M., Chumat, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth. ( xi ) 1897 Brieutwen, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore. 1890 Bristowe, B. A., The Cottage, Stoke D’ Abernon, Cobham, Survey. 1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand. 1902 Broveuton, Lieut. T. Delves, R. E., Alderney. 1897 Brown, F.N., M.R.C.S., The Elms, Chobham, Woking. 1886 Brown, John, 5, King’s Parade, Cambridge. 1892 Browne, Major Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Lahore, India. 1898 | BucHan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton- Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 1883 BucKxron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, S.0., Surrey. 1902. Buxuer, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand. 1896 + Burr, Malcolm, B.A. F.L.S., F.Z.8., Dormans Park, East Grinstead. 1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8., The Lilies, Penge-road, Beckenham. 1883 Butter, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 53, Tollington Park, N. 1902 Burner, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 1886 CatveERT, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili. 1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. “ Harrier,” Mediterranean Station. 1885 CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.ZS., &e., Brynllwydwyn, Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. 1898 CanpDhzE, Léon, 64, Rue de l Ouest, Liége. 1880 CanspDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. | 1889 Cant, A., c/o Fredk. DuCane Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos- street, Cavendish-square, W. 1890 CaprER, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool. 1894 Caraccioto, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. 1892 CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, Kiplin, Northallerton. 1895 CARPENTER, G. H., B.Sc., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. 1898 CarpPENTER, J. H., Riverdale, Leatherhead. 1868 CaRRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford. 1890 CartER, George Wm., M.A., F.LS., Cliff End House, Scarboro’. 1895 Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 48, Charing Cross, W.C.; and Government House, Nassau, Bahamas. 1900 Carter, J. W., 25, Gilenholme-road, Manningham, Bradford. 1900 Cassat, R. T., M.R.C.S., Laxey, Isle of Man. 1889 + Cave, Charles J. T., Binstead, Cambridge. 1900 CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. 1871 CHampPion, George C., F.Z.S., Liprarian, Heatherside, Horsell, Woking ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1891 CHapmaNn, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S,, Betula, Reigate. 1902 1890 1897 1898 1902 1902 ( xin”) CHARNLEY, James Roland, Howick House, Hoicick, nr, Preston, Lancashire. CHATTERTON, Frederick J.8.,5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W. CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. CHAWNER, Lawrence C., Morest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 63, Railway-street, Durban, Natal. CHICHESTER, Charles R., B.A., M.B. Dublin, D.P.H., Medical Officer in the Colonial Service, Bathurst, Gambia, W. Africa; and OClonmeen, Banteer, Co. Cork. 1891 ¢ Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, 8.W.; and Himt- 1890 1889 ingfield, Faversham, Kent. Cuoruey, Mrs. H. 8., JMJoorville Cottage, Burley-in- Wharfedale, Leeds. Caristy, W. M., M.A., F.L.8., Watergate, Emsworth. 1886 + Cuark, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N. 1867 1886 1891 1873 1899 1901 1900 1892 1886 1867 1895 1888 1890 CLARKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earls Court, 8.W. CiuaRKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.RS., F.LS., F.G.S., 13, Kew Gardens-road, Kew, 8.W. CnLarKEk, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man. Cote, William, F.L.S., 7, Anighton Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Essex, CoLuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. Connotp, Edward, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea. Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens. Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.8., F.G.S8., F.R.M.S., Pinehurst, Pacific Grove, California. CoweE.L, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library), William Brown-street, Liverpool. Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs. Eve, 125, Harley-street, W. CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. Creoor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E. CrEwE, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. 1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., Treasurer L.S., 17, Throgmorton- 1902 1901 1873 1900 1887 1886 1898 1875 1887 1898 avenue, E.C., and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames. CruttweLtL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme Rectory, Wallingford. Dapp, Edward Martin, 3 Oolina-villas, Green Lanes, Wood Green, N, Date, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset. DatauisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow. Dautry, The Rev. Thomas W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle, Staffordshire. Dannartt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, S.E. Day, G. 0., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford. Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,S.E. Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford. Dixon, G. B., St, Peter’s-road, Leicester. 1895 1891 1885 1873 1845 1898 1899 1884 1867 1900 1894 1883 1890 1865 1902 1885 1884 1900 1900 1886 1878 1886 1899 1890 1900 1861 1886 1889 1898 1878 1900 1874 1886 1900 1898 ( xiii ) Dogson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O., Surrey. DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-mansions, South Kensington, 8.W. Donovan, Captain Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., c/o Messrs. P. Macfadyen & Co., Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C. Dorta, Marchese Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa. Dovauas, John Wm., 61, Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W. Downine, John W., c/o W. Wilde, Esq., 36, Victoria-sti eet, S.W. Drewitt, Frederic G. Dawtrey, M.A., M.D. F.R.C.P., F.Z.S., 14, Palace Gardens-terrace, Kensington, W. Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 48, Circus-road, St. Johns Wood, N.W. Drucer, Herbert, F.LS., F.Z.8., 48, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking. Dupcron, G. C., Holta, Kangra Valley, P.O. Palimpur, Punjab, India. Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford. Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming. Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Woodlands, Seaton, Devon. Epensten, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Kidbrook-lodge, Blackheath, S.K. Euiort, E. A., 41, Holland Park, W. Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham. Exuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool. Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS. F.LS., F.Z.8., Colesborne, Cheltenham. Enock, Frederick, F.L.8., 13, Tufnell Park-road, Holloway, N. Farmporouaa, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N. Farn, Albert Brydges, Mount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent ; and Medical Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W. Fevtuam, H. L. L., P. O. Bow, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal. FENN, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. | Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher. FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. Finer, F. E., 122, Stockwell Park-road, Brixton, 8.W. Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W, Firta, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. Fitcu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon. Fircu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N. Fiemyn@, The Rey. W. Westropp, Coolfin, Portlaw, Waterford. Fietouer, T. B., R.N., H.M,S. “ Gladiator,” Mediterranean Station. ( xiv ) 1883 + FLercuer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 1885 Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands, 1900 FournKes, P. Hedworth, B.Sec., Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop. 1898 Founrarnr, Miss Margaret, 7, Lansdowne-place, Bath. 1880 Fowxnrr, The Rev. Canon, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Vice-PRESIDENT, Rotherfield Peppard Rectory, Henley-on-Thames. 1883. FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock. 1896 FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. 1888 Fremtin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone. 1891 Fronwawk, F. W., 42, Waddon-road, Croydon. 1855 Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood Park, Norwood, S.E. 1900 Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. 1884 Funuer, The Rey. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, Sydenham, S.E. 1898 Futter, Claude, Government Entomologist, Péefermaritzburg, Natal. 1887 GaHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromiell- road, S.W. 1887 GaLton, Francis, M.A., D.C.L., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.G.S., 42, Rutland Gate, S.W. 1892 Garpk, Philip de la, R.N., H.M.S. “ Pegasus,” Mediterranean. 1890 GaRDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool. 1901 + GarpnerR, Willoughby, F.L.S., Reform Club, Liverpool. 1899 Gayner, Francis, 20, Queen-square, W.C. 1899 GeLpART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford. 1902 GintanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick. 1865 + GopMaN, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.RS., F.LAS., F.Z.8., South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor- square ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1890 Goxpruwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E. 1886 + GoopRicu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern Link, Malvern. 1898 Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire. 1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, RS.O., Wigtown- shire. 1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts, Shirley Warren, Southampton. 1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S., Secrerary, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill, Surrey. 1886 Green, A. P., c/o S. Green, Esq., 1, Gordon-place, Kensington, W. 1891 + GrEEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeuwiya, Ceylon. 1894 Gruen, Joseph F., I.Z.8., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 1850 1898 1899 (osieev 2) GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol. GrEENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenkeim-gardens, Willesden, N.W. Greenwoon, Edgar, Bellevue, Riffel-road, Willesden Green, N.W. 1893 | Greenwoop, Henry Powys, F.LS., Sandhill Lodge, Fordingbridge, 1888 1894 1900 1869 1899 1897 Salisbury. Grirritus, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol. GrimsHaw, Percy H., Natural History Department, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. Groom, Prof. Percy, M.A., F.L.S., Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, Staines. GrosE-Suirn, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde Park, W. GuNNING, Montague, Narborough, Leicester. Haaukg, Henry, 2, First-place, Brooklyn, U.S.A. 1890 + Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 1885. 1898 1891 1891 Haut, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon. Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., c/o Dr. Morris, Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbados, West Indies, Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope- gardens, S.W. Hanpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Slainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E. 1897 + Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., 72, Windsor-road, Forest Gate, E. 1889 1892 1881 1898 1888 HaRRIson, John, 7, Gawlber-road, Barnsley. Heapty, Charles Burnard, Two Elms, Alewandra-road, Stoneygate, Leicester. Henry, George, 38, Wellington-square, Hastings. Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. Hiaes, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.S., Sheba G. WL. Co., Eureka City, Transvaal. 1876 | Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Mustgate-street, Lewes. 1896 1888 1902 1887 1898 1897 1901 Hockine, The Rey. John, M.A., Copdock Rectory, Ipswich. Hopson, The Rey. J.H., B.A., B.D., Harefield, Ansdell-road, Lythum. Hots, R. S., Indian Forest Service, c/o Messrs, King, King and Co., Bombay. Houtanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg, Penn., U.S.A. Hotman-Hunt, C. B., Paria Vurai Esp, Munaat, Travancore, S. India. Horne, Arthur, Ugie Bank, Aberdeen. Hopson, M. F., 30, Thurlow-road, Rosslyn Hill, N.W. 1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, M.P., F.LS., F.Z.S., &e., Surrey Mount, - 1900 Forest Hill, S.E. Howes, George H., Bow 180, Dunedin, New Zealand. ( xvi) 1865 + Hupp, A. E., Clinton, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol, 1888 Huvupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand, 1902. Hurron, Captain Frederick W., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. 1897 ImaGE, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Filzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W. 1893 Irpy, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. 1891 Isapenn, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall. 1886 Jacopy, Martin, 7, Hemstall-road, West Hampstead, N.W. 1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes. 1899 Jennines, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. 1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant, Pontyclun, R S.O., Glamorganshire. 1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, Co. Armagh. 1888 Jones, Albert H., Shrublands, Eltham. 1894 + JorpAN, Dr. K., Zhe Museum, Tring. 1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading. 1884 Kang, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.ILA., Drumleaske House, Monaghan. 1884 Kapprn, A. W., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W. 1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds. 1896 + Kaye, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. 1884 Keays, Lovell, 26, Charles-street, St. James’s, S.W. 1902 Kemp, Stanley W., 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W. 1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 1898 KersHaw,J.A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor, Melbowrne Victoria. 1901 KerrsHaw, John C. W., Macao, China. 1900 Knrys, James H., 6, Seymour-terrace, Lipson, Plymouth. 1889 Kune, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin- side, Glasgow. 1861 Krirey, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W. 1893 KirKaupy, George Willis, St. Abbs, Worple-road, Wimbledon, S.W. 1889 KuapALER, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia. 1887 } KLEIN, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate. 1876 Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin. 1901 Lanx, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E. 1868 Lana, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford. ( xvii ) 1900 Lana, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea, 1901 Laray, P.1., Lynton Villa, Sydney-road, Enfield. 1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania. 1900 Lerroy, H. Maxwell, B.A., Barbados, W.I. 1901 LercH, George F., corner of Sydenham and Essenwood-roads, Durban, Natal. 1883 LeMmann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 1892 Leste, J. H., Bryn Glas, 33, Streathbourne-road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 1898 Letupripcr, Ambrose G., Knowle, Dunster, Taunton. 1898 Lewis, E. J., 4, Clement’s Inn, Strand, W.C. 1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells. 1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand. 1892 Licutroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 1865 + LuEweEtyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A. F.LS., Penllergare, Swansea. 1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor. 1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Balham, S.W. 1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape Town, S. Africa. 1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., Sé#. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. 1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswald's, Bartley-crescent, Wayville, South Australia. 1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davenport Terrace, Wayville, South Australia. 1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on- Thames. 1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds. 1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, MeTavish-street, Montreal, Canada. 1902 Macponatp, George B. Douglas, M.B., G.P.O., Johannesburg, South Africa, 1887 M‘Dovucatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 8.E. 1901 McGreeor, T. M., 48, Glasgow-road, Perth. 1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India. 1900 Mackxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon. 1858 McLacutayn, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., TReasuRER, Westview, 23, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8.E. 1898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham. 1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., 131, Windsor-road, Forest Gate, E. 1887 Manpers, Major Neville, R.A.M.C., c/o Sir Charles McGrigor, Bart., and Co., 25, Charles-street, St. James’s-square, 8. W. 1892 MansBRIDGE, William, 133, Park Grove, Hull, 1894 + MarsHALL, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent. 1895 MarsHatt, G. A. K., P.O. Box 56, Salisbury, Mashonaland, S. Africa. 1896 MarsHatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines, Dunedin, New Zealand, (| xviii) 1865 MarsHau, The Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A., Villa della Croce, Ajaccio, Corsica. : 1856 + MaRsHALL, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent. 1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham. 1874 + Mason, Philip Brookes, M.R.C.S., F.L.8., Trent House, Burton-on- Trent. 1895 Massey, Herbert, Zey-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester, 1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich. 1887 Marruews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth. 1899 May, Harry Haden, Redlands, Hillbury-road, Upper Tooting, 5.W. 1872 | Mexpoua, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., Vice-PREsIDEN’, 6, Brunswick-square, W.C. 1885 Menvint, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., 36, George-street, Manchester. 1887 MeRRIFIELD, Frederic, 24, Vernon-terrace, Brighton. 1888 Meyrr-Dancis, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland. 1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., Elmswood, Marlborough. 1894 Mraxz, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 8, Spring-road, Headingley, Leeds. 1883 Mines, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta. 1896 Moserty, J. C., M.A., 9, Rockstone-place, Southampton. 1879 Montero, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar, Lisbon. 1902 Monreomery, Arthur Meadows, 83, Osborne-road, Forest Gate, E. 1853 Moors, Frederic, D.Se., A.L.S., F.Z.8., 17, Maple-road, Penge, S.E. 1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe. 1886 Moraay, A. C. F., F.LS., 24, Leinster-square, W. 1889 + Mortcr, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking. 1895 + Morey, Claude, Lpswich. 1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blachford-road, Edinburgh. 1900 Moser, Julius, 90, Bulow-strasse, Berlin. 1882 Mostey, 8. L., Beawmont Park, Huddersfield. 1898 Movuszey, H., Burnfoot, Buxton. 1901 Morr, Frederick, E. and S. African Telegraph Co., Durban, Natal. 1869 | Mituer, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren- zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland. 1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 48, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, 8.W. 1896 NxsHam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W. 1889 Nevinson, Basil George, M.A. F.ZS., 3, Tedworth-square, Chelsea, S.W. 1901 Nevinson, E.G.B., 5, Bentinck-terruce, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1890 NewsteEAD, R., The Museum, Chester. 1900 Nicuott, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorqanshire. 1895 NuicHoxson, Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Chingford, N.E, 1886 1893 1886 1878 1895 1869 1877 GOcactes! 3") NicHorson, William E., Sehool Hill, Lejes, Nonrriep, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia. Norris, Herbert E., 15, Market-place, Cirencester. NovrripGr, Thomas, Ashford, Kent. Nursp, Major C. G., Indian Staff Corps, Quetta, Baluchistan, India, OBERTHUR, Charles, Rennes (Ile et Vilaine), France. OBERTHUR, René, Rennes (lle et Vilaine), France. 1893 | OaLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oafordshire. 1893 1873 1895 1898 1901 1883 1879 1900 1897 1901 1891 1901 1885 OLIveR, John Baxter, Elmleigh, Elm-row, Hampstead, N.W. OnivrEeR, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France. Pacer, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, S.E. Pauuiser, H. G., Chief Engineer, P.W.D., Karachi, India. Prat, Henry Woolner, Indian Musewm, Calcutta. PériInGuRY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. PERKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-wnder-Edge. PuHinips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, Vhe Cottage, Parkwood-road, Tavistock. Pures, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., M. and L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W. Pickett, C. P., 99, Daawlish-road, Leyton, Essex. Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. PirFarD, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead. Pott, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Heerengracht 476, Amsterdam. 1870 + Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.8., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersjield. 1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 1851 1878 1893 1898 1900 1909 1893 1891 1898 1890 1898 1894 F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, PRESIDENT, Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford. Preston, The Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.S., Thurcaston Rectory, Leicester. Price, David, 48, West-street, Horsham. Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E. QuatL, Ambrose, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Rarnsow, William J., The Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. Ret, Perey Charles, Feering Bury, Kelvedon, Essex. REID, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone. Re, William, St. Andrews-road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa. Rettoy, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland. RENDLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood- bridge. RevuTER, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland. Ripine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton. (=x) 1853 Ripon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W. 1892 Rostnson, Sydney C., Goldsmiths’ Hall, E.C. 1869 + Ropinson-Dovueias, William Douglas, M.A, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Orchardton, Castle Douglas. 1890 Rosson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool. 1886 Rosr, Arthur J., 37, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, N. 1868 Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper Norwood, S.E. 1894 + Rorascainp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 148, Piccadilly, W. ; and Tring Park, Tring. 1888 | RorHscHiLp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring. 1890 RovutLEpGE, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 1887 Row.anp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald. 1898 RussELL, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. 1892 RussExt, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard street, E.C. 1899 RyweEs, William E., B.A., 11, Waverley Mount, Nottingham. 1865 | SAUNDERS, Edward, F.R.S., F.L.S., St Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking. 1861 + SaunpERs, G. 8., F.L.S., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 1886 SAUNDERS, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. 1901 ScuHaus, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham. 1881 Scouuick, A. J., Penshurt, Merton-road, Wimbledon, S.W. 1864 SEMPER, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Elbe, Germany. 1862 Snarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vicz-PRESIDENT, Hawthorndene, Hills-road, Cambridge ; and University Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge. 1902 SuHarp, W. E., Ledsham, Shakespeare-road, Hanwell, W. 1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Hampden Residential Club, Pheniv- street, N.W. 1901 SHELFORD, R., M.A., C.M.Z.S., The Museum, Sarawak, Borneo. 1883 SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Egerton-gardens, S.W. 1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey. 1887 Sicw, Alfred, Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate-road, Chiswick, W. 1901 SkeERTCHLY, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘Penang Gazette,” Penang, Straits Settlements. 1902 SiaDen, Frederick William Lambart, Ripple Court, Ringwould, Dover. 1902 Storer, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts. 1901 Sirn, Arthur, 16, Hdward-street, Grimsby. 1901) Samira, W. G., Rosebank, Brecknock-road, Knowle, Bristol. 1895) Smita, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand. 1898 1885 1897 1889 1898 1890 1897 1898 1862 1889 1896 1900 1895 1882 1884 1894 1876 1893 1892 1901 1892 1897 ie <2) Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road, Birkdale, Lancashire. SoutH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W. SparRKE, E. G. J., B.A., 1, Christchurch-Villas, Tooting Bec-road, S.W. STANDEN, Richard 8., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex. Srargs, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Infirmary, Wandsworth, S.W. Srrarns, A. E., New Mills Cottage, Henley-on-Thames. Sreppine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and Co., Calcutta. SrepBinG, Henry, The Shawe, Jarvis Brook, Tunbridge Wells. STEVENS, John 8., Pound field, Woking. Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury. STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, 21, Kensington Gate, W. Strupp, E. A. C., Downton, near Salisbury. Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter. Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks. SwINnHok, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8., 7, Gloucester Walk, Kensington, W. SwINHOE, Ernest, 31, Addison-gardens, Kensington, W. Swinton, A. H., c/o General Callender, Vineyard, Totnes. Taytor, Charles B., Rae-street, Rae Town, Kingston, Jamaica. Taytor, The Rey. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutihew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia. THomepson, Matthew Lawson, 2, Thorneliff Villas, Saltburn-by-the- Sea. THORNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.L.S., South Leverton Vicarage, Lincoln. Tomuin, B., M.A., 69, Liverpool-road, Chester. 1859 + TRImEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 19, Emperor's Gate, S.W. 1895 1897 1898 1893 1894 1886 1893 1900 1866 1897 TUNALEY, Henry, 30, Fairmont-road, Briaton Hill, 8.W. TunstaLL, Wilmot, Brook House, Meltham, Huddersfield. Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia. TURNER, Henry Jerome, 13, Drakefell-1oad, St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, 8.E. TuRNER, Thomas, Cullompton. Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E. Uricu, Frederick William, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. Urwick, W. F., 34, Great Tower-street, E.C. VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. Vice, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester. 1895 1901 1899 1897 1870 1878 (> ml) Wacher, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury. WADDINGTON, John, 38, Leicester Grove, Blackman Lane, Leeds. Wants, Albert, 20, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire. WartywariGat, Colbran J., 2, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Waker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W. WALKER, James J., R.N., F.L.8., H.M.S. “ Ringarooma,” Sydney, Australia. 1863+ Watuacr, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset. 1866 + WaLsINGHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., 1886 1869 1901 1900 1893 F.Z.S., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, J/erton Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, S.W. WarRREN, Wm., M.A., 61, Wilton-avenue, Chiswick Lane, W. WaterRHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, Acton, W. ; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W. WATERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc, F.C.S., Waverley, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Warktns, C. J., King’s Mill House, Painswick, Stroud, Gloucester- shire. Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E. 1876 | WesteRN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W. 1886 1884 1896 1894 1894 1900 188] 1901 1899 1891 WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich. Wuite, William, Farnley, New Clive Road, Dulwich, S.E. WILEMAN, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Kobe, Japan. Wixson, Edwin, Mill-lane, Cambridge. Wottey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada. Woop, H., The Old Grammar School, Ashford, Kent, Woop, The Rey. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. WooprorDg, F. C., Market Drayton. Woottey, H. §8., 7, Park-row, Greenwich, S.E.; and P. 0. Box 1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A. Wrovucuton, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest Service, Simla, India; and c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105, Victoria-street, S.W. Yerpury, Colonel John W., late R.A. F.Z.S., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, SW. Youpatg, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 29, Daltonleigh, Cockermouth. (ei c) ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY DuRING THE YEAR 1902. Austant (J. L.). Les Parnassiens de la Faune Paléarctique. 8vo, Leipzig, 1889. Purchased. Benatsson (S.). Ueber Sogen. Herzkorper bei Insectenlarven. | Bihang K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., xxx., 1899. | By Exchange. Bortvar (I.). Un Nuevo Ortéptera Mirmecofilo, Attaphila Berg. [Com. Mus, Nac. Buenos Aires, 1901. | The Author. BreEDDIN (G.). Die Hemipteren von Celebes. S8vo, Stuttgart, 1901. Purchased, Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ] Busck (Aug.). A Review of the American Moths of the Genus Depressaria, Haworth, with descriptions of New Species. [Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXIV., 1902.] The Smithsonian Institution. CatyErt (P. P.). [See Gopman (F.D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ] CHAmPrIon (G.C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | CuHarn ey (J. R.). Handbook of British Butterflies. 12mo. London, 1902. The Author. Connotp (E. T.). British Vegetable Galls. 4to, London, 1901. Purchased. DontstHoRPE (H. St. J. K.). On some experiments with Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, and an observation nest of Formica rufa. [Entom. Rec., Vol. XIII., 1901.] Notes on the British Myrmecophilous fauna (excluding Coleoptera). [Entom. Rec., Vol. XIV., 1902.] The Author. Druce (Herbert). Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidoptera. [Ann. and Mag. N. H., Ser. 7, Vol. IX., 1902.] 8vo, London, 1902. The Author. Exvxiort (E. A.). MS. Index to the Zehneumonide and Braconide described in Thomson’s “‘ Opuscula Entomologica.”’ The Author. Fasre (J. H.). [See Insect Lire. | Fert (E. P.). Insects Injurious to Elm Trees. [5th Ann. Report Fisheries, etc., N. York, 1900.] U.S. Dept. Agriculture. Foret (A.). Myrmicinze Nouveaux de l’Inde et de Ceylan. [Rev. Suisse de Zoologie, Tome X., Fasc. 1, 1902.] The Author. ( okaiv =) GARDNER (W.). A List of the Hymenoptera-Aculeata of Lancashire a Cheshire. [Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., Vol. XV., 1901.] The Author. GopMan (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Arachnida Arancidea, by O. and F. O. Pickard-Cambridge. Arachnida Scorpiones, Pedipalpi and Solifuge, by R. I. Pocock. Insecta, by L. Bruner, P. P. Calvert, G. C. Champion, F. D. God- man, and D. Sharp. Parts CLXX.—CLXXV. The Editor. GRANDIDIER (A.). Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar; Vol. XX VII. Histoire Naturelle des Myriapodes—Texte. Par H. de Saussure et L. Zehntner. 4to, Paris, 1902. H. de Saussure. Haciunp (C. J. E.). Hemipteren aus Kamerun. [Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1899, No. 2.] By Exchange. Hancock (J. L.). The Tettigids of North America. 8vo, Chicago, 1902. The Author. “Hope Reports,” edited by Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Vol. II. 1897— 1900. 8vo, Oxford, 1900. The Editor. Hutron (F. W.). Darwinism and Lamarckism. 8vo, Lond., 1859. The Lesson of Evolution. Svo, Lond., 1902. The Author. Insecr Lire: Souvenirs of a Naturalist, by J. H. Fabre. 8vo, Lond., 1901. [Translated from the French, | Mr. F. Merrifield. JacoBy (M.). Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Family Halticide fro 1 South and Central America. [P. Z.S., 1902-] The Author. Janet (C.). Etudes sur les Fourmis, les Guépes et les Abeilles. [19*—21¢ Notes.| 8vo, Paris, 1898—99. The Author. Kerrisz (K.). Catalogus Dipterorum, hucusque descriptorum. Vol. I. 8vo, Leipzig, 1902. Purchased. Lewis (E. J.). The Black Currant Gall Mite. [Reports 8. E. Agric. Coll., Wye, 1902.] The Author. NewsTeEaD (R.). Monograph of the Coccide of the British Isles. Vol. I. Ray Society, 1901. Purchased. Nourraty (Geo. H. F.), Cobbett (L.), Strangeways-Pigg (T.). Studies in relation to Malaria : 1, The Geographical distribution of Anopheles in relation to the former distribution of Ague in England. [Journal of Hygiene, Vol. I., No. 1, 1901. ] 2. The Structure and Biology of Anopheles. 4 parts. [Journal of Hygiene, Vol. I., Nos. 1, 2, 4, 1901. Vol. II., No. 1, 1902. | Col. J. W. Yerbury. OX¥voRDSHIRE NATURAL History Society AnD Fre_tp Cus. Report for 1900. The Society. Perni (Karl), Monographie des Coleopteren-Tribus Hyperini. [Verein f. Naturw. zu Hermannst:dt. Abhandl. II. 1901.] Purchased. PrckARD-CaMBRIDGE (IF. O.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali- Americana. | — (0O.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | Pocock (R. I.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | (aes 19) Roruney (G. A, J.). Notes on Indian Ants. [Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1895. | The Author. Sanperson (EH. D.) Insects Injurious to Staple Crops. 8vo, New York 1902. The Author. Saussure (H. de). [See GranpipreEr (A.). ] Scuaus (W.). Descriptions of New American Butterflies. [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIV., 1902.] The Smithsonian Institution. ScuppEr (S.). Canadian Fossil Insects—Additions to the Coleopterous fauna of the interglacial clays of the Toronto district. [Contributions to Canadian Paleontology. | The Govt. of Canada. —-— Alphabetical Index to North American Orthoptera described in the XVIIIth and XI Xth centuries. [Boston Soc. N. H. Occasional Papers, VI., 1901. ] Suarp (D.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | Semper (G.). Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Bd. II. Die Nachtfalter-Heterocera. 4to, Wiesbaden, 1902. The Author. SHERBORN (C. D.). Index Animalium. Sectio Prima. 1758—1800. 8vo, Cambridge, 1902. Purchased. Suipiey (A. E.) and Wirson (E.). On a possible stridulating organ in the Mosquito (Anopheles maculipennis, Meig.) [Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., Vol. X., Pt. I1., 1902.] The Authors. Ssostrept (G.). Odonaten aus Kamerun. [Bihang K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Bd. 25, 1899. | ————- Mantodeen, Phasmodeen u. Gryllodeen aus Kamerun. [Bibang K. Sveaska Vet.-Akad. Bd. 25, 1900. | ——-——— Monographie der Termiten Afrikas. [K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand]. Bd. 34, No. 4, 1900.] By Exchange. Sopp (E. J. B.). [See Tomtin (B.). | Sputsr (Dr. A.). Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Lief. 4—11. 4to, Stuttgart, 1902. Purchased, THEOBALD (F. V.). A short description of the Culicidee of India, with descriptions of new species of Anopheles. [Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. LXIX., 1902.] Notes on Insect Pests, 1901. [Reports 8. E. Agric. Coll., Wye, 1902.] The Author. Monograph of the Culicidze or Mosquitoes. Text (2 vols.), Plates (1 vol.). 8vo, London, 1901. Trustees of the British Museum. THomson (C. G.). Opuscula Entomologica—Index (MS.). [See ExLtiorr (AS) a] THORELL (T.). Aranez Camerunenses. [Bihang K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.. Bd. 25, 1899. ] By Exchange. Tomttn (B.) and Sopp (E. J. B.). Coleoptera on Snowdon. [Entom. Rec., Vol. XIII., 1901.] The Authors. TRAGARDH (I.). Acariden der Biren-Insel. [Bihang K, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. 26, 1900.] By Exchange. Tryon (H.). Harvesting Ants. [Queensland Agric. Journal, 1900. | The Author. ( xxvi) Tutt (J. W.). A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. Vols. I.—III. 8vo, London, 1899—1902. Purchased. Unirep Stares DrEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DivIsION OF ENTOMOLOGY), Bulletins (New Series). No. 81. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists (1902). No. 32. Insect Enemies of the Pine in the Black Hills Forest Reserve (1902). No. 33. Some Insects Injurious to Vegetable Crops (1902). No. 34. Principal Insects liable to be distributed on Nursery Stock (1902). No. 35. Report on Codling-Moth Investigations in the North West during 1901. No. 36. An Index to Bulletins Nos. 1—30 (New Series). U.S. Dept. Agric. VeRRALL (G. H.). A List of British Diptera. 2nd ed. 8vo, Cambridge, g The Author. WAHLGREN (E.). Collembolen der schwedischen Polarexpedition, 1898. [Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1899.] ———_—— Collembola auf Jan Mayen u. Ost-Gronland, [Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1900.) ~———— Collembola der Baren-Insel. [Bihang K. Sv nska Vet.-Akad. Handl. Bd. 26, 1900.] By Exchange. WarterHousE (C. O.). Index Zoologicus. Compiled for the Zoological Society of London by C. O. Waterhouse, and edited by Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S. 8vo, London, 1902. Purchased. Wirson (E.). [See Surprey (A. E.).] Yereury (Col. J. W.). A List of the Diptera met with in Cork and Kerry during the Summer of 1901. {Irish Naturalist, Vol. XI. ] The Author. Zoorocicat Society. Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society. 5th ed., London, 1902. The Socvety. (" teeoevai” (*) Periodicals and Publications of Societies. AFRICA. Carr Town. South African Philosophical Society. Transactions, Vol. XII. The Society. South African Museum. Annals. Vol, IL., Pts. 6-13. Trustees S. Afr. Mus. PIETERMARITZBURG. First Report of the Government Entomologist for 1899—1900. Second Report for 1901. Mr. C. Fuller. AMERICA (NORTH). CANADA. Lonvon, Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XXXIV., 1902. By Exchange. MontTreaL. Royal Society of Canada. Proceedings and Transactions. Ser. 2, Vol. VII., 1901. The Society. UNITED STATES. Cuicaco. Occasional Memoirs. Vol. I., No. 1, 1900. The Society. New York. N.Y. Entomological Society. Journal, 1902. Purchased. Annual Rept. Smithsonian Institution, 1899, The Institution. PHILADELPHIA. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings, 902. By Exchange. Entomological News, Vol. XIII.. 1902. By Exchange. American Entomological Society. Transactions, 1902. By Exchange. Wasuincton, U.S. National Museum. Proceedings, Vol. XXII. The Museum. WEST INDIES. Barsapos. West Indian Bulletin. Vol. III. My, FD. Godman. AMERICA (SOUTH). ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Burnus Atres. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires. Tomo Wane 1902. By Exchange. BRAZIL. Para. Boletim do Museo Paraense. Vol. III., Ent. 2. The Museum, ASIA. INDIA. BomBay. Natural History Society. Journal. Vol. XIV., No. 1—3. By Exchanye. (* xxvii 7) AUSTRALASIA. ADELAIDE. Royal Society of South Australia. Transactions. Vol. XXV. By Exchange. PrertH. Journal Agricultural Department of West Australia. Vol. IV. The Society. SypnEy. Linnean Society of New South Wales. Proceedings, 1902. By Exchange. HUROPEH. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. DrRUNN. Verhand. der naturf. Vereines in Brunn. Bd. XXXIX. 1900. By Exchange. BupareEst. Termés zetrajzi Fiizetek, kiadja a Magyar nemzeti Mizeum. Vol. XXV, 1902. By Exchange. Vienna. K.-k. zoologische-botanische Verein (Gesellschaft) in Wien. Verhandlungen. Band LII., 1902. By Exchange. Wiener entomologische Zeitung Bd, XXI., 1902. By Purchase. BELGIUM. Brussets. Société Entomologique de Belgique. Annales. 1902. By Exchange. L’Acad. Roy. Sci., etc., de Belgique. Mémoires couronnés. Tome LXII. The Society. FRANCE. Caen. Société Francaise d’Entomologie. Revue. Tome XXI., 1902. By Purchase. CHATEAUROUX. Le Frélon, 1902. By Purchase. Lyon. Soc. Linnéenne de Lyon. Annales. Tomes LXVII. and LXVIIL., 1900—1901. By Exchange. Paris. L’Abeille, Tome XXX., No. 6, 7, 1902. By Purchase. Soc. Entom. de France. Ann. et Bulletin. 1900. By Exchange. NARBONNE. Miscellanea Entomologica. Tomes VII., num, 6-12, VIII., IX. 1899—1901. Ministere de VInstruction Publique, Paris. ToutousrE. Bulletin de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse, 1901. By Exchange. GERMANY. Beri. Entomologischer Verein in Berlin. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. 1902. By Exchange. Deutsche entomologische Gesellschaft. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. 1901, Heft 2; 1902, Heft. 1,2. Sy Exchange. C "xxix )) ? Drespen. ‘Iris.’ Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. 1902. By Exchange. Frankrort. Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft. Aband- lungen XXVI. By Exchange. Hatxie. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch Carolmischen Deut- schen Akademie der Naturforscher. Bd. LX XIX. Purbus. Entomologische Nachrichten. Begriindet von Dr. F. Ka ter ia Putbus, Herausgegeben von Dr. Ferd. Karsch in Berlin. Jahr. XVII.—XXVI. 8vo, Berlin, 1891—1900. Myr, G. C. Champion. Sterrin. Entomologischer Verein. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahrg. LXIIL., 1902. By Exchange. WIESBADEN. Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahrg. LV., 1902, By Exchange. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Guascow. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. VI., 1901. By Exchange. Lereps. Naturalist (The). 1902. The Yorks. Nat. Union. Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union, 1901. The Yorks. Nat. Union. Lonpon. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 1902. By Purchase. Athenzum, 1902. The Publishers. City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. Transactions 1901. The Society. Entomologist (The). 1902. LR. South, Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 1902. The Editors. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. Vol. XIV., 1902. Purchased. Linnean Society of London. ‘Transactions, Vol. VIII., Pts. 1—9. Journal and Proceedings. 1902. By Exchange. Nature. 1902. The Publishers. Nature Notes. 1902. The Selborne Soctety. Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal. 1902. The Club. Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. Vol. LXII., 1901 The Socvety. Royal Microscopical Society. Journal. 1902. By Exchange. Royal Society. Proceedings. Nos. 453—469. By Exchange. Royal Society. Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1883). Vol. XII. 4to, London, 1902. Purchased. South London Entomological and N. H. Society. Proceedings. 1901. The Socrety. Year Book of Scientific Societies. 1902. By Purchase. Zoological Record for 1901. By Purchase. Zoological Society. Proceedings, 1902. Transactions, Vol. XVLI., Pt. 4—7. By Exchange. Zoologist (The). 1902. The Publisher. ( ae) HOLLAND. Tue Hacur. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Jahr.1902. By Exchanye. ITALY. FLorENCE. Societa Entomologica Italiana. Bullettino, XXXIII. 1901. By Exchange. RUSSIA. Moscow. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Bulletin. 1901. By Exchange. Sr. PerersspurG. Sociétas Entomologice Rossice. Hore. Tome XXXV. 1901. By Exchange. Annuaire du musée zoologique de Vacadémie impériale des sciences de St. Petersburg. T. VI. Nos. 2—4, 1901. T. VII. Nos. 1—2, 1902, My. F. D. Godman. SWEDEN. StockHotm. Entomologisk Tidskrift. 1901, 1902. By Exchange. SWITZERLAND. GENEVA. Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires. Vol. XXXIV. Pt. i. 2. By Exchange. ScHAFFHAUSEN. Schweizerische entomologische Gesellschaft. | Mitthei- lungen. Bd. X., Hft. 9. By Exchange. TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FoR THE YEAR 1902. I. List of the Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide, with Descriptions of New Species. By ArtTHuR M. LEA, F.E.S. [Read October 6th, 1901.] Puates I. and II. As numerous additions have been made to this family since the publication of Masters’ Catalogue, I have con- sidered it advisable to preface the descriptions of a number of new forms with a list of the species hitherto recorded from Australia and Tasmania. For some of the species additional localities are given, and a few previously referred to Mordella are now first placed in Mordellistena and Tomowia. Several synonyms are also now first noted. Mordella zxmula, Lea. 4 alboscutellata, Lea. a albosparsa, Germ. = albosignata, Boh. 9 australis, Boisd. Hab. W. A. mA baldiensis, Blackb. Hab. W. A. ‘ bella, Waterh. Hab, W. A. S cara, Blackb. . caroli, Lea=waterhouset, Lea, n. preoc. . communis, Waterh. Hab. W. A.; V. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 1 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the Mordella distincta, Lea = fulvonotata, Champ.,n. preoc. dumbrelli, Lea. Hab. V. e elegans, Waterh. elongatula, Macl. exilis, Germ. - var. obscurior, Blackb. i var. 7ufimanus, Blackb. s Jelix, Waterh. i Jestiva, Lea. 5 Jlavicans, Macl. » fugitiva, Lea. » fuscipilis, Champ. . graphiptera, Champ. =H. fasciata, Lea. Hab. Wits ®¥ np? RS hamatilis, Macl. humeralis, Waterh. es ignota, Lea. inusitata, Blackb. lepida, Redt. . lewcosticta, Germ. =abdominalis, Bless. Hab. W. A. 5, limbata, Waterh. i var. w-albwm, Champ. mastersi, Lea. . multiguttata, Waterh. Hab. Q. Pe nigrans, Macl. £ notabilis, Macl. y obscuripennis, Macl. i, 18-maculata, Lea. Hab. W. A. : 8-maculata, Macl. 4 ornata, Waterh. i ovalisticta, Macl. , pallida, Lea. 7 parva, Champ. ; promiscua, Er. e pulchra, Lea. » pulverulenta, Macl.=maculatissima, Blackb. y pygmea, Champ. =uniformis, Lea. i" 14-maculata, Macl. raymondi, Lea. ruficollis, Waterh. rufipes, Lea. subvittata, Macl. x sydneyana, Blackb. Hab. V. Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide. 3 Mordella tomentosa, Boisd. 2 tristis, Lea. trivialis, Waterh. ce undosa, Macl. - v-fasciata, Lea. . var. modesta, Lea. . var. venusta, Lea. 5 waterhousei, Champ. = obliqua, Waterh., n. preoc. $ wiburdi, Lea. Mordellistena aspersa, Champ. e austrina, Champ. = Mordella setipes, Lea. is brunneipennis, Macl. (Mordella).* 5 cuspidata, Macl. (Mordella). : Jusca, Lea (Mordella). , jucunda, Champ. = Mordella longipes, Lea. Tomoxia aterrima, Macl. (Mordella). - flavicans, Waterh. 55 laticeps, Lea (Mordella). ~ 6-/ineata, Lea (Mordella). MoRDELLA 8-MACULATA, Macl. (Plate II, figs. 28, 47.) Mr. Champion + queries this species as being a synonym of M. leucosticta ; it appears, however, to be sutticiently distinct, although allied to that insect. Compare figures 28 and 47 with 26, 27 and 48, MORDELLA LIMBATA, Waterh. (Plate I, figs. 7, 8, 9.) This is a widely distributed and very variable species; M. w-album is one of its varieties and possibly MZ. pro- miscua 1s another. MorDELLA 18-macuLaTa, Lea. (Plate II, figs. 30, 31, 49.) A specimen from Western Australia under examination belongs to this species, but its elytral markings are very different to those of the type. On the prothorax, however, the unusual markings are identical. * Mr. W. J. Rainbow kindly examined the type of this species at my request, and informed me that it has the apical hinder-part of the posterior tibiee furnished with two ridges; it is, therefore, a Mordellistena, and is probably the M. austrina of Champion. + Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 267. 4 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the MORDELLA GRAPHIPTERA, Champ. (Plate I, figs. 3, 4.) This species occurs in all the Australian colonies, and is somewhat variable. One specimen under examination has the markings reduced to five disconnected spots on each elytron. MoRDELLA AUSTRALIS, Boisd. (Plate I, fig. 12.) The specimens I described (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1895, p. 288) as probably belonging to this species were sent to Mr. Champion for examination and returned by him as being “ = JZ. albosparsa, Gemming.” As, however, the specimens I described are typical of the species, and which can be recognized by means of my description, I have considered it advisable to refer to them as J. aus- tralis, in comparison with several forms described below. The species is common in Tasmania, besides New South Wales and Queensland. MORDELLA BALDIENSIS, Blackb. From Geraldton and Rottnest Island (W. A.) I have numerous specimens that I cannot distinguish from this species ; they are very closely allied to JZ. fuscipilis, but differ in possessing red, instead of black spurs. MORDELLA v-AUREUM, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 34.) Black; anterior legs and posterior spurs reddish; basal joints of antennze dull piceous-brown. Head and prothorax with golden-grey pubescence, the latter with an indistinct median and two lateral dark vittz ; elytra with black pubescence variegated with golden-grey as follows: along suture to near apex, three basal stripes of which the humeral one is most distinct, but jomed to the median one, a median fascia irregular at each side, but forming a distinct median V, and two angular subapical spots almost conjoined. Under surface with greyish-white pubescence, variegated with large spots of black at the sides of abdomen. Aculeus moderately long and rather thin, regularly decreasing in width, apex slightly obtuse. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest scarcely half the length of first tarsal joint. Length 5 m.m.* * The lengths given include the aculeus. Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide. 5 Hab. W. A.: Vasse. The markings are very different to those of any other species with which I am acquainted, although the insect approaches some of the varieties of JZ. bella. MorDELLA OBSOLETA, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 20.) Black ; anterior legs, posterior spurs, muzzle and basal joints of antennze reddish-testaceous. Pubescence purplish-black, on pro- thorax and head indistinctly variegated with white ; each elytron with an angular white median fascia : extending obliquely upwards from suture, then almost at a right angle downwards and then again upwards to suture ; near apex a white spot always largest near suture and frequently semilunar in shape. Under surface with silvery, variegated with black pubescence. Aculeus moderately long, stout at base but strongly lessened from about middle, apex thin but truncate. Posterior spurs not quite equal in length, the longest fully half the length of first tarsal joint. Length 4-4? m.m. Hab. N.S. W.: Sydney. In the five specimens under examination the elytra are entirely without basal markings, nor are any of the mark- ings variable. The species approaches rather closely to some of the varieties of M. be//a, but the spurs are very decidedly red. MorRDELLA SIMILLIMA, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 32.) Black ; anterior femora, posterior spurs and basal joints of antennze reddish-testaceous. Head and prothorax with grey, golden-grey or golden pubescence ; the prothorax with a median and two lateral dark vitte, which, however, are sometimes feeble or not at all trace- able; elytra with purplish-black pubescence, variegated with similar pubescence as on prothorax, and which is distributed on each as follows: along suture almost to apex, at base and on shoulder, between shoulder and suture a stripe (often conjoined with humeral pubescence and seldom distinetly separated from it), an angular median fascia which extends obliquely upwards from suture, then downwards and then upwards for a variable distance but never to margin, the third portion being sometimes entirely absent, a large subapical spot of variable size and shape but always concave inter- nally and convex outwardly. Under surface with silvery or golden grey, variegated with black pubescence, 6 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the Aculeus rather short and stout, but apical two-fifths much nar- rower, apex truncate. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest more than half the length of the first tarsal joint. Length 45-6 m.m. Hab. W. A.: Mount Barker (Andrew Muir), Garden and Rottnest Islands (Zea). Very close in general appearance to JZ, cara. MoRDELLA BREVIS, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 33.) Black ; anterior legs, posterior spurs, muzzle, palpi and basal joints of antennze reddish-testaceous. Head with greyish pubescence ; prothorax with silvery pubescence, with a large median and two large lateral vittee (these sometimes oceupy almost the entire surface so that the white markings are entirely marginal) ; each elytron with white markings as follows: along base, where between side and suture a stripe (sometimes entirely disconnected) projects down- wards ; along suture to before middle, where it curves outwards and downwards, then upwards and then almost straight outwards to margin ; near apex a large semilunar patch. Under surface with silvery and black pubescence. Aculeus rather short and stout, but apical half much narrower than basal, apex obtuse. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest more than half the length of first tarsal joint. Length 24-3 m.m. Hab. W. A.: Mount Barker (2. Helms), Bridgetown, Garden Island (Zea). This species is rather close in general appearance to the one I have supposed to be J/. australis, but it may be at once distinguished from that species by the shape of the median fascia and the absence of an oblique scutellar stripe. The markings are much more sharply defined in some specimens than in others, the basal stripe being especially liable to partial obliteration. MoRDELLA CUNEATA, 0a. sp. Black ; legs (except the posterior femora and apex of tibiee and tarsi, which are black) red ; basal joints of antennz obscure red. Uniformly clothed with greyish pubescence—no darker on the under than on the upper surface. Aculeus not very long and stout, sides regularly diminishing in width to apex, which is obtusely rounded. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest less than half the length of the first tarsal joint. Length 44-63 m.m, Australian and Tasmanian Mordellide. 79 Hab. W. A.: Pinjarrah. A narrow species, in general appearance suggestive of a Mordellistena, but the posterior tibize and tarsi are of normal form. Numerous specimens were taken by means of the sweeping-net. MORDELLA VERTICORDIA, Nn. Sp. Black ; densely clothed with grey, silvery-grey, golden-grey, or greyish-brown pubescence of an uniform shade on the upper surface, except that on the scutellum and suture it is almost white. Under surface and legs with greyish-white pubescence. Aculeus rather short, sides strongly and not regularly decreasing in width to apex, which is finely but very distinctly emarginate. Posterior spurs decidedly unequal, the longest half the length of first tarsal joint. Length 54-7 m.m. Hab. W. A.: Mount Barker (R. Helms), Mogumber (Lea). A very distinct species, on account of the emargination of the apex of the aculeus. In general appearance it is close to the preceding, except that the pubescence is denser. Numerous specimens were seen on the blossoms of various species of Verticordia. MORDELLA INORNATA, 2. Sp. Black; base of antennz and posterior spurs reddish-piceous. Pubescence black ; on the head and front part of prothorax appear- ing greyish-brown in certain lights ; on sides of sterna and abdo- minal segments with a silvery gloss in certain lights. Aculeus long, thin and regular, apex very acute. Posterior spurs equal and less than half the length of first tarsal joint. Length 9-115 m.m. Hab. N.S. W.: Victoria (C. French). The largest black species hitherto recorded from Australia, and with a remarkably sharp aculeus. The pubescence from most directions appears to be entirely black. MORDELLA APICATA, n. Sp. Black ; upper surface densely clothed with greyish or reddish- brown pubescence, except on apical fifth of elytra, where it is black ; sides of sterna, sides and middle of each of the abdominal segments, and base of aculeus, with greyish-white. pubescence. 8 Mr. A. M. Lea’s List of the Aculeus moderately long, base stout and rapidly diminishing to near the tip, thence feebly diminishing to the apex, which is almost truneate. Posterior spurs almost equal and less than half the length of first tarsal joint, Length 7 m.m. Hab. Q.: Brisbane. A rather robust species, that may be readily distinguished by the black apex of the elytra, the pubescence elsewhere on the upper surface is midway in colour between that of M. exilis and M. inusitata. The type specimen has been kindly presented to me by Mr. C. French, in whose col- lection it was unique. MORDELLA 9-MACULATA, 0. sp. Black ; basal half of antenne, posterior spurs, and anterior legs of a dingy red colour. Head with greyish-white pubescence ; prothorax with black pubescence, but marked with white along the apex, base, sides, and on each side of middle; scutellum with silvery pubescence ; each elytron with four distinct silvery spots: three close along the suture, nearly equal in size and at almost equal distances, the first slightly longer than wide, the second roughly rounded, and the third feebly transverse ; the fourth spot is on the side midway between the first and second ; each shoulder and the suture with a feeble sprink- ling of greyish hairs. Sides and middle of sterna and abdominal segments and parts of legs with silvery pubescence. Aculeus long and rather thin, but scarcely regular, apex somewhat acute. Posterior spurs almost equal and less than half the length of the first tarsal joint. Length 8 m.m, Hab. N.S. W.: Victoria (C. French). A narrow species of medium size. The elytral markings are very distinctive, and at a glance appear to consist of three pairs of rounded spots. ‘The clothing on the pro- thorax of the (two) specimens under observation appears to be somewhat abraded (quite possibly it should have been described as “white with a median and two lateral dark vitte ”). The white clothing of the scutellum causes the elytra to appear to be 9-spotted. TOMOXIA MACULICOLLIS, n. sp. Black ; basal joints of antenne dull red. Pubescence of a glossy purplish-black ; head with greyish pubescence, parted in the middle ; Australian and Tasmanian Mordellidz. 9 apex of prothorax with an indistinct grey margin, across middle with four or six greyish-white spots (very distinct from some directions, but indistinct from others); scutellum, base of aculeus, sides and middle of basal segment of abdomen, and mesosternal episterna with silvery pubescence. Aculeus short and stout, strongly diminishing in width to near apex, which is very decidedly truncate. Posterior spurs unequal, the longest less than half the length of the first tarsal joint. Length 5-8 m.m. Hab. W. A.: Pinjarrah. Closely allied to 7. aterrima, but the clothing of the upper surface 1s not entirely uniform. MoRDELLISTENA CONCOLOR, Nn. Sp. Piceous-black ; posterior spurs testaceous. Clothing of an uniform and dingy greyish or brownish-black. Aculeus long, thin and regular, the apex very acute. Posterior tibize with one feeble and two very distinct oblique ridges ; spurs decidedly unequal in length, the longest less than half the length of first tarsal joint. Length 33 m.m. Hab. W. A.: Geraldton. In appearance, except that it is narrower, remarkably close to Mordella baldiensis. It is the first black species of its genus to be recorded from Australia. FIG. EXPLANATION OF Prave I, Right elytron of— ie 2 \ Mordella communis, Waterh. 3. a 5.) 6.J ual 8. 4 10. i. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20, 21, 22, 23. 24, 25. 2? graphiptera, Champ. bella, Waterh. limbata, Waterh. emula, Lea. Festiva, Lea. australis, Boisd, dumbrelli, Lea. multiguttata, Waterh. cara, Blackb. fugitiva, Lea. felix, Waterh. pulverulenta, Macl., pulchra, Lea. obsoleta, n. sp. raymondi, Lea trivialis, Waterh. nolabilis, Macl. sydneyensis, Blackh. ruficollis, Waterh. FIG. 26. Diy 29. 30.) 31.J 32. THE PLATES. Poare 1. Right elytron of— - Mordella leucosticta, Germ. _ 8-maculata, Macl. = 14-maculata, Macl. " 18-macuwlata, Lea. 4 simillima, N. sp. 55 brevis, n. sp. ss V-auwreum, n. sp. i caroli, Lea, “3 inusitata, Blackb. A humeralis, Waterh. <5 venusta, Lea. se wiburdi, Lea. 95 distincta, Lea. Mordellistena cuspidata, Macl. Mordella elongatula, Macel. Tomoxia 6-lineata, Lea. a laticeps, Lea, Prothorax of— Mordella 14-maculata, Macl. ‘ 8-maculata, Macl. ; leucosticta, Germ. 18-maculata, Lea, (ED) Il. The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata, L. By Horace Str. JoHN K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S. [Read December 4th, 1901.] PrArk Ee It is my intention to lay before you in this short paper an outline of the complete life history of Clythra quadri- punctata. A certain amount has been written upon the subject, but such writings are scattered and fragmentary, and in none is there a complete account of the creature’s life history, nor has even what was known been connected together. I hope to fill up this blank in the life history of one of our common beetles. I have had all the stages under my close observation during the last two years, and have endeavoured not only to test and connect together what has been done already, but to find out and prove those facts which were unknown heretofore. I give at the end of my paper a short sketch of what has been written before. The two most important points which still required elucidating were how the larva gets into the ants’ nest in which it is found, and on what it lives when there. I commence my account of the life history from the point at which I myself began to study it, and this con- sisted of the larvee and the larval cases taken from the ants’ nests. Now to carry on any experiments in this matter success- fully, two things are necessary—a good supply of the larva, and a nest of its host, Formica rufa, im such a form that it can be under close observation and yet be as natural as possible. In order that much that follows may be under- stood, it becomes necessary for me to describe how I procured and arranged the latter of these requisites. In April I went toa nest of Formica rufa I had noticed at Oxshott. I found the ants “massing” on the hillock in the sun. I took a number of the workers, and about twelve queens, and several handfuls of the débris of the nest, and placed them all ina bag. On reaching home I placed the contents of the bag in a wooden box. I had TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 12 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on ready a large glass vessel, the bottom of which I had filled with mould. This vessel stood in a large zine tray, the out- side of which consists of a trough to hold water about an inch and a half wide, and two inches deep. Between the sides of the glass case and the trough there is space about two inches wide. The ants use a corner of this space as a cemetery and “kitchen midden,” walking up the glass sides and returning with ease. I connected the vessel with a wooden box containing the ants, by means of a lead pipe. When as many of the ants as I “required had passed through this tube into the glass case, I removed it, and placed a couple of handfuls of the débris out of the box on to the mould. The ants soon built up a small hillock in one corner of their case, and have steadily added to it ever since, excavating galleries beneath the mould. I have from time to time supplied them with fresh pine- needles, ete., to build with, and for food have given them honey and live insects. If one digs deep into a nest of Formica rufa in the spring, one will generally find a lot of the curious cases made by the larva of Clythra quadri-punctata. This case, which is made of black excrementitious matter, is somewhat pear-shaped, and is open at the narrow end, the opening being closed by the hard horny head of the larva. On its upper side several ridges run from the mouth of the case, the inner ones meeting and forming a series of Vs, in order, as it is supposed, to strengthen it. On May 3rd this year I obtained a fair number of cases from a nest of Formica rufa at Weybridge, containing larvee and pupae. Some of these I proceeded to introduce into my “observation nest” described above. The ants attacked the cases, endeavouring to tear them open with their jaws (which are not however strong enough for this purpose), and squirted acid on to them. The closed cases (containing pup) were dragged about for a long time, but eventually most of them were taken into the nest. When a case containing a larva was attacked, the larva withdrew into its case, blocking up the opening with its horny head. When it got the chance it laid hold of a twig or other object on the nest to prevent the ants dragging it about. When left alone it crawled stealthily along and finally disappeared into the nest. When walking the larva comes out of its case far enough to give free play to the legs, dragging the case after it. The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 138 IT also removed some larvee and pupz from their cases and introduced them into my nest. These were attacked and torn to pieces by the ants. The naked larva is a fat, fleshy grub with a hard, horny head; it is much curved, and its hinder end, which is the largest part, is bent forwards, as in the Lamellicornia. On May 4th I noticed a larva crawling about. I have in my notes, “It appeared to bite at the mould, fir- needles, etc.” On May 138th I introduced from the Blean Woods, where I had taken very many cases of all sizes in the ants’ nest there, several pupal and larval cases. The same results were obtained. The ants carried some of them up the sides of the glass case, as if to remove them altogether. All the pupze were in the end taken into the nest, or into some of the galleries underground; the larvee entering the nest themselves. On May 14th a larva was observed walking about, and on the 19th another was seen to come up out of a gallery and crawl about. The ants now paid no attention to it, walk- ing over and by it. On June 16th I noticed an ant carrying a Clythra case with a larva in it. It took it out of the nest, and threw it into the water-trough. I put it back, but on the 17th it was again removed. I put it back for the second time, when it went down a gallery and was seen no more. Having placed Clythra cases containing larvee in small boxes with damp blotting-paper, I gave to some ‘“ egg- masses” of Formica rufa, to others dead ants and dead beetles, etc. from the nest. They none of them ever touched the “egg-masses” or any other animal matter supplied to them. They however sucked the wet blotting- paper. The largest larvee (full-grown) closed their cases and pupated, but the smaller ones lived for months without growing, and in the end died. I placed others in boxes with mould and twigs, etc., from the nest. They appeared to bite at the refuse. Finally, to settle this question of food, I sent some full-grown fresh larvee in spirit to Pro- fessor Poulton, who had kindly promised to dissect them for me under the microscope. He tells me he detected pieces of vegetable tissue after careful treatment, and that there is no doubt there was vegetable matter in the diges- tive tract. I also removed several larvee from their cases, and put them into small boxes with the same different 14 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on sets of materials as the others, and I find that they are quite unable to construct a new case, when once they have been removed from their original one. They excrete small particles of a substance similar to that of which the case is made, but they never make any attempt to build a new case. These larvee also lived for months; they were of all sizes, but the full-grown larvae never pupated, and all died in the end. I left cases in water, alcohol, benzine, methylated spirit, vinegar, sulphuric acid, etc., in all of which they are insoluble. The only thing in which they appear to be soluble is caustic potash. Furthermore I sent empty cases to Professor Poulton to experiment with. He kindly reports as follows: “Heated in the blue flame of a Bunsen burner, the cases first gave off a smoke and then burnt with a bright flame. This was probably the decom- position and removal of some cement substance and colouring matter secreted by the larva. Keeping the case at incandescence for some minutes, there remained a pale reddish-brown cast, exactly similar to the original case. It was friable, and easily ground to powder by pressure. This powder, examined in a drop of water under the microscope, was seen to consist of transparent crystalline masses of very variable size and irregular outline. They were unaffected by strong hydrochloric acid, and are pro- bably minute fragments of quartz. The cases are probably made of an earth chiefly composed of a quartz sand, and cemented together by some secretion of the larva’s. The reddish tint was probably caused by sesquioxide of iron, derived from iron in the earth made use of.” These ex- periments confirm the fact that the larva constructs its case of earth, mixed with its excrement as a cement. We can see the importance of the cases being insoluble in acid since the ants squirt formic acid on to them. Fabre says, speaking of species of Cryptocephalus and Clythra, that they enlarge the case by removing the old material from within, and plastering it on the outside, and that they construct the case with their excrement mixed with earthy material, using only the mandibles for the purpose. It is stated that when the larva changes its skin it first fastens its case to a piece of wood or other object in the nest. Ihave found that some of the larve in my nest fastened themselves to a small piece of wood for a day or two (when I thought they were going to pupate), The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 15) and then moved away again. To pupate, the larva, after closing the open end, or fastening it to something in the nest, turns round and faces the bottom of the case. The beetle emerges by cutting round the inside of the case in a circle with its mandibles, thus forming a cap, which it forces off. We now come to my experiments with the perfect insect. On May 13th I introduced into my nest a beetle, which had hatched out from a case taken from a Formica rufa nest in the Blean Woods. It was attacked by the ants, dragged about, and later on thrown out of the nest half dead. On May 16th a Clythra had emerged from the pupa- case in my nest ; three ants were dragging about the empty case, and another the beetle, which remained quite motion- less. From this date onwards many of the beetles kept emerging, both in my boxes and in my nest itself. On May 18th a dead Clythra was removed from the nest by the ants; it had a hole bitten in its abdomen. I find that when a Clyihra emerges in the nest, it proceeds very cautiously to get away: remains quite motionless when attacked, “feigning death,” and holding on to twigs ete.; when left alone it continues to walk again, and is generally successful in making good its escape. Now it seemed to me that, as the beetle is so liable to be attacked by the ants, it would be very dangerous for the female, at such a critical time in the life history as the egg-laying, to return to the nest to deposit her eggs. The next question to settle therefore was how the larve got into the nest. In nature one finds the beetles flying round and settlig on birch and other shrubs in districts where Formica rufa abounds. I placed some branches of birch in a jar of water in a large breeding-cage, and intro- duced all my beetles into it. They flew about in the sun, and very soon many couples were in copulation. In copulation the sits far back on the 9, all three pairs of tarsi resting on her elytra, the anterior pair just below the scutellum, intermediate pair on about the centre of each elytron, and the posterior pair two-thirds from the base of the elytra. The claws do not clasp hold, the tarsi holding on as if they were “suckers.” The penis is fairly long and broad at the end, being somewhat spade-shaped. Copulation appears to take place many times, the same female being served by several males. I tried intro- ducing couples in copulation on birch twigs into my nest; 16 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on they were, however, generally disturbed by the ants, when they separated and flew out of the nest. When not dis- turbed they separated in about twenty-five minutes, and then both flew away. Last year I had eggs laid by these beetles, in boxes in which I had kept them. Nearly all the eggs were naked, but two of them were partly covered by ¢ a curious case. I sent them to Dr. Chapman to describe, as I was going away at the time; this he kindly did in the Entomological Record (for 1900, p. 218), as follows. Of the naked eggs he says they were: “Long ovoid, apparently circular in cross-section. The length is‘12 m.m., the greatest width °56m.m. The colour is yellowish-white, somewhat opalescent, with clearer and more transparent contents towards the ends in some specimens.” Of the partly-covered eggs he writes : “ When magnified so as to look an inch or two long, one cannot resist the idea that here is a larval case, or cocoon, clothed with the brown glumes, or bracts, that fall from the leaf-buds of trees when they open in the spring. The bracts are thin and membranous, projecting in various directions. . . .but unlike bracts, are not all to regular pattern, and are like irregular torn pieces of membrane, of various sizes and shapes. Their total projection is 12 m.m. from the surface of the eg.” He then asked if I could explain how this covering to the egg was provided, and what was its use. I suggested (Entomologists Record, 1900, p. 238), that perhaps the beetles laid the eggs on, or in, the anthill, and that all the eggs were then supplied with capsules to serve the young larvee as a protection till they had formed their own cases, Now let us return to the breeding-cage. I found that the beetles ate the leaves, and especially the young shoots of the birch, biting them through at the top. On June 16th I found on the floor of the cage both covered and naked eggs, but in the case of the covered eggs they were now completely enveloped by such a capsule as that described by Dr. Chapman. They look exactly like the bract, or some other part, of a plant, and in fact are very like the end of a birch catkin when it breaks off. Without food the beetle does not appear to be able to construct a proper covering to the egg. This egg-case is made by the ? beetle from her own excrement. It is a lengthy process, which I was fortunate enough to observe on several occasions. The ? clasps a branch with The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 17 the anterior pair of legs, the body being held well away from it. The egg, which was held in the depression of the abdomen, is covered with excrement, which is smoothed, patted and arranged into the required shape by the posterior tarsi. When finished the egg is dropped. I obtained altogether a number of these covered eggs, as well as some naked ones, but they were always dropped to the ground. The 2 does not appear to lay continuously, but to drop the eggs at intervals. As Father Wasman records finding specimens at Exaeten, in Holland, “die zur KHiablage die Nester besuchten,’ I wrote and asked him if he had ever seen the ? laying. He replied as follows: “I have not seen the 2 entering the nests, nor have I seen the act of oviposition. But I have found them sitting over the nest—for example, on grass stems overmounting the nests. I have also several times seen Clythra, freshly developed, attacked by the ants; they ‘feigned death,’ contracted their legs, and are probably pro- tected also by their distasteful blood (the same as in Timarcha, whose secretion seems to be a means of defence, especially for many Chrysomelidy). Relics of Clythra devoured by the ants I have even found in the nests.” These remarks confirm my own observations. I may here record the experiments I carried out to prove the distaste- fulness, or otherwise, of this beetle. On June 9th I took a number of specimens of Clythra quadri-punctata to the Zoological Gardens, and offered them to the following creatures with the results recorded. A white-backed trumpeter ate a Clythra, but it was evidently distasteful to it, and it refused to touch another. The other birds of the same species refused to eat any at all. Some wood-swallows, after much pecking at and re- jecting the beetles, eventually ate them; the keeper how- ever said the birds were hungry, and the beetles were evidently not to their taste. The lapwing pecked at Clythra, but eventually refused it, rubbing the beetle into the ground with its feet. It then went and washed its bill in some water. The snow-bunting and house-sparrow both pecked at and killed Clythra, but refused to eat it. The racket-tailed drongo was the only creature that ate Clythra readily, but this bird appears to eat anything that is given to it. The marmosette took a Clythra from its keeper, and put TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 2 18 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on it into its mouth, but immediately took it out again, and threw it down in evident disgust. It would have nothing more to do with the beetles. Finally my three species of lizards (Lacerta viridis, Lacerta muralis v. tiliguerta, and Lacerta agilis) would never touch Clythra. In the Lntomologists’ Record (for 1900, p. 174) I stated that I considered Clythra quadri-punctata to be a mimic of the lady-bird, Coccinella distincta, which also lives in nests of Formica rufa; and in my paper on “ Cases of Protective Resemblance, Mimicry, ete.,” in our Transactions (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1901, part iu, p. 367), I suggested that Clythra might be distasteful on its own account, and thus provide an example of Miillerian mimicry. This we now see is the case. To return to the covered eggs. We have seen that the 2 beetle sits on a branch above, or near, a nest of Formica rufa and lets fall the egg. I therefore dropped and placed egos into the case which contained my nest. They were always removed by the ants and taken into the nest. On June 23rd I placed a covered egg near my nest which I watched for some time. I have written in my note-book : “ At 5.30 an ant took up the covered egg, and carried it into a gallery, returning immediately without it.” My experiments therefore have established this new and interesting point—that the ants carry the egg in its case into the nest. In carrying the egg into the nest, the ant may be under the impression that she has a bit of vegetable matter that will be useful in the nest, as other vegetable remains are; or she may think she has something different, but still a useful and normal addition to the nest. It seems highly probable that, were the beetle a pernicious and parasitic addition to the nest, the ants would ere this have learned to discriminate the egg as something undesirable. That she does take it in, under whichever of the impressions we have suggested, leads to the belief that the beetle is an inhabitant of the nest that is useful to the ants. In what way, we probably have no material for a conclusive opinion. It may be that its food is that portion of the vegetable material of the nest which has served its purpose to the ants, and which by incipient (or completed) decay is liable to be a danger to the community, or at least to clog the highways. I kept some of the covered eggs in boxes, and bred some The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 19 of the young larvee, which hatched in about twenty-one days. Dr. Chapman thus described a newly-hatched larva he bred from one of the eggs I sent to him last year: “The larva is very like a miniature cockchafer-grub in having the abdominal segments acutely bent forwards. The head is large, the antennz short and stumpy, of two joints, the first so thick, and the second so square, at the end as to look like the two basal joints of a lepidopterous antennee with the remainder broken off. The mouth-parts are well seen. The legs are very long, more than half the length of the body ; the cox, femora, and tibie being very long; the tarsi are represented by a good claw only, which is how- ever not a claw, but a joint, as it carries a hair or two.” When I before referred to the cases I took in the Blean Woods, I mentioned that I got them of all sizes. On the smallest cases I observed that the closed end was of a different material to the rest of the case; this on examina- tion with the microscope turned out to be an egge-case. It is therefore evident that the ege-case fulfils several very important functions. First, to deceive the ants as to its real nature, and induce them to pick it up and take it into their nest, as they will any small vegetable substance, etc.; then, not only to protect the young larva from the ants, but to give it a foundation on which to commence the building of the larval case. Fabre says that the egg-case (speaking of species ot Clythra and Cryptocephalus) is covered over by the larval case, and may sometimes be found incrusted in it. This is not however my experience with Clythra quadri- punctata. I have found larval cases which were a little bigger than those just described, in which the ege-case had broken off, leaving a small hole. The hole is not large enough to be of any danger to the larva, and is soon filled up with the same material as the rest of the case. To recapitulate the foregoing facts: The life history of Clythra quadri-punctata is briefly as follows. When the beetle has emerged from the pupa in the nest, it escapes with caution, “feigning death,” and holding on to twigs, when attacked by the ants. It then seeks its mate, and copulation takes place. The beetles are generally to be found on birch shrubs, the young shoots and leaves of which they eat, biting the top shoots right through. The ? then seeks a tree or shrub above or close to a nest of Formica rufa, and 20 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on drops the eggs on to the ground beneath. The eggs are covered by a case, or capsule, which is placed around it by the 2, and consists of her own excrement. This covering is placed in position with the posterior tarsi, the egg being held in the depression of the abdomen. The covered ege looks exactly like a small bract, and is exceedingly like the end of a birch catkin. The ants pick up the covered egg and carry it into the nest. The young larva, which hatches in about twenty-one days, uses the egg-case as a nucleus on which to build the larval case; thus very young larval cases have the egg-case still attached to their posterior end. The egg-case has a threefold raison d’étre— to protect the egg and newly-hatched larva, to make the ants believe it isa bit of useful vegetable refuse, and to give the larva a foundation on which to start the larval case. When the larval case grows larger, the egg-case breaks off, and the larva fills up the hole thus formed with the same material as that with which it builds the rest of the case. This material consists of its own excre- ment mixed with earth, which it prepares with its mandibles. To enlarge the case the larva removes particles from the inside, and plasters them on to the outside. The larva feeds on vegetable refuse in the nest. When changing its skin it fastens the case to some object in the nest. When full-grown it fastens the case to a piece of wood or twig, and turning completely round, changes to a pupa, facing the broader end of the case. When hatched the beetle gets out of the case at this broader end, by biting a circle round inside it, thus forming a cap, which it forces off. I now give as much of the bibliography as I have been able to find on the subject. Schaller (Abhand. der Hall. Naturf. Gesellschaft, Bd. i, p. 328, 1783) points out that it is not only the larvee of Lepidoptera and Neuroptera that make cases, but also coleopterous ones ; and that a whole family of Chrysome- lide have this habit. He then records having found ten cases containing larvee under a stone; these cases and the larvee he describes, and figures the former. He says, to pupate the larva turns round and faces the other end of its case. He mentions that Chrysomela quadri-punctata emerged from these cases, and that the food of the larvee must be very different to that of the perfect insect. Gené (Ann. des Se. Natur., xx, pp. 145-156, 1830) relates The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 21 that the larve of Clythra and Cryptocephalus live in cylindrical tubes which they drag about with them. He describes the larva and case of a Clythra, explaining that the case is made of the excrement of the larve, which they place on with their mandibles. He mentions that the larva turns round in the case to pupate, and the beetle emerges through the broad end. He also points out that the 2 covers the egg with her excrement. A. Chevrolat (Revue Ent. Silbermann, i, p. 265, 1835) records again finding in the centre of an ants’ nest an isolated larva (coleopterous) which resembled that of Clythra. He describes this case, which he says is made of glutinous earth mixed with little stones, one end being closed by the head of the larva, which was smooth, black, and scaly. Dr. Schmidt (Stet. Ent. Ztg., 1841, pp. 146-151), m a paper on Clythra quadri-punctata and its nearest allies, refers to Schaller’s observations on the larve, mentioning that he has also had the opportunity to study them. Maerkel (Germar. Zeitschr. f. Ent., ui, p. 221, 1841) describes the larval case of Clythra quadrisignata, many of which he had found in ants’ nests. He mentions that the larva fastened up the open end of the case before pupation, and that the beetle came out at the other end. He then suggests that perhaps the larva of Clythra quadri-punctata does not live with ants. Rosenhauer (Stet. Ent. Ztg., 1842, p. 50) records finding a Clythra case in a nest of Formica rufa, from which Clythra 4-punctata hatched out. He describes the case and larva, and says it must now be found out how the case 1s made, and what the larva feeds on. Maerkel (Germar. Zeitschr. f. Ent., v, p. 254, 1844) states that according to Rosenhauer the larva of Clythra quadri- punctata lives in the nest of Formica rufa. Lacordaire (Monog. des Coleopt. sub. de la Form. des Phytogapha, t. ii, p. 13, 1848) describes the larvee, larval cases and egg-cases of Clythra. He states that the larval case is made of excrement, and not, as supposed heretofore, of earth. He mentions that the 2 encloses the egg with her excrement. He suggests that when the larval case is closed, it is as a protection against the cold, and states that the larval case of Clythra 4-punctata has up to now only been found with Formica rufa. Vallot (Revue Zoolog., ix, p. 180, 1848) describes Clythra 22 Mr. H. Donisthorpe on cases found in ants’ nests, mentioning that the larva closes the case and turns round to pupate. He points out that what they feed on, and why they occur in ants’ nests, is not known. Rosenhauer (Ueber die Entro. und Fortpf. der Clythra and Cryptocephalus, 1852) describes the larva, pupa, larval case, and egg-case of Clythra quadri-punctata. He says the case is made of excrement, although the earlier writers have said itis made of earth. He points out that the larva of Clythra quadri-punctata is only found with Formica rufa. He records having found a closed case in the autumn, and suggests that the larva closes the case against the cold, as do snails. He found that the larva would not eat leaves or dead ants, but that it ate a meal-worm, and he expects they feed on the prey of the ants, but that it is very desirable that their real food should be found out. Speak- ing of species of Clythra and Cryptocephalus, he describes how the $ covers the egg which she drops, or throws away from her. He further states that when naked eggs occur, they are dropped by the ? against her will, or that she has not had food. Chapuis et Candéze (Catalogue des Larves des Coleopt., p- 278, 1853) describe and figure the larva and larval case of Clythra quadri-punctata. They mention that the ? covers the egg with excrement, and that the larva enlarges the case by adding bits to it. They state that when it changes its skin, the larva first fastens up the end of the case. Gabriel Tappes (L’Abeille, vol. iv, p. lxxxii) points out that the 2 2 of Cryptocephalus have a small cavity on the last segments of the abdomen, and that they hold the egg in this cavity when, like Clythra, they cover it with excrement. He then describes how the 2 carries out this operation, making the finished article look like buds or catkins. He mentions that the larva constructs another case, and that the first falls off, leaving only a slight trace at its lower end. He states that the larva is generally found in ants’ nests, where it devours the twigs and bits of dried leaves collected by the ants. He also points out that the larval case is a protection against the ants. He mentions that the larva plasters on its case its ex- crement, which is seized by the legs, and that to pupate it closes the case and turns round. He says that to emerge the beetle cuts a cap off the bottom of the case. The Life History of Clythra quadri-punctata. 23 F. Buchanan White (Scot. Nat., vol.i, p.261,1871) describes the larval case of Clythra quadri-punctata, which he says is of black excrementitious matter, and is constructed by the larva to protect itself from the ants. He also states that the larvee (which he records as common in Scotland in the nests of Formica rufa) feed on the spongy material which forms the older part of the ant-hill, but he does not tell us on what grounds he makes this statement. He mentions that the larva fastens its case to a twig or other object in the nest to pupate, turning round and facing the bottom of the case. Collett (Ent. Mo. Mag., xx, p. 40, 1883) records finding Clythra quadri-punctata in numbers near Hastings. They were flying in the sunshine around nests of Formica rufa, or sitting on bushes overhanging them. On several occasions he saw specimens crawling about with the ants, and once a 2 emerging from the entrance to the subterranean cells. Fabre (Souvenirs Entomologiques, Sept. Serre, pp. 235— 259), writing on species of Clythra and Cryptocephalus, describes the larval cases, and says that of Clythra is insoluble in water, and fire has not much effect on it. In the flame of a candle it loses its brown colour, and takes on the tint of calcined ferruginous earth; hence the base must be of a mineral nature. He says the larva makes the case by bringing out of the back of it a pellet of excrement, which it kneads with a little earth, and plasters on with its mandibles. To enlarge the case it removes part of the inside and puts it on to the outside. He describes egg and egg-case (figuring the egg-case of Clythra quadri-punctata, which is not however very like it). He mentions that the 2? let the eggs fall at intervals promis- cuously from the boughs (one species of Clythra however fastening them by long filaments to a branch), and that the newly-hatched larva remains in the egg-case and adds to it to form the larval case. He says that the larvae of Clythra longipes fed on bits of dead moistened bark, but that he believes they really ate the lichen and alge that covered it, and not the bark itself. He makes no mention whatever of their connection with ants. oe" Naor WN pw EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. . The perfect insect. The naked egg, . The covered egg, or egg-case. . The newly-hatched larva. . The full-grown larva. . The pupa. . The very young larval cases with egg-case attached, and after it has broken off. . The full-grown larval case. . Ditto (showing other side) attached to piece of wood. \ an i) or 4 III. Descriptions of New Australian Lepidoptera. By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.ZS. [Read February 5th, 1902.] THE following genera and species of Caradrinina, accumu- lated from various collectors, appear to be undescribed ; and as I am unable at present to deal with the group as a whole, it seems desirable to make them known without further delay. CARADRINIDS. Metopiora, n. g. Face forming a broad, rounded scaled prominence, terminating in a central truncate-cylindrical horny projection, surrounded by a sharp projecting horny ring. Eyes hairy. Tongue developed. Palpi moderate, subascending, loosely scaled, terminal joint short. Antenne in ¢ subdentate, shortly ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Tibi with appressed hairs, Forewings normal, Hind- wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 connate. Allied to Lewcania, from which it differs by the peculiar frontal projection. M. sanguinata, Lucas. (Chariclea sanguinata, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1892, 254.) & ?. 29-32 mm. Head yellow-ochreous, mostly suffused with dull crimson. Thorax yellow-ochreous, patagia erimson-pink, except shoulders. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. | Forewings elongate- triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique ; bright deep yellow ; costal edge throughout and a costal streak from 2 to apex crimson-pink ; a moderate longi- tudinal slightly downwards-curved crimson-pink streak from base below middle to middle of termen; a crimson-pink terminal line, forming a small triangular spot at tornus: cilia erimson-pink, tips rosy-whitish. Hindwings pale whitish-ochreous; cilia ochreous- white. Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland (Barnard, Lucas). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 26 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of Heliothis eodora, n. sp. d. 28 mm. Head dull pinkish, becoming whitish-ochreous at back of crown, face rounded-prominent. Palpi white, terminal joint pinkish. Thorax ochreous-whitish, pinkish-tinged. Tibia with few and weak spines, anterior tibiae with two unequal strong horny apical hooks. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen oblique, slightly rounded ; a slight glandular swelling on middle of costa; reddish-ochreous, suffused with pale rosy-pink anteriorly and on veins, and with deeper rosy towards costa posteri- orly ; costal edge white throughout; a small thinly-scaled patch beneath costal swelling ; an ochreous-whitish longitudinal median - streak in disc from near base between veins 5 and 6 almost to termen, finely attenuated to extremities, and three or four fine ochreous- whitish streaks between veins posteriorly ; cilia dull rosy-pink, tips of scales whitish. Hindwings white; veins and a broad suffused terminal fascia fuscous ; cilia white. New South Wales, probably Sydney ; one specimen. Heliothis neurias, n. sp. Q.31lm.m. Head yellow-ochreous, face with rounded prominence. Thorax pale brownish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-fuscous. Anterior tibia with two unequal strong horny apical hooks. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly waved, bowed, oblique ; whitish-ochreous, suffusedly mixed with pale ferruginous, especially along veins ; veins fuscous, lower margin of cell most strongly ; a moderate white longitudinal streak some- what above middle from near base to near termen, extremities suffused and indistinct; cilia light fuscous, tips partly whitish. Hindwings fuscous-whitish, with a broad fuscous terminal suffusion ; cilia white, basal half fuscous-tinged. Port Darwin, North Australia (Lyell) ; one specimen. Hadena trichroma, n. sp. 9. 30m.m. Head and thorax olive-greenish mixed with white and spotted with black. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate- triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen waved, bowed, rather oblique ; light dull olive-green; a black spot on costa near base ; an irregular black median mark from base ; an oblique black dash from dorsum near base ; first line thick, straight, white, followed by small black spots on costa and in middle; a very irregular blackish median shade, in which orbicular is absorbed ; reniform New Australian Lepidoptera. 27 curved, transverse, white, preceded and followed by black spots, beneath connected by a curved white suffusion with a subquadrate blackish spot below middle connecting median and second lines ; second line formed by a series of white lunules edged anteriorly with black, starting from a black spot on the costa above reniform, forming a strong double loop round reniform ; slender waved-dentate white subterminal and terminal lines, confluent on upper third and connected in middle, space between them otherwise black. Hind- wings rather dark-fuscous, somewhat whitish-suffused towards base, with darker discal spot. Sydney, New South Wales, in June (Raynor); one specimen. Hadena wrrhoa, n. sp. ¢.42 mm. Head and thorax brown-reddish irrorated with whitish-ochreous. Antenne very shortly dentate. Abdomen light reddish-ochreous, very densely long-haired, with large supramedian crest preceded by two smaller ones. Femora clothed with very long dense hairs. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen waved, rather oblique, rounded ; brown-reddish, irregularly sprinkled with whitish-ochreous, subbasal line pale, edged anteriorly with dark red-brown, apex connected with a dark red-brown dash in dise beyond it; first line indistinct, whitish- ochreous, dark-edged posteriorly ; claviform dark-edged, semi-oval, resting on first line ; orbicular large, oblique-transverse, dark-edged, lower anterior angle touching claviform ; reniform quadrate, anteri- orly dark-edged, posteriorly edged with whitish-ochreous, lower anterior angle confluent with orbicular ; second line whitish-ochreous, indistinct, dentate, anteriorly dark-edged on lower half; subterminal distinct, whitish-ochreous, edged anteriorly with dark suffusion, with two prominent teeth on veins 3 and 4, lower reaching termen ; cilia brown-reddish, with two cloudy dark brown lines. Hindwings reddish-fuscous ; cilia pale reddish-ochreous, with a brown line, tips more whitish. Tasmania (Simson) ; one specimen. Hadena andrvas, un. sp. $. 33m.m. Headand thorax light brown sprinkled with whitish and blackish, collar with a blackish bar interrupted in middle. Antenne very acutely bidentate (almost bipectinated). Abdomen whitish-grey-ochreous, with small subbasal crest. Forewings elongate- triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly waved, 28 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of rather oblique, rounded ; light brown, partially reddish-tinged ; sub- basal line white, edged anteriorly and on costa posteriorly with blackish ; basal area mixed with white ; an undefined whitish streak, edged posteriorly with blackish irroration, from dorsum at 4, nearly reaching middle of first line ; first line white, edged posteriorly with black, twice sinuate ; orbicular pear-shaped, oblique, pale yellow- ochreous, black-edged ; claviform absent ; reniform blackish-fuscous margined with pale yellow-ochreous, laterally black-edged ; space between reniform and orbicular white, connected by white suffusion with upper extremity of first line, and second line below middle ; subdorsal vein also white ; second line white, anteriorly black-edged, originating above reniform, forming a broad abrupt bisinuate loop round reniform, curved and broadly dilated towards dorsum ; sub- terminal line simple, white, preceded by some blackish-fuscous suffusion, especially in middle and towards costa, connected with second line near dorsum, and by a streak of whitish suffusion above middle ; a waved white terminal line enclosing a series of blackish- fuscous spots : cilia pale brownish with a dark fuscous line, barred with dark fuscous on apical half alternating with white. Hindwings white, with violet reflections ; veins and a moderate terminal fascia narrowed to a point at tornus fuscous, darker terminally ; cilia white, basally ochreous-tinged, with a series of faint fuscous spots. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas) ; one specimen. PLUSIADA. Grammodes hoplitis, n. sp. dé. 32 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen light fuscous. Fore- wings somewhat elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen waved, bowed, somewhat oblique ; light fuscous ; a dark brown trapezoidal patch occupying most of wing, resting on base and dorsum, its upper side near costa basally but gradually diverging, its posterior side near and parallel to termen, these two sides finely edged with white ; a moderate white diagonal streak from upper side near base to lower posterior angle ; a suffused dark fuscous oblique apical streak, faintly continued along edge of dark area: cilia light fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, paler towards base ; cilia light fuscous, Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); one specimen. There is an example from Fiji in the British Museum. Allied to G. mygdon, but the form of the dark patch is different. New Australian Lepidoptera. 29 Thyas aellora, a. sp. ¢. 58m.m. Head, thorax, and abdomen light brownish. Posterior tibize spined. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa slightly sinuate, apex pointed, prominent ; termen sinuate beneath apex, bowed, somewhat oblique ; light fuscous, sprinkled with darker, and partially tinged with brown-reddish ; first and second lines fine, pale, dark-edged, especially anteriorly, first straight, rather oblique, second obtusely angulated at 4 from costa, thence moderately incurved, forming posterior edge of a rather dark fuscous band, very broad on costa and narrow on dorsum, its anterior edge straight and parallel to first line ; a small dark fuscous subterminal spot opposite angle of second line. Hindwings dark fuscous, with pale hairs towards base ; an undefined straight pale median line ; a moderate pale fuscous terminal fascia, sprinkled with darker, from apex to tornus, narrowed to extremities. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas) ; one specimen. Thyas hercodes, n. sp. ¢. 27 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous, whitish- sprinkled, Posterior tibize not spined. Forewings triangular, costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen waved, bowed, somewhat oblique ; fuscous, darker-sprinkled, basal halt irrorated with white ; first and second lines slender, rather irregular, dark fuscous, nearly parallel, second with median third forming a right-angled projection outwards, on upper half edged posteriorly with white irroration ; subterminal line obscurely dark fuscous, followed by some whitish scales: cilia fuscous, tips partially white. Hindwings fuscous, becoming blackish posteriorly ; a whitish median line not nearly reaching costa ; a fine whitish subterminal line on dorsal half ; cilia dark fuscous, obscurely barred with whitish, with a white patch above middle of termen. Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard) ; one specimen. Crypsiprora, Nn. g. Face with strong conical horny prominence concealed in scales. Tongue developed. Palpi moderately long, ascending, second joint rough-sealed beneath, terminal joint moderate, cylindrical, obtuse. Thorax with expansible crest behind collar. Abdomen with strong crest near base. Femora densely hairy ; tibize densely scaled, without spines. Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3, 4, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 approximated. Allied to Prorocopis, but differing especially by the crested abdomen. 50 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of C’. ophiodesma, n. sp. 2. 27m.m. Head and thorax fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen strongly bowed, little oblique ; fuscous, irregularly sprinkled with whitish ; subbasal line black, irregular ; first and second lines slender, black, irregular, first angulated near costa, median third forming an oblique rounded projection below middle, second from middle of costa to 3 of dorsum, between 4 and middle forming a very large sinuous expanded bilobed loop reaching to 4 of wing, orbicular dot-like, black ; reniform obscurely indicated by whitish irroration ; a short thick oblique dark fuscous apical streak marked with black, preceded by a broad whitish suffusion towards costa ; a terminal series of black dots: cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ; a broad, rather dark fuscous terminal suffusion ; cilia fuscous-whitish. Geraldton, West Australia ; one specimen in November. Eporectis, n. &. Face with short projecting tuft. Tongue developed. Palpi moderate, ascending, laterally compressed, second joint with dense loosely appressed scales, terminal joint short, truncate. Antenne in ¢ bipectinated to near apex, pectinations terminating in long bristles, Thorax roughly scaled. Abdomen without crests. Anterior cox very long and projecting far in front of head, rough-sealed, femora with brush of dense rough scales beneath, tibize densely rough- scaled ; middle and posterior tibiz loosely scaled. Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3 and 4 closely approximated, 5 less approximated, 6 and 7 connate. A singular genus without obvious affinities; the curious elongated anterior coxee are, so far as I am aware, quite unique in the Lepidoptera. EL. phenax, n. sp. d. 25 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, somewhat brown-sprinkled. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, little oblique ; rather light fuscous, with a faint ochreous tinge ; costal edge suffusedly whitish from } to # and before apex ; small dark fuscous costal spots at 4, before middle, and at 3: cilia ochreous-whitish, apical half barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings rather light fuscous ; cilia New Australian Lepidoptera. dl whitish-fuscous. Under surface of hindwings more whitish-tinged, mottled with dark fuscous. Rosewood, Queensland ; one specimen, attracted by light, in December. During flight the elongated anterior legs were projected in front of the head, giving a very peculiar appearance. Micreschus pyrrhantha, n. sp. gd. 15 mm. WHead and thorax reddish-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-yellowish sprinkled with reddish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa rather strongly arched posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen angulated on vein 4, concave on upper half, straight and oblique on lower half ; dull reddish-ochreous, darkest in dise and towards costa ; small whitish-yellowish triangular spots on costa before and beyond middle. Hindwings pale grey, suffused with pale reddish-ochreous, becoming whitish-yellowish anteriorly. Sydney, New South Wales, in March; one specimen. Sophia, Walk. Face with conical horny scaled prominence. Palpi moderately long, porrected, second joint clothed with rough scales expanded towards apex above, terminal joint short, obtuse. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Forewings normal, Hindwings: 3 and 4 approximated, connate, or short-stalked, 5 rather approximated, 6 and 7 connate. S. omopis, n. sp. ?. 18mm. Head and thorax brown. Abdomen pale yellow- ochreous, base pinkish, Forewings elongate-triangular, costa sinuate, apex acute, termen concave on upper half, angularly prominent on vein 4, oblique and slightly concave below this; brown, towards termen whitish-fuscous ; median area suffused with rosy-pink except towards costa, more broadly towards dorsum ; costal edge blackish- mixed ; first and second lines rising from white costal dots and pale yellow subcostal marks, first from } of costa, indicated by a few dark grey scales, slightly curved, second from before middle of costa, broken outwards beneath subcostal mark, thence slender, waved, irregular, whitish-grey, edged anteriorly with some black scales ; an indistinct dark fuscous discal dot ; three white dots on posterior half of costa; a praeterminal series of black dots: cilia fuscous-crimson obscurely spotted with orange-ochreous, tips whitish except at apex and on median projection, where they are dark fuscous. Hindwings with termen bent on vein 7, thence nearly 32 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of straight ; dull rosy-pink, costa whitish ; first line nearly straight, dark grey ; second somewhat irregular, whitish, followed by a broad darker band suffused with dark grey except towards dorsum ; an interrupted . blackish przterminal line; cilia orange-yellow, base pale crimson ; tips whitish. New South Wales (locality unrecorded); one specimen. af ayaeeey S. aeluropis, n. sp. 2. 21 m.m. Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish-ochreous, reddish-tinged. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex subobtuse, termen rounded-prominent between veins 3 and 4, concave on upper portion, oblique on lower ; ochreous-brown, slightly reddish-tinged, suffusedly mixed with dark fuscous, especi- ally on veins and towards termen ; orbicular represented by a white dot ; reniform transverse-oval, ochreous, upper end edged with white, lower end forming a small clear white spot; extreme costal edge with about six ochreous-white marks: cilia dark red, tips white. Hindwings dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base. Richmond River, New South Wales (Olliff); one specimen. Hublemma hemiplaca, n. sp. dé. 13m.m. Head and thorax dark fusecous. Abdomen fuscous- whitish mixed with fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous-white ; basal half dark fuscous, limited by a slightly irregular line from just before middle of costa to just beyond middle of dorsum ; a black discal dot at 2; a narrow irregular fuscous terminal fascia ; a terminal series of cloudy dark fuscous dots: cilia fuscous. Hindwings pale whitish- ochreous mixed with fuscous, posteriorly broadly fuscous, Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard) ; one specimen. Eublemma leucodesma, Low. (Thalpochares leucodesma, Low, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1899, 88.) ¢@. 13-14m.m. Head and thorax whitish, whitish-ochreous, or reddish-ochreous. Abdomen orange-ochreous. Forewings elongate- triangular, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; reddish-ochreous or ferruginous, sometimes whitish-mixed towards base, sometimes mixed with dark fuscous posteriorly ; a rather broad whitish median fascia parallel to termen, more or less ochreous except on edges, sometimes partially or wholly suffused with dark grey except on anterior edge, anterior edge straight, posterior edge irregular with New Australian Lepidoptera. 33 strong abrupt projecting tooth in middle ; a broad streak of darker suffusion from apex to dorsum beyond this fascia, in one dark speci- men obsolete: cilia whitish, mixed with reddish-ochreous. Huind- wings whitish-yellow, becoming light ochreous-orange posteriorly, or sometimes mostly or wholly suffused with dark grey. Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland (Barnard); five specimens. Highly variable in colour, but always easy of recognition. Lublemma nymphodora, n. sp. ¢. 11-12 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, partially ochreous-tinged. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; white, more or less suffusedly mixed with pale ochreous ; a brownish-ochreous streak along anterior half of costa ; a straight brownish-ocbreous median fascia parallel to termen, anterior edge suffused, posterior edge sharply marked and followed by a clear white streak ; a black discal dot at #5; second line fine, fuscous, indistinct, upper half forming a very strong loop outwards, below middle sinuate inwards ; area beyond this more or less suffused with brownish-ochreous ; an apical spot of blackish irroration, ex- tending into costal cilia: cilia whitish, with two brownish-ochreous lines. Hindwings white, sometimes faintly greyish-tinged terminally ; a greyish terminal line ; cilia white. Carnarvon, West Australia, in October; three speci- mens. Belongs to the group of Z. rosita, but without rosy colouring, and specially characterized by the white hind- wings. EHublemma marmaropa, a. sp. ¢. 16-21m.m. Head and thorax white, partially suffused with pale yellow. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; white, partly faintly yellowish-tinged ; a narrow pale brownish streak along anterior half of costa, edged beneath by a pale yellowish streak ; an elongate pale yellow spot near base in middle ; a straight pale yellow oblique fascia from beneath middle of costa to middle of dorsum ; a moderate ochreous-brown terminal fascia, paler terminally, narrowed to apex and tornus, anterior edge straight and edged with pale yellow suffusion, containing a series of cloudy grey-whitish preterminal spots between veins marked anteriorly with a few black scales : cilia white sprinkled with fuscous. Hindwings whitish, more or less yellowish-tinged posteriorly ; cilia whitish. Port Moresby, New Guinea (Kowald) ; two specimens. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 3 34 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Deseriptions of Eublemma vothicta, n. sp. 2. 16 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-whitish partially sprinkled with brownish-ochreous, head yellowish-tinged. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen waved, bowed, rather oblique ; fuscous-whitish, irregularly irrorated with fuscous and a few black scales; first and second lines formed of similar irroration, indistinct, curved, irregularly waved, second placed in a clear pale band limited anteriorly by a median shade which is acutely angulated above middle and marked with ferruginous between angle and dorsum ; a transverse rather dark fuscous discal spot before median shade ; a postsubterminal series of small indistinct spots of blackish irroration ; cilia ochreous, basally ochreous-whitish. Hindwings as forewings, but first line and discal spot obsolete, median shade straight. Port Moresby, New Guinea (Kowald); one specimen. Haplopseustis, n. g. Head with appressed scales. Tongue very short. Palpi moderate, porrected, with appressed scales, terminal joint short, obtuse. Antenne in ¢ bipectinated to apex. Thorax crested posteriorly. Abdomen without crests. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings : 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 little approxi- mated, 6 and 7 connate. HT, erythrias, n. sp. ¢. 17-18m.m. Head and thorax ferruginous mixed with fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, base reddish-ochreous. Forewings triangular, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather oblique ; ferruginous or ferru- ginous-brown, more or less irrorated with dark fuscous, especially on median and praesubterminal bands ; first and second lines thick, deep orange, rather irregular : cilia ferruginous, more or less mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous, base suffused with yellow-ochreous ; cilia ochreous-yellowish, sometimes mixed with dark fuscous and pinkish-tinged. Port Darwin, North Australia (Lyell); Brisbane, Queens- land (Lucas); in February: two specimens, Meranda, Walk. Head with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi rather long, porrected, second joint clothed with long rough projecting scales above and beneath, terminal joint rather short, obtuse. New Australian Lepidoptera. 35 Antenne in ¢ shortly ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 little approximated, 6 and 7 short-stalked. M. holochrysa, n. sp. ¢. 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax orange. Abdomen pale orange. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen bowed, little oblique ; light ochreous-orange ; undefined irregular, rather thick, deeper orange transverse lines at 4 and beyond middle ; terminal area suffusedly darker: cilia light orange. Hindwings light orange, slightly infuscated. Port Darwin, North Australia (Lyell) ; one specimen. Rivula ommatopis, n. sp. ¢@. 15-16 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous. Fore- wings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely bowed ; light fuscous mixed with darker ; first and second lines faintly darker, but not distinctly traceable ; a moderate roundish cloudy dark fuscous discal spot: cilia light fuscous mixed with darker. Hindwings fuscous, paler or whitish-tinged anteriorly ; cilia pale fuscous. Duaringa and Brisbane, Queensland (Barnard, Lucas), in September and May; three specimens. Ozarba, Walk. Face with short projecting tuft. Tongue developed. Palpi long, ascending, second joint broadly dilated with dense appressed scales, terminal joint long, slender, somewhat rough-scaled anteriorly, pointed. Antenne in ¢@ ciliated. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings normal. Hind- wings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 connate. O. alopecodes, n. sp. dQ. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellowish. Forewings somewhat elongate-triangular, apex rectangular, termen waved, bowed, rather oblique ; whitish- ochreous or brownish-ochreous, tinged or sprinkled with pale reddish, sometimes suffused with light fusecous anteriorly and ferruginous posteriorly ; a straight ferruginous shade from ? of costa to middle of dorsum, only distinct towards costa ; two dark fuscous dots trans- versely placed in disc beyond middle ; a faint darker fine subterminal 36 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of line ; a submarginal series of dark grey dots ; a ferruginous terminal streak : cilia reddish-ochreous mixed with ferruginous or reddish, with two cloudy blackish lines. Hindwings whitish-yellowish, in ¢ posteriorly reddish-tinged, with grey terminal shade, in 9 suffused with rather dark fuscous ; cilia light reddish, base more or less suffused with dark grey. Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); two specimens. Oruza leptogramma, n. sp. Q. 15-18 m.m. Head and collar whitish-ochreous, thorax white. Abdomen whitish. Forewings somewhat elongate-triangular, apex rectangular, termen slightly waved, rounded, rather oblique ; white ; a whitish-ochreous transverse streak on dorsal half at about 3; first and second lines thick, whitish-ochreous, curved outwards and less distinct on upper half, marked with a few black scales on costa ; moderate preesubterminal and praeterminal whitish-ochreous fascie, indistinct towards costa; orbicular represented by a blackish dot, reniform by two placed transversely ; sometimes a few black scales towards costa posteriorly ; a submarginal series of blackish dots : cilia whitish-ochreous, tips whitish. Hindwings as forewings, but with only one blackish discal dot. Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); three specimens. Essonistis, n. 2. Head with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint short, slightly rough-scaled anteriorly, truncate. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Legs loosely scaled, femora slightly hairy. Fore- wings: 3 and 4 stalked, 7, 9, 10,11 out of 8. Hindwings: 3 and 4 stalked, 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 stalked. E. micrexola, n. sp. @. 12-13 m.m. Head and thorax white. Abdomen white mixed with light reddish and towards apex with blackish, second seg- ment sometimes with distinct dark red band. Forewings elongate- triangular, costa hardly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; white sometimes sprinkled with fuscous ; six ochreous spots on costa, first three marked anteriorly with black ; indis- tinct traces of several ochreous transverse strive ; first and second lines irregular, ochreous, sometimes partially fuscous, second abruptly sinuate inwards below middle ; a median spot of blackish suffusion New Australian Lepidoptera. 37 in disc; subterminal line indicated by irregular ochreous or fuscous marginal suffusions ; a terminal series of small dark fuscous spots separated by ochreous: cilia pale ochreous irrorated with fuscous: Hindwings with colour, lines, terminal spots, and cilia as in fore- wings ; a small black discal spot, in one specimen suffused with crimson-red ; second line sometimes black. Brisbane, Queensland (Lyell); two specimens. Trissernis, i. &. Head with appressed scales. Tongue developed. Palpi moderate, curved, subascending, second joint rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint rather short, obtuse. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Legs loosely scaled, femora witha few hairs. Forewings: 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 short-stalked. Nearly allied to Arwopterwin, Hamps. T. prasinoscia, ni. sp. 2. 11mm. Headand thorax ochreous-white, partially greenish- tinged. Abdomen grey, two basal segments whitish, tinged with greenish, third reddish. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex rounded, termen sinuate, oblique ; light olive-green, irregularly irrorated with white ; costal edge irregularly marked with black and ferruginous irroration ; first and second lines indicated by series of small black dots, second starting from middle of costa very obliquely outwards on upper third ; an irregular blackish spot in disc before middle ; some grey suffusion posteriorly: cilia dark grey irrorated with whitish, Hindwings with colour and cilia as in fore- wings ; some scattered black scales ; a slender undefined blackish median line ; some blackish suffusion towards costa and apex. Brisbane, Queensland (Lyell) ; one specimen. Sandava xylistis, n. sp. 62. 24-29m.m. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous, face with a dark red-brown band beneath antenne. Antenne in g mo- derately ciliated. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with red-brown posteriorly. Forewings rather elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen waved, rounded, rather oblique; pale whitish- ochreous ; subbasal line indicated by a dark red-brown costal dot ; a small dark red-brown costal spot beyond this ; first and second 38 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of lines very fine dark red-brown sprinkled with black, forming en- larged dots on costa, first right-angled posteriorly in middle, second curved, rather irregular, indented inwards above middle and towards dorsum ; a small dark red-brown spot on costa before middle ; orbicular represented by a cloudy ochreous dot, reniform by a small pale space surrounded by obscure ochreous suffusion ; sub- terminal line pale, preceded by an indistinct light ochreous-brown shade, forming an enlarged dark red-brown spot on costa, and followed by a stronger ochreous-brown shade, with spots of dark red-brown suffusion in middle and on costa ; a preeterminal series of blackish marks ; cilia pale whitish-ochreous, barred with red-brown. Hindwings with termen strongly waved ; colour, second line, and cilia as in forewings ; a straight blackish median line mixed with dark red ; a transverse ochreous discal spot preceding this, connected with it at lower end ; terminal area wholly dark red-brown on lower half, intersected by pale subterminal line. Melbourne, Victoria (Kershaw, Lucas); three specimens. Sandava spilotis, n. sp. 36 2. 19-20 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale greyish- ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi shorter than in S. xylistis, thorax more roughly scaled. Antenne in ¢ with long sete. Fore- wings somewhat elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen waved, rounded, rather oblique; whitish-ochreous, irrorated with dark fuscous ; an undefined dark fuscous subbasal fascia, well-marked on costa; first and second lines dark fuscous, irregular, sometimes undefined, forming enlarged dark fuscous spots on costa, first nearly straight, second curved outwards, approximated to first dorsally ; a transverse-oval dark fuscous discal spot ; a rather large roundish dark fuscous spot beyond second line in middle ; a more or less distinct suffused dark fuscous apical spot ; a preeterminal series of dark fuscous marks: cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed with fuscous. Hindwings with termen strongly waved, rounded ; colour, first and second lines, discal spot, and cilia as in forewings, but lines obsolete costally. Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard) ; two specimens. Paonidia, n. g. Forehead with projecting ridgelike tuft. Tongue developed, An- tenne in ¢ strongly ciliated. Palpi long, obliquely ascending, second joint rough-sealed above and beneath, terminal joint moderate, densely scaled, obtuse. Collar (in ¢ only ?) forming an expansible New Australian Lepidoptera. 39 mass of much enlarged flat scales. Abdomen without crest. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings with raised discal tuft ; neuration normal, Hindwings with raised discal tuft ; 3 and 4 short-stalked 5 tolerably parallel, 6 and 7 remote. P. pentaptila, n. sp. dg. 21mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous partially suffused with fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen crenulate, rounded, ob- lique ; ochreous-brown, basal, discal, and dorsal areas largely suffused with dark purplish-fuscous ; an undefined ferruginous streak beneath costa from near base to beyond middle ; first and second lines waved, double, blackish, first slightly curved, second ‘enclosing a whitish-ochreous costal mark, strongly curved outwards on upper 3; an indistinct irregularly curved darker median shade: beyond second line a large subtriangular dark fuscous costal patch, somewhat glossy and greenish-tinged ; subterminal line indistinct, pale, waved, darker-edged ; a terminal series of dark fuscous dots between veins, connected by fuscous suffusion: cilia greyish-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous, base spotted with light brown. Hindwings with termen crenate, ochreous-brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; discal tuft larger than in forewings, scales partly pale ; median, second, and subterminal lines, terminal markings and cilia as in forewings, but second line less curved, without pale costal mark. Richmond River, New South Wales (Olliff); one specimen. Trigonistis, n. g. Head with projecting frontal tuft. Tongue developed. Antenne in ¢ bipectinated, apex simple. Labial palpi very long, second joint straight, porrected, clothed with rough scales diminishing to- wards apex, terminal joint moderate, slender, cylindrical, ascending. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Legs with appressed scales. Forewings : 9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings: 3, 4, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 connate. Type Z. demonias. Closely allied to Hypenodes, but without abdominal crest. T. demonias, un. sp. ¢. 16mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous suffused with whitish. Antennal pectinations long. Palpi abnormally long, second joint about ten times width of eye, terminal about half second, Fore- 40 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of wings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex subacute, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; whitish- ochreous, partially suffused with whitish, with some scattered fuscous and dark fuscous scales ; a rather large roundish dark fuscous discal spot ; a subterminal ‘series of small dark fuscous spots, terminating in a short oblique dark fuscous apical dash, the spot between veins 5 and 6 dash-like and placed nearer base ; a terminal series of dark fuscous marks: cilia whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous. Hindwings dull whitish ; a small fuscous discal spot ; cilia whitish. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas); one specimen. T. asthenopa, v. sp. gd. 15-16 m.m. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous. An- tennal pectinations moderate. Palpi about 5. Forewings elongate- triangular, costa sinuate, apex nearly rectangular, termen bowed, oblique, strongly sinuate on upper half; whitish-ochreous, strigulated with brownish-ochreous, with a few scattered black scales ; costal edge yellowish on anterior half ; a black subcostal dot near base ; first line indicated by five irregularly placed blackish dots ; two black discal dots transversely placed beyond middle ; second line running from a black mark on middle of costa to 2 of dorsum, ferruginous mixed with black, most strongly marked dorsally, upper 3 forming a strong biangulated projection posteriorly ; terminal area brownish- ochreous, enclosing a pale subterminal line; a series of small black spots along termen and posterior part of costa: cilia brownish- ochreous mixed with paler. Hindwings whitish, very faintly tinged with pinkish-grey ; a small dark grey discal spot ; an interrupted dark grey terminal line ; cilia whitish, faintly pinkish-tinged. Brisbane, Queensland (Raynor); Gosford, New South Wales (Lyell); in November, three specimens. Hypenodes porphyritica, n. sp. ©. 17mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous suffused with light brown-reddish. Palpi nearly 4. Abdomen fuscous, segmental margins ochreous-whitish, sides yellowish-mixed. Forewings elon- gate-triangular, costa faintly sinuate, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique ; pale reddish-brown, thinly sprinkled with dark fuscous ; costal edge ochreous-yellowish spotted with dark fuscous ; subeoeale first, and second lines dark fuscous, ill-defined ; first indented above and below middle, second strongly curved outwards from } to below middle ; median faint, brown, parallel to second, its curve surrounding New Australian Lepidoptera, 41 an indistinct brown discal spot ; a triangular preesubterminal dark fuscous costal spot ; subterminal line hardly paler ; a series of indistinct dark fuscous terminal spots: cilia pale reddish-brown, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous, dorsally mixed with pale ochreous, with extremities of darker lines indicated ; cilia pale ochreous mixed with dark fuscous. Wirrabara, South Australia, in October; one specimen. Hypenodes micropa, a. sp. é. 16-17 mm. Head and thorax lght brownish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled with black. Antenne ciliated. Palpi3. Fore- wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex nearly rectan- gular, termen bowed, oblique; brownish-ochreous suffused with light fuscous and sprinkled with dark fuscous ; first line irregular, undefined, curved, dark fuscous ; a transverse white discal dot at 3, edged with dark fuscous ; second line starting from a dark fuscous spot on costa, obscure, undefined, dark fuscous, angulated above middle ; indications of an irregular dark fuscous preesubter- minal shade ; a terminal series of small dark fuscous spots : cilia pale ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey-whitish, sprinkled with grey posteriorly ; a grey discal dot and faint post- median line ; cilia grey-whitish. Brisbane, Queensland ; Sydney, New South Wales; in October, three specimens. Lthynchina conias, n. sp. 6. 25 m.m. Head and thorax yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with brown, patagia loosely hairy. Antenne rather strongly bipectinated, apical half simple. Terminal joint of palpi short, much thickened with scales. Abdomen yellow-ochreous, partially suffused with whitish. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly moderately arched, apex very obtuse, termen oblique, slightly waved, rather angularly prominent on vein 4; yellow-ochreous, sprinkled with brown, towards costa with dark fuscous, especially towards base ; subbasal line slender, white; first line about 4, nearly straight, whitish, only distinct on costa and median vein ; orbicular small, oval, clear white ; median shade well-marked, rather dark fuscous, bent near costa ; reniform represented by two transversely placed black dots, partially edged with white ; second line irregular, faintly whitish, partially dark-edged anteriorly, very indistinct ; subtermi- nal indicated by a well-marked nearly straight ochreous-brown shade, followed by an irregular whitish shade finely sprinkled with 42 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of blackish, tending to be partially extended between veins to termen ; an interrupted black terminal line: cilia ochreous, tips partially blackish- mixed, especially on median prominence. Hindwings with termen waved ; colour and markings as in forewings, but (except posteriorly) much paler and partially suffused with prismatic-whitish, orbicular and preceding lines absent, median indistinct, an additional faint irregular shade between median and second lines, New Guinea (Sayer) ; one specimen. Chaograptis, n. g. Face with appressed scales, Tongue developed. Palpi moderate, porrected, second joint with loosely appressed scales, terminal short, obtuse. Thorax and abdomen without crests. Tibiee smooth-scaled. Forewings normal. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 connate, C. erystallodes, n. sp. 2. 21-23 m.m, Head and thorax white sprinkled with fuscous. Abdomen whitish, sprinkled with ochreous. Forewings somewhat elongate-triangular, costa straight, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather oblique ; light brownish-ochreous, mixed with dark brown in disc ; basal area mixed with white ; first and second lines thick, cloudy, white, first straight, oblique, second from ¢ of costa to 4 of dorsum, sinuate, sometimes distinctly double ; orbicular white, narrow, very oblique ; reniform large, 8-shaped, edged and mixed with white, lower half projecting anteriorly so as almost to touch orbicular ; subterminal line represented by cloudy white subcostal, median, and subdorsal spots; an indistinct waved whitish terminal line. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous terminally; cilia whitish-fuscous. Duaringa, Queensland (Barnard); three specimens. Piratisca, n. g. Tongue developed. Palpilong, recurved, second joint with dense rough projecting scales beneath, diminishing to apex, terminal joint moderately long, acute, with long tuft of projecting scales in middle posteriorly. Femora rough-haired beneath, Forewings: 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 connate with 9. Hindwings: 3 and 4 connate, 5 closely approximated at base, 6 and 7 connate. PP. minax, n. sp. 2. 51m.m. Head and thorax fuscous mixed with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded- New Australian Lepidoptera. 43 obtuse, termen waved, rounded, little oblique ; purplish-fuscous mixed with dark fuscous; subbasal, first, and second lines waved- dentate, blackish, second about middle, curved outwards in disc ; orbicular represented by a dot of raised pale yellowish scales ; reni- form bya dark fuscous suffusion preceded by two transversely placed similar dots ; traces of a paler dentate line at ?, followed by a spot of dark fuscous suffusion above middle; a terminal series of pale ochreous dots preceded by dark fuscous dashes : cilia fuscous. Hind- wings and cilia brown. New Guinea (Sayer); one specimen. Simplicia selenitis, n. sp. ¢. 29 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish-ochreous ; antenne withoutthickening ; palpiclothed posteriorly with long loosely projecting scales on terminal joint and apex of second. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen slightly waved, rounded, little oblique; light greyish-ochreous, obscurely sprinkled with fuscous ; basal ? suffused with dark fuscous ; first and second lines slender, fuscous, prominently angulated above middle and near dorsum, curved inwards between these ; a bent transversely linear dark fuscous discal mark, interrupted in middle ; a fuscous terminal band, broadest in middle, containing aninwards-curved slender whitish anteriorly darker-edyed subterminal line, running from apex to tornus: cilia pale fuscous, with darker fuscous anterior shade and subapical line. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, somewhat darker posteriorly ; an obscure whitish inwards-curved subterminal line Oo from apex to 2 of termen. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas) ; one specimen. Simplicia miecrastis, 0. sp. ¢ ?.18-19m.m. Head and thorax pale ochreous mixed with fuscous ; antennze without thickening; palpi clothed with loose rough scales posteriorly on terminal joint and apex of second. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex obtuse, termen bowed, rather oblique ; pale ochreous tinged with brownish and irrorated with fuscous ; first and second lines curved, fuscous, dotted with black, but ill-defined and indistinct; a moderate discal spot beyond middle, in ¢ dark fuscous, in outlined with dark fuscous, connected with dorsum by a straight cloudy dark fuscous median shade not extended to costa; terminal area suffused with fuscous, including a very indistinct pale sinuate interrupted subterminal line ; a waved dark fuscous terminal line: cilia whitish-ochreous, 44 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Desertptions of with three fuscous lines. Hindwings in ¢ whitish-fuscous, darker posteriorly ; in 9 whitish with light fuscous terminal band cut by pale subterminal line ; a small faint fuscous discal spot ; cilia as in forewings. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas); two specimens. SARROTHRIPIDA. Karias limonia, n. sp. ¢@. 26 m.m. Head and thorax whitish sprinkled with green, Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, base white sprinkled with green. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex tolerably rectangular, termen straight, hardly oblique ; green mixed with whitish ; costal edge whitish-ochreous ; first line faintly darker, straight, from before middle of costa to before middle of dorsum; a faint darker median discal dot; second line darker, obscurely whitish- edged’ posteriorly, from ? of costa to 2 of dorsum, bent near costa : cilia green, apical half whitish-ochreous. Hindwings greenish- whitish, becoming light green towards termen ; cilia light green, tips whitish, Richmond River, New South Wales (Ollff); one specimen. Earias chlorodes, n. sp. ¢é ¢. 16-21 m.m. Head and thorax whitish-yellowish. Abdo- men pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, oblique ; whitish-yellow : cilia whitish-yellow. Hindwings whitish, towards termen more or less tinged with ochreous or grey ; cilia whitish. Duaringa, Queensland; Melbourne, Victoria; Carnar- von, West Australia ; in October, five specimens. Prionophora rhodinastis, n. sp. Q. 29-31 m.m. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous or whitish-ochreous, faintly crimson-tinged. Forewings elongate, gradually dilated, costa gently arched, apex acute, prominent, termen rounded, little oblique ; pale ochreous, slightly rosy-tinged, with some fine scattered blackish scales ; two blackish discal dots transversely placed beyond middle; a faint darker oblique shade from beneath apex towards middle of dorsum ; a preeterminal series of blackish dots: cilia ochreous-whitish, base faintly rosy-tinged. New Australian Lepidoptera. 45 Hindwings whitish-ochreous suffused with light dull rosy-pink; a preterminal row of rather large blackish dots ; cilia whitish. Port Moresby, New Guinea (Kowald); also from Queensland; three specimens. Prionophora taphreuta, n. sp. g. 24m.m. Head fuscous. Thorax fuscous-whitish, with some dark fuscous dots, collar ferruginous-brown. Abdomen pale greyish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, gradually dilated, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique; fuscous irrorated with white, suffused with white in disc and between veins posteriorly ; all veins marked with blackish-fuscous lines ; a dark fuscous transverse discal mark beyond middle, space between this and second line more fuscous through absence of white suffusion ; second line blackish- fuscous, from 2 of costa to ? of dorsum, obtusely prominent posteri- orly at + and in middle: cilia fuscous, whitish-sprinkled, obscurely darker-barred. Hindwings light fuscous, somewhat whitish-suffused anteriorly, with a terminal band of rather dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia whitish. Sydney, New South Wales (Raynor) ; one specimen. Prionophora allopis, n. sp. ¢d ¢@. 26-29 m.m. Head and thorax fuscous, suffusedly irrorated with whitish ; thorax with small anterior crest. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, gradually dilated, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique; fuscous, suffusedly irrorated with white ; veins more or less strongly marked with blackish- fuscous lines; in ¢ a transverse suffused blackish spot from costa at 1; first and second lines indistinct, fuscous, first somewhat curved, second from beyond middle of costa to beyond middle of dorsum, strongly curved outwards from } to below middle ; a grey discal spot containing two black scale-tufts placed in this curve, in 2 surrounded with obscure brownish suffusion ; in 9 small scale-tuftson middle of first line, and on second line below middle and near dorsum ; a sub- apical streak of darker suffusion ; in @ a series of blackish dots before termen: cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous towards: dorsum and termen, in ¢ suffused with whitish towards base, and with a terminal band of dark fuscous suffusion ; ciliain ¢ white, in ? fuscous-whitish. Kewell, Victoria (Kershaw); two specimens. 46 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of Prionophora charactis, n. sp. ¢. 28 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish. Abdomen light fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, gradually dilated, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique ; fuscous, irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous and whitish ; veins more or less strongly marked with black lines; subbasal line obscurely whitish, anteriorly blackish-edged ; first and second lines slender, black, first curved outwards, in middle angulated inwards, second from beyond middle of costa to % of dorsum, forming a subquadrangular loop outwards from 4 to below middle ; subterminal line white, irregular, indented above middle and near dorsum, edged anteriorly near dorsum with a spot of blackish suffusion ; an in- terrupted dark fuscous line before termen ; a black terminal line : cilia fuscous sprinkled with white. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, becoming whitish towards base, with a terminal band of dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia white, basal half fuscous-tinged. Melbourne, Victoria (Kershaw) ; one specimen. Timorodes, 0. &. Forehead with projecting scales, Tongue developed. Antenne in ¢ ciliated, basal joint with projecting apical tuft of scales in front. Palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint clothed with dense rough scales, terminal joint short, obtuse. Thorax with large posterior crest. Abdomen rather elongate, with expansible crests on first two segments. Femora long-haired beneath. Fore- wings without raised scales, retinaculum har-shaped ; areole long and narrow. Hindwings : 3 approximated, 4 and 5 connate, 6 and 7 connate, 8 anastomosing with cell to near middle. Nearest Zabanda, Walk. T. blepharias, n. sp. ¢. 34m.m. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish mixed with dark fuscous, basal joint of antennee white externally, collar and patagia mostly suffused with dark brown. Abdomen white, dorsal crests, apical segment, and base of anteapical fuscous, anal tuft whitish- ochreous, Forewings elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, oblique, tornus rather prominent ; rather dark purplish-fuscous ; a shining prismatic white broad irregular streak extending from base to middle of disc, brassy- yellowish in fold, upper edge running straight from near base of costa to + of disc, thence onwards convex, lower edge with three New Australian Lepidoptera. 47 slender oblique teeth on veins, dilated at base to dorsum ; beyond apex of this a spot of blackish suffusion, followed by a white dot ; second line faintly indicated, pale, forming two yellowish-white marks on dorsum ; a large white suffused patch extending along costa from 3 to apex, anteriorly reaching half across wing, narrowed posteriorly, lower anterior portion tinged with brassy-yellowish, erossed by traces of second line, and enclosing a small anteapical spot of ground-colour on costa ; subterminal line represented by some whitish lunules, and a small shining white terminal spot above tornus : cilia purplish-fuscous, with narrow whitish bars. Hind- wings prismatic white ; a pale fuscous apical patch, extending to middle of termen ; cilia white, on upper half of termen fuscous- tinged. New Guinea (Sayer); one specimen. Hypothripa vallata, 0. sp. ¢ @. 20-23 mm. Head and thorax white mixed with grey, thorax more or less barred transversely with brown. Forewings elongate, gradually dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen bowed, little oblique ; white, irregularly and variably mixed with grey and brown ; basal patch usually suffused with dark grey or brown, limited by a blackish line, double on upper half, very obtusely angulated in middle, slightly sinuate below this ; median and second lines fine, irregular, blackish, median nearly straight ; second forming a moderate loop outwards between 1 and 2; a roundish dark brown costal spot at ; a slender indistinctly spotted grey subterminal line, sinuate outwards above and below middle, followed on costa by a clear white spot: cilia whitish, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish, veins infuscated posteriorly ; termen suffused with fuscous, more strongly towards apex ; cilia white, base infuscated. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas, Turner); five specimens. Nearly allied to the Burmese //. curiosa ; but having now obtained several specimens of each species, I find them, though variable, constantly distinct. Ffeteronota, n. &. Head with projecting frontal tuft. Tongue developed. Labial palpi long, subascending, second joint thickened with rough project- ing seales beneath, terminal joint long, thickened with scales, some- what pointed. Thorax with apex of patagia forming an expansible seale-tuft. Abdomen with slight crest on second, and more prominent 48 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions, ete. crests on segments 4-6, that on fifth much largest, Legs with appressed scales. Forewings with tufts of raised scales ; areole rather elongate. Hindwings: 3 and 4 rather long-stalked, 5 approxi- mated, 6 and 7 separate, 8 anastomosing with cell shortly near base. HT, ochthias, n. sp. Q. 22 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, irregularly sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen ochreous-whitish sprinkled with fuscous, crests mixed with blackish. Forewings suboblong, moderately broad, little dilated posteriorly, apex obtuse, termen rounded, faintly waved, little oblique ; white, irregularly sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous, except in middle of dise ; a coppery-fuscous basal patch, edged with blackish, terminated beneath by a black patch extended along dorsum to middle and bidentate posteriorly ; a moderately broad straight dark fuscous fascia from costa before middle to dorsum beyond middle, almost obsolete at lower extremity, near its anterior edge with a ridge of raised scales mixed with ferruginous and blackish ; a curved transverse mark of ferruginous and dark fuscous scales in disc at 3; traces of bent second line beyond this ; some undefined dots of blackish scales indicating subterminal line: cilia whitish sprinkled with fuscous, obscurely barred with darker. Hindwings whitish-fuscous, becoming fuscous towards termen ; cilia whitish. New Guinea (Sayer) ; one specimen. Sarrothripus crystallites, n. sp. 9.22 mm. Head and thorax white irrorated with fuscous, collar with a dark fuscous transverse bar. Abdomen grey. Fore- wings elongate, gradually dilated, costa moderately arched near base, faintly sinuate in middle, apex very obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique ; grey, irrorated with white, with a few fine scattered black scales ; subbasal, first, and second lines very fine, black, more or less undefined, very irregular, second indistinctly double, rather curved outwards in disc, obtusely angulated above middle ; cilia pale grey, tips whitish, Hindwings with 3 and 4 moderately stalked ; white, rather thinly scaled ; a moderately broad anteriorly suffused fuscous terminal fascia from above apex to below middle ; cilia white, on terminal fascia fuscous-tinged. Brisbane, Queensland (Lucas); one specimen. This might easily be overlooked as a variety of Hypothripa vaWata, though the resemblance is only superficial. (reo s) IV. On Hypotianx, a new subfamily of Pyralide. By THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.ZS. [Read February 5th, 1902. ] THE genus Hypotia, Zell., of which there appears to be only one species (corticalis, Schiff., s. v.), presents characters, especially in the imaginal and larval stages, that place it in an intermediate position between the Pyraline and Phycitine, without permitting it to be properly placed in either. Hence it becomes necessary to give it separate subfamily rank. It has hitherto been placed in the Pyraliny. M. Ragonot* came very near to recognizing its isolated position. The most obvious point in which Hypotia agrees with Phycitines, and differs from Pyralines, is in the absence of vein 7 of the forewing. M. Ragonot was aware of this, but took the absent vein to be vein 9. I regret that I have not taken advantage of my opportunities to study this vein in the developing pupal wing of Hypotia and of Phycitine, and am quite unable to say positively whether the miss- ing vein be vein 7 or vein 9, but I entertain no doubt whatever that the missing vein, whether it be 7 or 9, is the same vein both in Phycitine and in Hypotia. By a very remarkable tour de force, both Mr. Meyrick + and Sir George Hampson { presented Hypotia with the missing vein, and so overlooked the other Phycitine char- acters 1t possesses, and easily included it in the Pyraline. The imago of Hypotia differs from Pyraline and agrees with Phycitinx, in having lost vein 7, in having vein 1b of forewing simple, and in the ? having the frenulum simple. It differs from Phycitines, and agrees with Pyralines, in the absence of ocelli, and in the pection of hairs on the hindwing being below, and not on, the lower margin of cell. The neuration of the hindwing is close to that of Pyralines, but occurs also in Phycitines, and is not specially distinctive. The larva resembles Phycitines not merely superficially ; it has, indeed, little in common with Pyralines, and agrees * Essai sur le classification des Pyralites, p. 154, 1891. + Transactions Entom. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 473. t Transactions Entom. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 504. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 4 50 Dr. T. A. Chapman on absolutely with Phycitines in the development, so char- acteristic of them, of tubercle III. of 12th segment, and shows an alliance with them, in the tendency to a similar development on the thoracic segments, but differs in this atfecting tubercle Il. of 3rd segment slightly, and of 4th segment strongly, instead of tubercle IL]. (2) of 3rd seg- ment as in Phycitines. The skin texture and markings, the plications of the thoracic subsegments, and the arrangement of the crochets of prolegs are those of Phycitines, and not of Pyralines, at least of the typical genera with which I am acquainted. The pupa has no character to distinguish it from Phyci- tines, unless it be that the second leg does not so fully reach up to the maxillary palpus, and that the prothoracic piece is often lost on dehiscence, and not the head piece, which is usually carried away in Phycitines. The facies of the imago is certainly not that of a Phyei- tine, but is rather Pyraustine. New subfamily : HY POTIAN. Ocelli absent, proboscis fairly developed, maxillary palpi very short. Forewings triangular, not folded. Vein la absent, 1b simple, le indicated, 7 absent. Hindwing: line of hairs below, not on lower margin of cell, 4 and 5, widely separate, 6 and 7 sometimes separate, sometimes shortly stalked, 8 free. Frenulum simple in both sexes. Larva with ocelli round tubercle II. of segment 4, and tubercle III. of segment 12 (head = 1st). Hypotia, Zell. Characters of subfamily. Hypotia corticalis, Schiff., s. v. This very pretty little moth is beautifully figured by Milliere.* He figures also a larva, which may be that of H. corticalis, though he says it feeds on Huphorbia spinosa. One remark he makes is noteworthy, viz. that the larva much resembles that of a Phycitine (Nephopt. divisella, Dup.). The figure of the larva is poor, and the description meagre, and not recognizable, even if it belongs to this species. In the Stettiner Zeitung for 1882 Baron v. Nolcken relates how Milliere pointed out to him larvee in * Iconograplhie, pl. 82. Hypotiane. 51 the seed-heads of wild carrots as those of Stemmatophora corsicalis (Pyralis obsoletalis, Mn.), that he collected a number and bred one H. corticalis. Mulliere evidently made some error, confusing his larvee or his notes, perhaps owing to the similarity of the names. Baron v. Nolcken gives some details on the habits of the larvee, noting how some of them went over a second winter after he took them home (to Oesel in the Baltic). These larvee are not uncommon at Cannes in the seed heads of wild carrots, on the dead plants of the previous summer. When I first asked M. Constant what these were, and he told me they were those of Hypotia corticalis, I said, “Surely they are some Phycid?” “ Yes,” he replied, “ they are most remarkably like Phycids ; nevertheless they are 1. corticalis.” Fearmg it might be hopeless to rear them, I did not collect any till last year, when I gathered some in March, and brought them to England. They were of very various sizes, and fed up rather slowly. They seemed very hardy; I never found a dead one (until quite recently) though I treated them to severe alternations of drought and moisture. A number of moths emerged in August and September, July and August being the proper time of appearance on the Riviera. Baron v. Nolcken appears to have reared only one, which came out in October. Some eight or ten of mine remained as larve, most nearly full- grown, one or two still small ; these, like a similar portion of Baron v. Nolcken’s, obviously not intending to emerge till next August. Some of these I preserved; one has since died, the rest seem still (January 1902) active and healthy. The larvee live in the seed-heads of Daucus, fastening the seeds loosely together, and preventing them falling off, which largely happens in untenanted heads, in spite of the incurving of the umbellules, and the presence of the Jarvee is often recognizable by this circumstance. A small spider is often a fellow-lodger with the larve—I fancy accidentally, as I think the larva is not often a victim to the spider, nor except a saving in silk do I see any mutual advantage. When the larva is full-grown, and going into its second winter, it spins a more definite silken tube. Its cocoon for pupation is smaller and more solid than the tube ever is. My larve always made their nests and cocoons amongst the seed-heads. Baron v. Nolcken says 52 Dr. T. A. Chapman on his crawled away and spun white webs in the corner of his cages,and then dried up. The proportion going over a second year was probably abnormal, owing to poor rations and a colder climate, but it must be to some extent a regular habit, or it would not occur at all. Larva of H. corticalis, The larva is of a dull greyish-brown, as the result of a yellowish ground colour, and fine marbled markings or spots, that vary from reddish to blackish-brown. These minute spots are aggregated more closely, and are of darker colour in places, so as to produce the appear- ance of a narrow dark dorsal line, and a broader one just outside the trapezoidal tubercles. This one is darker and wider in the prothoracic plate. A suffused and indefinite line above, and a more definite nar- row one below the spiracles. The supra-spiracular marking is to some extent in diagonal detached pieces, like the lateral stripes in Sphinx. The head is mottled in the same colours as the body. The tubercles are darker, but not quite black ; they each carry a light-coloured bristle, about 0°8 m.m. in length ; these are slightly porrected. The second tubercles on 3rd and 4th segments (2 and 3 thoracic) have partial (that on 4th nearly complete) dark raised corneous circles round them, and the supra-spiracular tubercle (III.) of the 12th segment (8th abdominal) has a more delicate, but very com- plete similar ring, precisely as in most Phycid larvee. The spiracles are raised on conical projections, faintly paler than the general surface, but inconspicuous. The tubercles below the spiracles are on definite smooth areas or plates, that look slightly sunk below the general surface. They are, first, on one plate below the spiracle, two tubercles : one, the lower, immediately below the spiracle, the upper slightly in front of it; the hairs on these tubercles rather short. Rather lower and at posterior border of the segment a soli- tary tubercle with long hair. Lower, and at outer and front side of foreleg (on 7-10) a large plate, carrying three short hairs, in one line, the first just above, the third in front of foreleg ; lowest of all, asmall tubercle near the middle line. IV. and V. are on one plate, VII. VIII. and IX. on another. The solitary tubercles I. IT. III. VI. and X. all have the same structure. The circle surrounding the hair is at the summit of a conical projection, or pyramid, with wrinkled sides, like mountain slopes furrowed by ravines: a not uncommon form of tubercle in Pyralids. The structure of tubercle LV. in 8th abdominal segment is as though the circle surrounding the hair, instead of at once forming the slope, Hypotiane. 53 was followed by a level of soft pale dermis, and then a larger ring of chitin formed the summit of the conical projection. The ventral prolegs have a complete circle of hooks, and when expanded, are regularly circular, but contract into an anterior and posterior line, or into a triangle with anterior, posterior and outer sides. The hooks (or crochets) are in two rows, the longer sharply hooked and with long bases, are about twenty-eight in number ; the shorter are between these, are very small, and range with the proximal ends of the bases of the large ones. The anal prolegs have the circlet of hooks largely wanting posteriorly. There is a large plate on Ist thoracic ; 2nd and 3rd thoracic seg- ments have a subsegmentation of the complicated form common to most Pyralids ; a central suabsegment carries the tubercles and is much constricted dorsally, and the marginal ones merge before reaching the spiracular level. This subsegmentation is not nearly so pronounced as in Pyralis. The abdominal segments (1-7 at least) are divided into two nearly equal subsegments, or into four, if two faintly-marked and narrow subsegments between the two larger ones be counted as separate. The general surface has a finely granular or shagreened texture. In places are small, circular, smooth, apparently depressed areas of about the same size as the tubercles. The most conspicuous of these is a row of four on each side of the middle line, along the anterior margins of the abdominal segments. These are frequent in Phycitine and Pyraustine. Pupa of H. corticalis. From 7-8 m.m. in length. It varies in fact much in size, but Jess in length than in thickness, a small ¢ being 1°77 m.m., and a 2 2% m.m. in width, but in length 7 and 8°3 m.m. respectively. Fairly uniform throughout the thoracic mass, but tapering regularly from 5th abdominal ; in the more robust specimens the tapering begins at 3rd abdominal. The ventral aspect of the thoracic mass is fairly straight ; the tapering towards head is done by dorsal rounding, from meta- thorax forwards. There is no dorsal head piece, the face piece extends backwards between the antennal bases. It carries two fine hairs opposite the middle of the base of the antennz. At its oral margin a triangular piece (labrum ?) projects with its lower angle rounded off and notched, and on either side of this, and overlapped by it, is a small rounded lappet (mandible ?). Laterally the eye-region is clearly marked off. Immediately below the free margin of the labrum, the labium begins, and for a third of its length is single, then divides; its total length 54 Dr. T. A, Chapman on is about 0°6 m.m., and it is very slender ; from this as far out as the eyes is the base of the maxilla, which, at first broad, soon narrows and does not quite reach the end of wings. From the labrum to end of appendages is about 4:0 m.m. The maxilla exceeds 3°5 m.m., and where it ceases the 3rd tarsi appear and continue to occupy the central position to the extremity. Outside them the second pair of legs reach the extremity, and then the antennze usually do so, but are sometimes fractionally short. The first legs are about 3°3 m.m. just outside the maxille and a trifle shorter. Beginning at 0°6 m.m. from the labrum and extending to 2°0 m.m., there is between the maxille and first leg a spindle-shaped piece, divided by an oblique joint, that is some portion of trochanter and femur of first leg. Beneath the eye-portion of the face is a minute transverse piece (the maxillary palpus), and below it, and of a width exactly equal to the length of the palpus, is the first leg. The second leg touching, or just failing to touch, the palpus, ends here at a sharp angle between first leg and antenna, The basal portion of antenne above other appendages is very wide. The transverse markings of the antennze are distinct, but the leg-covers, etc., are so finely sculptured by rows of minute points that they may be called smooth. The labrum has strong transverse ridges. These are finer above, and at the upper part of head are longitudinal. There is a rather strong dark point just above outer angle of labrum, and above and within this a rather strong bristle. The wings (and appendages) reach nearly to hind margin of 4th segment. The nervures are well marked, and Poulton’s line also along the hind margin ; the general surface is smooth, being very minutely dotted. Close to the apex, just within Poulton’s line, is a small, definite, unmistakable bristle, and another at the anal angle similarly just within Poulton’s line. In some specimens I cannot discover the latter, and in one specimen the former is wanting, not broken away. This is a most unusual feature in pupe, perhaps because not looked for. The prothorax is devoid of bristles, but is very finely spiculated at the margin of the spiracle, some of the spicules being fine and hairlike. On the mesothorax the opposite side of the spiracular open- ing is also spiculated, but the spicules are very short and small, little more than points; they extend some distance back on to the outer surface, and gradually merge into the points of the general surface, which are here very minute, rounded and closely packed on the wing-surface, but become large and separate on the dorsum, and have aringed appearance, being in fact centrally pitted. There are two bristles on the mesothorax, about the middle, one near the middle Hypotiane. 55 line, the other near the wing-base. The metathorax is comparatively small, has fewer and very large punctures, and two bristles, as in mesothorax ; the posterior wing stretches down in a narrow strip vanishing about middle of 4th abdominal. The Ist abdominal segment is small, has pits about the same in size and distribution as on metathorax ; these continue on all the following segments, but get gradually smaller, though not very materially. On ten they are absent. On one (abdominal) there is only one bristle (i.), the site of iii, being beneath hindwing. On 2-8 (abdominal) are two bristles (i. and iii.), No. ii. being absent ; on 9 is one dorsal bristle (iii. ?). The spiracles of 2nd and 3rd abdominal have the common appearance of having been shoved back by the wing, and of having pushed a ridge of chitin before them. The remaining spiracles are inconspicuous, rather large, with sharp raised margins. Ventrally (4-9) the pits are fewer and smaller. On 5, 6 and 7 only a subspiracular bristle exists ventrally, but there are two on 8 and 9. The anal armature consists of a trans- verse row of four blunt pyramids, two on either side, each carrying a spine, and two similar projections with spines, further out and rather dorsal. These spines are 0°13 m.m. long, and terminate in a coil, forming a complete circle, so that if straightened out they might be about 0°2 m.m. in length. a Or ~I te V. Report on a Collection of African Locustidee formed by Mr. W. L. Distant, chiefly from the Transvaal. By WinuiAM F. Kirey, F.LS., F.E.S. [Read February 5th, 1902. ] THE present paper completes my preliminary report on Mr. Distant’s collection of African Orthoptera. The Locustide, by which I understand the grasshoppers and true migratory Locusts, with short antennz, are both numerous and easily collected; and therefore the number of species and specimens in collections usually exceeds those of other families of Orthoptera. Mr. Distant’s col- lection includes a considerable number of new species, here described, which will, it is hoped, be illustrated, in due course, in the forthcoming parts of his Jnsecta Transvaaliensia. I have also taken the opportunity of introducing oc- casional synonymic notes and corrections, and notices of some additional species recorded from the Transvaal, but not obtained by Mr. Distant. Thus enlarged, the present paper enumerates 125 species, and a few obscure or im- mature forms remain over for further consideration. In all, two new genera and thirty-three new species are characterized in the present paper, of which seven new species are described under each of the two genera Chroto- gonus, Serville, and Xiphicera, Lamarck. LOCUSTIDE. ACRYDIIDA4i Cladonotine. Genus TRACHYTETTIX. Trachytettia, Stal, Gifv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 57 (1876) ; Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bele., xxl) ps 213 (1887). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (APRIL) 58 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s 1. Trachytettiz bufo. Tettix bufo, Costa, Ann. Mus. Nap., ii, p. 58 (1864). Trachytettiz bufo, Bolivar, Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 213 (1887). Cladonotus horridus, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 844, n. 8 (1871). Trachytettix scaberrimus, Stal, Atv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxiii (3), p. 37 (1876). Hab. TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Kaessner), Sterkfontem (Thomassen) ; Navau (Gueinzius); LAaGos (Strachan); Da- MARALAND; SOMALI (olivar). Acrydiine. Genus ACRYDIUM. Acrydium, Geottroy, Hist. Ins., i, p. 390 (1762) ; Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 278 (1775); Leach, Edinb. Encyel., ix, p. 120 (1815), nec Latreille. Tetriz, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., iii, p. 284 (1802). Tettix, Fischer, Orth. Russ., p. 346 (1846), e¢ auet. 2. Acrydium condylops. Tetrix condylops, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat., xxxv, p. 221 (1869); Von der Decken’s Reisen, i (2), p. 48 - (1873). Tettix vittata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 821, n. 43 (1871). Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (ken- dall); NATAL (Gueinzius) ; WANGA (Gerstaccker). This species appears to have been overlooked by Bolivar in his monograph. 3. derydium latipes. Tettix latipes, Stil, fv. Vet. Akad. Forh., xxxin (3), p. 56 (1876); Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 261 (1887). Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria, Waterberg, Warm Baths (Distant), Zoutpansberg (Kaessner’). Described by Stil from Damaraland. Report on a Collection of African Locustide. Or iio) 4. Acrydium distanti, sp. n. Long. corp. 10-13 millim, Dark brown, slightly varied with reddish in the male, the whole body very thickly and finely granulated, with several large granules on the sides of the pronotum, and on the upper surface of the hind femora. Antenne short, 14-jointed, the last joint long and pointed. Frontal ridge forming a long narrow fork as far as the middle of the vertex. Pronotum as long as the abdomen, the central carina considerably raised, but only slightly curved ; the lateral carinz in front well-marked, and parallel. Legs rather hairy ; front femora almost cylindrical ; middle femora broader and flatter ; hind femora very broad, ending in a slightly projecting tooth above, preceded, in the male, by a very small one. Hind tibiz with a double row of rather large spines, 9 on the outer and 7 on the inner edge. Hind tarsi with the first joint very finely serrated above, tripartite beneath, and considerably longer than the 2nd and 3rd together. Ovipositor of the female very large and conspicuous, strongly denticulated beneath. Tegmina and wings not visible. Hab. TRANSVAAL: Zoutpansberg (Kaessner, ¢), Rust- enburg (Distant, 2). Genus PARATETTIX. Paratettix, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 270 (1887). 5. Paratettix scaber, Acrydium seabrum, Thunberg, Nova Acta Upsal., vii, p. 157 (1815). Tettrix scaber, Stal, Rec. Orth., i, p. 149 (1873). Paratettiz scaber, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 279, n. 18 (1887). Var. Tettix subpustulata, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 819, n. 40 (1871). Hab, TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Zoutpansberg (Kaessner), Barberton (fendall); CENTRAL AFRICA; Fort Johnston, NYASALAND (Rendall). A long series of this extremely variable species. 6. Paratetti« carinata, sp. n. Vertical carina produced backwards over the pronotum and the basal part of the suture of the tegmina in a moderately high and 60 Mr. W. F. Kirby’s gradually-rounded crest. General colour red or grey ; antenne yellow, blackish towards the tip. Head and pleura mostly black ; pronotum and basal half of tegmina usually bordered by a very distinct yellow line, and the curve of the yellow border of the tegmina is filled up by a long black stripe on each side. Hind femora blackish on the inside, and striated with black above. Teg- mine subacuminate, extending for nearly half their length beyond the abdomen ; wings still longer, Long. corp. 9-10 millim ; cum alis 12-14 millim. Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant), Barberton (Rendall). A somewhat variable species, but recognizable in ob- scurely marked specimens by the raised and regularly curved carine. Genus COPTOTETTIX. Coptotettiz, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 287 (1887). 7. Coptotettix infausta. ‘ettia infausta, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., v, p. 820, n. 42 (1871). Hab. TRANSVAAL: Pretoria (Distant); S. AFRIcA (Dr. A, Smith); NATAL (Gueinzius). A rather large specimen, without locality, in the British Museum, is labelled “ Aquatic.” PNEUMORIDA. Genus CYSTOCCLIA. Puewmora (Cystocelia), Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 713 (1839). 8. Cystocelia inanis. 2. Gryllus inanis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 827 (1775). 2. Pnewmore scutellaire, Latreille, Cuvier, Regne Anim. (ed, 2), ii, pl. xix, f. 1 (1830). Pneumora scutellaris, Burmeister, Handb. Ent., 1, p. 164, n. 10 (1838); Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 713 (1839). f and ¢. Grahamstown (Schonland). There is an immature female, apparently belonging to this species, in the British Museum, which was catalogued Report on a Collection of African Locustide. 61 by Walker as Prewmora ocellata, Thunberg, a species belonging to the genus Bulla, L. The specimen cata- logued by Walker as P. scutellaris is a female of Cystocalia secguttata, Thunberg, of which Pnewmora obliqua, Thun- berg, is also an immature female form. MASTACIDA. Genus PLAGIOTRIPTUS. Plagiotriptus, Karsch, Entom. Nachrichten, xv, p. 8 (1889). 9. Plagiotriptus hippiscus. Choretypus hippiscus, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Nat. xxxv, p. 218 (1869); Von der Decken, Reisen in Ost- Afrika, 11 (2), p. 42) pl. u, tig. 8 (1873). Plagiotriptus hippiscus, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xv, p. 8 (1889). Hab. NYASALAND: Fort Johnston (Rendall); Mombasa (Gerstaecker), Zomba (Whyte, B. M.), Samburu, B. E. Arrica; collected in November 1896 (Betton, B. M.). RYN AED ZAR, Genus ACRIDA. Gryllus (Acrida), Linneus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), p. 427 (1758). Acrida, Stal, Rec. Orth., 1, pp. 88, 95 (1877). Truxalis, pt. Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 279 (1775). Tryxalis, Bolivar, Feuille Nat., xxiii, p. 41 (1893). The type of Zruxalis has been fixed as an American species; the types of Zryzalis, Blanchard, belong to the next genus, and therefore 1. stomiaceissis (30) Clypeus truncate or ENE: emarginate at apex, never very deeply so, often impressed at apex behind the emargination, which gives it an appearance of being deeper than is really the case. (41) Abdomen with two yellow bands and the second ventral segment flat behind the costz without a depression. O. cooki, P. (40) Abdomen sometimes with one, very rarely with two, yellow bands ; if yellow-banded there is a distinct depression behind the costee. . (43) Mesothorax very densely rugulosely punctured, the punctures not coarse nor deep, running into one another ; (propodeum dull and smooth, at most a little rugose or with some obscure punctures ; mandibles dark). O. venator, P. . (42) Mesothorax not very densely rugulosely punctured (pro- podeum in some species conspicuously rugose and in some the mandibles are red). 44, 45. 46. 48. 57. Notes on Hawatian Wasps. 135 (47). Second ventral segment with a large depression, deep in front, and extending back to or behind the middle of the part of the segment behind the cost ; propodeum at the most slightly punctured or roughened, the posterior concavity dull but smooth, and without distinct sculpture ; mandibles red. (46) Mesothorax extremely dull with the punctures extremely feeble or obsolete ; apex of clypeus not deeply impressed behind the emargination. . . . O. erythrognathus, P. (45) Mesothorax not strongly but distinctly punctured ; apex of clypeus deeply impressed behind the emargination. O. orbus, P. 7. (44) Depression of second ventral segment sometimes wide and well-marked (but much less deep than that of the two preceding species), in which case the propodeum is rugose ; if the propodeum is smooth, the depression of second ventral segment is somewhat small and narrow, not reaching to the middle of the part of the segment behind the cost ; in some species the depression is very shallow, and hardly or not perceptible ; mandibles dark in nearly all the species. (49) A median spot behind the antenne, and some thoracic markings as well as the hind margin of basal abdominal segment red. (Probably all except the median frontal spot sometimes wanting). . . . O.mesospilus, sp. nov. . (48) Head, thorax and abdomen not red-spotted. Sometimes a yellow or yellowish median frontal spot. . (55) Second dorsal segment more or less strongly raised from the base, not simply convex. . (52) Puncturation of mesothorax very fine and feeble, sometimes obliterated. ©. $09. ° o/s) 0) SOX cyphotes,. P- . (51) Puncturation of mesothorax very distinct. . (54) Mesothorax very dull between the punctures. O. vulcanus, Blackb. . (53) Mesothorax more or less shining between the punctures. O. hiloensis, P., and konanus, P. 5. (50) Second dorsal segment simply convex. . (57) Second ventral segment with the depression shallow, but quite distinct ; (thorax extremely dull, appearing greyish from dense, very short, erect grey hairs ; puncturation very feeble or obsolete). . 3). . -: « . ‘O. peles, P. (56) Second ventral segment with the depression excessively is} shallow, or obsolete ; mesothorax more or less distinetly punctured. 136 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins’ 58. 59, 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. . (72) Mandibles dark, at most reddish at the apex. (59) Clypeus much produced, elongate ; no yellow spot behind the antenne ; inter-antennal carina extremely sharp. Chelodynerus chelifer, P. (58) Clypeus wide, not much produced ; a yellow spot between the antenne ; the inter-antennal carina less sharp. Pseudopterocheilus pterocheiloides, P. (27) Females. Antenne 12-jointed, the apical joints simple. (62) Maxillary palpi extremely long, regularly fringed with long hairs. . . Pseudopterocheilus pterocheiloides, P. (61) Maxillary palpi normal. (64) Mandibles extremely long and narrow, teeth obsolete or subobsolete, a distinct longish cheek between mandible andeye.. . . . Chelodynerus (gen. nov.) chelifer, P. (63) Mandibles normal ; cheeks obsolete. (84) Second dorsal segment of abdomen in profile distinctly raised from the base or very strongly convex, often tuberculate or subtuberculate in dorsal aspect ; if hardly tuberculate, but very strongly convex in profile, then either the mesothorax is shining between the punctures, or the depression of the second ventral segment is very wide and deep, and the segment prominent, and almost tuberculate on either side of the depression at its base. (67) Mesothorax with extremely dense (shallow and not coarse) rugulose puncturation.. . . . . O. venator, P. (66) Mesothorax not so punctured. (69) Second ventral segment with a very shallow large impression behind the costs ; propodeum smooth. O. dromedarius, Blackb. (68) Second ventral segment with a large deep depression, or it is small, triangular, not extending half-way from the costee to the apex (O. cyphotes), or the propodeum is rugose. (71) A median ved spot behind the antenn (postseutellum and mesopleura sometimes also red-spotted, mesothorax deeply punctured, not dull, minute interstitial punctures very distinct, propodeum rugose). O. mesospilus, sp. nov. . (70) A yellow or yellowish spot behind the antenna, or none. 75) Mandibles red. . (74) Head normal ; mesothorax with the larger punctures very fine and feeble, sparse ; sometimes impunctate or nearly. O. erythrognathus, P. . (73) Head inerassate ; mesothorax distinctly, but not coarsely, pumebared.. <; . 2 } : | ul bd ; ie ‘dos : - KOM Pits aa “wy . re LEAL ” ~ a = - val IX. On the Generic Characters of Hawaiian Crabronidee ; four new genera characterized. By ROBERT CYRIL Layton Perxrins, B.A. Communicated by Dr. Davip SaHaArpP, M.A., F.R.S. [Read March 5th, 1902.] WHEN describing the species of Hawaiian Crabronide in the “Fauna Hawaiiensis” I referred the bulk of the species to the subgenus So/enius, establishing a new genus Nesocrabro for the “remainder. At that time I erroneously supposed the common European Crabro vagus to be the type of Solenius, and at the same time pointed out that the Hawaiian species would probably form several new genera. It still appears to me that the Crabro vaqus is most closely allied to some of these species, but is not congeneric. ‘Three of the Hawaiian species are evidently generically distinct from the others, each forming the type of a new genus, and two of these appear to me to be highly remarkable forms. The remaining species formerly referred to So/enius are still a rather ill-assorted lot, show- ing important differences in structure, but still may be conveniently included in a single genus. Nesocrabro, the peculiar genus previously characterized, is also a very distinct form, and in the table of generic characters given below it is included with the four other genera. I may add that I have not been able to add a single new species of Crabronide to the Hawaiian list durmg my present visit, and I imagine that very few species remain to be discovered. All the Crabronidz of the islands belong to Ashmead’s subfamily Crabronine, the other subfamilies being quite unrepresented. Of the Hawaiian genera I consider that the species of Aenocrabro probably most nearly resemble the type by which the islands were originally colonized, and that the other four are special developments in various directions from -Yenocrabro, the development of generic characters having proceeded along much the same lines as is the case with Crabronids in other parts of the world. Thus X. afinis makes a distinct approach to the genus Nesocrabro, X. monticola to Hylc- crabro in some important characters. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902. PART II. (JUNE) 146 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on The following characters appear to be common to all the Hawaiian Crabronini: ¢@ ?. Ocelli in a tiiangle, which is much widest at the base, the posterior ocelli being nearly twice as far apart as either one is from the anterior ocellus ; recurrent nervure received very near the apex of the cubital cell ; superorbital fovez at most represented by elongate smoother spaces, or shallow and often shining impressions. ¢. Antenne 12-jointed, 3rd joint always long, much longer than the 4th, but shorter than the 4th and Sth together, not less than twice as long as the 2nd; 6th always emarginate beneath and pro- duced more or less below the base of the 7th, often forming a very prominent tooth ; spur of middle tibiee well-developed ; apex of mandibles always bidentate. 2. Pygidial area always defined by distinct carine, but varying in form from more or less wide and triangular, to very narrow and elongate. 1. (2) Antennal fossz in front view of the head well separated from the eye-margins by a space at least nearly as wide as one of the antennal forse. Clypeus with suberect hairs, the surface not concealed by dense appressed pilosity of metallic colour, the apex widely rounded ; propodeum with a median sulcus. ¢ with the 6th joint of the antenne very little pro- duced beneath at the apex, not forming a strongly prominent tooth. @ with the 5th segment (except in one species) densely clothed with red hairs ; mandibles 3-dentate at apex, the upper tooth generally not strongly developed, no post-median tooth on the upper edge ; pygidial area very narrow and elongate. Nesocrabro P. 2. (1) Antennal fossze in front view contiguous to the eye-margins ; clypeus always hidden under a dense covering of silver or golden appressed pilosity. 3. (4) ¢. Sixth joint of the antennz produced into a long tooth, ap- pearing simple in one aspect, but it is really flattened and of subquadrate form ; front legs much modified. Oreocrabro, gen. nov. (Type Crabro abnormis, Blackb.) 4. (3) ¢. With the 6th joint of the antenne feebly or distinctly toothed, but the tooth not flattened and compressed. 5, (6) ¢. Second segment of abdomen beneath flattened and inclined at an obtuse angle to the flattened or impressed third seg- ment; 6th joint of antennz very little produced at apex, not projecting much below the base of the following: The Generic characters of Hawaiian Crabronide. 147 abdomen above closely and evenly punctured, posterior tarsi very short, hardly as long as the tibie. . Mandibles 3-dentate at apex, the post-median tooth of upper edge wanting, the edge at most a little sinuate, clypeus carinate and the apex rather widely emarginate ; propodeum with a distinct consute groove dividing it from the postseutellum, smooth except for feebly - impressed nearly obsolete punctures and minute surface sculpture, no longitudinal wrinkles, calearia of hind tibie much bent ; abdomen with 2nd dorsal segment finely and closely punctured, beneath very tightly convex, the pygidial area long and narrow. Melanocrabro, gen. nov. (Type Crabro curtipes P.) 6. (5) g. Second ventral segment lightly or strongly convex over most of its surface, not inclined at an angle to the following. 2. Mandibles bidentate at apex, or if 3-dentate then there is a post-median small, but evident, tooth on the upper edge, and the 2nd ventral segment is very strongly convex. 7. (8) g. Second ventral segment very strongly convex in profile, generally more or less tumid ; clypeus somewhat produced in front, its middle part subtriangular, somewhat widely truncated at the apex, 6th joint of antennee with a very distinct prominent apical tooth ; post-median tooth of upper edge of mandibles small. ?. Mandibles 3-dentate at apex, with small post-median tooth on upper edge, clypeus somewhat produced and very dis- tinctly emarginate at the apex ; 2nd ventral segment very convex, tumid, or subtubereulate ; pygidial area long and narrow ; eye facets very coarse in front. Aylocrabro, gen. nov. (Type Crabro twmidoventris, P.) 8. (7) g. Second ventral segment not strongly convex ; if rather strongly, then the 6th joint of the antennz is only very feebly or hardly visibly produced below the base of the following ; clypeus with its anterior margin generally widely rounded, sometimes a little sinuate, rarely pro- duced in front; post-median tooth distinct and sharp, often ~ large. ?. Mandibles bidentate and with post-median tooth of upper edge sharp and well-developed, clypeus often widely rounded at apex; if somewhat produced it has no distinct emargination ; 2nd ventral segment simple, only lightly convex ; pygidial area triangular, never very narrow and elongate, flat within the carine, or the middle part ob- TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART 1. (JUNE) I1 148 Mr. R. C. L. Perkins on the Generic characters, etc. securely raised. Facets of eyes very coarse or finer, variable according to species. Mesothorax with a very shallow median impression an- teriorly, the sculpture of the front part dense, consisting of very feebly impressed, indistinct punctures, the surface dull, posteriorly sometimes more definitely punctate. Propodeum in front with minute granulate sculpture under a strong lens rather than punctured, generally with some fine longitudinal wrinkles or irregular ones, sometimes very short, rarely wanting. ¢ with the anterior femora, trochanters and _ tarsi simple ; the 6th joint of the antenn very slightly or strongly produced at the apex according to the species. Xenocrabro, gen. noy. (Type Crabro wnicolor, Smith.) Cale) X. A Monograph of the genus Acrida, Stal ( = Truzxalis, Fabr.), with Notes of some allied genera, and descriptions of new species. By MAtcotm Burr, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.8., etc. [Read March 5th, 1902.] THE following revision of the genus Acrida, Stal, better known as 7'ruxalis, Fabr. (usually, and incorrectly, spelt Tryxalis), with the notes on certain allied genera, was written nearly eighteen months ago, when it was my intention to so revise the whole of the family 7ruwalide. I do not, however, at present see my way to completing the work, and so publish now the results of a study of the genus Acrida, Stil, which badly needed recasting, together with descriptions of a few new species of other genera, and a revision of the genus Gelastorrhinus, Br., which was pre- viously ranged not in the Zrucalide, but in the Acridiide ; these were at the time taken in the stride in due course when studying the genera in order. I have, moreover, refrained from including notes upon the American genera, which have been well done by McNeill, Scudder, Brunner and others, especially as the latter author has been, and is still, occupied with these genera. Some of the African genera given in the synoptical table, are not otherwise referred to, for there is nothing as yet to add to the original descriptions of Karsch. I have received help and assistance from various corre- spondents, but am especially grateful to Herr Hofrath Dr. C. Brunner von Wattenwyl, upon whose suggestion and kindly invitation, I originally went to Vienna to work at the Z’ruxalidx of his extremely rich collection. All the wealth of this finest of collections of Orthoptera were placed freely at my disposal, and much help and advice I received from this most experienced and distinguished entomologist. LITERATURE. The following is a list of the chief works quoted. Smaller papers which are referred to, but not included in this list, may be found in the list of works quoted by TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 150 Mr. M. Burr’s Moncgraph of Brunner in his Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren, and his Lévision du Systeme des Orthopteres. 3EAUVOIS (Palisot de). Insectes récueillis en Afrique et Amérique. Paris, 1805. BLancuHarp (E.). Insects, in Voyage au Pole Sud, par Dumont d’Urbille. Zool.,t.iv. Paris, 1842-1854. Boutvar (1). Ortépteros de Espafia, nuevos 6 poco conocidos, Madrid, 1873. Catalogus Orthopterorum Europe et confinium. [Ann. Soc. Esp., H.N., VII., 1878.] Etudes sur les Insectes d’Angola qui se trouvent au Museum National de Lisbonne. [Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat. Lisboa, 1881, XXX.] Ortépteros de Africa del Museo de Lisboa. [Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. et Nat. (2), Tome I., 1890, pp. 73- 112.] Diagnoses de Ortdpteros nuevos. [Ann. Soc. Esp., N.H., 1890, XIX., pp. 299-334.] Tableau pour la Détermination des especes du genre Tryxalis, F. Insectes orthopteéres. [Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes. Révue Mensuelle d’His- toire Naturelle, II[le Serie, No. 275. Paris, 1893.] Ortépteros recogidos en Marruecos por D. Jeronimo Oleese. [Act. Soc. Esp., H.N., 1898, p. 74.]} Orthoptéres du Voyage de M. Martinez Escalera dans l’Asie Mineure. [Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLIIT., 1899, p. 583.] Catalogo sindéptico de los Ortépteros de la Fauna Iberica. [Ann. Sci. Nat. Porto, IV., 1900.] Bonnet (Ed.). Orthopteres d’Obock. Le Nat. 1886, p. 3. Bonnet (Ed.) and Fryor (A.). Catalogue raisonné des Orthoptéres de la Régence de Tunis. Montpellier, 1885. Brunner (C. von Wattenwyl). Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren. Leipzig, 1882. Révision du Systeme des Orthoptéeres et déscriptions des esptces rapportées par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. [Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., 1893 (2), XIII., 1-230.] The Genus Acrida. 151 Burr (M.). A List of Roumanian Orthoptera, with descriptions of New Species. [Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1898, p. 43.] List of the Orthoptera of Roumania, with localities, 1899. [Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), X., p. 88.] Descriptions of Two New Genera and Six New Species of Orthoptera collected by Dr. Henry O. Forbes and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant in the Islands of Abd-el-Kuri and Sokotra. [Bull. Liverpool Museum, IT., 1899, No. 2, pp. 42—45.] Orthoptera of Lake Urmi. [Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., 1900, 416-418. ] CHARPENTIER (T. de). Hore entomologice, adjectis tabulis 9 coloratis. Vratislavize, 1825. Einige Bemerkungen die Orthoptera betreffend, besonders in Bezug auf Burmeister’s und Serville’s Schriften uber diese Insektenabtheilung. [Germ. Zeitsch. fiir Entom., T. 3, 1841, p. 305.] Fryot (A.). Faune de l’Algerie et de la Tunisie. [Insectes Orthoptéres. Paris, 1897.] GERSTAECKER (A.). Baron Carl van der Decken’s Reisen in Ost- Africa. [III. Band., 2 Abth., Gliederthiere, Leipzig, 1873. ] Beitrag zur Insekten-Fauna von Sansibar, No. II., Orthop- tera und Neuroptera. [Arch. f. Naturgesch, XXV., 1873.] Giento-Tos (E.). Viaggio del Dr. E. Festa in Palestina, nel Libano -e regione vicine, V. Ortotteri. [Boll. Mus., Tor., No. 164, 1893.] Seconda communicazione. Op. cit., 1894, No. 191. GrirFini (A.). Intorno ad aleuni Ortotteri raccolti dal, Rev. L. Jalla a Kazungula, Alto-Zambesi. [Boll. Mus., Tor., No. 290, Vol. XII., 1897.] Notes sur la Faune entomologique piémontaise, XI., Tryxa- lides, Caloptenides et Tettigides. [Miscell. entom., 1897, V.] 152 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of Karscu (F.). Die Insekten der Berglandschaft Adeli im Hinter- lander von Togo (Westafrika) nachdem von dem Herren Hauptmann Eugen Kling (1888 and 1889) und Dr. Richard Biittner (1890 and 1891) gesammelten Materiale. [Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., 1893. Springheuschrecken :—Orthop- tera Saltatoria. | Verzeichniss der von Herrn. Dr. Paul Preuss in Kamerun erbeuteten Acridiodeen. [Berl. Ent. Zeit., XXXVI., 1891, p. 175.] Neue Orthopteren aus dem tropischen Afrika. [Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1896, pp. 242-339. ] Krauss (H.). Dermatopteren und Orthopteren aus Tunis. [Wien, Ent. Zeit., 1892, XI., 142.] McNEILL (Jerome). Revision of the Trwxaline of North America (1897). [Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. VI., 1889—1897, pp. 179-274, Pl. 3-5.] Pauisot. Vide BEAUVOIS. PanteL (J.). Contribution 4 Vorthopterologie de 1’ Espagne centrale. [Ann. Soc. Esp., H.N., XV., 237, 1886. ] REDTENBACHER (J.). Die Dermapteren und Orthopteren des Erzher- zogthums Oesterreich. Wien, 1889. Die Dermapteren und Orthopteren von Oesterreich-Ungarn und Deutschland. Wien, 1900. RetrowskI (O.). Beitriige zur Orthopteren-Kunde der Krim. [Bull. Soe. Imp. Mose., 1888, p. 402.] Saussure (H. de). Etudes sur quelques Orthoptéres du Musée de Geneve, nouveau ou imparfaitement connus. [Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1861 (4), I., 469-494, Pl. 11.] Orthoptera nova americana. [ Diagnoses préliminaires, Series Ila, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1861, Mars. | Voeltzkow’s Ergebnisse der Reisen in Madagascar und Ost- Afrika in den Jahren, 1889-—1895. Orthoptera. [Senckenberg. naturf. Ges., XXV., Heft. iv., 1899, p. 569. ] The Genus Acrida. 153 ScHULTESS-RECHBERG (Dr. A. v.). Die von First Ruspoli und Prof. Dr. C. Keller im Somalilande erbeuteten Orthopteren [Zool. Jahrb. VIIT. } Orthoptéres du pays des Somalis, récueillis par L. Robeechi- Brichetti en 1891 et par le Prince Ruspoli en 1892-93. {[Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), 1898, XIX., p. 161.] ScuppeEr (S. H.). Guide to the Genera and Classification of the North American Orthoptera found North of Mexico, Cambridge, 1897. Srdt (C.). Nya Orthoptera. [Ofv. Vet. Ak, Forh., 1855, pp. 353.] Recensio Orthopterorum. [ Révue Critique des Orthoptéres décrits par Linné, de Geer et Thunberg, I. Stockholm, 1873. ] Orthoptera nova descripsit. [Ofv. Vet. Ak. Férh., 1873, No. 4, p. 39.] THomAs (Cyrus). Synopsis of the Acridiidee of North America. [ Dept. Interior, U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ., Washington, 1873. ] THuNBERG (C. P.). Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata, [Mem. Ac. Pet., 1815, V. p. 224.] Truxalis, insecti genus illustratum. [Nov. Act. Ups., 1825, IX., p. 76.] WERNER (F.). Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthoptera Fauna der Hercegowina. [ Verh. k.k. z—b. Ges. Wien., 1898, p. 153.] Zupowsky (N.). Zur Acridiodea Fauna Transcaspiens. [Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross, XX X., 1896, p. 184.] Zur Acridiodea Fauna des Asiatischen Russlands. [Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. Pet., 1898, p. 68.] Dispositio Generwm. 1. Caput ascendens. Pronotum postice plus minus timidum. obi 1.1. Caput haud ascendens. Pronotum postice haud tumidum. 2. Prosternum tuberculo parvo instruc- Acrida, Stil, tum. (Lobi metasternales con- tigui ; caput cylindricum.) 154 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of 3. Caput pronoto longius. 4. Foveole verticis anguste. Ely- tra et alee perfecte explicate. Tibiee posticee margineexterno spinis 16 armate. . . . . 4.4. Foveole nulle. Elytra rudi- mentaria ; ale nulle, Tibiz postices spinis 25 armate. . 3.3. Caput pronoto brevius, vel «que LOUOUM; J ~ ip aae ae eee 2.2. Prosternum mauticum, tuberculo nullo. 3, Caput conicum. Frons minus reclinata, Lobi metasternales haud contigui. 4, Vertex oculolongior. Elytra ¢ longitudine pronoti latiora. Ale ¢@ latissime fenestratze 4.4. Vertex oculo brevior. Elytra ¢@ longitudine pronoti an- custiora. Ale ¢ minus late LONESEEA HS - te ya) ae tis ete s 3.3. Caput subeylindricum, vel valde horizontaliter productum, hand conicum. Frons valde reclinata. Lobi metasternales contigui vel subcontigui. 4. Caput pronoto longius. 5. Statura gracillima. Ale haud TASClats: «eae eee a 5.5, Statura robustiori. Ale ni- gprofasciate . . . . . 4.4, Caput pronoto haud longius, sepe brevius. 5. Elytra valde abbreviata (an- tenne serrate) .. . 5.5. Elytra perfecte explicata. 6. Ale ¢ @ fenestrate . 6.6. Ale ¢ @ haud fenestratie. 7. Statura majore. Lobi acuminati femorum posticorum exteriores quam interiores multo Achurwm, Sauss. Rhadinotatwm, MeN. Gelastorrhinus, Brunner. Hyalopteryx, Charp. Truxalis, Fabr. Calamus, Sauss. Glyphoclonus, Karsch. - Odontomelus, Bol. Amphicremna, Karsch. The Genus Acrida. 155 majores. Antenne serrate . . . . . Oxyolena, Karsch, 7.7, Statura minore. Lobi acuminati femorum posticorum interiores majores. Antenne serrate. 8. Caput rugis longitudi- nalibus instructum. Amycus, Stal. 8.8. Caput rugis nullis. . Macheridia, Stal. ACRIDA, LINN. Caput in conum ascendentem elongatum ; oculi oblongi, a margine antico pronoti longe remoti. Fastigium verticis rotundatum, lateri- bus reflexis, cum fronte angulo valde acuto contiguum. Foveole verticis inferee, angustissime, triangulares. Frons valde reclinata, ad ocellum medium subconstricta. Costa frontalis ad verticem acuta, inter antennas valde compressa, profunde sulcata, dehine sensim obliterata. Antenne capite longiores, compressee et basi dilatatee, ensiformes, segmento primo cylindrico, secundo parvo, aeque longo et lato, sequentibus valde compressis, triquetris, apicali- bus 10 angustioribus, ultimo subcylindricis. Pronotum, a latere visum, concavum, postice triangulare (in A. thrymmatoptera excep- tum, rotundato-truncatum), supra tricarinatum, carina media a sulco transverso unico interrupta, carinis lateralibus antice subparallelis, postice divergentibus, lobis deflexis rugis longitudinalibus interruptis instructis, angulo antico obtuso, postico acuto. Elytra angusta, acuminata, vena intercalata nulla. Ala acuminate, angustee, area a furca rami radialis inclusa dilatata, venulis transversis verticalibus, eque distantibus reticulata. Pedes graciles, postici longissimi, gracillimi, Femora postica vix incrassata. Segmentum abdominale primum utrinque fovea valde aperta instructum. Lamina suprana- lis in utroque sexu triangularis, obtusa, in larvis utriusque sexus valde elongata, compressa, acuminata. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ in processum cucullatum producta. (Gryllus) Acrida. Linn., 1758, S.N., ed. x, i, p. 427. Truxalis, Fabr., 1775, Syst. Ent., 279; Serv. Charp. Tryxalis. Brullé, 1835, Hist. Nat. Ins., IX, 216; Fisch. Fr. Brunner et auctt. Troxallis, Fisch. de W., 1846, Orth. Ross., p. 229. Acrida. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., I, 95; Karsch, Bol., Sauss. Stil was the first to restore Linneus’ name, of un- doubted priority, and although Brunner refuses to accept 156 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of the alteration, Stal is followed by Karsch, Bolivar and de Saussure. It is a difficult genus, and Stal’s work by no means clears the difficulty. Bolivar, however, has to a great extent elucidated it. Dispositio Specierum. 1. Elytra in utroque sexu similia ; areis mediastina et scapulari opacis, irre- gulariter reticulatis, hand ampliatis. Carine laterales prozone recta, par- allele. Ungues tarsorum breves, arolio iis eque longo, apice dilatato, magno. 2. Alw lete rubra vel aurantiace. 3. Ale fascia nigra ornate. 4. Vertex ante oculos acute deline- atus : caput et thorax unicol- oria: fascia nigra apicem alarum attingens. 5. “Statura mediocri vel magna. Fastigium plus productum, acutius.”. . . . . . . 1. Brunneriana, Bol. 5.5. “Statura minore. Fastigium minus productum,obtusius” 2. Sanguinea, Sauss. 4.4. Vertex ante oculos deplanatus : caput et pronotum nigro- punctulata: fascia nigra mar- ginem externam alarum liberans. . . . .-. . . & Inberta, sp. a. 3.3. Ale fascia nigra nulla, 4. Ale crocex, apice hyaline. . 4. Crocea, Bol. 4.4. Ale aurantiace, nigro-tesse- Tate ae) sc eae ee) loseHinsis a burr: 2.2. Ale hyaline, vel infumatz, vel flavescentes, vel albidee. 3: Alwialbide. , . . =... »). (6) Intercalata, sp. mm: 3.3. Ale hyaline. 4, Alarum ramus ven radialis primee haud incrassatus, aream angustam includens. 5. Carine pronoti parallel. The Genus Acrida. 157 Femora antica pronoto VONSIOTA 5 siya ah ede 5.5. Carine pronoti postice sensim divergentes ; femora antica pronoto breviora. 6. Caput et pronotum fortiter carinulata. . . 6.6. Caput et pronotum levia. 4.4, Alarum ramus ven radialis prime incrassatus, aream latam includens. 5. Vena incrassata alarum flex- uosa, apice recurva, vena ulnari contigua (ale sul- jeliiy yet 2)) BAW les meee em 5.5. Vena incrassata alarum sub- recta, apice recurva, venam ulnarem liberans. 6. Carine pronoti parallele . 6.6. Carine pronoti postice divergentes. 7. Ale infumatze. Species asiatica. 8. Ale hyaline, basi nigro-tesselate. Fe- mora antica prono- tum longitudine equantia . . . . 8.8. Ale hyaline, tote leviter infumatie : femora antica pro- noto longiora. . . 7.7. Alze flavescentes. Species africane. 8. Ale leviter flaves- centes. Femora antica pronotum equantia . . . 8.8. Ale hyaline, haud coloratae : femora antica pronoto long- i Nae een ee 7. Acuminata, Stal. 8. Carinulata, Bol. 9. Nasuta, Linn. 10. Rufescens, Pal. 11. Sulphuripennis, Gerst. 12. Stali, Bol. 13. Lugubris, sp. n. 14. Brevicollis, Bol. 15. Subtilis, sp. n. 16. Propinqua, sp. 1, 158 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of 1.1. Elytra in ¢ areis mediastina et scapulari ampliatis, hyalinis, venulis transversis regulariter dispositis, reticulatis. Carinze laterales pro- zone flexuose. Ungues tarsorum articulo tertio parum_ breviores, arolio compresso, brevissimo. 2. Statura maxima (9 92 mm.); ale valde abbreviate. Fastigium ver- ticis latum ; pronotum postice [Karsch. rotundato-truncatum . . . . . 17. Thrymmatoptera, 2.2. Statura mediocri. Ala haud abbre- viate. Fastigium verticis angus- tius. Pronotum postice acutangu- lum. 3. Carine pronoti antice subrecte., Pronotum postice acutangulum, 18. Variabilis, Klug. 3.3. Carine pronoti valde flexuosz. Pronotum postice in spinam acutam productum. 4, Ale fusco-fasciate . . . . . 19. Fusco-fasciata, Bol. 4.4. Alw hand fasciatee. 5. Alz basi flavescentes, hya- line. Antenne marginibus integris . . . . . . . 20. Serrata, Thunb. 5.5. Ale sanguine, nigro-tesse- late. Antenne marginibus serratis . . . » . . 21. Somalia, sp. n. . 1. Acrida brunneriana (Bol.). Viridis, fusco- vel rufo-variegata. Statura gracili: mas femina duplo minor. Antenne ensiformes, elongate, ¢ capite et pronoto unitis longiores, lateribus serratis. Caput angustum, vix elevatum ; vertex ante oculos acute delineatum, fastigium lateribus vix reflexis, vix concavum. Pronotum cylindricum, carinis lateralibus subrectis, postice subundatis, margine postico acutangulo : lobi deflexi carina superiori recta : pronotum postice sub-dilatatum. Caput et pronotum viridia, fusco- vel testaceo-variegata, linea albida ab oculis per genas lobosque deflexos perducté ornata: carine nigro-ornate. Elytra angustissima, viridia, fusco-variegata, areis mediastina et scapulari haud dilatatis. Ale basi albidw, vel flavescentes, medio lete rubro, extus fascia lata nigra apicem ipsum liberanti, margine The Genus Acrida. 159 exteriori maculis nonnullis albidis, ornate. Femora antica pronoto longiora: ¢ @. 3 ? Long. corp.. . . . . 31-34m.m. 51-53 m.m. FH AMLEM Maa LO —o 21-22 Ay = PEONOL, =... 4=4°0 8 3 xelytrorum’. ~.-. 29 48-53 ‘3 emaanty sos) 6 9 Me eH Posts e <- 4 > 20S 39 Patria. CENTRAL MADAGASCAR (Bol., Coll. Brunner, No. 13,823); Tananarive (Coll. Brunner, No. 17,874). Trucxalis brunneriana. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 1 and 3. Acrida radame. Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 629, pl. xxxviil, figs. 29, 30. Bolivar gives a very: brief description of the species, under the name received from de Saussure. The speci- mens in the Brunner collection are named “ brunneriana,” but there can be no doubt that de Saussure changed his name on publishing the description. In the meantime Bolivar had gained priority and his name must stand. The specimens in the Brunner collection named “ brun- neriana” by de Saussure agree perfectly with the latter’s description, and there is no doubt as to the correctness of the synonymy. It varies considerably in size and intensity of colour. The male is very markedly smaller than the female. 2. Acrida sanguinea, Sauss. Quam A. brunneriana minor. “Caput minus elongatum ; ejus processus a latere minus angustus, multo minus elongatus, verticisque rostro breviore. Pronotum illo A. turritxe (7. nasutx) sat simile, carinis dorsalibus lateralibus in metazona divergentibus. Elytra et ale angustissima, acutissima. Color viridis, subtus pallidus. Caput subtus lutescens, utrinque inter carinas laterales vitta lutea vel rubrescente ab ocula emissa ornatum, necnon superne utrinque vittam alteram albidam ab oculo inter carinas supernas ad apicem pronoti preebens. Margo inferior loborum lateralium anguste albo- limbatus. Elytra longissima, viridia. Ale et ad basin sanguine ; campi antici apice leviter decolore vel virescente ; margine externo campi postici per vittam fuscam limbato ; vitta antice latiuscula, postice valde angustata. Var. a. Caput et pronotum vitta dorsali lenpitudinals lutea. Var. 160 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of b. in desiccatis nonnunquam ale decolores flavicantes, vel tantum anterius sanguine. 9° long. corp. 53; caput supra 13 ; pronoti. 7 ; elytr. 54; fem. post. 33 m. Acrida sanguinea. Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 629. Patria. Antananarivo in MADAGASCAR (Sauss.). I only know this species from de Saussure’s description, It appears to be very closely allied to A. brunneriana, 3. Acrida liberta, sp. n. Viridis ; statura majore. Caput, pronotum, sternum et pleura nigro-punctulata. Vertex latus, deplanatus, haud acute delineatus, lateribus valde reflexis. Antennz valde deplanatz, long. Pronotum postice haud dilatatum, carinis lateralibus parallelis, rectis ; disco medio puncto nigro utrinque ornatum ; lobi deflexi carinulis irre- gularibus instructi. Elytra longa, angusta, valde acuminata. Ale elytris breviores, rubra, apice hyaline, nigrofasciate ; fascia nigra marginem posticum alarum includens, apicem liberans. 9. . long, corp. . . « 75 m.m. » antenne . . 23 (broken). oo ACApIOIS.. 61°. M65 7 spronotii« 5%.) 10 » elytrorum . 64-25 5; tebieant, £77,,, 135 3) fem. post... 4z Patria. Suave Coast, H6é (Coll. Brunner, No. 17, 438). This species differs from A. brunneriana in the form of the vertex and the alar fascia, which is curved inwards towards the apex, leaving the apex of the wing clear. From A. crocea, it may be easily distinguished by the presence of the black band. 4. Acrida crocea (Bol.). Viridis vel rufa. Vertex ante oculos deplanatus, haud acute delineatus. Fastigium verticis antrorsum ampliatum, latissimum, supra concavum, marginibus reflexis. Antenne valde ensiformes, deplanate, ¢ dimidio basali latiores, dimidio apicali angustate, ? in tertia parte apicali tantum angustate. Pronotum angustum, nec dilatatum nec elevatum, carinis lateralibus parallelis, postice acutangulum ; lobi deflexi carina superiori subsinuate. Elytra The Genus Acrida. 161 valde acuminata, opaca, viridia vel rufescentia, areis mediastina et scapulari in utroque sexu opacis, haud dilatatis. Vena radialis postica in medio elytri furcata. Ale elytris breviores, leete crocew, maculis nonnullis pallidioribus ornate, apice tantum hyaline vel flaves- centes. Femora antica pronoti longiora: femora postica elytris breviora: ungues tarsorum breves, arolio elongato, Lamina sub- genitatis Q acuminata. ¢ 9°. 3 ? Long. corporis . . . 45-55 m.m. 66-75 » antennarum. . 20 27 ae pronoth, ‘5... ) \. 1 I=8 10 » elytrorum . . 41°75-52 68 i tems ant, 5254 4, (1°7529 10-12 ae SLCINR POSE. Wo.) seco 35°5 Truxalis crocea. Bol., 1889, Ort. Mus., Lisbon, p. 91. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryxalis, pp. 1 and 3. Patria. ANGOLA, Duc de Braganga; Ambriz (Lo/.) ; Port Natat, Duc de Braganga; TRANSVAAL (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 2304, 15,398). The specimens in the Brunner collection are somewhat smaller than the type of Bolivar. It may be distinguished by the colour of the wings: it falls obviously into the first division of the genus, and is not likely to be confused with its allies. The cell on the pronotum is sometimes present, and sometimes obsolete. 5. Acrida ensis (Burr). Viridis. Corpus elongatissimum, cylindricum. Caput minus ascendens ; antennx longi, deplanate, segmentis apicalibus minori- bus, capite pronotoque unitis longiores. Pronotum parvum, cylin- dricum, nec constrictum nec postice dilatatum : carine laterales sub- flexuose, postice paullo divergentes; suleus typicus valde pone medium situs, sinuatus ; lobi laterales pronoti antice obtuse-angulati, haud rotundati, carinis cum ecarinis dorso-lateralibus pronoti pene parallelis. Sternum medio valde carinatum. Elytra longissima, acuminata viridia, area scapulari venulis transversis obliquis sat remotis venulaque spuria instructa. Ale pulcherrime, longe, angustie, elytris valde breviores, aurantiace, nigro-tesselate, apice flavido-hyaline. Abdomen typicum. Pedes longissimi, gracillimi ; tarsorum urgues longi; pulvillo magno. 9. 162 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of : Long. corp. . . . 53-63 mm. » antenn. . . 24 » capitis . . 145 » pronoti . . 8-825 » @lytrotrum . 52°57 » alarum ... 46 35. 2em: post... Sf jut UID. 5 = Sa eogle (2) Tryxalis nasuta. Burr, 1898, P.Z.S., 284 (larvee). Trucalis ensis. Burr, 1899, Bull. Mus., Liverp., 11, 43. Patria. SoxoTRA (B. M. Mus., Liverp.). This is one of the two most elongated and slender mem- bers of the genus: it should be noticed that the antennz exceed the combined length of the head and pronotum ; the golden-orange wings, tesselated with black, are very striking. 6. Acrida intercalata, sp. n. Statura minore. Testacea. Vertex latus, deplanatus, haud acute delineatus, lateribus paullo reflexis. Pronotum postice haud dilata- tum, carinis lateralibus parallelis ; lobi deflexi angulo postico acuto. Elytra testacea, angusta, valde acuminata. Ale anguste, tote albidie. Pectus carinatum. 9. ? Long. corp. . . . 48m.m. ss eDtenm 9. = ? pr eptOD. 84) Je iD oy ) MOLYGD. jus cd yta) | Feo » tem. post. . 30 Patria. CENTRAL MADAGASCAR (Coll. Branner, No. 14, 871). 7. Acrida acuminata, Stil. Virescens, vel testacea. Statura fortiori. Caput haud elevatum ; fastigium verticis latum, lateribus haud fortiter reflexis ; antenne capite et pronoto unitis breviores. Pronotum nigro-vittatum, carinis lateralibus rectis, parallelis, mesosternum carinis tribus, media recta, lateralibus antrorsum convergentibus, instructum. Elytra angusta, valde et fortiter attenuata, acuminata, testacea fusco-variegata. Al anguste, citrine, valde acuminate, apice fusco-radiate, vena radiali furcata, aream latam formanti, regulariter reticulate. 9. The Genus Acrida. 163 Long.icorp; . . . a m.m, TeMbenia, 3) io my eapiuiss: « .. 24-15 i Spronow 9... 6. 10:5 » ¢lytrorum . 58 So tel. POSta 6. sco Acrida acuminata. Stal, 1873, Ree. Orth., 1, 97. Bol., 1881, Ins. Angola Mus. Lisb., 10. Tryxalis acuminata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 1-3. Bol., 1893, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 174. Patria. CAFFRARIA (Stal, Mus. Holm.); GAaBoon (Coll. Brunner, No. 13,261); Porr Nara, near Ladysmith (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,729); BatHurst, Assinie (£ol.). The extremely pointed elytra, the yellow wings, radiated with brown at the extremity, the thickset, flattened head aud pronotum, distinguish this species. 8. Acrida carinulata (Bol.). “‘Pallide rufescens (verisimiliter decolorata). Fastigium verticis concavum, marginibus reflexis. Caput supra subtusque longitrorsum carinulatum, inter carinas rugoso-granosum. Antenne modice ampliate. Pronotum granulosum, pone suleum posticum parum ampliatum, carinis punctato-impressis, ante suleum rectis, parallelis ; pone sulcum lewvissime curvatis, valde distantibus ; sulco pone medium sito ; margine postico obtuse angulato ; carina media acute producta ; lobis deflexis retrorsum modice ampliatis, margine externo valde incrassato, fere recto, intus carina longitudinali cum carina marginali dorsi parallela, in prozona fere oblitterate. Elytra angusta, longis- sima, valde acuminata vena radiali tertia ante medium elytri furcata, deinde haud ramosa; vena intercalari basi apiceque oblit- terata. Ale hyaline, angustee, acuminate ; ramo primo vene radialis ante medium furcato. Pectus haud carinatum. Femora antica pronoto breviora ; postica angulis apicalibus dorsalibus modice productis ; aroliomagno. @. longseorp:. == 7. ¢damm: antennae yy (ORM 6 ne Al ar elyttm 7 x « 68 ~ MO Bitte so se @ ae emiapost.. & 4 Esta especie pertenece 4 la primera division de Stal y debe figurar al lado del 7'r. acuminata, Stal, de la que se distingue por la forma TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaRT Il. (JUNE) 12 164 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of relativemente mas prolongada y estrecha del pronoto y por la escultura de este y de la cabeza, esta Ultima presenta numerosas quillas longitudinales no todos igualmente elevadas, distinguiendose ademas de la central otras dos & cada lado que parten del ojo y se continuan con la quilla lateral del pronoto y con el borde inferior lateral respectivamente ; entre estas quillas hay otras menos elevadas y mas irregulares, como formadas por granos dispuestos en series frecuentemente interrumpidas. El pronoto tambien esta cubierto de granos que sobre la metazona forman lineas longitudinales. Los élitros son muy largos y estrechos terminando en punta aguda ; la tercera vena radial se divide en dos antes del medio, casi el mismo nivel que la ulnaria anterior, continuando los ramos de la primera sin nueva division mientras que el ramo anterior de la nlnaria se bifurca una vez: la vena intercalada disaparece cerca de la base y tambien en el extremo del area que recorre, que es abierta, Las alas son hialinas, agudas, estrechas y una quinta parte mas contas que los élitros. Las patas posteriores son muy largas y delgadas.” Tryxalis carinulata. Bol., 1890, Orth. Afr. Mus., Lisboa, 1, p. 90: Tryxalis carinulata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 3. Patria, Care VERD ISLANDS (Bol.). I do not know this species and so merely quote Bolivar’s description and remarks. 9, Acrida nasuta, Linn. Viridis unicolor, vel roseo- et fusco-vittata, vel testacea. Elytra interdum in area discoidali serie vittarum albidarum, venam inter- calatam simulante, ornata. Fastigium verticis supra concavum, haud acute delineatum. Antenne usque ad apicem depress. Pronotum disco pone sulcum transversum vix dilatato, sensim elevato. Elytra areis mediastina et scapulari in utroque sexu opacis, venulis irregu- laribus obsitis, area anali angusta. Al hyaline, viriscentes, venis principalibus rufescentibus, in varietate testacea apice fuseo-cireum- datis. Femora antici pronoto breviora. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ lanceolato-acuminata, margine superiore sinuato. db : Long. corp. . . . . . 3646mm. 52-64 m.m. jp SRO Sg) 5 bs 8-11 SL elvan, .o BED 45-62 Pe LeMGANLs eyby oc bo. 6-6-9 » dem. poet.. . . . 26-28 30-38 Ba). The Genus Acrida, 165 (ryllus (Acrida) nasutus. Linn., 1754, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1, p. 427 ($:2 = unguiculata, Ramb.). Linn., 1764, Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 118. Stoll., 1787-1815, Représ. Tab., viii, b., fig. 27 (antennis falsis). Truxalis nasutus. Fabr., 1793, Ent. Syst., ii, p. 26. Rossi, 1790, Faun. Etrusca, 1, p. 263. Thunb., 1825, Mem. Ac. Sci. Pet., v, 264. Latr., 1804, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii, p. 147, tab. 94, fig. 5, id. Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., ii, p. 103. Cuvier, 1846, Regne An., tab. 84, fig. 2; tab. 85, fig. 1. Truxalis nasuta. Charp., 1825, Hore Ent., 126. Burm., 1839, Handb., 11, 606. Serv., 1839, Orth., 580. Trycalis nasuta. Brullé, Hist. Nat. Ins., ix, 217. Fisch., 1853, Orth. Eur., 299, tab. xv, fig. 1, la, b. 2. Friv., 1868, Mon. Orth. Hung., 137, tab. vi, fig. 3. Luc., 1849, Expl. de ’Alg. Orth., 25. Fieb., 1853, Syn. 8; Ergénz. Lotos., 1854, 177. Eversm., 1859, Bull. Soc. I. Moscow, xxxii, 131. Brunner, 1882, Prod., 88. Trusalis pellucida, Klug., 1830, Symb. Phys., tab. xviii, figs. 5-9, Acrida turrita. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., i, 96. Bol., 1878, Ort. de Esp., 102, tab. i, figs. 14, 15. Dubr., 1879, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xii, 12. Acrida testacea, Stil, 1873, Ree. Orth., i, 96. Acrida nebulosa, Ibid., p. 96. Acrida bicolor, Tbid., p. 97. Acrida conica. Ibid., p. 98. Acrida nasuta. Bol., 1878, An. Soe. Esp. H. N., vii, 461. Pantel., 1886, An. Soc. Esp., H. N., xv, 266. Bol., 1898, Cat. Sin. Ort. Faun. Ib., 43. Karsch, 1887, Ent. Nach., xiii, 39. Sulz., Kennt., tab. viii, fig. 57 (antennis falsis). Rosel., Ins. Bel., 11, tab. iv, figs. 1, 2 (antennis falsis). Savigny, Descr. Egypt. Orth., tab. v, figs. 3, 4, 5. 166 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of Truzalis rafiesii. Blanchard, Voy. Pol. Sud. Orth., iv, p. 366. Truxalis nasuta. Linn., var., id. op. cit.,pl. 2, figs. 3-4 (18 ..). Truxalis gigantea. Fuessly, 1794, Arch. (French trans.), p. 173, pl 52/8. 76.2. Acrida turrita. Dubr., 1878, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., x1, 331. Karsch, 1891, Berl. Ent. Zeit., xxxvi, 176. Id., 1893, Orth. von Adeli, 55. Marquet, 1898, Orth. Languedoe, 9. Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 630. Troxallis nasuta, Fisch. de W., Orth. Ross., 231, tab. x, fos, 1,79. 5 ) Gryllus (Acrida) turritus. Linn., 1854, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 427; ed. xu, 692. Villers, Linn, Ent., 1, p. 434, tab. 11, p. 4 Tryxalis turritus. Krauss, 1878, Orth. Faun. Istriens, 26. Truxalis hungaricus. Fab., 1793, Ent. Syst., u, 27. Herbst, Fuessly, 1786, Arch., tab. 52, fig. Germar., Reise, 1817, Dalm., p. 260. Truxalis unicolor, Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 263. Truxalis cinereus, Thunb., 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 79, 2. Truxalis testaceus. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 263; id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 81. Truxalis nebulosus, var. a. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ae. Pet., v, 267; id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., 1x, 83. Truxalis bicolor. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 267; id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 87. Truxalis interruptus. Thunb, 1815, Mem. Ac, Pet., v, 269. Truxalis conicus. Thunb., 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 87. Tryxalis nasuta. Bol., 1893, Ort. de Esp., p. 17; id. 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 304; 1894, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., elxi. Burr, 1897, Tr. Ent. Soc., London, 44. Bucchich, 1885, Verh. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien., 381. de Bormans, 1885, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), 11, 102. Cuzurro, 1888, Ann. Soc. Esp. H. N., xvii, 473. Eversm., 1859, Orth. Volg.-Ural., 131. Friv., 1868, Mon, Orth. Hung., 137. The Genus Acrida. 167 Gerst., 1873, Beitr. zur Ins. F. Sans., 215. Giglio, Tos., 1893, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 164, p. 5. Griffini, 1897, Note Faune Piem., xi, 2. Novak., 1883, Orth. Les., 125. Tryxalis nasutus. Bonn. Fin., 1885, Orth. Tunis., 23. Truxalis nasuta. Burr, 1899, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), 10. Charp., 1841, Germ. Zeitschr. f. Nat., 11, p. 305. Finot, 1883, Cat. Orth. France, 6. Id., 1883, Orth. Fr., 46. Id., 1897, Orth. de PAlg.-Tunis., 44 Graber, 1870, Faun. Stud. Syrm., 377. Krauss, 1887, Derm. Orth. Siciliens., p. 10. Krauss, 1890, Erklirung Savigny’s Egypt, 251, 252. Panéié, 1883, Orth. Serb., 46. Redt, 1889, Orth. Oestr., 23. Redt, 1900, Derm. Orth. O.-Ung. Deutschland, 44. Retowski, 1888, Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosce., 409. Schult., 1898, Zool. Jahrb., viii, 73. Schult., 1898, Orth. Somalt, 185. Werner, 1898, Verh. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien., p. 154. Zub., 1896, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xxx, 184. Zub., 1898, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. Imp. Sci. Pet., 70. Truxalis nasuta. Krauss, 1892, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 148. Schaum., 1862, Peters’ Reise Mossamb. Ins., 129. Patria. In Europe: All Southern Europe, very common. The most northerly points of its dis- tribution appear to be Budapest, the southern slopes of the Alps, and the south of France, Marseilles, Mont- pellier (Coll. Br.), the whole of the Balkans, and South Hungary (common), Italy, Sicily. In Arrica: Algeria, Tunis, Egypt Senegal, Sierra Leone, Cameroons, Gaboon, South Africa, Natal, Cape Colony, Madagascar. In ASIA: Asia Minor, Syria, Turkestan, Himalaya, China, Hong- Kong, Hainan, Japan, Cambodia, Cochin China, Malaccas, Singapore, Celebes, Sumatra, Bangkok, Java, Borneo, Philippines. In AustraLtaA: Rockhampton, Queensland, Sydney, Moreton Bay, Lord Howe’s Island, Port Adelaide, Victoria, New Holland. 10. Acrida rufescens (Pal.). “Truxale roussitre. Antennes, téte, elytres variés on rayés de brun. Abdomen et pieds roussatres, (Fig. 2.) 168 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of “Truxalis rufescens. Antennis, capite, elytrisque fusco-varie- gatis. Abdomen pedesque rufescentes. (Fig. 2.) “ Aux mémes eux que la précédente (nasutus, 7. e. Chama, Oware and Benin), sur le bord des eaux. “Obs, Rigoureusement parlant, cette espece ne différe de la verte (i.e. nasutus Fabr. et Linn.) que par sa couleur ; cependant, toutes proportions gardées, les antennes sont plus longues, et les sept ou huit derniers articles sont cylindriques, et cessent d’étre plats et triangulaires comme les inférieurs. J’en posséde deux variétés : une dont les elytres sont marquées latéralement dune large raie brune, tichetées de blanchatre et dans laquelle se trouve une nervure brune, interrompue alternativement de taches longues et blanchatres: ce qui semblerait la rapprocher de la T'’rucale conique, Truxalis conicus, Fab. L’autre a les elytres entitrement rousses, d’une couleur plus pale, uniforme et comme mouchetées de taches brune, mais peu apparentes.” Truaalis rufescens. Pal., 1805, Ins. Afr. Amér. Orth., Pie, Doll (5 tee: Acrida rufescens. Stal, 1878, Rec. Orth., i, p. 97. Truxalis nebulosus, var. d. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, p. 267; id. 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., 1x, p. 83. Tryxalis rufescens. Bol. Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. e Nat., Lisboa (2), i, p. 92, 1890. This remains a doubtful species ; if it really deserves specific rank, it must fall near to Acrida nasuta, L., but I am unable to differentiate in the synoptical table. Bolivar (I. c.) appears also in doubt. have given above Palisot de Beauvois’ remarks in detail. Bolivar refers, with some hesitation, to this species some large specimens from Duque de Braganga. Stal remarks that it is very similar to A. twrrita, but larger. In all probability it is merely a synonym of the type species. 11. Acrida sulphuripennis (Gerst.). Viridis vel testacea. Mas feminaé duplo minor. Caput magis elevatum. Fastigium angustum, concavum. Antenne haud valde deplanate, capite et pronoto unitis breviores. Pronotum subcon- strictum postice subdilatatum, carinis lateralibus subsinuatis ; lobi deflexi angulo postico minus acuminato. Elytra viridia, vel testacea, fusco-variegata, Alze flavee, latiores, haud valde acuminate, area The Genus Acrida. 169 dilatata valde perspicua, apice infuscate. Abdomen sordide flavidum vel fuscum. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ fornicata, bituberculata. ¢ 9. dé 2 Long corp, ... . 33°09 53 aibenincen ee co 19 my) TSRONTOn bo oe 85-10 ebyerorunt =.) 21 52 ay fem PSs... =. =< 20 37 Tryzalis sulphuripennis. Gerst., 1873, Van der Decken’s Reise, iii (2), p. 33, tab. iu, fig. 1. Gerst., 1873, Beitr. Ins: Faun. -Zanz., 215, Arch. £ Naturf., xxv. Bol., 1889, Orth. Afr. Mus. Lisboa, 1, 93. Id. 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 5 (nec Stal). Acrida sulphuripennis. De Bormans, 1881, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxv, Orth. Patria. Zanzibar (Gerst.), Duque de Braganga, and Lourengo Marques (Bol.), Zanzibar (Coll. Brunner, No. 10, 264), Lower Congo (Coll. Seeldrayers, Coll. mea.), South Africa (Borm.). Very close to A. stali, Bol. 12. Acrida stali (Bol.). Statura majore. Tota viridis; antenne rufescentes, tantum basi dilatata apud ¢, post medium apud @. Ale flaviscentes, hyaline. Elytra femora postica ¢ paullo superantia, 9 valde superantia, acuminata; pronotum carinis rectis, parallelis ; lobi deflexi carina superiori antice cum carinis dorsalibus parallela. ¢ 9. ) ? ongs corp. . 9 = vs be, 45 mem: 70 m.m. pu promet:. =... a sk. (OS 12 Se diyin fete, gd 60 | fem post. <.. 4 = 26 40 Acrida sulphuripennis. Stal (nec Gerst., nec Bol.), 1873, Ree. Orth., 95. Tryxalis stali. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 4. Patria. Senegal, Gulf of Guinea (Bol.), Sierra Leone (Stal, Bol.). I do not know this species, and merely give the details 170 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of as given by Bolivar. It appears to be very nearly allied to A. sulphuripennis, Gerst. 13. Acrida lugubris, sp. n. Statura mediocri: Viridis vel testacea, fusco-variegata, Vertex ante oculos deplanatus, Jateribus haud valde reflexis. Antenne breves, dimidio basali tantum paullo dilatate. Pronotum plus minus constrictum, postice dilatatum, margine postico acutangulo : carine laterales sinuatee: lobi deflexi angulo postico haud acuto, rotundato. Elytra latiora, apice obtuse-acuminati, viridia vel testacea nigro- et albido-ornata. Alz hyaline, costa frontali paullo infuseata, basi infumate, fusco-tesselata. Elytra ¢ 2 femora postica vix superantia. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ elongatum, angus- tum, supra basi bituberculatum. Mas femina multo minor, 3 ¢ Long. corp.. . . . 32°5-35°5 mm. 54°5-64°5 m.m. sy PMU 6 oo ORS 14-16 Sy APEOMA§ ok eau) (Ee O=o-D 10-10°75 mi Nelytry a.¢ wl) ae b-=28 46-51 » tem. post. . . 205-22 32-37 Patria. East INpres (Coll. Brunner, ex coll. Fieber, No. 9382); CryLon: Tungalle (Nos. 5696 and 15,556), and Colombo (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 5696, 15,556, 16,252 and 17,258); BomBay (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,192); SIKKIM (Coll. Brunner, No. 22,846); SourH CELEBES : Samanga and Patuhuang (Coll. Branner, No. 20,768). The specimens in the Brunner collection are labelled “Tr, lugubris, Fieb.” and “ Tr. lugubris, Br.,” but the species has not hitherto been described. The finest-coloured and largest specimens are from the north of Ceylon. 14, Acrida brevicollis (Bol.). Statura minori. Viridis vel testacea. Antenne breves, caput et pronotum unitis vix longiores, Pronotum subconstrictum, postice dilatatum, carinis lateralibus flexuosis, lobi laterales angulo postico subrecto. Elytra minus angusta, apice obtuse acuminata. Als’ hyaline, prope basin leviter infumate, Lamina supraanulis ¢ caniculatee. Long. corp... . . - 28-38 mm. 50-59 m.m. ay, ONLEDN ke. 9°5 1Y ay | MPEOLS "Gh wo, Se 5—5°5 8°75-1] The Genus Acrida. 171 3 ? Long. elytr. . . . . 25-80 m.m. 45-50 m.m. % sfem:. post... 4. . 1875-28 Sy Tryxalis brevicollis. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 2 and 4. Patria. East INprES (Bol.): Maduré (Bol.), Hast India (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 13,259, 14,747, 2855, 5522, 16,014, 7391, 13,018), Silhet (Coll. Brunner, No. 6356) ; CEYLON (Coll? Brunner; iINos. “6253; 915,556) 16,105, F5;869):: Colombo (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,668). Very closely allied to A. naswta ; may be distinguished by the venation of the wings. 15. Acrida subtilis, sp. n. Statura minore. A. brevicolli (Bol.) wgre distinguenda: ab ea differt, alis totis flavescentibus, nec infumatis, lamina supraanali ¢ non caniculata, apice rotundata, 3 ihong-corp: |. = «= «. Sl=o2 mim: » ioe 5 6 9 til DLO a nO Oso eelytr: 2 1... (25"79=26°5 a tem: post. . . 19=20 Patria. MADAGASCAR (Coll. Brunner, No. 14,870). Very close to A. brevicollis, but the wings are very different ; the antennz also are slightly longer. 16. Acrida propinqua, sp. n. A. lugubri vicina: ab ea differt alis hyalinis, pronoto vix constricto. Species africana. 3 ¢ Kong vcorp: =: =) - 30 mim, —48;5: mim: 5 oun 4 =, 4 TOYS 15°5 i ORO ow oh a a 8) 8 ry elyine 2 a ate 25 43 ae emi post. 4 5 tS 30°5 Patria, Care Cotony (Coll. Brunner, No. 16,698) SLAVE Coast, Ho (Coll. Brunner, No. 17,437). This species scarcely differs from A. /wgubris, m., and I ean find no points of distinction other than given above. 17. Acrida thrymmatoptera, Karsch. “Griin, Hinterleibsriicken licht roth, Bauchseite gelb. Auf den 172 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of Hinterfliigeln einige Queradern dunkel gesaiimt. Durch die Deck- fliigel zieht ein vorn gabliger, dann schmaler und vom Innenrande entfernter,im hinteren Viertel breiter und dem Innenrande sehr nahe verlaufender dunkler Langsstreifen. Oberrand der oberen, Unterrand der unteren Scheidentheile schwarz. “Scheitel nur wenig langer als der Pronotum-riicken, nach vorn nur ein wenig verschinalert, Scheitelgipfel langer als breit, gleich breit, vorn stumpf, mit gerundeten Winkeln. Fiihler sehr breit, wenig schmaler als der Scheitelgipfel. Pronotum-riicken fast gleich breit in seiner ganzen Lange: Basaltheil halb so lang wie der Apicaltheil, flach, nicht ansteigend, auf der Mitte des Hinterrandes spitzwinkelig, die Seitenkiele des Pronotum-riickens ihrer ganzen Lange nach parallel. Krallen massig lang, Arolium gross, langer als die Krallen. Deckfliigel wohl ausgebildet, die Mitte der Hinter- schienen ziemlich erreichend. Hinterflitigel ausserordentlich kurz, die Mittelschenkel kaum tiberragend, schmal, am Ende spitz, 9.” 8 Long..corp. . ... 92mm. s5. apibis's Sa Ly, sy) dastepl. .. * 2S"D 3) a pronoti "7.7 14 » elytrorum . 72 » oslarum <-. {16 PCI waniteaceeue ilies » fem.med.. . 145 » fei. post.. . 45 Acrida thrymmatoptera. Karsch, 1893, Berl. Ent. Zeit., Xxxvill, p. 55, fig. 1, 9. Patria. W. A¥rica: Bismarckburg, Nov. 1—Dec. 15, 1890 (Karsch). I only know this species from Karsch’s description and figure; its large size and extremely abbreviated wings should distinguish it from the others of the genus. In the shortness of the wings it approaches Ca/anvus, Sauss. 18. Acrida variabilis (Klug.). Viridis, vel testacea, fusco-variegata. Fastigium verticis haud acute delineatum. Antenne dimidio basali tantum deplanate, dehine attenuate. Pronotum carinis lateralibus antice subrectis, postice divergentibus, postice dilatatum, lobis lateralibus angulo postico recto. Elytra area marginali in parti apicali arearum media- sting et scapularis ¢ hyalina, venulis transversis obliquis, regula- The Genus Acrida. is riter dispositis. Ale hyaline, fusco-tesselatz, interdum flavescentes, precipue in @ basi violacew al rosew. Femora antica pronoti longiora. Ungues tarsorum fortiores, articulo primo breviores, arolio minimo, compresso. Abdomen apice fusco-vittatum. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ breviter acuminata, a latere visa margine postico subtruncato, margine superiori recto. ¢ Q. re) : Long. corp.. . . . 4447 m.m. 65-74 m.m. OCI a ee Wie: 10-14 yy Ceytt =. a,» 38-42 55-61 Me hon tata) 10°5-14 5 fem. post. . . 25-80 36-44 Truxcali variabilis. Klug. 1829, Symb. Phys., tab, xvii, figs. 2-6. Serv., 1839, Orth., 582. Burm., 1839, Handb., 11, 607. Tryxalis variabilis. Brullé, 1835, Hist. Nat. Ins., ix, 218. Truaalis variabilis. Burm., 1839, Handb., 11, 607. Troxallis variabilis. Fisch. de W., 1846, Orth. Ross., 232. Truxalis obsoleta. Klug., 1829, Symb. Phys., tab, xvi, fig. 1. Truxalis procera. Klug. ibid., 208. Truxalis conspurcata. Klug., ibid., xvii, fig. 1. Trucalis annulatus. Thunb., 1829, Mem. Ac. Sci. Pet., v, 267. Truxalis bilineatus. Thunb., ibid., 258. Truxalis nebulosus, var. P. Thunb., ibid., 267. Tryxalis klugw. Fieb., 1853, Syn. 8: Lotos., 1854, 177. ‘ Savigny, Descr. de lEgypte, Orth., pl. v, figs. 6, 8-14. Truxalis pharaonis. Klug., 1829, Symb. Phys., tab. xiv. Krauss, 1890, Ekl. Sav. Taf., 251. Tryxalis (Aeridella) pharaonis. Bol., 1898, Det. Gen. Tryx., 3 and 4. Tryxalis unguiculata. Fisch., 1853, Orth. Eur., 301, tab. XV, figs. 3, 3a, 4. Br., 1882, Prod., 90, fig. 21. Kr., 1886, Orth. Sicil., 10, iv. 1890; Ekl. Orth. Taf. Sav., 28 and 29. Bonn, and Finn., 1885, Cat. rais. Orth. Tunis,, 23, 174 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of Bonn., 1886, Orth. Obock., 3. Borm., 1884, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), u1, 102. Bol., 1889, Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., 1, 93. Caz., 1888, An. Soc. Esp., H. N., xvii, 473. Frey-Gessner., 1872, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., xi, 4. Fieb., 1853, Syn., 8. Giglio, Tos., 1893, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 164, p. 5. Griffini, 1894, Mise. Ent., No. 6, p. 1. Redt, 1889, Wien., Ent. Zeit., viii, 24. Schult., 1898, Zool. Jahrb., vin, 73. Schult., 1898, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), xix, 25. Truxalis unguiculata. Ramb., 1838, Faune de lAnd., 72. Finot, 1884, Nom. Cat. Orth. Fr., 6. Finot, 1897, Orth. Alg. Tun., 411 and 412. Krauss, 1892, Wien., Ent. Zeit., 148. Krauss, 1892, Zool. Anzeig., No. 390, 4. Krauss, 1896, Zool. Jahrb., 560. Burr, 1900, Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., 417. Acrida unguiculata. Bol., 1898, Act. Soc. Esp. N. H., 75. Bol., 1899, Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., 587. Truxalis miniata. Klug., 1829, Symb. Phys., tab. xvi, figs. 1—4. Gerst., 1873, Arch. f. Nat., xxv., 215. Finot, 1897, Orth. Ale. Tun., 411 and 413. Schult., 1898, Jahrb. Zool., viii, 93. Serv., 1839, Orth., 583. Tryxalis miniata. Gerst., 1878, Von der Deckens’ Reise in Ost.-Afrika, 111, Insecta, 33. Tryxalis (Acridella) unguiculata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 3 and 4, Acrida (Acridella) wnguiculata. Bol. 1898, Ort. Fam. Iber., 43. ?G@ryllus (Acrida) nasutus. Linn., 1759, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 427, No. 11. Tryxalis (Aerida) nasutus. Brullé, 1832, Exp. Moreé., 91. Krauss, 1877, Orth. vom Senegal., p. 24. Acrida nasuta. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., i, 99. Bol., 1878, Ort. de Esp., 103, tab. 1, fig. 16. Dubr., 1878, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xi, 331, De Borm., 1881, ibid., xvi, 214. = sl Or The Genus Acrida. Bol., 1878, An. Soc. Esp., H. N., vii, 461. Pant., 1886, An. Soc. Esp.; H. N., xv, 266. Patria. In Europe: the Mediterranean Coast; Andalusia, Sicily, Candia, Corfu (Bol., Br... In Arrica: Algeria, Egypt (Pinot), Senegal, Angola, Cape Verd (5ol.), Morocco (Bol.), Mombassa (erst.), Somali (Schwit.). In ASIA: Syria, Jaffa (Coll. m.), Asia Minor, Cyprus, Seir in N.W. Persia (Burr), Angora (Bol.), Aden (Schult.). Var. variabilis: Egypt (Klug., Br.), Assouan, Khartoum, Nubia. Ladakia, Ceylon; India; Moluccas (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 9102, 9103, 15,694, 15,870, 16,669, 2852, 5038). Several authors have endeavoured to separate LONN. ODi eee One its 530 LEM. WOSt. ce ay ae ee 29 ‘““Semejante al Tr. serrata, Thunb., del que 4 primera vista se dis- tingue por la coloracion de las alas que ofrecen una ancha faja parda dispuesta como en el genera Pyrgodera, y ademas por las diferencias siguientes. “Las antenas son mas estrechas y las quillas laterales del pronoto mas fuertemente sinuosas en su primera mitad y poco mas separadas entre si en la metazona; esta segunda mitad del pronoto aun cuando provista de arrugas longitudinales no aparece tan distintamente estriada como en el T'r. serrata, Th. : los lédbulos laterales tienen el borde inferior mas sinuoso y el surco medio profundamente impreso. Los élitros son de igual formas en ambos sexos, con las areas medias- tina y escapular completamente reticuladas y opacas ; el campo dis- coidal ofrece como en el 7'r. serrata, Th., una faja longitudinal parda, ondeada por delante, pero en la nueva especie las ondas son mucho mas menudas y numerosas. Las alas son de igual forma que en la especie citada y finalmente las patas son delgadas, los fémures posteriores terminan porencima en dos largas espinas y los lébulos geniculares tambien son espinosos, las uias del ultimo artejo de los tarsos son apenas mas cortas que este y el arolio es muy pequetio. La placa infra-anal del ¢ es muy corta.” Tryxalis fusco-fusciata. Bol., 1890, Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 93. Tryxalis (Acridella) fusco-fasciata. Bol., 1889, Det. Gen. Tryx., 3 and 4. : Patria, Quando in ANGOLA (Bol.). Apparently a very distinct species, but I only know it from the description. 20. Acrida serrata (Thunb.). Statura minore, robusta: viridis vel testacea, fusco-variegata. Vertex haud acute delineatus. Antenne capite et pronoto unitis longiores, deplanatae, marginibus integris. Caput breve, fastigium * The Genus Acrida. 177 verticis oculis brevius, haud acute delineatum, lateralibus valde reflexis. Pronotum breve; disci pars antica parte postica multo brevior: pronotum medio constrictum, carinis lateralibus valde flexuosis ; margine postico in spinam producto ; lobi lateralis carina superiori cum carinis dorsalibus haud parallel, angulo postico rotundato-recto. Elytra latiora, maculis albidis seriatim ornata. Ale hyalinz, basi flavescentes, apice infumate. Valvule ovipositoris breves. @. Long. corp. r m.m. » antenn. 19 3) pron: 8 » elytr. 39 55 fem. post. 27 Truxalis serratus. Thunb., 1815, Mem. Ac. Pet., v, 269; 1827, Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 84. Tryxalis serrata. Bol., 1889, Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 92. Schult. 1899, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Se. Nat., xxxv (132), p. 302. Griffini, 1897, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 290, p. 5. Acrida serrata, Stal, 1873, Ree. Orth., 1, 100. Tryxalis (Acridella) serrata. Bol., 1893, Det. Gen. Tryx., 3and 4. Trucalis dentatus. Thunb., 1815, Mém. Ac. Pet., v, 269, iv, 1827; Nov. Act. Ups., ix, 88. Truxalis econstrictus. Schaum., 1862, in Peter’s Reise Mossamb. Ins., 129, tab. 7, A.F. 1. Patria. ?“ INDIA ORIENTALIS” ( Thunb.) ; MOZAMBIQUE (Schaum) ; Huilla and Duque de Braganga in West Africa (Bol.). SterrA LEONE (Coll. Brunner, No. 1247); S. AFRICA (Stal); CAPE oF GooD Hope (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 2007, 5351, 12,828); DELAGOA (Schwlt.); KazUNGULA on Upper Zambesi (Grifint). A very distinct species, remarkable for the form of the head and pronotum. 21. Acrida somalia, sp. n. A, serratx, Thunb., vicina : differt., stature multo majore, fastigio verticis magis acute delineato, antennis marginibus serratis, ala nigro- tesselate late rubra, 9. 178 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of ? ong corp. <3 2 22" 160mm! Sp) chou 5 BG AO) pe JOE G5 6 4 e 15 i Clytts se ae ee oy: ) MCML DOSE). me) eee Patria. Pass Gerator, Somatt (Coll. Brunner, No. 18,808). The only specimen, a female, was captured by Ketter, Pass Gerator, Somaliland, and was obtained from Dr. Schultess-Rechberg, who, however, in his paper on Orthop- tera collected there by Dr. C. Ketter, makes no reference tox. 22. Achurum, Sauss. Statura gracili. Caput elongatum, lateribus parallelis, horizon- tale: vertex rotundatus, convexus, medio carinatus, lateribus reflexis: frons, a latere visa, sinuata: foveolz laterales lineares. Antenne deplanati, triquetra, acuminate, capite et pronoto unitis oreviores. Pronotum supra deplanatum, carinis rectis, parallelis, sulco typico pone medium interruptis, margine antico recto, postico rotundato: lobi laterales margine antico obliquo, inferiori recto, postico sinuato. Prosternum spina parva armatum, Elytra angusta, apice acuminata. Ale perfecti explicate. Femora postica valde com- pressa, lobis genicularibus in spinas obtusas productis. Valvule ovipositoris breves. Tibiz posticee margine externo spinulis circ. 17 armate, calcaribus terminalibus haud valde ineequalibus. Achurum. Sauss., 1861, Orth. Nor. Am., ii, 15. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., 11, 9. Brunner, 1893, Rev. Syst. Orth., 118. MacNeill, 1897, Rev. Trux. N. Am., 201. Typus generis Achurum sumichrasti. Sauss. Dispositio specierum. 1. Elytra abdomen valde superantia: pro- notum alutaceo-rugosum . . . . . 1. Swmichrasti, Sauss, 1.1. Elytra abdomen haud superantia : pro- notum haud alutaceo-rugosum. . . 2 Acridodes, Stal. 23. Achurum sumichrasti, Sauss. Statura minore. Viride vel testaceam. Gracilis, compressum. Caput breve. Pronotum alutaceo-granosum, medio carinatum, ante The Genus Acrida. 179 medium sulco incompleto interrupto, pone medium suleo typico instructum ; carinz lateralis parallel : margo anticus rectus, postico rotundatus: lobi lateralis margine antico obliquo, infero recto, postico sinuato, angulo postico acuto. Elytra perfecte explicata, femora postica et abdominis apicem valde superantia, angusta, apice acuminata. Ale angustz, elytris breviores, hyaline, leviter in- fumate, campo antico excepto, margine antico in tertia parti parte apicali macula angusta testacea ornato, Pedes breves, gracilis. Femora postica valde compressa, elytris et abdomine valde breviora. Lamina supraanalis ? conica, obtusa, valvule ovipositoris breves. ?. Long. corp. . . . 38m.m. (after Sauss.). » elytra ¢ 5 484 = lem. post: 2 “15:5 Truxalis (Achurum) sumichrasti, Sauss., 1861, Orth. Nor. Amer. Diagn. Prélim., Series iia, p. 15; Rev. Mag. Zool., 313. Thos., 1873, Acrid. N. Am., 195. Achurum sumichrasti. Gerst., 1861, Arch. f. Nat., xvii, ii, 317; iv, 1851, Bericht., 45 (teste Scudd.). Scudd., 1868, Cat. Orth. N. Am., 83. Walk., 1870, Cat. Derm. Salt, 111, 518. Stal, 1873, Rec. Orth., i, 101. MacNeill, 1897, Rev. Trux. N. Am., 202, fig. 2, a and c. Scudd., 1900, Cat. Descr. Orth. U.S. and Canada, 19. Patria, “Mexico TEMPERATA” (Sauss.); MExtco (Coll. Brunner, No. 6806); GUATEMALA (Coll. Brunner, No. 6986); ARIZONA (Scudd.); Fort Grant in Arizona (U.S. Nat. Mus., McNeill). 24, Achurum acridodes (Stal). “ Fusco testaceum ; vertici, dorso pronoti areaque anali elytrorum virescentibus ; genis lobisque lateralibus pronoti dorsum versus obtusoribus : elytris griseo-hyalinis, area analiexcepta, fuscovenosis : alis infuscatis. “Forti ad A. sumichrasti, Sauss., referendum, colore dorsi pro- notoque dorso haud alutaceo-rugoso, sed antice et in lobo postico obsolete punctulato, lobisque lateralibus obsolete variolosi differre videtur. Elytra corpore paullo breviora, femoribus posticis plus longiora, venis anali et axillari libere excurrentibus. Femora postica apicem abdominis haud attingentia. Lobi metasterni pone impres- siones toti contigui. Antenne vertice paullo angustiores, capite et TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.— PART I. (JUNE) 13 180 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of pronoto simul sumtis nonnihil longiores. Segmentum genitale maris longum, productum, sensim acuminatum. ¢ Long. 27 m.m.” Truxalis acridodes. Stal, 1873, O. N. A. F., 30, ii, p. 52. Achurum acridodes. Stal, 1873, Rev. Orth., i. 101. MeNeill, 1897, Rev. Trux. N. Am., 202. Patria, Mexico (Mus. Holm.; S¢a/). I only know this species from Stal’s description; it is also unknown to McNeill. It may not be distinct from A sumichrasti. 25. Gelastorrhinus, Brunner. Caput elongatum, vertex brevis, lineola curvata inter oculos delineatus. Antenne long, ensiformes, ab oculis parum remote. Frons valde reclinata, costa sulcata, carinis parum divergen- tibus, carinis lateralibus rectis. Pronotum supra planum, tricari- natum. Elytra et alee acuminate. Prosternum dente minimo vix distinguendo armatum. Femora intermedia coxas posticas superantia. Femora postica gracilia, supra carinata, apice in lobos duos, acutos, plus minus longos, producta. Tibize postice extus spinis 13-20 armatz, supra spinaeapicali externa nulla. Abdo- men compressum. Lamina supra-analis ¢ acuminata, sulcata. Cerci utriusque sexus depressi, apice acuminati vel rotundati. Valvule genitales ¢ superiores inermes, inferiores leviter denticulate. 4. Gelastorhinus.* Brunner, 1893, Révision, p. 157. Sauss., 1899, Senck. Nat. Ges., xxi, 633. Dispositio specierum. 1. Rostrum a vertice sulco ita a disjunctum, Antenne capite et pronoto unitis aque long. (Tibia posticee femoribus post wque longe. Elytra albolineata). . 1. Hdax, Sauss. 1.1. Rostrum a vertice suleo parabolico ita -— disjunctum. Antenne capiti et pronoto unitis longiores. 2. Statura majore, robusta. Tibize postice femoribus posticis aque longe. * The name was invented by de Saussure, from yeAaoros, ridiculus, and pis—nasus, but in combination p must be doubled, The Genus Acrida. 181 3. Elytra aldolineata. Tibiz postica [ Brunner. extus spinis 15-20 armate. . . 2. Albolineatus, 3.3. Elytra viridia, haud albolineata. Tibiz postice extus spinis 12-15 armate 5 =. if als A Ge a “ea welacne, Spo le 2.2. Statura minore gracili. Tibiz postice femoribus (preecipue in ? ) breviores. 3. Area discoidalis elytrorum vena in- tercalata una instructa, venulis transversis sat distantibus. Species javanica iB eas 4, Lucius, sp. n. 3.3. Area discoidalis elytrorum venis in- tercalatis falsis pluribus instructa, venulis transversis conferti reticu- lata. Species japonica. . . . 5. Hsox, sp. n. 26. Gelastorrhimus edaxr, Sauss. Statura minore. Testaceus, viridi-variegatus. Antenne capite et pronoto unitis aque longe, dimidio basali deplanatw, parti apicali attenuate. Frons a latere visa sinuata. Pronotum supra deplanatum, a latere visum, subconcavum ; carine laterales levissime sinuate, fere rectz et parallele ; sulcus typicus pone medium situs ; margo anticus rectus, posticus subrotundatus : lobi laterales margine antico inclinato recto, inferiore recto, postico sinuato. Elytra an- gusta, hyalina, testacea, area mediastina vitta humerali albida, intus vitta angusta nigro- marginataéornata ; elytraabdomenet femora postica superantia. Ale elytris breviores angustz, acuminate, hyaline. Femora postica lobis genicularibus acuminatis, Tibiew postice spinulis extus 17 inter 15 armate. ¢ ?. ¢ Long. corp, «=. « - . 40mm. Me PLOU sa eo A ee ein af RCE alll Ce ee x oe ae tem, Post; sa % 221 Gelustorhinus edax. Sauss., 1899, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., xxi, 634, figs. 31, 32. Patria. MADAGASCAR; MAJUNGA and MAKAMBI ISLAND in Boeni Bay (Sauss.); Nosst Bt (Coll. Brunner, No. 14,942); MApnaGascar (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 17,925, 19,340); CEYLON (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 15,871, 16,256). De Saussure says: “ Pronotwm wnicolor.’ The lateral lobes are however usually green, and this general colour varies. 182 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of 27. Gelastorrhinus albolineatus, Brunner. Statura majore. Colore pallido fulvo-testaceo, Fastigium verticis oculo brevius, acutum, sulco parabolico a vertice disjunctum, An- tenne parum supra oculos inserte, ensiformes, capite et pronoto unitis aque long. rons, a latere visa, levissime sinuata. Prono- tun supra planiusculum, tricarinatum, fulvo-testaceum, utrinque vitta longitudinali fusciori signatum, lobis deflexis pallide viridibus. Elytra apicem abdominis superantia, fulvo-testacea, versus venam radialem sensim fusciora, hac vena basi atra, vitta longitudinali eburnea, albida apposita. Femora postica supra acute carinata, apice in Jobos duos sat longos producta. Tibi posticee extus spinio 15-20, apice nigris, armate ?. e Long. corp. . . . 54m.m. yy 1KeMMs 50 4 9 a) 1 ee ee: O | » fem. post. . 30 Gelastorhinus albolineatus. Brunner, 1893, Rév. Syst. Orth., 158. Patria. Bhamo in BuRMAH (Brunner). 28. Gelastorrhinus selache, sp. 1. Statura majore robusta. Colore viridi, rubro-variegato. Rostrum a vertice sulco parabolico disjunctum. Oculi rubri: vitta rubra ab oculis per genas, carinasque laterales pronoti in venam radialem parte proximali elytri producta. Antenne long, capite et pronoto unitis valde longiores. Pronotum deplanatum: lobi laterales mar- ginibus antico et postico obliquis, sinuatis, inferiori subrecto. Elytra latiora, magna, longa, vitrina, vena radiali in parte basali rubrescente. Alz elytris breviores, vitrina, basi leviter fulvo-inflatea. ¢ 9. 3 ? Long. corp. . . . . . 47mm. 60 m.m. uegantenm. . . . 24 21 STP LODL cs) Ae eee 12 Pre EVE yes ils, oa tare 54 4 etioe SP HAY 26 Patria. SiKKiM (Coll. Brunner, No, 22,847). 29. Gelastorrhinus lucius, sp. n. Rubro-testaceus viridi, variegatis. Statura gracillimi. Antenne longx, capite et pronoto unitis longiores. Rostrum a vertice suleo parabolico disjunetam, Pronotum deplanatum, carinis parallelis, The Genus Acrida. 183 sulco typico pone medium sito ; margine antico recto, postico rotun- dato. Elytra angusta, longissima, femora postica et abdomen valde superantia, rubro-testacea, parte anteriori viridi. hyaline, levissime infuscatee, Alz angustie, costa anteriori necnon ornata. Femora postica basi incrassata, abdomine breviori. A. G. esoci vix distinguendus: differt statura graciliori, elytris longioribus. Long. corp. » antenn. 3 + Pron. a elitr, » fem. post. 3 26 m.m. la 4 26 12 ? 42 m.m. 16 Ul 39 15°5 Patria, West JAva (Coll. Brunner, No. 19,391). Gelastorrhinus esox, sp. 0. Ab E. edaci tantum differt, vertice a rostro suleo parabolico disjunctus (~~), elytris haud albolineatis. Antenne capite et pronoto unitis valde longiores. ¢ Q. Long. corp. 5 pron. a liane » fem. post. 3 25 m.m. 4 25 12 ° 44 m.m. 75 4] 17 Patria. JAPAN (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 5740, 6562, 12,067). 30. Hyalopteryx exaggeratus, sp. 0. Statura mediocri. Valde compressus, testaceus. Elytra lanceo- lata, apice acuminata, margine antico curvato, postico obtusangulo : vene ut in H. rufipenni: ale g area fenestrata venis transversis 8 instructa: campus analis citrinus. Femora postica caleari ter- minali interiori quam exteriori multo majore. ¢@. Long. corp. » antenn. a0 pron: 5 elyér. lat. 5 max: Lat. ,, area fem.. Long. fem. post. 3 31 m.m. 9°5 5 29 7 Di) 16 Patria, Cxtgurros (Coll, Brunner, No. 23,027); BoLIvia (Coll. mea.). . 184 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of In venation and structure, this form resembles #H. rufipennis. It is however even more compressed, lighter in colour, and the wings are clear yellow. 31. Calamus, Sauss. Linearis, elongatus, gracilis. Caput valde elongatum, subspini- forme, horizontale productum ; rostrum ita formatum, apice trunca- tum, supra concavum, striatum, Oculi haud prominuli, longe pone medium capitis inserti. Antenne ensiformes, deplanata. Pronotum capite haud latius, parallelum, striatum, antice et postice truncatum, tertiam partem longitudinis capitis equans. Prosternum tuberculo parvo instructum. Elytra angustissima valde elongata, apice acum- inata. Ale breviores, ¢ plus minus colorate, 2 hyaline; ¢ abdominis longitudine, 2 abdominis dimidio breviores. Abdomen lineare, supra carinatum. Pedes graciles, breves ; femora postica capite hand longiora, lobis genicularibus brevibus, acutis,* genubus supra in spinam longam productis. Tibize posticae femora breviores. Lamina subgenitalis ¢ cuculluta, subtus pilosa, valde elongata, acuminata. Calamus. Sauss., 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), i, 476, Karsch. 1893, Berl. Ent. Zeit., xxxviii, p. 56, fig. 3. In spite of the presence of a small prosternal tubercle, this genus in every other way belongs here. The only specimen in the Brunner collection was arranged among the Mesopes. I have no hesitation i following Karsch and ranging it with the Amycv. 32. Calamus linearis, Sauss. Fuseo-testaceus. Elytra immaculata, testacea, apice pallidiora. Ale g abdominis longitudine, hyaline, leviter fusco-tesselate, vel fere tote fusce, leviter pallido-punctate ; 9 abdominis dimidio breviores, hyaline, incolores. ¢ 9. ) 2 Long. corp. . . . 30mm. 47 m.m. mi Peapitis, 4° .+ 9 14°5 ee DLOL ct . e O o 5 ST PMELytE Ss. sS2 42 3 alarum:* . . 14 14 Stem: cae 5 es 17 * It should be noticed that it is not the lateral genicular lobes, but the superior one, that is produced into a spine. The Genus Acrida. 185 Calamus linearis. Sauss., 1861, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), p. 476, pl. ui, fig. 3. Karsch, 1893, Ins. von Adeli, 56, fig. 3 (excl> syn. Bol.). Griffini, 1897, Boll. Mus. Tor., No. 290, p. 6 (excl. syn.). (?) Mesops gracilis. Burm., 1839, Handb. ii, 610. Patria. ? (Sauss.) ; Bismarckburg (Karsch); Bogos (Coll. Brunner, No. 12,768); Kazungula on the UPPER ZAMBESI (Griffint); H6 on the SLAVE Coast (Coll. Brunner, No. 17,436). Bolivar (Ort. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 1889, p. 94) wrongly regards this species as synonymous with Amycus wanthop- terus,as Karsch rightly points out, and he misquotes Bolivar’s rhodiopterus ; but I fail to see why the latter assumes that Bolivar’s species should be C. linearis, and that his deter- mination is wrong. I prefer to merely regard Bolivar’s synonymy as faulty. De Saussure’s figure is incorrect in omitting the promi- nent genicular spines,and Karsch’s drawing shows the posi- tion of the eyes inaccurately. Griffini considers Karsch’s insect as an entirely different species, but it appears to me that it entirely agrees with C. linearis, Sauss. ; the Italian author bases his opinion on Karsch’s drawing, especially on the position of the eyes; the specimen in the Brunner collection agrees equally well with the C. linearis of de Saussure and of Karsch. I prefer to disagree with Griffini, in regarding Karsch’s determination as correct. 33. Amycus, Stal. Statura minor]. Caput pronoto haud longius, antice rotundatum. Antenne breves, basi deplanatze, apice cylindrice, segmento apicale composito. Caput et pronotum supra tota rugis longitudinalibus instructa. Pronotum compressum, margine antico trancato, postico acutangulo: lobi laterales margine antico obliquo, infero recto, pos- tico sinuato. Elytra angusta ; alee elytris breviores. Pedes breves ; femora postica abdomen paullo superantia, elytrorum apicem haud attingentia, lobis genicularibus lateralibus acuminatis, superioribus in lobos obtusos productis. Tibize posticze spinis parvis 8 armatis. Amycus. Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., 353. etal, B., 1873: Rec. Orth., 1, 89) 186 Mr. M. Burr’s Monograph of Karsch, 1893, Orth. Adeli, 59 Brunner, 1893, Rév. Orth., 118. Typus generis. Amycus xanthopterus, Stal. Dispositio specierum. 1. Antenne margine externo serrate. Alize coloratie. = ° 1. Xanthopterus, Stal. 1.1. Antenne margine externo integra. Ale vitrine. 2. Achromopterus, Karsch. 34, Amycus wanthopterus, Stal. Fusco-testaceus, necnon pallido-variegatus ; elytris apice, genubus- que infuscatis, Als hyaline, aurantiaco- vel roseo-inflate : antennie parte basali segmentis deplanatis, margine externo angulo apicali in dentem productis, segmentis apicalibus cylindricis. Ss ong.;corp., <5 < s ae Zo tam. oeraobenns: .%. —-/e° oto ee PEON e £e se ce) cae BE ELYECs ic) oe Pee ee eae 5 tem. post. . . . 14 Amycus vanthopterus, Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., 353; ibid. 1878; Rec. Orth., 1, 100. Bol., 1889, Orth. Afr. Mus., Lisb., i, 94 (excl. syn.). Amycus rhodiopterus. Stal, 1855, O. V. A. F., 353; ibid. 1892, Rec. Orth., 1, 100. Karsch, 1893, Orth. von Adehi, 59. Patria, CA¥FFRARIA (Stl); Duque du Braganga, Caconts and Cabinda in ANGOLA (Bol.) ; Bismarckburg (Karsch) ; Port Natal (Mus. Berl. teste Karsch, rca NATAL (Coll. Brunner, Nos. 2305 and 6739), Weener in Natal (Coll. mea. ). I have little hesitation in uniting the two forms, with yellow and red wings respectively, into one species, as has been suggested by Karsch. I do not agree however with the latter in regarding Macheridia teniata, Bol., as synony- mous, owing to its “elytra viridia.” 35. Amycus achromopterus, Karsch. Fusco-testaceus, lobis lateralibus pronoti, sternis, pleuris, abdomine pallidis, femoribus posticis apice excepto pallidis, nigro-punctulatis, alis vitrinis, margine antico fusco necnon parte dimidia apicali infuscata. ¢@. The Genus Acrida. 187 ) ong.corp. . . . 20°5 m.m, OR 6 oo 6 Gis Pemelytr st. Lose 5 tems post... li Amycus achromopterus. Karsch, 1896, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 250. Patria. Hast Arrica: Nyassa, Milanji (Karsch). The antennz are more slender than in the preceding species, and also longer; the depressed basal part is not serrated on the outer margin. The wings are plain and not coloured. Nore.—Since the above went to the press, I have seen Mr. Kirby’s work on a ‘“ Collection of Locustide, formed by Mr. W. L. Distant in the Transvaal” (ante, p. 57), which will necessitate the modification of some points in this paper. The Acrida turrita of Mr. Kirby coincides with my Acrida nasuta, whereas his Tryxalis nasuta coincides with my Acrida variabilis; his Acrida gigantea, Fuessly, is the striped form of my Acrida nasuta. I have inadvertently omitted Acrida madecassa, Brancsik (1893, Jahresb. Ver. Trencsen, xv, p. 186, from Madagascar), which appears to me to differ little, if at all, from Acrida nasuta, Linn, The two species Acrida rendalli, Kirby, and Acrida aspersata, Kirby, do not clash with any described by me. ( yiisoan) XI. Notes on some cases of Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies, with an account of Experiments by Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt, F.Z.S. By FREDERICK A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., F.ES., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. [Read March 19th, 1902.] Puate IY. CONTENTS. PAGE 1, Seasonal Dimorphism in Catopsilia pomona, Fabr.. . . 189 2. Seasonal Dimorphism in Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn. . . 193 3. Irregularities of Seasonal Dimorphism in various Genera 194 4, Experiments and Observations in Seasonal Dimorphism conducted by Mr. G. A. K. Marswatt, F.Z.S., in the years S96— LOOMIS Aaeagt te 4 t e eer 1 | 199 Oe OUMUMIAT Vest te te yc ll ce SS, AS es 1 Da i a 1. SEASONAL DiMorPHISM IN Catopsilia pomona, Fabr. I HAVE long been of opinion, from the examination of many hundred specimens, that no line of specific demarcation can be drawn between Catopsilia pomona, Fabr., and C. crocale, Cram. This conclusion was based mainly on the fact that, distinct in appearance as typical examples of the two forms undoubtedly are, it is easy to arrange a series of examples showing every possible gradation between the two. The relation between C-. pomona and C. crocale so much resembles that between forms which there is reason for regarding as cases of seasonal dimorphism, that I was led to suspect that the dimorphism of C. pomona-crocale might also have a seasonal significance. In 1898 I mentioned my suspicion to Mr. Trimen, showing to. him at the same time a good series, including many transitional forms, of C. pomona, which had been captured near Brisbane in 1897 by T. Batchelor, and presented to the Hope collection by Mr. G. C. Griffiths. This series was noticed by Mr. Trimen in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London, delivered on January 18, 1899, and was con- sidered by him as “lending some probability to the view TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 190 Dr. F. A. Dixey on that C. crocale and C. pomona (including C. catilla) will prove to be seasonal forms of one species.” * Direct evidence on the point was, however, lacking; and I therefore welcomed a statement made later by Batchelor in a letter from Brisbane, and kindly communicated to me by Professor Poulton, that C. crocale and C. pomona were one species, “crocale bemg the summer brood and pomona the autumn one.” It does not appear that any observer has as yet actually bred one form from the other, so that it cannot even now be said that their specific identity is proved with absolute certainty. Nevertheless, the opinion of a collector who has taken large numbers of both forms is of weight, and may safely be held to indicate a strong probability’ that, at all events in part of their range, C. pomona, Fabr. and C. crocale, Cram. are seasonal phases of the same species. It is, however, evident that the case with regard to C. pomona is not quite a simple one. In the autumn of 1900, a series of eighteen specimens of Catopsilia was received by the Hope Professor at Oxford from the late Mr. L. de Nicéville, who stated that they were all caught nearly at the same time in the Kangra Valley, Western Himalayas, by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Of these eighteen, sixteen were taken on August 11, and the remain- ing two on August 13, 1900. Two of the captures on August 11 were Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn.; and of the remainder, eight were C. crocale, Cram., and six were C. pomona, Fabr. Those caught on August 13 were C. crocale $ and C. pomona ? taken in copuli. In two private letters to the Hope Professor, Mr. de Nicéville appeals to this series of specimens in support of the view that C. pomonat+ and C. crocale constitute one * Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. Ixxvi. It is hardly necessary to recall the fact that this address of Mr. Trimen’s contains an excellent account of nearly all the experiments and observations that had been made on the subject of seasonal dimorphism in butterflies up to the time of its delivery. + De Niceville calls it C. catilla, Cram.; but the latter name, under which Cramer figures the form with brownish-crimson patches on the under-surface (see Cramer, Pap. Exot., III. t. 229, D, E), is later than that of Fabricius. Fabricius’s type still exists in the Banksian cabinet, where I have examined it in concert with Dr. A. G. Butler. The six specimens of C. pomona caught on August 11 include two C. catilla, Cram. The British Museum contains six specimens of C. crocale and seven of C. pomona caught by Mr, Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. OM variable species, the variation not being due to seasonal causes. ‘his view was published by de Nicéville in 1894, and was reiterated by him on several subsequent occasions.* There can be no doubt that de Nicéville’s opinion receives support from the present series of speci- mens. The fact of C. crocale f pairing with C. pomona ? tends to show their specific identity, while the simul- taneous occurrence of the two forms in presumably equal numbers seems adverse to the supposition that the dimorphism of this species has a seasonal significance. With regard to the first point, that of specific identity, I think there can now be no reasonable doubt that the case is made out. I have already mentioned my own conviction on the matter, which was arrived at independently, and on different grounds. Batchelor’s observations here coin- cide with de Nicéville’s; and it may be added that Piepers,t who has bred the species in large numbers, is strongly of the same opinion. On the other hand, Dr. L. Martin, writing of the butterflies of Sumatra (Journ. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, LXIV, u, p. 490, 1895), considers C. erocale and C. catilla (pomona) distinct, on the following grounds :—C. crocale, the far commoner form, occurs on roads, near houses and gardens, and is never found in the forest. C. catilla is found only in the forest. The antennz of C. crocale are black in both sexes, those of C. catilla are red. The underside of the males in C. crocale is unspotted, and the tuft of hair on the inner margin is whitish. In C’. catilla the males, like the females, have reddish spots on the underside of both wings, and the tuft of hair is Dudgeon on the same occasion (August 12) as those mentioned above. They are stated to have formed part of a migratory flight which lasted all day. * Gazetteer of Sikkim, p. 166, 1894; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIV, ii, p. 490, 1895 ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xi, p. 586, 1898 ; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LX VIII, ii, p. 211, 1899. The first two of these are cited by Mr. Trimen, loc. cit., p. Ixxvi, note. + “ Die Farbenevolution bei den Pieriden,” Tijdschr. der Neder- landsche Dierk. Vereenig.; (2) Deel V, p. 119, 1898. Piepers gives thawruma, Reak., as a synonym ; the latter, however (from Mada- gascar), is unquestionably distinct. “ Pomona, Cram.” (ibid.) is a slip; the name was bestowed by Fabricius. Piepers’s view was first published in 1891—‘“ Observations sur des vols de Lépidoptéres”— Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Ned.-Indié, Dl. L, 1891, pp. 205, 222. In the same periodical, Dl. LVII, 1898, he repeats it, but speaks, rather curiously, of “ Gnoma, Feld.,” as a form of ‘t Catopsilia pomona, Cram.” (Loc. cit., p. 111). 192 Dr. F. A. Dixey on distinctly yellow. The females of both forms are variable, but the range of variation is distinct in the two. De Nicéville, however, rightly remarks that “the distinctive characters on which Dr. Martin relies are all quite incon- stant, and entirely break down” when large numbers of both forms are examined. It may be added that the difference of habit alleged to exist between C. crocale and C. pomona is no disproof of specific identity, inasmuch as a similar difference, witnessed to by both Trimen* and Marshall,t obtains between Precis scsamus, Trim. and the southern representation of P. octavia, Cram. (called by Marshall P. octavia-natalensis). The form natalensis, according to Marshall, frequents high, open spots; sesamws is shade-loving, though it occasionally flies with natalensis, especially at the change of seasons. Sesamus 1s more wary than natalensis ; 1t 1s more often found in gardens, and occasionally enters human habitations. It also con- trasts with natalensis in being at times gregarious. But in spite of these well-marked divergencies of habit, the 5 two forms, as 1s well known, have been absolutely proved to be seasonal phases of the same species. Hence, in the case of C. pomona and C. crocale, Dr. Martin’s objection on the score of habit cannot be held any more conclusive than that founded on the difference in aspect. With regard to the second point, that of the seasonal relations of the two forms, it seems that the utmost we can at present allege is that in part, at all events, of its range the dimorphism of C. pomona is associated with the change of season. That this is not the case everywhere is evident from de Nicéville’s observation, as quoted by Trimen,t that ‘the innumerable varieties which are found in both sexes occur at all times;” and, more particularly, from the statement that “both true C. crocale and the dimorphic form, C. catilla, Cram. occur commonly in Mussoorie from July to October, and in Dehra Dun throughout the warmer months of the year.”§ On the other hand, we have Batchelor’s categorical assertion from * South-African Butterflies, vol. I, 1887, pp. 230, 233. + Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898, vol. II, pp. 33, 34. + Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. Ixxvi. § Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journal of Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. XI, 1898, p. 586. Piepers also denies absolutely that the dimorphism of C. pomona is seasonal (“ Notes from the Leyden Museum,” vol. XXII, 1899, note 1, p. 13, cbique cit.). Seasonal Dimorphism wm Butterflies. 193 Brisbane, given above; while the fact recorded by Dr. Martin (oc. cit.) that among many hundreds of both sexes of C. crocale, all presumably belonging to one emergence, taken by him near Bindjei, there was not a single C. catilla (pomona), may possibly have a similar significance.* It is not a little remarkable that although there are forty-three specimens of C. pomona and C. crocale in the Hope collection duly labelled with locality and date, they cannot be said to throw much light on the question of seasonal dimorphism. What is wanted is a long series of observations carefully carried on in one locality, and accompanied, if possible, by breeding experiments. If, as is probable, it should eventually be shown beyond doubt that the different forms of C. pomona, though related to the seasons in some part of its range, occur indifferently at all times in others, the case would by no means stand alone. I propose in the next place to notice very briefly several statements that have been made by different authorities with regard to other species, which statements tend to show that in many cases where the existence of seasonal modification has been reasonably presumed, or even actually demonstrated, the seasonal relation is far from being rigidly fixed in all parts of the area of distribution. 2. SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn. The first instance that may be taken is that of Catopsilia pyranthe, Linn, This buttertly grades imperceptibly into C. gnoma, Fabr. just as C. crocale does into C. pomona. Here again, in the absence of breeding experiments, the absolute proof of specific identity is still lacking; but de Nicéville had no doubt, from his own observations, that the two forms represent a single species. In this case he is able to assign a seasonal value to the two forms,—C. pyranthe being in his opinion the wet-season, and C. gnoma the dry-season phase of the species. But the point of special interest, in view of the irregularity that appears to obtain in the seasonal relations of C. crocale and C. pomona, * It should, however, be noted that “N.-E. Sumatra does not possess a well-marked dry and wet season, such as is found over most of the continent of India, there bemg no month in the year when it does not rain.” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, LXIV, 1895, pt. 11, p. 862. See below, p. 196. 194 Dr. F. A. Dixey on is the fact that, as recorded by de Nicéville himself, the different forms of C. pyranthe, though corresponding to the seasons in some parts of its range, are independent of them in others. Thus, in speaking of this species under the name of C. chryseis, Drury, he notes that “it is not seasonally dimorphic in Sumatra as it is in India.” * Again, he remarks under C. pyranthe, “Moore in the ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon’ gives four forms of this species as separate species; C. gnoma, Fabr., C. ilea, Fabr., C. chrysets, Drury, as well as typical C. pyranthe. Manders notes that as far as his observations go these four forms are not dependent on season, but appear indiscriminately nearly throughout the year, those flying in the dry season from February to April being a little smaller than those found during the rest of the year.” On the other hand he says, “True C. pyranthe is not very common in Mussoorie in the rains; the dry-season form, C. gnoma, Fabricius, even less so. In the Dun both forms are common in their respective seasons.” ¢ If then we are to trust the observations that have been cited, we are led to the conclusion that in these Catopsilias, viz., C. pomona and C. pyranthe, we have to deal with two polymorphic species, each of which has no doubt several geographical forms, and each of which shows, in most localities, a special tendency to cleavage into two well- contrasted types. These latter phases in each case are in some parts of the range of the species dependent on seasonal changes; in other parts, however, they show no such connection. We may now pass on to the consideration of similar irregularities as shown in other groups. 3. IRREGULARITIES OF SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN VARIOUS GENERA. It has been recorded by most of those who have ex- perimented on the subject, that there are individual differences in the reaction of members of the same brood to what appear to be identical conditions of the environ- ment. A conspicuous instance of this is the well-known * Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., LXIV, 1895, ii, p. 490. + Ibid., LX VIII, 1899, ii, p. 211. ¢ Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XI, 1898, p. 586. Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 195 experience of Mr. Marshall, who in April 1898 bred a specimen of Precis sesamus and another of P. octavia-nata- lensis from two eggs, laid on the same day by the same mother, and reared under precisely similar conditions.* Dr. Butler has also put it on record that Captain Nurse bred Teracolus yerburti, Swinh., and 7. nowna, Lue.,+ from a batch of similar larvee, the perfect insects presumably emerging at the same season. Many cases have been observed where, although each of the two forms of a species is on the whole confined to its own time of year, there is yet a considerable amount of overlapping at the change of seasons; this overlapping showing itself both by the simultaneous occurrence of freshly-emerged specimens of both phases, and also by the appearance of a more or less complete series of “intermediates.” A good instance of the simultaneous occurrence, in the field, of different phases believed on strong grounds to be seasonal, is afforded by the capture of all three forms (“ wet,’ “dry,” and “intermediate ”’) of Precis sesamus by Mr. Crawshay at Nairobi within little more than a week during the month of April.t Many records of this kind are in existence ; and are often, no doubt, to be ranked as examples of the seasonal overlapping that has just been mentioned. It is however evident that there are numerous cases of simultaneous occurrence which cannot be brought under this head. Besides the definite statements of de Nicéville with regard to two species of Catopsilia, we have now a considerable bulk of evidence, with regard to many species, of the appearance side-by-side, at all times of year, of forms closely analogous with what are now well established as seasonal phases. Thus, again according to de Nicé- ville, the ocellated and non-ocellated forms of Jlelanitis leda, Linn., which he has shown to be related in India to the wet and dry seasons respectively, both occur in North- Kast Sumatra all the year round. In Java it has been * Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898, vol. 11, p. 30. + More accurately, perhaps, 7’. evagore, Klug. T. nowna is the dry-season phase of the African form 7’. daira, Klug. Capt. Nurse’s larvee were found at Shaik Othman, and no doubt belonged to the Arabian form, of which 7. yerburii, Swinh., is the wet, and 7. evagore, Klug, the dry-season phase. This is pointed out by Butler in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 460. The original record is in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 247. ft Proc. Zool. Soc., 1900, p. 916. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (JUNE) 14 196 Dr. F. A. Dixey on noted by Piepers * that the non-ocellated form, though on the whole belonging chiefly to the dry season, is also to be met with during the rains. It is true, as Piepers says, that in Java, as in the Malayan Islands generally, the distinc- tion between dry and wet season is not so sharp as on the Indian mainland; so that a certain amount of inter- mingling of the two forms might perhaps have been antecedently expected. It does not appear, however, that all dimorphic species are affected by these or the like conditions in the same way. De Nicéville points out, in a passage quoted by Trimen, that with this exception of Melanitis leda there are no dry-season forms in North-east Sumatra; and Doherty mentions analogous facts in refer- ence to localities with a generally moist climate, like Ceylon and Singapore, and also, mutatis mutandis, to dry countries like Sind.+ The prevalence of wet-season forms in the equatorial forest region of West Africa is another phenomenon of the same kind. Instances such as these show that a generally damp country may be characterized by a greater abundance of “ wet-season ” forms, and vice versd. But these cases of the prevalence of “dry” or “ wet-season ” forms respectively, according to the general climatic conditions of a given locality, are, as we have just seen, accompanied by others which seem to prove that in certain districts, especially perhaps dry ones, the phases that are usually associated with the seasons occur indiscriminately at all times of the year. Many such instances are recapitulated by Butler in his late revisions of the genera Zeracolus and Terias. Teracolus eupompe, Klug, for example, has a wet, an intermediate and a dry phase. “The two latter undoubtedly fly together, and in Aden it is tolerably certain that all the phases emerge at the same time as mere variations.” ¢ With regard to 7. halimede, Klug, Butler observes, “ 7. acaste represents the wet-season phase, 7. halimede the * “Die Farbenevolution bei den Pieriden,” Tijdschr. der Neder]. Dierk. Vereenig; (2) Deel V, 1898, pp. 179—185, ete. The value of the theoretical considerations based by Piepers on the facts that he has evidently observed with much care, appears to me to be greatly diminished by his refusal to admit the influence of selective adaptation, even as a provisional hypothesis. t+ Pros. Ent. Soc. London, 1898, p. Ixviii. Compare Watson ; Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1894, vol. viii, p. 489, ete. t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 497. Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies, 197 intermediate, and 7’. celestis the dry-season plase of the species; but they are none of them confined to seasons, but occur (as is the case with other species in very arid countries) as mere coexistent variations.” * Of 7. proto- media, Klug, he remarks, “ At Aden all three [seasonal] types occur together as mere variations.” + Other species of Teracolus of which similar statements are made are 7’. protractus, Butl., 7’. phisadia, Godt., T. puellaris, Butl., 7’. vestalis, Butl, TZ. evagore, Klug, and 7. plecone, Klug. With regard to Zerias Butler also notes that, “as in Teracolus, those countries which have no wet season never- theless produce the three phases of a species as coexistent varieties.” {| There is reason to think that in the New World, at any rate, there may occur a similar intermingling of forms which is not confined to “countries having no wet season.” Thus, Messrs. Godman and Salvin write as follows: ‘“‘ Many of these forms [of 7'e7vas] are said to be due to the season of the year at which they appear, wet- season and dry-season broods having each their peculiar characteristics. These observations have been made chiefly in the east. In our country we have not noticed any phenomenon of this kind.” § Mr. G. C. Champion again, if my memory does not deceive me, in the discussion that followed the exhibition of certain specimens of Callidryas referred to by Mr. Trimen (Joc. cit.), many of which were collected by himself, stated that according to his experience of these butterflies, the varying forms of the same species from the same locality had no definite relation to the seasons. Colonel Swinhoe, besides recording the fact that he has taken all the seasonal forms of certain eastern Teracoli flying simultaneously at Karachi, has also averred that he has captured Byblia simplex, Butl., the supposed dry-season form in India of B. withyia, Drury, practically all the year round. Some doubt has been thrown by de Nicéville and by Marshall on the latter observation ; the * Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 502. The dates of Col. Yerbury’s captures at Aden clearly prove the simultaneous occurrence of different “seasonal” forms, but they do not seem incompatible with a certain amount of correspondence on the part of these phases with the time of year, See, e.g., the dates given for Teracolus celestis and T’. acaste ; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, pp. 489, 490. y+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. ii, p. 507. t Ibid., 1898, vol. i, p. 57. § Biologia Centrali-Americana, Rhopal. ii, p. 154. 198 Dr. F. A. Dixey on former, however, says Butler, is a fact that can be proved from the data on the Museum specimens.* Statements of this kind, the list of which could be largely extended, go far to show that the case of Catopsilia pomona and C. crocale is by no means an isolated one, and that just as there are regions in which more than one geographical form of a widely- ranging species may be found flying together,t so there are districts of a greater or smaller extent where diverse forms of a species, confined for part of its range to definite seasons, may all occur simultaneously. No doubt the data are as yet insufficient for a complete explanation of these phenomena. It seems, however, clear that the forms or phases which are usually called “seasonal” may occur under many diverse conditions and in man different proportions. It appears further that they do not fall into a regular system of succession, except in the presence of recular alternations of season, and not always then. I still venture to think that a probable view con- cerning many of them is that briefly expressed by me some years ago in “ Nature” (Vol. lx ; 1899, p. 98), viz., that polymorphism, however it may have arisen, 1S capable of being brought more or less into relation with locality and season under the influence of natural selection. On the other hand, it is conceivable that in some cases at all events the forms in question may have first arisen as adaptations to the seasonal changes, and afterwards, in consequence of extending their range, or of some other alteration of conditions, may have partly or eutirely lost * Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, i1, p. 386 ; [bid., 1896, ii, p. 335. The following instances may be added from specimens with data in the Hope collection :—(1) Australian form of Verias hecabe, Linn. (T. sulphurata, Butl.) ; the dry, wet, and intermediate seasomel forms, all taken by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., on June 19, 1890, at Port Darwin, North Australia, (2) Teracolus phleqyas, Butl. (T. difficilis, E. M. Sharpe) ; a wet-season male taken paired with a dry-season female, both in good order, by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, May 3, 1899, at Salisbury, Mashonaland. (3) Teracolus vestalis, Butl. ; the wet and dry-season forms both taken at Karachi on May 10, 1888, by Mr. W. D. Cumming. (4) Belenois severina, Cram. ; wet and dry-season forms both taken on Feb. 18, 1897, at Karkloof, Natal ; a wet-season male paired with a wet-season female, and another wet-season male with a dry-season female on Feb. 24, 1897, at Malvern, Natal. All these by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall. } E.g. the various forms of L. chrysippus, Linn., which are all found together at Aden. See Butler in Proe. Zool. Soc., 1884, pp. 478-481; and Col. Yerbury in Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1892, p. 209. Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 199 their correspondence therewith. These are questions that must, I think, for the present remain unanswered ; though whatever the solution may be, there seems no need to anticipate that it will weaken the case for selective adaptation, 4. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS IN SEASONAL DI- MORPHISM CONDUCTED BY Mr. G. A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., IN THE YEARS 1896—1901. In the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” 1901, ii, p. 4038, Mr. Marshall writes as follows:—* Two years ago I made a few experiments in applying moist heat to the pupz of several species of TZeracolus. Un- fortunately all my notes on the subject have been lost, but, so far as I can recollect, the results were almost entirely negative, which I then attributed to insufficient heat. The resulting specimens were, however, sent to the Oxford University Museum with full data.” There are also in the Hope collection several other specimens, collected by Mr. Marshall in 1896 and following years, which are of considerable interest in their bearing on the subject of Seasonal Dimorphism. By the kindness of the Hope Professor, I am permitted to give Mr. Marsball’s own comments on both series of specimens. These are contained in private letters to Professor Poulton, and have not hitherto been published. I propose to arrange the notes in chrono- logical sequence ; but it will be seen that the experiments fall into two main groups, which are more or less inter- mingled in order of time. The first group of experi- ments includes cases where one form of a species was reared under normal conditions from eggs laid by another form of the same species. In the second group of experi- ments, the pups, or sometimes the larve in their later stages as well as the pups, were subjected to artificial conditions in order to see whether any effect could be thereby produced on the following emergence. It is well known that very striking results have been brought about by artificial conditions of temperature in the case of dimorphic butterflies in Europe and North America. The names of Dorfmeister, W. H. Edwards, Weismann, Merri- field and Standfuss, to say nothing of others, will occur to every one as those of the authorities to whom we owe nearly 200 Dr. F. A. Dixey on the whole of our knowledge in this particular. In view of the great difference between the temperate and tropical seasons, it was natural to suppose that the seasonal forms of tropical butterflies would be found to stand in relation to quite other meteorological conditions than those re- sponded to by the Nearctic and Palearctic species which had previously formed the subject of experiment. So far as I am aware, the only factor found generally operative in these latter cases is a raising or lowering of the temperature; the direct effect of humidity has been tried, but almost always with negative results. Mr. Marshall, on the other hand, has successfully used heat in combi- nation with both moisture and dryness, and has also employed moisture unaccompanied by heat. By all these means, as will be seen, he has secured results analogous indeed with those of the European observers, but as a rule far less complete. It is possible that there may still be discovered some factor or combination of factors which will produce, in dimorphic tropical species, equally strik- ing results with those to which Merrifield and Standfuss have now accustomed us. Most, however, of the species so far investigated by Mr. Marshall have proved compara- tively resistent to this kind of treatment, and he has no instance of artificial modification which can be ranked with the Araschnia levana of many experimenters, or the Selenia tetralunaria of Mr. Merrifield. Mr. Marshall’s initials are here appended to each separate extract from his correspondence. “ Estcourt, Natal ; Dec. 14, 1896.—I only succeeded in getting three eggs of Zeracolus topha,* of which I send you one of the resulting specimens, which is undoubtedly T’. auxo, being of the early wet-season form with the upper side black markings not yet fully developed. The eggs were laid within five minutes of one another, and they hatched simultaneously, but one larva pupated a day later than the other two and emerged a day later. The first two examples * The result of this experiment was communicated by Mr. Marshall to the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” 1897, p. 52, and is referred to by Mr. ‘l'rimen in his address above quoted (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. lxxii). It should be noted that the name T’. topha, Wallgrn., which is now used by both Mr. Marshall and Mr. Trimen to designate the dry-season form of 7. auxo, is con- sidered by Dr. Butler to be applicable rather to an intermediate form between 7. anxo and T. keiskamma, Trim., the latter being the true dry-season phase. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, ii, p. 453.) Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 201 (of which yours is one) are quite similar, but the third has the black edging to the apical patch of the forewing a trifle heavier, and also shows a trace of the black line along the inner edge of the patch characteristic of the full summer form. As the eggs were all laid by the same female, and the larvee were reared under absolutely similar conditions, it would seem at first sight that the heavier markings could only be due to the longer larval stage, but this seems highly improbable. I was astonished at the rapid develop- ment of this species; egg-stage, three days; larval stage, twelve to thirteen days; pupal stage, eight days. Total, twenty-three to twenty-four days. From this I should estimate that there must be from nine to ten broods in the year.’—G. A. K. M. The above-mentioned specimen, a male, is now in the Hope collection, and entirely bears out Mr. Marshall’s description. It is a well-marked, but not extreme example of the “wet-season” form 7’. auxo, Luc. Mr. J. Mansel Weale’s experience of the same species is well known ; * and it may be noted that of five bred examples sent to the Hope collection by Mr. Weale in 1878, there isa pair each of the auzxo (wet) and topha (dry) form, together with a single female of an intermediate phase. Mr. Marshall’s experiment removes the subject of the specific identity of these several forms from the region of probable conjecture to that of proof. «“ Estcourt, Dec. 14, 1896.—While staying with Mr. Burn, at the junction of the Blaauwkraantz River with the Tugela, I tried to see whether the black markings of the early wet brood of Zeracolus annex could be intensified by damp surroundings, so as to resemble those of the full wet form. For this purpose I had a tin half filled with wet sand, in which I stuck the pups on thin sticks, covering it over with a cloth on which was a wet sponge. Into this I put five freshly-turned pupz, of which I kept three in for seven days and two for nine. Only one specimen emerged out of each lot, and so far as I can see there is absolutely nothing unusual about either of them. Although the results of the experiment are negative, they are interesting, in that they fend to show that cold moisture cannot accentuate the black markings of the wet-season form, and also that cooler surroundings (induced by evapor- * Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 2738. See also Mr. Barker’s comments ; Ibid., 1895, p. 422. 202 Dr. F. A. Dixey on ation) do not tend to cause a reversion to the dry-season form. The first lot of Z. annxw I bred (under ordinary conditions) were in pupa during fine warm weather, and took nine days to emerge. Those placed in the damp tin took in both cases twelve days. Three other pupe kept under ordmary conditions were also twelve days in pupa, the last six days being cold, wet weather; these however were all of the full wet form, one female being even blacker than usual. With this species I observed that the bred specimens were nearly always more advanced in coloration than freshly emerged captured specimens.” —G. A. K. M. Hight of the specimens of 7. annx, Wallgrn. above referred to, are now in the Hope collection. One of these emerged on Noy. 17, 1896, after a pupal stage of twelve days, during seven of which it was kept in the damp tin jar, as above stated. It is an ordinary wet-season male, not extreme in character. A well-marked wet-season female, also in pupa twelve days, but under usual condi- tions, emerged on Nov. 11. This may be the female mentioned above. The only other bred specimen is a well-marked wet-season male, decidedly darker than the first. It emerged on Nov. 18, but there is no note as to its duration in the pupal state. The remaining five specimens were caught in the open. A female taken on Nov. 6 is wet-season ; a pair on Noy. 12 are intermedi- ate, as are two males taken on Nov. 14 and Nov. 16 respectively. “ Estcourt, Dec. 14, 1896.—On my return here I attempted a small test experiment as a converse of the former one, viz., Submitting pupze to dry warm conditions. My modus operandi was as tollows: ona tripod stand I placed a round tin containing a little water; on the mouth of the tin was a china saucer filled with dried sand, in which were placed the pupze beneath an inverted glass, the water being warmed by a spirit-lamp. Into this I put a suspended larva of Byblia ilithyia, a papa seven days old, and another two days old. I applied too much heat at first, keeping the water at a boil, which killed the larva. I then turned the lamp as low as possible, keeping the tin just hot enough for the hand to bear. The older pupa emerged in three days (normal pupal stage, thirteen to fifteen days) and presents no marked peculiarity, as you may see, being of the early wet-season form, which was the only form occurring at that time in the natural state. The last Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 203 pupa emerged after six days’ heating (eight days in pupa); unfortunately it had a difficulty in emerging, and I arrived too late to help it. But such as it is, it seems to me a very interesting specimen, forit is clearly intermediate in colouring, being therefore a step backwards towards the dry form. Its intermediate character is shown on the underside of hind wings, in the deeper ground-colour and more accentuated white bands, and on the upper side by the broad interruption about radial nervules of the sub- marginal black line in forewings, a character which ,only occurs in the dry or intermediate form of the female, and never in the early wet form of that sex.’—G. A. K. M. The two specimens here mentioned are both in the Hope collection. The ditference between them is marked, the one which emerged on Nov. 27, from the pupa which was already seven days old before being exposed to dry warmth, being a wet-season male of the ordinary kind; while the other, which was only two days old when sub- jected to the same dry warmth, emerging on Nov. 30, is a crippled female, distinctly of the dry-season form, not extreme, but quite unmistakable, and entirely differing from specimens captured in the same locality at the same time of year. “ Malvern, Natal ; Feb. 21, 1897.—I have been trying to find some reason to account for the occurrence of the marked varieties of Biblia ilithyia. This again is a widespread and common species, and comparatively conspicuous, so that there must be some sort of protective agency at work. I can only explain it by the fact that B. iithyia strongly suggests an Acreva on the wing. Its general coloration, somewhat elongated wings and flapping flight (so different from that of its congeners), all tend to suggest this. That the typical form does not actually resemble any species of Acrva is of course plain, but I certainly regard the variety achelova as a marked stage of incipient mimicry. On the underside, the hindwing of this variety, in its wet-season form, differs from that of the type in having lost the whitish bands, which gives it a very marked resemblance to Acrwa serena-buxtoni. Again, the loss of the discal row of spots on the upper side of the hindwing points the same way, and it is interesting to note that, so far as my experience in South-east Africa goes, where A. serena-buxtoni occurs, there acheloia prevails over the typical form. Again, the chief difference between 204 Dr. F. A. Dixey on the Central African sevena and its southern sub-species is that in the former the black band near the apex of the forewing is continuous, but broken in the latter. If I remember right, there is a somewhat similar difference between acheloia and its Central African form goetzius, which, if correct, would further bear out my idea. Now as to the winter form; the underside of this is of course quite unlike that of any Acrawa, and I can only suppose that it is a case of protective resemblance on the principle of the zebra’s or tiger’s stripes, for the insect always roosts on grass. It is interesting to note however that that part is undergoing modification in the variety acheloia, as the marginal white line in both wings has already done. It would be interesting to know whether there is any likeness between this species and the Indian Acrexas.”— G. A. K. M. As I have elsewhere stated, I consider that Byblia gotzius, Herbst, which Mr. Marshall here speaks of as BL. ilithyia var. acheloia, is entitled to distinct specific rank beside B. withyia, Drury. Mr. Marshall's observation with regard to the continuity of. the apical black band of the forewing in the Central African form of B. gdtziws is borne out on an examination of specimens in the Hope collec- tion and the British Museum. It was remarked by me some time since, in discussing the modifications of B.ilithyia and its allies, that “the Socotran B. boydi resembles most specimens of B. gétzius from the West African subregion in having the dark costal bar of the forewing continued rather heavily across the wing to join the submarginal band. This is also more or less the case with two females of B. gotzius from Abyssinia, and specimens of the same from Somaliland and Aden in the British Museum; but in examples from South and East Africa the connection be- tween the costal and the submarginal dark bands is often slight or absent.” * It is worth noting that the marginal white line spoken of by Mr. Marshall, on the under- side of both wings in the dry-season form of B. iithyia, has disappeared from the dry-season B. gétzius, but persists in B. boydi, of which only the dry-season form is at present known. ‘This is another indication of the intermediate position of the latter insect, which, though nearer to B. gotzius, yet shows several points of resemblance to Bb. ilithyia. * Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 378. Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 205 On the whole Mr. Marshall’s view as to the incipient mimicry of Acrea serena, Fabr., by B. gotzius seems a very probable one. The underside of the wet-season B. wlithyia perhaps recalls slightly that of the Indian Acrva (Telchinia) viole, Fabr., but the likeness in this case is of a remote kind. « Malvern, Natal; May 14, 1897.—Ezxperiments on submitting pupe to conditions of morsture or dry heat. The apparatus used for dry-forcing was a covered tin (into which was poured a little water) placed on a tripod over a spirit-lamp. On the lid of the tin was placed some dried sand, into which was stuck a stick bearing the pupze, which were covered with an inverted glass. The ‘damp tin’ contained very damp sand, the pup being separated from it by a grating of perforated zinc; and the mouth of the tin was covered with a cloth, on which was placed a wet sponge. “ HXPERIMENT WITH Acrva cabira. 1897 March 26. Two larvee (a and 6) pupated this morning ; I put them in the dry forcer in the evening. 28. A larvee (c) pupated, and was left in the breeding-cage. » ol. Two larve (d and e) pupated; d put in the forcer, ¢ left in breeding-cage. April 6. ¢ emerged, being a normal male. 8. eemerged, a normal female; d not yet emerged, but still alive; @ and 0 probably dead. » 9. d evidently too weak to emerge, so I helped it out, but it was only just alive, and wings did not expand. Its colouring was apparently normal. a and 0b never emerged at all, but shrivelled up. “ Result.—Acrva cabira apparently unable to exist in a very dry, hot climate, as might be supposed from its dis- tribution. It is noteworthy that two pupz of Zerias brigitta emerged satisfactorily in forcer during the same period. “EXPERIMENT WITH Pinacopteryx pigea. preryx pry 1897 April 2. Seven larvee (@ to g) pupated. 206 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 1897 April 3. Put two pupze (a and 0) in dry forcer; two more (ec and d@) in damp tin ; and left three (e, f and g) in breeding-cage. » 9. Took ¢ and d out of damp tin, as they showed signs of emergence. » 10. a,eand e emerged in the morning. a@ was a female of the yellow form, showing an approach to the dry-season form in a slight reduction of all the black spots and borders, especially the discal spot in fore- wings; ¢ was a female of the white form, and had all the black spots well marked ; eé was a white female, intermediate in the development of black markings between a and ec. Removed 0} from forcer to breeding-cage. » ll. 0,d,fand g emerged. b was a white female in which the black markings were not quite so hght as those of a, but noticeably lighter than those of ¢; d was a normal wet-season male; / and g were yellow females intermediate in markings between the extreme forms a@ and ec. “ Result.—The differences exhibited are slight, but so far as they go they apparently tend to show that the effect of dry heat is to reduce the black markings, and that of cool moisture to enhance them. It is to be observed that yellow and white forms of the female occur at both seasons, the deeper yellow specimens are however more prevalent in winter. Reliable seasonal distinctions are greater or less development of the marginal black spots and discal spot in forewing, combined with less or greater acuteness of forewing. “ EXPERIMENT WITH Crenis boisduvalii. 1897 April 9. Twenty-two larvee of C. boisduvalit pupated. » 10. Put six pupze into dry forcer; six into damp tin; and left the rest in breeding-cage. 14. Six pup in forcer emerged; there were four male and two female, but two of the former were deformed. ”) Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 207 1897. April 15. Three males and three females emerged in damp tin; one male escaped and another was deformed. Three males and six females also emerged in breeding-cage. “On comparing the three sets of specimens the differ- ences were found to be remarkably slight, all the specimens being of a more or less intermediate character between the wet and dry season forms (as might be expected during this month for those bred under normal conditions). But such slight differences as do exist appear to be fairly constant. In the females the black patches on the under- side of the forewings are constantly best developed in those from the damp tin and least in those from the forcer. Those reared under normal conditions are much nearer the former in this respect, being all rather lighter, except examples which are hardly separable from those reared under moist conditions. The differences in the hindwings are too slight to be taken into account. In the males those from the forcer show a slight difference from the rest in having the black mark on the underside of the forewing somewhat reduced, and a greater suffusion of ochreous scales on the upper side of the hindwing. The others are practically inseparable. The seasonal differences in this species are very clearly defined as a rule. “SECOND EXPERIMENT WITH Pinacopteryx pigea. £397; April 8. Six larvee pupated (a to /). » 9. Two larve pupated (g and h). Put a, b and ¢ into dry forcer, and d and e into damp tin. » LO. Two larve (j and &) pupated. Put g into damp tin. , 15. Removed a@ and 6 from forcer to breeding- cage ; ¢ was dead; cause unknown. , 16. aand b emerged; both females. , 17. f and h emerged in breeding-cage; both females. » » @ emerged in damp tin; female. , 18. e emerged in damp tin ; female. Sa ey | emerged i in breeding- -cage ; ; female. yy Uae geand i emerged in damp tin and breeding- cage respectively ; ; both males. 208 Dr. F. A. Dixey on “No notes were kept of individual markings, but on comparing the three sets it was noticeable, as in previous experiments, that considering the disparity of conditions, the markings showed wonderfully little difference. It is however indisputable that, taking the specimens in con- junction with those of the previous experiment, all those subjected to dry heat had the black markings appreciably less developed than those whose pupz were kept in a cool, moist atmosphere. Those that were reared entirely in the breeding-cage are mostly of an intermediate type of colouring, though two are quite as bright as the heated specimens, but none of them resemble those that were kept damp. “Tt is noteworthy that in Crenis boisduvalw the speci- mens reared under normal conditions showed just the opposite tendency. “ Although the experiments are on far too small a scale to prove anything one way or the other, yet to my mind they appear to lend more support to the theory that the heavier development of black markings in South African butterflies during the summer is probably more dependent on the prevalence of moisture than on the action of heat: though the very small effects shown by these agents in the above experiments suggest the supposition that the absence or presence of black markings alone cannot be referred entirely to climatic agency, as I had been previously inclined to think, but have been developed by natural selection, for some purpose not at present apparent, which has worked on the slight tendency to variation caused by climatic influence.”—G. A. K. M. In 1896 Mr. Marshall had exposed some larvae of Acreva anacreon to “dry-season” conditions just before pupation, but they all died in consequence, as he believes, of over- heating (Estcourt, Oct. 15, 1896). On Oct. 7, 1897, he writes from Malvern: “The experiment in which I found that the pup of Acrewa cabira were killed by dry heat which did not affect Zerias brigitta, leads me to think some of these highly-developed nauseous species may have suffered in hardness of constitution, which would account for their not spreading more widely than they do.” Of the specimens referred to by “Mr. Meecha’ in the two series of experiments on Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., a, ¢ and e of the first series, and a, b, d,e,f and h of the second series are in the Hope collection. The divergences noted Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies. 209 as the result of the different treatment are more easily visible in the first series than in the second. The Hope collection also possesses seven specimens of the above-mentioned series of Crenis boisduvalii, Wallgrn. These are a pair of the “dry heat” emergence on April 14; a pair of the “damp tin” emergence on April 15; anda male and two females which emerged under normal con- ditions, also on April 15. There is no doubt that the “dry heat” female is considerably lighter on the upper surface, and has the dark marks on the under surface of the forewings less distinctly marked than any of the others. The differences between the males are of the same kind, but somewhat less apparent. “ Aug. 29, 1899.—I am sending you by this maila small lot of butterflies, including the bred P. seswmus and archesia, and twenty-one bred specimens of Teracolus omphale and T. achine, with their respective parents. .. . The Zeracoli will be valuable as actually proving seasonal dimorphism in these species. I must admit that I was much surprised to find that the warm, damp atmosphere had no effect on T. omphale (D1—4) whatever.* The apparatus I used was a very deep circular tin (uncovered), which was partially filled with water, in which was placed a stand ; to this the pupz were pinned, they being about four inches above the water. In the case of 7. omphale (D1—4) I kept the spirit-lamp with only a tiny flame, so as to keep the water just hot, and so that a faint warmth could always be felt on placing the hand above the mouth of the containing tin. On account of the negative results thus obtained, I came to the conclusion that the heat applied was perhaps in- sufficient. in all these cases. Unfortunately, I had not enough material left to test this properly, but in the case of 7. achine (Cr and C2) I kept the water at about 180° F., still keeping the tin uncovered, and, as you will see, this has undoubtedly had a more decided effect, espe- cially in the case of C2, which was put in before actual pupation. I was, however, surprised that with Cr the protectively coloured under side should have been affected, rather than the black markings of the upper side. In view of this result I think the previous experiments must not be taken as conclusive. Among the Zeracoli there * It appears to me to have had a slight effect, as ean be seen on comparing D2, D3 and D4 with Ds, Dé and D7. See pp. 211-13.— BA, 1D; 210 Dr. F. A. Dixey on is a highly interesting female omphale (KE, No. 15).”— Gea: KM, The specimens of Zeracolus here spoken of were all ob- tained at Salisbury, Mashonaland. They are as follows :— 1. Teracolus achine, Cram. X. A “wet-season” female (Figs. 5, 5a). Captured March 26, 1899. Laid one egg. D.G Offspring of X. From egg laid March 26; hatched March 31; pupated April 23; kept under normal conditions; emerged May 9. ETHIOPIAN REGION. 2 Diocoris,* agelastus.* 3 Nesidiocoris,* volucer.* 5 Sphinetothorax, Stal, montandoni.* () Umslopogas,* nigroquadristriatus.* 22 Zulaimena,* hathor.* 28 Korasiocapsus,* pylaon.* 29 Proboscidocoris, Reuter, seti.* 32 Lygus, Hahn, osiris.* 44 Helopeltis, Signoret, waterhouset.* Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 245 AUSTRALIAN REGION. 1 Orthotylus, Fieber, ewrynome.* 27 Hurybrochis,* zanna.* 45 Hurymiris,* eurynome. 46 Austromiris,* viridissimus.* 47 Saturniomiris,* tristis (Walker). 49 Zanessa,* rubrovariegata.* AMERICAN REGIONS. 7 Orectoderus, Uhler, obliquus, Uhler. 9 Hesperolabops,* gelastops.* 10 Sysinus, Distant, floridulus, Distant. 11 Neofurius, Distant, awrora.* 12 Resthenia, Spinola, scutata, Spinola. 13 R. simulacrum.* 14 BR. berta.* 15 Lomatopleura, Reuter, hesperus.* 16 Newrocolpus, Uhler, nubilus (Say). 36 Monalonion, Herrich Schatfer, atratum, Distant. 37 M. «anthophilus (Walker). 38 MM. pilosipes.* 39 M. megiston.* 43 Eioneus, Distant, bilineatus, Distant. 44 Collaria, Provancher, oleosus (Distant). A total of 22 new genera and 36 new species. 1. Orthotylus eurynome, sp. nov. dé ¢ macropterous, concolorous ; above with sparse black hairs, not mixed with white hairs. General colour dark green, anterior part of pronotum, scutellum and legs dilute. Elytra saturated, opaque. Eyes dark greyish-green ; antennw pale sordid greenish- brown ; tarsi brownish. Membrane subhyaline, fumate, immaculate, cells concolorous, nervures after death flavescent. Vertex wider than an eye, longitudinally impressed. Second segment of antennze 4 times as long as Ist which is } of the length of the pronotum. Rostrum scarcely reaching beyond intermediate coxz, Pronotum obscurely marginate laterally. Posterior tibize more than 4 times as long as tarsi, 2nd tarsal segment subequal to the 3rd. Long. 5 mill., lat. 14 mill. Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra. Allied to 0. virescens, Douglas and Scott, Reuter. 246 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the The genus Orthotylus has a wide range, viz., the whole palearctic region (except Japan and China), New Guinea, Australia, St. Helena, Hawauan Group and North America, and is doubtless even still more widely extended. MNocoris, gen. nov. Closely allied to Lemocoris, Reuter, but with longer head, eyes very long, pronotum not strongly narrowed anter iorly. Female macropterous with unialbosignate elytra. Elongate ; head almost vertical, elongate, # longer than high, acutangular apically (profile). Vertex broad, nearly 3 times as wide as an eye, acutely triangular in front of the eyes (vertical), base finely but distinctly sinuately marginate ; antennze about as long as entire body. Eyes quite half the length of head (seen in profile), distinctly sinuate laterally, contiguous with pronotum, extending laterally farther than anterior lobe of pronotum. Rostrum reaching a little beyond base of posterior coxae, first segment not reaching to base of head, three apical subequal in length to one another. Pronotum declivous, anteriorly not strongly narrowed, lateral margins of anterior half parallel, posterior half not greatly divergent, base con- versely sinuate, exposing anterior part of scutellum, about 3 wider than apical margin (of pronotum) ; pronotum about 3 times as long as the eye (as seen from above). Collar distinctly separated from pronotum by a very narrow suture, but not at all constricted. Elytra reaching beyond apex of abdomen, sinuately emarginate laterally, unialbosignate ; cuneus not (or scarcely) declivous. 9 macropterous, Abdomen strongly constricted at the base. ~ 2. D. agelastus, sp. nov. Covered with exceedingly short close velvety pubescence of the general ground colour, not long pilose, punctured nor rugose. Very dark chocolate with a purple tint (a little browner on vertex), pro- notum and scutellum purplish-black, Antenne: dark brown, apical 2 segments covered with dense pale pubescence. Eyes stramineous, A central transverse band on corium, narrowing on entering the clavus, which it traverses (also lateral margins of elytra very narrowly)—whitish. Membrane dark fumate, semiopaque, nervures brownish-black. Pronotum about 24 times as long as Ist segment of antenne, which is about half the length of the head (profile) ; 2nd segment nearly 3 times as long as Ist (¢ longer than pronotum), subequal to the 3rd, which is } longer than the 4th. Long. 5 mill. VA ee Rhynchotal family Capside Aucett. 247 Hab. Guinea, Addah. From the appearance of a macropterous , it is highly probable that there exists an antlike ? form. Nesidiocoris, gen. nov. Closely allied to Campylonewra, Fieber, but easily distin- guishable by the much larger eyes, narrower vertex (looking more like some of the Pilophoraria of Reuter) and the longer legs. Vertex convexly rounded, declivous, a little narrower (at the narrowest part) than the large, internally convexly-rounded eyes which occupy almost the whole space (longitudinally) from base of head to antenne. Vertex somewhat feebly marginate at base. Rostrum reaching a little beyond apex of intermediate coxe, Ist segment reaching a trifle beyond base of head. Collar and callosities well-marked. Pronotum a trifle more than twice as long as an eye, lateral margins concavely sinuate, postero-lateral angles prominent ; base emarginate, twice as broad as head. Interior nervure of membrane angulate. Posterior femora reaching beyond apex of abdomen, but not beyond apex of elytra. Abdomen basally con- stricted. 3. N. volucer, sp. nD. p) Elytra greyish cinereo-hyaline ; head, pronotum and scutellum sordid testaceous (scutellum with a more or less reddish tinge). Sterna dilute flavous with a reddish tinge. Legs dilute flavous. Abdomen above blackish, beneath dilute cinereous. Basal 2 segments of antennz brownish-black (more or less) ; 3rd sordid testaceous ; 2nd a little more than 3 times as long as Ist, and 4 longer than 3rd. Elytra with short, somewhat stiff hairs. Long. 4 mill., lat. 1 mill. Hab. IsLE REUNION, St. Denis. 4, Systellonotus palpator, sp. nov. Blackish-brown, shining. Antenne stramineous, more or less infuscate. Legs pallid, more or less infuscate, basal ? of posterior femora dark, Elytra fuscous, cuneus and lateral margins darker ; a small spot at junction of clavus, corium, and membrane, and 2 large corial spots (at base and apex—the latter extending a little on to the clavus)—white. Membrane pale fuscous, a white central transverse band. Venter black, 248 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir wpon the é Body sparsely and shortly pilose. Head (with eyes) broader than long, short behind the eyes, the latter prominent. Antenne not incrassate, 2nd segment 4 times as long as Ist, # longer than 3rd. Long. 3} mill., lat. nearly 1 mill. Hab. Sind, Karachi. 5. Sphinctothorax montandoni, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 3; Plate VI, fig. 3.) Superficially like Orectoderus amenus, Uhler, but much larger. Head, apex of 2nd and 38rd segments of antenn, tarsi, etc., black. Scutellum pale reddish-black. Eyes, pronotum, sterna, elytra, legs, ete., reddish-brown ; an oblique band near the base of corium and the base of cuneus—stramineoflavous. Antenne stramineo- flavous, Ist segment infuscate. Membrane cinereohyaline, nervures dark brown. Head nearly vertical in front of the eyes, wider at eyes than the anterior lobe of pronotum. Eyes forming continuous curve with the lateral margins of the head. Head three times as long as 1st segment of antennee (which does not reach to apex of head) ; 2nd segment apically incrassate, nearly 5 times as long as Ist and nearly twice as long as 3rd. Rostrum reaching to base of intermediate cox. Coxze somewhat long, anterior pair inserted in the anterior lobe of the sterna. Hamus very obscurely indicated. Long. 9 mill., lat. 24 mill. Hab. ZANZIBAR. This genus, which is probably an ant-mimie, is closely allied structurally to the American Orectoderus, Uhler, which is catalogued by Atkinson among his Plagiogna- tharia, but which, however, belongs to his Pilophoraria. Hekista, gen. nov. Densely, somewhat coarsely, pilose. Head shining, smooth. Pro- notum strongly but finely punctured, except on the smooth anterior callosities. Head almost vertical, longer than high, vertex transverse, very short, basally marginate. Pronotal collar narrow, pronotum about 3 longer than 1st segment of antenne, roundly convex, base convex, Elytra rugose-punctate. Posterior femora not reaching to apex of abdomen, elytra reaching well beyond the latter. First segment of posterior tarsi a trifle longer than the 2nd. This genus has no near allies, being distinguished from the other ‘“‘ Pilophoraria” (of Reuter) by the short vertex, of which the apical margin is very slightly roundly produced (almost truncate) in front Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 24.9 of the eyes (as seen from above) by the proportions of the posterior tarsi, the strongly punctured pronotum, ete. 6. H. luudator, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 4.) Elongate, parallel-sided. Shining black, pilosity pallid. Head, apical half of Ist segment of antennz, an obscure ring on posterior femora—dark fuscotestaceous ; legs (including coxe, but excluding the black 3rd segment of posterior tarsi), basal half of 1st antennal segment, lateral margins of pronotum very narrowly, lateral margins of elytra, exterolateral margin of clavus, flavotestaeous. Vertex a trifle wider than the 2 eyes together. Apical half of Ist segment of antenne a little swollen. Pronotum anteriorly with 2 submedian impressions. Eyes touching pronotum, of which the base is rounded. Orifices tuberculo-elevate exterolaterally. Long. 4°4 mill., lat. 1°4 mill. Hab. Puto Laut. 7. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. (Plate VI, figs. 1, 2, 5, 23.) The apterous form of this species is doubtless an ant- mimic, and is not unlike that of some of the European genera. ? Black (greenish-bronzy reflections) ; antennee (except apex of 2nd segment), tibiee,. etc., dark reddish-brown. Pronotum truncate apically and basally, subrotundate laterally, base scarcely wider than apex. Meso- and metanotum and Ist 2 (?) segments of abdomen not wider (a little narrower) than pronotum. Abdomen widening roundly from base of 3rd (?) abdominal segment, 3rd to 6th segments forming a subelongate globe. Elytra short, reaching to the middle of 2nd (?) segment. Hab, AMERICA, Massachusetts, Lowell. The male (macropterous form) is also figured. 8. Berta lankanus (Kirby). Java. Previously described from Ceylon. Hesperolabops, gen, nov. Closely allied to Zabops, Burmeister, but differing radically in structure of head and pronotum. Elongate, parallel-sided, vertex and face medianly sulcate (an- teriorly rounded), the prominent interolaterally emarginate eyes fixed on long elevated peduncles which rise obliquely from the base. 250 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the Vertex short (half the length of the pronotum), about 4 times as wide as the eyes together. Face vertical, long triangular, genze insigniA- cant. Pronotum constricted at the middle and collared anteriorly, the collar wide and lobate, projecting anteriorly over the base of the head, anteriorly elevated, apical margin sinuate ; callose behind the collar near the lateral margins, collar and anterior lobe widely sub- reflexed laterally ; posterior lobe diverging rotundately, $ wider at base than the apical margin of the anterior lobe. Posterior lobe and elytra minutely punctured. Elytra reaching far beyond apex of abdomen, the membrane apparently with one cell only. 9. H. gelastops, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 2.) Vertex, face, scutellum (except black lateral margins), ventral surface, etc., pale sanguineous. Clypeus, collar, anterior lobe of pronotum, lateral margins of pronotum and of elytra, cox, ete., pale flavous. Eyes, upper margin of peduncles, pronotal callosities, brownish. Posterior lobe of pronotum (except lateral margins), elytra (except lateral margins)—black. Long. nearly 6 mill., lat. 24 mill. fab, Mexico, Guanajuato. 10. Sysinus floridulus, Distant. Brazil, Sta Catharina. The Ist segment of the antenne is somewhat incrassate towards the apex. 11. Neofurius awrora, sp. nov. Very close to N. amethystus, Distant, but larger and differently coloured. Head, collar, anterior lobe of pronotum (except a thin median scarlet line), 1st segment of antennz and extreme base of 2nd, legs (except the ‘scarlet-tinged posterior femora), apical % of cuneus, and membrane (except extreme base)—pale luteous. Elytra, pronotum and anterolateral part of scutellum—scarlet ; remainder of scutellum, clavus (except base), interomedian part of corium, bluish-black. Eyes reddish-black. Underneath luteostra- mineous. Covered (especially on elytra and scutellum) with short, close, pale yellow hairs (not pubescence) ; tibis shortly pilose. Pronotum closely punctured. Long 44 mill. Hab, AMAZONS, Itaituba. In this species the vertex is glabrous, shining and rounded ; in afinis, Distant (the only other species of the genus I possess), of which I have a variety from Ecuador, Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 251 the vertex is not glabrous, and is somewhat pilose. In afinis the Ist segment of the antenne is thicker in pro- portion than in awrora, and moreover in the latter the 2nd segment is about ? longer than the Ist, while in affinis it is 24 (or nearly) times as long as the Ist. Mr. Distant had only carded specimens (as is also the case with mine), and full structural details are therefore still want- ing. It is possible that amethystus and aurora will be placed ultimately in a separate genus. Resthenia, Spinola. The type of this genus is: 12. &. scutata, Spinola. 1837. Essai sur les Hémipteéres, p. 185, from Brazil, not included in Atkinson’s Catalogue, and not mentioned, so far as I know, by any authors since Amyot and Serville. 13. A. simulacrum, sp. nov. Very like RB. luteigera (Stal), from Mexico, in appearance, but structurally different and distinguished at once by the black head. Head, eyes, antenne, a large triangular spot on pronotum (occu- pying the whole of the posterior lobe except the sides), scutellum, apical half of clavus, a broad transverse band on middle of corium, cuneus (except exterobasal angle), legs entirely, dead black. Collar, callosities, lateral margins (widely) of pronotum, base of clavus and corium, apical 3rd also of the latter, prosternum (mesosternum less or more), bright luteous obscurely and faintly mottled with orange-red. Membrane dark fumate. Abdomen beneath obscure pallid smoky. Second antennal segment as thick as the Ist, 2 longer than the latter, 3rd twice as long as the Ist. Pronotum } longer than the 1st segment, acutely reflexed anteriorly at the sides of the callosities, somewhat obtuse (not reflexed) posterolaterally. Long. 10 mill. Hab. N. BRazit, Itaituba. The black markings on pronotum, scutellum and elytra bear a ludicrous resemblance to the head and shoulders of a man in a pith helmet. 252 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the 14, FR. berta, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 10.) Head above and below, pronotum and scutellum, lnteous, Eyes, antenne, a central line on pronotum, and a dot on each side of the middle at the base of the callosities, and the posterior margin infuseately (these pronotum markings less or more obscure); a median wedge-shaped stripe on scutellum, not reaching the base ; tibiz, tarsi, and apex of femora, brownish-black or blackish. Elytra greyish-black, clavus (except exterolateral margin), an irregular longitudinal marmorate stripe on corium, and cuneus, very pale, greyish-greenish white. Membrane fumate. Femora sordid test- aceous. Venter immaculate creamy white. Rostrum reaching intermediate coxee. Second segment of antenne slightly incrassate apically, but not so stout as the Ist, and a little more than twice as long; 3rd almost as long as Ist. Pronotum 4 longer than Ist segment of antenne, lateral margins entirely, but somewhat feebly, acute, not or scarcely reflexed. Long. 94 mill. Hab. N. BRazit, Itaituba. Readily distinguished by its colouring. 15. Lomatopleura hesperus, nov. nom. (Plate V, fig. 1.) Capsus coccineus, Walker (nec Meyer, 1843); 1873 Cat. Hem. Heter., Brit. Mus., vi, p. 93. This species, of which I possess examples from Florida (labelled by a well-known American entomologist Resthenia insignis !!), is closely allied to LZ. cesar, Reuter. Does it really belong to the Capsaria ? 16. Newrocolpus nubilus. (Plate VI, fig. 24.) Capsus nubilus, Say, 1832, Heter. Hem. (N. Harmony), p. 22. Newrocolpus mexicanus, Distant, 1883, Biologia, Rhyuch., ip. 262, pl. xxii, 1g... Neurocolpus affinis, Distant, |. ¢., p. 263. Distant’s figure represents one of the pale forms of this protean species. I have a very variable colour series from Costa Rica, the species being distributed from Canada to Panama. The antenne are very remarkable, the sete (as noted by Distant) with which the Ist segment is clothed, being dilated apically. Rhynchotal family Capsidex Auctt. 253 Kosmiomiris, gen. nov. Head small, transverse (as seen from above), short, vertical in front of the eyes. Vertex superficially sulculate longitudinally, not marginate, Eyes together broader than the vertex, interior margins diverging apically, basal margins above sinuately emarginate. Hyes in profile very broad. Rostrum reaching to the base of the apical 3rd of abdomen. Antenne long. Pronotum strongly punctured, convexly elevated, collar distinct and somewhat broad. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded, not greatly divergent, not reflexed, Scutellum slightly eallose. Elytra extending well beyond apex of abdomen, parallel-sided. Legs slender. This genus is not very closely related to any other known to me. 17. .K. rubroornatus, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 4; Plate VI, fig.6.) = Capsus lucidus, Walker, |. c., p. 124, (nec Kirschbaum). Vertex, apex of abdomen above and below, basal § of posterior tibix, antenne, etc., shining black. Pronotum, scutellum, cuneus (less or more), membranal nervures, etc., dull brownish-black (scutellum a little redder). Basal part of 3rd segment of antennz and apical $ of posterior tibiw, whitish. Eyes blackish or reddish. Frons pallid sanguineous, Collar pallid. Elytra yellowish hyaline. Clavus (except basally, where it is black) and 2 oblique out- wardly diverging stripes on the corium near the base ; posterior femora rostrum (mostly)—deep crimson. Base of cuneus whitish hyaline. Membrane fumate. Venter pale flavous ; sterna, etc., black. First segment of antennz as long as pronotum (excluding collar), broader at apex than at base, 2nd nearly twice as long as Ist. [3rd longer than Ist, 4th shorter than Ist (sec. Walker).] Posterior femora scarcely incrassate. Q. Long. 52 mill., lat. 2 mill. Hab. Puto Laut (type); SARAWAK. (Brit. Mus.) Var. Sterna pallid ; lateral margins of pronotum pallid. 9. Long. 74 mill., lat. 24 mill. Hab. Mauacca, Perak. 18. Hyalopeplus lineifer (Walker). = Capsus linerfer, Walker, |.c., p. 122. Hab. MALACCA. 254 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the Malacopeplus, gen, nov. Closely allied to Hyalopeplus, Stal, differing in the form of the pronotum, membranal areole, etc. Head vertical, vertex as wide as the 2 eyes together, eyes not quite touching pronotum. First segment of antenne much longer than head, 2nd a little longer than Ist, 3rd subequal to 2nd. Rostrum reaching to posterior coxa. Collar and pronotum medio- longitudinally carinate (the carina not reaching the base of the latter) ; the collar wider than the 2nd segment of the antenne at base. Pronotum very finely densely punctured, lateral margins not greatly widened posteriorly, raised posteriorly, base truncate. Cuneal fracture not profound, cuneus longer than wide. Interior membranal cell long, acutangular, reaching well beyond apex of cuneus ; exterior cell small, not extending so far as apex of cuneus. Posterior femora extending beyond apex of abdomen. 19. MM. discoidalis (Walker). = Capsus discoidalis, Walker, l.¢., p. 122. Hab. MALACCA and SINGHAPUR. Umslopogas, gen. nov. Not or only very finely and minutely punctured, very pilose. Vertex immarginate, impressed transversely at base; obscurely suleate longitudinally. Head declivous, longer than high, vertex as wide between the eyes as an eye. Rostrum reaching to intermediate coxw. Eyes scarcely touching pronotum., First and 2nd segments of antennz stouter than the rest. First segment shorter than pronotum ; 2nd segment longer than the width of pronotum at base. Collar wide, pronotal callosities pronounced, but not extend- ing to lateral margins, which are fairly straight. First segment of posterior tarsi twice as long as 2nd; 3rd nearly as long as Ist ; Ist much stouter than either 2nd or 3rd. Differs from Pachypterna, Fieber, by the more oblong form, shorter pronotal callosities, longer collar, longer basal segment of the antenne, 2nd segment not (or scarcely) incrassate apically, and by the longer 3rd segment of the posterior tarsi, ete. 20. U. nigroquadristriatus, sp. 0. (Plate V, fig. 11; Plate VI, figs. 7, 25.) Pale greenish stramineous ; a central stripe (not reaching to the base) and 2 spots near the base of head and base more or less ; 4 fthynchotal family Capside Auctt. 255 broad longitudinal stripes on pronotum (the 2 median not extending on to the anterior lobe and not quite reaching to the slightly reflexed posterior margin), lateral margins of scutellum, etc. black. Elytra more dilute, striped with brownish-grey, lateral margins and the cuneus immaculate. Membrane fumate, not marbled, nervures flavostramineous. First 2 segments of antenne blackish, 3rd obscure brownish. Legs obscure brownish, spotted and striped with black. Ventral surface greenish-testaceous, mesosternum striped with black; abdomen sublaterally and tarsi, blackish. Second segment of antennee 2% times as long as Ist, 4 longer than 3rd. Interior membranal area sometimes angularly rotundate api- cally, sometimes acutangular. Long. 63-74 mill., lat. 2 mill. Hab. Nata, Howick. Olympiocapsus, gen. nov. Smooth, not punctured. Head and pronotum strongly declivous, the former long triangular ; vertex as wide between the eyes as the 2 eyes together, obscurely marginate near the eyes, not suleate. Clypeus prominent, extending beyond apex of vertex. Eyes almost touching pronotum, Rostrum extending to intermediate coxe. First segment of antennee distinctly shorter than pronotum, collar comparatively long, about as long as the width of the Ist antennal segment ; pronotal callosities obscure. Pronotum and scutellum transversely rugulose ; base of the former emarginate, exposing anterior margin of scutellum, Interior area of membrane apically rotundate- angulate. Corium without extra nervures, Differs from Dichrooscytus, Fieb., the only other im- punctate genus with laterally marginate vertex, by the long Ist segment of the antenne. Not unlike Lurycyrtus, Reuter, in general appearance, but with longer head, eyes not touching pronotum, and membranal areole more angulate. 21. O. calestialiwm, sp. nov. (Plate VI, figs. 17, 18.) Black, a posterolateral spot on the vertex between the eyes on each side, a mediolongitudinal stripe on pronotum, the 3 angles of the scutellum, a small ring (with black centre) about the middle of each half of the posterior lobe of pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum, and lateral margins of elytra (very narrowly), a spot near apical margin of exocorium—pale flavotestaceous. Cuneus 256 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memow upon the sanguineous or sanguineotestaceous (except the black apex). Venter sordid testaceous, more or less marked with blackish-brown. Long. 74 mill., lat. 3 mill. Hab. Cutna, Ngan Hoei, Hochan. This solidly built but sombrely handsome bug has no close palzearctic relations. Zulaimena, gen. nov. Smooth, not punctured (except obscurely and minutely on the pronotum). Head roundly declivous, long, narrowly convex, vertex immarginate, not suleate, longer (in profile) than height of head. Eyes touching pronotum, First segment of antenne shorter than pronotum, much stouter than the length of the collar. Rostrum reaching apex of intermediate coxe. Membranal areole narrow, apically angulate. Distinguished from the other impunctate Capsaria by the narrow, pubescent collar, transverse pronotum, convex head, ete. 22. Z. hathor, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 8.) ¢ @. Subglabrous, pale cinereoflavous with a more or less rufous tint ; very sparse pale golden pubescence. ¢ Abdomen ventrally more or less mottled with sanguineous sublaterally. ¢ 9 Second segment of antenne 3} times as long as Ist, 3rd $ longer than Ist, ¢ longer than 4th, each decreasing in thickness. Long. 54 mill., lat. 14 mill. Hab. GUINEA, Addah. Lblis, gen. nov. Pronotum and elytra finely punctured. Head strongly declivous, vertex obsoletely suleulate, clypeus scarcely elevated. Head between eyes about equal to that of an eye, interior margin of the latter not sinuately emarginate, apically divergent. Rostrum reaching beyond posterior coxee. Head and pronotum immarginate. Antenne longer than total length of body. Membrane glabrous. Allied to Capsus, Fabr., but differs by the elongate, slender antenne and by the pronotum, narrower apically. 23. H. amasis, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 10.) Bronzy-black ; head, pronotum and scutellum (elytra sparsely) with silvery pubescence. Anterior and intermediate tibia, all coxee, apical half of posterior tibia, stinkgland orifices, 3rd and 4th seg- Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 257 ments of antenne—pallid. First segment of antennz about equal to length of pronotum, the former somewhat incrassate ; 2nd segment 2? longer than Ist, $ to } longer than 3rd, and a little more than twice as long as 4th. Base of pronotum twice as wide as collar. Posterior femora somewhat incrassate, tibis about 4 longer than femora. Long. (including elytra) 7-8 mill., lat. 2-3 mill. Hab. Inpia, Kangra Valley (4500 ft. August 1899, Dudgeon). Kangra, gen. nov. Somewhat allied to Hyalopeplus, Stal, but readily separable by the less robust form, longer and slenderer antenne, less hyaline elytra, non-carinate pronotum, etc. Elongate, parallel-sided, almost impunctate, smooth above. Head and pronotum subhorizontal. Vertex immarginate with a distinct transverse sulcus ; genz mediocre, clypeus prominent. Rostrum reaching beyond posterior femora. First 3 segments of antenne longer than body (excluding elytra). Pronotuin superficially punctured, transversely sulcate, laterally immarginate, nearly 3 times as wide at base as at collar, widely rounded, lateral margins slightly concave. Elytra extending far beyond apex of abdomen, very finely punctured, cuneus longer than wide at base. Legs elongate. 24, K. dudgeoni, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 5.) = Capsus stramineus, Walker, l.c., p. 120 (nec Walker, Ge. 9G): Head and pronotum pale dirty stramineofuscous. Eyes blackish- brown. A number of oblique striz on each side of the vertex in front of the eyes, interior margin of clavus, apical margin of corium, membranal nervures-—sanguineous. Elytra pale greenish-testaceous, Scutellum blackish-sanguineous, apex of posterior femora dark sanguineous. Venter and legs pale greenish-testaceous. Vertex a trifle wider than an eye, eyes somewhat oblique, not touching pronotum. First segment of antenne thicker than the others, a trifle longer than pronotum ; 2nd 23 as long as the Ist, slightly longer than 3rd. Posterior femora reaching beyond apex of abdomen, subincrassate, tibiz 4 longer than femora, Ist tarsal segment shorter than either 2nd or 3rd. Long. 8 mill., lat. 2 mill. Hab. InptA, Kangra Valley (4500 ft., August 1899, Dudgeon). 258 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the I have pleasure in naming this species after its dis- coverer, my friend Mr. Gerald C. Dudgeon, whose observations on the oviposition of certain forms are familiar to Rhynchotists. I have also from Mozambique, Rikatla, 2 examples of either this species, or of one almost indistinguishable by appearance or structure. Platyngomiris, gen. nov. Not closely allied to any genus of its division, and has only 1 membrane cell. It has a strong superficial resemb- lance to certain Coreinze. The vesiculate pronotum is also a novelty in this family. Head strongly declivous, anterior part vertical, posteriorly con- stricted behind the eyes, wider between the eyes than the eyes together ; shortly transversely impressed on the vertex behind the eyes. Eyes prominent, somewhat remote from pronotum, subpedun- cular; antenn inserted in the subpedunculate part of the head close to the interoapical angle of eye, lst segment incrassate, very short, shorter (in profile) than the length of the eye. Rostrum reaching posterior cox. Pronotum and scutellum very strongly, deeply punctured, the former widely collared in front, base of the collar widely angularly produced in the middle. Pronotum callose on each side behind the collar, posterior lobe raised and rounded, base sinuately emarginate, posterolateral angles prominent, rounded. Pronotum widely reflexed posterolaterally. Scutellum large, vesi- cular (somewhat as in some Tingidz) base rounded (as seen in profile). Elytra with only 1 distinct, long, angular, membrane cell, which reaches beyond apex of cuneus. 25. P. coreoides, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 7.) Bright fulvoflavescent (somewhat bronzy), pronotum more or less infuscate, a parallel stripe joining the eyes ; the pronotal callosities, cuneus, apical margin of each connexival segment above and below (connexiva not separated distinctly from abdomen below), antenne above, rostrum, legs, ete.—black. Pronotal punctures bright amber- coloured. Whole ventral surface more or less obscurely marked with black, membrane dilute flavocinereous, nervures pale flavous. Pronotum with short yellow hairs. Second and 3rd segments of antennz very thick, 2nd 6 times as long as Ist, } longer than 8rd. 2 Abdomen rounded laterally, connexival segments extending well beyond lateral margins of elytra. Each abdominal segment below narrowly transversely impressed. Long. 93 mill., lat. pron. 33, lat. max. 44 mill. Ee Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 259 Hab. Puto Laut. Although this remarkable genus has only 1 distinct membrane cell, it appears to me to belong to the Capsaria. Cheilocapsus, gen, nov. Somewhat remotely allied to Hyalopeplus, Stal, but at once separable by the opaque elytra and differently formed pronotum. Vertex feebly marginate near the base ; clypeus vertical, promi- nent, extending beyond vertex. Eyes prominent, anterolaterally sinuately emarginate, oblique, together wider than vertex, remote from pronotum. Rostrum extending to intermediate cox. Pro- notum with a well-marked collar, obsoletely callose behind the latter, lateral margins a little sinuately divergent posteriorly, 2% wider at base than at apex, subrugose transversely, posterior margin subrotundately truncate. Elytra subrugose-punctate, extend- ing beyond apex of abdomen, the larger membranal area angular apically. Cuneus very elongate. 26. C. flavomarginatus, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 9.) Clothed with short, black, bristly hair. Head, pronotum, extreme base of scutellum, legs and ventral surface, dull flavous. Exocorium, cuneus (except black interobasal angle and extreme apex) bright flavous. Antenne sanguineous, apex of 2nd segment blackish. Eyes, lateral margins (narrowly) of pronotum, scutellum, elytra, mem- branal nervures, etc., black. Membrane cinereohyaline. Posterior femora with 4 small black spots. Dorsum of abdomen sanguineous. Head with a slight longitudinal sulcus. First segment of antenne subinerassate, subequal to pronotum in length, a trifle longer than cuneus, 2nd a little more than twice as long as the Ist. First segment anterior tarsi longer than 2nd and 3rd together. Long. 11 mill, lat. pronot. 33 mill. Hab. BURMA, Chan Yoma. Lurybrochis, gen. nov. Somewhat similar in appearance to Camptobrochys, Fieber, but vertex entirely marginate. Allied to Lygidea, Reuter, but with longer head, eyes not touching pronotum, eyes (as seen in profile) longer, basally emarginate. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART I. (JUNE) 18 260 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the Pronotum and elytra very strongly punctured, not (or very indis- tinctly) pubescent. Vertex, callosities, collar and scutellum smooth, shining. Head declivous, a little more than twice as long as high (profile). Vertex about as wide as an eye. Eyes not touching pro- notum, Antenne inserted distinctly within the lateral margins of the eyes, Ist segment extending well beyond apex of clypeus. Rostrum reaching posterior cox, Ist segment extending just beyond base of head. Collar wider than apex of 2nd antennal segment. Pronotal callosities confluent, part anterior to them sae shining, not punctured, pronotal lateral angles prominent, base sinuately rotundate. Scutellum subconvex, sed trans- versely near the anterior margin. Elytra a little wider at the base than the base of pronotum, cuneus a little longer than broad. Posterior femora scarcely thicker than the others. First segment of tarsi distinctly shorter than 2nd and 8rd together, 1st longer than 2nd. 27. £. zanna, sp.nov. (Plate V, fig. 8; Plate VI, fig. 11.) This species is very variable within certain limits. General colour testaceous, less or more suffused with greenish, brownish or pink (varieties). Scutellum usually with 2 longitudinal stripes ; apices of corium, exocorium and cuneus, blackish-brown. These marks are nearly always present, also sometimes spots and blotches of the same colour on clavus and corium. Membrane less or more marbled. Clavus and corium in 1 example almost entirely black. Legs sordid pallid fuscotestaceous, annulated with fuscous ; antenne rufotestaceous (or greenish), apex of 2nd segment black. Venter sordid, less or more marked with blackish, Long. 53—63 mill., lat. 2 mill. Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra. Korasiocapsus, gen. nov. This genus cannot be confused with any Ethiopian one, and appears also to have no near Palearctic ally. It is one of the smallest (judging from the two specimens composing the at-present unique species) in size of the Capsaria, and combines several of the characters of the two principal groups into which Reuter divides the Palzearctic genera. Generally impunctate (or only very remotely punctured), sparsely aie y very YI » §P y shortly pilose, pronotum rugose-punctured. Vertex immarginate Pat ih Cee ale Be, Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 261 (superficially suleate longitudinally, and also superficially impressed transversely between the eyes) about as wide as an eye. Head horizontal as far as apex of eyes, then strongly declivous. First segment of antenne extending far beyond apex of head, inserted (looking from above) within the interoapical angle of eyes, equal in length to pronotum. Eyes almost touching pronotum, internal margins convexly rounded, Pronotum not reflexed laterally, lightly sinuate ; base gently convexly rounded, about 4 wider than head (with eyes) ; callosities not confluent; collar distinct. Costal margin of elytra widening towards apex ; cuneus longer than wide. Legs slender, femora short. 28. K. pylaon, sp. nov. Bright sanguineous (including membranal nervures). Eyes, Ist seoment of antenna, and tarsi, black. Head, lateral margins of elytra, cuneus (except a little sanguineous internally) pale flavous. Membrane fumate. Legs pale flavous (irregularly and sparsely marked with sanguineous). Ventral surface pale flavous, widely bordered dilutely with sanguineous. Long. 4§ mill. (including elytra), lat. 14 mill. Hab. MOZAMBIQUE, Rikatla. Proboscidocoris, Reuter. Reuter’s typical species (of which I possess a cotype) was described from specimens lacking legs, etc. The posterior femora are somewhat incrassate, and do not reach as far as the apex of the abdomen, and the Ist segment of the tarsi is very short. 29. P. seti, sp.nov. (Plate VI, fig. 12.) Closely allied to P. fuliginosus, Reuter, from Guinea, but more robust and quite differently coloured. Dead-black, above and beneath, with pale golden pubescence. Antenne fulvous, excepting the black Ist segment and apex of 2nd; cox, anterior and intermediate femora, apical 4} of pos- terior femora and apical 3rd of all tibie, black ; the rest of the legs fulvous or fulvotestaceous. First 3 segments of rostrum fulvo- testaceous, 4th black. Membrane fumate, nervures fuscotestaceous. Vertex (?) a trifle wider than in fuliginosus, and the eyes not quite so elongate. Long. 5°8 mill., lat. 2°7 mill, Hab. MozAMBIQUE, Rikatla. 262 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the 30. Eurystylus costalis, Stal. (Plate VI, figs. 13, 20.) Stal has placed this near Atractotomus, Fieber. It appears to me, however, to belong to the Capsaria, on account of the distinct (comparatively) long collar, and the remoteness of the coxze from the lateral margins of elytra, the absence of an alar hamus, ete. To Stal’s description add Pubescence yellowish and silvery. Ventral surface pale fulvous ; mesosternum with a central stripe and a large lateral spot—black ; abdomen with a sublateral spot on each segment. Eyes contiguous with pronotum; Ist segment of antenne equal to pronotum in length, 34 times as long as wide ; 6 or 7 times as wide as the 2nd at apex. Second segment slightly incrassate apically, nearly twice as long as Ist. Stinkgland orifices wide, emarginate. Collar much wider than 2nd antennal segment. Pronotum immarginate laterally. Cuneus declivous ; interior area of membrane rounded apically. Q ovipositor, ete., blackish. The specimens in my collection are from Tolo (Philip- pines) and from Ardjeano (Java). 31. Derxocoris sacratus, sp. nov. Eyes, 3 apical segments of antennz, pronotal callosities, pronotum (except lateral margins widely), elytra, etc., shining black. Head, Ist segment of antenne, a wide entire longitudinal stripe on corium, femora (apex pallid), sordid fuscotestaceous. Lateral margins of pro- notum (widely) except extreme apex and base, base very narrowly, collar and extreme base of 3rd segment of antenn, whitish tes- taceous. Membrane fumate. Venter brownish-black. Second seg- ment of antennz 33 as long as Ist, nearly twice as long as 3rd, and % longer than 4th. Collar glabrous, pronotum densely impresso- punctured ; tibiz not spinose, obscurely annulated with pallid. Rostrum reaching to posterior cox. Long. 47 mill., lat. 1$ mill. Hab. Puto LAvt. 32, Lygus osiris, sp. nov. Greenish-testaceous (including membrane-nervures); 2 longi- tudinal submedian vitte and the lateral margins of scutellum, 2 spots on clavus near claval suture, 2 suboblique stripes on corium, pale sordid purple fuscous. Ventral surface pale greenish-testaceous. Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 263 Two apical segments of antennz fuscous. Pubescence flavous. Vertex somewhat feebly, but entirely, marginate. Rostrum reaching well beyond posterior cox. Second segment of antenne longer than width of head (including eyes), 3rd segment about equal to the latter. Tibie entirely (except obscurely apically) pallid, some- what feebly spinulose. ¢. Vertex distinctly wider than an eye. 2. Vertex distinctly narrower than an eye. Long. 4? mill., lat. 2 mill. Hab. Iste ReEUNION, St. Denis; MozAMBIQUE, Rikatla. Closely allied to Z. approximatus (Stal) from Sitka. Tinginotum, gen. nov. Long oval ; vertex somewhat obtusely marginate, less so medianly. Eyes touching pronotum. Head almost vertical, longer than high, vertex a little wider than an eye, longitudinally suleate between the eyes, clypeus prominent. Collar wider than the 2nd segment of antennz at apex ; pronotum strongly but somewhat minutely im- presso-punctured, very convex, and greatly elevated posteriorly, base rounded. Pronotum longer than Ist segment of antenne, but much shorter than 2nd. Elytra not, or scarcely, punctured. Costal area (comparatively) very broad, widening basally ; cuneus a little longer than broad; membrane obscurely marbled, nervures rotundate angulate. Posterior femora not reaching so far as apex of abdomen. First segment of posterior tarsi much shorter than 2nd, Differs from the other Capsaria (except Stethoconus, Fieber, which is quite different) by the impunctate elytra and punctured pronotum. 33. 7. javanum, sp. nov. Sordid rufoflavous ; antennz blackish-brown or rufobrunneous, annulated with pallid. Base of clavus blackish-brown. Elytra and venter pale rufoflavous, the former mottled with darker. Legs sordid pale rufoflavous, annulate with blackish-brown. Membranal nervures stramineous. Second segment of antenne twice as long as 3rd, which is a trifle longer than the Ist, the 3 apical slender, 2nd slightly incrassate apically. Long. 53 mill., lat. 2 mill. Hab. JAVA. 264 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the 34, Disphinctus sumatrator, sp. nov. Q. Entirely castaneous (with pale golden pubescence) except—eyes pale ; 2nd to 4th segments of antennze, an annulus on the middle of anterior and intermediate femora, the posterior tibie, an irregular blotch at apex of corium, cuneus (except extreme base and very nar- rowly the interior margin), black. Membrane (excluding nervures) greenish-cinereous-hyaline. Pronotum smooth, base emarginate. Legs with somewhat long, bristly golden hairs. Second segment of antenne 3? as long as the Ist, which is twice as long as the head. Long. 114 mill. Hab. SUMATRA. 35. D. anadyomene, sp. nov. = Capsus fasciatus, Walker, l.c., p. 122 (nec Meyer, 1843). This lovely species from Singhapur is of a delicate dark coral-red colour. 36. Monalonion atratum, Distant. Hab. Ecuapbor, Quito. 37. M. wanthophilus (Walker). = Capsus xanthophilus, Walker, 1. ¢., p. 110 (Brazil). = Resthenia xanthophilus, Atkinson, p. 62 !! 38. J. pilosipes, sp. n. Head, antenne (entirely), anterior lobe of pronotum, legs (except an obscure pallid ring on the middle of the intermediate tibic, and an obscure reddish ring on the middle of the posterior femora), metaster- num, genital segments above and beneath, elytra, etc., shining black. Posterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, abdomen above and beneath, pro- and mesosterna, dark sanguineous. Head nearly twice as long as 1st segment of antennee, 2nd segment between 9 and 10 times as long as Ist. Base of pronotum truncate. Posterior tibie curved, and very pilose, as also posterior femora. Long. 10} mill. Hab. Ecuapor, Quito. 39. I. megiston, sp. nov. Closely allied to IZ, dissimulatum, Distant, but larger, fhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 265 base of pronotum only slightly emarginate,antenne eutirely black and with different proportions. Scutellum entirely pale. Posterior lobe of pronotum reddish- ochraceous, Anterior and intermediate legs pallid, except base of femora ; posterior legs entirely black, except a broad pale yellowish ring on middle of femora. Abdomen black. First segment of antenne very short, } shorter than head ; 2nd nearly 8 times as long as first, + longer than 3rd. Long. @ 113-15 mill. Hab. AMAZONS (type); ECUADOR. 40. Helopeltis waterhouset, sp. nov. Differs from H. bergrothit, Reuter, by the colouring and by the different proportions of the antenne. ?. Frons and clypeus pale ; elytra, legs (except pallid coxa and basal half of femora), antenne (except orange-red base of 1st segment), scutellum, ete., shining black. Anterior lobe of pronotum orange- red, Abdomen above and below bright sanguineous. Second seg- ment of antenne 4 longer than Ist, subequal to 3rd (5 longer).* The basal 4th of the scutellar horn is directed slightly backwards, the apical ? directed forwards at an obtuse angle (nearly right angles). Hab. GABOON. 41. H. insularis, sp. nov. ?. Shining black ; anterior lobe of pronotum, base of scutellum, legs (except tarsi and apex of femora and 1 or 2 more or less obscure spots on femora), connexivum above—pale reddish-testaceous. Elytra dark reddish-black. Antenne, rostrum, venter, etc., entirely black. @. Var. 1. Entirely black. Cuneus faintly red. Legs dark testaceous. 2. Var. 2. Second to 4th segments of antennee obscurely pallid. ¢. Black, except the obscurely reddish cuneus. Basal half of 1st segment of antenne testaceous. Posterior legs testaceous, femora spotted with black. ¢6 2. Second segment of antennie 3 longer than the Ist, 2 longer than the 3rd. Scutellar horn somewhat elongate, almost erect and straight. Long. ¢ 6 mill., 2 73-8 mill. Hab. Puto Laur. * In bergrothit the 2nd is more than ¢ longer than the 3rd. 2 266 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the 42. Megalocerexa celestialium, sp. n. Closely allied to IZ ruficornis (Fourcroy) but a little smaller, head more depressed, posterior femora slenderer, ete. Dilute greenish ; a median line on head, 4 lines on pronotum, 2 on scutellum, etce., brownish-cinereous. Antenne, apex of posterior tibize and the Ist 2 tarsal segments rosaceous. Eyes blackish. Third segment of posterior tarsi and claws black. Second segment of antenne 3 times as long as Ist, and than 3rd. Long. nearly 6 mill., lat. 14 mill, Hab, Cuina, Nan King. ae longer 43. Hioneus bilineatus, Distant. Hab. Costa Rica. This genus is closely allied to Megalocerxa. 44. Collaria oleosus (Distant). Hab. Costa Rica, San José, _ The colour of the pronotum is somewhat variable; at one extreme only the posterolateral spots are well-marked, while at the other, beside the 4 typical spots, there is a S5th—in the middle of the posterior margin. Luryiniris, gen. nov. Allied to Teratocoris, Fieber, but differs by the apically rounded head. Vertex between the eyes, 24 times as wide as an eye, transversely impressed, anteriorly rounded, basal half superficially sulculate longitudinally, not narrowed behind the eyes, which are remote from the pronotum, prominent and almost pedunculate, extending laterally well beyond the base of the head. Pronotum anteriorly constricted, anterolaterally callose behind the constriction, lateral margins sinu- ate, diverging posteriorly ; posterior margin truncate,obtusely tubercul- ate laterally. Scutellum obtusely rounded, First segment of tarsi twice as long as 2nd, tomentose beneath, 2nd inserted subapically, 3rd apically. 45. EH. eurynome, sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 21.) Glabrous ; head, pronotum and scutellum very smooth, the 2 Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 267 last superficially transversely rugose. Elytra rugose-punctate, interior area of membrane much longer than exterior, the latter coriaceous. Pale (slightly greenish) testaceous. Eyes black. Anterior femora apically, and anterior tarsi, blackish. Elytra pale olivaceous ; clavus centrally and subexterolaterally, corium subcostally— narrowly blackish. Membranal nervures and abdomen pale greenish- testaceous. Long. 92 mill., lat. max. 2 mill. Hab, AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra. Austromiris, gen. NOV. Allied to Megalocerza, Fieber, but differs by the slightly transverse, apically rounded head, etc. Vertex scarcely impressed or sulcate, basally somewhat feebly marginate. Eyes not touching pronotum. Pronotum constricted a little above the middle, anterior lobe laterally rounded, callose sub- medianly on either side, with a small impression on either side of the middle. Posterior lobe transversely rugose, lateral margins sinuately divergent, posterolateral angles prominent, subacute, posterior margin sinuately emarginate, exposing apex of scutellum. Membranal areas entirely membranous. 46. A. viridissimus, sp. nov. (Plates V, fig. 12; VI, fig. 22.) Smooth, glabrous (except posterior lobe of pronotum). Head, scutellum, legs, ete., greenish-testaceous. Pronotum and elytra green, some spots on head and anterior lobe of pronotum, the greater part of posterior lobe, mediolongitudinal stripe on scutellum and exterolateral angles of the latter—blackish or greenish-black. Claval and corio- claval sutures and a stripe along middle of corium, antenne, tarsi and tibial spines, blackish or brownish-black. Venter more or less dilute green. Membrane fumate, nervures pale flavous. First segment of antennze much longer than vertex, a trifle longer than pronotum, more than twice as wide as 2nd segment. Second segment 3 times as long as 1st, which is subequal to the 3rd. Rostrum reaching nearly to apex of intermediate coxe. Long. 8 mill., lat. nearly 2 mill. Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra. This species varies a little in colouring, principally in the depth of tint of the green; thus the clavus and interior half of corium are sometimes dark green, the exterior half of corium greenish-yellow, these areas being separated 268 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the by a narrow pale brownish-black stripe. The head is sometimes immaculate, and the posterior lobe of pronotum entirely bright green. The exterior half of corium dark green, and the dark stripes broader. Saturniomiris, gen. nov. Distinguished by the very wide head (with eyes), which is much wider than the anterior lobe of the pronotum. Vertex nearly as wide as the eyes together, longitudinally sulcate. Head long, triangular. Eyes very large, semipedicillate. Pronotum constricted before the middle and transversely suleate, posterior lobe raised, and there is also a narrow, but distinct and somewhat swollen collar. Pronotum finely rugose-punctured, anterior lobe callose mediolaterally, lateral margins rounded, base truncate. Elytra minutely tuberculate. Posterior femora short. 47. S. tristis (Walker). Capsus tristis, Walker, 1. ¢., p. 125. Head and pronotum sordid fuscofulvous (less or more mottled), antenne and elytra blackish-grey, or blackish. Legs black ; apical half of tibiz, and the tarsi, pallid. First segment of antenne in- crassate, 1st short, 2nd about 23 (nearly 3) times as long as Ist, 3rd a trifle longer than 4th, both shorter than 1st. Hab. NEw GUINEA. Rhinomirvis, gen. nov. Superficially very like the Nabine genus Reduviolus (Kirby). Head subhorizontal, produced triangularly in front of the eyes, the pre-antennal part somewhat longer than the post-antennal ; vertex mediolongitudinally sulcate towards the base. Eyes large, prominent, nearly touching the pronotum. Antenne longer than thorax and abdomen together, nearly as long as entire body ; Ist segment about as long as head. Rostrum very long. Pronotal con- striction nearer to the base than the apical margin, the anterior lobe rounded laterally, humped in the middle (the hump longitudinally sulcate) ; lateral and posterior margins of posterior lobe sinuate, the former divergent posteriorly. Posterior lobe of scutellum humped. Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 269 48. R. vicarius, Walker. Capsus vicarius, Walker, 1. ¢., p. 121=¢. Capsus canescens, Walker, |. c., p. 121= 2. (Plate V, fig.6; Plate VI, fig? 14.) Blackish-brown variegated with fuscotestaceous. Vertex apically black, fuscotestaceous (with a brownish central spot) basally ; base behind the eyes black. Eyes dark brown. The basal 2 segments of antenne rufofuscous, the 2nd apically black, extreme apex with a pale annulus, 3rd and 4th blackish, except the pallid extreme base of 3rd. Pronotum apically black, posteriorly brownish-black, a central flavous stripe, and various less or more obscure flavous mark- ings. Scutellum blackish, a median line (anteriorly expanded) and an anterolateral curved line, fuscotestaceous. Elytra blackish-brown with the following fuscotestaceous or sordid flavous *—nervures, margins narrowly (costa somewhat widely), a large number of small spots (except on the corium interoapically) on clavus and corium. Corium exteroapically fumate ; membrane somewhat fumate. Legs rufofuscous (less or more obseure) with pale annuli and spots. Venter (in part at least) black. Third segment of antenne { longer than 2nd, which is 2+ as long as the Ist, which is slightly longer than the 4th (35, 90, 1380, 33). Elytra with short, scant hairs ; strongly rugulose transversely ; apex of corium acute, reaching as far pos- teriorly as apex of interior area of membrane, exterior area very small, hyaline. Femora longitudinally subsulcate above, anterior pair the thickest. ¢ Rostrum reaching beyond apex of abdomen. @ Rostram reach- ing to apex. Long. 10 mill. Hab. Puto Lavt. Zanessd, gen. NOV. Somewhat allied to Miris, Fabr., and has a little the appearance of an elongate Calocoris, Fieber. Covered with short hairs (not pubescence). Vertex, pronotum and scutellum mediolongitudinally carinate ; the lst transversely im- pressed, and lightly marginate at the base. Eyes globular, promin- ent, together much wider than the vertex. Rostrum reaching to apex of intermediate coxee. Pronotum constricted a little in front of the * The unique types, which are in bad condition, are faded and the pallid markings are whitish mostly. 270 Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s Memoir upon the middle, lateral margins sinuately diverging posteriorly ; base sinu- ately emarginate, exposing apex of the impunctate, slightly rugose scutellum. Elytraand wings reaching well beyond apex of abdomen. Legs slender, pilosospinose. 49. Z. rubrovariegata, sp. nov. (Plates V, fig.13; VI,fig. 15.) 2. Head, pronotum and scutellum pale testaceous ; lst and 2nd segments of antenne, a submedian line on each side of the carina (of the head, pronotum and scutellum, expanded on the last-named) pale crimson. Apex of 2nd antennal segment above, Ist and 2nd segments beneath, lateral margins of pronotum, 2 submedian apical spots on scutellum, blackish. Elytra pale crimson (widely) and dark purplish- brown (more narrowly) in alternate bands, separated by very narrow pale testaceous lines. Cuneus crimson, extreme apex pale testaceous. Membrane fumate (irridescent crimson and green), nervures crimson. Legs pale crimson-testaceous, coxze pale testaceous, tarsal segments partly blackish; a black annulus at apex of posterior femora. Abdomen above black, connexivum crimson. Venter pale (greenish) testaceous, spiracles blackish-brown. First segment of antenne in- crassate, twice as thick as 2nd and more than 34 timesas long as head ; 2nd segment 24 times as long as Ist. First segment of rostrum not reaching to the point of the xyphus ; 2nd segment slender, reaching to anterior coxe ; 3rd reaching to base of intermediate coxe. Long. 94-93 mill. Hab. AUSTRALIA, Victoria, Alexandra. I have also in my collection a single male which is pro- bably referable to this species. It comes from the same locality, is similarly coloured, though a little darker, and the venter is dead black. Long. 74 mill. This is certainly the handsomest Mirarian so far described. Bothriomiris, gen. nov. Has no near allies and will probably form a new division. Oblong, broad, pilulose. Entire surface (head, nota, sterna, elytra, etc.), densely, strongly punctured. Vertex, strongly declivous, much longer than high (profile), as wide as the 2 eyes together, not sulcate, basally marginate. Antenne long, 2nd segment distinctly longer than pronotum. Interior margin of eyes convex, not emarginate. Pronotum without a collar and not constricted latero-medianly, Rhynchotal family Capside Auctt. 271 anteriorly callose, the callosity somewhat deeply sulcate longitudin- ally, and not densely punctured. Posterior part of pronotum medianly carinate, base truncate, very slightly emarginate, postero- lateral angles prominent, obtuse, pronotum widely reflexed at postero- lateral angles. Cuneus small, longer than broad. Interior area of membrane very acutangular apically. Posterior cox very remote from lateral margins of abdomen ; femora short, incrassate; tibic twice as long as tarsi, lst tarsal segment much longer than 2nd. Membrane marbled. 50. B. marmoratus, sp. nov. (Plates V, fig. 9; VI, fig. 16.) = Capsus simulans, Walker, |. c., p. 125 (nec Stal). Head, anterior part of pronotum, central line or posterior part and scutellum, the more or less obscure marmoration of elytra and mem- brane—pale flavous more or less suffused with pale sanguineous, Antenne blackish-brown (paler beneath). Posterior lobe of prono- tum and scutellum dark crimson (or reddish-black), reddish-black laterally. Membrane nervures pale flavous. Ventral pale sordid yellow, sterna black laterally, abdomen black laterally irregularly. Elytra with pale golden pubescence. Second segment of antenne nearly twice as long as 1st, a little incrassate apically. Long. 7 mill., lat. 24 mill. Hab. Mauacca, Perak (type); Singhapur (British Mus.) The vertex in one example has a suffused blackish longi- tudinal stripe ; this is pale sanguineous in the other. EXPLANATION OF PLATES V AND VI. PLATE V. Fic. 1. Lomatoplewra hesperus, Kirk. Head and pronotum. 2. Hesperolabops gelastops, Kirk. ~ 45 3. Sphinctothorax montandoni, Kirk. 4. Kosmiomiris rubroornatus, Kirk. 5. Kangra dudgeoni, Kirk.* 6. Rhinomiris vicarius (Walker). 7. Platyngomiris coreoides, Kirk. * This has been drawn in error with the pronotum tilted forward, showing the root of the elytra, etc. 272 Explanation of Plates V and VI. 8. Ewrybrochis zanna, Kirk. 9. Bothriomiris marmoratus, Kirk. 10. Resthenia berta, Kirk. 11. Umslopogas nigroquadristriatus, Kirk. 12. Austromiris viridissimus, Kirk. 13. Zanessa rubrovariegata, Kirk. PEATE VA. Fic. 1. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. . . . . Macropterous ¢. Ih. 5 xs =p . . Apterous?. 3. Sphinctothorax montandoni, Kirk. . . Head in profile. 4. Hekista laudator, Kirk. . oS) ’ 5. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. op ” 6. Kosmiomiris rubroornatus, Kirk.. 5 5 7. Umslopogas nigroquadristriatus, Kirk. . " A 8. Zulaimena hathor, Kirk. : * 5 9. Cheilocapsus flavomarginatus, Kirk. FS ee 10. Eblis amasis, Kirk. . ai A 11. Eurybrochis zanna, Kirk. ; sy 12. Proboscidocoris seti, Kirk. MN - 13. Eurystylus costalis, Stal . = ‘ 14. Rhinomiris vicarius (Walker) . ; _ 15. Zanessa rubrovariegata, Kirk. . Ra A 16. Bothriomiris marmoratus, Kirk. . . ir 17. Olympiocapsus celestialium, Kirk. 9 “ 18. .) _ Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 19. Eblisamasis, Kirk. . . . . . Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 20. Hurystylus costalis, Stal. . . . Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 21. Eurymiris ewrynome, Kirk. . . Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 22. Austromiris viridissimus, Kirk. . Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 23. Orectoderus obliquus, Uhler. . . Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 24. Newrocolpus nubilus (Say). . . Antenna enlarged. 25, Umslopogas nigroquadristriatus, Kirk. Posterior tarsus. JUNE 17, 1902. (2530) XV. Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands, By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.ZS. [Read May 7th, 1902.] THE following species of Lepidoptera were collected in the Chatham Islands by Mr. J. Fourgere, and transmitted to Professor Hutton, of Christchurch, New Zealand, who placed them in my hands for determination. Little or nothing seems to have been known previously of the Lepidoptera of this outlying group of the New Zealand system, and it is exceedingly desirable that no time should be lost in securing representatives of those to be found there. They are probably not numerous, but search should be especially made in those parts of the islands which are furthest removed from the influence of settle- ment, and also particularly on the highest points, however bleak and exposed these may appear to be. The present consignment appears to contain 19 species, of which however one is not in a condition to be accurately determined. Of the remaining 18 species, 7 are new to science, 7 are common New Zealand species which are not at all likely to have been introduced by man (two of these occur also in Australia and Tasmania), and 4 are semi- domestic species of more or less wide distribution which have doubtless been artificially imported. The 7 new species are all of characteristic New Zealand genera, and obviously related to New Zealand species of these genera, so that, so far as herein appears, the islands are simply a detached portion of New Zealand. CARADRINID&. 1. Leucania propria, Walk. One specimen, in poor condition, but apparently normal. 2. Melanchra bromias, n. sp. ¢ . 34-36 m.m. Head and thorax grey, sometimes whitish- mixed, variably tinged with brownish or reddish, and indistinctly TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART II. (NOv.) 19 274 Mr. E. Meyrick on marked irregularly with blackish streaks. Antenne in ¢ shortly bipectinated to 8. Abdomen light grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged. Forewings moderately dilated, costa almost straight, apex obtuse, termen crenulate, obliquely rounded; grey, partially whitish- sprinkled, variably and irregularly tinged with purple-brownish, median band and terminal area darker; a short black median longitudinal streak from base; a short similar parallel streak from dorsum near base, sometimes obsolete ; first and second lines slender, blackish, waved, nearly obsolete on upper half, fairly distinct and rather nearly approximated on lower half; spots outlined with black, more or less rosy-brownish, especially reniform, orbicular and reniform sometimes whitish-edged, orbicular semi-oval, incomplete above, claviform subtriangular ; subterminal line white, sometimes interrupted or partially obsolete, with one prominent dentation below middle (on vein 3), near dorsum more conspicuous and preceded by a triangular dark fuscous spot, elsewhere edged with smaller dark fuscous spots: cilia fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous, and indistinctly barred with whitish. Hindwings light fuscous, darker terminally ; cilia whitish, with cloudy dark fuscous line. Four specimens. Nearest to JZ mutans, with which it agrees in the rather peculiar character of the single prominent dentation of subterminal line, but darker and duller-coloured, without the black supratornal streak of that species, and differing also by the blackish posterior margin of reniform., 3. Melanchra composita, Guen. Five specimens. HyYDRIOMENID. 4. Xanthorhoe rosearia, Dbld. One specimen ($); somewhat peculiar, median band of forewings strongly marked with dark fuscous, its posterior edge more approximately parallel to termen than in any of my New Zealand specimens; in the absence of further material I am disposed to regard it as a local form only. 5. Nanthorhoe homalocyma, n. sp. ¢ 24-28 m.m., 2 22-26 m.m. Head and thorax pale ochreous, more or less sprinkled or tinged with fuscous. Antennal pectinations of ¢ long (a 6, b 8). Forewings triangular, apex obtuse, termen Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands. 275 oblique, gently rounded, slightly waved ; pale ochreous, sometimes fuscous-tinged, sometimes sprinkled with whitish or dark fuscous ; numerous waved brownish-ochreous or fuscous striz, usually faint in ¢ but more distinct in ? ; edge of basal area angulated near costa, in ¢ sometimes blackish-marked in middle and on dorsum ; third and fourth fasciz (limiting median band) usually darker- suffused, in ¢ sometimes blackish-marked on external edge towards middle and on dorsum, anterior edge curved, posterior slightly prominent in middle and beneath costa; on each side of median band are somewhat paler fascia, in which veins are often marked with white, and more or less conspicuously dotted with black ; a transverse black discal dot; termen sometimes darker-suffused, especially in @, limited above by an oblique dark apical streak : cilia pale ochreous, with two cloudy fuscous lines. Hindwings light grey, sometimes ochreous-tinged ; posterior edge of median band sometimes indicated by a faint darker angulated shade ; sometimes one or two darker subterminal strize ; cilia as in forewings. Twenty-seven specimens. Somewhat imtermediate be- tween X. rosearia and A. subductata ; markings much as in subductata, but forewings without the characteristic ellow-greenish mixture, and posterior edge of median band much less prominent in middle. It also approaches the larger Tasmanian Y. centronewra, which however is reddish-tinged, and has distinct band of median strize on hindwings, besides other differences. 6. X. lucidata, Walk. Three specimens, somewhat large and pale, but not otherwise different. SELIDOSEMID, 7. Selidosema ombrodes, n. sp. 4d 9. 32-86 m.m. Head and thorax varying from fuscous to brownish-ochreous. Antennal pectinations in ¢ very long (16), extending to near apex. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellowish, sprinkled with fuscous, in g rather elongate. Legs rather dark fuscous, ringed with whitish-ochreous, posterior tibie in ¢ little dilated. Fore- wings rather elongate-triangular, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat oblique, rounded ; light ochreous, more or less largely suffused with brown, and strigulated with dark fuscous ; first and second lines dark fuscous, usually indistinct, first strongly curved, second somewhat irregular, hardly curved on upper 3, 276 Mr. E. Meyrick on thence obliquely bent inwards; an indistinct transverse blackish discal mark ; usually a pale costal spot beyond second line ; in one ? conspicuous pale fasciz on each side of median band ; subterminal line indistinct, sometimes partially whitish, waved-dentate: cilia rather dark fuscous. Hindwings with termen rounded, gently waved ; rather light grey, indistinctly strigulated with darker ; cilia pale grey. Eight specimens. Not to be confused with any other ; perhaps nearest allied to S. productata, but larger and more sombre, and distinguished from it and all similar New Zealand species by the grey hindwings; the very long antennal pectinations of f are also noticeable. CRAMBID®. 8. Crambus ramosellus, Dbld. One specimen ; much damaged, but does not appear to differ from typical examples. 9. Crambus horistes, n. sp. ¢ 9. 21-26 m.m. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous, with some white scales. Labial palpi 4, greyish-ochreous, white towards base beneath. Forewings with apex tolerably rectangular, termen nearly straight, rather oblique, rounded beneath ; pale brownish- ochreous ; a rather broad straight snow-white longitudinal streak above middle from base to termen, extremity extended upwards to apex, sometimes yellowish-tinged towards base ; costal area above this wholly rather dark brown: cilia pale ochreous, suffusedly barred with white. Hindwings whitish-fuscous ;- cilia white, with a faint subbasal whitish-fuscous line. Four specimens. Allied to C. flexuosellus (no other species has the sharply contrasted dark costal and light dorsal areas), but easily distinguished by the absence of the characteristic dark spots on lower edge of white streak, and by the hindwings not being yellowish. PYRAUSTID. 10. Mecyna marmarina, Meyr. Four specimens; normal in all respects. I now regard Mnesictena, formed as a genus to include this species and its allies, as properly a group of Mecyna. Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands. 277 11. Mecyna pantheropa, n. sp. 4 @. 25-26 m.m. Head and thorax light yellow-ochreous, some- times mixed with reddish-fuscous or whitish. Labial palpi 4-45, yellow-ochreous mixed with fuscous, beneath white towards base. Legs whitish, anterior tibie infuscated. Forewings rather elongate- triangular, costa gently arched, apex almost rectangular, termen slightly bowed, oblique; orange, variably mixed with reddish- fuscous or dark fuscous, especially on veins, in two specimens wholly suffused with fuscous ; extreme costal edge sometimes whitish in middle; markings reddish-brown, mixed or suffused with dark grey ; a suffusion along basal 4 of costa, sometimes extending basally to dorsum ; first line irregularly curved, second denticulate, forming a strong subquadrate loop inwards below middle, space between them wholly suffused with dark except along costa and on a band preceding upper half of second line ; sometimes a sharply defined irregular transverse or rhomboidal clear white discal spot at middle, but in three specimens this is not indicated ; a moderate terminal fascia, suffusedly projecting inwards opposite loop of second line : cilia dark grey, tips pale and reddish-tinged. Hindwings whitish- yellowish, becoming whitish towards costa ; dorsal area more or less suffused with grey (in one specimen the whole wing grey except costa) ; two dark grey discal dots very obliquely placed ; sometimes a grey postmedian line ; a suffused dark grey terminal fascia, some- times very narrow or obsolete except at apex ; a terminal series of dark grey dots; cilia rosy-whitish, with an indistinct grey line. Seven specimens. Very variable; nearest to I/. lavidalis, but always without the yellow quadrate spot in middle of dise of forewings (always present in flavidalis), and also distinguished from both flavidalis and marmarina by the much longer palpi; readily separated from notata by the dark median band and terminal fascia. 12. Scoparia, sp. One specimen of a species allied to S. eyameuta, but in very poor condition and unfit for determination. 13. Scoparia leptophea, n. sp. ?. 19-21 m.m. Head and thorax light fuscous, with some whitish scales. Labial palpi 34, fuscous, white towards base beneath. Fore- wings very narrow, apex rounded-obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; fuscous-whitish, densely irrorated with fuscous and sprinkled with 278 Mr. E. Meyrick on dark fuseous; first and second lines formed by black irroration, very indistinct, first nearly straight, rather strongly oblique, second angulated above middle, indented beneath costa, followed on costa by a cloudy whitish spot ; spots formed by black irroration, very undefined, orbicular remote from first line, elaviform obliquely before orbicular, near first line, discal cloudy: cilia fuscous-whitish, with subbasal and postmedian cloudy fuscous lines. Hindwings 13, pale fuscous, becoming darker towards termen; cilia whitish, with fuscous basal line. Seven specimens, all in bad condition. An obscure species, but quite distinct from anything else; by the form of the narrow forewings it is probably most allied to S. psammitis. PTEROPHORID&. 14. Platyptilia wolodes, n. sp. d ?. 17-22 mm. Head, ‘palpi, and thorax ochreous, variably mixed with whitish and reddish-fuscous, frontal tuft 1; palpi nearly 4. Middle tibize distinctly tufted in middle and at apex. Forewings with apex produced, termen prominently angulated on vein 3 (middle of second segment) ; reddish-brown, varying to light reddish-ochreous, variably mixed with whitish and dark fuscous ; costa darker, strigulated with whitish ; a dark reddish-brown sub- triangular spot on costa at 3, anteriorly undefined, its apex touching a blackish transverse dot before fissure, posteriorly followed by more or less ochreous-whitish suffusion ; subterminal line sharply dentate, ochreous-whitish, usually nearly obsolete, but in one specimen in which the terminal area is suffused with dark reddish-brown very conspicuous : cilia reddish-fuscous, barred with whitish, on termen with tips beyond a blackish median line whitish, on dorsum with numerous small projections of black scales and a larger black scale- tooth at 3. Hindwings fuscous : cilia whitish-fuscous, with indistinct darker median line on termen ; on dorsum with rather large un- defined black scale-tooth scarcely beyond middle of third segment, and numerous black-tipped projecting scales between this and base. Six specimens. Varies considerably in colour; nearest allied to P. falcatalis, but smaller and darker, and readily distinguished by the prominent angulation of termen of second segment of forewings (in /a/catalis the margin is somewhat bent but not angulated), and the principal dorsal scale-tuft of hindwings being hardly beyond the middle, whereas in falcatalis it is much broader and is considerably beyond the middle. — wie) Lepidoptera from the Chatham Islands. 2 TORTRICIDZ. 15. Cacacia excessana, Walk. Four specimens, showing considerable variation. (ECOPHORID 2. 16. Borkhausenia (Heophora) pseudospretella, Stt. Four specimens. Artificially introduced. TINEID. 17. Trichophaga tapetiella, L. One specimen. This and the two following species are also hangers-on of man, and have been brought in by him. 18. Monopis ethelella, Newm. Six specimens ; normal. 19. Tinea terranea, Butl. Six specimens. XVL On a new cricket of aquatic habits, found in Fy by Professor Gustave Gilson. By Professor Louis Compron MrAxt, F.R.S., and Professor GUSTAVE GILSON. [Read May 7th, 1902. ] Puates VII anp VIII. THE aquatic cricket now to be described was obtained by Professor Gilson of Louvain in Viti-Levu, Fiji, on October 23rd, 1897. It was found ona branch of the Upper Navua river, a clear and rapid stream, flowing through a deep, rocky valley. Myriads of black specks were seen dancing on the surface of the water. When alarmed, they hid behind stones. They skated on the water, or jumped to a height of about six inches, usually several times in close succession, and were sometimes seen to leap upon very disturbed water. Now and then three or four of the crickets seemed to be playing at leap-frog, and jumping over one another, as if in sport. ‘They were very hard to catch, though several men were employed in capturing them, and very few specimens were secured, Night interrupted the work, and next day an attack of malarial fever obliged Professor Gilson to desist. Rainy weather followed, the river rose, and no more was seen of the crickets. The largest male specimen was 11 m.m. long, not including the antenn, cerci, or wing-tips. In most respects the head resembles that of other Gryllide. The mandibles exhibit a peculiar structure, the masticatory surface consisting of three cutting ridges, alternating with molar surfaces, which are armed with close-set denticles (fig. 8). No ocelli were found. A pair of cerci project from the 7th abdominal segment. The wing-covers of the male have the dorsal area largely membranous; the general arrangement of the veins is somewhat like that of the Gryllide in which the male stridulates, and altogether different from the vena- tion of the female wing-cover. The roughened file, the chanterelle, the chords and the oblique veins are either TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UL. (NOV.) 282 Prof. L. C. Miall and Prof. G. Gilson on wanting or not functional, so that our cricket has no tambour in the sense of Saussure,* a fact which has some bearing upon its systematic position. It seems most probable that the wing-cover has been formerly adapted for stridulation (as in most male Trigonididz) and that the power has subsequently been lost. The wings of the second pair resemble those of other Gryllide in their numerous radiating veins, which cover the whole surface ; when folded, they project beyond-the body like a pair of long tails. The fore tibia has two auditory fenestree and one terminal spur (fig. 13).+ The tarsus is three-jointed, and the middle joint, which is short and heart-shaped, shows a very peculiar structure, viz. a fringe of rather long and close-set sete, protected by a thin chitinous plate, which is perhaps double. A similar apparatus is found in the tarsus of the mid and hind legs also (figs. 10, 11); 1t is perhaps used as a comb for cleaning the body. From the tip of the basal joint of the tarsus stands off a stout spur, ending in a hook, and with one border serrated. The terminal joint in all the legs bears two pointed, laterally serrate claws. The mid leg differs from the fore leg chiefly in the absence of auditory fenestree and the presence of two tibial spurs. The hind leg, as in other Gryllide, is adapted for leaping. The tibia of this leg bears three unequal spurs, two of which are serrate, and six articulated and setose spines, three internal and three external. The first tarsal joint bears two unequal spurs, one of which is serrate, the middle joint is short, heart-shaped, and pro- vided with a comb, and the terminal joint, as in the other legs, bears two serrate claws. The hind leg greatly exceeds the others in length, and here only can we discover a special adaptation to leaping on water. The long and setose spines of the tibia are well fitted for striking the surface-film without breaking it. No very special modifi- cation fur this purpose has been discovered in the mid and fore legs. It is possible, as every-day observation shows, for insects of small size, such as Nemoceran flies, to rest on the surface of water without possessing any * Rech. Zool. du Méxique, VI, pp. 297, 309 ; Mélanges Orthopt., p. 513. + Theimperfect condition of the female specimens does not enable us to positively say that the fenestrae occur in that sex, as they almost certainly do; they are wanting in the larva, A New Cricket of aquatic habits found in Fiji. 283 peculiar structure in the leg. Even the common house- cricket, though nearly twice as long as the aquatic cricket from Fiji, and many times heavier, does not sink in water, and can propel itself awkwardly upon the surface, though it cannot leap upon it. ‘It is well known that another genus of cricket (Tridac- tylus, placed by Saussure in the tribe of Gryllotalpide) is capable of leaping on water. Here the hind tibia bears two rows of articulated and flattened plates, four on one side and three on the other. From the extremity of the joint project two pairs of spurs and the rudimentary tarsus. Tridactylus differs so conspicuously from other crickets in the antennz and wings that it cannot be supposed to be nearly related to our cricket, and the similarity in the hind tibia is no doubt purely adaptive.* In Scelymena, Serv., a genus of Tettigide, of which several species occur in Ceylon, Java and Burmab, the hind tibia ends in four strong, articulated spines, and the first tarsal joint may be dilated. These insects live on the margins of streams and ponds; some of them have been seen to leap on water.t Dr. Brunner von Wattenwyl tells us that several groups of Phasmidz are known to him as possessing the same power. The long hairy spines of Pseudonemobius pictus (Gryllide) from Cashmere suggest that this insect also may leap upon water, but its habits have not been described. Certain Hemiptera, such as Gerris (Hydrometra) lacustris, and some Collem- bola, such as Podura aquatica and Isotoma palustris, can also leap upon water, a faculty which becomes less re- markable as the size of the insect diminishes. The Fijian cricket attains a length of 11 m.m., Tridactylus variegatus 6 m.m., Gerris lacustris 9 m.m., while neither of the Collembola exceeds 2 m.m. The female insect differs must conspicuously from the male in the presence of a rather long, curved ovipositor, and in the quite different pattern of the wing-cover. The ovipositor resembles that of some other Trigonidide.t+ The larva has no wings, no ovipositor, no auditory * The mode of life of Tridactylus is carefully described by Saussure, Recherches, VI, pp. 321-3. t Saussure, Etudes sur quelques Orthoptéres du Musée de Geneve ; Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 4° sér., tom. I, pp. 467-494 (1861). + Saussure, Mélanges Orthopt., tom. II, pp. 522-531, and Fig, LXXIX. 2834 A New Cricket of aquatic habits found in Fiji. yy ag 4] fenestrae, and only three articulated spines on the inner side of the tibia. The aquatic cricket from Fiji agrees with the Trigonididee among the tribes of Gryllide,* “except in the number of the articulated spines of the hind tibia and the character of the male wing-cover. Saussure, who, of course, was unacquainted with this form, says (loc. eit., p. 599), that in male Trigonididw the elytra are sometimes devoid of tambour (stridulating apparatus), and are then identical with the elytra of the female; or they may be furnished with a complete and well- developed tambour. In our insect the male elytron or wing-cover differs greatly from that of the female, and yet is not completely equipped for stridulation. The ovipositor of the female closely resembles the peculiar ovipositor of Cyrtoxiphus,+ and the partly coriaceous, partly membranous wing-covers, as well as the presence of two fenestra in the fore tibia, also approximate it to the genus Cyrtoxiphus. Brunner von Wattenwyl ¢ has described a genus of Trigonidide (Amu- surgus), in “which the male elytron has no tambour or stridulating organ, and the new Fijian cricket seems to come very near both to Amusurgus and to Cyrtoxiphus. Few details of the male elytron of Amusurgus are given, but it appears to differ from the same part in our cricket, being narrow and silky (“angusta, holosericea”). The hind tibia has four movable spies on each side. It is necessary, we think, to place our aquatic cricket in the tribe Trigonididw, where it will be distinguished by the male elytron being partly membranous and altogether unlike that of the female, but without func- tional stridulating organ, while the hind tibia bears two series of articulated spines. It seems necessary to recognize the genus as distinct, and we propose for it the name of Hydropedeticus.§ The species may be named /H. vitiensis. Dr. Brunner von Wattenwyl, to whom we have submitted our description and drawings, tells us that he has no doubt of the correctness of the systematic position thus assigned to the new cricket from Fiji. * Saussure, Mélanges Orthopt., tom. II, p. 185. t [bid., p. 601. t Rév. ‘du Syst. des Orthoptéres, 1893, pp. 207, 212. § Suggested by Mr. B. M. Connal, lecturer in Latin to the York- shine College. Hydropedeticus means leaping on water. Fie. 1. bo Fig. 7. 10. 1H EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Male Hydropedeticus, the right wing-cover and wing extended x 3. . Left wing-cover of the male. The dorsal and lateral areas, which do not lie in the same plane, are drawn separately, a clear space intervening. . Right wing-cover of the female, the dorsal and lateral areas separated. . Tibia and tarsus of hind leg, showing the adaptation for leaping on water. Three of the spines are foreshortened, and their set are not shown. . Auditory fenestre of fore tibia, superposed, . Immature Hydropedeticus (larva) = 3. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. Head of Hydropedeticus with antenne, eyes and mouth- parts. . Edge of mandible, showing the cutting ridges alternating with molar surfaces. . Maxille and labium, seen from behind. Middle tarsal joint of mid leg, To the right is seen the thin chitinous plate and the fringe of sete, The same part of the hind leg, with the smaller serrated spur of the basal joint. . The larger serrated spur of the basal tarsal joint (hind leg). Only the bases of the long setze on the outer margin are shown. . Fore leg with auditory fenestra. . Mid leg. . Extremity of female abdomen in side-view, with one of the cerci and the ovipositor. A spiracle is seen between the dorsal and ventral plates. XVII. Five Years’ Observations and Experiments (1896— 1901) on the Bionomies of South African Insects, chiefly directed to the Investigation of Mimicry and Warning Colours, by Guy A. K. MarsHatt, F.Z8. With a Discussion of the Results and Other Subjects suggested by them, by Epwarp B, Poutton, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford; and an Appendix containing Descriptions of New Species by Ernest E. AusTEN, WILLIAM L. Distant, Colonel CHartes T. BincHAM, F.ZS., Guy A. K. MARSHALL, and JULES BOURGEOIS. [Read March 5, 1902. ] Puates IX. to XXIII. CONTENTS. 1. InrRopuction. By Guy A. K: Marsnati and E. B. PKL TOINA atc aan Gee Ke ae cu eee Poy om Oe 2. EXPERIMENTS ON Manrip® IN NATAL AND RHODESIA. ((G ATS ie) NL) eee Sa Pal ate So (co Ee ie be See eae 297 3. ConcLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON Mantipa. (E.B,P.) 315 4, EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS IN THE Karxkioor, (G. A. Ke Mee wena ts ee tere ee ty Sac res OLS 5. REesuLts oF EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS AND THE EARLIER EXPERIMENTS ON Mantip&: ONE PROBABLE MEANING OF THE TENACITY OF LIFE IN DISTASTEFUL INSECTS. (GEIS CANS eae Oa eg ee yr eens U) Oaatcae ate 322 6. Taz Avracks or PrepDAcEOUS INSECTS OTHER THAN MANTIDA UPON CONSPICUOUS SPECIALLY-DEFENDED TmPiormmma, atc. (HE, Bi Pi). 37. 9. . . . . = 328 A. Predaceous Hymenoptera and Newroplera. . . . . - 329 B, Predaceous Coleoptera. . . . . - . » =» +. + - 330 C. Predaceous Diptera . . . . : MANS. Boll 7. LEPIDOPTERA WITH WARNING COLOURS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO THE ATTACKS oF Parasttic Insects. (G.A.K.M.) 337 8. EXPERIMENTS ON Lizarps aNnD Froes. (G. A. K.M.) . 338 9, EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE KusTRELS (Cerchneis rupt- coloides and C. nawmanni). (G.A.K.M.). . . . . 340 TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 288 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on 10, 11. 14, 15, 16. Lv. 23. EXPERIMENTS ON A TAME GROUND HorN-BILL (Bucorax canoer), (GAs IK, MO) oe re ee THE INSECT-FOOD OF WILD SourH AFRICAN Brrps. (G. A. K. M.) Oe See Can eee ‘ Recorps or ATTACKS ON LEPIDOPTERA, ESPECIALLY BUTTERFLIES, BY WILD SourH AFRICAN Brrps. (G. A. K. M.) . RECORDS oF ATTACKS ON Bian BY WILD Bian IN InDIA AND Cryton. By Con. J. W. YERBURY, R.A. ; see RECORDS OF ee ON peer ETC., BY WILD BurMESE Birps. By Con. C. T. BInaHam Guy A. K. MARSHALL’S INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF THE ATTACKS UPON Burrerruies. (E. B. P.) EXPERIMENTS ON A CAPTIVE MUNGOOSE WITH INSECT-FOOD, (Gran KM) Mire, EXPERIMENTS ON A CAPTIVE Mae ontae WITH eee FOOD. WARNING CHARACTERS AND DISTASTEFUL QUALITIES IN SoutH AFRIcaN Brrps. (G. A. K. M.) EXPERIMENTS ON Cercopithecus pygerythrus. (G. A. K. M.) EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE Bapoons. (G. A. K. M.) CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON CAPTIVE BABOONS, MunGoosk, AND Kestrets. (G.A.K.M.) . CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON Bapoons. (EK. B. P.) THE CHIEF CONSPICUOUS SPECIALLY-DEFENDED GROUPS IN THE COLEOPTERA INFERRED FROM G, A, K. MARSHALL’S EXPERIMENTS. A COMPARISON BETWEEN COLEOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA IN THIS RESPECT. (KE, B. P.). EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF THE VALUE OF THE TERRI- FYING MARKINGS IN Cherocampa LArv&®, (G, A. K. M.) . EVIDENCE OF A SUPERSTITIOUS DREAD OF THE LARVA OF Cherocampa elpenor. (KE. B. P.) . EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF TERROR CAUSED BY THE SQUEAK OF Acherontia atropos. (G. A. K. M.) . INSECT STRIDULATION AS A WARNING OR INTIMIDATING CHaracter, (G. A. K. M.). 5 Pare Human EXPERIENCE OF THE ‘TASTE AND SMELL OF IN- SECTS AFFORDS UNTRUSTWORTHY EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECT UPON THE SENSES OF INSECTIVOROUS ANIMALS. (E. B. P.) a Wa io ee ee . Guy A. K. MarsHatw’s Bacon OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN SoutH ArricAN BuTTERFLIES OF THE GENUS Precis. (HBP) A. Introduction . 347 348 353 361 366 376 378 379 380 387 388 414 414 The Bionomics of South African Insects. B. Historical mate ; C. The Demonstration by Guy a. K. Mamewaer that Texcen simia is the Wet Phase of P. antilope . : D. The Habits of the two Seasonal Phases of the South African Species of the Genus Precis, and the Stations they respectively occupy . ; E. Hvidence of Adaptation in the conspicuous nen Pes a the Wet-Season Phases almost equal to the Ee of it in the cryptic Dry Phases F. The severity of the Struggle for Heeisioncé among cee in the African Dry Season as compared with the Wet. The relation of the Seasonal Changes in Precis to those of other Butterflies ; G. The succession of the two Season Phas of beer sesamus in Natwre : : H. The attempt to control the Phases of P. sesamus An P. archesia by the artificial application of Moisture and Heat to the earlier stages. aay lines of Experiment . I. The Bearing of the SAdtonal Phases of Pees upon fhe Science of Insect Systematics : 29. THE GREGARIOUS INSTINCT IN Hiysumarion AND she GRATION OF Insects. (E. B. P.) res 30. DESCRIPTION AND Discussion oF MATERIAL BEARING ON Mrmicry In South AFRICAN RHOPALOCERA COLLECTED BY Guy A. K. MARSHALL, AND THE RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS MADE BY HIM. (E. B. P.) . Black-and-White Amauris-like Group . . Limnas chrysippus-like Groups The Origin and Meaning of the Tiree Chie Bona of Linunas chrysippus D, A study of Mimetic Forms may matite Us lo pecans a the Lost Stages through which the Older Model has passed . Shri te, ea mae Wee peo E. Amauris echeria-like Groin marked Secondary Resem- blances between the Forms mimicking echeria F. The Origin of the black-marked golden-brown Tr ae at the base of the Hind-Wing wnder-side in many Ethiopian Butterflies, G. Compound Growp containing Ee preiaeen ives of all ihe three previously described. Species probably entering two Growps . : : H. Groups of Synaposematic Worwas captured a ee same Place und Tine Qn > TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1902.— Pare HI. ~(ov.) 2 289 458 460 466 466 468 488 490 492 0 290 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on I. Mimetic Species of South African Lycenide and Hes- peridex captured with their Models J. Mimiery in Lycenide and to a less extent im Fawn ide a Character of the Ethiopian oe Possible Inter- pretation . K. Mimicry in the N’ wignedane 0 Bian or Miilleri ion 2 L. Miscellaneous Observations on Mimicry in South eae ican Rhopalocera. (G. A. K. M.) . 31. Warning Contours AND MIMICRY (ALMOST WHOLLY “Mut LERIAN) IN SourH ArFRIcAN ConEopTERs. (G. A. K. IM. and. Ey BSP.) A. Peculier Warning oe ae eae Maha. in Carabidae and Cicindelide. (E. B. P. and G. A. K. M.) B. Mutilloid Coleoptera: Cleridx, Carabide, and Cicinde- lide: Primary and Secondary Synaposematic and Pseudaposematic Associations. (E.B.P.) . . . . C. Lycidx as Models for other Coleoptera and Insects of many Orders. (G. A, K. M.). = Lb saree D. Miillerian (Synaposematic) Groups in South African Coleoptera. (G. A. K. M.) a. Cantharid Group : B. Intermediate Group bikes ie Cannan! and Coccinelloid Groups . . Coccinelloid Group . 4 Group of small pale yellow naa oe ‘Phaeuhage with their Melyrid and Curculionid Mimics E. Comparison between certain Coleopterous Groups in Borneo and South Africa, with respect to Minicry, Common Warning Colowrs, ete. (G. A. K. M.) F. Note on Rhynchophora with Procryptic Colowring as Models for Mimicry. (E. B. P.) 32. Common WaRNING CoLoURS IN SOUTH ArRroaw Hy. MENOPTERA AND THE MIMICRY OF THEM ‘BY INSECTS OF OTHER OrpeERS. (G, A. K. M.) : A. Group with Black Bodies and Dark Blue ene BME Fossores B. Mimicry of Deeiontore 0 Wea wil Trae of ther Orders, (E. B. P.) Lee C. Group with Black Bodies ane alow Tails, ta Diploptera D. Group with Dark Badia Contre Ww hile Pale ae Red- Brown Tails: Megachile the Models E. Group with Black Thorax and Yellow roe all Hymenoptera id 493 498 500 509 508 The Bionomics of South African Insects. F. Group with Black Bodies, Blue Wings, and Yellow or Red Thorax. G. Group with Black Bodies, Blue Wings, and Red or Yellow Heads . DD het oss Carts <> ee Re eee ae H. Group with Black and Yellow-Banded Bodies, all Hymenoptera lL. Group with Dark Wings ae Blac We and Yellows ‘Tpaes Ichneumonid Models. ; : J. Black and Yellow-Barred Braconid Crem ai Minne Shia K. Black and Red Braconid Group and Mimics . : L. Diptera mimicking Single Species of Hymenoptera rgthier than the General Type of a Group a, Asilid Fly mimicking Xylocopid Bee B. Syrphid Fly mimicking a Wasp . y. Bee-like Group M. Growp of Ant-like Insects apiundd rogues 33. Mimeric RESEMBLANCE OF MANTISPIDE TO Hymew- OPTERA. (E. B, P.). 34, CONVERGENT GROUPS or SouTH aiean Hemrerera, (Gz ACK, Mi.) : A. Black and Red Lygexoid Group Bb. Group of Yellow Hemiptera with Bicol Anes erie one or two Black Bars. 35. MISCELLANEOUS OnsERVATIONS: ON SORE Awnroaw In- sects. (G. A. K.M.) . A. Note on the Courtship of Terni cbr YSippus . : B. The possible meaning of the Suc of Female Acreine . C. A Rhodesian Muscid a Parasitic on Man . APPENDIX a EXPLANATION OF PLATES INDEX . Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on bo eo) bo INTRODUCTION. A. By Guy A. K. MARSHALL. THE observations and experiments which form the eroundwork of the present memoir were originally under- taken by me at the instance of Prof. Poulton, and such interest as they may possess 1s largely due to his valuable suggestions and advice. Moreover he has been good enough to undertake the entire clerical work in connec- tion with the publication of the paper, and he alone is responsible for the numerous excellent plates with which it is illustrated. The utility of experiments such as here recorded depends almost entirely upon the manner in which the results may be treated. The mere accumula- tion of facts of this kind has little real value, unless these facts are properly classified and co-ordinated, and their bearing upon current theories adequately considered and discussed. This portion of the work has been left almost entirely in Prof. Poulton’s hands, and I feel that I am fortunate in having obtained his hearty co-operation ; for his wide experience in this particular line of research insures a thorough treatment of the subject. In carrying out the experiments I have always en- deavoured, so far as in me lay, to record the results as impartially as possible. But on reviewing my experiences as a whole I cannot escape the conclusion that they lend very strong support to the theories of Mimicry and Warning Colours as enunciated by Bates, Fritz Miiller, and Wallace; I feel convinced that were naturalists more ready to carry out extensive experiments of this nature there would be much less of the prevalent @ priori criti- cism of these valuable theories which throw hght upon a vast number of facts which must otherwise remain for us mere meaningless coincidences. It is especially important that experiments should be made by as many different observers as possible, for in this way alone can the errors due to unavoidable personal bias be eliminated; and if the present publication only has the effect of inducing other entomologists in South Africa, or elsewhere, to turn their attention to the interesting problems involved, it will have fully served its purpose. Ge A; Kae The Bionomics of South African Insects, 293 B. By E._By Pounron. The following memoir has been written upon and around the great mass of valuable material supplied by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall’s observations, experiments, and captures from 1896 to 1901. So far as this material consists of specimens it is open to the study and criti- cism of all naturalists; for it has been placed by the generosity of Mr. Marshall in the bionomic series of the Hope Department in the Oxford University Museum. The paper itself has been gradually growing during these years, not only by the accumulation of specimens, but by an uninterrupted correspondence between Mr. Marshall and myself. Extracts from Mr. Marshall’s letters form a very important part of the whole work, and it is only right to point out that they were not written for publication, and that any want of co-ordination or continuity is entirely due to this cause. At the time when they were selected and arranged for publication there was no prospect of Mr, Marshall’s return to England, and I was anxious that as many naturalists as possible might have the opportunity of reading the observations and “discussions from which I had learnt so much and received such great pleasure; and when eventually he did return the paper had _ been read. Although no attempt was made to alter or re-write these extracts, Mr. Marshall’s presence in England has made an immense difference in the work. We have been able to discuss the general arrangement and illustration as well as the details of many obscure and difficult subjects. On several points he has written paragraphs which give a far higher value to the paper. Where the experience of the naturalist on the spot has been specially required it has become available. ‘Ihe sections of the paper under my own name have also greatly benefited by his kind assist- ance, and the opportunity of discussing points of special difficulty or uncertainty. It will be clear to all who read the paper that Mr. Marshall and I do not entirely agree in the interpretation of many facts, especially those connected with the seasonal phases of Precis, and in the extent and predominance of Miillerian mimicry as compared with Batesian in Lepidoptera. For these and other reasons it is necessary to state explicitly that I am solely responsible 294 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on for the opinions and considerations set forth in the sections to the titles of which the initials “ E. B. P.” are appended (in both the contents and the text). Mr. Marshall’s numerous and important contributions to these sections are always acknowledged and placed between inverted commas. The titles of Mr. Marshall’s sections are indicated by the initials “G. A. K. M.,” and my contributions to these are always placed between square brackets, and are furthermore indicated by my initials. Colonel J. W. Yerbury has kindly contributed one section and Colonel C. T. Bingham another, and both have given much help in other parts of the work. Some of the most strange and interesting insects were undescribed species, and would have been comparatively valueless for the purpose of this memoir, were it not for the kind assistance of the naturalists who have written the Appendix. Dr. F. A. Dixey kindly read the proofs and made many valuable suggestions and corrections. Mr. C. J. Gahan has given much kind assistance in the sections dealing with Cole- optera and in the identification of species. ‘The number of species sent by Mr. Marshall is so large that the work of identification has been very laborious and prolonged, and we desire warmly to thank Sir George Hampson and the whole of the staff of the Insect Department of the British Museum, every one of whom has been consulted at one time or another. We also wish to thank heartily Colonel C. T. Bmgham, who has named the whole of the Hymenoptera; Colonel J. W. Yerbury, who has worked out the majority of the Diptera; Mr. M. Jacoby, who has named many Phytophaga; Monsieur Jules Bourgeois, who has named the /ycidz, and Mr. W. L. Distant, who has named the Hemiptera. Much other kind assistance has been given and is acknowledged in the text of the work. Valuable material with excellent data, comparing in a most interesting manner with that sent by Mr. Marshall, was contributed from British East Africa by my kind friends Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde. The thirteen uncoloured plates are reproduced from excellent negatives taken from the actual specimens by Mr. Alfred Robinson in the Oxford University Museum. The two coloured plates are reproduced from Mr, Horace Knight's drawings of the specimens. A brief abstract of some of the chief results here recorded The Bionomics of South African Insects. 295 in detail was communicated to the Zoological Section of the British Association at Bradford (Report 1900, pp. 793—4), and an abstract of the present paper is printed in the Proceedings of the meeting at which it was read (Proce. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. x—xiil). Some of the observa- tions were also brought before the International Zoological Congress at Berlin, 1901 (Verhandlung, p. 171). Lists of the specimens presented to the Hope Department and a brief statement of the principles which they illustrate have been published yearly in the “Report of the Hope Professor of Zoology” communicated to the “Oxford University Gazette.’ Allusion to some of the material and the problems it illustrates, has also been made by the present writer in Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xxvi, 1898, p. 558, and Report Brit. Assoc., 1897, p. 689. Much has been written upon the work on seasonal dimorphism in the genus Precis, but full references will be found in this section of the present paper. The first part of the following work, occupying just half of it, deals with experiments and observations upon insectivorous animals, and the conclusions and considerations arising out of this work. The experiments on Mantide, Kestrels, and baboons will be found to be especially numerous and important. ) 9? ” > ”? > LP ” two ” ” Put in one ZL. chrysippus. The Mantis showed its normal eagerness, and followed it about for some time, finally attempting to seize it, but failed. The vigorous flutterings of the butterfly seemed to frighten the Mantis, which ran away from it and made no further attempt to catch it. , Put in two more chrysippus, but Mantis The Bionomis of South African Insects. 313 was still scared and would not go near them. Sept. 8. Mantis died. There were no signs of ill- health as in former experiments, and the characteristic blotch in the eye was absent. Death was probably due either to hunger or natural causes. I only wonder at its lasting so long, considering its long fast and unhealthy food. [The above experiments upon Mantidee of four different genera are summarized as follows :— Mantis I., in the Karkloof. Evident intense dislike, after trial, of Acrwa horta. Mantis II., male, in the Karkloof. Evident dislike of A. horta, although one specimen out of three was almost entirely eaten. Two A.echeria were eaten, and one partially. One L. chrysippus, one B. severina, and one P. demodocus were eaten. Mantis IIL, female, probably Polyspilota caffra, at Malvern. Ate one A. petra, but rejected A. serena after trial. Ate one male 1. misippus, but after this refused all butterflies, and exhibited signs of weakness. Mantis IV., female, probably the same species, at Malvern. Ate Papilios and Nymphaline freely, including the probably aposematic genus JVeptis, and the probably aposematic Lyczenid genera Alxna and Pentila, and Pierine genus Mylothris. Ate LZ. chrysippus with hesitation, and partially in one case, freely in two cases. Hence the Mantis appeared to be a very general feeder on all butterflies except the genus Acrwa, the species of which (cabira, serena, encedon) were rarely eaten until after one or more trials, and were sometimes finally refused. Natalica was only offered once, and rejected after trial. Itis interesting to note that immediately after trial of three different Acreas, the Mantis refused species which she freely ate at other times. The final weakness without power of recovery was a probable result of the diet. Mantis V., male, Psewdocreobotra wahlbergi, on the Lower Umkomaas River. Ate Jf. safitza, T. omphale, and Neptis agatha freely, the first-named on three occasions. Acrexa cabira, refused twice ; encedon, refused twice after trial and accepted once; serena, refused on five occasions, eaten on four. It is probable that the weakness and loss of sight was due to the Acrea diet. 314, Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Mantis VI., Phyllocrania insignis, on the Lower Umko- maas River. The evidence that starvation for twelve and fourteen days respectively does not produce the symptoms observed in Experiments IL, IV., V., VIL, and IX. Mantis VII, male, in pupal stage, probably Poly- spilota caffra, at Malvern. The Pieries T. achine and B. severina freely eaten. Of the Acrzeas, two encedon eaten apparently freely, and one after an interval, others re- fused : one serena eaten after atime: of four punctatissima only one partly eaten. The Mantis then refused all food, became weak, and one eye was affected. He was unable to throw off the pupal skin properly. In Experiment VI. two individuals of another species performed this change of skin after ten and seven days of starvation. Mantis VIII, female, Psewdocreobotra wahlbergi, at Malvern. Only offered Acreeas. Nine punctatissima always refused with or without trial ; encedon eaten freely several times, refused once, and partly eaten once ; two cabira eaten freely ; serena eaten freely or after trial; neobule eaten after two days’ interval. In spite of this diet the Mantis remained apparently healthy, September 26 to October 9, 1897, when the experiment came to an end. Mantis IX., female, Sphodromantis lincola, at Salisbury. It was intended to offer this individual a purely Acrea diet, but she ate her mate on the third day after their capture in copuld. She was chiefly fed upon Acrea caldarena, which she ate sometimes freely, sometimes after an interval and after trials: at other times she refused it with or without trial ; one induna was eaten after a day’s interval ; one neobule was untouched; one natalica was partly eaten; two /a/ali were rejected after trial, one without. After a fortnight of this diet the Mantis became weak, and her left eye was affected : a day later she began to nibble off the end of one of her fore tarsi: two days later she oviposited, but the egg cocoon was only half its usual size (eggs infertile). After the first signs of weak- ness the Mantis ate only a small part of three Acreeas out of eight offered her during six days, She continued to nibble at her tarsi, lost power over her movements, and died after twenty days of captivity. Mantis X., female, Sphodromantis lineola, Salisbury. This individual was the subject of a control experiment, being fed solely upon several species of the following groups The Bionomics of South African Insects. 315 —Nymphaline, Pierine, Lycenide, and Hesperide. The only species with marked aposematic colouring and habits was the Lycenid Alwna amazoula, and of this only two specimens were offered, both being eaten freely. After fifteen days of this diet the Mantis escaped: she was then as healthy and vigorous as when first captured. Mantis XI., female, species resembling Sphodromantis lineola, Salisbur y. Fed solely upon Acrwa, caldarena and A. avina, and Limnas chrysippus, with long periods of starvation, two of them a month in duration. Seventeen chrystppus, six caldarena,and three axina were eaten without any signs of distaste, while four axina were discarded after tasting several times. The Mantis was captured on April 3, 1898, and refused food on September 4, dying on Sep- tember 8 without signs of ill-health or blindness. Mr. Marshall suggests that the species may be a winter form (possibly ofS. lineola) specially adapted to eat Acreeas when other butterflies are scarce.—E. B. P.] CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON MANTID&. (dew ees) Certain conclusions stand out very clearly, while others are suggested as probable. ‘These voracious insects did not show any dislike of butterflies outside the Danaine and Acrvine. The undoubtedly aposematic Pierine genus Mylothris was freely eaten, and so were the following genera with probable warning colours, movements, and attitudes—WNeptis, Alena, Pentila, and the moth Egybolis vaillantina. Kven the Danaine were generally eaten with- out hesitation (II, 1V., XI.), and never rejected alto- gether. In marked contrast was the behaviour of Mantide towards Acrvinx, which were constantly refused, and often eaten only after one or more trials and long intervals of time. When the Acreas were eaten freely and without hesitation there is reason for suspecting exceptional hunger. The summary of experiments shows very clearly that “ Pardopsis appears to be consider- ably more distasteful. . . . than the general run of Acreas” (G. A. K. M., October 7, 1897, Malvern). There were also less marked differences in the degree of dislike shown towards other species; thus avina was less freely eaten than caldarena (XL); caldarena appeared to be eaten more freely than halali, neobule, induna, and natalica 316 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on (IX.), although the number offered of these latter was insufficient to warrant a certain conclusion; cabira was rejected while a considerable proportion of the encedon and serena were accepted (V.); horta evidently possesses a high degree of unpalatability to Mantide (I., IT.). Mr. Marshall’s evidence, by far the most important collected in the case of the Mantide, is in entire accord with the few observations which had been previously recorded. Thus the late Mr. de Nicéville found that Acrwa viole was the only butterfly refused by all the species of Jantis with which he experimented in the Hast (“Butterflies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon,” vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 318). Colonel J. W. Yerbury informs me that he watched the Mantis Gongylus gongyloides hanging from the drooping lavender flowers of a species of Duranta at Trinkomali (1890-91), and capturing the butterflies which were attracted by the bloom. 'The insect hung by its four posterior legs, with head thrown back and preda- ceous legs held ready for striking. He saw it capture and eat Delias eucharis on several occasions, and also Belenois mesentina and the Hesperid Hasora alexis (Fab.). Colonel C. T. Bingham has also given me a male specimen of the Harpagid Mantis, Creobotra urbana (Fab.), found by him on a Lantana bush actually eating Delias descombest (Boisd.). This observation was made in the North Shan States, Upper Burma, on October 9, 1900. The fact that two species of Delias were thus freely eaten compares in an interesting manner with the acceptance of Mylothris by the African species of J/antis. We may safely conclude that outside the Acrwine, and doubtfully the Danaine, Mantide devour butterflies very freely, the species with warning colours as well as the others, and that they are far more undiscriminating than the majority of vertebrate insect-eaters. Thus Mr. F. Finn found Delias ewucharis to be one of the most distasteful of all butterflies to many species of Indian birds (“Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,” vol. xvii, Pl. ii, No. 4, 1897, p. 667). Mr. Finn also found in Kast Africa that a moth of the genus Lgybolis (ZL. vaillantina) was refused by a Chameleon and a Gecko (“Natural Science,” vol i, No. 10, Dec. 1892, p. 747). It is of deep interest to find such marked differences between the preferences of the various groups of insect-eating animals. In addition to the observations recorded above, Dr. The Bionomics of South African Insects. 317 David Sharp, F.R.S., quotes Mr, F. Muir concerning the food of Jdolwm diabolicum (Sauss.) at Mozambique :—“ Its food seemed to consist of flies, Zimnas chrysippus being rejected, even when hungry, and other butterflies only taken for lack of other food” (Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc., vol. x, pt. i, p. 175). Mr. Edward Barlow (Proce. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Dec. 1894) states that Hierodula bipapilla (Serv.), kept in captivity at Calcutta, ate ordinary flies (Musca sp.) with avidity, but attacked with great. re- luctance the common large green blowfly (Lucilia sp.), only eating them when they could get nothing else. Two bugs, Cyclopetia sp. and Physomerus sp., offered when the Mantis was very hungry were never eaten, although often killed. After tasting the former, the Mantis wiped its mouth against its right fore-leg several times. This last observation is the only record I have found of Hemiptera offered as food to Mantide. The question arises as to whether the preferences exhibited by J/antide in captivity are the same as those which exist in the wild state. A Mantis is probably less affected in this respect by confinement than a vertebrate animal; but the same general criticism will probably hold in both cases—that while the rejection of an insect by a not over-fed insectivorous animal in captivity is evidence of unpalatability or dislike, its acceptance is not sufficient evidence of appreciation or that it constitutes an element of the normal diet. An insect may be eaten readily in captivity which would be rejected or only eaten under the stress of hunger in the wild state; for it is generally quite impossible to supply an animal under artificial conditions with the variety and often the quantity of insects which it would catch for itself. In this respect a large Mantis can be kept in a more normal condition than an insecti- vorous vertebrate, because of the much larger amount of food required by the latter; although the young Mantis would offer great difficulties to the breeder, because of the vast numbers of very minute insects which it would require. But Mr. Marshall’s experiments yielded plenty of evidence of the positive refusal and acceptance, as it were under protest, of Acrxinx, so that there can be no doubt of their distastefulness to this class of enemy, although acceptance might under the circumstances have not been convincing proof of their palatability. It is however in every way satisfactory to obtain evidence 318 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on from the behaviour of Mantide in the wild state, and such as we do possess entirely confirms the conclusions to be drawn from Mr. Marshall’s experiments. In the first place we have the following observation of his own, made in the Karkloof, Natal, in February 1897 :— “Saw a Mantis catch a male horta on a flower in the veldt. It began eating at the base of the abdomen, which it consumed entirely, and then started on the thorax, of which it only ate a very little, and then threw it away.” This observation corresponds almost precisely with many made upon the captive insects. Mr. Roland Trimen also says that he never found the wings of Danais or Acrwa among the fragments of butterflies which sprinkle the ground below the feeding-place of a large Mantis, although he is careful to add that he could not be sure that these butterflies visited the exudations of Acacia sap, round which the predaceous insects secure a plentiful supply of food (Linn. Soc. Trans., vol. xxvi, 1870, p. 500). It has already been pointed out that Colonel Yerbury’s and Colonel Bingham’s observations upon JJantidx in the wild state are entirely confirmatory of Mr. Marshall’s observa- tions of them in captivity, as regards the food which appears to be freely provided by certain Pierine genera refused or disliked by other insect-eating animals. Another question of deep interest raised by Mr. Marshall’s experiments on Mantide is the inquiry how far the species which they reject or eat only sparingly is unwholesome or even poisonous to them. ‘There is strong @ priori probability for the view that the preferential appetite of such a form as a Mantis is merely the strong instinctive tendency to eat the food which best suits its organization and reject that which suits it least. We should expect therefore that such marked disinclina- tion to eat Acrzeas as we observe in Jantidx imdicates, not distaste or unpalatability in an anthropomorphic sense, but merely that Acrseas are unwholesome to JMantide. The evidence requires to be sifted in detail. In Experiment IIT. the signs of weakness seem to be a too-excessive result of the single Acrxa, and portion of another, which were eaten. At the same time generic and specific differences are almost certainly of oreat import- ance, and it must be remembered that IIT., ‘TV., and VII. belonged to probably the same species, and all exhibited weakness after an Acraa diet, resulting in the death of The Bionomics of South African Insects. 319 IV., the deformity of VII., while III. was released. Experiments V. and VIII. were also upon the same species of Mantis. The first, a male, became weak and probably blind after eating a few Acreas; the second, a female, remained apparently healthy after an exclusively Acreeine diet for fourteen days. It is very unfortunate that this latter experiment could not be continued. It is, however, clear that in the case of this species and sex a purely Acreeine diet for fourteen days is not necessarily unwholesome. Experiments IX., X., and XI. were upon species which were the same, or nearly the same, and all females. The first died after an Acrwa diet for twenty days, the second was perfectly healthy after a mixed butter- fly diet without Acrevinw and Danaine for fifteen days, while the third lived healthily from April 3 to September 8 upon Acreas and Limnas chrysippus. The latter seems to be an insuperable difficulty, but it must be remembered (1) that chrysippus was given in especially large numbers, and there is no evidence that Danainx are much rejected by Mantide, (2) that the Mantis may have recovered from the effect of the Acreeas during the long fasts, (3) that the Acrea chiefly made use of, A. caldarena, may be less unwholesome than the majority of the group. More experiments are greatly wanted, but Mr. Marshall’s observations render it highly probable that Acraeas are —unwholesome to Mantidy. The definiteness of the symptoms exhibited, and especially the effect upon the eye, constitute not unimportant evidence in support of this conclusion. The appearance of an opaque blotch in the left eye of three of the Mantises (V., VII., IX.) suggests further experiments in order to test whether we have to do with mere coincidence or a phenomenon of deeper significance, Mr. Marshall’s conclusions from his experiments were written upon the results obtained with spiders as well as Mantises, and will be found at the end of the section upon the former (p. 322). 4. EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS IN THE KARKLOOF. (G. A. K. M.) Natal, February 1897. [The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, F.R.S., informs me that the species made use of was the common and widely- distributed Epeirid Nephilengys malabarensis, Walck.— He By P| 320 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on The spiders experimented on were all of one species with very large females and minute males. Their webs were all round the verandah, where they were strictly preserved by Mr. Ball. I never saw the species in the bush. 1. Gave a spider (A) a specimen of Acrva horta (entire); she ran down and bit the thorax, then pulled it out of the web and dropped it. At the same time gave A. horta with its wings cut off to another spider (C) of the same species, which ate it without hesitation. 2. Gave horta without wings to four spiders (A, B, D, and KE), and also one in which half the wings had been cut off to C. All were eaten readily. 3. Gave entire males of horta to A and B, and both were at once rejected. 4, Wingless specimens of LZ. chrysippus given to A and C were at once thrown out of their webs. 5. The following wingless specimens were given to this species :—Papilio brasidas to A, P. ophidicephalus to B, P. ewphranor to C, P. ophidicephalus to D, Eurytela hiarbas to E, and P. /yxus to F. All of them were promptly eaten. 6. Caught a female horta, rubbed all the colour off its wings, leaving them entire, and gave it to A, which after careful examination wrapped it up and carried it off to eat. 7. Gave A a perfect male horta; she ran down and bit it in the thorax and ejected it from the web. I then rubbed all the colour off the wings and returned it. The spider approached it carefully feeling round with her palpi, and again cut the butterfly loose. I then gave it to B, which also refused it. I then cut the wings off and gave it to B again, with the same result. Finally I gave it to A again, but she pulled it out of the web by the abdomen and dropped it. 8. Gave wingless specimens of Papilio demodocus to B and C. Both were eaten. 9. Gave a perfect female horta to D, which bit it several times, being seemingly rather doubtful about it, but eventually wrapped it up and carried it off to her chamber. After a short time she threw it down, the butterfly being still alive. 10. On two occasions saw dead specimens of A. horta in spiders’ webs in the bush. They were both wrapped up, but evidently had not been sucked. The Bronomics of South African Lnsects. 321 11. Cut off the wings of three male horta and gave them to A, B, and C, but they were all rejected. Gave one of the same specimens to D, which carried it off to eat, and was still sucking it when observed two and a half hours afterwards. 12. Gave a wingless Amauiris echeria to A, which came down very cautiously and bit it in the thorax as usual, Its taste was evidently unpleasant, as in extricating the butterfly from the web it carefully abstained from biting any part of the body. I then put the same specimen in B’s web; she ran down at once and tackled it. After giving it a few bites she paused as though in doubt, then, as if thinking it was worth trying, she wrapped it up and drew it up after her to her chamber. She was clearly still doubtful, as she remained several minutes without attempt- ing to touch it. She then sucked it for a few seconds, but soon let it drop. Gave the same specimen to D, and it was rejected. Gave another wingless specimen to GC, which also was rejected. 13. Gave entire specimens of Terias brigitta to B, C, and D, and also female Nepheronia argia (agathina form) to A. All were eaten readily. Subsequently gave entire P. sesamus (natalensis form) to C, which was also eaten. 14, Gave a perfect male horta to D. She ran down, bit it in the thorax as usual, wrapped it up and carried it off. She then remained some minutes without attempting to touch it, then after sucking it for a few seconds she threw it away. (Compare Experiments 9 and 11.) 15. Gave a wingless Acrwa violarum to spiders 5, C, and D, in succession. It was promptly ejected by each of them. 16. Gave entire specimens of A. horia to spiders A, B, C,and D. The two former ejected theirs at once; C cut hers loose from the web, and was holding it in her jaws preparatory to throwing it away, when she seemed sud- denly to change her mind and ran up to her chamber with it, without however enshrouding it with web. She remained with it in her mouth for about half a minute, and then threw it down. D took no notice whatever of the insect in her web. 17. Gave male Acrva buxtoni to A, and female Nephe- roni argia (agathina form) to C. Both were eaten. 18. Gave Pontia hellica to B, Papilio demodocus to C, and TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaART II. (NOV.) 22 Bip Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Planema esebria to D, All of them were eaten, though D seemed a little suspicious at first. 19. Gave Byblia goetzius-acheloia to A, which ate it readily, although she was a long time before coming down to see what it was. 20. Gave wingless specimens of A. horta to spiders A, B, C, and D (six days since last were given—Experi- ment 16). The first three promptly ejected them, but D wrapped hers up and carried it off. She did not seem very enthusiastic about it however, for she turned it over and over a good many times, giving it a bite here and there, and then left it alone for some time. This pro- cedure she repeated several times, and then threw it away. 21. Gave entire males of Acrwa serena-buxtont to spiders A, C, and D, all of which were eaten. It should be noted that experiments with this species are un- satisfactory, owing to the fact that when captured it is able voluntarily to exude from the thorax its bitter yellow juice, and therefore when given to spiders it has lost much of its nauseous quality, and would be less distasteful than if caught by them direct. 5. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON SPIDERS AND THE EARLIER EXPERIMENTS ON MANTIDZ: ONE PROB- ABLE MEANING OF TENACITY OF LIFE IN DISTASTEFUL Insects. (G. A. K. M.) Malvern, Natal; February 21, 1897.—The danger of arguing from insufficient materials was clearly shown me in my first few experiments on spiders with A. horta (Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 6). When I had got thus far I felt sure I had got proofs of the appreciation of warning colours by the spiders. For in these experiments they ate every specimen without wings and refused all those with them except one which had the colour rubbed off. Yet subsequent experiments have convinced me that both spiders and Mantises have no appreciation of warning colours; and this fact has elucidated another which often puzzled me, I mean the apparently constant correlation between distastefulness and tenacity of life in Lepidoptera. At first sight it would seem that tenacity of life or the power to recover after severe injury would be useful to any species in the struggle for existence. But a little thought showed me that this power would be of no use to edible species, as if once caught by insectivorous animals The Bionomics of South African Insects. 323 they are not likely to be released. But in the case of inedible species it is different. For if my surmise is true, that insectivorous invertebrates are not capable of appreci- ating warning colours but have to taste a// their captives before being able to tell whether they are edible or not (which I think is clear from my experiments), then tenacity of life (as a protective agency) will be as useful an acquisition against invertebrates as warning coloration is against ver tebrates, and come into play when the latter is useless. Of course tenacity is of use against the experi- mental tasting of young birds, lizards ete., but this does not seem to me to be a sufficiently cogent factor to develop the power to such a high pitch. For if the insects had only these enemies to contend against, even supposing every specimen experimentally tasted died from its Injuries, the protection afforded by the warning colours would still be ample. Indeed I believe that the tough- ness of inedible insects has been primarily developed to counteract the injuries from invertebrate foes (which are incapable of reasoning as to whether an insect is edible or not), and that therein lies its chief utility, though it may prove useful incidentally in other cases. A. buatoni appears to have more juice in proportion than horta, and I regard it as a more highly-developed species, from a distasteful point of view, in that it can exude juice at will from its thorax, and thus show its nauseous qualities without necessarily having to be injured like horta. When squeezed the juice often oozes from the ends of the antennze and all the nervures of the fore-wings when they are cut. But, as I have pointed out (vide Expt. 21), the results of experiments with it are unreliable. The treatment of A. horta by the spiders would almost give some colour to your suggestion that the inedibility of species may be due to unpleasant internal effects rather than the mere taste, for B ate one specimen and A, OC, and D two each before they seemed to become aware that it was not good to eat, from which I should conclude either that. the unpleasant effects are subsequent to eating or that their sense of taste is not sufficiently acute to recog- nize a nasty flavour at once. But the latter conclusion appears to be invalidated by their prompt rejection of Z. chrysippus and A. echertia, Anyway their selection seems to show that there are grades of unpleasantness, and, as I 324 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on expected, those species in which the sexes are alike are least edible. Thus I expect to find that A. anemosa, A. cabira, and P. aganice will prove more distasteful than their allies in which the sexes differ markedly. However, I must admit that in the case of the Mantis this was not so, and its persistent preference for echeria rather than horta (on three occasions) is very curious and interesting. Its dislike of the taste of Horta was most marked, and yet it did not appear to distinguish it by sight. In Experiment Il. ¢(p. 298) the Mantis certainly avoided Horta after its first taste, but it showed equal fear of echeria, which it after- wards ate, and I presume could not distinguish between them. But it is clear that it was unable to retain long the impression which connected a butterfly with an un- pleasant taste. The prompt acceptance of A. serena by the spiders appears to support my view that the bright red colour conveys no significance to them, although they find the red horta distasteful. J was surprised at their unani- mous refusal of the single specimen of A. violarum I was able to procure, as I had thought it would certainly be more edible than Horta, and I am almost inclined to believe that it was rejected under a misapprehension, I had an idea that perhaps Papilio demodocus was dis- tasteful, which was suggested by its wide range and general abundance ; and that if this were so it would be probable P. ophidicephalus, P. euphranor, P. constantinus, ete., might obtain protection from their strong resemblance to it on the wing. But my experiments seem to negative the idea as far as invertebrate foes are concerned. Aoain, Terias has always puzzled me. They are so widely distributed and alw: ays plentiful; moreover, their flight is weak and their contrasting colours of black and yellow are most conspicuous on the open veldt, which they frequent ; indeed, far more so than the colours of the females of A. violarum and nohara. Yet they do not seem to be protected, although some of the tropical Durbanias and Teriomime appear “to mimic them. Malvern, Natal; Oct. 7, 1897.—The experiments on the effects of an Acrewa diet, so far as they go, seem to lend some measure of support to your view as to the un- wholesome qualities of Acrwa, though many more experi- ments will be necessary to establish it. If I could only get the material I should like to experiment contempora- neously on a number of the same species, starving one, The Bionomics of South African Insects. 325 giving one or two only edible butterflies, and confining the remainder to a single species of Acrva or Amauris each. But at present I find it not only difficult to get hold of a Mantis, but it iseven quite a job to catch sufficient Acrzeas to continue the experiments. I have not seen a single specimen of A. petrwa for over six weeks, though normally it should be swarming at this time of year. [Mr. Marshall subsequently carried out a part of the programme which he here suggests. See Experiments IX., X., XI. on Mantidez.| When the experiments on spiders are compared with those on Mantises the conclusion is suggested that Acre- ine were distasteful to both, and only eaten under the stress of hunger, while Danainw were far less distasteful to the Mantises than to the spiders. To the latter they appeared to be at least as distasteful as the Acrvine. Such differences in the susceptibilities of insect-eaters help us to understand the puzzling case of Terzas, and the Ethiopian Lycienid genera which appear undoubtedly to mimic it, and permit us still to look on Papilio demodocus as a possible model. We see that the various insectivorous groups have different tastes, and within each group we must expect to find individual species adapted to feed largely on insects which are as a rule rejected by the other members of the same group. In one respect spiders are ext emely satisfactory for the purpose of these experiments. They remain throughout wild animals with their natural sources of food still avail- able. The same may be the case with Mantides, as in the Gongylus watched day after day by Col. Yerbury at Trinkomali (see p. 316). The late Thomas Belt (“ Naturalist in Nicaragua,” Lon- don, 1888, p. 317) states that a “spider that frequented ‘flowers seemed to be fond of” the Heliconide (including LIthomiuine), although a large species of Nephila used to drop them out of its web when he put them into it. Dr. A. G. Butler (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 27) long ago showed that the larvee of Abraxas grossulariata and Halia wavaria were not eaten by the spiders he employed —EHpeira diadema (the name given in the paper is Hvreiba diadema) and Lycosa species (2). In the former case they were cut out of the web, and in the latter seized and earried down the “dark silken funnel,’ but then relin- quished apparently uninjured. Professor Plateau (Mém. 326 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on de la Soc. Zool. de France, tome vii, 1894, p. 375) gives reasons for doubting whether the latter spider belonged to the genus named by Dr. Butler, and he supposes from the described form of “funnel” that the “ Zycosa,” which does not make a web, was in reality Agelena labyrinthica. Professor Plateau’s fresh experiments (I. c. § 8) on spiders, however, entirely con- firm the results obtained by Dr. Butler so far as the larva of Abraxas is concerned. An Amaurobius ferox, which had spun a characteristic web in captivity, paid no attention during two days to three half-grown larvee moving about and entangled in the web. From the Professor’s long experience of spiders in captivity he is confident that it was not afraid, and he thinks it probable that it refrained from attack because the vibration of the web was not like that caused by its habitual prey. It would have been more satisfactory if this interpretation had been tested by the offer of a few inconspicuous larvae. In the next ex- periment four larvze were thrown into a large web spun by a female 7egenaria domestica over the roof-light of a barn in such a position that the observer could watch everything without in the least disturbing the spider. The following is a translation of Professor Plateau’s account :—‘ At the moment of the fall of the larvee into the web, the 7egenaria .... rushes at one of them and bites it, or at least makes two successive attempts to bite it. The spider then leaves the first victim and attacks a second, which she also tries to bite, but the skin of the larvae being too tough and the caterpillars rolled wp and pretending to be dead, she retires slowly, a certain proof to those who know the habits of these animals that she does not feel any fear.” After- wards, when the caterpillar began to move the web, the spider, “ having learnt the uselessness of her attempts to bite, neglects them entirely and remains in her tube.” Concerning this and the previous interpretation, it is necessary to remark that no signs of fear were to be ex- pected upon the hypothesis that the spider recognized that the larva was uneatable; while the suggestion that the skin was too tough to be penetrated seems to be very improbable. An experiment of the same kind was then made with a female Tegenaria, which spun a web in confinement. After keeping the spider for three days without food, two cater- pillars were thrown into the web. The spider rushed The Bionomics of South African Insects. 327 towards one of them but retreated again, “ recognizing that it had been disturbed by a creature such as had never before fallen into the web.” The same thing was again repeated on four occasions, the spider never actually attacking a caterpillar. Agelena labyrinthica was then tried in the same way, but would not leave its retreat; when, however, an earwig was substituted for the larva, it was instantly seized and devoured. On the other hand, Professor Plateau has produced evi- dence that the imago of the Alrazas is freely eaten by Tegenaria domestica, Nearly every day for some weeks he placed this moth, sometimes on one, sometimes on another of three or four webs of this spider spun in a little tool-house in his garden. They were always seized and carried off. Agelena labyrinthica, on the other hand, killed the moth but abandoned it after some attempts to suck its juices. Professor Plateau suggests that the spider found the prey too large for it, an interpretation which might have been advanced had the attempt to capture and kill been unsuc- cessful; but, as the case stands, serves to show that the author is willing to accept any explanation however im- probable rather than the obvious one that there was something in the taste or smell of the moth which pre- vented the spider from devouring it. A half-grown female Hpeira diadema devoured the moth with avidity. It is to be hoped that this experiment will be repeated many times, as in the case of the Zegenaria ; and in all such researches comparison should be constantly made with the behaviour of the spiders towards many other kinds of insects. It is quite probable from the experiments of Mr. Marshall and Professor Plateau, and the observations of the late Mr. T. Belt, that certain species of spiders, together with Man- tides and other predaceous insects, will be found to be among the chief, perhaps the chief, non-parasitic enemies of aposematic insects. Colonel J. W. Yerbury has kindly searched his notes for any references to the attacks of spiders on butterflies. He writes, “I can find very few references to the relations of these two animals to each other in my old notes. The following are two of them :— “i | aie “T[VULOY UT, J plosnyy 4° ‘ued pue dg ji| ‘o6gl ‘ag “Aon ‘AULSVYR] | “AinqioX “MV “f {ds ‘snastung | 4ulog [nog | ‘prypdatg 4° j'ds ‘wunzr | ‘OBST ‘9G "290 ‘T]VULOYULLY, | “AinqioX “MY "AuUd AO AUNVN “dITISV AO SHIOddS > | “aLVa “ALITVOOT | “UPAUASAO (AwOIsrzT JpLngvn7) unasnyyr ysiputg fo wovysap09 wa Ll gt J WW UST 17907}0) Ui uaumody 4 ‘pwofeg ‘quaujsndog odozy ur uaunoody 333 Insects. TUCAN us of South Af The Bionom , SBUIM SSOIO “ULUL 0. JF *(‘uling) VSOLIO}IV STUOYPLY, | AY uoserq , BOTTA saprdteyy | ‘Aypoqing “sw H) wuarepteo watoy ‘AY10}4 NE | BATS st0oIg | ‘AIOTU | «5 (MaO'T) snunuajs 4 snwu2a7 P (aqey) srgpns 4 srjouoydoT 4 SOUIA SSO10V “UL'UL 0.98 “To6t ‘9 Ae ‘WY 0009 ‘puBvl[BUoYse ‘Armqst[eg TTRYSIV “YW Any) 006L ‘6% “90d “az OOLE ‘Pury -BILOYSR ‘TTe} UL), ‘ds pure "may j ‘ds pue "tay § | "L681. ‘8 “0061 “9d G Youre "41 OOLE ‘PUrT -VILOYSVIQ| TTL} L] TeysieyL “yp “vy Any Treysreyg “Y “Vv Any [Rye Ny SUIOATRIT Teysaey “YE "y Any +(T) suarnowo sdoskuyy 0. regi 4° 3 (aaqTeq) SNIPVUDIVYD SNULLYID IY Lrds pur ‘tad 5 ‘tora}doajog L uounenyo] 418 (s00"T) SNLNUWINI SNULDIL0I AT 4° (‘Saq) sadifne madqoouy FORL “FL aune “qsamywoyoorg | “Ainqiak “M ‘f ‘F681 4 oun ysmypud’y | “AInqIoX “MM *f “968 ‘F aun ‘AMqpeT | “Arquto X ‘Mf “AMMOMOONLS VOT OU kg “Aytoq ng 4 BYLVS V.lNZIZ, ‘Ayaroqqng | moumeutpoy * “Por AN) sypsouras wopoody Pi(CAND® A) saqzomb snoyponyd ‘9681 ‘FL Indy ‘apy “Yeasnzy | (g6 °d G6ST “PuoT “og “gue ‘sueAT,) Amqs9K "Mf "G68L ‘9 Your ‘uepy ‘ foyey | = — | AmqiaxK “My ° | 4 (31) myyrdvan.uyo DULJIOUT "S68T ‘pF ounr “AUUd AO AWVN (A.topsuyy ounaonry a wnasnpy ysipog fo worsepjog Ur uouinoody Ah puofeg quawgnday “GITISV HO SHIOUdS “aLVa “PpUOSoAB.r) “fq ANC po “ALITVOOT “AUTAUASAO ‘(e6 ‘d ‘6681 ‘puorTy 90g oa *suBL],) adopy we waunsody coursed to wuRqin ie ‘oad yy 64 fyqeq latyy1e Ajqeqoad “ds ‘vapAyy | -oad Qoosut tamor oy :*doo ut “"BuOTeOreg, ‘prduoyguy £ uoreydiq 18 9 (sveor]) snguondn i snugoing | “TO6L “GT Ayne | vou ‘}e1198} 10 "uoj[nog “g “ ay 0876 ‘purl ~1OZJING ‘STETRA. , ds “esvydooirg Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on 354 ‘aoroqdrq '.' P(AqQugy) vuepmp uohodisng | “s6gt ‘Fz Sug ‘Sol Iva Ny Monee omc | 4°? 'S'W | (609d ‘006 ‘80]007) Jods j BHO) Tees | (ONT) Bujoyos snyonUmolg, "8130008 | qUBIN)-OTATISQ) “YY * »' (ug) ares vuodt ayy WILOSSvuay, "T foqwaTWoV | «8 ‘ds j nunnung | ‘8681 qudy ‘Xoy[VA URIeyVy meysurg LO a‘ agi UTM SSO.10B “UU gt | j‘sBura ssoroe ur ce | “ULTIOSSRUOT, “9 (‘zmng) § syd stulatox yy bi (te boelq) s2qung “‘URq eye] °K Ay: Rossa ant veau ;‘ds PRE, | "E681 ‘1G ‘Suy ‘Kaye A Turepuro0g | ‘uRysulg “y, ‘O , ds ‘eusery ‘v1autodeye py *puLleUoysey]y ‘apqood x 5 (MaOrT) symnrba snyasmUons | ‘BOGT “9B “Ure ‘LINGST[RY ‘Teysaeyy “yy Any , laTpetus ynq *("utg) ‘44 OOSP SNPIII0} 0} asoyo “ds ‘snzoreyy « & (CHCA) sdavaud ‘puRleZzey) ‘aqnaynNoy Ajqeqoid “ds ‘saysruohnorg | “LO6L “ZL ‘00q. =| “4ysadoyy epuLaTyD ‘Tpeysieyq "yy Any zal “qurey) st[vsiop “J, einzeur "43.000 ult Aqquqo. id ‘ds ‘stueyyTty, »' (‘PITA) ‘purjeuoyseyy ‘AY-Wos BACT oppboa sdeyred ‘ds ‘snyonuorg | *LO6L ‘9 390 ‘Kanqsyeg TeysieyT “yy “y Any ae eee | —_ — “Addd JO ANYN ‘AV1ISY dO Sadiodds “ALVa “ALITVOOT “HAH AUASAO Ck LOsUFT [DLNIONT) wenasngy ysuwg fo wors9jj0) ur uaunoedy | “psofxg ‘quewpcodag adozy ur waunoody , 335 } Insects. Uan if South Afr LONOMUCS O The B ‘saroads aures ayy Aq poxysuvsy UW90S OSTL ITJoIq JUeleyIp VW y WOTZRTNOYAL oLoV.10yyoTeydao yonoryy stosoqoad ‘eye~noeur , ford ya 6s oy} ‘uredg | -OAe]YE (BilaqooTAouy) sysordng Be IaMOT oy :*doo urs 1061 “Sy, UloR.eq “(ZL ‘d ‘ZO6L ‘pxoooy yu) lied | pur a: uur) ms0qqu6 myo ‘96—8T ST Aqn Ie -[V ‘oqooesery, ueudeyy “Vy iL ; “Caqn yp) A voloy sdy | | 4 * ‘oyeatnoy e @ ‘ds wuaowonen'T ‘88ST qynoqy | ‘euoog ATqeqoig Ee a ly RIttO}90) ayy jo eayAjo ayy snowy} yeaq | S3T,, ‘“BouTIepurur wiyxezoIg ‘OSL (WA ‘QTJ00q 1 4°3 (‘potay) enp wnphgsosorpyy 0} peqymosoatg ‘suoy 8 eos ‘SULIMOG “O ‘ff | ROTTS soqst[og . ‘soouaidg W190 a | | ‘ayeo[NOW 6 (aqey) vwopnrp wobodisng | “TO6L ‘Fz eune | -yseq ‘nog 4aog WMI “ET CV “eqorrytto9 sdosArTp90}8—9 & (“peta ) “AOUOpISel mS : ‘Appt, snasvib sdeysed ‘ He *S7VULIJLOI AT 6681290 Auquiog ‘est ‘eSINN OD x & (“par AN) smhiys Aouopisard lees "JYSIOM S}L Vora 91309 5» -huo? sdeyred ‘ds ‘ snumpooy | “L681 eune Aequiog “esi: ‘esmN OD P ( “yoq). episuy vUIsTpog x 6 (e797) ‘soouord gy ‘URIPLIoOy snaupsyqin sryadrupdgy | “Lob. ‘21 Ajug | utoyseq ‘eraqaap uo} nod “d “A » 2 (Yo) episiay vustpog x’ 6 (a9TT97) ‘soouotA T URIpLoy snayiLyien srjdiupdy | “LO6L ‘41 Ajng | uteyseq ‘ereqaap ‘moyNOg “G “A | | | s ‘AGUd AO ANYN ‘(hsopsyET JOLNgoN) unasngy ysupieg fo worsayjog ur uaumoedy | “puofcg ‘quawzendog “GITISVY JO SHIO“dS “ALVa “ALITVOOT “AHAUASAO adoyy Ur uaumrody » 336 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Colonel Bingham has sent me the following notes of his observations on Asilidw: “ With regard to flies of the family Asilidw and spiders attacking butterflies, I find only a very few scattered notices of cases which I had seen, but no details, I am sorry to say. So far as I can remember I have seen these flies once or twice actually capture butterflies, and in one instance I find it noted in my diary that I found an Asilus with a Junonia hierta which was still slightly quivering its wings. I have seen the flies not once, but often swoop at butterflies, dragon- flies, and bees. I cannot, however, find any particular note of that case of the ” Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on sericea, Clerus sp. (entirely scarlet, with strong verbena-like smell), and Prionocerus dimidiatus. Kestrel ate several dull-coloured Cureulio- nide (Oosomus, sp., and Hremnus, spp.), refusing several Onthophagus gazella which were offered, also Lycus ampliatus, L. vostratus, and L. constrictus, all of which were tasted and were very evidently unpleasant. Kestrel refused Zonitis, sp., Hletica rufa, Mylabris palliata, and Diacantha conifera, after tasting each. The kestrel had been starved for twenty- four hours, and was very hungry. He ate the following insects, in the order given, with great avidity: two Teracolus achine, one £. ilithyia, two Atella phalantha, one Junonia cebrene, and one Papilio corinneus. I then gave him an Acrea caldarena, of which he first ate the head and swallowed the rest whole, one 4. rahivra was also swallowed whole; Z. chrysippus was then offered; the bird ate the head, which seemed to raise suspicions in his mind, for he sat considering for some moments, and then began pecking at the thorax and wings and finally dropped it; on re-presentation he seized the butterfly, gave a few pecks at it, and jerked it away. Then one Acrva axina and two A. halali were swallowed whole, but A. caldarena which followed was only partially eaten, fully half being discarded. Another L. chrysippus was offered, and the entire head and thorax was eaten before it was thrown down. Later, the bird swallowed whole another A. vahira subsequent to eating several grasshoppers. 28. Gave kestrel a B. dlithyia, which was eaten rapidly, and a second as well. He then ate a Precis pelasgis and another dithyia, but an Acrea halali was pecked at once or twice and thrown away, and a fourth The Bionomies of South African Insects. 345 ilithyia was treated in the same way, being apparently mistaken for an Acrea. I then offered a female Anoplocnenis curvipes; the bird ate the head, but evidently in some doubt; it continued with the thorax however, but showed its dislike by repeated sharp shaking of the head, and finally dropped the abdomen. I put a male of the same bug on its perch, but though it examined it carefully it would not touch it; yet this species is eaten greedily by the baboons. [There are several very significant results from the above-recorded experiments on kestrels. ‘The rejection of Byblia, after trial and rejection of an Acrewa, may have been due to the superficial resemblance. On the other hand, this bird (C. rupicoloides) was apparently not fond of butterflies, for after eating (Jan. 12) Precis, Junonia, and Atella and (Jan. 13) Catopsilia, he refused all Rhopalocera. The refusal of an Acridian marked with bright green, yellow, and black, and its acceptance when the colours were hidden was almost certainly the result of unpleasant experiences with conspicuously-marked insects, of which a particular instance was afforded when the larva of JL. chrysippus was offered. Such association of impressions brought about by very imperfect resemblances are of great importance in helping us to understand the origin of mimicry, both Batesian and Miillerian, in slight accidental resemblances of a very rough and imperfect kind. It also warns us not to regard as far-fetched or absurd those imperfect likenesses which may well be the early stages of incipient mimicry. The refusal of the Lycoid Longicorn Blepisanis may be similarly due to a previous experience of Lycide, or it may be truly distasteful and synaposematic. The latter interpretation is certainly true of the Lycoid Melyrid Prionocerus also refused by the kestrel “with unmistakable signs of dislike.” The other species of kestrel, C. nawmanni, was much fonder of butterflies and of insects generally, eating the brightly-coloured grasshopper on all occasions. The fact that it took special notice of and pecked at the eye-spots on the hind-wing of P. demodocus is of much interest, and recalls an observation of my own quoted on pp. 440, 441. Such observations strongly confirm the interpretation of 346 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on eye-spots, especially upon the under-side of the wings, as directive marks leading an enemy to attack a non-vital part, and they tend to refute Portschinski’s explanation of them as the representation in colour of drops of some specially-protective fluid (see p. 398). Butterflies of different groups, Hesperidx, Pierine, Nymphaline, were freely eaten, but the rejection of the abdomen of Papilio corinneus by the captive bird which afterwards ate Byblia and Terias, can only be explained on the supposition of unpalatability, and the same was evidently true in a more marked degree of Acraas and L. chrysippus, although parts of these would sometimes be eaten, while on Feb. 15, after starvation for twenty-four hours, many Acreas were swallowed whole. The behaviour on this occasion renders it certain that, as in the case of Bucorax caffer, L. chrysippus was far more distasteful to the kestrel than the Acrzas. The rejection, after trial, of the evil-smelling Coreid bug A. curvipes, greedily eaten by baboons, is a good example of the difference in value of the same defence with different enemies. The treatment of Coleoptera almost invariably supported the theories which explain the meaning of insect colouring as cryptic, warning, ete. The following beetles were eaten by the kestrel: Curculionidx, with cryptic colouring (Oosomus, sp., and Evremnus, spp.) ; the large, slow-moving, conspicuous, black, earthy Heteromeron Anomalipus plebeiws, when the chitin was broken; the smallish Buprestid Amblysterna vitti- pennis (dark metallic green or coppery with white stripe on each elytron); the Heteromeron Dichtha inflata, dark brown with reddish stripes, conspicuous and slow-moving like Anomalipus ; the medium-sized Scarabeid Onitis alexis with elytra and legs brown, and thorax iridescent green. It is probable that most of the defensive fluid had been already discharged in the case of the Carabidx of the genera Piezia, Polyhirma, and Graphipterus, of which the acid secretion was seen to be a very positive protection when there was opportunity for its operation on a normal scale. The Longicorn Cercplesis fallax with a Cantharid type of colouring may be synaposematic, as it was only eaten very slowly although the bird had been kept without food. The impression produced by the stridulation is of much interest (see p. 408). The Bionomics of South African Insects. 347 The following beetles were refused, usually after tasting :— CANTHARIDAE :—Mylabris palliata, MW. holosericea, Eletica rufa, Zonitis sp. (all most conspicuous). COCCINELLIDEH :—Lpilachna dreget (characteristic col- ouring). CLERIDE :—“ Clerws” sp. (scarlet). PHYTOPHAGA :—Diacantha conifera (Lycoid). MELYRID& :—Prionocerus dimidiatus (Lycoid). Lycip#:—Three characteristically coloured species of Lycus. CETONUDA :—Clinteria infuscata (orange thorax with two black spots, brown elytra, sometimes black). HETEROMERA :—Lagria, sp. Probably distasteful, con- spicuous and synaposematic with Phytophaga. SCARABAIDA :—Onthophagus gazella, smallish Scarabzeid with brown elytra and iridescent dark green thorax and head. With the possible exception of the last named, all these species possess distinct aposematic colouring, and nearly all belong to groups which are much mimicked, or fall into important synaposematic combinations. Mr. Marshall specially points out that the Kestrel, C. naumanni, was young, and it is probable that it had never before had experience of many of these species.— E. B. P] 10. EXPERIMENTS ON A TAME GROUND HORN-BILL (Bucoraz caffer). (G. A. K. M.) Malvern, Natal, May 14, 1897. March 14. Gave a tame ground horn-bill (Bucorax caffer), belonging to Col, J. H. Bowker, the following butterflies: two male A. serena, one P. lywus, one male H, misip- pus, one male A. serena, all of which he ate readily, taking them in the end of his beak, crushing the thorax and throwing them down his throat. I then gave him L. chrysippus. He took it, crushed the thorax and dropped it at once. A second specimen given a short time afterwards was treated in the same manner. , 24. Gave the following butterflies to ground horn-bill: three A. encedon, one A. petrxa, 348 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on one P. aganie, two J. clelia, three male H, misippus, one P. tropicalis, two P. brasidas, two P. demodocus, one P. lyxus, and two Jt. forestan. He ate every one without the least hesitation, and evidently appreciated them, as he would follow me about, waiting for more. April 1. Gave ground horn-bill one A. petrwa, two A. cabiva, one P. brasidas, one male H. misippus, and one P. esebria, all of which he ate readily. [It has alieady been pointed out that the acceptance of insects by insectivorous animals in captivity is no proof of their normal likes or dislikes in a wild state. Such acceptance only proves what their action would be when they had been, from some exceptional cause, kept without their normal food in its usual quantity and variety. Hence the fact that the Acraas were devoured is no evidence that they are normally eaten except in a time of unusual hunger. On the other hand, the rejection of two L. chry- sippus, after three Acreeas had been readily eaten, indicates that the former butterfly is decidedly distasteful to this species of bird. It must be remembered that five Acreeas were freely eaten on the next occasion. A comparison with the experiments on Mantides is interesting.—E. B. P.] 11. THe INSECT-FOOD OF WILD SoutTH AFRICAN BIRDS. (G. A. K. M.) [Even more important than the results of experiments are the observations made and collected by Mr. Marshall upon the contents of the stomachs of birds, and the record of actual attacks made by birds upon insects, which have been witnessed in the field. The contents of birds are clearly shown in the two following tables, A and Bb, which are printed just as I received them from Mr. Marshall, except that I have added a brief description of the general appearance of those insects which seemed to require it. Mr. Marshall had only supplied such a description in three or four cases. In future records of this kind it will be advisable for the observer on the spot to supply such notes, together with a brief account of the habits, in- asmuch as conspicuousness or concealment depend upon these quite as much as upon colour and pattern.—k. B. P.] The Bionomics of South African Insects. 349 TABLE A.—Contents of birds, probably 1898, unless otherwise stated, and Salisbury when no other locality is mentioned. BIRDS. l | INSECTS, ETC. | | Irrisor erythrorrhyn-| HOMOPTERA, Pyrops sp. chus. Eremnus sp. Syagrus | puncticollis, Lefev., Sympiexiorrhynchus, sp. | CoLEorTERA, Platypria mashund, Pér., Anthaxia sp. GENERAL APPEARANCE OF INSECTS. Macronyx capensis. | COLEOPTERA, Cleonus sp., | Syagrus,» a shining black, medium-sized Phytophagous beetle (Humolpide). All others are weevils, and pro- bably all with cryptic colouring. Pyrops, at rest are red-brown or greyish insects. Platypria, tawny with brown spots, very spinous (/ispide). Anthaxia, small green or coppery Buprestid. Coracias garrula. COLEOPTERA, Gymnopleurus Jastiditus, Har. C. caudata. CRABS. CoLEOPTERA, Agrilus sp., Anthia pachyoma (!). Large, sooty-black, smooth Scarabeid. Agrilus, small Buprestids, colour varies. Anthia, huge black Carabid with very powerful mandibles. C. spatulata. Drprera, fly-maggots from carrion. UC. olivaceiceps. ORTHOPTERA, Phymateus | morbillosus, IL. (a large evil-smelling bright-green locust with purple and crimson hind-wings). M elittophagus pusillus. | COLEOPTERA, Onthophagqus, sp. | Very conspicuous, with red thorax and head; legs red and yellow. Genus of Scarabeidx, varying much in size: metallic or black. Merops natalensis. | COLEOPTERA, Mylabris | | oculata, Thunb. (1). Characteristic Cantharid,apose- matic, orange and black colours. Cuculus gularis. | COLEOPTERA, Nyassinius lugubris, Sphenoptera disjuncta, Hoplonyx sp. Nyassinius, small red-brown, rough Cetoniid, probably cryptic. Sphenoptera, dark metallic, coppery, moderate- sized Buprestid. Hoplonyx, medium-sized, black often polished, Heteromera (Tene- brionide). Asturinula monograniin ica. Falco subbuteo. | ORTHOPTERA, Clonia wahl- bergi. CENTIPEDES. Clonia is a fine Locustid living among the leaves of trees. It is certainly procryptic. CoLEorTERA, Pentodon nireus, Burm., Onitis alexis, Anomala sp. | Pentodon, large black Dynastid. Onitis, medium-sized Scar- abeid, elytra and _ legs, brown; thorax_ iridescent green. Anomala, pale yellow brown, or metallic Rutelide ; moderate-sized_ beetles, 350 Mr. G. A. K. Mazuball on TABLE A.—(¢ ontinued. ) BIRDS. Cerchneis j ‘upicoloides. 3. | CENTIPEDES. INSECTS, ETC. CL. naumanni, C. amurensis. } | Bubo maculosus. COLEOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, Heter ronychws licas, Klug. , CENTIPEDES. | ARACHNIDS, Solpuga mar- | shalli, Poe. | COLEOPTERA, HTydaticus, sp. GENERAL APPEARANCE OF INSECTS. Heteron nychus, ‘smallish black, rather shining Dynastid. Solpuga is red-brown, distal | part of 4th leg black, broad median black band on abdomen which is clothed at sides with yellowish-white hairs. It runs very swiftly and its habits are strongly procr yptic. Moderate-sized, oval, polished dark-brown Dytise idee. Hespero- phanus amicus, white. A large red-brown Cerambycid : proeryptic. Herodias lucidus. | | Dragon-flies and aquatic Hemiptera. Ciconia abdimii. CoLEorTERA, Psammodes | Psammodes, both species are ventricosus, Fihr., P. | large dull-brown Tenebrionid scabratus, Gerst., Poly- Heteromera. Polyhirma, | hirma Chd., semisuturata, Piezia marshalli, | Pé., Roe, sp. HyMENOPTERA, Ants the genus Carcbara. of Numida coronata. Shot by C. F. M. Swynnerton Mazoe, Mashona- Jand, 4000 ft. | Merops natalensis, September 1901. at COLEOPTERA, 2 Ps siloptera | chalcophoroides, Peér., 1 Hipporhinus bohemanii, Fahr., 1 Phantasis gigantea, Guer., 1 Maero- coma aureovillosa, Mash. These five specimens were taken from the crop, December 25, 1898, by | Guy A. K. Marshall, They are now in the | Hope Collection, Oxford, | and are extraordinarily | perfect, retaining the legs and in some cases the antennee. moderate-sized, black Car- abid with white markings. Piezia, a Carabid — super- ficially similar to last. Scarites, shining black Car- abids of variable size ; large mandibles. Psiloptera, largish iridescent bright-green Buprestids. Macrocoma, a small golden- green iridescent Phytopha- gous beetle. Hipporhinus, a large brown rough eryptic weevil. Phantasis, a large Longicorn generally similar to the above, and probably mimetic of certain very hard Curculionide. the Saturniide Psewd- | aphelia apollinaris and Cirina similis. Leprmpoprera HErerocer A, The moths both conspicuous, slow, day-flying, and pro- bably distasteful species. Pseudaphelia, is large semi- transparent, whitish with black markings; Cirina is still larger and dull pink. The Bionomics of South African Insects, 351 - TABLE B.—ZTnsects, etc., in stomachs of birds (probably 1898), Salisbury. COLEOPTERA. BIRDS. varying much in colour, but always with more or less of a pattern). | often polished black-brown or greenish Lamellicorns ; probably mimics of Galeru- cide, Chrysomelide, and Coccinellidz). Cassida (Aspidomorpha) pwne- tata, F. (medium size, abundantly — black-spotted, colour probably brown when fresh). | Polycleis decorus (largish weevil, Trochalus sp. (small rounded reddish- | Oriolus notatus, Coracias caudata, Haleyon pallidiventris. | Lradyornis mariquensis, Fringillaria taha- | pist. | | == xi BL. mariquensis, Irrisor Campothera bennettt. erythrorrhynchus, Alcides hemopterus, Boh. (smallish weevil with red- brown white-spotted elytra and black thorax and head). Prionops talacoma. Oosomus sp. (an entirely black, Graucalus pectoralis, Upupa africana, Irrisor | erythrorrhynchus, Campothera bennettt. arboreal or — subcortical weevil). |Zophosis sp. (black quick- running Heteromeran). Scarabeeid with brown elytra | and iridescent dark-green thorax and head). OTHER INSECTS, ETC. Onthophagus gazella (smallish Geocichla litsitsirupa. Cauprimulgus rufigend, large numbers). Falco puaguiee (in Pentatomid bugs, Geocichla litsitsirupa, Laniarius guttatus, Trrisor erythrorrh ynchus, Cerchneis amur- ensis, Co es OTe TUS. | Reduviid bugs. Macro ye capensis, Ritnopomastus cyano- | melas. i Ant-lion larve. Thamnolxa cinnamomeiventris. Ants. Bradyornis mariquensis, Pratincola torquata, Monticola angolensis, Saxicola pileata, Buchanga assimilis, Thamnolea cinna- momeiventris, Crateropus kirkii, Lopho- ceros leucomelas, Campothera bennetti, Crecopsis egregia. | 352 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on TABLE B.—(continued.) OTHER INSECTS, ETC. | BIRDS. Other Hymenoptera. | Rhinopomastus cyanomelas, and all four | species of bee-eaters. _ Hairy caterpillars. | Oriolus larvatus, and all the cuckoos. Millepedes. | Turdus libonyanus. Scorpions. Coracias olivaceiceps, Cerchneis rupicoloides, | | | | | | Asturinula monogrammica (apparently favourite food with this species). VERTEBRATES. Lizards. ; Melieraxz polyzonus, Astur polyzonoides, Aquila wahlbergi, Circetus pectoralis, Cerchneis rupicoloides, and Glaucidiwm perlatum. Snakes. | Astur polyzonoides, Buteo jakal, Circetus pectoralis, Bubo maculosus. RESULTS OF TABLES A AND B. [The almost complete absence of the members of apo- sematic Coleopterous groups is very marked. In fact, the whole of the numerous beetles are probably cryptic, with the following exceptions. The species of the Eumolpid genus Syagrus is probably distasteful; for it freely exposes itself on leaves, where its shining black appearance renders it conspicuous. It is worthy of note that the only bird in which it was found, Macronyx capensis, also ate Reduviid bugs. The Phytophagous Macrocoma aureovillosa belongs to a probably distasteful group, but it is itself green in colour; it was only eaten by one species. The Hispid Platypria is probably distasteful, and here too the only species of bird which ate it, J7visor erythrorrhynchus, also ate the conspicuous Cassida (Aspidomorpha) punctata and Pentatomid bugs. The above-named Cassid was also found in two other species of bird. The most remarkable exception is however the typically-coloured Cantharid, MJylabris oculata, only detected in Merops natalensis. Here we find the interesting proof that under certain circumstances, and with certain enemies, the most marked distasteful The Bionomies of South African Insects. 353 or unwholesome qualities accompanied by the most con- spicuous orange and black aposematic coloration may afford no protection. Furthermore, it is of great interest to observe that the same species of bird was the only one in which two conspicuous and almost certainly dis- tasteful Saturniid moths were found. The Carabide of the genera Anthia, Polyhirma, Previa, and Scarites are not so remarkable. Scarites is probably nocturnal and entirely procryptic, while the defensive secretions of the three other genera may be discharged and lost as the result of the attacks of an experienced enemy. Outside the Coleoptera, the number of birds which ate Pentatomid bugs is remarkable (five species), and it would be interesting if it were possible to obtain the remains and make out the species of these Hemiptera. The specialization of enemies to feed upon forms which haye become excessively abundant through specialization in their modes of defence is seen in the two species which contained ants, and the three which had eaten scorpions. The hairy caterpillars eaten by cuckoos are a similar case ; this group of birds being specialized to feed on insects which are specially defended against the majority of insect- eaters. The fact that Phymateus morbillosus, a large, conspicuous, and strong-smelling locust, had been eaten, is also of interest. Solpuga moi shalli, in spite of its formid- able appearance, is quite harmless, with procryptic appear- ance and habits, The Tables as a whole afford w onderfully strong support to the existing theories which explain cryptic colouring and instinct as the defence of forms which are eagerly sought for as food by numerous enemies, and an aposematic appearance and mode of life as the defence of specially-protected forms only attacked under the stress of hunger or by comparatively few specially- adapted foes.—KE. B. P.] 12. Recorps oF ATTACKS ON LEPIDOPTERA, ESPECIALLY BUTTERFLIES, BY WILD SoutTH AFRICAN BIRDS. (G. A. K. M.) [The stimulus which induced Mr. Marshall to collect observations on the attacks of birds upon butterflies was provided chiefly by the account of the discussion which followed Dr. F. A. Dixey’s paper on “ Mimetic Attraction ” (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1897, p. 317; Discussion in TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART UI. (NOV.) 24 354 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on Proc. 1897, pp. xx-xxxil, xxxiv—xlvii). The following extracts from a letter indicate the line Mr. Marshall would have taken had he been in England at the time.—E. B. P.] Malvern, Natal; Oct. 7, 1897.—I am much struck with the large amount of adverse criticism levelled against the theory of even Batesian mimicry. The theory of converg- ence (Miillerian mimicry) might perhaps be considered as debatable, but how any one who has paid any attention to the subject can doubt the reality of Batesian mimicry, I cannot understand, and the attempt to explain it away by climatic causes seems to me weak in the extreme. If the view, advocated by many, that birds cannot be reckoned among the principal enemies of butterflies in their imago state, be true, then I consider that we may practically abandon the whole theory of mimicry as at present applied to the Acreine and Danaine of South Africa at all events, for from what I have observed of these insects I am convinced that their warning coloration cannot have reference to either mantises, Asi/idx, or lizards, which are practically the only other enemies that can be taken into account, Moreover, the swift flight of the majority of edible species can only have been developed to enable them to escape from winged enemies, and that this de- velopment is due to Asilide or dragon-flies is more than I can believe. Certainly the paucity of records of birds eating butterflies is somewhat disconcerting, but this is doubtless due to the fact that not sufficient attention has been paid to the subject, which would entail long and patient observation of the birds themselves, an occupation that the average entomologist is not likely to indulge in when out collecting. Personally I do not suppose I have seen such an occurrence more than perhaps half-a-dozen times; the birds being the Paradise flycatcher (Zerpsi- phone perspicillata), the bee-eater (Merops apiaster), and two rollers (Coracias spatulata and Eurystomus afer); but then I admit that I have paid little or no attention to the matter until quite recently. The habits of the Zeracoli, especially in their winter forms, have always seemed to me strongly suggestive of their being frequently attacked by birds. With hardly an exception they are fairly swift fliers (especially the “ purple-tips ”), keeping comparatively close to the ground aud dodging well. If struck at gently as they fly by, they dodge and hurry onwards but still continue their The Bionomics of South African Insects. 355 flight; if however they be thoroughly frightened by continued strokes of the net, they will dart rapidly on for a short distance, then vanish—or, in other words, they settle with extreme suddenness, and their under-side colouring harmonizes so well with the sandy soil they love that they are very difficult to detect. It seems to me that such a habit can only have been developed for the purpose of escaping from birds, and must be very effectual in most cases. I have noticed that the summer forms, which have not the sandy-coloured under-side do not adopt these tactics, but rely on their flight alone—probably because food is more plentiful for insectivorous birds at that season, [After this, Mr. Marshall kept a careful record of obser- vations. His results, including one observation made at an earlier date, are shown on pp. 357-9 in the form of a diary. The two following letters bear on the same subject.—E. B. P.] Salisbury, March 6, 1898.—I was much interested in your arguments * for Common Warning Colours in butterflies and your remarks on their probable enemies, but I must candidly confess that I am not altogether convinced. ‘The difference in our views lies in your fundamental proposi- tion that butterflies are an easy prey for birds to capture from a general point of view. If this proposition be correct, then I quite agree that your theory offers the most natural and probable explanation of the predominance of bright colours among butterflies. But from what I have seen of the South African species I could not truth- fully say that I consider that they would be likely to fall an easy prey to birds, indeed I should say that the average insectivorous bird would not have a chance against most of the swift-flying species when on the wing, and would only be able to catch them under exceptionally favourable circumstances when the insects were off their guard. If this supposition be correct it would go a good way to explain how so many butterflies have been able to acquire such brilliant colours, and particularly in the case of those species which have protectively-coloured under-sides, which is the rule rather than the exception. Birds would soon learn the futility of attempting to pursue such species, and would only capture them by stealth,and in a more or less * Some of the arguments here referred to are set forth on pages 500 to 502 of the present memoir.—E, B. P. 356 Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on unobtrusive manner, which might account for the paucity of records. The fact that birds have been seen to capture moths more frequently than butterflies need not neces- sarily imply a preference for the former insects, but might be explained on the supposition that they are aware that they can be captured more or less easily on the wing, and therefore that when a moth does happen to get well up into the air in open country it is promptly pursued, whereas under similar conditions a butterfly would be allowed to pass unmolested. While on the subject of swift fight I might mention that I was much struck during my visit home with the slow flight of English butterflies as compared with the generality of South African species. I am inclined to agree with Trimen in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society, that birds are among the chief enemies of butterflies. That they have been the chief, if not the only, agents in the production of mimicry, whether Batesian or Miillerian, I have little doubt. It is highly significant that mimicry in its fullest development is only to be found in forest-clad regions where insectivorous birds are most abundant. Moreover, T am not aware of a single instance of true mimicry among species which habitually settle on the ground. Salisbury, March 10, 1898.—It would seem that mere unpleasantness of taste or smell would hardly be sufficient to give so great an immunity from attack from birds as is apparently enjoyed by the Danaine and Acrexine, unless accompanied by poisonous or unwholesome qualities—at least, if we may judge by other orders of insects. A large number of Rhynchota, for instance, possess a very un- pleasant smell, and yet their colouring is procryptic instead of aposematic. In the crop of the great spotted cuckoo I have found a large green Pentatomid, which in the strength and unpleasantness of its smell is only beaten by Petascelis remipes, our largest Hemipteron. Again, in the crop of the racquet-tailed roller (Coracias caudata, Trim.) I have found a full-grown specimen of a large Phymateus locust, which is a most evil-smelling beast. This insect appears to combine procryptic and aposematic colours; for when settled its general green colour is eminently protective, but during “its laboured flight it is most conspicuous owing to its brilliant crimson and purple hind-wings. If annoyed when settled on the ground they often raise their wings over their backs (clearly to exhibit The Bionomics of South African Insects. 357 the bright colours), exuding at the same time an odoriferous frothy liquid from the thorax. 1897. March 28. While out collecting at Malvern, Durban, Natal, I saw a Paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone perspicillata) catch a speci- men of Hronia cleodora. The butterfly was hovering over a flower when the bird swooped down, seized it with its feet, and carried it off. 1898. Feb. 27. Saw a Marico wood-shrike (Bradyornis mariquensis) dart down from a tree and eatch a Sarangesa eliminata (Holl.), which was sitting with outspread wings on a small plant. March 6. Saw a flycatcher (Pachyprora molitor) make several futile attempts to catch a Tarucus plinius which was circling round the bush on which it sat. Noy. 23. Saw a bush kingfisher (Halcyon chelicuten- sis) catch and eat two butterflies, viz. Junonia cebrene and Catopsilia florella, both of which were captured when feeding. Dec. 1. C. F. M. Swynnerton saw a drongo (Buchanga assimilis) fly past him with a white butterfly in its beak, probably C- florella, > 15. Remains of Papilio demodocus found in the stomach of a cuckoo (Coccystes caffer). Jan. 1. While watching an Ate/la phalantha hover- ing over a bush of its food-plant, a Paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone perspicil- lata) darted past, and with a loud snap of its beak tried to catch the butterfly in its swoop. The latter escaped, however, and on following it up I found that the tip of one hind-wing had been cut clean off; unfortunately I had no net and failed to capture the insect. Swynnerton shot a hobby (Falco subbuteo), which had in its stomach an almost 358 April 26. 1900. May 13 1901. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on complete Terias. The thorax and abdo- men were quite uninjured, but the tips of the fore-wings were gone. I was watching a drongo hawking insects 5 5 from the top of a dead tree; there were many Pierinw about, chiefly Zeracolus and Belenois, but the bird paid not the least attention to them. At last a Belenois came by which had its wings very much shattered, so that its flight was weak and erratic; the drongo observed it at once, and swooped down on it, but I saw the butterfly drop into the long grass. Whether it was imjured by the bird I could not say, as I was unable to find it, and I did not see it rise again. This episode would point to the conclu- sion that the fact that birds refrain from pursuing butterflies may be due rather to the difficulty in catching them, than to any widespread distastefulness on the part of these insects, C. F. M. Swynnerton wrote from Gazaland : “Tn March [1900] I saw a Pratincola torquata [South African stonechat] in chase of Tarucus plinius. Had it not been frightened off by coming face to face with me, it would undoubtedly have caught it. I think I told you long ago of having found the wings of a lot of butterflies, chiefly P. corinneus, below the branch of a tree on which some swallows were constantly settling.” Salisbury. Saw a drongo (Buchanga assi- milis) swoop from a tree and eateb, what I took to be an injured Belenois, which it dropped almost at once. I marked the insect down, and found it to be a common white moth of the distasteful genus Dia- crisia (D, maculost). Dec. 17. Melsetter, 5500 feet, Gazaland. A leucopyga? 2 ,, e 5) sycorax Q 3 5 53 horrida & Be , to Jan. 1899. Atractonota mulsanti —,, 5 Mimic of ant. ” ” ” ” ” ” Polyhirma xnigma x > as » and yet Mutilloid also. Polyhirma xnigma - » to Jan. 1899. Mimic of large ant, and yet Mutilloid also. Eccoptoptera cupricollis, Nov. 1898. A very perfect mimic of a Mutilla. Graptoclerus sp., Nov. 1898. Mutilloid mimie. Polyhirma boucardi, Noy. 1898 to Jan. 1899. Graplipterus antiokanus, Nov. 1898 to Jan, 1899. Resembles the much larger Fig. 15, and, like it, Mutilloid. Piexia selousi, Nov. 1898. Polyhirma bilunata, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. This and the last species, when running, bear a general resemblance to Mutillids, Myrmecoptera marshalli, Noy. 1898. . anvicta - bilunata ,, a This and the two previous species are mimics of Figs. 15, 16, ete. Myrmecoptera polyhirmoides, var. mashuna, Noy. 1898 to Jan. 1899. A mimic of Fig. 13. Anthia massilicata, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. »» _petersi ” ” ” ” » thoracica “5 = 3 59 Explanation of Plates. 565 Fic, 24. Anthia sexquttata 9. Collected by Maj.-Gen. Hearsey, India. 25. Anthia nimrod 2. West Africa. 26. 5 omoplata, var. mellyi, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. Mimicry IN MASHONALAND INSECTS. Mashonaland insects of many Orders with Lycoid pattern and colouring: small groups probably mimetic of Ichneumonids. All the figures are of the natural size. All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, at the times mentioned, and unless otherwise described, at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet. Figs. 1 to 52 show a large and complex group, including species of the genus Lycws and insects of various Orders and numerous families mimetic of, or converging towards, the orange and black coloration of this abundant and distasteful genus. Fie. 1. Lycus (Merolycus) rostratus g, Jan. 1899. 2. ” ” ” 2 ” ” 3. 5 (Acantholycus) constrictus g, Jan. 1899. ampliatus ¢, June 1900. 53 55 ?, Jan. 1899. (Lopholycus) zonatus 2, Jan. 1899. » (Lopholycus) haagi 6 ,, - ” ” ” ” ” » (Chlamydolycus) subtrabeatus g, Jan. 1899. 10. ” Mw” ” g ” ”? 11. Lycocerus mimicus ¢, Nov. 1899. 12. és 53 9, Jan. 1899. 13. Prionocerus dimidiatus, Jan. 1899. 14. Pecilomorpha fasciaticollis, Nov. 1900. 15. Peploptera zambesiana, Jan. 1899. 16. Diacantha conifera 9, Nov. 1898. ie Fo rr dg, Jan. 1899. 18. Aphodius holubi, Feb. 1899. 19. Hutrapela sp., Dec. 1901. Mt. Chirinda, Gazaland. 20. Fletica rufa g, Nov. 1898. 5 a Jan. 1899. 22. Mylabris palliata = A 566 Fie. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. t yt ~ or ¢ On ve on S ~t Explanation of Plates, . Zonitis sp. Jan. 1899. Blepisanis haroldi __,, s Amphidesmus analis ,, 5 Philagathes letus 2 ,, = Be » @, Jan. 1902. Nitocris sp., Feb. 1900. 5 nigricornis ? Dee. 1897. - similis, Jan. 1901. Vitumnus scenicus, var. cinnabarinus, Stal., Jan. 1899. - 5, miniatus, Stal., Dec. 1900. Serinetha mutilata, April 1909. Lygeus furcatus % 9 Oncopeltus famelicus, var. jucundus, Sept. 1900. Pompilus morosus 9, Jan. 1909. Asclepiad pollen masses are seen on the fore tarsi of both sides, Pompilus capensis 2, Jan. 1899. - diversus Q yy % », vendex, April 1900. Cerceris orientalis, var. 2, Jan. 1899. Notogonia cresus 9, April 1900. thynchium radiale Q, Jan, 1899. Pe rubens 9, Jan. 1900. Phanomeris sp.? 9, Jan. 1901. ss dy Feb. 1900. Iphiaulax bicolor 2, Sept. 1900. Bracon luctwosus 2, Aug. 1900. s Vuctuosus ¢&, Jan. 1902. NXiphocerus cruciger, Jan. 1899. Tlema elegans, April 1900. Zygenid (gen. indet.). Mt. Chirinda, 4500 feet, Mashona- land, Dee. 1901. Newrosymploca ochreipennis, April 1900. Figs. 53 to 58 show the mimicry of three convergent and common Braconids by a Reduviid and a Longicorn. Bracon coceineum 9, Aug. 1900. c 53 dg, Nov. 1900. Iphiaulax pictus 9, Aug. 1900. - flagrator 2, Jan. 1899. Oberea seutellaris, Jan. 1899, Callilestes bicolor ,, The remaining figures exhibit a beautiful case of mimicry by a Reduviid of Synaposematic conspicuously marked parasitic Hymenoptera. 99 Explanation of Plates. 567 Fie.59. Phanomeris dubius 9, Nov. 1900. 60. Pimpla tuberata ¢, April 1900. 61. ‘s 55 ©, Nov. 1900. 62, Callilestes stigmatellus, Nov. 1900. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. MULLERIAN Mimicry IN GRoUPS oF SoutH AFRICAN COoLEoP- TERA AND HEMIPTERA, ETC. Figs, 30 to 38 twice the natural size; Figs. 53 to 59 one and a half times natural size ; all other figures of the natural size. All the specimens, except that shown in Fig. 16, were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, and all, unless otherwise stated, are from Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet. Figs. 1 to 16 represent a powerful group of Cantharide and the insects convergent towards them, and having conspicuous cream, orange or red bands on a black ground. The group gradually merges into that shown in Figs. 17 to 29, in which the ground-colour is orange or yellow with black bands, sometimes broken up into spots. Fia. 1. Mylabris dicincta, Dec. 1898. 2: 35 tettensis, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 3. i‘ » Dee. 1898. 4. 9 tricolor, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 5. 1H oculata ‘i 5 - 6. 45 9 Dec. 1898. 7. Actenodia chrysomelina, Dec. 1898. 8. < Nov. 1898. o Mylabré is holosericea, Dec. 1898. 10. Decatoma lunata, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 11. Actenodia chrysomelina, Dec. 1900. * 12. Decatoma lunata, var., Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 13. Mylabris oculata _,, * 14. Cymatura bifasciata, Dee. 1898. 15. Ceroplesis caffer, Dec. 1898. 16. Anubis mellyi, Colenso, Natal. 17. Oncopeltus famelicus, Sept. 1900. 18. Melitonoma n. sp., Dec. 1898. 19. - truncatifrons, Oct. 1901. 20. Clythra wahlbergi, Dec. 1898. 21, Melitonoma litigiosa, Jan. 1901. 568 Fia. 22. Way 24, 30. 31. 32. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Explanation of Plates, Antipus rufus 9, Oct. 1901. Melitonoma epistomalis, Oct. 1901. Clythra lacordairei, Oct. 1901. Antipus rufus 2, Feb. 1899. Aulacophora festiva, Oct. 1901. Cryptocephalus quinqueplagiatus, Dec. 1900. 5 varioplagiatus, Oct. 1901. Syagrus marshalli, Sept. 1900. Figs. 30 to 38 show a very well-defined group of small Coleoptera in which the head and thorax are bright red and elytra creamy-white with transverse black bands or spots. Platyxantha bicineta, x 2, Jan. 1899. Gynandrophthalma posticalis ?, x 2, Feb. 1899. Monolepta vincta?, x 2, Jan. 1899. Crioceris coronata ,, i i Paralepta ornata =. a 5 Asbecesta ,, “ 5 Urodactylus sp. g 5, es , ” 9 4 ” ” 9) Apoderus gentilis ,, Noy. 1898. Figs. 39 to 42 show a convergent group of an Hemipteron and two Coccinellids with the characteristic red or yellow and black spotted coloration of the latter family. Steganocerus multipunctatus, Feb, 1899. Epilachna dregei, Nov. 1898. es + Feb. 1899. Chilomenes lunata, Feb. 1899. Figs. 43 to 47 represent a convergent group of red and black coloured Hemiptera—a Reduviid mimicking Lygzeids. Redwvius sp., Jan. 1900. Ingeus rivularis, Nov. 1899. Graphostethus servus, Feb. 1900. Lygeus elegans, Feb. 1900. oi crudelis, Jan. 1900. Another Hemipterous group showing Reduviids mimicking Pyrrhocorids is shown in Figs. 48 to 52. Phonoctonus nigro-fasciatus, Oct. 1897, Malvern, near Dur- ban, Natal. Dysdercus nigro-fasciatus, Oct. 1897, Malvern, near Durban, Natal. Dysdercus superstitiosus, April 1900. 55 intermedius, Feb. 1900. Phonoctonus formosus, Feb, 1900. Explanation of Plates. 569 The remaining figures represent a group containing a Locustid and an Hemipteron mimetic of ants. Fie. 53. Camponotus sp.? % x 14, Feb. 17, 1901. 54, % sericeus, % x 14, Feb. 17, 1901. 55. ee cosmicus, § min. x 14, Feb. 17, 1901. 56. ” ” i) maj. ” ” ” 57. Megapetus atratus, x 14, Feb. 17, 1901. 58. ” b) ” ’ ” ” 59. Myrmecophana ? fallax, x 13, Feb. 17, 1901. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. GROUP OF BLACK, DARK-WINGED MASHONALAND ACULEATES AND THEIR Mimics. First Parr oF GRovp. The Acnleates with one exception all Fossores. All the figures are about + of the natural size. All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet. Fie. 1. Mutilla atropos g, Nov. 1899. 2. Tiphia rugosa 9, Feb. 1899. 3. lis lachesis 2, April 1900. 4. ,, fasciatipennis 2, April 1900. 5. ” ” 2, Reb. ” 6. Scolia alaris g, April 1900. ile , san Gg oer > 8. ” ” g ’ April ” 9. 5 fraterna g, Jan. ,, 10. ” ” g, April ” i » cyanea g,Jan. ,, 12, ,, ” ¢, Mar. ,, 13. » afinis g,June ,, 14. Salius atropos 2, Mar. ,, 15. » vindex 2, Nov. 1899. 16. » dedjax g, Feb. 1899 to Jan. 1900. Tis » regina 6, Feb. 1899. 18. » obscurus 2, Dec. 1899. 19. Pompilus sepulchralis 9, April 1900. Bi frustratus 2, Nov. 1899. to S 570 Pies 2. 22. GROUP OF BLACK, DARK-WINGED MASHONALAND ACULEATES Explanation of Plates. Orectocera (Paraphania) diabolus, Feb. 1900. Exoprosopa umbrosa, Feb. 1900. Orectocera (Paraphania) diabolus, Jan. 1900. Tabanus, very near biguttatus, Dec. 1900. Tascia homochroa, Dee. 1900. Reduvius, sp., April 1900. Harpactor tristis, April 1900. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. CHIEFLY FossORES, AND THEIR MIMICS, ETC. SEconp Parr oF GROUP, CHIEFLY FossoREs. All the figures are about 4 of the natural size. All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, at Salis- bury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet. Fic. o 1b 2. 3. 4, 3 6. Sphex bohemani 9, Dec. 1899. . a 6, Jan. 1900, cyaniventris g, Nov. 1899. pelopeiformis g, Jan. 1900. ” ” 2 ) June ” mass is seen on distal end of the left anterior leg. Sphex wmbrosus 2, May 1900. Sceliphron chalybeum ¢, Feb. 1900. Tachytes natalensis ¢, Jan. 1900. ss > 2, Dec. 1899. Ammophila ludovicus 9, Feb. 1899 to Jan. 1900. piad pollen-masses are thickly crowded on the tarsi of the two anterior pairs of legs. Ammophila ludovicus ¢, June 1900. a3 beniniensis, 9, Jan. 1900. Eumenes tinctor ¢, Dee. 1899. ” ” g “} ” ” dyschera ¢, Feb. 1900. “5; + 2, Nov. 1899. Xylocopa hottentotta 9, Jan. 1900. carinata 2, Feb. 1899 to Jan. 1900, ” ” xanthocerus 9, Dec. 1899. An Asclepiad pollen- Explanation of Plates. 571 Fig.20. Laparus sp. , Jan. 1900. 21. - ? tabidus, Feb. 1900. 22. Trymodera aterrima, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 23. Epicauta pectoralis, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 24, > subcoriacea ,, % 3 3 25. % celestina, Feb. 1900. 26. a 5 or subcoriacea, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. 27. Lytta moesta, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. The following figures represent a beautiful little group of species of Megachile and their mimics. 28. Megachile nasalis 2, Nov. 1899. 29. a chrysorrhea 2, Jan. 1900. 30. Celioxys pusilla ¢, Dec. 1899. Probably parasitic on one of the two former species. 31. Laphria sp., near flavipes, Feb. 1900. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. GROUP OF YELLOW-TAILED, BLACK MASHONALAND ACULEATES, ALMOST ENTIRELY DIPLOPTERA, AND THEIR Mimics. A XyYLO- COPID AND ITs ASILID MImiIc. All the figures are about + of the natural size. All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall, and all, except those otherwise described, are from Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet. Fie. 1. Scolia erythropyga g, Dec. 1899. 22. 9 5 Q?, April 1900. 3. Salius tamisieri ¢, Mar. 1900. 4. * “ ¢, Nov. 1899. 5. » spectrum g, Jan. 1900. 6. Rhynchiwm synagroides g, Feb. 1900. 7. Synagris abyssinica, var. 2, Umtali, 3700 feet, Dec. 1900. 8. ms mirabilis 9, April 1899. 9. * emarginata 2, Mar. 1900. 10. 3 analis 9, Umtali, 3700 feet, Dec. 1900, Lk: 9 3 Os Wee: 1899: 12 9 xanthura 2, Jan. 1900. 13. 3 emarginata ¢, April 1900. Oe 20. Explanation of Plates. Ewmenes dyschera &, Jan, 1900. Trochilium sp. , Umtali, 3700 feet, Dec. 1900. ” 7 ” ” 9” Bombylius sp. nov., Feb. 1900. Silvius pertusus, Nov. 1898. The two remaining figures illustrate the mimicry of a large Asilid fly for a common type of African Xylocopid bee. Xylocopa flavo-rufa 2, Oct. 1899. Hyperechia marshalli ¢, Feb. 1899. Mimie of the above. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. MASHONALAND ACULEATES AND THEIR MIMICcs. All the figures are about 9, of the natural size. All the specimens were captured by Guy A. K. Marshall at Salis- bury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet. Figs. 1 to 11 are a group of small insects with black head and thorax and yellow or fulvous abdomen. Fia. 1. 13. 15. Elis aureola 2, April 1900. Philanthus fuscipennis 2, Feb. 1900. 95 diadema 2, Oct. 1899. * 3, Jan. 1900. cs bucephalus ¢, Feb. 1900. Rhynchium radiale 9, Jan. 1899. rubens, var. 9, Jan. 1899. 3 » var. 9, Feb. 1900. Sphecodes rufiventris 9, April 1899. Chalcis bicolor ¢, April 1900. Athalia bicolor, Jan. 1900. The two following figures represent outlying members of the group represented in Figs. 14 to 19, the colour of the head and thorax being of a darker tint. Xylocopa lateritia 9, Jan. 1900. » flavo-rufa 9, Oct. 1899. Figs. 14 to 19 are black, dark-winged insects with yellowish head and thorax. Podalirius acratnsis 9, May 1899. Anthophora basalis? 2, Oct. 1899. Xylocopa olivacea 9, June 1900, ” oS modesta 2 ,, ae Fia. 18. 19. 39. 37. 40. 41. Explanation of Plates. 573 Elis cxlebs 9, Dee. 16,11900. Melittia sp. 3 » Mimic of the above. Figs. 20 to 29 and 31 are insects with dark-blue or blackish wings and yellow heads. Where the anterior yellow is most developed (as in Fig. 25) the group merges into the preceding one; where it is least, the convergence is towards the blue-winged group shown on Plates XX and XXI. Pompilus marshalli 2 , Oct. 1899. és dichrous &, Jan. 1900. ‘ » ~—- Qs Oct. 1899. Fs lascivus 9, June 1900. = anticus 2, Jan, 1900. Salius tamisiert 9, Feb. 1899. Tachysphex fluctuatus 9, June 1900. Bromophila caffra, Dec. 1899. Jonthodes sculptilis, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. Eletica rufa g, Nov. 1898 to Jan. 1899. Figs. 30, 32, and 33 are blue- or black-winged insects with yellow-banded legs which are very conspicuous during flight. Litopus dispar, Feb. 1899. Iphiaulax ruber 2, Oct. 1900. Osprynchotus flavipes 2, Jan. 1900. Pirates xneicollis, Dec. 1900. Figs. 34 to 36 are black insects with narrow yellow bands and clear wings. Pomptlus festivus 9, Jan. 1899. Myzine capitata ¢ - ra Metopius discolor ¢ ,, sd Two flies with their model a Megachile bee. Megachile apiformis g, Jan. 1899. Eumerus sp. nov. ? 33 Ee Laxenecera mollis, Mar. 1900. The following figures represent a Syrphid fly which closely mimics a common social wasp. Polistes marginalis 2, Dec. 1898. Ceria gambiana eee Or “1 a ENED IX TO THE PRECEDING PAPER. MAMMALIA. Cebus, sp., 406 Cercopithecus callitrichus, F, Cuv., 406 pygerythrus, F. Cuv., 379, 386, 387, 402, 531 Crossarchus fasciatus, Desm., 378 Herpestes galera, Erxl. (mungoose), 376, 378 Papio porcarius, Bodd, (baboon), 346, 380-91, 397, 398 AVES. Aquila wahlbergi, Sund., 352 Artamus fuscus, Vieill., 360 Asio capensis, Sm., 378 Astur polyzonoides, Sin., 352 Asturinula monogrammica, Tem., 349, 352 Bradyornis mariquensis, Sm., 351, 357 Bubo maculosus, Vieill., 350, 352 Buchanga assimilis, Sharpe, 351, 357, 358, 378 Bucorax caffer, Verr., 346, 347, 378 « Buteo jakal, Daud., 352 Campothera bennetti, Sm., 351 Caprimulgus rufigena, Sm., 351 Carpococcyx radiatus, Tem., 406 Cerchneis amurensis, Rad., 350, 351 naumanni, Fleisch , 340-47, 350 rupicoloides, Sm., 340-42, 345-47, 350, 352, 378 Ciconia abdimii, Licht., 350 Circaétus pectoralis, Sm., 352 Coceystes caffer, Licht., 357 < glandarius, L., 351 Coracias caudata, L., 349, 351, 356 garrula, L., 349 olivaceiceps, Sharpe, 349, 352 », spatulata, Trim., 349, 354 Cosmetorius vexillarius, Gould., 378 Crateropus kirkii, Sharpe, 351 Crecopsis egregia, Pet., 351 Cuculus gularis, Steph., 349 Dicrurus ater, Herm. (king-crow), 359, 362, 363 Eurystomus afer, Lath., 354 %? 9 9? 9? Falco subbuteo, L., 349, 351, 357, 378 Fringillaria tahapisi, Sm., 351 Gallinula chloropus, L., 378 Geocichla litsitsirupa, Sm., 351 tlaucidium perlatum, Vieill., 352 Graucalus pectoralis, Jard., 351 Halcyon chelicutensis, Stanl., 357 ,, pallidiventris, Cab., 351 Herodias tucidus, Raf., 350, 378 Irrisor erythrorrhynchus, Lath., 349, 351, 352, 378 Laniarius guttatus, Hart, 351 Lophoceros leucumelas, Licht., 351 Macronyx capensis, L., 349, 351, 352 Melicrax polyzonus, Riipp., 352 Melittophagus pusillus, P. Miill., 349 Merops apiaster, L., 354 natalensis, Reichenb., 349, 350, > 5dd2 » philippinus, L., 360, 363 », swinhoei, Hume, 361 Microhierax cerulescens, Lh. (M. eutol- mus, Hodgs. ), 363-65 iy Sringillarius, Drap., 364 Monticola angolensis, Sousa, 351 Nettapus auritus, Bodd., 378 Numida coronata, G. R. Gray, 350 Oriolus larvatus, Licht., 352 », notatus, Pet., 351 Pachyprora molitor, H. and K., 357 Pratincola torquata, L., 351, 358 Prionops talacoma, Sm., 351 Rhinopomastus cyanomelas, Vieill., 351, 352, 378 Saxicola pileata, Gmel., 351, 378 Terpsiphone perspicillata, Swains., 354, 357 Thamnolea cinnamomeiventris, Lafr., B51 Turdus libonyanus, Sm., 352 Turtur capicola, Sund., 378 Upupa africana, Bech., 351 Zosterops, sp., 407 REPTILIA. Amphibolurus, sp., 407 Bitis avietans, L., 397 Index. Cistudo ewropea, Schn., 407 Coluber xsculapii, Host, 407 Lacerta muralis, Laur., 407 viridis, Laur., 399, 407 407 99 ZONUIUS, SP., AMPHIBIA. Triton alpestris, Laur., 408 punctatus, Daud., 407 be) PISCES. Chetodon plebeius, Gmel., 375 ARACHNIDA. Agelena labyrinthica, L., 326, 327, 408 | Amaurobius ferox, Walck., 326, 408 Epeira diadema, L., 325, 327, 408 Gasteracantha ornata, Thor., 384 Lycosa, sp., 325, 326 Nephila, sp., 325 Nephilengys malabarensis, Walck., 319 Prosthesimaalbomaculata,O. P.Cambr., ‘ay Solpuga marshalli, Poe., 350, Tegenaria domestica, W alck. rs 408 Titus lugens, O. P. Cambr., 511 Thomisus, sp., 328 355 BIN, B27/, | INSECTA. RHOPALOCERA. TIthomiine. Melinzxa, sp., 468 Danaine. Amauris dominicanus, Trim., 486, 503, 507, 508 echeria, Boisd. Offered to Mantide and spiders, 297, 298, 318, 321, 323, 324 Effect upon human taste, 414 As model for mimicry, 469, 484-87, 503-5, 507 echeria, var. albimaciulata, Butl., 485, 487, 490 niavius, L., 486 » ochlea, Boisd., 466, 490, 503 Crastia core, Cr., 360 Hamadryas, sp., 467, 468 99 Salatura, sp., Limnas bataviana, Moore, 474 5T 3) Limnas chrysippus, Offered to Mantide, 298, 300, 301, 306, 311-18, 315, 317 Offered to spiders, 319, 320, 323 Insect foes of larve and imagines, 329, 338 Offered to captive 341-48 Probably injured by wild birds, 366, 367 birds, Offered to mungoose and baboons, 3877, 380, 382, 388 Etfect upon human taste, 413, 414 As model for mimicry, etc., 468-84, 490, 494, 496, 499, 501 Courtship of, 538, 539 chrysippus, var. alctippoides, Moore, 468, 470, 473, 474, 477, 478 chrysippus, var. eee Crs 474, 476, 478-80, 484 chrysippus, var. dor ippus, Klug, 473, 474 chrysippus, var. klugti, Butl., 442, 470, 473-80, 482-84, 494, 499 476 Tirumala limniace, Cr., 332 petiverana., Doubl. Hew.,507 2? Satyrine. Cenonympha panyphilus, L., 440 Epinephele janira, L., 372 aa lycaon, Kihn., 554 E. tithonus, L., 372 Melanarge galathea, L., 553 Melanitis leda, L., 416. zitenius, Hbst., M yeatesis perseus, ce 365 safitza, Hew., 302, 313 551 553 363 te] eee eatensar, Butl., vigilans, Trim., Satyr U8 ’ semele, L., 372 EHlymniine. Elymivias, sp., 489 Nymphaline. Anxa, sp., 373 Argyinnis cybele, F., 553 Atella phalantha, Dr., 357, 367, 384 340, 343, 344, 576 Athyma, sp., 468 Byblia goctzius-acheloia, 379 5, twlithyia, Dr., 337, 340, 342-45, 377, 380-85, 388 Cethosia, sp., 502 Charaxes achwemenes, Feld., 505 athamas, Dr., 362 » guderiana, Dew., 505 5 psaphon, Westw., 360 saturnus, Butl., 505 », schreibert, Godt., 365 Wallg., 322, o°? 5 varanes, Cr., 299, 375 », whytet, Butl., 505 aiphares, Cr, ” 505 Clyrestis thyodamas, Boisd., 362 Euphedra, sp., 499 Euralia anthedon, Doubl., 486, 492 », deceptor, Trim., 503 », dubia, Beauv., 492 » mina, Trim., 485, 487, 490- 92, 508, 504 », wahlbergi, Wallgr., 492, 503, 508 Eurytela hiarbas, Dr., 299, 300, 320 Hamanumida dedalus, ¥., 311, 343 FHuypolimnas bolina, L., 502 var. nerina, F., 502 “ misippus, L. Offered to insect-eaters, 299-301, 3138, 347, 348, 384, 385 Mimetic resemblance of, 468, 470, 479-84, 490, 501 PP misippus, var. inaria, L., 384, 468, 470, 477, 479-81, 483, 484 Junonia cebrene, Trim., 310, 311, 340, 342-44, 357, 380 ,, ¢clelia, Cr., 300, 301, 348 », hierta, F., 336 », orithyia, L., 365 Neptidopsis, sp., 468 Neptis agatha, Cr. Offered to insect-eaters, 299, 300, 302, 313, 382, 384, 386, 388 As Miillerian mimie, ete., 466, 467, 496, 497, 505 », imitans, Obthr., 468 », lactaria, Butl., 467 ,, venilia, Cr., 467 Precis actia, Dist., 416, 423 , antilope, Feisth. (= simia, Wallg.), 379, 414, 416, 418- 21, 423, 424, 427-81, 438, 456, 458 486, 491, Index. Precis archesia, Cr. (= pelasgis, Godt. \ Offered to insect-eaters, 340, 341, 344, 379, 384 Seasonal phases of, 415, 416, 418-20, 428, 424, 427-29, 431, 438, 450, 453-55, 458 », artaxia, Hew. (= nachligalii, Dew. Yi 416, 422, 423, 430, 439-41, 455, 456, 457 a5 ceryne,Boisd.( = tuluoa, Wallgr.), 416, 424, 425, 430, 435 ;, cuama, Hew., 418-20 ,, elgiva, Hew., 333, 421, 423 », natalica, Feld., 421, 423 5, octavia, Cr. (= amestris, 415, 452 sesamus, Trim. Staud. ) Offered to Mantide and spiders, 311, 321 Offered to kestrels, 340-43 Offered to captive mam- mals, 377, 379, 880, 382- 85, 387-89 Seasonal phases of, 415-31, 435-39, 443-53, 455, 456, 458 Gregarious instinct of, 460, 462 », btriment, Butl., 419 », tugela, Trim., 416, 421, 423 Protogonius, sp., 373 Protogoniomorpha, sp., 502 Pseudacrexa expansa, Butl., 503 vA tarquinia, Trim., 487 * trimenii, Butl., 504 Symphedra dirtea, F., 365 Vanessa atalanta, L., 368 ce cardwi, L., 3800, 311, 380 », 0, L., 442, 452, 460, 461 PA kaschmirensis, Kolb., 359 »» polychloros, li, 461 Ipye;}) (= natalensis, 377, 39 urticw, L., 331, 442, 452, 461 Heliconineg. Heliconius eucrate, Hiibn., 366 Be sp., 468 Acreing, Acrea acara, Hew., 504 », admatha, Hew., 330 ;, a@nacreon, Trim., 337, 413 5, anemosa, Hew., 324, 342, 382, 388, 413, 433, 493 ,, @atlolmis, Westw., 433 418, 438, 434, Index. Acrexa bonasia, F., 328 9 be) a? a9 TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902 cabira, Hopff. Offered to insect-eaters, 299, 301, 302, 308, 313, 314, 316, 324, 348 Ichneumonid parasites of, 337 Effect upon human taste, 413 Summer and winter forms compared, 433 caldarena, Hew. Otfered to Mantide, 308-11, 314, 315, 319 Attacked by Asilid, 333 Offered to kestrels, 340, 342- 44 Offered to mammals, 376, 377, 379, 382, 388 As member of Miillerian group and as model, 492- 94 Observations on sac of ? ,539 doubledayi, Guér., 468, 469 - >» var. axina, Westw. Offered to Mantide, 311, 312, 315 Offered to kestrels, 340, 344 Offered to mammals, 376,377, 380, 382, 383, 388 Summer and winter compared, 433, 434 As member of Miillerian group and as model, 492, 491, 496 encedon, L. Offered to Mantide, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305-8, 3138, 314, 316 Offered to hornbill, 347 Effect upon human taste, 413 Summer and winter forms compared, 433 As Miillerian mimic and as model, 468-72, 479, 480, 483, 484, 490, 495 Courtship of, 540 encedon, var. aleippina, Aur., 480, 484 encedon, var. daira, Godm., Salv., 479, 480, 483, 484 encedon, var. lycta, F., 413, 479, 490 horia, L. Offered to Mantide and spiders, 297, 298, 313, 316, 318, 320-24 forms aA Acrxa horta, L. 99 ”) 9 Dipterous parasites of, 337 Effect upon human senses, 414 Summer and winter forms of, compared, 433 Observations on sac of ? and courtship, 539, 540 induna, Trim., 308, 314, 315, 494 natalica, Boisd., 300, 309, 313- 15, 339, 384, 413, 493 neobule, Doubl., 306-8, 315, 330, 483, 539 nohara, Boisd., 324, 413, 494 iS var. halali, Mshl. Offered to Mantide, 308-10, 314, 315 Offered to kestrels, 340, 342, 344 Offered to mammals, 379, 380, 382, 384, 388 Summer and winter forms of, compared, 433, 434 As member of Miillerian group, 492 Observations on sac of ? , 539 petra, Boisd. Offered to insect-eaters, 299, 313, 347, 348 Rarity in Natal in 1897, 325 Summer and winter forms of, compared, 433-35 As Miillerian mimic, 490 Courtship of, 540 rahira, Boisd., 341, 344, 383, 388, 492, 493 serena, F., var. buxtoni, Hew. Offered to Mantidee, 299, 300, 302, 3038, 305, 307, 313, 314, 316 Offered to spiders, 321-24 Offered to hornbill, 347 Effect upon human taste, 413 Summer and winter forms of, compared, 433 As Miillerian mimic, 468-70 violxw, F., 316, 489 violarum, Boisd., 321, 324 > var. «asema, "Hew., 433, 434, 492-94 314, 470, Actinote thalia, L., 366 Pardopsis punctatissina, Boisd., 305, 307, 308, 314, 315 Planema aganice, Hew., 324, 348, 413, 466, 490 -—PART III. (NOV.) 38 578 Planema esebria, Hew. Offered to 322, 348 Effect upon human taste, 413 As Miillerian mimic and as model, 466, 468-70, 472, 479 gea, F., 488 insect-eaters, ” Lycxenide. Alxna amazoula, Boisd., 15, 414, 497-99 », nyasse, Hew., 496, 497, 499 Axiocerces amanga, Westw., 555 harpax, F., 311, 341 Castalius calice, Hopff., 497 5 melxviut, Trim. , 497 Catochrysops contracta, Butl., 335 gigantea, Trim., 494 hypoleuca, Butl., 494 mashuna, Trim., 494, 497, 499 osiris, Hopff., 310 parsimon, F., 555 peculiaris, Rghfy., 495, 499 Citrinophila erastus, Hew., Deloneura, sp., 497 Deudorix antalus, Hopff., 374 Durbania, sp., 324 Bumeus, sp., 500 Hypolycena philippus, F., 555 Lolaus, sp., 497 Lachnocnema, sp., 498 Lampides betica, L., 333 Larinopoda lirexa, Hew., 499 tera, Hew., 499 Liptena libyssa, Hew., "499 » wndularis, Hew., 499 Lycena icarus, Rott., 553 Lycenesthes, sp., 497 Mimacrxa dohertyi, Roths., 480, 483, 484, 493, 499 ns marshalli, Trim., 470-72, 480, 482-84, 493, 499 Myrina ficedula, Trim., 310, 375 Pentila abraxas, Doubl., 499 phidia, Hew., 499 tropicalis, Boisd., 348 Spindasis natalensis, Doubl., Talicada, sp., 500 Tarucus plinius, L., 357, 358, 497 Telipna bimaculata, Plotz, 499 sanguinea, Plotz, 499 Teriomima, sp., 324, 472 Thecla iarbas, ¥., 374 300, 319, 494, 499 a? a 299, 300, 310, 374 Index. Thecla W-album, Knoch, 374 Uranothauma poggei, Dew., 555 Zeritis taikosama, Trim., 339 Zizxra gaika, Trim., 333 Pierine. Belenois gidica, Godt., 435 », mesentina, Cr. Offered to Mantide, 311 Eaten by wild Mantis and spider, 316, 328 Offered to mammals, 376, 381, 385, 386, 389 Discussion of mode of pro- tection, 435 5 severina, Cr. Offered to Mantide, 298, 305, 310, 311, 313, 314 Offered to kestrel, 342 Offered to mammals, 376, 380-82, 384, 386 Effect upon human taste, 415 Discussion of mode of pro- tection, 435 - thysa, Hoptt., 435, 506 Catophaga, sp., 360 Catopsilia florella, F., 311, 341, 357, 380, 383 Colias edusa, Li., 366 », electra, L., 382 Delias eucharis, Dr., 316, 489 5, pandemia, Wallace, 504 », descombesi, Boisd., 316 Evonia cleodora, Hiibn., 357 Hebomoia, sp., 862 Herpenia eriphia, Godt., 388, 460, 506 Mylothris agathina, Cr. Offered to Mantidz, 300 ,, mammals, 376, 377, 382, 384, 386, 388 Effect. on human taste, 385, 386, 414 Specially protected and mimicked, 506 riippelli, Koch, 506 a trimenia, Butl., 506 Nepheronia argia, ¥., 321, 506 Pieris brassice, L., 338 » Tape, L., 464 Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd., 539, 540 Pontia hellica, L., 321, 339, 438, 506 Prioneris, sp. 362 Synchloé glauconome, Klug., 333 Teracolus achiné, Cr., 304, 305, 314, 344, 380, 382, 386, 388 39 Index. Teracolus cris, Klug., 460, 506 omphale, Godt., 308, 313, 370, 376, 386 phleqyas, Butl., 386 i vt, Swinb., 328 Lerias brigitta, Cr. Offered to Mantide spiders, 303, 310, 321 Offered to lizard, 339 », kestrel, 341, 342 », Mammals, 376, 377, 383 Cryptic larva of, 506 hecabe, L., 362 regularis, Butl., 553 senegalensis, Boisd., 310, 376, 377, 386 a9 ” and ? ” be) 3? 9 Papilionine. Papilio antheus, Cr., 507 arcturus, Westw., 359 aristolochix, F., 489 caunus, Westw., 365 cenea, Stoll, 469, 482, 485-87, 491, 507, 508 cenea, var. hippocoon, F., 486 constantinus, Ward, 324 2» coon, F., 482 corinneus, Bert., 342, 344, 346, 358, 380, 385, 388, 507 cynorta, F., 488, 489 cyprxofila, Butl., 488, 489 demodocus, Esp. Offered to Mantide and spiders, 298-301, 313, 320, 321 Discussion of results, 324, 325 Offered to captive birds, 341, 345, 348 Eaten by wild cuckoo, 357 Injuries probably caused by birds, 373 Protection of larva of, 507 echertoides, Trim., 487, 488 , erithonius, Cr., 362, 365 euphranor, Trim., 320, 324 gallienus, Dist., 488 jacksoni, K. M. Sharpe, 487, 488 leonidas, F., 507 leonidas-brasidas, Feld., 300, 301, 320, 348, 485, 486, 506, 507 lyxus, Doubl., 320, 247, 348 macareus, Godt., 362 merope, Cr., 486 var. hippocoon, F., 486, note nomius, Ksp., 360 39 579 Papilio ophidicephalus, Obthr., 320, 324 policenes, Cr., 507 polyctor, Boisd., 359 sarpedon, L., 362, 364 xenocles, Doubl., 362 zenobia, F., 488, 489 Hesperidx. Abantis tettensis, Hopff., 495 Laoris netopha, Hew., 495, 496 Cyclopides willemi, Wallgr., 496 Hasora alexis, F., 316 Hesperia spio, L., 310 Kedestes macomo, Trim., 495 Parosmodes icteria, Mab., 310 Khopalocampta forestan, Cr., 348, 376, 377, 380, 385, 388, 496 pisistratus, F., 385, 388 39 Sarangesa eliminata, Holl., 357, 422 HETEROCERA. Abraxas grossulariata, L., 825-27, 330, 338, 405-11 Acherontia atropos, L., 401, 402, 404 Aletis, sp., 482, 499 Alypia octomaculata, F., 411 Callioratis bellatrix, Dalm., 359 Cherocampa elpenor, L., 399, 401 “5 osirts, Dalm., 397 Cirina similis, Dist., 350 Diacrisia maculosa, Cr., 358 Lgybolis vaillantina, Stoll, 300, 315, 316 Euchelia jacobex, V.., 338, 407, 410 Halia wavaria, L., 325 Halias prasinana, L., 404 Hybernia aurantiaria, Esper., 465 35 defoliaria, Clerck, 465 Llema elegans, Butl., 517 Lsbarta pandemia, Roths., 504 Melittia, sp., 530, 531 Neurosymploca ochreipennis, Bil), ils Nyctemera leuconoé, Hopff., 370, 466, 468, 497 Pericopis, sp. 468 Petovia dichroaria, H. 8., 497, 498 Porthesia auriflua, F., 338 Protoparce convolwuli, L., 380, 388 Pscudaphelia apollinaris, Boisd., 350 Pseudohazis, sp., 411 Tascia homochrou, Holl., 526, 527 Trochilium, sp., 529 Zygenid ( *# gen. et sp.), 517 Butl., 580 COLEOPTERA. Cicindclide. Mantichora herculeana, Klug., 510 Myrmecoptera bilwnata, Dohrn., 512 invicta, Pér., 512 marshalli, Pér., 512 polyhirmoides, Bates, 511 a var, mash- una, Peér., 514, 515 Tricondyla, sp., 514 ” ” 29 9 Carabidez. Anthia massilicata, Guer., 383, 392, 508 mazxillosa, Fab., 509 nimrod, Ol., 509 omoplata, Lequ., var. mellyi, Bréme, 509 pachyoma, Chd., 349 petersi, Klug., 508, 509 serguttata, F., 509 thoracica, F., 380, 508, 509 Arsinoé fraterna, Pér., 522 Atractonota mulsanti, Perr., 512, 513, 515 Carabus auratus, L., 330, 408 Chlenius cylindricollis, Dej., 382, 390 383, 392, Eccoptoptera cupricollis, Chd., 511, 512 Graphipterus antiokanus, Pér., 512, 514 bilineatus, Boh., 343 lineolatus, Boh., 343 mashunus, Pér., 880, 390 tibialis, Chd., 380, 390 ; wahlbergi, Boh., 343 Piexia marshalli, Péx., 350, 380, 390, 511, 513 mashuna, Pér., 511 selousi, Pér., 342, 380, 390, 512-14 Polyhirma xnigma, Dohrn., 3438, 380, 388, 390, 512, 513 bennettii, Mshl., 511, 547 bilunata, Boh., 512 boucardi, Chd., 380, 390, ”? 381, Led be) 514, 515 - mactlenta, Ol., 511, 548 A notata, Perr., 511 rutata, Pér., 511 i semisuturata, Chd., 350, 380, 390, 511, 513, 548 Scarites, sp., 350, 353 Thyreoplerus flavosignatus, Dej., ! Index. Cetontide. | Clinteria infuscata, G. and P., 343, | 347, 380, 391 Celorrhina loricata, Jans., 381, 391 | Nyassinius lugubris, Westw., 349 Oxythyrea dysenterica, Boh., 381, 391 Pachnoda flaviventris, G. and P., 380, 391 as rufa, de G., 380, 391 Protxtia amakosa, Boh., 380, 381, 391 » mandarinea, Web., 335 Trymodera aterrima, Gerst., 526 Copride. Aphodius holubi, Dohrn., 517 Gymnopleurus fastiditus, Har., 349 smaragdinus, Fahr., 380, 392 Oniticellus militaris, Castn., 380, 392 Onitis alexis, Klug., 331, 343, 346, 349, 380, 381, 392 5, emnuus, F., 380, 391 Onthophagus gazella, ¥., 344, 347, 351, 380, 392 ” mS sp., 349 Scarabeus femoralis, Kirby, 395 Buprestidx. Agrilus, sp., 349 Amblysterna vittipennis, 346, 379 Anthaxia, sp., 349 Boh., 342, Buprestis flavomaculata, F., 335 Psiloptera chalcophoroides, Pér., 350, 379, 380, 390 7 valens, Pér., MS., 340 Sphenoptera disjuncta, Boh., 349 Sternocera funebris, Boh., 380, 390 Malacodermata. Lycocerus mimicus, Bourg., 517, 549 Lycus ampliatus, F., 344, 380, 517 constrictus, Fahr., 344, 380, 517 haagi, Bourg., 517 rostratus, L., 340, 344, 380, 517 subtrabeatus, Bourg., 380, 517 zonatus, Fahr., 517 ” ” 99 ” ”) Cantharide. Actenodia chrysomelina, Erichs., 518, 519 Decatoma lunata, Pall., 380, 391, 518 Eletica rufa, F., 344, 347, 380, 391, 516, 517, 531 | Epicauta celestina, Haag., 526, 527 pectoralis, Gerst., 526, 527 > subcoriacea, Makl., 526, 527 9 Index. Lytta mesta, Pér., 526, 527 Mylabris dicincta, Bert., 382, 391, 518 holosericea,, Klug,, 343, 347, 518, 519 oculata, Thunb., 518 palliata, Mars., 380, 391, 517 tettensis, Gerst., 391, 518 tricolor, Gerst., 518 ” 349, 352, 344, 380, Zonitis, sp., 344, 347, 380, 391, 516, 517 Tenebrionidx. Anomalipus plebeius, Pér,, 343, 346, 380, 381, 391 Dichtha inflata, Gerst., 342, 346, 379 Eutrapela, sp., 517 Hoplonyx, sp., 349 Lagria, sp., 334, 342, 347 Micrantereus carinatus, Pér., 380, 391 Praogena festiva, Mik1., 380, 392 3 splendens, Makl., 379 Psammodes scabratus, Gerst., 350, 382, ventricosus, Fahr., 350 Zophosis, sp., 351 Longicornia, Amphidesmus analis, O1., 517 Anubis mellyi, White, 518, 519 Blepisanis haroldi, Fahr., 340, 345, 383, 388, 391, 517 Ceroplesis caffer, Vhunh., 518, 519 fallax, Pér., 342, 346, 381, 389, 392 Cymatura bifasciata, Gerst., 518, 519 Daphisia, sp., 395 Dyenmonus apicalis, Fahr., 616, 517 Hesperophanes amicus, White, 350 Hippopsicon, sp., 522 Hyllisia, sp., 522 Jonthodes sculptilis, White, 531 Litopus dispar, Thouis., 532 Nitocris ¢nigricornis, OL, Gil a similis, Gah., 517 ” Sp., 517 Oberea scutellaris, Gerst., 583 Phantasis gigantea, Guér., 350 Phailagathes lxtus, Thoms. ., 516-18 ) Tragiscoschema wahlbergi, Fahr., 382, 391 Rhynchophora, Alcides hemopterus, Boh., 351 Apoderus gentilis, Pér., 521 581 Brachycerus apterus, L,, 524 Pe brevicostatus, Fahr., 380, 382, 390 Cleonus, sp., 349 Diurus furcillatus, Gyl., 525 Eremnus, sp., 344, 346, 349 Hipporrhinus bohemanii, Fahr., Oosomus, sp., 844, 346, 351 Polycleis decorus, Pér., 351 equestris, Boh., var., 380, 390 8 longicornis, Fahr., 380, 390 Sympieziorrhynchus, sp., 349 350 9 Phytophaga. Antipus rufus, de G., 519 Asbecesta ornata, Jac., 520 Aspidomorpha punctata, F., 351, 352 Aulacophora festiva, Gerst., 519, 520 Clythra lacordairet, Jac., 519 wahlbergi, Lac., 342, 381, 391, 518 Crioceris coronata, Baly, 520, 521 Cryptocephalus quinqueplagiatus, Jac., 519, 520 varioplagiatus, 519, 520 Diacantha conifera, Fairm., 344, 347, 380, 391, 516-18 Gynandrophthalma 520 Macrocoma aureovillosa, Marsh, 350, 352 Malacosoma discoidalis, Jac., 380, 391 Melitonoma epistomalis, Lac., 519 litigiosa, Lac., 519 truncatifrons, Lac., 519 sp. nov., 519 Monolepta tvineta, Gerst. , 520 Paralepta ornata, Tac, , 520 Peploptera anchoralis, Jac., 380, 389, 391 cambesiana, Pér., Sil, alg, Bills) Plagiodera thoracica, F., 380, 391 Flatypria mashuna, Pér., 349, 352 Platyxantha bicincta, Jac., 520 9 ” Jac., tposticalis, Lef., be) +) 380, 389, bey Peeilomorpha fasciaticollis, Jac., 517, 518 Syagrus marshalli, Jac., 519 », pwneticollis, Lef., 349, 252 Timarcha, sp., 524 Other families. Adoretus flaveolus, Gerst., 380, 390 Allochotes, sp., 394 Anomala, sp., 349, 380, 390 582 Chilomenes linata, F., 380, 891, 520 Clerus, sp., 344, 347 Corymbites virens, Schr., 331 Dytiscus dimidiatus, Berg., 330 > marginatus [marginalis], L., 330 Encaustes, sp., 522 Epilachna dregei, Muls., 342, 347, 380, 381, 391, 520 Graptocler us, sp. , 512, 515 Feteron yohus licas, Klug., Hister caffer, Erichs., 331 Hydaticus, sp., 350 Lenvidia, sp., 395 Lucanus cervus, L., 403 Pentodon nireus, Burm., 349 Prionocerus dimidiatus, Gerst., 344, 345, 347, 380, 391, 516-18 Trochalus, sp.,351 Vrodactylus, sp., 520, 521 350 341, HYMENOPTERA. Ammophila beniniensis, P, de B., 525 hirsuta, Kirby, 464 ludovicus, Sm., 525 530 9? ” Anthophora ? basalis, Sm., Apis florea, F., 335 Athalia bicolor, Sauss., 530 Belenogaster, sp., 477, 537 Bembex, sp., 532 Bracon coceineum, Brul., 533 luctuosus, Brul., 517 >, tluctwosus, Brul., 517 Camponotus cosmicus, Sm. , 535 rr sericeus, F., 585 Carebara, sp., 350 Cerceris orientalis, Sm. var., 517 Chaleis albicrus, Klug., 338, note bicolor, Bing., 530, 544 cuplea, Hope, 338, note », semtrufa, Walk., 545 Celiorys pusilla, Gerst, 530 Elis awreola, Klug., 530 », ¢celebs, Sich., 530, 531 », Jasciatipennis, Sm., 525, 528 ,, lachesis, Sauss., 525 Eumenes dyschera, Sauss., > >) 9? 525, 529 a tinctor, Sauss., 525 , 926 Hatlictus, sp., 334 Ichneumon, sp., 338 Iphiaulax bicolor, Brul., 517 flagrator, Gerst., 533 pictus, Brul., 533 ruber, Bing. - "531, 545 Megachile apiformis, Sm., 534 chrysorrhea, Gerst., 530 nasalis, Sm., 5380 ”? +P) 2) a9 Index. Melipona apicalis, Sm., 334, 336 Metopius discolor, Tosq., 532 Microgaster, sp., 338 Mutilla atropos, Sm., 525 cepheus, Sm., 512 horrida, Sm., 512 2 lewcopyga, Klug., 512 purpurata, Sm., 512 sycoraz, Sm., 512 tettensis, Gerst., 512 Myzine capitata, Sm., 532 Notogonia cresus, Sm., Dilfer allies Osprynchotus flavipes, Bral., 532 Pelopeus spirifex, F., 532 Phanomeris dubius, Bing., 582, 533, 546 sp., 517 Philanthus bucephalus, Sm., 530 diadema, F., 530 5 fuscipennis, Guér., 530 Pimpla tuberata, Tosq., 532, 533 Podalirius acraénsis, F., 580, 531 | Polistes gallica, L., 335 marginalis, F., 534 » variatus, Cress., 536 Pompilus anticus, Kiug., 531 capensis, Dahl., 517 collaris, Sauss., 547 dichrous, Brul., 531 diversus, Dahl., 517 festivus, Klug., 532 Srustratus, Sm., 525 2 bP) 9 ” 29 29 ” +e] 9? i5 lascivus, Cam., 531 4 marshalli, Bing., 531, 547 7. morosus, Sm., 517 5 sepulchralis, Sm., 525 vindex, Sm., 517 Rh ynehiwm radiale, Sauss., 517, 530 | on rubens, Sauss., 517, 530 5 synagroides, Sauss., 529 Salius atropos, Sm., 525 dedjax, Guér., 525, 531 obscurus, Sm., 525 regina, Sauss., 525 lien spectrum, Sm., 529 | ,. tamisieri, Guér., 529, | ,, vindex, Sm., 525, 526 | Seeliphron chalybeum, Sm., 525 Scolia affinis, Guér., 525 ” 99 ” 531 ) alaris, Sauss., 525, 527-29 cyanea, Lepel., 525, 526 erythropyga, Burm., 529 » Jraterna, Sm., 525, 527 | Sphecodes rufiventris, Sm., 530 | Sphea bohemani, Dahl., 525 cyaniventris, Guér., 525 pelopetformis, Dahl., 525 umbrosus, Christ., 525 9) 2? | | | . | 9 ” ”? Index. 583 Sphex xanthocerus, Ill., 525 Synagris abyssinica, Guér., 529 nH analis, Sauss., 529 if emarginata, Sauss., 529 3 mirabilis, Guér., 529 " aanthura, Sauss., 529 Tachysphex fluctuatus, Gerst., 531 Tuchytes natalensis, Sauss.,.525, 526 Tiphia rugosa, Sm., 525 Vespa maculata, L., 411 Vipio, sp., 546 Xylocopa carinata, Sauss., 525 », jflavorufa, de G., 530, 531, 533, 534 » hottentota, Sm., 525 » lateritia; Sm., 530, 531 », modesta, Sm., 530 » olivacea, F., 530, 531 HETEROPTERA. Anoplocnemis curvipes, F., 845, 346, 382, 383, 413 Callilestes bicolor, Dist., 533 a stigmatellus, Dist., 582, 544 Cyclopetia, sp. [Cyclopelta], 317 Dysdercus cardinalis, Gerst., 543 intermedius, Dist., 538, By nigrofasciatus, St&l, 538 an superstitiosus, F., 538, 543 Graphostethus servus, F., 537 Harpactor tristis, Stal, 526 Lygeus crudelis, F., 537 », elegans, Wolff, 537 Surcatus, ¥., 517 », rivularis, Germ., 537 Megapetus atratus, Dist., 5385, 542 Myrmoplasta, sp., 542 Oncopeltus famelicus, F., 518 var. jucundus, 543 ” 2) ” Dall., 517 Petascelis remipes, Sign., 356, 882 Phonoctonus formosus, Dist. F 538, 543 59 nig igrofasciatus, Stal, 538 Physomerus, sp., 317 Pirates xneicollis, Schaum., 532 Reduvius, sp., 526, 537 Serinetha mutillata, Gerst., 517 Steganocerus multipunctatus, Thb., 520 Vitumnus cinnabarinus, Stal, 517 on miniatus, Stil, 517 HOMOPTERA, Pyrops, sp., 349 Tibicen nubifurca, Walk., 332 ORTHOPTERA RAPTORIA. Creobotra urbana, F., 316 Gongylus gongyloides, L., 316, 325 Hierodula bipapilla, Seryv., 317 Idolum diabolicuwm, Sauss., 317 Phyllocrania insignis, Westw., 304, 314 Polyspilota caffra, Westw., 298, 304, 306, 313, 314 Pseudocreobotra wahlbergt, Stal, 3, 306, 313, 314, 399 Sphodromantis lineola, Burm. 308, 310, 314, 315 301- ORTHOPTERA SALTATORIA, Clonia wahlbergi, Stal, 349 Condylodera tricondyloides, Westw., 514 Myrmecophana ? fallax, Brun., 5385 Phymateus morbillosus, L., 349, 353, 356, 377 Podisma frigida, Boh., 335 DIPTERA. Alcimus ? stenurus, Lw., 333 Apoclea femoralis, Wied., 333 Bengalia, sp., 540 Bombylius, sp. nov., 529 Bromophila caffra, Macq., 531 Ceria gambiana, Saund., 534 Chrysops cxecutiens, L., 333 Damalina, sp., 334 Dasypogon diadema, ¥., 334-36 Dioctria atricapilla, Mg., 333 » @landica, L., 332 » Tufipes, de G., 333 Epitriptus arthriticus, Zlr., 335 Humerus, sp., 332 », nov.?, 534 Eutolmus ? apicatus, Lw., 334 Exoprosopa wmbrosa, Lw., 526, 527 Exorista vulgaris, F\n., 338 Hyperechia marshalli, Aust., 533, 541 ne fera, v.d. Wulp, 542 50 xylocopiformis, Walk., Laparus aes Lw., 526, 527 , 526, 527 Laphria nr. flavipes, Wied., pA gibbosa, L., 335 Laxenecera, sp., 835 = mollis, Lw., 534 Lophonotus ?swillus, F., 333 Lucilia, sp., 317 Machimus atricapillus, F\n., 333 Matra, sp., 332 584 Microstylum apicale, Wied., 332 dux, Wied., 335 Musca, sp., 317 Mydea, sp., 334 Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw., 333 » griseus, Wied., 335 », tlongistylus, Wied., 335 Orectocera — (Paraphania) Wied., 526, 527 Philodicus gracilis, v. d. W., 333 Philodicus? sp., 832 Proagonistes % preceps, Walk., 334 Promachus xqualis, Lw., 334 », *% flavibarbis, Macq., 334 re maculatus, F., 332 es sokotrx, Ric., MS., 334 », ?vagator, Wied., 334 Sarcophaga, sp., 334 diabolus, | Index. Yeleropogon ambryon, Walk., 332 Silvius pertusus, Lw., 529 Spilomyia fusca, Lw., 411 Labanus biguttatus, Wied., 526, 527 Volucella bombylans, L., 491 an An var. mystacea L., 491 Niphocerus cruciger, Lw., 517 NEUROPTERA. Bracythemis contaminata, F., 332 Mantispa brunnea, Say., 536 5 grandis, Evichs., 537 | Rhyothemis phyllis, Sulz., 334 Trithemis arteriosa, Burm., 333 », ? dorsalis, Ramb., 334 —— or (oe) Or — XVIII. New and little known species of Drepanulide, Epiplemide, Microniidee and Geometridee in the National Collection. By COLONEL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete. [Read April 16th, 1902.] AT the request of the authorities of the British Museum I undertook Jast winter, when living in London, to work out the unnamed species of the Eastern and Australian Drepanulidz, Epiplemidze, Microniidee and Geometridee in the National Collection, and this paper is the result. At Sir George Hampson’s request the Hon. Walter Rothschild kindly sent to the British Museum, for com- parison, all Mr. Warren’s types, and Professor Poulton was good enough to lend the Walkerian types in the Oxford University Museum. Out of the many hundreds of Warren’s types I have made notes of a few the names of which must fall; and have given lists of those not in the British Museum, to show the blanks that want filling up in the National Collection. The species not mentioned in this paper were found in the Collection and named. The resemblance in pattern and coloration of many species, widely differing from each other structurally, is very noticeable in the Geometridae, especially amongst the Sterrhids (Acidalids), and this family is well worth the careful study of any Biologist interested in the convergence of superficial characters. To instance a few: Eugnesia correspondens, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv, p. 77, 1s exactly like Synegia camptogrammaria, Guen., but the former has simple antenne in the male, whereas in the latter they are bi-pectinate with short stiff bristles. Pisoraca sordidata, Warr., |. ¢., 11, p. 376 ; Xenoprora parallela, Warr., iv, p. 195, and Perixera grisea, Warr., V1, p. 336, are all of one pattern and colour, but differ greatly in structure. Brachycola paucinotata, Warr., viii, p. 22, resembles very closely Perixera absconditaria, Walker, but can at once be differentiated by the structure of the legs. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 586 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Plocucha irregularis, Warr., ii, p. 377, 1s like Anisodes pallida, Moore, but has a costal fold in the fore-wings. Amongst the Boarmids, Pseudalcis catoriata, Warr., iv, p. 97,is almost identical with Boarmia trispinaria, Walker, but vein 11 of fore-wing arises out of 12 and the antennze are plumose. Semiothisa fusca, Warr. 1, p. 412, and Xenoneura tephrinata, Warr., p. 414, are almost exactly alike, but the former has simple antennz in both sexes, and the male of the latter has the antennz pectinated. Family DREPANULID. Genus Mimozerues, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 190 (1901). MIMOZETHES ARGENTILINEARIA. Decetia argentilinearia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p- 183 (1897). Euchera (?) nana, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 15 (1897). Mimozethes nana, Warr., |. c., vii, p 191. Type, Japan in B. M. Type (nana), Japan in coll. Rothschild. Genus CALLIDREPANA, Feld., Sitz. Akad. Weis. Wien, xii, p. 30 (1861). Damna, Walker, xxvi, 1570 (1862). Ausaris, Walker, xxvi, 1632. Ticilia, Walker, xxxui, 394 (1865). Drepanulides, Motsch., Bull. Mose., xxxix, p. 193 (1866). CALLIDREPANA GELIDATA. Danna gelidata, Walker, xxvi, 1570. Tictlia argentilinea, Walker, xxxui, 394. Callidrepana argentifera, Druce, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 574, pl. 295 f. os Platypteryx argentilinea, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxu, p. 8, pl. 1, f. 2 (1888). Ausaris splendens, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 195 (1897). _Type 2, Sarawak in O. M. Types (argentilinea $ 2), Singapore in O. M. Types (argentifera 2), Guadaleanar Isl. in coll. Druce. Types (P. argentilinea ¢ 2), Java in coll. Snellen. Type (splendens 3), Tawaya, north of Palos Bay, Celebes, in coll. Rothschild. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 587 SEWA ORBIFERATA. Abraxas orbiferata, Walker, xxiv, 1126 (1862). Sewa orbiferata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, App. p. 591 (1900). Argyris insignata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 645. Platypteryx cilicoides, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxu, p. 9, pl. 1, f. 3 (1888). Type, Sarawak in O. M. Type (insignata), Bengal in coll. Russell.* Type (cilecoides), Java in coll. Snellen. It is also from W. China and from Bhutan in the B. M. TELDENIA VESTIGIATA. Corycia vestigiata, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 222 (1880). Teldenia alba, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 120, pl. 124, f. 1, la (1882). Teldenra fulvilunata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 18 (1897). Type, Darjiling in B. M. Type (alba), Ceylon in B. M. Type (fulvilunata f), Celebes in coll. Rothschild, Fulvilunata is a very well marked example. Genus Zustpava, Walker, xxvi, 1637 (1862). Hmodesa, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., p. 255 (1888). Pseudemodesa, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 314 (1899). ZUSIDAVA TORTRICARIA. ZLusidava tortricaria, Walker, xxvi, 1637. a ms Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 591 (1900). Himodesa sinuosa, Moore, |. c., p. 256, pl. 8, f. 18. Hmpsn., Moths, Ind., iv, App., p. 475 (1896). Pseudemodesa fuscidisea, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 191 (1901). Type, Sarawak, Borneo, in O. M. Type (sinwosa), Khasia Hills in coll. Staudinger. Type (fuscidisca), Mysol in coll. Rothschild. ” ”) * This collection appears to be lost. 588 Colonel C. Swinhoe on PROBLEPSIDIS EXCISA. Drepana excisa, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 338 (1892). Problepsidis carneotincta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 191 (1901). Type, Naga Hills in coll. Elwes. Type (carneotincta $), Sarawak in coll. Rothschild. I have it also from the Khasia Hills. TRIDREPANA QUADRIPUNCTATA. Drepana quadripunctata, Walker, Journ, Linn. Soe., vi, p. 175 (1862). Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i p- 241 (1892). Tridrepana diluta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 18 (1897). Tridrepana subobliqua, Warr., l. ¢. Type, Sarawak in O. M. Type (diluta), Khasia Hills in coll. Rothschild. Type (suwbobliqua), Java in ditto. ” ” , There are in the B. M. examples from the Khasia Hills, Sikkim, Singapore, and Borneo. TRIDREPANA FULVATA. Drepana fulvata, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xix, p. 19, pl. 2, f, 10 (1876). Drepana albonotata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 83 (1879). 54 Hmpsn., Moths, 1, p. 34) (1892). Callidrepana ochrea, Butl., Ill. Het., vi, p. 17, pl. 105, f. 10 (1886). Callidrepana lunulata, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, p. 224 (1887). Type, Java in coll. Snellen. Type (albonotata f), Mount Parisnath, Behar, in coll. Staudinger. Type (ochrea #), Darjiling in B. M. Type (lunulata 2), Alu, Solomon Isls., in B. M. CoBANILLA BERENICA. Dyepana berenica, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii, p. 258 (1893), New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 589 Cobanilla hepaticata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 13 (1897). Cobanilla cardinalis, Warr., |. ¢. Type, Singapore in B, M. Types (hepaticata and cardinalis), Penangah in coll. Rothschild. Cardinalis is merely a reddish form of this species ; it also occurs in Singapore. DRAPETODES MIMULARIA. Drapetodes mimularia, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxiii, p. 11, pl. 1, f. 4, 4a (1888). Drapetodes lunulata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 336 (1896). Type, Java in coll. Snellen. Type (dunulata 2), Java in coll. Rothschild. DRAPETODES MAGNIFICA, nov. @. Ochreous brown, thorax banded with pale ochreous, also first two segments of abdomen; both wings banded and marked with pale ochreous, in the fore-wings there is a streak near the base and another at the apex as if portions of one band; there is also a broad band from the hinder margin a little beyond the middle, to the outer margin above the middle; on the hind-wings there is a sub-basal band from the abdominal margin, short, and with a white band on its inner edge, and a broad diseal band which is below the apex, and at the anal angle touches the outer margin; all these bands are longitudinally streaked with bright orange lunular lines close to- gether ; there is also a brown spot at the end of each cell, a dark brown marginal line and brown cilia; on the underside the wings and body are of a uniform pale greyish-white, nearly pure white. Expanse of wings 1;%5 inches. Hab. SINGAPORE. DRAPETODES OBLIQUIFASCIATA, nov. ¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen white and ochreous ; wings white with pinkish ochreous broad stripes, that on costa edged inwardly, the other two edged on both sides with chestnut-red lines ; the first band is along the costa of fore-wings, the second from the abdominal margin of hind-wings close to the base, to the outer margin of fore- wings above the middle ; the third runs across the centre of hind- wings, from the abdominal margin below the middle to the costa before the apex; all these stripes are parallel to each other and are 590 Colonel C. Swinhoe on perfectly straight and even, the second stripe has two white spots at its extremity on the outer margin of the wing and a more or less distinguishable white band running inside it ; the third stripe has amore distinct white band which is dentate and edged on its lower side with brown ; outer margin of both wings with a band coloured like the stripes edged inwardly with a crenelate chestnut-red band. Expanse of wings 17'y inches. Hab. Puto Laur (Doherty). STREPTOPTERAS CRENELATA, nov. ¢. Differs from S. luteata, Hampsn.,* in the fore-wing having no white mark at apex ; hind-wing with the outer margin strongly crenelate and produced to a point at vein 6, and to two points close together at the production of the wing below the middle of the margin ; the double postmedial line with yellow spots on its outer edge, especially towards abdominal margin, the outer area rufous without the numerous crenelate lines, the submarginal dentate line with dark marks on it throughout. Expanse of wings 1;%5 inches. Hab. Puto Laur (Doherty). Genus EcroTHyRis, nov. Palpi upturned cylindrical, the 2nd joint reaching vertex of head, the 3rd obtuse, proboscis present, antennze laminate ; mid tibize with one pair of spurs, hind tibize with two pairs, the inner medial short ; fore-wing with the costa slightly exeised beyond middle, the apex rounded, the outer margin slightly excised towards hinder angle, veins 4 and 5 from angle of cell, 6 from middle of areole, which is formed by 10 strongly anastomosing with 8 and 9; 11 from end of areole; hind-wing with the frenulum present, the outer margin strongly crenelate and produced to longer points at veins 3, 4, and 6. ECTOTHYRIS TRIFENESTRATA, nov. ¢ 2. Ochreous suffused with rufous, anal tuft grey, fore-wing with double rufous antemedial line angled below costa, and with traces of two lines beyond it; costal area streaked with ochreous, two dark postmedial costal“marks, three hyaline patches beyond lower angle of cell, with dark speck on the veins between them, and bounded by an oblique ochreous postmedial line; an indistinct minutely dentate ochreous submarginal line ; hind-wing with oblique dark ante- * Trans. Ent. Soc, 1895, p. 289. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 591 medial line, three hyaline patches beyond lower angle of cell, a dark- edged ochreous postmedial line, a dentate ochreous submarginal line ; the female greyer than the male in coloration. Expanse of wings | inch, Hab, Puto Laut (Doherty). GOGANA PLACIDA, nov. ?. Of a uniform pinkish-grey, frons brown, pectus white, both wings with very indistinct, outwardly-curved, crenelated grey lines, ante and postmedial ; fore-wings with two black dots at the end of the cell ; hind-wings with three; underside paler, shining, dots as above. Expanse of wings 1,4, inches. Hab. SANDAKAN, Borneo (W. B. Pryer). Genus TrRoToTHYRIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 19 (1897). ' AMETROPTILA, Warr., l. c., viii, p. 190 (1901). TROTOTHYRIS FRAGILIS, nov. ¢. Dark shining grey, head whitish between the antenne ; very uniform in colour, there is a red-brown streak at the end of cell of fore-wings, and some very minute silvery speckles along the costa, in the cell and interspace below the sub-costal vein, and along the outer margin ; these speckles can only be seen in certain lights, when they are conspicuous, the marginal borders of both wings are dark and the cilia shining yellow; on the underside the wings are paler, the mark at the end of the cell is yellowish-white, the sex mark on fore-wings is surrounded. with yellowish-white, and the body and legs are of the same colour, Expanse of wings ,°, inch. Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty). ORETA LOOCHOOANA, nov, ¢. Antennz laminate as in O. calceolaria, Butl., from Japan, but the outer margin of fore-wings is evenly rounded below the incurve under the apex and is not produced in the middle as in that species, the colour is somewhat similar but duller ; antenne ochreous grey, head, body, and fore-wings dull red-brown strongly tinged with ochreous; frons, head, body below and legs bright crimson, thorax in front greyish-white, fore-wings with yellow suffusion on the basal and outer portions, beyond the double line with yellow centre, which runs straight from hinder margin beyond the middle to the apex, a blackish mark on middle of costa, one at one-fourth from apex, 592 Colonel C: Swinhoe on another near apex, and two on hinder margin close to the angle : hind-wings yellow, the basal half red-brown strongly tinged with yellow, and a patch of that colour at the apex ; some brown points in the dise ; underside yellow, the red-brown portions replaced by crimson, and a black discal band on fore-wings, which is continued half-way down the middle of the hind-wings. Expanse of wings 14 inches. Hub. Loocuoo (H. Pryer). ORETA RUBROMARGINATA, nov. Q?. Frons crimson, thorax and fore-wings yellow, outer margin somewhat produced at vein 4; a broad marginal chestnut-red band ; hind-wings yellow in the interior part, the chestnut-red marginal band very deep, occupying nearly one-third of the wings, and there is a large chestnut-red patch with four or five angulated productions in the middle of the wing ; abdomen chestnut-red, tip yellowish ; underside bright yellow, the band on fore-wings pinkish in the upper half, blackish in the lower half ; hind-wings with some black specks in the disc, no band ; body and legs ochreous, fore-legs streaked with crimson. Expanse of wings 14 inches. Hab. BORNEO. PHALACRA TENERA, nov. 9. Ochreous grey ; uniform in coloration, abdomen with grey segmental lines, wings crossed by many sinuous and more or less erenelated grey lines, two in the middle the most prominent, fore- wings with a black mark on the costa before the apex, and a black line on the apical margin, which is continued along the outer margin, there is a blackish streak on hinder margin before the angle, many grey specks and points in both wings, and some prominent lines near outer margin of hind-wings which darken the outer half of the wing and contain a submarginal whitish band ; underside grey with a brown discal band across both wings. Expanse of wings ,°; inch. Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty). PHALACRA KERARA, Nov. @. With the ground colour of a uniform ochreous grey, body darker grey, wings with a minute blackish dot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with a rather broad brownish median band, a discal line of blackish lunules; the space to the outer margin brownish, New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 593 containing a pale sinuous submarginal line, hind-wings with the diseal line of blackish lunules faintly indicated, and the space beyond brown with submarginal pale sinuous line as in fore-wings ; underside dull ochreous grey, with a darker grey, thin discal band across both wings. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches, Hab. PuLo Laut, Borneo (Doherty). The fore-wing is somewhat deeply excavated at -the hinder angle, the hind-wing has the centre of the outer border produced, with an excavation below the production. Not in B. M. Euchera absentimacula, Warr., Nov. Zool., li, p. 3387 . : : . : : Java. Fergusson Isl. Fergusson Isl. Teldenia nigrinotata, Warr., l. c., p. 2 73 Drepana flezimargo, ee 1. c.; p. 272 * sera, Watr.,l. ¢: ; 3 Fergusson Isl. Tridrepana arpentiners iga, Want ike a 339 N. Borneo. Drapetodes interlineata, Warr., 1 ¢., p. 336 Java. Oreta fuscimargo, Warr., l. ¢., p. 338 ; Queensland. » (!) setntillans, Warr., l.c., p.273 . Fergusson Isl. Cobanilla fulvata, Warr., l.¢.,v, p. 423. Key Isl. - jaspideu, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 335. Cedar Bay. Cyclura excisa, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 14 . Penangah, N.E. Borneo. Family EPIPLEMIDAL. PARADECETIA VICINA, nov. ¢ ¢@. Of a pale creamy mouse colour, with a violaceous tinge, very uniform in the five males and two females under examination; a white dot at end of cell, a crimson line quite straight from before middle of abdominal margin of hind-wings to apex of fore-wings as in P. albistellaria, Walker, from India, four red dots on dise of hind- wing in place of the white spots of that species and red cilia to botk wings ; underside yellowish. Expanse of wings 13 inches. Hab. Ta-tsten-Lu; CHAna YANG; West China. PARADECETIA MYRA, nov. d 2. Ochreous brown, wings thickly irrorated with very minute brown atoms, a white dot at the end of each cell, a brown straight line from before middle of abdominal margin to apex as in the pre- ceding species ; on the hind-wings the space from the line to the TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 39 594 Colonel C. Swinhoe on outer margin dark brown, with four white dots in the disc, as in P. albistellaria : underside pale ochreous with brown striations, Expanse of wings 14 inches. Hab. Movuptn and OMEISHAN, West China. The markings in these two forms are very similar to those in P. allistellaria, Walker; the latter is a very com- mon species in the Khasia Hills, and I have a long series in my own collection. They are wonderfully uniform in colour and correspond exactly with the type. and with an example from Nepal in this museum, and the three forms seem to me to be quite distinct from each other. DECETIA DICHROMATA. Decetia dichromata, Walker, xx, 232 (1860). BA Pe Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., il, p. 218, pl. 5, f. 1 (1900). Decetia insignis, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xx, p. 242 (1887). Type, Mysol in O. M. Type (insignis), Alu in B, M. EPIPLEMA CONFLICTARIA. Evosia conflictaria, Walker, xxi, 851 (1861). Erosia exprimataria, Walker, xxiii, 851. Erosia difinaria, Walker, xxii, 852. Erosia secutaria, Walker, xxxv, 1648 (1866). Krosia plicata, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xx, p. 44, pl. 3, f. 23 (1876). Dirades parvula, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii, p. 402, pl. 186, f 5 (1887). Dirades lilacina, Moore, 1. c., f. 4. Epiplema lacteata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 272 (1896). Epiplema perpolita, Warr., |. ¢., p. 349. Type g, Ceram in B. M. Type 2, Sarawak, Borneo, in O, M., as also are the types (exprimataria and diffinaria). Type (secutaria), Sumatra in O. M. Type (plicata), Java in coll. Snellen. Types (parvula and lilacina), Ceylon in B. M. Type (lacteata ), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (perpolita 2), Banda in ditto. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 595 EPILEMA CARMONA, nov. ?. Brown tinged with pink ; fore-wings with an inner somewhat sinuous outwardly curved thin dark brown band, a postmedian nearly upright similar band, with a small inward angle near the hinder margin ; a marginal similar band and grey cilia; hind-wings with an indistinct inner band acutely angled outwardly in its middle, a discal similar band with a pale outer edge, marginal band and cilia as on fore-wings. Fore-wings with a double excavation between apex and centre of outer margin ; hind-wings with two tails as in the common Asiatic species H. moza, Butler. Expanse of wings 1,3; inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). EPIPLEMA CRETOSA, nov. ¢ 2. Palpi brown, last two joints with white tips, head and frons white, wings chalky white, markings red, a line between the eyes in front of the base of the antenne, some red marks behind the white collar, fore-wings speckled with red, and with two spots, ante and post-medial, some striations over most of the wing, chiefly on the upper portions, a subapical band of four dots, very faintly indicated on some specimens ; hind-wings with some faint red markings on outer margin and some pale red striations inside the wings, and a small dark red streak near base of upper tail; underside white, fore-wings with the upper two-thirds suffused with brown. Expanse of wings jj inch. Hab, Fst, four examples. Belongs to the nivosaria group. EPIPLEMA LABECULA, nov. gd. Antennx bi-pectinated for two-thirds its length ; fore-wings somewhat excavated from apex to centre of outer margin, and the hind-wings excavated at anal angle and not tailed ; general colora- tion a uniform pinkish-grey, irrorated with minute brown atoms, some of which are thickened on the fore-wings to an indistinct patch towards base, a small one on the upper disc and another small one on the costa above it ; hind-wings with the outer half brownish, caused by the density of the irrorations, a brown discal outwardly rounded thin band, costa of fore-wings marked with brown, cilia of both wings dark brown. Expanse of wings 75 inch. Hab. Puto Laut (Doherty): 596 Colonel C. Swinhoe on EPIPLEMA SUFFUSCA, nov. 9. Antenne pale ochreous-grey, frons black, with a pale spot in the centre, body and both wings of uniform dull brown colour, there is a faint trace of a discal darker brown band on the hind-wings, and a black inner margin to the pale pinkish outer marginal line ; on the underside the colour is paler, and all the margins pale pinkish, legs nearly white. Expanse of wings ? inch. Hab. Frerausson Isu. (Meek). The outer margin of fore-wings is somewhat incurved between apex and centre, and the hind-wings have two very short tails. EPIPLEMA AMGNA, nov. 9. White with chocolate-brown markings, fore-wings with the costa mottled, a mark like two short lines at end of cell, a discal duplex outwardly curved band, a spot on costa before apex, one in middle of outer margin and one at hinder angle ; three little spots on margin from apex to the centre spot ; hind-wings with a spot at end of cell; a duplex discal band apparently acutely angled out- wardly below, but the lower part of the band is obscured by some blackish suffusion near anal angle connecting two black spots, one above the angle and the other on base of lower tail ; underside pure white. Expanse of wings # inch. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). Belongs to the L. conflictaria, Walker, group. EPIPLEMA FUCINA, noy. gf. Outer margin rounded, hind-wings with two tails; of a uniform purplish-brown, tinged with pink, fore-wings with the costa mottled with pink and with brown, inner band obsolescent ; outer band blackish with pale pinkish outer edging ; curving outwards from eosta at one-third from apex to the middle of the disc, and again from hinder margin near the angle for a short distance erect, these two parts of this band are apparently joined together, but by so indistinet a line as to be hardly visible ; a pale pinkish line out- wardly edged with black close to the outer margin ; hind-wings with a largish black spot at end of cell, a discal outwardly curved, somewhat sinuous white line edged inwardly with black, a marginal New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 597 black line, ochreous cilia, and a black spot at base of the lower tail, this spot is crossed by a white mark ; underside fore-wing grey, hind-wings pure white without markings. Expanse of wings ; inch. Hab. Puto Laut (Doherty). Genus CHUNDANA, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc, vi, p. 116 (1862). PARADIRADES, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 353 (1896). CHUNDANA LUGUBRIS. Chundana lugubris, Walker, |. ¢., p. 117. Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 105, pl. a, £ 20) (1892). Paradirades farinosa, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 12 (1899). Type, Sarawak in O. M. Types (farinosa f ?), St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild. CHUNDANA ASSIMILIS. Paradirades assimilis, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 353 (1896). Paradirades maculata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 205 (1897). Type g¢, Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild. Type (maculata f ), Bali in ditto. Warren also reports assimilis as from Humboldt Bay. Genus CH&TOCERAS, Warr., Nov. Zool., iti, p. 344 (1596). Chetoceras simplex, Warr., l. c. Hversmannia diversipennis, Warr., |. c., p. 350. Types, Amboina in coll. Rothschild. The type of simplex is a male, of diversipeniis there are both sexes, all collected by Doherty in Amboina in February 1892; the species is not represented in the B. M. collection. DIRADES MUTANS. Hrosia mutans, Butl. Ann. Mag. N.H. (5), xix, p. 434 (1887). Dirades lewcocera, Hmpsn., Il. Hett., viii, p. 102, pl. 150, fla. G89). Divades annulifer, Warr., Nov. Zool., iti, p.2 274 (1896). 598 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Dirades seminigra, Warr., }.¢., p. 203 (1897). Epiplema rhombifera, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 203 (1897). Type, Alu in B. M. Type (leweocera), Nilgiri Hills in B. M. Type (annulifer f), Kariwini, Trobriand Isl., in coll. Rothschild. Type (seminigra § ), Cedar Bay in ditto. Type (rhombifera § ), Oinainisa, Dutch Timor, in ditto. GATHYNIA CESENA, nov. 6. Purplish-brown tinged with pink ; fore-wings with the upper part darkest, with a discal blackish line outwardly edged with white, curving outwards slightly, and with a slight indentation in its middle; hind-wings with a large white costal patch and a discal line similar to that on the fore-wings, the white patch with its lower edge evenly curved except where the line runs through it, where it is slightly toothed down the line ; black dots on outer margin of both wings; underside fore-wings paler, hind-wings white, no markings. Expanse of wings ,j; inch. Hab. Puto Laut (Doherty). GATHYNIA CYTHERA, noy. ¢. Frons chocolate-brown, top of head white, thorax purple- brown, abdomen pinkish-grey, basal portion brownish ; fore-wings pale pinkish-greyish-brown, thickly irrorated with very minute blackish-brown atoms, the central half of the wing darkest ; indica- tions of two transverse brown bands rather close together ante and post-medial ; pale pinkish dots on outer margin ; hind-wings with a large white costal patch, straight cut at its outer end, the lower part of it with a white streak to the outer margin, the upper two-thirds of the rest of the wings is blackish, the abdominal region whitish tinged with pink ; underside fore-wings pale pinkish-grey ; hind- wings white. Expanse of wings 45 inch. Hab, Fist, five male examples. Not in B. M. Epiplema denigrata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 276 f ; : : ; Kiriwini. i, grisea, Warr., lic. . : : : Kiriwini. ” particolor, Warr., l.¢., p. 277 . 5 Fergusson Isl. “5 sordula, Warr., l.c., p. 278 . i Fergusson Isl, New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 599 Epiplema wndilata, Warr., lee. . : : . Fergusson Isl. - ambusta, Warr., l.¢., p. 347. f : Banda. i curvilinea, Warr., 1. c., p. 348. 3 , Amboina. 94 nana, Warr.,l.c. . E ; i . Tenimber Isl. “f oculifera, Warr., 1. c., p. 349. : : Dili Timor, 5 inangulata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 350 : ; Batchian. . exsia, Warr., ].c., iv, p. 252 . : ; Manilla. zs nivipuncta, Warr., lc. . ; : : Manilla, am * paradeicta, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 26 : : S. Celebes. rs amygqdalipenivis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 201. : Apia Upola. 5 discata, Warr., l.c., p.202 . : é S. Celebes. a lugens, Warr., a Ge : ; : Apia Upola. nictitans, Warr., 1. c., p. 203. : . Padang Rengas. Ghestopige horrida, Warr., 1.¢., ili, p.345 . : Mackay. Dysrohombia longipennis, Warr., I¢:, p. 347. . : Cedar Bay. Dirades exungulata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 200. : N. Borneo. » pygmeata, Warr.,1.c.,p.201 . 5 ; Lombok. » acutilinea, Warr., ].¢., p. 384 . : : Penang. » latibrunnea, Warr., l.c., ili, p. 345. : Lifu. Diradopsis perfallax, Warr., l.c., ¥,p. 425. ; Key Isl. Paradirades fulvilunuta, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 230. ; Kapaur. Platerosia rotundipennis, Warr., |. ¢., p. 280 . . Fergusson Isl. Monobolodes subfalcata, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 2380 4 Dawson. Lobogethes interrupta, Warr., l. c., ili, p. 352 . . N. Queensland. Macrostylodes deformis, Warr., 1. c. : : . Humboldt Bay. Gathynia vinosa, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 351 , 4 ; Dili Timor. 3 divaricata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 26. ; Bonthain. » vignata, Warr., lc. p. 204 . : : Bali. 5 despecta, Warr., |. c., v, p. 229. ‘ : Dawson. Family MICRONIID. URAPTEROIDES ANERCES. Strophidia anerces, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 201. Micronia nemea, Druce, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 227, pl. 13, fig. 9. Type, Fiji in coll. Meyrick. Type (nemea), Fiji in coll. Druce. URAPTEROIDES LATIMARGINATA. ¢. Pure white, top of head brown, fore-wings with a broad costal pale brown band, thickly marked with dark brown striations, * Epiplema parucinotata on type label, name subsequently altered, but the type label has not been altered. 600 Colonel C. Swinhoe on both wings with outer marginal similarly coloured bands, not striated, the band is broad above, broader than the costal band, slightly narrowing hindward, the usual two black spots at the tail where the margin is white: underside same as upperside, but all the bands paler and without striations, fore-legs brown in front. Expanse of wings 2,°5 inches. Hab. KAISER WILHELM’S LAND. Differs from UV. caudiferaria, Boisd. = maundata, Walker, in having the band on the hind-wing marginal and not submarginal. STESICHORA BASIGUTTARIA. Micronia basiguttaria, Walker, xxxv, 1641 (1866). Stesichora basiguttaria, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 224 (1900). Stesichora inqumata, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 192 (1901). Type, Mysol in O. M. Type (inquinata), Mysol in coll. Rothschild. STESICHORA PIERIDARIA. Micronia pieridaria, Guen., Phal., ii, 30, 940 (1857). Stesichora preridaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 24 (1897). Stesichora quadristrigata, Warr., ].¢., iii, p. 274 (1896). Micronia notabilis, Pag., Abh. Ges. Zool., p. 127, pl. 2, fig. 33 (1900). Guenée’s type had no locality. Type (quadristrigata 2), Ferzusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (notabilis), N. Guinea in coll. Pagenstecher, STESICHORA PUELLARIA. Micronia puellaria, Walker, xxxv, 1641 (1866). Micronia titania, Kirsch., Mitth. Dresd., p. 134, pl. 7, fig. 11 (1877). Stesichora spheristis, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1886, p. 247. Stesichora nivea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 24 (189-4). Stesichora obsolescens, Warr., |. c., p. 384. Stesichora unipuncta, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 9 (1899). Stesichora multiguttata, Warr., l. c., vill, p. 21 (1901). New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 601 Type, N. Guinea in O. M. Type (titania), N. Guinea in Mus. Dresden. Type (sphwristis), Fly River, N. Guinea, in Melbourne Mus. Type (nivea), Ke’ Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (obsolescens $ 9), from Woodlark Isl. and Egum Isl. in ditto. Type (wnipuncta), Goodenough Isl. in ditto. Type (multiguttata), Aru in ditto. The number of spots on the margin is the character on which these types are based, but it is not a specific character, hardly any two specimens having the same number. Family BOARMIID/. Subfamily OURAPTERYVGIN 4. OURAPTERYX CRETEA, nov. ?. Of a chalky white colour; fore-wings with a creamy grey streak across end of cell, and internal and external transverse thick lines of the same colour, much as in subpunctaria, Leech, and similaria, Leech ; hind-wings with a short medial transverse creamy grey line as in similaria, two spots one above and the other below the base of the tail, the upper one pink, inwardly ringed with black, the lower one a black dot: both wings with ochreous grey cilia and submarginal fascia formed of pale grey striations; on the hind-wings this fascia is further away from the margin than it is in similaria, Expanse of wings 1,7 inches. Hab. OJIGOKU, Japan, four examples, all females. THINOPTERYX DELECTANS. Thinopteryx delectans, Butler, Il. Het., u, p. 45, pl. 35, fig. 2 (1878). Thinopteryx marginata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 43 (1899). Type, Yokohama in B. M. Type (marginata f ), China in coll. Rothschild. The type of marginata is smaller than delectans, The size seems to vary much, but otherwise the two forms are identical. 602 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Not in B. M. Ouwrapteryx incaudata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p.75 . Kina Balu. ” modesta, Warr., l.c.,p. 127 ~. : ‘ Java. Urapteryx fulvinervis, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 399 ; : Padang. Subfamily PLU TODIN. BAPTA PURA, nov. 2. Palpi chestnut-red, frons ochreous, head, body and all the wings pure white, without any visible markings; in some lights there is a shadowy mark at the end of the cell of the fore-wings, and inner and outer transverse lines, and a central line in hind-wings, but these markings are very shadowy and not to be depended on. Expanse of wings 1y5 inches. Hab. SUMATRA. The outer margins of both wings are rounded as in B, brunneiceps, Warren. BApTa ALBIPUNCTA, nov. ¢. Fore-wings white sprinkled with grey scales, a dark grey cell spot and traces of an inner line on inner margin ; an oblique diffuse somewhat dentate line of grey scales from below apex to two-thirds of inner margin, and a broad submarginal band of grey scales: apex with a velvety black dash, costa ochraceous ; extreme outer margin clear white, fringe silvery grey, with the base yellowish, and a fine orange line round apex ; hind-wings with curved postmedian grey line : face and palpi brown ; vertex, thorax and abdomen white. Expanse of wings 7% inch. Hab. Hatpaw, Burma (de Nicéville). Allied to B. nigripunctaria, Leech, from China, the only other Bapta which has a black spot at apex of fore-wing. BAPTA MYTYLATA. Corycia mytilata, Guen., Phal., 1, 58, 991 (1857). ‘ubera margarita, Moore, P. Z.8., 1867, p. 647. Corycia alba, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 261 (1888). Bapta griseola, Warr., P. Z. S., 1893, p. 386. Bapta distans, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 404 (1894). Guenée’s type came from N. India. Types (margarita and alba), Bengal and Darjiling in coll. Staudinger. Type (griseola), Darjiling in coll. Elwes. Type (distans §.), Japan in coll. Rothschild. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 603 Distans is in the B. M. from Omeishan and other places in Central and Western China, and also from Japan, and I cannot see what there is to distinguish it from the Indian form. BAPTA TRISERIATA, nov. @. Silvery white, wings sparsely irrorated with very minute brown atoms ; a black dot at the end of each cell; both wings with diseal and submarginal parallel grey bands more or less dentated, and grey cilia; fore-wings with a central band from the cell dot to the hinder margin ; underside pure white, no markings, cilia grey. Expanse of wings 1,45 inches. Hab. Av, Solomon Islands. This is an MS. name of Mr. Warren’s, but I cannot find any reference. DEILINIA PUNCTATA. Deilinia (2) punctata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 405 (1894). Bapta candidaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 198 (1897). Type ¢, Japan in coll. Rothschild. Type (candidaria), Oiwake, Japan, in B. M. AUZEODES CHALYBEATA. Decetia chalybeata, Walker, xxxv, 1558 (1866). Auzeodes nigroseriata, Warr., P. Z.S., 1893, p. 405. # if Hmpsn., Moths, India, iui, p. 151 (1895). Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 255 (1897). Auxeodes uniforms, Warr., i ¢., Vil, p. 300 @r90T): Type, Sumatra in O, M. Type (nigroseriata f ), E. Pegu in coll. Elwes. Type (nigroseriata 2 ), Selangore in coll. Rothschild. Type (wniformis ), Sarawak in ditto. I have seen a good many: there are hardly two alike. APLOCHLORA VIVILACA. Lodis viviluca, Walker, xxii, 544 (1861). Aplochlora subflava, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 392 (1896). Type, Ceylon in B. M. Type (subflava 2), Humboldt Bay in coll. Rothschild. 604 - Colonel C. Swinhoe on Subflava is faded in colour, and though thus differing from fresh examples, it very closely resembles Walker's old type specimen, which is also much faded ; it is in the B. M. from Burma, Bombay, Ceylon and Bal. MICRONISSA TRISTIS, nov. dé. Of a uniform dull pale ochreous, fore-wings with apparently seven and hind-wings with five indistinct slightly darker ochreons, very sinuous and irregular transverse thin bands ; antenne serrate, hind-wings rounded. Expanse of wings 1,3; inches. Hab. Taraut (Doherty). PLUTODES SIGNIFERA. Plutodes signifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 296 (1896). Types $, Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. The sexes in this genus as a rule do not differ, but the sexes in Warren’s signifera are very unlike each other, and I do not believe they belong to one and the same species. This is not in the B. M. PERATOPHYGA FLAVOMACULATA, Nov. Q?. Fore-wings with the basal patch brown, its outer edge project- ing outwards in the middle, containing at base of costa two confluent rounded yellowish spots, followed by a third; marginal third purplish-brown, its inner edge projecting inwards at the middle and again squarely on submedian fold ; submarginal line waved, pale, very faint ; central fascia between the dark basal and marginal areas pale yellow flushed with deeper yellow, containing a curved row of dark spots on the veins, and with both edges lustrous white ; a fine dark marginal line, interrupted by orange dots at the vein ends; cilia purplish, darker on basal half, which is chequered opposite the veins with yellow. Hind-wings similar, but basal patch without yellow spots. Underside with the brown darker and the yellow paler and purer. Vertex, collar, shoulders, and second segment of abdomen yellow; face, patagia, thorax and rest of abdomen brown ; antenne annulated dark and light. Expanse of wings 3’5 inch. Hab. PuLto Laut one example, BoRNEO one example. About half the size of P. trigonata, Walker. New and litile known species of Drepanulide, etc. 605 LOMOGRAPHA HYRIARIA, nov. Heterostegane hyriaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 406 (1894). Stegania wtrroraria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 203 (1897). Type, Japan in coll. Rothschild. Type (vrroraria), Kiushiu, Corea, in B. M. There are also examples from N.E. China. LOMOGRAPHA TENEBROSA, nov. @. Dull pale ochreous grey tinged with brown, head and collar dark brown, fore-wings with the costa brown, both wings with a small brown ringlet at end of each cell, and broad pale red-brown outer marginal band, this band contains a discal dull black fine line, which is duplex on the fore-wings, and is connected with the marginal line above and below the middle, by obscure brownish bands, marginal black lunules on both wings; the underside is pale ochreous grey, with broad purplish-brown marginal bands and brown cell spots. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. SINGAPORE (7. N. Ridley). PARASYNEGIA PURPURASCENS. Parasynegia purpurascens, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 410 (1894). Synegia rosearia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 204 (USOT): Type ¢, Ichang in coll. Rothschild. Type (rosearia), Ichang in B. M. PARASYNEGIA DIFFUSARIA. Anisodes diffusaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 641. Anisodes punctifera, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 220 (1880). Parasynegia parumnotata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 342 (1899). Type, Bengal in B. M. Type (punctifera), Darjilimg in B. M. Type (yarumnotata 2), Lawas in coll. Rothschild. I can see no specific difference. PARASYNEGIA SUFFUSA. Parasynegia suffusa, Warr., P. Z.8., 1898, p. 414, 606 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Synegia gopterana, Swinh., Trans, Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 206. Parasynegia borbachodes, Warr., Nov. Zool. ii, p. 393 (1896). Type, Naga Hills in coll. Elwes. Type (gopterana), Khasia Hills in B. M. Type (borbachodes 2), W. Java in coll. Rothschild, I cannot separate these. Sir George Hampson puts them under his erythra from the Nilgiri Hills, but in this arrangement I do not agree. SYNEGIA CAMPTOGRAMMARIA. 420, 691 Anisodes camptogrammaria, Guen., Phal., 1 (1857). Anisodes imitaria, Walker, xxi1, 648 (1861). Anisodes (?) obrimaria, Walker, xxu, 644. Syntaracta emula, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 408 (1894). Syntaracta obscura, Warr., 1. ¢. Syntaracta varians, Warr., |. ¢., p. 409. Syntaracta maculosata, Warr., |. c., 111, p. 129 (1896). P] Guenée’s type came from Sarawak. Types (imitaria and obrimaria), Ceylon in B. M. Types (wmula f 2), Ceylon in coll. Rothschild. Types (obscura f ), Nilgiri Hills in ditto. Type (varians 2), Gunong Ijan in ditto. Types (maculosata $ 2), Khasia Hills in ditto. It is also in the B. M. from Sarawak and from several parts of India. SYNEGIA LINEATA. Syntaracta varians ab lineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 409 (1896). Type 2, Gunong Tjan in coll. Rothschild. ? fun) I believe this to be a good species and not an aberration : it is not inthe B.M. Syntaracta ocellata, Warr., |. ¢., p. 408, is very close to some Nilgiri examples of campto grammaria in the B.M., but I have only been able to examine the female type. EUGNESIA SANGUINATA. Bugnesia sanguinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 78 (1897). New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 607 Bugnesia fasciata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 43 (1899). Type ¢, Roon Isl., Dutch N. Guinea, in coll. Rothschild. Type (fasciata 2), St. Aignan in ditto. I think these must be sexes of the same specics. BORBACHA EUCHRYSA. Onychodes euchrysa, Lower, Tr. Roy. Soc., S. Austral., xviul, p. 82 (1894). Borbaca pardaria ab parviscripta, Warr., Nov. Zool., in, pp. 130 and 296 (1896). Type, Queensland in coll. Lower. Type (parviscripta), Java in coll. Rothschild. A good species, and very widely spread, Java, Fergusson Is]., Trobriand Isl., and Australia. Not in B. M. Auzeodes rufa, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 255 Penang. Tasta chalybeata, Warr., 1. c., p. 76 . : S. Celebes. Platycerota crinita, Warr., l. ¢c., p. 120... Luzon. Leucetera subfuscata, Warr., 1.c., vi, p. 342 Bouru. Peratostega coctata, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 80 . Pulo Bai, N.E. Borneo. Pristosteqania bilineata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 81. Borneo. Scardamia fasciata, Warr., 1. ¢., 111, p. 296. Fergusson Isl. Parasynegia nigrifasciata, Warr.,1. ¢.,p. 393 S. Java. 55 nigrifrons, Warr., 1. c., p. 239 . Bonthain, Celebes. Heterostegane gammata, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p. 197 : : : : Sarawak. 95 semifasciata, Warr., 1. ¢., vii, p- lll ; : : : ; Pouru. Eugnesia intensa, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 396. S. Celebes. Borbaca lineata, Warr., 1. c., lii, p. 392 5 W. Java. Yashmakia veneris, Warr., 1. ¢., viii, p. 197. Sarawak. Plectoneura albida, Warr., 1. c., 111, p. 390 . Bt. N. Guinea. Subfamily HNNOMINA. HYPOCHROSIS OCELLATA. Patruissa sternarva ab ocellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 448 (1894). Type 2, Padang in coll. Rothschild. Appears to me to be a good species and not an aberration; not in B. M. 608 < Colonel C. Swinhoe on HyYPocHROSIS ALBODECORATA, nov. ¢. Head and body brown, fore-wings white, costa sttiated with brown and some striations near the base and along the hinder margin, a large brown costal patch beyond the middle excavated hindwards, its outer corner joined to the broad brown marginal band, leaving a white spot below the costa near apex. Hind-wings bright ochreous, abdominal border broadly brownish ; underside uniformly bright ochreous, the costal spots and upper part of marginal border indicated through the wing. Expanse of wings 1,°; inches. Hab. BORNEO. PRIONIA. SEMIFULVA. ELurymene semifulva, Pag. J. B., Nass. Ver., xxxix, p. 153 (1886). Prionia obliquilineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ui, p. 153 (1895) ; nec P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 409. Type, N. Guinea in coll. Pagenstecher. Type (obliquilineata 2), N. Guinea in coll. Rothschild. PRIONIA MEDIUSTA. Prionia obliquilineata ab mediusta, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 431 (1898). Type, Key Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Undoubtedly a good form and not an aberration. PRIONIA PALLIDA. Zomia pallida, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1877, p. 622. Zomia tnnotata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 402 (1897). Type, Andamans in B. M. Types (innotata $2), Penang in coll. Rothschild. There are also examples in the B, M. from Java and Sumbawa; they are not distinguishable from the Andaman examples. PRIONIA SPURCA, nov. 2. Body and wings violet-grey tinged slightly with ochreous, and densely irrorated with minute brown atoms, fore-wings with two large chestnut-brown spots on the costa medial and subapical: hind- wings with the costal third*bright ochreous, a thick chestnut-brown straight line from the anal angle to vein 4, the line outwardly New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 609 margined with pale ochreous white, cilia of both wings grey ; underside uniform ochreous. Expanse of wings 1,%; inches. Hab. SANDAKAN, N. E. Borneo (W. B. Pryer). EURYTAPHRIA CHLOROCHROA. Deilinia chlorochroa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 78. Eurytaphria minorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 255 (1897). Type, Pulo Laut in coll. Elwes. Types (minorata f $), Bali in coll. Rothschild. CoRYMICA SPECULARIA. Caprilia specularia, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 649, pl. 33, feel. Thiopsyche pryeri, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 893 (1878). Corymica vitrigera, Butler, Ill, Het., vii, p. 101, pl. 135, f. 14 (1889). Corymica exiguinota, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 114, pl. 151, f, 12 (1891). Corymica oblongimaculata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 305 (1896). Type, Assam in B, M. Type (pryert), Yokohama in B. M. Type (vitrigera), Dharmsala in B, M. Type (eviguinota), Nileiri Hills in B. M. Type (oblongimaculata ¢), Fergusson Isl. in coll, Rothschild. HYPOSIDRA PICARIA. Lagyra picaria, Walker, xxxv, 1541 (1866). Hyposidra cxsia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 257 (1897). Hyposidra ruptifascia, Warr., |. ¢., viii, p. 201 (1901). Type, Java in B. M. Type (cxsia ¢), Penang in coll. Rothschild. Type (ruptifascia 2), Borneo in ditto. I do not see how these can be separated. All these black and white Hyposidras are more or less variable ; it is in the O. M. from both Java and Borneo, and there is a male from Sumatra in the B, M. identical with Warren’s female. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PaRT Il. (NOv.) 40 610 Colonel C. Swinhoe on HYPOSIDRA ALBIFURCATA. Hyposidra albifurcata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 119 (1897). Hyposidra lactemaculata, Warr., l.c., v, p. 254 (1898). Type ¢, Bongao in coll. Rothschild. Type (lactemaculata ¢), Mindoro in ditto. Apparently one and the same species; not in the B, M. HYPOSIDRA FLACCIDA. Lagyra flaccida, Lower, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), viii (1894). Hyposidra schistacea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 305 (1896). Type, N.S. Wales in coll. Lower. Types (schistacea $ 2), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Probably only a form of the very variable /Z, talaca, Walker. HYPOSIDRA INCOMPTARIA. Lagyra incomptaria, Walker, xxxv, 1539 (1866). Lagyra corticata, Walker, xxxv, 1540. Hyposidra variabilis, Warr., Nov. Zool., ili, p. 306 (1896). ab pallida, Warr., 1. ¢. ab nubilosa, Warr., |. c. ab tetraspila, Warr., l.c., p. 416. ab innotata, Warr., l.c., p. 417. ab siccifolia, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 119 (1897). ab pallidiplaga, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 357. Hyposidra maculipennis, Warr., l.c., 11, p. 416. Hyposidra prunicolar, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 119. Type 3, Aru in O. M. Type (corticata $), Tondano in O. M. Types (variabilis, pallida, and nubilosa), Fergusson Isl.; (tetraspila,innotata, and prunicolar) New Guinea, (siccifolia) Cedar Bay, (pallidiplaga) South Kast Isl., (maculipennis ?) Solomons, all in coll. Rothschild. Hardly two specimens of this very variable species are ever alike, and consequently there might be no limit to synonyms if all aberrations are to be named. New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 611 HYPOSIDRA INGRATA. Hyposidra leucomela ab ingrata, Warr, Nov. Zool., vii, p- 116 (1900). Type ?, Basilan in coll. Rothschild. I believe this to be a good species and not an aberration of Walker’s lewcomela;* it lacks the white basal band to the hind-wings, which is a prominent character in Walker’s species, Walker’s type is also a female; it is equal to Felder’s leptosoma from Luzon, which is a male. PETELIA VEXILLARIA. Pachydia vexillaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 138, 1147 (1857). Pachydia capitata, Walker, xxii, 109 (1861). Alana rubiginata, Walker, xxxv, 1568 (1866). Tacparia (?) morosa, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 403. Petelia furva, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 398 (1897). Guenée’s type came from Borneo. Type (capitata 2), India, should be in O. M.; but is lost. Type (rubiginata), India in O. M. Type (morosa), Japan in B. M. Type (furva $ ), Celebes in coll. Rothschild. It is very difficult from the description to identify Guenée’s vexillaria: Sir George Hampson identified it as Deilinia riobearia (Moths, ili, p. 217). I identified it as Petelia larentiata (Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 252), but Dr. Frederick Moore had the advantage of examining Guenée’s type, and there is an example of this species in the B. M. marked by Moore as same as Guenée’s type of vexillaria. PETELIA CIRCULARIA, nov. ?. Creamy grey tinged with pink, with brown-pink markings, a band on thorax in front, the basal half brown, and the basal half of abdomen with broad segmental bands ; fore-wings with two bands of square spots at the base, the one near costal margin divided into two, a thin band (almost a line) from costa beyond the middle to hinder margin, where it is indented and is close to the inner lower end of a very large ring, which extends from hinder margin at the angle to near apex and is quite round, has a broad rim of brown-pink contain- ing a pink line; near the apex there are two brown marks joined to * xxxv, 1877 (1866). 612 Colonel C. Swinhoe on the ring. Hind-wings with the base brown-pink, limited by a small white sinuous streak, the brown base extending narrowly along costa, outer margin of fore-wings with brown lunules, of hind-wings with a brown line: underside pinkish-grey with broad marginal grey bands. Expanse of wings 1,%; inches. Hab, SANDAKAN, Borneo (Creagh coll.). HYPERYTHRA LUTEA. Phalena (Geometra) lutea, Crum., Pap. Exot., iv, pl. 370, f. C.D. (1782). Hyperythra simplex, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 60 (1899). Type (simplex $), Sula Besi in coll. Rothschild. One of the many named forms of lutea. HYPERYTHRA RUBRICATA. Hyperythra lutea rubricata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 35 (1898). Type ¢, Geraldton in coll. Rothschild. I believe this to be a perfectly good form or species ; it is in the B. M., from Claremont Isl, Queensland; lutea does not appear to occur in Australia. FASCELLINA SUBSIGNATA. Fascellina subsignata, Warr., P. Z. 8., 18938, p. 399. Fascellina curtaca, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii, p. 220 (1893). Fascellina inconspicua, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 446 (1894). Type, Sikhim in coll. Elwes. Type (cwrtaca), Khasia Hills in B. M. Type (énconspicua f), Padang in coll. Rothschild. I have it also from Penang. FASCELLINA CLAUSARIA. Fascellina clausaria, Walker, xxxv, 1556 (1866). Monosca subnotata, Walker, Char. Undescr, Lep. Het., p. 29 (1869). Fascellina deflavata, Warr., Noy. Zool., iv, p. 256 (1897). Type 9, Sumatra in O. M. Type (subnotata §), without locality in coll. Norris. Type (deflavata 2), Selangore in coll. Rothschild. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. ZETHENIA CONTIGUARIA. 613 Zethenia contiguaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 223 (1897). Zethenia obscura, Warr., Nov Zool., vi, p. 66 (1899). Type, W. China in B. M. Types (obscura $ 2), Formosa in coll. Rothschild. Not in B. M. Capasa viridifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, pallor. : ; A Omiza columbaris, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 417 » subawrantiaca, Warr., |. c., p. 418 », chlorophora, Warr., |. c., iv, p. 120 » lubricata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 65 Polyacme dentata, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 418 Zomia purpurascens, Warr., |. c., 1, p. 450 Prionia fulvifusa, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p. 36 », hematopis, Warr, |. c., v, p. 255 » rufipennis, Warr., 1.c., v, p. 255 Casbia scurdamiata, Warr., l.c., p. 431 . » anomalata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 353. Parametrodes aurantiacata, Warr., |. ¢., p. 854 Ewrytaphria Vilacina, Warr., 1. ¢., vili, p. 36. Ainsographe dissimilis, Warr., 1. c, iv, p. 254, pled, fads Qe F : Xylinophylla ochrea, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 480 Heterodisca scardamiata, Warr., 1. ¢., li, p. 415 Azelinopsis externa, Warr., 1. c., 11, p. 144 Corymica flavimaculata g (nec ¢), Warr., 1]; ¢.,-vi,.p. 63 : Hyposidra nigricosta, Warr., 1. c., iii, p. 416. nivitacta, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 257 e unimacula, Warr., lL. c., p. 258 ronophaga albipuncta, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 857. a subpulchra, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 400 Mimomiza anmuata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 358 Petelia (?) inconspicua, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 400. Petrodava sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 413 » (2) nigripuncta, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 111 Fascellina papuensis, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 37 3 albidiscata, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 446 Osteodes semicolor, Warr., l. ¢., ii, p. 133 Metoxydia delineata, Warr., 1. ¢., i, p. 442 ” Humboldt Bay. Java. Dili. Wetter. S. Flores. Lifu. Engano. Borneo. Bouru. Sibutu. Key. Woodlark Isl. Sud Est Isl. Borneo. Mackay. Key. Humboldt Bay. Mackay. Penang. Batchian. Bonthain. Palawan. Ron. Isl. Mackay. S. Flores. Geraldton. Humboldt Bay. Australia. German N. Guinea. Padang. Loochoo Isl. Gunong ITjan. 614 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Heteromiza wnilinea, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 256, pl. 4, f. 18 : ; S. Celebes. Erynnis deminvuta, Warr., 1. ¢., i, p. 442. : Padang. Callerynnis clathrata, Warr., l.c., ii, p. 139. Padang. Hygrochroa punctifera, Warr., l.¢., i, p. 444 . No locality. a versicolor, Warr., l.c.,1, p. 444 . Padang. Mesaster albidiscata, Warr., l.c., i, p. 145. Padang. Corotia (?) ambigua, Warr., l.c., v, p. 253. Penang. Zancloptera subusta, Warr., l.¢., vii, p. 87. Nias. (Enochlora imperialis, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 345 . Cedar Bay. Subfamily MACARIIN A, LUXIARIA ACUTARIA, Boarmia acutaria, Snellen, Tijd. v Ent., xx, p. 75, pl. 6, f. 1, 21877), Luxiaria calida, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 410 (1896). Type, Sumatra in coll. Snellen. Type (calida $), Java in coll. Rothschild. I believe this is only a form of the very variable LL. contigaria, Walk. NADAGARODES INEXACTATA. Acidalia inevactata, Walker, xxiii, 770 (1861). Nadagarodes inexactata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., u1, p. 265 (1900). Lu«iaria (2) straminea, Warr., Nov. Zool. iii, p. 8303 (1896). Nadagarodes straminea, Warr., l.c., p. 411. Luaxiaria punctata, Warr., l.c., p. 411. Luxiaria ditrota, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 76. Type ?, Sarawak in‘O. M. Types (straminea $ 2), Amboina and Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (punctata §), Java in ditto. Type (ditrota 2), Sambawa in coll. Elwes. EUIPPE UNDULATARIA. Numeria undulataria, Pag., J. B. Nass. Ver., 1886, p. 160, pl L021. Ewippe phalarota, Swinh. (nec Meyrick), Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ll, p. 266 (1892). Luxiaria fictarta, Walker, MS. in Mus, Oxon. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 615 Sarawak (f. Shelford), Perak, Singapore. In O. M. from Sarawak and Singapore. It is allied to phalarota, Meyrick (which is also in the B. M.), but is quite distinct. EUIPPE SUBNUBILA, nov. gd. The ground colour is ochreous white, but the body and wings are so thickly covered with greyish-brown irrorations as to give that colour the general appearance, these irrorations are in parts packed together, forming transverse bands ; the fore-wings have an inner line well rounded outwardly before reaching the costa, a middle line, a discal indistinct line, apparently outwardly angled below the costa, a rather broad indistinct discal band, a black spot in the upper disc towards apex, a submarginal sinuous whitish line and ochreous cilia, marginal black lunules, costa with some black and some ochreous spots towards apex ; hind-wings with an antemedial straight line, a double diseal band, margined inwardly by an ochreous sinuous line and outwardly by a submarginal sinuous white line, with a white space between the bands, cilia ochreous, outer margin highly crenelate with black minute points ; on the underside the irrorations are very marked and the discal bands dark and distinct. Expanse of wings 1,2, inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). MACARIA ELEONORATA. Macaria eleonorata, Guen., Phal., 1, 89, 1062 (1857). Macaria nora, Walker, xxiii, 934 (1861). Macaria neonora, Walker, xxii, 934. Gubaria amplata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 410 (1896). Gubaria niveostriga, Warr., l. ¢. Gubaria fluidata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 108 (1897). Gubaria biflava, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 35 (1900). Guenée’s type came from Java. Type (nora), N. India in B. M. Type (neonora), Philippines in B. M. Types (amplata $2), Dili and Oinainisa in coll, Rothschild. Type (niveostriga g), Dili in ditto. Type (fluidata 2), Penang in ditto, Type (biflava f), Great Banda in ditto. All forms of one species, not always local forms. I have received nearly all the forms from Assam; it is in the 616 Colonel C. Swinhoe on O. M. from Timor and the Celebes, and I have it also from Jelebu and Padang. MACARIA VASUDEVA. Macaria vasudeva, Walker, xxiii, 930 (1861). Macaria hebesata, Walker, xxiii, 931. Macaria sinicaria, Walker, xxvi, 1650 (1862). Macaria breviusculata, Walker, xxvi, 1650. Macaria proditaria, Brem., Lep. Ost.-Sib., p. 81, pl. 7, f. 7 (1864). Macaria vivida, Walker, xxxv, 1657 (1866). Macaria maligna, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 405 (1878). Azata flexilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 251 (1897). Type, Ceylon in B. M. Type (hebesata), N. India in B. M. Types (sinicaria and Lreviusculata), China in B. M. Type (vivida), Flores in O. M. Type (maligna), Yokohama in B. M. Type (flevilinea 2), W. China in coll. Rothschild. A variable and widely-spread species. Warren’s flexilinea is similar to Walker’s sinicaria. MACARIA AVITUSARIA. Kvarza avitusaria, Walker, xx, 274 (1860). Lvarzia odataria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 209, ph. 2,f. 17; Type, Sarawak in O. M. Type (edataria), Shillong in B. M. After examining a long series of these forms I feel they cannot be separated. MACARIA LAUTUSARIA, nov. ¢d. Uniform violaceous brown, wings striated with blackish-brown, transverse lines dark red-brown, Ist antemedial outwardly curved below the costa, 2nd discal slightly sinuated on hind-wings, 3rd discal on fore-wings running parallel to 2nd, submarginal on hind- wings running nearly even with the outer margin, marginal line black, cilia black, edged inwardly and outwardly with ochreous, and with black outward knobs ; costa of fore-wings with ochreous and black spots towards apex ; sparsely with brown, lines and cilia more or less as above. Expanse of wings 1,3; inches. Hab, SUMATRA (de Nicéville); PENANG (S. S, Flower). underside orange ochreous, striated New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 617 SEMIOTHISA ISOSPILA. Macaria isospila, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 501. Semiothisa albidulata, Warr. Nov. Zool., v, p. 252 (1898). Type, New Guinea in coll. Meyrick. Type (albidulata $), Sumba in coll. Rothschild. TEPHRINA DISPUTARIA. Eubolia (2) disputaria, Guen., Phal., ii, 489, 1710 (1857). Diastiatis disputaria, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 272 (1900). Tephrina subocellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 413 (1896). Guenée’s type came from Egypt. Type (subocellata ¢), Sheik Othman, near Aden, in coll. Rothschild. This species is very widely distributed. It seems every- where to be very common, and is always more or less variable. It has been described by Walker under five different names and by others under seven, and Butler described it from Aden as suhlimbata in P. Z. 8., 1884, p- 502. Genus TepRHINopsis, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 412 (1896). TEPHRINOPSIS FRUGALIATA. Macaria frugaliata, Guen., Phal., 1, 78, 1031 (1857). Macaria peremptaria, Walker, xxii, 929 (1861). Macaria cacavena, Walker, xxiii, 930. Aspilates parallelaria, Walker, xxv, 1680 (1862). Tephrinopsis lineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 356 (1899). Guenée’s type came from Central India. Type (peremptaria), S. India in B, M. Types (cacavena and parallelaria), Ceylon in B. M. Type (lineata ), Penang in coll. Rothschild. Lineata is identical with Walker’s type of peremptaria. TEPHRINOPSIS GRATIOSA, nov. d. Head and body white, thorax irrorated with brown atoms and with a brown band at its base, abdomen with pale ochreous brown 618 Colonel C. Swinhoe on bands ; wings with the base white, irrorated with brown atoms, fore- wings with a brown outwardly-curved band before the middle, both wings with a brown medial straight band, then a white band, then a broad brown band, inwardly lined with black, outwardly with white, a marginal brown band and white cilia with brown patches on the fore-wings ; underside ochreous white with broad medial and discal orange-brown bands. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. RocKHAMPTON, Queensland. Can be distinguished from 7’. perviaria, Led., by its inner curved band of fore- wings and its well- defined discal band on both wings. Not in B. M. * Nadagarodes flavipectus, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 59 : . : Solomons. Nadagara irretructa, rege L Ae 356 ‘ : Solomons. Calletera sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., il. p. 303. ; Fergusson Isl. Loxographe fulva, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 252. : Brisbane. Gubaria albimedia, Warr., 1. ¢., 1ii, p. 409 . ; S. Java. 5 tricolorata, Warr., l. c. ii, p. 134 . - Engano. Peridela triumbrata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 111 : Penang. Gonodela perconfusa, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 409. Dili. Acadra ancillata, Warr., 1. c., vi, p.57 . - . Goodenough Isl. 3) bessellata, Warr: lc... : : , Dorey. Azata tenwilinea, Warr., 1. c. vii, p. 115. ; Penang. » mutabilis, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 104 ; ; Penang. » variegata, Warr., |. c¢., ili, p. 302 : ; Fergusson Isl. »» funebris, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 354 ; : Milne Bay. » luteiceps, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 251 ; . Tawaya, Celebes. Evarzia deformis, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 408. : Batchian. » tripunctata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 355 , S. Flores. Orthotmeta dentata, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 304 : Fergusson Isl. Semiothisa angustimargo, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 411. Timor. 9 subcastanea, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 412 : Java. Fidonia albigrisea, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 407 . : W. Java. 5, strigosata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 100 . : Luzon. Thamnonoma insularis, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 1138 . Lifu. Tephrinopsis congener, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 413. Luzon. = munda, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 412 Sumba. * Bulonga on type label, New and little known species of Drepanulidex, etc. 619 Subfamily BOARMIIN_, AMRAICA SEMIFUSCA. Amraica recursaria ab semifusca, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 348 (1899). Type 2, Dammer Isl. in coll. Rothschild. I think when the male is obtained, this will be found to be a good form and not an aberration: it is not in the BM. BLEPHAROCTENUCHA ALBESCENS. Blepharoctenucha albescens, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 400 (1896). Types $ 2, marked Java merid. 1500-1891 (H. Fruh- storfer) in coll. Rothschild. These are South American insects with wrong locality labels on them. There is a female in the B. M. registered San Pedro, Honduras (Fruhstorfer), which is probably the correct locality; they have not the appearance of Eastern insects. CUSIALA DECURSARIA. Boarmia decursaria, Walker, xxi, 384 (1860). Cusiala decursarva, Swinh, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 277, pl. 5, f. 3 (1900). Lulotrichia buzwrata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 429 (1894), Cusiala semiumbrata, Warr., |. ¢., 11, p. 298 (1896). Cusiala semiallida, Warr., 1. c., p. 401. Type $, Sarawak in O. M. Type (buzurata ¢ ), Oinainisa in coll. Rothschild. Type (semiwmbrata f ), Fergusson Isl. in ditto. Type (semialbida f ), Batchian, ditto, There is a nice series in the B, M., some nearly white and free of markings as in buwzwrata, and others more or less covered with black markings ; it shows great variation. BUZURA INSULARIS. Llepharoctenia insularis, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 428 (1894). Buzura nephelistis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 77. 620 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Buzura atomaria, Warr. 1. ¢., iv, p. 244 (1897). Type 2, Nias in coll. Rothschild. Type (nephelistis f ), Talaut in B. M. Type (atomaria f ), Tawaya, Celebes, in coll. Rothschild. The last two, both males, are identical, and there cannot be any doubt that insularis is the female of the same thing. Genus ZyGocTenta, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 128 (1895). ZYGOCTENIA SINGULARIS, nov. ¢. Antenne with bristles and cilia on one side to three-fourths its length, and closely packed pile-like short bristles on the other, otherwise neuration, ete.,as in Amblychia, Antenne blackish-brown, head, body, and wings red-brown irrorated with black atoms, some black marks on costa of fore-wings, a black dot at the end of each cell in both wings, an interior line outwardly curved on fore-wings, a discal outwardly curved similar blackish line across both wings, this line being marked with black points making it look dentated outwards ; and on this line in the lower dise is a smudge-like mark of white ; marginal line blackish-brown, cilia grey. Expanse of wings 24 inches. Hab. FeErcusson Ist. (A. S. Meek), two examples. It has a most marvellous resemblance to Gyadroma testacearia, Moore, from India, in shape, colour, markings and general appearance; but its different antennae and rounded form of the hind-wings mark its distinctiveness. ELPHOS HYMENARIA. Elphos hymenaria, Guen., Phal., 1, p. 285, pl. 16, f. 4 (1857). Elphos albifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 430 (1894). Elphos masta, Warr., 1. ¢. Elphos procellosa, Warr., |. ¢., p. 431. Guenée’s type came from Central India, Type (albifascia $), Gunong Ijan in coll. Rothschild. Type (mesta f ), Gunong jan in ditto. Type (procellosa 3), Assam in ditto. All varieties which occur everywhere. New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 621 Genus PARADROMULIA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 300 (1896). PARADROMULIA AMBIGUA. Paradromulia ambigua, Warr., l.c., p. 801. A ab maculata, Warr., |. ¢. - ab rufigrisea, Warr., |. ¢. Eetropis nigrocellata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 54 (1899). Types ¢ @ and aberrations, Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (nigrocellata 2 ), Suer Mefor in ditto. Not in B. M. Genus VISITARA, nov. Antenne of male with long cilia, all but a small portion broken off, of female quite simple, costa of fore-wings slightly arched, apex not acute, outer margin nearly straight, hinder margin of male slightly rounded, of female straight, hind-wings with the outer margin produced intoa short tail at vein 6, otherwise rounded, anal angle acute, hind-wings with veins 3 and 7 commencing at some little distance before the lower and upper angles of the cell. VISITARA BRUNNEIPLAGA, nov. ¢ ¢. Pale grey-pink, head and thorax dark brown-pink, abdomen pink-grey ; fore-wings with a dark brown-pink patch occupying the basal third and limited by a duplex darker band, which is twice angled outwardly, the patch and band sprinkled with blue iridescent speckles ; an erect duplex discal brown-pink band, with an inner pale line with blue speckles and brown marginal line ; hind-wings also with a brown marginal line and a broad greyish-brown discal suffused band, which narrows to the abdominal margin, a black spot at the end of each cell of both wings ; underside ochreous yellow, a black dot at the end of each cell, a broad black discal band across both wings, terminating abruptly at vein 6 on fore-wings and narrowing on hind-wings to the anal angle. Expanse of wings 1,%; inches. Hab. & SumatTRA, 2? SANDAKAN, Borneo. ECTROPIS DECURSARIA. Tephrina decursaria, Walker, xxvi, 1659 (1862). Eetropis decursaria, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 287, pl. v, f. 21 (1900). Ectropis petras, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 75. Type, Sarawak, Borneo, in O. M. Type (petras), Pulo Laut, Borneo, in B, M. 622 Colonel C. Swinhoe on ECTROPIS SEMIPARATA. Acidalia semiparata, Walker, xxii, 764 (1861). Acidalia illepidaria, Walker, xxiii, 765. Diplurodes indentata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 193 (1897). Myrioblephara pustulata, Warr., 1. ¢., vu, p. 114 (1900). Type, Sarawak, in O. M. Type (allepidar ‘ia), ditto. Type (indentata f ), Penangah in coll. Rothschild, Type (pustulata f ), Penang i in ditto. ETROPIS FRACTARIA. Tephrosia fractaria, Guen., Phal., i, 270-424 (1857). Hypochroma dissentanea, Walker, xxi, 442 (1860). Hypochroma dissonata, Walker, xxi, 443. Tephrosia seitiferata, Walker, Char. Undescr. Lep. Het., 77 (1869). Tephrosia fulgurigera, Walker, 1. ¢. Boarmia nigraria, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 126, f. 1 (1874). Guenée’s type came from Australia. Type (dissentanea), Tasmania in B. M. Type (dissonata), Australia in B, M. Types (scitiferata 9 and fulgurigera 2), Australia in Melbourne Mus. Type (nigraria), Sydney in coll. Rothschild. Walker’s description clearly shows that the two types in Mus. Melbourne are merely varietal females of this variable species. ECTROPIS TERRESTRIS, nov. dé ?. Head, body, and wings ochreous grey, the ground colour is really white, densely packed with very minute ochreous brown irrorations ; frons white, abdomen with a brown band on second segment ; fore-wings with an interior outwardly curved blackish line, a medial similar line ; hind-wings with a discal line, all these lines with black dentate like points, both wings with sinuous white line and black marginal spots, a brownish indistinct patch in the middle of the disc of fore-wings; underside uniform grey, no markings. Expanse of wings ¢ 14%, 2 2 inches. Hab. Honea Kone. Three pairs. New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 623 Genus CARECOMOTIS, Warr., Nov. Zool., ini, p. 402 (1896). CARECOMOTIS PUPILLATA. Boarmia pupillata, Walker, xxi, 491 (1860). Opthalmodes pupillata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., u, p. 285, pl. 5, f. 2 (1900). Carecomotis perfumosa, Warr., |. c. Type, Sarawak, Borneo, in O. M. Types (perfumosa f 2 ), Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild. Not in B.M. ECTROPIDIA EXPRIMATA. Acidalia exprimata, Walker, xxii, 764 (1861). Ketropidia exprimata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 288, pl. 5, f. 11 (1900). Eetropidia fimbripedata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vu, p. 114 (1900). Type, Sarawak in O. M. Type (fimbripedata f ), Gunong Tan in coll. Rothschild. ASCOTIS SELENARIA. Geometra selenaria, Schitf., Wien. Verz., 101, 7 (1776). Ascotis sordida, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 435 (1894). Type (sordida), Corea in coll. Rothschild. One of the innumerable forms of the widely distributed selenaria. BOARMIA ACACTARIA. Boarmia acaciaria, Boisd., Faun, Ent. Madag. Lep., p. 116, pl. 16, f. 4 (1834). Boarnia alienaria, Walker, xxi, 370 (1860). Boarmia processaria, Walker, xxi, 372. Boarmia gelidaria, Walker, xxvi, 1537 (1862). Boarmia illustrarva, Walker, xxvi, 1539. Boarmia concentraria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xix, p. 40, pl. 3, 1,20) (1877). Chogada fraterna, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 245 (1888). Opthalmodes minutaria, Leech, Entom. Suppl. p. 43 (1891). Boisduval’s type came from Madagascar. Type (altenaria), Silhet in O. M. Type ( processaria), Maulmein in B, M. Type (gelideria), Canara in B. M. Type (illustraria), Moreton Bay in B, M. 624 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Type (concentraria), Sumatra in coll. Snellen. Type (f/raterna), Darjiling in coll. Staudinger. Type (minutaria), Loochoo in B, M. BOARMIA INFLEXARIA. Boarmia inflecaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxi, p. 72, pl. 8, f. 5 (1881). Boarmia epistictis, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1889, p. 499. Boarmia repetita, Butl, Ann, Mag. N. H. (5), x, p. 231 (1882). Chogada epistictis ab fasciata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 299 (1896). = ab semialba, Warr., 1. ¢. fe ab rufigrisea, Warr., 1. ¢. . ab suffusa, Warr., 1. ¢. 55 ab flavifasciata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.52(1899), Type, Celebes in coll. Snellen. Type (epistictis), N. Guinea in coll. Meyrick. Type (repetita), Duke of York Island in B. M. Types (fasciata ¢, rufigrisea 2, suffusa 2), Kiriwini, Trobriand Isl., in coll. Rothschild. Type (semialba ¢ ), Fergusson Isl. in ditto. Type (flavifasciata 2), St. Aignan in ditto. BOARMIA COMPACTARIA. boarmia compactaria, Walker, xxvi, 1538 (1862). Chogata vittata, Warr., Nov. Zool., p. 349 (1899). Type, Penang in B. M. Type (vittata 2), Rossell Isl. in coll. Rothschild. A very variable insect; there are also examples in the B. M. from Sandakan and Ceylon, in the O. M. from Singa- pur, and in my own coll. from Perak and from Aberdeen, Andaman Isls., collected by Wimberly, BOARMIA INVENUSTARIA. Amphidasys invenustaria, Leech, Entom, Suppl, p. 43 (1891). Alcis molata, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 82 (1901). Type, Japan in B, M. Type (molata $), Yokohama in coll. Rothschild. Warren’s type is only a small example of Leech’s species ; some of Leech’s series now in the B. M. are identical, New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 625 BoOARMIA DISPLICENS. Loarmia displicens, Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 395 (1878). Aleis faustinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 246 (1897). Type, Yokohama in B. M. Type (faustinata ), W. China in coll. Rothschild. BOARMIA DEFINITA. Boarmia definita, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 407. Aleis nigrifumata, Warr., Novy. Zool., viii, p. 199 (1901). Type, Japan in B, M. Type (nigrifumata § ), Nippon in coll. Rothschild. BOARMIA INOFFENSA, nov. 3 @. Top of head pinkish-grey, body brown, wings with ground colour pinkish-grey, much suffused with brown in parts, leaving a patch on costa, another on outer margin, and the greater part of the lower interior of the fore-wings pinkish-grey, and of the hind-wing only a small part here and there, a lunular mark at the end of each cell, fore-wings with ante and post medial outwardly curved sinuous lines, pale with brown margins ; hind-wings with a similar discal line, both wings with a submarginal line; outer margin with black spots; underside white with a very large black patch at end of cell of fore-wings and a black spot on the hind- wings, both wings with very broad black marginal band containing a white spot on each margin below the middle. Expanse of wings 1,5 inches. Hab. JAVA. It is allied to B. compactaria, Walker, and stands in the B. M.as B. inoffensa, Warr., but I can find no reference. BoARMIA DELIKA, nov. ¢. Antenne, palpi, head, and body blackish-brown, a grey stripe on the thorax in front ; fore-wings chocolate-red, hind-wings choco- late-brown, smeared in parts with violaceous white, on the fore- wings it gives the appearance of a whitish surface with chocolate bands and spots, many spots on the costa of various sizes, three very irregular macular bands interior, central and discal, some of the spots in the discal band joined to similar spots on the outer margin, the discal band includes a brown line ; almost the entire space on the hinder margin chocolate-red. Hind-wings with the base TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.— PART IN. (Nov.) 41 626 Colonel C. Swinhoe on violaceous white as is also the lower third, these spaces are traversed by irregular brown lines and markings, the central space, right across the wing to the apex dark brown ; underside dull grey, costa of fore-wings with ochreous spots, both wings with four central bands close together. Expanse of wings 1,4, inches. Hab. SANDAKAN, N.E. Borneo (W. B. Pryer). BoOARMIA LECTONIA, nov. é 2. Greyish-white, densely irrorated with minute brewn atoms, frons white with a brown spot, abdomen with dorsal brown spots in pairs on each segment ; fore-wings with an interior outwardly curved brown line, the space inside it dark, a medial brown line, a duplex discal ecrenelated line ; hind-wings with an interior line and a duplex middle line ; all the lines on fore-wings commencing with brown patches on the costa; both wings with submarginal white erenelated line, the space to the margin dark, with black marginal points, a black dot at end of each cell ; underside grey, palpi below and pectus white, cell dots, ante and post-medial lines, an ochreous apical patch and ochreous cilia with brown patches. Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 2 1,3, inches. Hab. JAPAN, one male and three females. BoARMIA COSTARIA. Boarmia costaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 242, 361 (1857). Serraca spissata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 56 (1899). Guenée’s type came from Sarawak. Type (spissata 2), Nias in coll. Rothschild. Spissata is merely a melanistic form of costaria. ABACISCUS PANNOSARIA. Cleora pannosaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 629. Diplurodes contacta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 53 (1899). Type, Bengal in col]. Russell. Type (contacta 2), Arjuno, Java, in coll. Rothschild. I can see no difference, pannosaria is not uncommon 1n Assam. Genus SYMMETROCTENA, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 127 (1895), Lirocya, Warr., |. c., v, p. 249 (1898). SYMMETROCTENA EXPRIMATARIA. Larentia exprimataria, Walker, xxvi, 1704 (1862), Iipogya exprimataria, Warr,, l. ¢. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 627 Symmetroctena fumosa, Warr., |. c., u, p. 128. Type, without locality in B. M. Type (fumosa f ), Queensland in coll. Rothschild. In the B. M. this is under Genus Smyriodes, but aplec- taria, Guen. the type species, is something quite different. Meyrick put it in the Genus Selidosena = Boarmia, but as Warren points out it has no fovea, Genus SyssreMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 57 (1599). SYSSTEMA MICRODOXA. Diastictis microdoxa, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1897, p. 75. Sysstemia farinosa, Warr., |. c., p. 353. Type, Pulo Laut in B. M. Type (farinosa $), Ron Isl. in coll. Rothschild. XENOSINA EREMIAS. Selidosema eremias, Meyrick, Pr. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. (2), vi, p. 600 (1891). Xenosina detrita, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 115 (1900). Type, New South Wales in Sydney Mus. Type (detrita f), Strathfield, New South Wales, in coll. Rothschild. PHELOTIS EXCURSARIA. Tephrosia excursaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 267, 416 (1857). Tephrosia phibalapteraria, Guen., |. c., 268, 417. Hemerophila vestita, Walker, xxi, 322 (1860). Boarmia attributa, Walker, xxi, 390. Tephrosia subtinctaria, Walker, xxi, 415. Boarmia decertaria, Walker, xxi, 391. Hubyja turpis, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 49 (1899). Guenée’s types came from Australia. Type (vesteta), Tasmania in B. M. Types (attributa and decertaria), Sydney in B. M. Type (subtinctaria), Australia in B. M. Type (turpis 2 ), 8. Flores in coll. Rothschild. Genus ANTICYPELLA, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 108. ANTICYPELLA DIFFUSARIA. Medasina diffusaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p.-432 (April 1897). 628 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Nychiodes gigantaria, Staud., Iris, x, p. 48, pl. 1, f 32 (1897). Anticypella gigantaria, Meyrick, 1. ¢. Type, Central China in B. M. Type (gigantaria), Amur in coll, Staudinger. Staudinger wrote the description of his species in 1891 and printed the name in his lists, but his paper was not published until late in 1897. PARATHEMIS CANESCARIA. Boarmia canescaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 249, 880 (1857). Parathenis irvrorata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 250 (1898). Parathemis violescens, Warr., |. c. Guenée’s type came from New Holland. Types (irrorata 2 and violescens f 9), Dawson, Queens- land, in coll. Rothschild. It is also from Queensland in the B. M.; the species is variable, irrorate and violescens are merely ordinary varietal forms. DULIOPHYLE MAJUSCULARIA. Boarmia majuscularia, Leech, Ann. Mag., N. H. (6), xix, p. 420 (1897). : Duliophyle agitata ab diluta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 113 (1900). Type, Japan in B. M. Type (diluta 2), Japan in coll. Rothschild. PROTEOSTRENIA OCCULTA. Proteostrenia lida ab occulta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vii, p. 200 (1901). Type 2, Nippon in coll. Rothschild. I believe this to be a good form and not an aberration ; it is not in the B. M. LAOPHILA FOKIA, nov. 49. Dark grey, densely irrorated with minute brown atoms, colour uniform ; wings with a black dot at the end of each cell and dark grey transverse lines, all more or less slightly sinuous and slightly curving outward ; fore-wings with the 1st at one-fourth, 2nd in the middle, well curved round the cell dot, this line runs across New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 629 the hind-wings at one-third, both wings with discal line containing minute black points, and between this and the margin are two or three indistinct lines, all the lines more apparent in the female than in the male, marginal points black and very minute ; underside paler without irrorations, the discal lines only indicated. Expanse of wings ,%, inch. Hab. 8.E. AUSTRALA (Raynor coll.). LAOPHILIA MODESTA, nov. ¢. Dark grey, with a slight ochreous tinge ; wings with a black dot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with an indistinct interior grey line, both wings with two discal lines rather close together, wider apart on the hind than on the fore-wings, the inner of these two lines slightly sinuous, the outer somewhat dentated, a sub- marginal similar line, the margin itself darker than the rest of the wings ; underside paler, the hinder marginal space of fore-wings and the inner portions of the hind-wings nearly white, a discal row of minute grey points, cilia dark and glazed. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. S.E. AUSTRALIA (Raynor coll.). CHLENIAS BANKSIARIA. Chlenias banksiaria, Le Guillon, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 257. e Guen., Phal., 11, p. 239 (1857). Chlenias acutaria, Guen., le, pl. ‘14, tech: Chlenias indecisata, Walker, XXIV, 1153 (1862). Asteroscopus nodosus, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 289, pl. 8, f. 13 (1892). Le Guillon’s type came from New Holland. Guence’s type came from Tasmania. Type (indecisata), Australia in B. M. Type (nodosus), Van Diemen’s Land in O. M. Genus FisErA, Walker, xxi, 291 (1860). CriomacHa, Meyrick, Pr. Linn. Soe, N. 8. W., (2) vi, p. 659 (2891). FISERA PERPLEXATA. Fisera peplexata, Walker, xxi, 292. Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon,, ii, p. 275, “pl. Gy f. 3 (1900), 630 Feld., Chlenias belideana, (1874). Criomacha belideana, Meyrick, 1. c. Type, Tasmania in O. M. Colonel C. Swinhoe ov Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 124, f. 9 Type (belideana), Australia in coll. Rothschild. Not in B. M. Eubyjodonta concinna, ae Nov. Zool., vi, p. 50. . . Cusiala fessa, Warr., ]. ¢. iil, p. 401 5, malescripta (= bistonaria, Walk.),* Warr., l.c., iv, p: 90 : Blepharoctenia perclara, Warr., vi, p. 49. Buzwra pura, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 429. Muidana pallidiplaga, Warr., 1.c., vi, p.351 5 ab fumipicta, Warr., lc. . Elphos subrubida, Warr., 1. ¢., 11, p. 300 Paradromulia anomala, Warr., 1. ¢., 1v, p. 34. : . ‘ , 5 ; Scotopteryx lignicolor, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 90 Catascia prlverulenta, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 250 Opthalmodes ruficornis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 249. Ectropis prepicta, Warr., 1. ¢., Vili, p. 33 » vrufibrunnia, Warr., l.¢., vi, p. 350 » macariata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 248 » nigrocellata, Warr., 1. c., vi, p. 54 . + ,, hypochromaria, Warr., l.c¢., p. 350 Gusterocoma subfasciata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 351 Racotis boarmiaria Sie pe Warr., Pe 1V,ip. 98 Miivicblénhare picta, Warr., 1.'¢., 1, p: 404 Cleora trisinuata, Warr., l.¢., v, p. 248 Alcis (?) paucisignata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 348 Chogada lacteata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 247 ” a biscae Dice: Vil, Sp 12 : Cubtin rayiplada: Warr., ie €:, V1, PB: 348 Microtome trigonata, Warr., ibe C., p. 352 t Tephrina (2) convergens, Warr., |. c., p. 61 Pachyplocia griseata, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 404 Polycrasta ocellata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 302 Nias. Adonara. Kalao. Formosa. S. Celebes. Sud Est Isl. Rossell Isl. Fergusson Isl. N. Guinea. Lawas, N. Borneo. b] Taganat Isl. Tawaya and Dongola. Yokohama. Mackay. Cedar Bay. Ron Isl. Milne Bay Penang. N. Guinea. Java. N. Guinea. Junong Tjan. N. Britain. Geraldton. Strattfield, N.S. W. Rossel] Isl. W. China. Cedar Bay. Kiriwini. * See Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., + Gusterocoma on type label. ii, p. 277 (1900). { Paratephra on type label. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 631. Arctoscelia onusta, Warr., l.¢., iv, p. 102 . Luzon. i ab miteta, Warm lec: Luzon. Scio apts lithina, Warr.,1¢., p.99 . - Mackay. Ps semifuscia, Wart, 1 es : ; Humboldt Bay. Ateloptila confusa, Warr., l.c., vii, p. 112 . Cedar Bay. Pecilalsis indigna, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 352. Penang. 55 subtincta, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 96 . Luzon. Pseudocoremia flava, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 406 N. Zealand. Polylophodes triangularis, Warr., 1. ¢. 3 Java. ~Pseudaleis catoriata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv., p. 97. Pulo Laut. Mnesigea sinuata, Warr., l.c., p. 95. . Parkside, S. Australia. Deinotrichia dentigerata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p.53 Penang. Deileptenia maculata, Warr., l.c., p.52 . Penang. Darisa differens, Warr, l.c., iv, p. 398 . Omeishan. » (2) marmorata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.\ Brown River, Bt. N. 349 : : ; Phe! Guinea, Lassaba indentata, W: arr 1 ¢., 11, p. 403 . Java. » subdecorata, Warr. l.¢., iv, p: 398 . Omeishan, Subfamily ABRANINA, ABRAXAS GROSSULATARIA. Phalena-geometra grossulataria, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1, 2, 867, 242 (1759). Abraxas cuneifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 125 (1895). Warren’s type is without locality, but it is probably from Japan. It is merely a sport of the common European Abraxas; there are examples exactly like it from England ex coll. neces in the B. M., and also one from Berns it 1s a common insect in Japan. ABRAXAS LABRARIA. Abraxas labraria, Guen., Phal., 11, 208, 1155 (1857). Abraxas circumducta, Walker, xxxv, 1669 (1866). Abraxas discata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 86 (1897). Guenée’s type had no locality. Type (circwmducta), Java in B. M. Types (discata $ 2), Pulo Laut in coll. Rothschild. ABRAXAS BACCATA. Abraxas baccata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 30 (1898). Abraxas confluentaria, Warr., |. c. 632 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Abraxas granulifera, Warr., |. c. Type 2,Sambalun, Lombok, in coll. Rothschild. Type (confluentaria $), Arjuno, Java, in ditto. The two last are undoubtedly one and the same species, and I cannot see how the first can be separated from them ; there are two in the B.M. from Arjuno, identical with granulifera, and another differing from all three. ABRAXAS NEBULARIA. Abraxas picaria var. nebularia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 447 (April 1897). Abraxas semiturpis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 396 (August 1897). Type, Ta-tsien-lu, W. China, in B. M. Type (semiturpis $), Omeishan, W. China, in coll. Rothschild. A variable form, but quite distinct from picaria, Moore, from India. ABRAXAS TRISERIARIA. Abraxas triseriaria, Herr-Schaff., Samml. Ausser. Schmett, f. 322 (1850). Potera marginata, Moore, P. Z. §., 1878, p. 852, pl. 53, io: Potera intervacuata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 396 (1896). Herrich-Schiiffer’s type came from Java. Type (marginata), Moolai in Indian Museum, Calcutta. Type (intervacuata f), Mt. Mulu, N. Borneo, in coll. Rothschild, There are eleven examples from Burma, Java, and Sumatra, all varying a little. CISTIDIA CHINENSIS, nov. g ¢. Antenne black, head and body dark orange ochreous, thorax suffused with black, leaving merely the fore part ochreous, abdomen with large segmental bands above, below, and at the sides. but disconnected from each other; wings black with dull white squarish spots ; fore-wings with a large one below the origin of vein 2, one alittle smaller at the end of the cell, with two white streaks on the costa above it, an outwardly curved row of discal spots, some short New and little known species of Drepanulidz, etc. 633 streaks and marks near the base : hind-wings with a long spot filling the greater part of the middle of the cell, and sub-basal streak below it, a spot beyond it outside the cell, and an outwardly curved row of discal spots ; in some examples there are little black dots inside the white spots. Expanse of wings 24 inches. Hab. OMEISHAN, Moupin, W. China. There are four pairs in the B.M. all identical. Mr. Leech, in Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 459 (1897), calls this insect Vithora indrasana, Moore, of the form nigripars, Swinh. Sir George Hampson (Moths, India, in, p. 311) says “the markings are very variable,” referring to indra- sana, but Sir George had not enough material to work on. I believe this insect and nigripars and indrasana to be all good and constant forms. The females are always very similar to the males, but sometimes with more white, not less as Hampson says; there is a male of indrasana from Sikhim now in the B. M. GENUSA BIGUTTA. Genusa bigutta, Walker, iv, 818 (1855). Genusa (?) destituta, Walker, xxxu, 341 (1865). Genusa simplex, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 88 (1897). Type, N. India in B. M. Type (destituta), Cambodia, Siam, in O. M. Type (simplex), Bongao in coll. Rothschild. There are only indications of the usual spots in simplex, but the spots are a very uncertain character in this species. Genus Cypra, Boisd., Voy. de Astrolabe, p. 201 (1832). CozistRA, Walker, xxx1i, 342 (1865). CyPRA DELICATULA. Cypra delicatula, Boisd., |. c., pl. 1, f. 3. Cozistra delicatula, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 201 (1892). Cozistra subnudata, Walker, xxxii, 342. Cozistra membranacea, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 104, f. 5 (1874). Boisduval’s type came from New Guinea. Type (subnudata), Batchian in O. M. Type (membranacea), Amboina in coll. Rothschild. 634 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Has heretofore been placed in the Lymantriide. I submitted a male to Mr. Meyrick for examination, and he says the insect is a peculiar and much specialised form, but he is clearly of opinion that it is a Boarmid; it has an exceptionally developed fovea near base of hinder margin. TIGRIDOPTERA MACULOSA. Arycanda maculosa, Walker, vil, 1775 (1856). Arycanda absorpta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 82 (1897). Type 2, Sumatra in B. M. Type (absorpta 2), Lawas, N. Borneo, in coll. Rothschild. TIGRIDOPTERA DECORATA, nov. dé 9. Antenne, head, thorax, first two segments of the abdomen and both wings of a uniform pale slaty blue, remainder of the abdo- men dark chrome yellow, wings with black spots and bands, a large round spot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with some black marks on the costa near the base, a short basal streak, a band from hinder margin near base to the costa before middle, a band from centre of hinder margin to the cell spot, two discal, the inner one macular towards costa, the outer one macular throughout hind-wings, with a basal band corresponding to the first band on fore-wings, also ante and postmedian bands, the latter with a line running close to its outer side, a macular discal band corresponding to the outer discal band of the fore-wings, and both wings with large spots close to the outer margin; the thorax has three transverse bands and the abdomen one on its first segment : the underside is pale slaty blue, the wings with large cell spots and broad marginal borders, the legs and body are of the same colour, the abdomen being more than half covered, the slaty colour ending in a black patch. Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 9 ae inches, Hab. MILNE Bay (A. S. Meek). Nearest to 7. flewilinea, Warr. CRASPEDOSIS ARUENSIS. Craspedosis ernestina, var. aruensis, Pag. J. B. Nass. Ver., 1886, p. 164. Craspedosis schistacina, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 399 (1896). Craspedosis leucosticta, sub- sp. candidior, Warr,, |. ¢., v1, p. 47 (1899), Type, Aru in coll. Pagenstecher. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 635 Type (schistacina f), New Guinea in coll. Rothschild. Types (candidior § 2), S. Aignan in ditto. There are seven examples from Aru and N, Guinea in the B. M., all varying a little one from the other. CRASPEDOSIS DELICATA, nov. ¢. Head, thorax and first two segments of abdomen slaty black, the centre of the thorax paler, the rest of the abdomen orange-colour, fore-wing with the interior black, the base, costal and outer portions dark slaty colour, a pale streak from the base, a pale streaky patch in the dise from costa beyond the middle containing a thin white streak, a pale discal band from the hinder margin near the angle, to near apex, limiting the black interior space ; hind-wings with the base black, a large white spot or patch on abdominal margin before middle and narrowing upwards and extending to the top of the cell, followed by aslaty blue band then a discal black band, a submarginal slaty blue band and a marginal black band. Expanse of wings 1,'5 inches. Hab. Rosse Ist., Louisiade (4. S. Meck). Allied to C. aruensis, Pag. POGONOPYGIA NIGRALBATA. Pogonopygia nigralbata, Warr., Nov. Zool.,i, p. 681 (1894). Pogonopygia nigralbata, sub-sp. attenuata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 240 (1897). ‘Type, Khasia Hills in coll. Rothschild. Type (attenuata 2), Selangore in ditto. Attenuata seems to me to be merely a faded specimen of nigralbata, of which there are examples from the Khasia Hills in the B. M. BRACCA LUCIDA, nov. g @. Palpi, head, thorax, and fore-wings purple-brown, three white spots on the thorax in front, fore-wings with an ochreous yellow streak along the centre of the hinder margin, a small white sub-basal spot, a slightly larger white spot in the middle of the cell, a large oval spot across the disc, much larger in the female than in the male, a pale irregular submarginal band with a white spot above, and another below its middle, in the female the upper white spot has a black dot on a pale ground joined to it on its side, and the lower spot has some black dots below it: hind-wings and abdomen bright 636 Colonel C. Swinhoe on ochreous yellow, a broad discal black band, disjointed opposite the cell, a submarginal row of black spots in each interspace, except in the interspace above vein 3. Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 9 2 inches. Hab. Rossevy Isu., Louisiade (A. S. Week). Differs from £. bajularia, Clerck, from Amboina in the prominent white spots on the thorax and the broken thin band of the hind-wings: nearest to B. (Celerena) ribbet, Pag., J. B. Nass. Ver., xxxix, p. 164. BuRSADA XANTHOMELAS. Ciimene aanthomelas, Boisd., Voy de l’Astrolabe, p. 202, pl. 3, f. 10 (1832). Bursada quadripartita, Walker, xxi, p. 190 (1864). Bursada percurrens, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 32 (1901). Boisduval’s type came from New Ireland. Type (quadripartita), Aru in O, M. Type (pereurrens 2 ), Teoor in coll. Rothschild. Local forms differing very slightly from each other. BURSADA SALAMANDRA. Bursada salamandra, Wirsch., Mith. Zool. Mus. Dresden, E877, p: 133; pk 7, £9: Bursada pyrifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 398 (1896). Type, New Guinea in Mus. Dresden. Types (pyrifera f 2), Korrido, Dutch New Guinea, in coll. Rothschild. BURSADA MACULIFERA. Bursada maculifera, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 130, f. 12 (1874). Bursada adaucta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 240 (1897). Type, Moluccas in coll. Rothschild. Type (adaucta f ), Siao Isl., north of Celebes, in ditto. I have not seen Felder’s type, but Warren’s specimen is exactly like Felder’s figure. BURSADA OBSOLETA. Bursada invadens ab obsoleta, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 45 (1899). New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 637 Type, St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild. A good form and not ap aberration. BURSADA INTERRUPTATA. Bursada invadens ab interruptata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 4 (1899). Type, St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild. A good form, I believe, and not an aberration. BURSADA PLACENS. Bursada placens, Pag., J. B. Nass. Ver., 1886, p. 60. Bursada trispilata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 84 (1897). Type, N. Guinea in coll. Pagenstecher. Type (érispilata), N. Guinea in coll. Rothschild. Not pie, 132) Me BURSADA COLENDA, nov. ?. Antennz, head, body, and fore-wings deep black, fore-wings with the spots orange-ochreous, a small one near the base, connected by a sub-costal streak, with a larger oval-shaped sub-costal spot before the middle, a large oval upper discal spot quite three times as large as the second spot : hind-wings orange-ochreous with a broad black band on all the margins, deepest on the costa, with an inner projec- tion or bend above the anal angle, narrow in the abdominal margin and attenuated towards base. Expanse of wings 1 inches. Hab. FErRGusSON Isu. (4. S. Meek). BURSADA SUSPENSA, nov. 2. Head, body, legs, and wings deep black, fore-wings with an ochreous-orange spot in the upper disc, square cut near the costa, with even sides, and rounded at its lower end; hind-wings with a broad ochreous-orange streak from the base occupying the greater portion of the middle of the wing, straight on its upper edge, slightly angled and then rounded at its extremity in the disc, slightly angled again on its lower side. Expanse of wings 1,4 Inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). 638 Colonel C. Swinhoe on It is closely allied to B. intercisa, Walker, which is in the B. M., from the same locality. BURSADA CURZOLA, nov. ¢d. Frons, top of head and body bright orange-ochreous, thorax with a large black spot in its middle, a thin black band at its base, abdomen with thin black bands on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments, the 6th and 7th segments black, two black spots on the ochreous tip ; wings black, with large orange-ochreous spots, much asin maculifera, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 130, f. 12, but the yellow spots are larger, making the black bands between them much narrower, and the yellow spot in the centre of the hind-wings is not divided from the spot at the anal angle by a black band, but is one large space occupying the whole central space of the wing. Expanse of wings 1,°; inches. Hab. TALAutT (Doherty). Not in B. M. Abraxas concinna, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 421 . : : : : Thibet. a incolorata, Warr., l.c., p. 419 . Java. 8 invasata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 87 . Kina Balu. - moniliata, Warr., lc. . : S. Celebes. - nigriclathrata, Warr., l.c., iil, p- 394 . . : : : Java. ms unisinuata, Warr., l.e., p. 130. Java. 33 comminuta, Warr. l.c., vi, p. 346 . : : : . S. Flores. e extralineata, Warr., loc. . : Bouru. 7 sesquilineata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 847 Bouru. Potera albiquadrata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 89 Batchian, » flavimacula, Warr., 1. ¢., 11, p. 395 Cedar Bay. Omophyseta albiplaga, Warr., 1. ¢., 1, p. 415 S. Celebes. *Arycanda discata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 83 . Natuna Isl. * rs omissa, Warr., l.c. . , . Sarawak. a evanescens, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 44 Sula Mangoli. Bordeta longimacula, Warr., 1. c. iv, p. 83 Sattelberg, German N. Guinea, Craspedosis semiplaga, Warr., l.c., 111, pozor : : : : Fergusson Isl. * Panxthia on type labels. New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 639 Craspedosis uniplaga, Warr., |. c. % funebris, Warr., 1. c. 4. (2) bicolorata, Warr., l.c., p. 398 . = leucosticta, Warr., 1. c. - ovalis, Warr., l. c., p. 399 : senilugens, Warr., lic. . 7 undulosa, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 411 ne albigutta, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 241 . galathea, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 33 . ss niveosignata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi Deel e : : : * sibilla, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 345 A xanthosoma, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 346 *Stenocharta picaria, Warr., |. ¢., iv, ’ p. 397 Xanthomima seminigra, Warr., l.c., p. 86 5 disrupta, Warr., 1.¢., vi, p. 48 es biquadrata, Warr., 1. ¢., jos GH G : : 5 Bociraza latiflava, Warr., 1. ¢., 111, p. 356 . 9 > var. restricta, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 324 5 reversa, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 28 Bracca flavitenia, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 44 . Bursada bistrigata, Warr., 1. c., iii, p. 396 4 hyaloplaga, Warr.,l.c¢., p. 397 . oppositata, Warr., l. ¢. si septemnotata, Warr., 1. c¢., iv, p. 84. . : : 5 flavannulata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 343 . : ne rotundimacula, Warr., l.¢., iv, p. 241, pl. 5, f. 26 A albicolor, Warr., l.c., v, p. 32 rf obnubilata, Warr., l.c., p. 246 . 5 ne ab. invena, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 343 - atribasalis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 45 3 interspilata, Warr., l.c. a unifascia, Warr., 1. c., p. 46 Bursadopsis basalis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 344 . a preflavata, Warr., lc. . Fergusson Isl. Fergusson Isl. Ampboina. Cedar Bay. Humboldt Bay. Humboldt Bay. S. Celebes. Etna Bay. N. Guinea. Ron Isl. Halmahera. Bouru. N. Guinea, Kei Tocal. Alu, Shortland Isl. Little Key. Milne Bay. Milne Bay. Obi. Sula Mangoli. Tenimber. Humboldt Bay. Humboldt Bay. Kina Balu. Milne Bay. Luzon. N. Guinea. Bouru., Bouru. Pulo Bisa, north of Obi. St. Aignan. Woodlark Isl. Obi. Sud Est Isl. * Craspedosis 6n type label. 640 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Family MONOCTENIID. MONOCTENIA VINARIA. Enochroma vinaria, Guen., Phal., i, p. 185, pl. 7, f. 2 (1857). Enochroma pallida, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 231 (1898). Guenée’s type came from Australia. Type (pallida), Dawson, Queensland, in coll. Rothschild. Pallida isa pale form of this species; there are examples in three or four different shades of colour in the B. M. from the same locality. SARCINODES SUBFULVIDA. Sareinodes subfulvida, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 280 (1896). Sarcinodes compacta, Warr., |. ¢., p. 355. Type @, Kiriwini in coll. Rothschild. Type (compacta ¢), Amboina in ditto. Compacta is merely a small form of swhfulvida. EPIDESMA UNILINEA, nov. 3d. Pectinations of antennx black, shaft of antennz, hind part of thorax, abdomen and ground colour of both wings pinkish-grey : head, fore part of thorax and costal space of fore-wings brown, the colour diffusing inwardly for a little ; a black point at end of each cell, a red straight line from middle of abdominal margin of hind- wings to the apex of fore-wings, the inner part of the wing on fore- wings being pale, on the hind-wings the whole inner space is white irrorated with grey, on both wings the whole space outside the line is dark reddish-grey, caused by the density of the red irrorations, marginal points black: underside whitish irrorated with red, a black streak at apex of fore-wings, a dentated brown line running on the outer side of the straight line on hind-wings and some sub- marginal brown marks, pectus body and legs white. Expanse of wing, 14 inches, Hab, 'TASMANIA (J. J. Walker), two examples. These specimens are labelled Hong Kong, but this is evidently an error. Mr. Walker brought most of bis speci- mens from China, but some of them were from Tasmania and the genus /pidesma is essentially Australian. ee ee ee New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 641 NEARCHA CARONIA, nov. d ?. Grey irrorated with minute black atoms, palpi black above, white beneath, frons dark brown, top of head whitish ; an ocelloid dark grey spot at the end of each cell, fore-wing with the interior line and exterior band dark grey, the former composed of two dots quite close together on hinder angle one-third from base, with a small dot above it, the discal band is narrow and runs across both wings and is slightly sinuous and more or less diffused inwards, and contains some spots on its outer margin ; the outer margin of both wings is broadly rather darker than the otherwise uniform colour of the wings, the margin has black points, the cilia is concolorous. Expanse of wings 1); inches. Hab. Port DARWIN. Tt is nearest to WN. benecristata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 88, from Thursday Island in B. M., but the discal band of fore-wings is more erect and lacks the thick black streak, on the hind-wings the band is discal not medial. TAXEOTIS INCONCISATA. Panagra inconcisata, Walker, xxiii, 1008 (1861). Taxeotis delogramma, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890, p. 1146. Taxeotis semifusca, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 324 (1899). Type, Australia in B. M. Type (delogramma), Queensland in Mus. Melbourne. Type (semifusca ), Queensland in coll. Rothschild. A very variable insect: Meyrick says abundant every- where in Australia. ADEIXIS INOSTENTATA. Panagra inostentata, Walker, xxiii, 1012 (1861). Adeixis insignata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 27 (1897). Type, Moreton Bay in B. M. Types (insignata f 9), Parkside in coll. Rothschild. In Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890, p. 1214, Meyrick says inostentata is a Noctuid: but this is a mistake, and the note Mr. Meyrick carried with him to Australia must have got mixed, because the type of inostentata is in the B. M. and is a true Monoctenid. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 42 642 Colonel C. Swinhoe ov Not in B. M. Onycodes rubra, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 27 . ‘ Queensland. (Enochroma simplex, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 206 . F Roebourne . = decolorata, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 554 ; Cedar Bay. $3 leucospila, Warr., l. ¢., v, p. 230 . : Dawson, Sarcinodes punctata, Warr., l.¢., 1, p. 367. ; S.E. Borneo. Zeuctophlebia rufipalpis, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 355 Queensland. Callipotnia multicolor, Warr., 1.¢., vi, p. 323 : Dorey. Physetostege miranda, Warr., l.c., Wi, p. 99. . Humboldt Bay. Family ORTHOSTIXID. CELERENA NIGRIPALPIS, nov. ?. Bright chrome yellow, last two joints of the palpi black ; fore- wings with the basal half of the costa greyish-purple, ending in a streak downwards to the middle of the interno-median interspace and elbowed outwards within the cell; both wings with a broad greyish-purple border, inwardly margined by a thin purple band. Expanse of wings 25 inches. Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty). Akin to Celerena signata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 231, from the Battak Mountains, Sumatra, differing chiefly in the shape and extent of the central streak of the fore- wings; looks like C. divisa, Walker, but can at once be differentiated by its black palpi. BYTHARIA MARGINATA. Bytharia marginata, Walker, xxxi, 195 (1864). Panethia atrimargo, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 298 (1896). Xanthomima atrimargo, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 86 (1897). Bytharia latimargo, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 10 (1898). Type, Batchian 2 in O. M. Type (atrimargo § ), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (latimargo $), Etna Bay, Dutch N. Guinea, in ditto. Bytharia marginata was wrongly identified in the B. M., the species from Sumatra which I have described as wniformis and which is very distinct having been mistaken for it. New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 643 BYTHARIA LUCIDA. Bytharia lucida, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 14 (1899). Longipalpa circumdata, Pag., in Chun’s Zoologica, 12-29, p. 143 (1900). Type, N. Hanover in coll. Rothschild. Type (circumdata), Kinigunang (N. Hanover) in coll. Pagenstecher. Not in B. M. BYTHARIA UNIFORMIS, nov. g. Antennz black, frons and palpi yellow, top of head slaty mouse colour, body and wings of a uniform pale yellow, costa of fore-wings and outer margin of both wings with pale slaty mouse- coloured bands, much the same colour as the bands of Celerena divisa, Walker, from India: the band is about one-fifth of an inch broad on the outer margin, very uniform throughout, slightly wavy on its interior margin, slightly narrower on the costa, turning round below the apex where it is a trifle broader: the underside is like the upperside except that the costal band narrows much towards the base : legs yellow. Expanse of wings 1,9; inches. Hab. Sumatra, four examples. There is also an example without locality and another marked Java, both received from the E.IL.C. Mus., but I doubt the Java locality. EUMELIA FLAVATA. Humelia flavata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 440, pl. 198, if SAssy): HLumelia aurigenaria, Warr. Nov. Zool., vi, p. 15 (1899). Type, Ceylon in B. M. Type (aurigenaria § ), Lombok in coll. Rothschild. Not distinguishable one from the other, EUMELIA GEMINA. Humelia gemina, Kirsch, Mitth. Dresden Mus., p. 188, pl. 7, f. 13 (1878). Humelia craspedias, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 156. Type, N. Guinea in Dresden Mus: Type (craspedias), N. Guinea in B. M. 644 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Genus HOLOSTIXA, nov. Antenne simple, nearly as long as the costa of fore-wings, palpi upturned reaching vertex of head, second joint hairy, third smooth, nearly as long as second ; abdomen slender as long as the hind-wings, legs long, fore-tibize covered with double plumes of closely packed hair, hind-tibiz with very long hairs, fore-wings with the costa nearly straight, outer margin in the male produced into an angle at vein 5, then very oblique, making the hinder margin not more than two-thirds the length of the costa: hind-wings with the costa folded inwards and distorted a little beyond the middle, the fold con- taining long cilia causing the apex to be very acute and pointed, outer margin slightly rounded ; in the female the outer margin is slightly rounded on both wings, the margin not being produced at vein 5 and the costa of the hind-wings is not distorted : fore-wings with vein 3 some distance before lower angle, 4 from the angle, 5 from a little above centre, 7, 8 and 9 stalked from before upper angle ; hind-wing with vein 3 from before upper angle, 5 from just above middle, bent in the middle in the male, 6 and 7 from before upper angle, veins 7 and 8 terminating in the fold. HOLOSTIXA MANCA, nov. ¢@. Milky white, fore-wings with the costa rather broadly greyish ochreous, and with a greyish ochreous inner band curving outwardly, from the hinder margin near the base, to the costa near the middle, both wings with a black spot at the end of each cell, a broad greyish ochreous nearly straight band from the abdominal margin one-fourth from anal angle, to the costa of fore-wings one- fifth from apex, a similar but thinner marginal band ; cilia white and glazed ; the long hairs on the hind-tibize of the male ochreous. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,45, 2 lis inches. Hab. BARAM, Borneo; MATANG, Borneo. Genus ASPILONAXA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 386 (1897). ASPILONAXA OBLIQUARIA. Naxa obliquaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 546 (1897). Aspilonaxa lineata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 387. Type, Omeishan in B. M. Type (lineata 2), Omeishan in coll. Rothschild. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 645 RAMBARA SAPONARIA. Zanelopteryx saponaria, Guen., Phal., 11, 16, 915 (1857). Acidalia (?) zanclopterata, Walker, XXvi, 1609 (1862). Zanclopteryx fragilis, Butler, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 687. Guenée’s type came from Ceylon. Type (zanclopterata), Sarawak in O. M. Type (fragilis), Formosa in B. M. OZOLA MACARIATA. Zarmigethusa macariata, Walker, xxvi, 1637 (1862). Macaria elongaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 86, pl. 1054 3:(18s1). Ozola indefensa, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 16 (1899). Type, Ceram in B. M. Type (elongaria), Celebes in coll. Snellen. Type (indefensa $), Dorey in coll. Rothschild. OZOLA EXIGUA, nov. ¢ 2. Ochreous grey irrorated with red-brown atoms, fore-wings with an ante-medial outwardly rounded red-brown fine line, a discal line, inclining outwardly and straight to vein 4, then bent inwards and straight to near middle of hinder margin, then down to the margin and carried across the hind-wings, sloping inwards to the abdominal margin before the middle ; through this line runs another similarly coloured line, it is quite snes on the fore-wings, but separates from the other line on the hind-wings and ends on the abdominal margin beyond the middle, a brown patch below apex of fore-wings and at apex of hind-wings. Expanse of wings 1 inch, Hab. CLAREMONT ISL., five males and two females. Warren in Nov. Zool., vi, p. 17, says with reference to his Ozola indefensa that there are examples of it in the B.M. from Claremont Isl., but this is wrong. Warren’s indefensa cannot be separated from the variable 0. macarvata, Walker, whereas this imsect is smaller and differently marked ; there is hardly any concavity below apex of fore-wing and the hind- wing is rounded, 646 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Not in B. M. Celerena cana, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii p. 281 - : : : Fergusson Isl. triflava, Warr., l.¢., p. 356 . Biak. 55 signata, Warr., l. ¢., v, p. 231 N.E. Sumatra. » ° aurata, Warr., l.c., vi, p.325 Rossell Isl. 5 exacta, Warr., 1. ¢. ; ' Solomons. ss mitis, Warr., 1. c. F : Sud Est Isl, Acratosema subflavata, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 227 ; ; ; ; 3alabac. Evmelea albimacula, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 29. : : - ; Obi. “e unilineata, Warr., le, iv, Piper i. a. : : N. Borneo. 4 degener, var. umbrata, W arr., lie; i, po B56 : : Lifu. ns preusta, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 308 . : : 3 Batchian. Heteralax aspersa, Warr., Cr Geet, ae 369. : Padang. Derxena discata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 206 Etna Bay. Rambara colorata, Warr., ie Loi ee 359 . : : ; : Tenimber. Noreia albifimbria, are) ergy ap: 206. : . Tawaya, north of Palos Bay. Ozola sinwata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 937 : Sumba. Sebastosema bubonaria, ear. Ny Beer p. 100 ree Japan. Desmobathra plana, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 380 Lifu. Family LARENTIID. DOcIRAVA PUDICATA. Anuaitis pudicata, Guen., Phal., u, 497, 1722 (1857). Aspilates waria, Walker, xxvi, 1681 (1862). Anuaitis vastata, Walker, xxxv, 1700 (1866). Docirava afinis, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 398 (1894). Guenée’s type came from India. nes (wvaria and vastata), Darjiling in B. M. Type (afinis), Chang Yang in coll. Rothschild. There are examples” in the B. M. from Sikhim identical with afinis, New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 647 HYPENORHYNCHUS PALLIDA. Tosaura (2) pallida, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 380 (1894). Cidaria fasciaria, Leech, Ann. Mag, N. H. (6), xix, p. 650 (1897). Type ¢ , Japan in coll. Rothschild. Type (/asciaria), Omeishan, W. China, in B. M, COLLIX HYPOSPILATA. Collix hypospilata, Guen., Phal., 11, 358, 1481 (1857). Colliz subligata, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 385 (1896). Guenée’s type came from Ceylon. Type (subligata 2 ), Lifu in coll, Rothschild. There is an example in the B, M. from Ceylon exactly like Warren’s type. CIDARIA RUBICUNDA, nov. @. Head and body reddish-brown, fore-wings ruddy cream colour with two broad reddish-brown bands, the first basal, the second medial, its inner margin angled below the middle, its outer margin angled above the middle, all the margins whitish, a brown apical streak with a whitish spot above it and two whitish spots below it, followed by three brown spots with white centres, the whole forming a submarginal band; hind-wings dull dark red with ochreous costal space ; underside pale ochreous tinged with red, fore- wings with the central band pale red-brown ; hind-wings with a middle sinuous brown line, edged on its outer side by white spots, both wings with submarginal red-brown band, with a double row of whitish spots on the margin. Expanse of wings 4° inch. Hab. MATANG, Borneo, 3600 feet. EPIRRHOE OCHRACEARIA. Cidaria ochracearia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xix, p. 643 (June 1897). : Huphia propinqua, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 234 (August 1897). Type, Ta-tsien-lu in B, M. Type (propingua f), Pu-tsu-fu in coll. Rothschild. 648 Colonel C. Swinhoe ov EPIRRHOE BERTHA, nov. ¢ 9. Palpi, head and body dark grey-brown speckled with whitish, fore-wings grey irrorated, with brown atoms, giving it a steely brown look ; a black dot at the end of cell, and transverse chestnut bands; Ist basal, 2nd antemedial even and outwardly curved, between these two bands are indications of another band ; 3rd postmedial, broadest with irregular sides; 4th submarginal attenuated hindwards, all the bands with white edges, marginal lunules black; hind-wings dark grey with indications of four transverse thin grey bands, marginal line brown, cilia of both wings brown and white in patches and interlined with brown. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. Hopart (J. J. Walker), five examples. Allied to 4. scotodes, Turner. EPIRRHOE MARENS, nov. ¢. Head, thorax and fore-wings greyish-brown tinged with olive, collar whitish, abdomen and hind-wings greyish-white unmarked ; fore-wings with five indistinct crenelated transverse lines, sub-basal, antemedial and medial all indistinct ; postmedial, curving inwards below the middle then straight down to hinder margin, and sub- marginal both distinct ; marginal line on both wings brown, cilia grey with small white patches. Expanse of wings 1,4, inches, Hab. Mr. Kostnsko, N.S. Wales. POLYPHASIA CEPRONA, nov. 9. Head, thorax and fore-wings brown-pink ; fore-wings with three brown ringlets on the costa, a pale pink inner nearly erect band, a discal similarly coloured band from costa at one-third from apex to near outer margin at the middle, where there is a small elongate white spot with a black spot in it, then bending inwards to hinder margin one-third from the angle, marginal line black, cilia brown with white basal line and white patches ; hind-wings white, slightly tinged with pink, cilia concolorous, with brown patches ; underside, fore-wings brown with a suffused whitish discal band, outwardly angled in the middle, hind-wings same as above. Expanse of wings 1,3; inches. Hab. SUMATRA. Near P. cuneifera, Warr,, Nov. Zool., v, p, 29, from Java, lew and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 649 OCHYRIA DISPAR. Ochyria dispar, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 72 (1897). Epirrhoé crepuscularia, Warr., |. c., p. 234. Types $ ¢, N. Luzon, in coll. Rothschild. Type (crepuscularia 2), Mindoro in ditto. XANTHORHOK SEMISIGNATA. Larentia semisignata, Walker, xxiv, 1200 (1862). Larentia punctilineata, Walker, xxiv, 1202. Cidaria dissociata, Walker, xxvi, 1734 (1862). Cidaria similisata, Walker, xxvi, 1735. Larentia corcularia, Guen., Ent. Mo. Mag., v, p. 61 (1868). Xanthorhoé farinata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 388 (1896). Type, N. Zealand in B. M. Types (punctilineata, dissociata and similisata), N. Zealand in B. M. Type (corewlaria), N. Zealand in coll. Oberthur. Type (farinata $), N. Zealand in coll. Rothschild. DASYURIS TRIDENTA, nov. ?. Head, thorax and fore-wings pinkish-grey ; fore-wings with four chestnut-brown elongated marks along the costa, the first two sub-basal and antemedial, with two corresponding brown marks below them, the next two medial and discal, are broad and separated by the subcostal pinkish vein from the broad bands of which they form parts, the medial band is excavated on its inner side, contains a black spot at end of cell, and is margined with white on each side, the discal band forms three large teeth or spear-shaped marks, the upper one subapical and blunt, the other two pointing close to the margin with their bases joined together, and there are some small spear- shaped brown marks on the margin with the points running in on the veins, abdomen and hind-wings dark grey and unmarked. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab, GERALDTON, W. Australia. GANDARITIS REDUPLICATA. Gandaritis reduplicata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 235 (1897). Gandaritis flavata, var. sinicaria, Leech, Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), xix, p. 677 (1897). Type 2, Omeishan in coll. Rothschild. Types (sinicaria § 2), Moupin in B, M, 650 Colonel C. Swinhoe on” A perfectly good form, quite distinct from flavata, Moore, from India, which is not in the B. M. J, however, have flavata in my own collection from the Khasia Hills; it has no markings on the hind-wings and is well figured by Hampson at p. 385, vol. 11, Moths of India. POMASIA CONFERTA, Nov. ¢ 9. Pinkish ochreous, frons head and thorax with olive-brown bands and spots ; abdomen with broad brown segmental bands ; fore- wings densely packed with six olive-brown bands, all the bands except the one on the outer margin intersected by ochreous lines, all more or less sinuous, the two in the dise more or less outwardly dentated : hind-wings with four bands, the third intersected by a yellow line, the fourth with a row of spots on its outer edge, no marginal band, the bands on the hind-wings much more pronounced in the female than in the male. Expanse of wings 8; inch. Hab, Puto Laur (Doherty). Allied to P. vernacularia, Guen. GYMNOSCELIS SUBTRISTIGERA. Eupithecia subtristigera, Walker, xxxv, 1679 (1866). Gymnoscelis peranyusta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 229 (1897). Type, Sarawak in O. M. Type (perangusta $), Kuching, Borneo, in coll. Roths- child. GYMNOSCELiS BIANGULATA, nov. ?. Head, body and wings of a uniform pale dull ochreous grey tinged with pink ; fore-wings with a brown spot at the end of the cell, some brown irrorations on both wings, a brown diseal line angled outwardly twice before the middle on the forewings, again angled below the costa on the hind-wings, otherwise nearly straight ; there are also some brownish longitudinal streaks, and brown marginal suffusion, and a whitish submarginal line slightly sinuous on fore-wings, crenelated on hind-wings. Expanse of wings 75 inch, Hab. SAMBAWA (Doherty). New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 651 GYMNOSCELIS CONCINNA, nov. Q. Palpi whitish spotted with black, head, body and wings with the ground colour white, but closely striated and banded with grey, the markings being very evenly disposed ; the fore-wings have also three black bands, Ist from costa before middle abruptly bending inwards on to the hinder margin, and then sub-basally across the hind-wings, the 2nd is beyond the middle running slightly outwards to the centre forming an outer angle, then continued in ‘a row of spots to the hinder margin at the middle, and then across the centre of the hind-wing in a line with two dentations, the 3rd commences near apex in a patch, the continuation on fore-wing poorly indicated, but continued on hind-wing as a well-formed submarginal band ; the outer margin of both wings with large blackish-brown spots. Expanse of wings ? inch, Hab. TONGA, two examples. GYMNOSCELIS MINUTISSIMA, nov. dé 2. Frons and top of head white, body and wings pale ochreous grey tinged with pink ; abdomen with pale segmental bands, wings irrorated with very minute grey atoms, fore-wings with a grey mark at the end of cell, a grey line beyond the middle which is curved outwards below the costa and then straight to the middle of the abdominal margin of the hind-wings, all the outer space on both wings is dark grey caused by what appear to be several grey lines elosely packed together, except at the anal angle of hind-wings, where there is a large ochreous white space ; there are some small grey patches or spots on the outer margin, cilia pale grey with dark grey patches and with a pinkish-white basal line. Expanse of wings 4 inch. Hab. SAMBAWA (Doherty). MARIABA MEDIOPLAGA, nov. 6. Antenne palpi and frons ochreous, head, thorax, abdomen and forewings ochreous, very thickly irrorated with brown atoms, these irrorations form broad brown bands on the fore-wings, ante-medial, discal and marginal, and there is a large white space in the middle, extending in the form of a band from tie hinder angle to the middle of the wing and then for a short space elbowed inwards ; cilia ochreous, hind-wings ochreous, with a grey double line on the outer margin, which is almost straight, slightly concave, and the wing is produced toa point at the anal angle ; underside ochreous, fore- wings 652 Colonel C. Swinhoe on with a black spot at the end of the cell, followed by a short blackish band and then three other bands, the last on the margin ; hind-wings with a central band. Expanse of wings 45; inch. Hab. BORNEO. CHLOROCLYSTIS ROTUNDARIA, noy. @. Frons white, body olive-green, wings dull pale green, a few deep black irrorations scattered all over all the wings, fore-wings with the costa marked with black, brown, and ochreous, along its whole length, apparently indications of transverse bands, but the inner ones are obsolete ; there is a black broad band from the costa immediately before the middle and another just beyond the middle, both attenuated hindwards, nearly obsolete before reaching the hinder margin, there is also a black line between them, a broad black sub- apical band, also attenuated hindwards, its outer edge formed by a white crenelated submarginal line; hind-wings with three black bands, corresponding to the three on the fore-wings, the two first more or less macular, the other submarginal, commencing with a black streak from the costa, outwardly edged by the crenelated white submarginal line, cilia of both wings grey, with ochreous basal spots which interrupt the black marginal line. Expanse of wings 7; inch. Hab. MILNE Bay (A. S. Meek). CHLOROCLYSTIS SPECIOSA, nov. Q?. Pale pinkish grey, thorax with blackish-brown markings, abdomen with blackish-brown bands on the 2nd, 5th, 6th, and 7th segments ; fore-wings with a large brown lunular mark at the end of the cell; some brown costal marks, a brown submarginal line even with the margin, on which there is a brown band, and brown cilia with ochreous spots ; hind-wings with four brown lines close together in the middle, and two large brown patches on the margin, one apical and the other at the anal angle, with indications of lines between them, cilia brown. Expanse of wings 4’, inch. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). MICRODES ARCUATA, nov. é 2. Frons and top of head nearly white in the male, otherwise the head, thorax and fore-wings are grey, there are three indistinet transverse grey bands, the indications of which are visible on the costa, Ist basal, 2nd antemedial, 8rd medial, the rest of the wing is New and little known species of Drepanulidx, etc. 653 marked with white on the veins and has two discal rows of black points, a submarginal row of white marks and white marginal dots interrupting the brown marginal line ; hind-wings white without markings. Expanse of wings g #8, @ 1 inch. Hab. 8.E. AUSTRALIA (Raynor coll.). Allied to MZ. villosata, Guen.=miliaria, Walker, the costa of fore-wings being similarly arched, but the mark- ings are much more obscure and the large embossed black spot on the hind-wings of the male is wanting. PHTHONOLOBA IMBECILLA, nov. 4. Head, thorax and fore-wings dull greenish-grey, fore-wings with two black streaks on the costa, traversed by seven erect but somewhat sinuous dull green bands, the 8rd a mere line, the 4th including a ringlet of dull green, the 5th duplex with two or three outward angles, the 6th composed of spear-shaped marks, the 7th marginal, hind-wings dark grey without markings ; abdomen grey with pale segmental thin bands; underside uniform dark grey without any markings. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). Allied to P. melanocera, Hmpsn., from the Nilgiris. SAURIS HIRUDINATA. Collix hirudinata, Guen., Phal., 1, 362, 1486 (1857). Sauris remodesaria, Walker, xxiv, 1253 (1862). Remodes elaica, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 193. ftemodes triseriata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii, p. 485, pl. 1, f. 4 (1887). Remodes interruptata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 270 (1888). ftemodes cinerosa, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 397 (1894). Remodes angulosa, Warr., |. ¢., 111, p. 382 (1896). Remodes cirrhigera, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 395 (1897). Guenée’s type came from Ceylon. Type (remodesaria), Ceylon in B. M. Type (edaica), Fiji in coll. Meyrick. Type (¢riseriata), Ceylon in B. M. Type (interruptata), Darjiling in coll. Staudinger. Type (cinerosa), Nilgiri Hills, in coll. Rothschild. Type (angulosa ¢), Amboina in ditto. Types (cirrhigera § 2), Woodlark Isl. in ditto. 654 Colonel C. Swinhoe on This variable species is in the B. M. from India, Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra, Fiji, Java, and Australia; Warren’s cirvhigera is identical with Meyrick’s elazea. SAURIS INFIRMA, nov. ?. Frons red-brown, top of head white, thorax and fore-wings greenish-grey, abdomen and hind-wings grey ; fore-wings with black streaks along the sub-costal vein, from the base to the middle, nine black marks along the costa, indicating nine transverse black sinuous lines ; 1st sub-basal and erect, 2nd obsolescent, 3rd outwardly in- clined, 4th obsolescent, 5th and 6th close together and erect, 7th obsolescent, 8th submarginal, duplex in parts and with some small black blotches on it, 9th marginal incomplete, black points on the margin and white interlined cilia; hind-wings without markings ; underside ochreous grey without any markings. Expanse of wings | inch. Hab, Puto Laur (Doherty). Fore-wings shorter and comparatively broader than is usual in the genus. SAURIS NUSTA, nov. ¢. Head, thorax and fore-wings olive-green ; hind-wings blackish- grey, abdomen ochreous grey ; fore-wings with four black transverse bands, lst band composed of five elongated spots, a spot close to the base on its inner side, the 2nd of three dots on subcostal vein a streak below them and a dot near hinder margin, 3rd of three dots on the same vein, under them a broad band narrowing hindwards and inter- sected by two crenelated pale lines, 4th of one subcostal spot near apex, two above the middle, and one near the end of the 3rd band close to the hinder margin, marginal spots deep black, cilia pale green, whitish in parts ; hind-wings without markings ; underside dark grey, without markings. Expanse ot wings 1,‘5 inches. Hab. MILNE Bay (A. S, Meek). A well-marked insect. ESCHATARCHIA LINEATA. Eschatarchia lineata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 395 (1894). Hydrelia angularia, Leech, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 82 (1897). Type g, Japan in coll. Rothschild. Type (angularia), Japan in B, M. New and little known species of Drepanulidex, ete. 655 HYDRELIA IMPLETARIA. Acidalia impletaria, Walker, xxxv, 1631 (1866). Hydrelia pallidula, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 383 (1896). Hydrelia subrosea, Warr., |. ¢., 1v, p. 226 (1897). Type, Mysol in O. M. Type (pallidula 2), 5. Java, in coll, Rothschild. Type (subrosea f ), Bali in ditto. HYDRELIA SANGUINIPLAGA, nov. ¢. Frons white, head and thorax orange-red, abdomen brown, wings white, semi-diaphanous ; an orange-red patch at base of fore- wings and a very broad similarly coloured patch at apex ; it occupies the outer third of the costa, narrows downwards and ends in a brown streak in the upper disc, with a brown submarginal spot opposite the streak, and a thin brown line from the middle of the streak, to near the hinder margin one-fourth from the angle ; a brown dot at the end of each cell in both wings ; also a few red minute irrorations ; two brown spots at anal angle of hind-wing, outer margin somewhat produced into a short tail at vein four. Expanse of wings 1,3; inches. Hab, Be toe FANG, W. China. Not in B. M. Goniopteroloba conjuncta, Warr., Nov. Zool.,iv, p. 230. : Mindoro. fuscata, Ware, l, pl. 5,8 Mindoro. Carige cise Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 338 3 Japan. » combinata, Wart., LC eos : S. Flores. Triphosa moniliferaria ab a ae l.c., p. 42 : ‘ Ta-tsien-lu, Gtesiscalpe (2) legals, Wane Cor rary 63 384 Lifu. Collix multifiliata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 385 : Cedar Bay. Ochyria minuta, Warr., 1. ¢., oe p- 41 - Morobo, Bt. N. Guinea. Propithex alternata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 42 : Ron Isl. Gonantielea multistriata, bas Lees rit p- 386. ‘ W. Java. Xanthorhoé Rene. Wee es hyp: 74 Luzon, 8 ab ruptifascia, Tifa ia c. : Luzon. x ab nigrimedia,* Warr., lc. . Luzon. 3 everetti, Warr., l.c., 5 : Bonthain. Perizoma verticata, Warr., l. ¢., viii, p. 29 . W. China. * Looks like a distinct species. 656 Colonel C. Swinhoe Chloroplintha velutina, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 69 Macrwia crassitibia, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p. 21 : - : - - : Giymnoscelis grisea, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 299 : - coquina, Warr., l.¢., p. 69 : ~ pallidirufa, Warr., 1. c., 70 ; Chloroclystis semivinosa, Warr., 1. ¢., 11, p. 389. é . ss fragilis, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 38. 3 infuscata, Warr.,l.c. . : a minima, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 227 Rhinoprora reqularis, Warr., mT Cole vagy oe Ue (8 . variospila, Warr., 1. ¢. 4 of viridata, Warr., |. ¢. : : Gymnodisca rubrifusa, Warr., 1.¢., p. 109. € viridescens, Warr., l.c., p. 110. Megutheca purpurea, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 230 Prorocorys gemmata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 39. oa aa fedatipennis, ery Ker viii, p. < : ; Episteria a Warr., i ¢.. Vip. 36 4 Opistheploce rufula, Weare, l.c., p. 340 : - cinerea, Warr., l.c., ili, p. 392 . Tympanota erecta, Warr., |, c., li, p. 108. Holorista margini punctata, Warr., |. ¢., vi, p. 339 =: F : : : : : Holorista usta, Warr., l.¢., 11, p. 106. ‘ Sauris vitidula, Warr., 1. ¢. ; - ; Remodes contorta, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 232. 5 pallidiplaga, Warr., ie ¢. : : » () denigrata, Warr., l.c., p.66 . » (2) rubripiaga, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 37 » lobata, Warr., 1. c., i, p. 107 : Coptogonia turpipennis, Warr., 1.c., iii, p- 381 : : : ; ss lucens, Warr., l. c., vi, p.. 35. Steirophora * aurantisquama, Warr., 1.¢., iv; p67), & . : ; a5 punctatissima, Warr., 1. ¢. : Helminthoceras sinwaticornis, Warr., l.c., ili, p. 381 : : : ‘ , : Cleptocosmia mutabilis, Warr., 1.¢., p. 383 On Bonthain. Dammer. Fergusson Isl. Cedar Bay. Bonthain. EK. Java. St. Aignan. Baram. Geraldton. Gunong Ijan. Gunong Ijan. ]jan. Tjan. Tjan. Penang. runong Gunong aN Gunong Tugela, Solomons, J Padang Rengas, ee Pehinwale S. Flores. Milne Bay. Batchian. Kina Balu. Negros Philippines. Gunong ITjan. Milne Bay. Penang. EK. Java. Perak. Obi. Padang. Batchian. Woodlark. Java. Bonthain. Humboldt Bay. Cedar Bay * On the type label Tympanistes awrantisquama, New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 657 Synneurodes brevipalpis, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 37 ‘ : . : : 8. Flores. Camptogramma squaneda Warr, 1 ¢, p.e4k. -. : : Australia. Bardanes flavata, Ware. vie cs luk p: 382 : W. Java. » Wigricosta, Warr, ie ; Humboldt Bay. Psilocambogia semirubra, W arr., 1]; ¢.5.p: 384 Humboldt Bay. is wundulosaria, Wier, I. e3, iv, p- 227 : 3 , Amboina. Pseudasthena sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 223 : Oinainisa, Chirysolene* dilucida, Warr., l.¢., p.49 — . Sarawak, Family STERRHID. CRASPEDIA CRETATA. Craspedia eretata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vu, p. 104 (1900). Craspedia wndilinea, Warr., l.c., p. 105. Type g, Sula Mangoli in coll. Rothschild. Type (wndilinea f ), Lifu in ditto. I can see no specific difference ; it is not im the B, M. CRASPEDIA ADEPTARIA. Acidalia adeptaria, Walker, xxii, 753 (1861). Craspedia (?) eximia, Warr, Nov. Zool. v, p. 18 (1898) (note). Type, Ceylon in B. M. Type (eaimia f ), Sumba in coll, Rothschild. CRASPEDIA STRIGILARIA. Geometra strigilaria, Hiibn., Geom., fig. 109 (1803). Acidalia subcandidata, Walker, xxvi, 1607 (1862). Craspedia imbella, Warr., Nov. Zool., viii, p. 22 (1901). Hiibner’s type was European. Type (swbeandidata), Shanghai in B. M. Type (imbella & ), Japan in coll. Rothschild. CRASPEDIA MISERA. Acidalia misera, Walker, xxxv, 1630 (1866). Craspedia subtincta, Warren, Nov. Zool., ui. p. 372 (1896). Type, Flores in O. M. * On the type label Anthyria dilucida. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1902.—PART III. (NOV.) 43 658 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Types (subtincta f Y), Tenimber Isl. in coll, Rothschild. The Walkerian type is much faded, but the markings are identical. CRASPEDIA SYBILLARIA, nov. g 9. Grey, the ground colour being white covered with very minute grey irrorations, frons black, space between the antenne white, abdomen with pale segmental bands, wings with a black spot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with an interior line, both wings with medial and discal lines, all the lines grey, sinuous and in- distinct, outer marginal space darker grey, containing a submarginal rather prominent whitish sinuous band, marginal lunules black, cilia ochreous grey. Expanse of wings 75 inch, Hab. CHANG (Mrs. Pratt coll.). CRASPEDIA SUFFIDARIA, nov. ¢. Pure chalky white, bands and markings pinkish-grey, fore- wings with an antemedial line very indistinct, a medial line across both wings, bent in on to the costa of fore-wings, a discal crenelated line curved in to the costa of fore-wings, blackish on the costa and in two little lunular marks in the upper dise, the whole outer space on both wings filled in by two bands of spots or patches, marginal lunular line black, cilia with a grey basal line and in two equal parts, the outer part glistening, a black dot at the end of all the wings ; underside pure white, fore-wings suffused with ochreous grey with the discal line only apparent. Expanse of wings ;°5 inch. Hab. Baut, Low Country (Doherty). STERRHA FRANCONIARIA, nov. ¢. Bright pinkish-orange, uniform in colour, frons black, wings with a black dot at the end of each cell, fore-wings with four black marks on the costa, from which four sinuous bands run to the hinder margin, antemedial, medial, discal and submarginal, the first two and last two rather close together, hind-wings with an ante- medial band, then three bands close together from middle to margin, all the bands formed by black irrorations, underside pale pinkish- grey without markings. Expanse of wings 35 inch. Hab, SuHEeRLock River, W. Australia (Clement). New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 659 STERRHA IOPARIA, nov. ¢. Of a uniform pale greyish-pink, densely irrorated with very minute brown atoms, a lunular brown mark at the end of each cell, two brown linear marks, antemedial with a dot above it indicating a band, and the other below the cell lunule, indicating a medial band ; hind-wings with some brown marks indicating a medial band, both wings with two indistinct sinuous lines, discal and submarginal and rather close together, marginal lunules black ; underside nearly white with a fine discal and sinuous grey line across both wings. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab, SHERLOCK River, W. Australia (Clement). Genus PrycHopopa, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., ii, p. 305 (1829). JANARDA, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 265 (1888). XENOCENTRIS, Meyr‘ck, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1889, p. ASA, PTYCHOPODA RHIPIDURA. Xenocentris rhipidura, Meyrick, |. ¢. Ptychopoda (?) sericeipennis, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 294 (1896). Ptychopoda subrubellata, Warr., |.c., vi, p. 338 (1899). Type, Port Moresby, N. Guinea, in coll. Meyrick. Type (sericeipennis 2 ), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (subrubellata f ), N. Guinea in ditto. PTYCHOPODA CHOTARIA. Idea chotaria, Swinh., P.Z.8., 1885, p. 858, pl. 57, f. 14. Hois lineata, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 149, pl. 169, f. 10 (1893). Ptychopoda pallidivestis, Warr., Nov. Zool., ui, p. 378 (1896). Type, Poona in B, M. Type (lineata), Ceylon in B. M. Type (pallidivestis $), EK. Java in coll. Rothschild. PryCHOPODA ACTIOSARIA. Acidalia actiosaria, Walker, xxii, 750 (1861). Acidalia renunciata, Walker, xxiii, 763 (1861). Acidalia profanaria, Walker, xxxv, 1628 (1866). 660 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Acidalia inficita, Walker, xxxv, 1630. Type, Ceylon in B. M. Type (renunciata), Sarawak in O. M. Type (profanaria), South India in B. M. Type (inficita), Flores in O. M. Genus PrycHopHyLe, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 293 (1896). CHRYSOLENE, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 49 (1897). Hyria, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., ii, p. 292 (1829 przeocc.). PTYCHOPHYLE NOTATA. Ptychophyle notata, Warr., l.c., 11. p. 294. Chrysolene insolita, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 331 (1899). Type 4, Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (asolita ¢), Milne Bay in ditto. PTYCHOPHYLE TRISTICULA. Asthena tristicula, Swinh., P. Z.8., 1885, p. 859, pl. 56, Ae Ptychophyle tristicula ab fasciata, Warr., Noy. Zool., vi, p. 33 (1899). Ptychophyle lxta, Warr., 1. c. p. 337. Type, Bombay in B..M. Type (fasciata 2 ), Goodenough Isl. in coll. Rothschild, Type (deta g ), Tambora in ditto. EMMILTIS PINGUIS, nov. ¢@. Of a uniform dark grey, abdomen with very thin seg- mental pale lines ; fore-wings with a black spot at the end of the cell, an antemedial outwardly curved and sinuated black erect line, a: discal sinuous black line from hinder margin near the angle to the costa, one-fifth from apex ; on the inner side of this line is a broad whitish band, on the outer side the wing is blackish-brown, on the hind wings there is a broad pale discal band, with a blackish indistinct line on each side of it, and the outer margin blackish-brown as in the fore-wings ; the underside is paler with most of the markings as above: the female is paler than the male. Expanse of wings ¢ +s, 2 5 inch. Hab. Formosa ~ (Moore coll.), Cuusan 2 (J. W. Walker). There are also two males from Chekiang and Tonkin. New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 661 CHRYSOCRASPEDA LUNULATA, nov. &¢. Frons pure white, head, body and wings of a uniform chest- nut-red, indications of a pale discal outwardly curved line across both wings, marginal border of both wings bright ochreous, with the chestnut-red part angled into the yellow, in the centre of the border of both wings, hind-wings with a large pure white lunule at the end of the cell, cilia of both wings bright ochreous yellow ; underside body and legs nearly white, wings as above, but pale and dully coloured. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. SANDAKAN, Borneo. Of the colour of C. auwricincta, Hampson, from South India, and much resembling that species, but it can at once be separated by its white frons and the white lunules on the hind-wings. CHRYSOCRASPEDA SANGUINIPUNCTA, Nov. Q. Head and body crimson, wings bright yellow, fore-wings with costa broadly crimson, caused by crimson irrorations, a few irrorations in the centre of the wing, a ringlet at the end of the cell, thickened iyrorations at the base and along the hinder margin, two crimson macular bands discal and submarginal, the largest spot being in the centre of the discal band ; hind-wings with a band of spots joined together along the abdominal margin, broadest at the anal angle, almost joining a very broad patch of crimson with a yellow centre at the apex ; marginal points of both wings erimson, cilia yellow. Expanse of wings 3%; inch. Hab. Kucuinc, Borneo. CHRYSOCRASPEDA MEDIOPLAGA, Nov. Q. Head and body pinkish-orange, the ground colour of the wings bright yellow, thickly irrorated with scarlet-orange atoms, on all the wings except on the costa of fore-wings ; a medial patch which touches the costal band, is excavated outwards above and fines down towards hinder margin and an apical large patch on the outer margin, and on the hind-wing a large basal space, these are all smooth, not irrorated and are of a pinkish-grey colour; the cilia of both wings is yellow, and in the middle of the cilia of the hind- wings is a scarlet-orange spot, there is also a yellow space above medial patch on fore-wings ; on the underside the fore-wings are 662 Colonel C. Swinhoe on dull pale pink, with the base and hinder margin yellow, and a yellow patch at end of cell ; the hind-wings are yellow, with the basal third, costal space and outer margin dull pale pink. Expanse of wings | inch. Hab. Puto Laut, Borneo (Doherty). CHRYSOCRASPEDA GALINARIA, Nov. 2. Head and body chocolate, collar and a band on thorax in front yellowish-white and some marks of that colour on head and thorax ; fore-wings yellowish-white at base and broadly along costa and apex, the rest of the wing dull chocolate colour, as is also the whole of the hind-wings ; on the fore-wings there is a very large brown lunule at the end of the cell and a brown line from it to middle of hinder margin, a pale discal sinuous band, with a brown line running through it, separating the chocolate portion of the wing into two broad bands ; hind-wings with an antemedial brown sinuous line, a postmedial sinuous pale band, with a brown line running through it ; marginal lunules on both wings brown ; underside fore-wings pale rosy-grey, with the cell lunule, and a broad brownish diseal band ; hind-wings nearly white, also with a discal brownish band, but nearer the margin. Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. Kapaur, New Guinea (Doherty). CHRYSOCRASPEDA COMPTARIA, nov. ¢@. Head and body chocolate brown, wings rosy, both wings uniform in shade of colour, a chocolate brown band from base of fore-wings runs below the costa, bends round below the apex, is rounded sub-marginally to near the hinder angle, and is continued as a discal band across the hind-wings, the apex and outer margin of fore-wings and the entire outer marginal space of hind-wings is yellow, spotted with chestnut-brown ; cilia rosy-grey; underside, rosy slate colour with the outer margin broadly yellowish-white. Expanse of wings ,§; inch. Hab. SINGAPORE (HH, N. Ridley). ANISEPHYRA ALBANNULARIA. Thalassodes albannularia, Walker, xxii, 554 (1861). Epione (2) invexata, Walker, xxvi, 1497 (1862). Epkyra monochromata, Walker, xxvi, 1754. Ephyra quieta, Swinhoe, P. Z.S., 1885, p, 856, pl. 56, f. 1. New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 663 Ephyra maculifascia, Hampson, Ill. Het., viii, p. 111, pl. 151, Pe O(1SO): Anisephyra incorrupta, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 370 (1896). Anisephyra aurata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 47 (1897). Type, Ceylon in coll, Layard.* Type (invexata), India in O. M. Type (monochromata), India in B. M. Type (quieta), Poona in B, M. Type (maculifascia), Nilgiri Hills in B. M. Type (tacorrupta), Dili Timor in coll. Rothschild. Type (aurata f), Kalao in ditto. It is also from Java in the B. M. PERIXERA OBRINARIA. Ephyra obrinaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 414, 675 (1857). Anisodes obliviaria, Walker, xxu, 643 (1861). Acidalia contrariata, Walker, xxii, 770 (1861). Anisodes similaria, Walker, xxvi, 1582 (1862). Anisodes caligata, Walker, xxvi, 1584. Anisodes suspicaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 80, pl. 8, f£. 6 (1881). Perixera (?) rubrisecta, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 476 (1898). Guenée’s type came from Ceylon. Types (obliviara and caligata), Ceylon in B. M. Type (contrariata), Sarawak in O. M. Type (similaria), Maulmein in B. M. Type (suspicaria), Makassar Celebes in coll. Snellen. Type (rubrisecta 2), Key Isl. im coll. Rothschild. PERIXERA HOMOSTOLA. Perixera homostola, Meyrick, Trans. Kat. Soc., 1897, p. 72. Brachycola (?) inornata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 216 (1897), Type, Talaut in B. M. Type (inornata 2), Panda in coll. Rothschild. PERIXERA AMPLIGUTTA. Perixera pallida ab ampligutta, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 376 (1896). Types ¢ 2, Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild. Is I believe a good form and not an aberration ; is not in the B, M. * This collection appears to be lost, 664 Colonel C. Swinhoe on PISORACA MONETARIA. Anisodes monetaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 418, 683 (1857). Perixera (2) pleniluna, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 394 (1897). Guenée’s type came from Borneo. Type (pleniluna 2), Penang in coll. Rothschild. Genus EmmesurA, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 20 (1898). EMMESURA ILLEPIDARIA. Anisodes illepidaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 421, 693 (1857). Anisodes (?) semicompleta, Walker, xxii, 651 (1861). Anisodes immemoraria, Walker, xxxv, 1618 (1866). Ainsodes strictaria, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 81, pl. 8, £..7 (188F). Anisodes pallida, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iui, p. 445, pl. 201, f. 11 (1887). Guenée’s type, a female, came from Sarawak. Type (semicompleta $ ), Sarawak, should be in O. M. but is lost. Type (immemoraria f ), Java in B. M. Type (strictaria &), Celebes in coll. Snellen. Type (pallida 2), Ceylon in B. M. Anisodes contracta, Walker, xxvi, 1585, the type of which, a female from Sarawak, is in the O. M., I put as a synonym to Anisodes decretaria, Walker, in Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 11, p. 368, but it is more probably a female of ilepidaria. ANISODES OCHRARIA, nov. 6 ¢. Ochreous fawn colour very uniform in shade, irrorated by dark ochreous atoms, frons white, an ochreous ringlet at the end of each cell, three transverse dark ochreous lines antemedial, medial, and discal, slightly curving outwards all more or less crenelated, the discal line in parts dentated with black dots on the points, a marginal band of a similar nature, all these lines and bands very indistinet in some of the specimens, marginal dots black and the ochreous cilia with some basal black points, underside pale ochreous grey, the inner part of fore-wings suffused with red, an ochreous red crenelated discal line across both wings and black marginal dots. Expanse of wings 1,'; inches. Hab, SINGAPORE (/, N. Ridley), one male and two females, New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 665 ANISODES GAETA, nov. gd. Dark ochreous fawn colour, very uniform in shade, densely irrorated with red atoms making it much darker and brighter than ochracea ; frons white, costa of fore-wings dark brown, a large brown ring at the end of cell of hind-wings filled in with shining white ; both wings crossed by four indistinct ochreous red sinuous lines, antemedial, medial, discal and submarginal, the discal line dentated in parts with red points, marginal points brown very minute, cilia ochreous grey ; underside ochreous white, lines and cell spot fairly distinct and pinkish in colour. Expanse of wings 14 inches, Hab. Paku, Borneo, Allied to A. ochracea, but I think distinct. GNAMPTOLOMA VIRIDARIA. nov. d. Dark sap green, with some white atoms here and there, a small red ringlet with white centre at the end of each cell, a faint indication of the usual transverse line from costa near apex of fore- wings to the middle of the abdominal margin of hind-wings, cilia ochreous grey ; underside ochreous grey covered with green striations, a green discal line and green marginal line; both wings with the outer margin produced at vein 4, the excavation below the apex of fore-wings very slight. Expanse of wings 1; inches. Hab. Batt Low Country (Doherty), two examples. PROBLEPSIS DELPHIARIA. Argyris delphiaria, Guen., Phal., 11, 14, 911 (1857). Problepsis vulgaris, Butler, Ill. Het., viii, p. 43, pl. 125, f. 2 (1889). Problepsis auriculifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 59 (1897). Guenée’s type came from Central India. Type (vulgaris), Kangra in B. M. Types (auriculifera § 2), Singapore in coll. Rothschild. Not in B. M. Craspedia spilodorsata, Warr., Nov. Zool, ii, p. 93 Timor. ¥ xquidistans, Warr., |. c., iii, p. 371 : Timor, . nigristellata, Warr., 1. ¢. : F : Batchian. a subdecorata, Warr., l. c. . ; : ; N. Borneo. 5 subtincta, Warr., l¢., p. 372 . : , Tenimber. iy discata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 218 F ‘ Kiriwini. 666 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Craspedia pallidilinea, Warr., l.¢., p. 218 * densicornis, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 392 Py dohertyi, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 393 3 colorifica, Warr., |. ¢., v, p. 17 if coundularia, Warr., l.c., p. 18 Fs fumigrisea, Warr., lic. . 53 pallidiceps, Warr., l.c., p. 19 . ss parumnotata, Warr., 1. ¢. : 45 albilarvata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 31 e ocellata, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 383 zs nigrocellata, Warr., 1], ¢., p. 332 2 spissitarsata, Warr., l.c., p. 333 *s rufimixtaria, Warr., 1. ¢., vil, p. 104 i ignobilis, Warr., ].c., vili, p.22 . . - parallelaria, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 23 Bi erwrata, Warr., 1. c., p. 191 - exangulata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 332 . Sterrha (?) baptata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 224 Ptychopoda rubellata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 338 . » (2) sericetpennis, Warr., 1. ¢., il, p. 294 - deflavata, Warr., l.c., p. 378 uf pallidivestis, Warr., 1. e. <5 nigranalis, Warr., l. c. : F ¥, squamipunctata, Warr., 1. ¢., vii, p. 109 = robusta, Warr., l.c¢., p. 108 . a sextineta, Warr., 1. ¢. 5 Bs angustipennis, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 223 . carneola, Warr., lic. . a carnipes, Warr., l.¢., p. 224 : pilosata, Warr., l.c., v, p. 21 és sublactifera, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 337 a scintillans, Warr., ]. c., v, p. 243 if lauta, Warr., 1. ¢., vill, p. 25 Iemipogon simplex, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 334 T ~ + 7 - nanata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 54 PBA eerie be 55 - velutina, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 55 Leptomeris alboverticata, Warr., ].c., ii, p. 96 » (2) uniformis, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 373 . Kois fucosa, Warr., l.c., vii, p. 106 . » glabripennis, Warr., l.c.. . ¥ » Jerriinea, Warr., lc. . : 5 carneofasciata, Warr., l.c., p. 105 . 5 (2) perspersata, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 220 Chrysolene flavipuncta, Warr,, 1. ¢., vi, p. 831 Java. Sumba, S. Celebes. Bali. Sumba. Sumba. Lombok. Arjuno, Java. Keeling. Tambora. Dammer. Luebo Raja. Tenimber Isl. Japan. N. China. N. Guinea. Milne Bay. Apia. Milne Bay. Fergusson Isl. Tenimber Isl. E. Java. Wetter. Java. Negros. Penang. Cedar Bay. Labuan. Cedar Bay. Cedar Bay. Rossell Isl. Dawson. Japan. Sud Est Isl. Tenimber Isl. Batchian. Timor. Mackay. Sea Hill. Java. Dawson. Java. Oinainisa. Philippines, New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 667 Chrysolene cruoraria, Warr., 1.¢., iv, p. 49. ; Cedar Bay. Ptychophyle inornata, Warr., 1. ¢., ii, p. 377 2 Tenimber Isl. “4 lineata, Warr., l.c., p. 378 . ‘ 5 Dil. ni ephyrata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 60 . : Tenimber Isl. » (2) pulverulenta, Warr., lc. . : ‘ Perak. Chrysocraspeda aurimargo, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 216 : Cedar Bay. ‘i croceomarginata, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 370 : , . : : Java. mA imundata, Warr., 1. c., v, p. 238 . Bt. N. Guinea. ‘ concentrica, Warr., ].¢., vi, p. 30. . St. Aignan. 5 regalis, Warr., l.c. . : : : St. Aignan. Perixera flavirubra, Warr., l.c., li, p. 375. : Cedar Bay. PUTueiusta, Natt. 1ie.avT Da dos. : : St. Aignan. “grisea, Warr., l_¢.; p. 336 : : . Ke’ Isl. PY transversata, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 58 . ; Cedar Bay. » subsimilis, Warr., l.c., p. 394 . ; : S. Celebes. a cheracead, Wart.» oe: va ps 20" 2 : : Woodlark. » ©) flavirubra, Warr., l.c., li, p. 375. ; Cedar Bay. mn) ujeurcata, Wart, lic, . : ; . Bt. N. Guinea. >» wroseofusa, Warr., l.c.,p.376 . : : Mt. Mulu. » miutipwnctata, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 336. N. Guinea. 5 confiuscripta, Warr., 1.c., ili, p. 374 . Tenimber. » sub-sp. rubripuncta, Warr., l. ¢., iv, p. 394 S. Celebes. » ()) radiata, Warr., l.c., p. 221 -. : : Indrulaman. Conchocometa sabulosa, Warr., l.c., 11, p. 91. : Palawan, Pachythalia rotundata, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 221 ; Penang. Stiborostoma griseata, Warr., 1. ¢., ili, p. 380 . : Cedar Bay. Pisoraca perumbrata, Warr., l.c., 1, p. 97. : S. Celebes, 55 sordidata, Warr., 1.c., iii, p. 376. : N. Guinea. “3 punctata, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 222 ‘ : Geraldton. * compacta, Warr., 1. ¢., v, p. 426 ; 3 Key Isl. Xenoprora purallela, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 226. 3 Lifu. Brachycola niveopuncta, Warr., 1l.c,p.48 . : Cedar Bay. » (!) minorata, Warr., lc. . ; : : Teninber Isl. 5: decolorata, Warr.,l.c.,p.215 . . Lifu. ) flavareata, Warr., l.c. . ‘ ; Penang. 3 paucinotata, Warr., 1. ¢., vili, p. 22 : S. Celebes. Plocucha cristata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 335 : : Solomons. a) eirreguianis, Wart. licsitbpaoit pe . Humboldt Bay. Dizuga sordida, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 334. 5 : Rossell Isl. Organopoda olivescens, Warr., l.¢., iii, p. 874 : Cedar Bay. é. subbrunnea, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 393. S. Celebes. Mnesithetis ochrea, Warr., 1. c. ‘ : : : Woodlark Isl. as inobtrusa, Warr., lc. . : ; : S. Celebes, 668 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Traminda submarginata, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 34 Symmacra inconspicua, Warr., 1, ¢., p. 338 Erythrolophus bipwnctatus, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 334 Rhodostrophia inornata, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 379 Antitrigodes parvimacula, Warr., 1. ¢., p. 298 Problepsis hemicyclata, Warr., l.¢., iv, p. 59 . = nugaritata, Warr., 1. ¢., li, p. 377 . = argentea, Warr., 1. ¢., vil, p. 107 5s craspediata, Warr., 1. c., iv, p. 222 Problepsiodes argentisquama, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 337 Somatina rufifascia, Warr., 1. ¢., iii, p. 379 ms maculata, Warr., l. ¢., v, p. 244 ra sordida, Warr., 1. ¢. 5 ossicolor, Warr., 1. ¢. Somatinopsis nigridiscata, Warr., 1.¢., ii, p. 379 Nobilia nebulosa, Warr., 1. ¢., iv, p. 58 . Family GEOMETRIDA. PSEUDOTERPNA PSEUDOTERPNARIA. Hypochroma pseudoterpnaria, Guen., Phal., i, (1857). Hypochroma pryeri, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. p. 398 (1878). Tambora. Milne Bay. Milne Bay. Java. Kiriwini, Kei Tocal. Brisbane. Dammer. N. Guinea. Penang. Cedar Bay. Coomoo. Dawson. Sumba. Java. Amboina. 276, 436 H. (5), i, Pingasa javensis, Warr., Noy. Zool., i, p. 383 (1894). Guenée’s type came from North China. Type (pryert), Japan in B, M. Type (savensis), Java in coll. Rothschild. I cannot see any difference between them. PSEUDOTERPNA DETERIORATA. Hypochroma deteriorata, Walker, xxi, 441 (1860). Hypochroma (2) horridata, Walker, xxvi, 1544 (1862). Pscudoterpna horridata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1i, p. 385, pl. 6, f. 3 (1900). Boarmia nigraria, Feld., Reise Nov., pl. 126, f. 1 (1874). Type, Australia in B. M. Type (horridata 2), Sydney in O. M. Type (nigraria), Sydney in coll. Rothschild. New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 669 The type specimen of horridata by itself looks very distinct, but from the examination of the fine series in the B. M. I am convinced it is only an extremely whitish form of deteriorata. PSEUDOTERPNA QUADRILINEA. Hypochroma quadrilinea, Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, 1892, p. 80. Actenochroma ochrea, Warr., Nov. Zool., in, p. 360 (1896). Hypochroma ochrea, Warr., |. ¢., iv, p. 207 (1897). Type, Brisbane in coll. Lucas. Type (ochrea 2), Queensland in coll. Rothschild. PSEUDOTERPNA SATURATARIA. Hypochroma saturataria, Walker, xxxv, 1593 (1866). Pseudoterpna saturataria, Swinh,, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ui, p. 384, pl. 5, f. 6 (1900). Hypochroma perfulvata, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 826 (1899). Type, Mysol in O. M. Type (perfulvata), Milne Bay in coll. Rothschild. DINDICA POLYPHANARIA,. Hypochroma polyphenaria, Guen., Phal., 280, 446 (1857). Hypochroma basiflavata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 248 (1888). Dindica marginata, Warr., Nov. Zool., i, p. 382 (1894). Guenée’s type came from India. Type (basiflavata), Bengal in B. M. Type (marginata), 8. Celebes in coll. Rothschild. There are in the B.M. and in my own collection specimens from Assam absolutely identical with Warren’s type, which is merely a common aberration of the species. ACTENOCHROMA PRASINA. Actenochroma (2) prasina, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 282 (1896). Actenochroma ab suffusa, Warr., l.c., p. 283. Actenochroma discolor, Warr., |. c., p. 359. Types ¢ 2 (also the aberration), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Type (discolor), Korrido in ditto. 670 Colonel C. Swinhoe on CHLORODONTOPERA SUAVIS, nov. 3 @. Pale grass green, the female more yellowish and paler than the male ; a chestnut-red spot at the end of the cell on each wing, two transverse grey lines on both wings; the first indistinct, one fourth from base, outwardly rounded, the other discal, very sinuous, nearly erect on fore-wings, outwardly curved on hind-wings ; costa of fore-wings chestnut-red dotted with white, outer marginal line of both wings chestnut-red with ochreous grey cilia ; underside paler markings as above. Expanse of wings ¢ 1, 2 1,5 inches. Hab, TENG YENK, Yunnan (H. &. Hobson), 4 f,1 2; Wa-SHAN (Pratt), GENSAN (Pryer), 3 J, 1 9. The Corean examples have turned into a dirty yellow colour but are otherwise identical with those from Yunnan. AGATHIA PISINA. Agathia pisina, Butler, Ann. Mag. N.H. (5), xx, p. 248 (1887). Agathia subcarnea, Warr., Nov. Zool. iii, p. 285 (1896). Type ¢, Alu in B.M. Types (subcarnea S 2), Kiriwini in coll. Rothschild. AGATHIA VENERANDA, nov. ¢. Head, fore-part of thorax and wings bright emerald-green, the rest of thorax and abdomen of a beautiful purplish-plush colour, fore-wings with the costa purplish-grey, both wings with a basal band aud an outer-marginal broad band, purplish-plush colour variegated into many shades, the margins nearly as pale as the costa ; on the fore-wings this band occupies one-third of the wing on the costa, and contains a large oval emerald-green subapical spot ; the inner margin is nearly erect and has a thick dark brown line, and the band narrows to one-fifth from the hinder angle, on the hind-wings the width of the band is more even and it occupies about one-third of the wing and turns up acutely on to the abdominal margin and then narrowly to the base of the wing ; there is a large oval emerald-green spot running on the outer margin, from below the apex nearly to the tail, which is biack; and the thick brown line which inwardly margins the band is outwardly highly dentate ; on the underside the wings are nearly white, no basal band, the outer band purple-pink with no inner marginal thick line and with the green spots nearly white. Expanse of wings 1,‘5 inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). Nearest to A. hilavata, Guen. New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 671 ULIOCNEMIS CASSIDARIA. Phorodesma cassidaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 370, 589 (1857). Comibena biplagiata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i, p. 435 (1887). Uliocnemis elegans, Warr., Nov. Aool., vi, p. 28 (1899). Guencée’s type came from Central India. Type (biplagiata), Ceylon in B. M. Type (elegans), St. Aignan in coll. Rothschild. HEMITHEA ORNATA. Hemithea ornata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 111, p. 366 (1896). Hemithea bella, Warr., 1. c., v, p. 284 (1898). Type, Adonara in coll. Rothschild. Type (bella), S. Flores in ditto. I can see no difference : not in B. M. HEMITHEA INSULARIA. Hemithca insularia, Guen., Phal., 1, 385, 616 (1857). é _ Swinh. (nec Hampson), Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 392 (1900). Lodis wuka, Pag., J. B, Nass. Ver., xxxix, p. 153 (1886). Nemoria iosoma, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1889, p. 495. Hemithea pretifimbria, Warr. Nov. Zool. iii, p. 290 (1896), Guenée’s type came from Borneo. Type (wuka), Ké Island in coll, Pagenstecher. Type (cosoma), Port Moresby in coll. Meyrick. Type (pretifimbria), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. HEMITHEA VACUA, nov. dé ¢. Dull dark ochreous, probably green when freshly emerged, a small whitish space on the head between the antenne, a whitish fairly large but obscure spot at the end of each cell; the outer marginal line slightly darker than the uniform coloration of the wings: no other markings whatsoever either above or below; antenne of male ciliated. Expanse of wings ¢ 1, ¢ 1,5 inches. Hab, JAPAN (Pryer). 672 Colonel C. Swinhoe on METALLOCHLORA MILITARIS. Todis militaris, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1891, p. 295. _ Warr., Nov. Zool. v, p. 432 (1898). Metallochlora dotata, Warr, l.c., ii, p. 367 (1896). Metallochlora flavifimbria, Warr,, re Type, Brisbane in coll. Lucas. Types (dotata S 2), Queensland in coll. Rothschild. Type (flavifimbria $), Cairns in ditto. Not in B. M. LOPHOCRITA UNDIFERA. Thalera undifera, Walker, xxii, 601 (1861). Lophocrita undifera, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 393, pl. 6, f. 10 (1900). Hemithea subflavida, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 290 (1896). Hemithea (sub-sp.) reducta, Warr., l.c., 1, p. 367. Type, Sarawak in O. M. Type (subflavida f), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Types (reducta $ 9), Humboldt Bay in ditto. PROBOLOSCELES MARIA. Iodis marix, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1888, p. 1266. Probolosceles albijunctata, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 15 (1898). Probolosceles connecta, Warr., 1. c. Type, New South Wales in coll. Lucas. Types (albipunctata f $), Brisbane in coll. Rothschild. Type (connecta ¢), Dawson, Queensland in ditto. The last two only vary in the size of the spots: the species is not in the B.M. Genus ComosToLopDEs, Warr., Nov. Zool., ii, p. 308 (1896). COMOSTOLODES INDUCTARIA. Comibena inductaria, Guen., Phal., i, 370, 588 (1857). Comostolodes inductaria, Warr., Nov. Zool., vi, p. 22 (1899). Eucrostis smaragdus, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 110, pl. 151, f. 15 (1891). New and little known species of Drepanulide, etc. 673 Comostolodes consobrina, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 210 (1897). Guenée’s type came from Sarawak. Type (smaragdus), Nilgiri Hills in B. M. Types (consobrina $ 9), Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild. Warren’s note in Nov. Zool., vi, p. 22, seems to be unanswerable ; it is a pity we cannot get Guenée’s types for examination, and if ever they do come to London I imagine they will upset several species, because I feel certain many of them have not been properly identified. I cannot see any difference between smaragdus and consobrina. Genus THALASSODES, Guen., Phal., 1, p. 359 (1857). PRASINOSIMA, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 44 (1897). THALASSODES RUFITINCTA. Prasinosima rufitincta, Warr., |. c. Thalassodes flavicosta, Warr., |. ¢., p. 214. Types f 2, Lifu, in coll. Rothschild. Type (flavicosta ¢), Port Darwin in ditto. I can see no difference, except that the hind-wings of Jlavicosta are slightly inclined to be angled in the middle of outer margin, and this is not perceptible in rufitincta, but is commonly so in this Genus. THALASSODES CURIOSA, nov. dg. Frons and space between antennez white, antenne grey, body and wings dark green, of a darker and duller colour than is usual in the genus, fore-wings with the costal line ochreous grey, both wings with very indistinct transverse more or less dentate bands, interior and exterior very difficult to follow, the interior band appears to be erect, the exterior band is very dentate, outwardly on fore- wings and on the hind-wings forms an acute angle towards the outer margin below the middle, and then runs into the abdominal margin a third from the anal angle ; on the underside the palpi, body and legs are white, the wings pale greenish-grey, costa of fore-wings ochreous ; otherwise unmarked. Expanse of wings 14 inches. Hab. PENANG (8S. S. Flower). It somewhat resembles 7. satwrata, Snellen, from Celebes, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 77, pl. 8, f. 3 (1881). TRANS, ENT: SOC: LOND. 1902.—PART HI. (NOV.) 44 674 Colonel C. Swinhoe on CENOSPILA FLAVIFUSCATA, Thalera flavifuscata, Walker, xxii, 596 (1861). Enospila flavifuscata, Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., ii, p. 400 (1900). Cnospila flavilinea, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 212 (1897). Gelasma (2) perlineata, Warr., |. c., vi, p. 380 (1899). Type, Ceylon in B. M. Type (flavilinea 2), Cedar Bay in coll. Rothschild. Type (perlineata 2 ), Tugela, Solomon Isls., in ditto. I can see no specific difference between these types. CENOSPILA STRIX. Racheospila strix, Butl., Ill. Het., vii, p. 105, pl. 136, f. 8 (1889). Enospila stellata, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 292 (1896). Type, Dharmsala in B. M. Type (stellata), Fergusson Isl. in coll. Rothschild. Though the two localities are very far apart, I cannot distinguish any specific difference between the two type specimens, GELASMA FLAGELLARIA. Hemithea flagellaria, Pouj., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1895, p. 310, pl. 6, f. 8. Gelasma albistrigata, Warr., Nov. Zool., 11, p. 89 (1895). Type, Moupin in coll. Poujard. Type (albistvigata), Japan in coll. Rothschild. GELASMA OPALARIA. Lodis opalaria, Guen., Phal., 1, 357, 558 (1857). Thalassodes opalaria, Ampsn., Moths, 1, p. 509 (1895). Thalera subtractata, Walker, xxvi, 1753 (1862). Lodis spumifera, Warr., Nov. Zool., v, p. 235 (1898). Guencée’s type came from Central India. Type (subtractata), Maulmein in B. M. Type (spumifera f), Penang in coll. Rothschild. The type specimens of the last two are identical. GELASMA AMBIGUA. Thalassodes ambigua, Butl., Ill. Het., ii, p. 49, pl. 36, f. 6 (1878). New and little known species of Drepanulide, ete. 675 Lodis dentifascia, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 212 (1897). Type, Japanin B. M. Type (dentifascia), Japan in coll. Rothschild. GELASMA RUFIMARGO, Chloromachia divapala var. rufimargo, Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, p. 209 (1897). Type, Penangah in coll. Rothschild. This looks to me like a good species and not a variety. ORNITHOSPILA RUBRITINCTA. Chrysochloroma suballida ab rubritincta, Warr., Nov. Zool., ili, p. 364 (1896). Type, Humboldt Bay in coll. Rothschild. In my opinion, a good species and quite distinct from the Australian form subalbida. Not in B. M. BERTA DISCOLOR. Berta (?) discolor, Warr., Nov. Zool., 1, p. 889 (1894). Berta olivescens, Warr., |. ¢., ii1., p. 287 (1896). Type ¢, Padang in coll. Rothschild. Type (olwvescens ¢ ), Fergusson Isl. in ditto. Not in B. M. Hypochroma subrubescens, Warr., Nov. Zool., iii, p. 102 3 subornata, Warr., 1. c., p. 360. 5 vividicoma, Warr., l.c., vi, p.18 55 multicolor, Warr., l.¢., p. 17 . Pingasa angulifera, Warr., J. ¢., iii, p. 283. » cinerea, Warr., 1. c., 1, p. 382 a atriscripta, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 19 Actenochroma langwida, Warr., l.c., Vv, p. 232 - unicolor, Warr., 1. ¢., vi, p. 17 +5 cxsia, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 282 Pe Jlavibasis, Warr., l.c., i, p. 381 : Terpna crassistriga, Warr., l.c., iii, p. 861 . » vruficoloraria, Warr., l.c., iv, p. 32. 5 tenwilinea, Warr., l.c., vi, p. 19 Euxenu insulata, Warr., 1.¢., iv, p. 39. Mackay. Cedar Bay. Solomons. St. Aignan. Fergusson Isl. Australia, Goodenough Isl. N. Guinea. Mt. Dulit. Fergusson Isl. Java. Natuna Isl. Kina Balu. Tambora. Luzon. 676 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Chlorodontopera albigutta, ea Lie, a. p. 387. : é 2 Padang. Chloromachia (?) pallida, W aI: 2. C3