THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY LIBRARY 1925 Ps 3 — 7 bic = + rs a ' in = TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Page 104, for Page 104, for Page 105, for Page 107, for Page 109, for Page 110, for Page 116, for Page 116, for Page 167, for Page 180, for Page 181, for Page 181, for Page 221, for Page 223, for Page 249, for Page 273, for Page 310, for Page 510, for Page xxxvii, for ERRATA. TRANSACTIONS. Wotogenta subtesselata prurvosus read Votogonia. read subtessellata. read = pruinosus. crassiscornis read crass?cornts. Droylus read Dorylus. V. armata read SS. armata. (Estuans read stuans. read Apis. Gynandroph halna read Gynandrophthalma, Metotoplax read Metopoplax. P. strichnocera read WD, strichnocera. Megalocerea read Megalocerwa. sp.nov. vead gen. nov. Evichoma read Evirchoma, Hybocompa read Hybocampa. Lyceenide read Lycenide. T. binghami read J. binghamt, Ur ys read Urowxys, Aphis PROCEEDINGS. Fuliginose read fuliginosa. Page xxxvii, for Poncra read Ponera. Page xlvi, for Mrs. Nicholls read Mrs. Nicholl. Page xvii, for (orthocladius) read (Orthocladius). Page lvi, for 16 ceratinia read 16 Ceratinia. Page lvi, for 4ceratinia read 4 Ceratinia. Page lviii, for JANSEN read JANSON. Page lix, for Anisolobis read Anisolabis. Page lix, for Huntingford read Huntingfield THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LOIN DON I (Ma IRIs Peis ee la: Os. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY. SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ; AND NEW YORK. 1903-1904, DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. . Part I. (Trans., pp. 1-140, Proc., i-xii) was published 29th April, 1903. tC. ee 141-238, ,, xXlli-xxiv) » gndJune, ,, eit. (. F 239-498, ,, XXV—xxxil) » odth Oct., 2 »1V-( 4» 499-575, ,, xxxiii-Ixiv) . 4thDec, ,, » We (———_————__ ,,__ I xv-ellxi) . 16th Mar., 1904. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. FOUNDED, 1833. INCORPORATED BY RoyaLt CHARTER, 1885. OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1903-1904. President. Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents. THe Rev. CANON FOWLER, M.A., D.Sc., F.LS. Pror. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S. Dr. DAVID SHARP, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS. Treasurer. ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., F.LS. Secretaries. HERBERT GOSS, F.L:S. HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A. Wibrarian. GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS. Otber Members of Council. CotonEL CHARLES T. BINGHAM, F.ZS. MALCOLM BURR, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.S. Dr. THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A. HAMILTON H.C. J. DRUCE, F.Z.S. Pror. LOUIS COMPTON MIALL, F.R.S. THe Rev. FRANCIS DAVID MORICE, M.A. CoLtoneEL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A, F.L.S., F.Z.S. CotonEL JOHN W. YERBURY, R.A., F.ZS. Resident Librarian. WILLIAM R. HALL. (ay THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY O# LONDON. 1834—1903. The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows at the following reduced prices :— PUBLIC, FELLOWS. 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PAGE Errata ae ii Explanation of the slefion viil List of Fellows... ; ix Additions to the Library XXliL MEMOIRS. I. A further contribution to our knowledge of African Phyto- phagous Coleoptera, Part II. By Martin Jacopy, F.E.S.... 1 II. On the life history of Drilus flavescens, Rossi. By Lioner R. CrawsHay, M.A. Oxon. Communicated by CHARLES OWEN WarteruHOUSE, F.E.S. ase a aes eo a0 ld) III. On the genus Dedlemera, Hiibner. By CoLoneL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., IAG) és <0 08 IV. Some notes on the habits of WManophyes ing irene! as observed in Central Spain. By GrorGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., and Dr. THomas A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.8., with a description of the larva and pupa by Dr. T. A.CHapman, M.D. 87 V. The oo XX. On the antennz of ee Gresca ees adee _) By AMBROSE QUAIL, F.E.S. ... Ae ah ee Ee . 499 XXI. On the Laparostict Lamellicorn Galsepters of Grenada Me St. Vincent (W. Indies). By Girpert J. Arrow, F.E.S8. 509 XXII. Note on the habits of Chtronomus (Orthocladius) sordidellus. By THomas Harotp Taytor, M.A., F.E.S. ... ap .- O21 XXIII. Additions to the Rhynchotal fauna of Central America. By Weel DISTANT hb sHiS.. ures ea a sce 230 wee O20 XXIV. Notes on some Central and South American Eryctnide, with descriptions of new species. By Freprerick Du CANE Gopman, D.C.L., F.R.S., etc. ... oes aa “ss Sen PAY) XXYV. Supplementary Note to a Paper entitled Hymenoptera aculeata, collected by the Rev. Arrrep E, Eaton, M.A., in Madeira and Tenerife, in the aes of 1902. By Epwarp SAUNDERS, BRS, ELS: : re sas eee Apo GIL XXVI. Protective Gbieation in its eeaon to Mimicry, Common Warning Colours, and Sexual Selection. By Assorr H. TuHayEerR. Communicated by Professor Epwarp B. Poutton, M.A., D.Sce., F-R.S. 36C ee 2 nbd 500 w. 593 XXVII. A brief discussion of A. H. THayeEr’s suggestions as to the meaving of colour and pattern in insect bionomics. By Professor Epwarp B. Pouttron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Boo ek) Proceedings for 1903 Fas 2 se ae $53 oe: .. 1—Ixvill Annual Meeting ... see tte ons a a sae “oe Ixviii President’s Address sd wee ise ae es sh des xxiii Index ae sea He oe oa A aes oH wee exvil EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PlatesI XII. See pages 39—51 Plates X & XI. See pages 245—261 Plates III & IV. - 58—84 Plates XII to XV. ,, 268—801 Plate V. 3 87—182 Plates XVI to ) 311374 Plate VI. | 138186 KV f 2 Ke Plate VII. Me 141—163 Plate XIX. 5 499—508 Plate VIII. . 183—206 Plates XX to ) 529.550 Plate IX. a 239—243 LOCH J 2 a Wist of Fellows OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Date of HONORARY FELLOWS. Election. 1900 AvRIVILLIUS, Professor Christopher, Stockholm. 1900 Braver, Professor Friedrich Moritz, Mayerhofyasse 6, Viennu. 1901 Fapre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France. 1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland. 1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 1884 OsTEN SACKEN, Baron C. R., Bunsenstrasse 8, Heidelberg. 1884 PackarD, Dr. Alpheus S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. 1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Tertasse 2, Geneva. 1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 1885 SNELLEN, Pieter Carl T., Rotterdam. 1893 WatrENwyL, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28, Vienna. 1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Frevburg, Baden. FELLOWS. Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. Date of Election. 1901 + Aparr, Sir Frederick E. 8., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay. 1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria- street, S.W. 1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N. 1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent. 1885 ADKIN, Robert, Welljeld, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E. 1899 ANnpDREws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.O., Kent. 1901 Awnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 1899 + ARRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W. 1886 ArmorE, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn. 1850 f AveBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent. 1901 Bacor, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E. 1903 Batpock, G. R., 71, Hertford-road, Lower Edmonton, N. 1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham. 1890 1886 1895 1887 1902 1884 (2a) Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer. BarGaGul, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1, Florence, Italy. BarkER, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa. Barker, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, S.E. BaRRAvD, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford. Barrett, Charles Golding, Tremont, Peckham Rye, 8.E. 1894 — Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. 1896 | Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh, 1851 + Beaumont, Alfred, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. 1899 1903 1897 1885 1895 1880 1895 1891 BEDWELL, Ernest C., Elinlea, Clevedon-roud, Norbiton, Surrey. Bewi-Marzey, H. W., 50, Winder-street, Buyside, Durham, Natal. Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings. BretHune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., H.M.S. “ Doris,” Channel Squadron. BIGNELL, George Carter, The Ierns, Homepark-road, Saltash. Bryenam, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.8., Bombay Staff Corps, 6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, 8.W. BuaBer, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W. 1894 | BuackBuRNE- Maze, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury. 1889 1885 1886 1903 1891 1876 1875 1902 1892 1888 BuanprorpD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens, Ladbroke-qrove, W. Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Eagle House, Batheaston, Bath. BLOOMFIELD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory, Hastings. ; Bogus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Shepton Mallet Boorn, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth. Borre, Alfred Preudhomme de, Villa la Fauvette, Petit Saconnex, Geneva. Borrer, Win, F.GS., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint, Hassocks, R1S.O., Sussex. Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs. BouskE.L, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton. Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst. 1894 + Bowuss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E. 1893 1877 1870 1894 BraBant, Edouard, Chateaw de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord), France. Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon. Briaes, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, RS.O., N. Devon. Bricut, Percy M., Chumar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth, ot a) 1897 BricHtTweEn, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore. 1890 Bristow, B. A., The Cottage, Stoke D’ Abernon, Cobham, Surrey. 1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand. 1902 Brovuauton, Captain T. Delves, R.E., Alderney. 1886 Brown, John, 5, King’s Parade, Cambridge. 1892 Browne, Major Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Lahore, India. 1898 | BucHan-Heprsurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton- Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 1883 Bucxron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, S.0., Surrey. 1902 Buuurr, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand. 1896 | Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., Royal Societies Club, St. James's, 8.W. 1868 , Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8., The Lilies, Penge-road, Beckenham. 1883 Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 53, Tollington Purk, N. 1902. BurieEr, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 1886 CaLveRT, Win. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili. 1902. Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. “ Harrier,” Mediterranean Station. 1885 CampBELL, Francis: Maule, F.LS8., F.Z.S., &¢., Brynllwydwyn, Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. 1898 CANDEZE, Léon, 64, Rue de ? Ouest, Liege. 1880 CanspaLE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. 1889 Cant, A., c/o Fredk. DuCane Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos- street, Cavendish-square, W. 1890 Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool. 1894 Caraccrtoto, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. 1892 CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, Avplin, Northallerton. 1895 CARPENTER, G. H., B.Se., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. 1898 CaRPENTER, J. H., Riverdale, Leatherhead. 1868 CaARRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford. 1890 Carrer, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Clif End House, Scarboro’. 1895 Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C.; and Government House, Nassau, Bahamas. 1900 Carter, J. W., 25, Glenholme-road, Manningham, Bradford. 1900 Cassat, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man. 1903 Carrne, John Rowland, 59 and 61, Chancery Lane, E.C. 1889 + Cave, Charles J. T., Binstead, Cambridge. ° 1900 CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. 1871 CHampion, George C., F.Z.S., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell, Woking ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1891 CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S8., Vick-PRESIDENT, Betula, Reigate. Cites) 1902 CHARNLEY, James Roland, Howick House, Howick, nr. Preston, Lancashire. 1890 CHaATTERTON, Frederick J.S.,5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W. 1897 CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. 1898 CHAWNER, Lawrence C., Forest Bank, tao R.S.O., ene 1902 CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 63, Railway-street, Durban, Natal. 1891 + Carrry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, 8S.W.; and Hunt- ingfield, Faversham, ieee 1890 CHortEy, Mrs. H. S8., MJoorville Cottage, Bur ie in- Wharfedale, Leeds. 1889 CuHristy, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth. 1886 + CLaRK, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N. 1867 CLaRKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earls Court, S.W. 1886 CLARKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.RS, F.LS, F.GS., 13, Kew Gardens-road, Kew, S.W. 1891 OLaRKE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man. 1873 Coxe, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 1899 Coin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. 1901 Connotp, Edward, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 1900 Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens. 1892 Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.GS., F.R.MS., Pinehurst, Pacific Grove, California. 1886 CoweELL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library), William Brown-street, Liverpool. 1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs. Eve, 125, Harley-street, W. 1895 CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. 1888 CrecoEr, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, S.E. 1890 CREWE, Sir ieee Harpur, Bart., Ci tlke Abbey, Derbyshire. 1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., ieeeaee L.S., 17, Throgmorton- avenue, EC, and Heir Park ‘Henley on- Thames. 1902 CrutTtwELLt, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Eivelme Rectory, Wallingford. 1901 Dapp, Edward Martin, Bismarckstrasse 1, Charlottenburg, Germany. 1873 Dats, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset. 1900 DateisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow. 1887 Dattry, The Rev. Thomas W., M.A., F.L.S., Madeley Vicarage, Newcastle, Staffordshire. 1886 Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Parl:, Blackheath, S.¥E. 1903 Day, F. H., 27, Currock-road, Carlisle. 1898 Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford. 1875 Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,S.E. 1887 Drxey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of Wadham College, VicE-PRESIDENT, Wadham College, Oxford. 1898 Drxon, G. B., St. Peter’s-road, Leicester. 1895 Dosson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.0., Surrey. 1903 Dotuman, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 1891 1885 1873 1845 1899 1884 1867 1900 1894 1883 1890 1865 1902 1886 1884 1900 1900 1886 1903 1878 1886 1903 1899 1890 1900 1861 1886 1889 1898 1878 1900 1874 1886 1900 1898 ( xiii ) DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-mansions, South Kensington, S.W. Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., c/o Messrs. P, Macfadyen & Co., Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C. Dorta, Marchese Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa. Dovatas, John Wm., 61, Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W. Drewitt, Frederic G. Dawtrey, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.ZS., 14, Palace Gardens-terrace, Kensington, W. Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, NCW: Drory, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking. DupcGeon, G. C., Holia, Kangra Valley, P.O. Palimpur, Punjab, India. Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford. Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming. Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Woodlands, Seaton, Devon. EpDEtstEN, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 15, St. Germans-place, Black- heath, S.E. Extiort, E. A., 41, Holland Park, W. Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham. Ettis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool. ELTRINGHAM, Harry, Eastgarth, Westoe, South Shields. Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS. F.LS., F.Z.S., Colesborne, Cheltenham. Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 13, Tufnell Park-road, Holloway, N. ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. FaRMBOROUGH, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N. Farn, Albert Brydges, Mount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent ; and Medical Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W. Fettuam, H. L. L., P. 0. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal. FENN, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 8.E, Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, 7’e Gables, New-road, Esher. FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. Finer, F. E., 122, Stockwell Park-road, Brixton, 8.W. Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W. Firts, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. Fitcu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon. Fircu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N. FLeMyNnG, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co. Waterford. FLetcaer, T. B., R.N., St. Catherines, Salishbury-road, Wimbledon. (bake )) 1883 + FLetcHer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 1885 FoxKeEr, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands. 1900 FouxnKss, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultiral College, Newport, Salop. 1898 Fountaine, Miss Margaret, 7, Lansdowne-place, Bath. 1880 FowtrerR, The Rey. Canon, M.A., D.Sc, F.LS., Rotherfield Peppard Rectory, Henley-on-Thames. 1883. FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock. 1896 FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. 1888 FRemutn, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone. 1903 FReNcH, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria, Australia. 1891 FRowawk, F. W., Rose Cottage, Hockley, S.O., Essex. 1855 Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Vhornhill House, Dulwich Wood Park, Norwood, 8.E. 1900° Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. 1884 Funnier, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, Sydenham, S.E. 1898 Fuiier, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. 1887 GanHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromovell- road, S.W. 1892 GarRDE, Philip de la, R.N., H.M.S. “ Pegasus,” Mediterranean. 1890 GarRDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool. 1901 | GARDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales. 1899 GAYNER, Francis, 20, Q@ueen-square, W.C. 1899 GeELDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford. 1902 GiLLaNDERS, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick. 1865 | GopMan, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor- square; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1890 GonLpruwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E. 1886 f GoopRicH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern Link, Malvern. 1898 Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire. 1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown- shire. 1855 GoruaMm, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts, Shirley Warren, Southampton. 1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., Secretary, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill, Surrey. 1886 GREEN, A. P., c/o 8. Green, Esq., 1, Gordon-place, Kensington, W. 1891 | GreEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. 1850 GREENE, The Rey. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol. 1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W. 1899 ( xv ) GreEeNwoop, Edgar, Bellevue, Riffel-road, Willesden Green, N.W. 1893 + Gremnwoop, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Sandhill Lodge, Fordingbridge, 1888 1894 1900 1869 1899 1897 Salisbury. GriFFitus, G. C., F.Z.S., 48, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol. GrimsHaw, Percy H., Natural History Department, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. Groom, Prof. Perey, M.A., F.L.S., Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, Staines. GrosE-SmitH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.8.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde Park, W. GunninG, Montague, Narborough, Leicester. Haaug, Henry, 2, First-place, Brooklyn, U.S.A. 1890 + Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 1885 1898 1891 1891 1903 Hat, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon, Hamuyn- Harris, R., D.Se., F.Z.8., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar School, Queensland, Australia. Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope- gardens, S.W. Hansury, Frederick J., F.L.8., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E. Hare, E. J., 8, Hillsborough-road, East Dulwich, 8.E. 1897 | Harrison, Albert, F.LS., F.C.8., Delamere, Grove-road, South 1889 1892 1881 1903 1898 1888 Woodford, Essex. Harrison, John, 7, Gawlber-road, Burnsley. HeApD.Ly, Charles Burnard, Two Elms, Alewandra-road, Stoneygate, Leicester. Henry, George, 38, Wellington-square, Hastings. Herron, William, Horticultural College, Swanley, Kent. Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. Hiaes, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.8., Mine Office, Venterskroon, Transvaal. 1876 | Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes. 1888 1902 1887 1898 1897 1901 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Harefield, Ansdell-road, Lythum. Hor, R. 8., Indian Forest Service, c/o Messrs. King, King and Co., Bombay. Houianpd, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg, ent. OS. Al. Hotman-Hunt, C. B., Aneimandi Esp., Munaar, P.O., Travancore, S. India. Horne, Arthur, 58, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen. Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road, Rosslyn Hill, N.W. 1876 | Horniman, Fredk. John, M.P., F.LS., F.Z.S., &e., Surrey Mount, Forest Hill, S.E. 1903 Hovuenton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop. (xvi. a) 1900 Howes, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand. 1865 Hupp, A. E., Clinton, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol. 1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand, 1902. Hurron, Captain Frederick W., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. 1897 ImaceE, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Fifzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W. 1893 Irpy, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.ZS., 14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. 1891 IsaBELL, The Rey. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall. 1886 Jacopy, Martin, 7, Hemstall-road, West Hampstead, N.W. 1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes. 1899 Jenntnes, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. 1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant, R S.O., Glamorganshire. 1889 Jounson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, Co. Armagh. 1888 Jonss, Albert H., Shrublands, Eltham. 1894 + Jorpan, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring. 1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading. 1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House, Monaghan. 1884 Kappet, A. W., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W. 1876 F Kay, John Dunning, Leeds. 1896 | Kaye, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. 1884 Keays, Lovell. 1902 Kemp, Stanley W., Trinity College, Dublin. 1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 1898 KerrsHaw,J.A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor, Melbourne Victoria. 1901 KerrsHaw, John C. W., c/o F. W. Styan, Esq., Shanghai, China. 1900 Keys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth. 1889 Kune, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economie Entomology at the West of Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin- side, Glasgow. 1861 Kuirsy, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W. 1893 KirRKALDY, George Willis, Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1889 KLAPALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia. 1887 + KLEIN, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate. 1876 Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin. 1901 Lane, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E. 1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford, ( xvii ) 1960 Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea, 1901 Laruy, Percy I., Lynton Villa, Sydney-road, Enfield. 1895 Larter, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania. 1900 Lerroy, H. Maxwell, B.A., Court, Crondall, Hants. 1901 Leicu, George F., corner of Sydenham and Essenwood-roads, Durban, Natal. 1883 LeMmany, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 1892 Lesuiez, J. H., Bryn Glas, 33, Streathbourne-road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 1898 LetupripcEe, Ambrose G., Knowle, Dunster, Taunton. 1903 Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. 1898 Lewis, E. J., F.L.8., Hadingford, Yalding, Kent. 1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells. 1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand. 1892 Liearroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 1903 Lirrier, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Launceston, Tasmania. 1865 | LuEwetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A. F.LS., Penllergare, Swansea. 1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor. 1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Balham, S.W. 1903 LorrHousg, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. - 1899 Lounsspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape Town, S. Africa. 1894 Lows, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. 1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswald’s, Bartley-crescent, Wayville, South Australia. 1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Bantley Crescent, Wayville, South Australia. 1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knights Park, Kingston-on- Thames. 1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds. 1903 Lyett, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia. 1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal, Canada. 1902 Macponatp, George B. Douglas, M.B. 1887 M‘Doveatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, S.E. 1901 McGrecor, T. M., 48, Glasgow-road, Perth. 1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India. 1900 Macxkwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon. 1858 McLacuuan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S8., F.Z.S., TREASURER, Westview, 23, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, S.E. i898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham. 1899 + Mary, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford, N.E. 1887 ManpeErs, Major Neville, R.A.M.C., c/o Sir Charles McGrigor, Bart., and Co., 25, Charles-street, St. James’s-square, S.W. 1892 Manssripex, William, 27, Elmbank-road, Sefton-park, Liverpool. 1894 + MarsHatt, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent. ; ( xvii) 1895 MarsHatt, G. A. K., P.O. Box 149, Salisbury, Mashonaland, S. Africa. 1896 MarsHat., P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines, Dunedin, New Zealand. 1856 + MarsHA.L, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent. 1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham. 1895 Massy, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester. 1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich. 1887 MatrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth. 1899 May, Harry Haden, 6, Citadel Terrace, Plymouth. 1872 + Metpoua, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., 6, Brunswick- square, W.C. 1885 Metviti, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., 36, George-street, Manchester. 1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, 24, Vernon-terrace, Brighton. 1888 Meyer-Darcts, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland. 1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., Elmswood, Marlborough. 1894 Murat, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 1, Richmond Mount, Headingley, Leeds. 1883 Miss, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta. 1896 Moserty, J. C., M.A., 9, Rockstone-place, Southampton. 1879 Monrerro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar, Lisbon. 1902 Monteomery, Arthur Meadows, 83, Osborne-road, Forest Gate, E. 1853 Moors, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., 17, Maple-road, Penge, S.E. 1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe. 1886 Morean, A. C. F., F.LS., 24, Leinster-square, W. 1889 | Morice, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, VicE-PRESIDENT, Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking. 1895 + Morey, Claude, Jpswich. 1893 Morroyn, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh. 1900 Moser, Julius, 90, Bulow-strasse, Berlin. 1882 Mostey, 8. L., Beaumont Park, Huddersfield. 1898 Mousey, H., Burnfoot, Buxton. 1901 Murr, Frederick, EH. and 8S. African Telegraph Co., Mozambique. 1869 + Méiuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Gren- zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland. 1872 + Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, S.W. 1903 Neavg, 8. A., B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford. 1896 NesHAwm, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W. 1889 Nervinson, Basil George, M.A., F.ZS., 3, Tedworth-square, Chelsea, S.W. 1901 Nevinson, E.G.B., 5, Bentinck-terruce, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1890 Newstead, R., The Museum, Chester. 1900 NicHox1, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. 1886 NicHotson, William E., School Hill, Lewes. (pcb 1) 1893 NonrrieD, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia. 1886 Norris, Herbert E., 15, Market-place, Cirencester. 1878 Norrrmes, Thomas, Ashford, Kent. 1895 Nurse, Major C. G., Indian Staff Corps, Quetta, Baluchistan, India. 1869 OpsrrtHiir, Charles, Rennes (Ille et Vilaine), France. 1877 OsertHir, René, Rennes (Ille et Vilaine), France. 1893 + OcLE, Bertram S., Steeple Aston, Oafordshire. 1893. Outver, John Baxter, Elmleigh, Elm-row, Hampstead, N.W. 1873 Ouivier, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France. 1895 Pacx, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, 5.E. -1898 PauuisER, H. G., Holmwood, Addlestone, Surrey. 1901 Prat, Henry Woolner, Indian Museum, Calcutta. 1883 PséRINGUEY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. 1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento- mology, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1879 PrRKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-under- Edge. 1900 Pures, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, 7'he Cottage, Parkwood-road, Tavistock. 1897 Purnies, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., M. and L.8.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W. 1903 Parutrs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, Canon- bury, N. ; 1901 Pickert, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex. 1891 Prerce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 1901 Prrrarp, Albert, Felden, Bowmoor, Hemel Hempstead. 1903 PrincuER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester- road, Kensington, W. 1885 Pott, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Drishergen, Netherlands. 1870 + Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersfield. 1884 + Poutton, Professor Edward B., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, PRESIDENT, Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford. 1851 Preston, The Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.8., Thurcaston Rectory, Leicester. 1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham. 1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E. 1898 QuatiL, Ambrose, 15, Stamford-hiil, N. 1900 Ratnsow, William J., The Australian Museum, Sydiey, NS.W. 1874 Reep, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. 1900 Retp, Percy Charles, Feering Bury, Kelvedon, Essex. 1893 Rep, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone, 1891 Rerp, William, St. Andrews-road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa. 1898 Re.toy, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland. (==) 1890 RENDLESHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood- bridge. 1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland. 1894 Rriprne, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton. 1853 Ripon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., ete., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W. 1892 Roprnson, Sydney C., Goldsmiths’ Hall, F.C. 1869 + Roprnson-Dovueras, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS.,. F.R.G.S., Orchardton, Castle Douglas. 1899 Rosson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool. 1886 Ross, Arthur J., 37, Church Crescent, Muswell Hill, N. 1868 Rotrunery, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper Norwood, 8.E. 1894 + Rorascainp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 148, Piccadilly, W. ; and Tring Park, Tring. 1888 + Roruscuitp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.LS., F.Z.8,, 148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring. 1890 RovutiepeGE, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 1887 RownaNnp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald. 1903 Rowtanps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, nr. Bromsgrove. 1898 RussEtL, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, 8.E. 1892 RussEtt, 8. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C. 1899 Rywes, William E., B.A., 11, Waverley Mount, Nottingham. 1865 + SaunpERS, Edward, F.R.S.,F.L.8.,S4 Ain’s, Mount Hermon, Woking. 1861 | SaunpERS, G. S., F.LS., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 1886 SaunpERs, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. 1901 ScwHaus, W., F.Z.8S., Trentham House, Twickenham. 1881 Scoxnutck, A. J., The Hazels, Babington-road, Streatham. 1864 SempER, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Hlbe, Germany. 1862 SwHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Hawthorndene, Hills-road, Cambridge ; and University Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge. 1902 SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E. 1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Overdale, Laxey, Isle of Man. 1901 SHELFORD, R., M.A., C.M.Z.S., The Musewm, Sarawak, Borneo. 1883 + SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 39, Eyerton-gardens, S.W. 1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyy, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey. 1887 SricuH, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W. 1901 SxkertcuHty, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘Penang Gazette, Penang, Straits Settlements. 1902 SLapEN, Frederick William Lambart, 2, Sydney-road, Walmer, Deal. 1902 Storer, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts. 1901 1901 1895 1898 1885 1897 1889 1898 1890 1897 1898 1889 1896 1900 1895 1903 1882 1884 1894 1876 1893 1892 1903 1901 1892 1897 (xx) Situ, Arthur, 16, Hdward-street, Grimsby. Smitu, W. G., Rosebank, Brecknock-road, Knowle, Bristol. Samira, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand. Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road, Birkdale, Lancashire. SourtH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W. SparKE, E. G. J., B.A., 1, Christchurch-Villas, Tooting Bec-road, S.W. STANDEN, Richard 8., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex. Srares, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Infirmary, Wandsworth, S.W. Srearns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W. Sreppine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and Co., Calcutta. STEBBING, Henry, 134, Westbowrne-grove, W. Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury. STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, 21, Kensington Gate, W. Strupp, BE. A. C., Downton, near Salisbury. Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter. Swag, Harold, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand. Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks. SWINHOE, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 7, Gloucester Walk, Kensington, W. SwinHog, Ernest, 37, Addison-gardens, Kensington, W. Swinton, A. H., c/o General Callender, Vineyard, Totnes. Tayior, Charles B., Rae-street, Rae Town, Kingston, Jamaica. Taytor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia. Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds. THompson, Matthew Lawson, 2, Thornclitf Villas, Saltburn-by-the- Sea. THoRNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.L.S., South Leverton Vicarage, Lincoln. Tomuin, B., M.A., Estyn, Chester. 1859 + TrimEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 26, Campden-grove, Campden 1895 1897 1898 1893 1894 1886 1893 Hill, Kensington, W. TuUNALEY, Henry, 30, Pairmont-road, Brixton Hill, S.W. TunstaLL, Wilmot, Brook House, Meltham, Huddersfield. Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbaue, Australia. TuRNER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road, St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, 8.E. TuRNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon. Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcomble Hill, S.E. Uric, Frederick William, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. 1900 1866 1897 1895 1901 1899 1897 1870 1878 (= xxii") Urwick, W. F., 34, Great Tower-street, E.C. VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. Vice, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester. WacHER, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury. WappinetTon, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds. Wane, Albert, 20, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire. WatxwricGat, Colbran J., 57, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Watker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W. WALKER, James J., R.N., F.LS., c/o Admiralty, Whitehall, S.W. 1863 , Wattace, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset. 1866 | WaLsINGHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS., 1886 1869 1901 1900 1893 F.Z.S., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, . Merton Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, S.W. WaRREN, Win, M.A., 61, Wilton-avenue, Chiswick-lane, W. WatTERHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, Acten, W. ; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W. WATERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Se., F.C.S., Royal Mint, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Watkins, C. J., King’s Mill House, Painswick, Stroud, Gloucester- shire. Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E. 1876 | WESTERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W. 1886 1884 1903 1896 1894 1894 1900 1881 1901 1899 1891 1888 1892 WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich. Wuire, William, 75, Thurlow Park-road, West Dulwich, S.E. Wicetns, Clare A., M.R.CS., Kiswmu, Lake Victoria Nyanza, British East Africa. WILeMay, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Kobe, Japan. WILson, Edwin, Mill-lane, Cambridge. Wottey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. 0., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada. Woop, H., The Old Grammar School, Ashford, Kent. Woon, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. WoopForDkE, F. C., Market Drayton. Woo ttey, H. 8., 7, Park-row, Greenwich, S.E.; and P. 0. Box 1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A. Wrovueuton, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest Service, c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105, Victoria-street, S.W. Yersury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. Youpa.e, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth. (Texte *) ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY DuRING THE YEAR 1903. AvSsTEN (E. E.). A Monograph of the Tsetse-flies. Svo, London, 1903. [Published by the Trustees of the British Museum. ] By Exchange. Banxs (Nathan). A List of Spiders collected in Arizona by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber during the Summer of 1901. [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV.] The Smithsonian Institution. BarGacwi (P.). Adolfo Targioni-Tozzeti (Obituary notice of). [Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1902. ] The Society. Barrett (C. G.). The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Vol. VIII. 8vo, London, 1902. The Publishers. BETHUNE-BakER (G. T.). A Revision of the Amblypodia Group of Butter- flies of the Family Lycaenidae. [Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., Vol. XVI, Part I, 1903.] The Author. Borxeat (H.). Notes sur quelques Lucanides. [Soc. Ent. Belg., Mém. ix, 1902.] By Exchange. BouskeEtt (F.). Three Weeks in South Kerry, June 1902. [Irish Naturalist., Vol. XII, 1903.] H. St. J. Donisthorpe. Burr (Malcolm). Orthoptera. [Wytsman’s Genera Insectorum.] 4to, Bruxelles, 1903. The Author. CatvEert (P. P.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ] CaMBRIDGE (F. O. Pickard). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali- Americana. | CARPENTER © a ). Injurious Insects observed in Ireland during the Year (Roy. Dublin Soc., Economic Proc. 1902. ] By Exchange. CaupDELt (A. N.). Notes on Orthoptera from Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, He Texas, with descriptions of new species. [Proc. U. 8. N. Mus., Vol. XXVI.] 8vo, Washington, 1903. The Phasmidz or Walking-sticks of the United States. [Proc. U. S. N. Mus. eV ol. XXVI .] 8vo, Washington, 1901. The Smithsonian Institution. Cuampron (G.C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ] Coqurttett (D. W.). New Diptera from North America. [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV.] (ayy) Distant (W. L.). Insecta Transvaaliensia. Parts I—IV. 4to, London, 1900—1903. Purchased. Dyar (H. G.). List of North American Lepidoptera, and Key to the Literature of this order of Insects. [Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 52.] 8vo, Washington, 1902. The Author. Descriptions of the Larve of some Moths from Colorado. [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV.] The Sinithsonian Institution. FarrMaire (L.). Coléoptéres. d H [Histoire Naturelle de la France, 8° partie.] S8vo, Paris, 1902. The Editors. Fisker (W. F.). The Parasites of the American Tent Caterpillar. [N. Hampshire Coll. Agric. Exp. Stn. Techn. Bull. 6. 1903. | The Author. Forpes (8. A.). Report (22nd) of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. S8vo, Champaign, 1903. The Author. Foret (A.). Les Formicides de l’Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc., Vol. XIV. | Fourmis nouvelles d’ Australie. [Revue Suisse Zool.] 8vo, Genéve, 1902. Faune Myrmécologique des Noyers dans le Canton de Vaud. Svo, Lausanne, 1903. Recherches biologiques récentes de Malle Adéle Fielde sur les Fourmis. (Bull. Soc. Vaud Sc. Nat., XX XIX, 146.] 8vo, Lausanne, 1903. Mélanges Entomologiques, biologiques et autres. [Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, T. XLVII.] 8vo, Bruxelles, 1903. Les Fourmis des iles Andamans et Nicobares. [Rev. Suisse Zool., Tome II.] 8vo, Genéve, 1903. ‘ The Author. Fow er (W. W.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | Gopman (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Parts CLXXVI— CLXXX. The Editor. Arachnida Araneidea, by F. O. Pickard, Cambridge. Diplopoda Araneidea, by R. I. Pocock. Insecta, by P. P. Calvert, G. C. Champion, W. W. Fowler, F. M. van der Wulp, and 8. W. Williston. Guturikz (J. E.). The Collembola of Minnesota. 8vo, Minneapolis, 1903. The Editor. Hasert (J. N.). [See Jounson (W. F.).] Hampson (Sir George, Bt.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalzenz in the British Museum, Vol. IV. Text and Plates. 8vo, London, 1903. By Exchange. Herz (Otto). Verzeichniss der auf der Mammuth Expedition gesammelten Lepidopteren. [Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp., T. VIII.] 8vo, St. Petersburg, 1903. The Author. Hinps (W. E.). Contributions to a Monograph of the Insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhabiting North America. [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VT. ] The Smithsonian Institution. Hine (J. 8.). Tabanidze of Ohio. [Ohio Acad. Sci., Sp. Papers, No. 5.] 8vo, Columbus, 1903. The Author, (Sexxy) ‘*Hopre Reports,” edited by Prof. E. B. Poulton, Vol. III, 1902. 8vo, Oxford, 1903. edited by Prof. E. B. Poulton, Vol. IV, 1900—03. 8vo, Oxford, 19038. The Editor. Hovusert (C.). Les insectes ennemis des livres. 8vo, Paris, 1903. The Author. ILtipGk (R.) and Quarn (A.). Australian Wood-boring Cosside. ie Roy. Soc. Queensland, 1903. | The Authors. Inns (A. D.). Clunio bicolor, Kieff ; marine Chironomid New to the Fauna of Great Britain. ['Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., Vol. XVII.] 8vo, Liverpool, 1903. The Author. Jacoby (M.). Descriptions of the New Genera and Species of Phytophagovs Coleoptera obtained by Messrs. Andrews and Bell from the Nilgiri Hills and Kanara. [Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, T. XLVII, 1903. ] Coleoptera Phytophaga. [Wytsman’s Gen. Insectorum.] 4to, Bruxelles, 1903. Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Prof. Sjéstedt in the Camer- oons. [Ark, Zool. Bd. I., K. Svenska Vet. Akad. ] The Author. Jounson (W. W.) and Harperr (J. N.). ) Periodicals and Publications of Societies. AFRICA. Carr Town. South African Museum. Annals. Vol. IIT, Part 1. Trustees S. Afr. Mus. AMERICA (NORTH). CANADA. Lonpon, Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XX XV, 1903. By Exchange. MontreEAt. Royal Society of Canada. Proceedings and ‘Transactions. Ser. 2, Vol. VIII, 1902. The Society. Nova Scotia. Proc. and Transactions of Institute of Science of Nova Scotia. Vol. X, Part 3. The Institute. Oxtakio, Entom. Soc. Ontario. Report for 1901 and 1902. The Society. UNITED STATES. New York. N.Y. Entomological Society. Journal,1903. Purchased. PHILADELPHIA. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 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Hore. Tome XXXVI. 1903. By Exchange. Annuaire du musée zoologique de l’académie impériale des sciences de St. Petersburg. T. VII, No. 3, 1902. FF, D, Godinan. SWEDEN. Srockuorm. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handlingar. Bd. 27, Afd. IV. 1901. By Exchange. Bd. 28, Afd. No.1. 1902. Arkiv. for Zoologi. Bd. I, Hft.1 and 2. 19038. By Exchange. SWITZERLAND. GENEVA. Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires. Vol. XXXIV. Part 3. By Exchange. SCHAFFHAUSEN. Schweizerische entomologische Gesellschaft. | Mitthei- lungen. Bd. X, Hft.10. Bd. XI, Hft. 1. By Exchange. DPREAN SAC TONS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON FoR THE YEAR 1903. I. A further contribution to our knowledge of African Phytophagous Coleoptera, Part II By Marrin JACOBY, F.E.S. [Read October 15th, 1902. ] THIS paper is a continuation of the one published in these Transactions in 1901. It deals with the groups Halticinze and Galerucine. HALTICINE. Haltica malvernensis, sp. 0. Metallic green with brassy reflection, the basal three joints of the antenne more or less fulvous, thorax impunctate, the basal sulcus sinuate, extending to the sides, elytra strongly and closely punctured in semiregular rows, the interstices slightly rugose, tibise rather broad and deeply sulcate. Length 4 millim. Of a brassy green colour, the head impunctate, the frontal tuber- cles very strongly raised, the carina very narrow, acutely raised and elongate, labrum and palpi blackish, antenne extending rather beyond the middle of the elytra, black, the lower three joints more or less fulvous, the basal joint stained with w#neous above, third joint one-half shorter than the fourth ; thorax about one-half broader than long, distinctly narrowed anteriorly, the sides very feebly TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 1 2 Mr. M. Jacoby on rounded, the anterior angles thickened, obtuse, the dise convex and shining, impunctate, the basal sulcus sinuate, not foveolate at the sides but extending to the latter and placed at a proportionately broad distance from the basal margin, scutellum blackish ; elytra with very closely approached irregular rows of distinct punctures which are getting smaller towards the apex, the interstices, especially at the sides, rather uneven with some faint traces of longitudinal costee below the shoulders, the latter prominent, the tibize of the male rather strongly widened anteriorly and suleate, the male organ slender, slightly narrowed at the middle, the anterior margin nearly truncate, with a small central point, the upper surface suleate at each side near the apex. Hab. Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker) ; also Sedhion, WEST AFRICA (C. Alluand). The general colour of this species, of which I have eight specimens before me, is not blue as is mostly the case in this genus, but a brassy green, and the punctuation of the elytra is proportionately strong and very close, and the tibize (at least in the male) are more dilated and more strongly sulcate than is usually the case, they may almost be called triangularly compressed. Haltica pyritosa, Krichs. It is at present almost impossible to refer with certainty any of the numerous species of Haltica from different parts of Africa which are before me, to Erichson’s species without the type for comparison ; I look, however, upon specimens from Mozambique, Zambesi R., Mashonaland, and West Africa as representing Erichson’s species. ‘The author gives the colour as “neous”; all the specimens before me are cupreous above, and the elytral punctuation is comparatively strong and arranged in nearly regular and closely- approached rows; the “male organ does not differ from that of several other closely- -allied or perhaps identical species, but all the specimens from the above localities are decidedly of more elongate and_ parallel shape than those from South Africa before me, and I am able to separate them also by the sculpturing of the elytra. Haltica cuprea, Jac. This species was described by me in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1895, founded on specimens of entirely African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 3 cupreous colour above, and in which the elytral punctu- ation is extremely fine and irregular as_ well as close; numerous specimens since received from Natal differ in having the thorax of a bright metallic brassy colour, but I am unable to find any other differences of importance, nor in that of the male organ; the latter is elongate and parallel, the apex rounded with a small projecting point at the middle, the upper surface below the anterior cavity is finely transversely wrinkled ; the size of the insects differs rather considerably, some being much larger than others, but all are more oblong and convex than the species I refer to H. pyritosa. Haltica cyanicollis, Jac. The description of this species was published at the same time and in the same Journal as the preceding one, but whether the insect is really specifically distinct or only represents a local form I am unable to say, The size is larger than the largest specimens of HH. cuprea, the thorax is metallic blue or greenish, and the basal sulcus is placed at a longer distance from the basal margin than is the case in the allied species; other differences consist in the strongly-punctured space in front of the eyes and the more distinctly-punctured elytra. Dibolia thoraciea, sp. n. Black, the basal joints of the antenne and the legs fulvous, head and thorax dark greenish, minutely transversely wrinkled, elytra dark bluish, microscopically punctured, posterior femora black at the apex. Leneth 23-3 millim. Head greenish, minutely granulate or wrinkled, eyes elongate, occupying the entire sides of the head, frontal elevations absent, clypeus broad, antennze not extending to the middle of the elytra, the lower fou joints flavous, the others black, basal joint elongate, the following three nearly equal, terminal joints short; thorax nearly three times broader than long, the sides obliquely narrowed anteriorly, the anterior angles thickened, the entire surface covered with very fine transverse wrinkles, greenish, basal margin broadly and evenly rounded, scutellum small, black ; elytra strongly convex, evenly rounded and widened towards the middle, bluish, with some extremely fine punctures, only visible under a strong lens, legs flavous, the apex of the posterior femora black, posterior tibie 4 Mr. M. Jacoby on widened near the apex and strongly sulcate with a broad emarginate spur. Hab. Frere, NATAL. The colour of the thorax which differs from that of the elytra, and the peculiar finely-wrinkled surface form the principal characteristic characters of this species, of which two exactly similar specimens are contamed m my collection. Dibolia abdominalis, sp. n. Piceous below, the basal joints of the antennze and the abdomen more or less testaceous, above obscure ceneous, eyes closely approached, upper surface finely or scarcely perceptibly punctured, the tibize and tarsi obscure flavons. Length 3 millim. Ovate and very convex, the head impunctate, greenish-zneous, the eyes very large and closely approached at the vertex, the inter- mediate space smaller than their diameter, antennz flavous, the apical joints darker, second and third joint short, equal, the fourth the longest ; thorax very short, three times broader than long, the sides straight, the anterior angles thickened, the median lobe somewhat pointed, the disc minutely transversely wrinkled, without punctures, elytra very convex, widened towards the middle, minutely punctured and obsoletely longitudinally sulcate, legs flavous, the posterior femora and the breast piceous, abdomen partly flavous. Hab, Grahamstown and Dunbrody, S. Arrica (Rev. O Neil). The punctuation in this species seems to vary from extreme fineness to absence of punctures, but I am not able to separate the specimens on account of any other differences ; in most of them, the elytral punctuation is very fine and closely placed, but in one specimen no trace of punctures can be seen and the interstices are obsoletely sulcate; in all, the eyes are approached at the vertex (in one, probably the male, much more closely so), but the space separating them gradually widens. Dibolia bimaculata, Jac. (Proc. Zool, Soc., 1900). Whether this species is identical with D. maculata, Har. (Coleopter. Hefte, xvi. p. 232), or a variety of it I am not able to say without seeing the type, but Harold describes - African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 5 the insect as obscure zwneous with the elytra blue pos- teriorly only, and with the interstices of the elytral punc- tured striz likewise punctured. In D. bimaculata the first five joints of the antenne (not four) are flavous, the entire upper surface is metallic-blue, and the elytra are punctured in closely-approached rows of rather irregular shape without extra punctures in the interstices. In other respects Harold’s description is too short and gives no other details. Dibolia affinis, sp. n. Blackish-blue, the antennae and legs black, thorax closely and sirongly punctured, elytra very finely punctate-striate, each with a large fulvous spot near the apex. Length 3 millim. Of elongate, subcylindrical shape, the head finely and sparingly punctured, dark blue, eyes widely s2parated, the intermediate space with a transverse groove, antenne black, the second, third and fourth joints of nearly equal length, fifth slightly longer, four terminal joints thickened ; thorax very strongly transverse, the sides rounded, narrowly margined, the disc strongly, evenly and closely punc- tured, the interstices slightly aciculate ; scutellum smooth ; elytra subeylindrical, slightly narrowed posteriorly, finely punctate-striate, the strie not very distinct, and irregular, each elytren with a bright fulvous, nearly round spot near the apex ; legs black, the tibial spur fulvous. Hab. Bothaville, ORANGE FREE STATE (Dr. Brauns). Again closely allied in coloration to the preceding species but differing in its larger size, the entirely. black antenne and legs, the strong punctuation of the thorax and the impunctate elytral interstices. I received a_ single ‘specimen from Dr. Brauns in 8. Africa. espera maculicollis, sp. 0. Pale testaceous, finely pubescent, antennz fuscous, thorax finely rugosely punctured, the sides with a fuscous stripe, elytra microsco- pically punctured, the lateral inargins narrowly piceous, the breast, the apex of the posterior femora and the posterior tibia and tarsi piceous. Length 2-3 millim. Head finely rugose, obscure fulvous, frontal tubercles distinet but rather flat, antenne extending beyond the apex of the elytra, fuscous, the base of each joint pale, second joint small, third shorter than 6 Mr. M. Jacoby on the fourth, rather widened as well as the following three joints, terminal joints more elongate and slender; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, the sides straight, the surface rather depressed, very obsoletely transversely suleate at the middle, finely punctured and pubescent, rather darker than tbe elytra, the sides with a narrow fuscous stripe, scutellum piceous ; elytra pale testaceous, clothed with pale fulvous pubescence, the interstices minutely punctured, the lateral margins narrowly black, this colour however not quite extending to the apex ; legs rather slender, tibize mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, claws appendiculate, anterior cavities open. Hab. Malvern, Natat (C. Barker). In the specimen, which I look upon as the female, the antennz are more slender, without widened intermediate joints, and the general size of the insect is larger. Hespera pallida, sp. ua. Pale testaceous, the antenne fuscous, the base of each joint pale, upper surface pubescent, thorax transverse, minutely punctured and wrinkled, elytra extremely finely punctured. Length 3 millim. Head scarcely perceptibly punctured, frontal tubercles small and obsolete, antenne extending beyond the apex of the elytra, fuscous, the base of each joint pale, the third joint slightly shorter than the fourth, all the rest elongate and slender ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides straight, the anterior angles slightly tuberculate, the surface minutely punctured and wrinkled and finely pubescent ; elytra with a shallow depression below the base, sculptured like the thorax, under-side and the legs pale flavous, Hab, Grahamstown, Pt. Alfred, S. AFRICA (Licv. O'Neil). This species scarcely differs from the preceding in any other point except the coloration, in having no black markings of any kind; there are, however, four specimens before me which all agree with each other, and it is there- fore unlikely that the insect is only a pale variety of HZ. maculicollis. Lutornus picturatus, sp. 0. Black, thorax testaceous, with several small black spots, strongly and remotely punctured, elytra very closely and finely punetured, black, a round spot near the scutellum, a transverse band at the middle, another semicircular band near the apex and the Jateral margins, testaceous, African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 7 Length 5-6 millim. Head strongly punctured near the eyes, black, shining, with a deep, concave groove between the eyes, clypeus very broad, convex, antennee short, black, the second and fourth joint small and equal, the third elongate, the others transversely widened ; thorax more than twice as broad as long, the sides feebly rounded, broadly flattened, the anterior angles thickened but not produced, basal margin sinuate, preceded by a shallow transverse sulcus, the surface irregularly and rather deeply punctured, testaceous, with two small black spots at the middle near the anterior margin ; another more indistinct spot is placed at the sides near the base; scutellum black ; elytra very closely and distinctly punctured, the black colour interrupted by a round spot near the scutellum, a transverse regular band at the middle not quite extending to the suture and another V-shaped band near the apex of each elytron, under-side and the legs black, posterior femora strongly widened, their tibizee with a small tooth near the apex, claw joint strongly inflated, apical segments of the abdomen and the prosternum more or less testaceous. Hab. Salisbury, MASHONALAND (G. Marshall). Longitarsus barkert, sp. 0. Apterous, ovate, black, shining, the antenne, the anterior and intermediate legs and the posterior tibiee and tarsi flavous, thorax impunetate, elytra very finely punctate-striate anteriorly, the punctures obsolete near the apex. Length 2 millim. Head impunctate, the frontal elevations small and transverse, bounded by a straight groove behind, the carina acute, antennze extending beyond the middle of the elytra, flavous, the terminal joints slightly fuscous at their apex, basal joint thick and sub- eylindrical, the following three of equal length, fifth joint much longer, apical ones slightly thickened ; thorax subquadrate, the sides straight, the anterior angles strongly oblique, forming a slight tubercle before the middle, the dise rather convex, impunctate, black, shining, scutellum strongly transverse ; elytra ovate, convex, distinctly widened at the middle, the apex of each rounded, the punctuation very fine and arranged in irregular rows anteriorly, irregular and scarcely per- ceptible near the apex ; under-side and the posterior femora black, the rest of the legs flavous, metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together. Hab. Malvern, Nata (C. Barker). Smaller than Z. nigritula, the antenne entirely flavous, 8 Mr. M. Jacoby on the head differently sculptured, and the elytra more distinctly punctured in rows. Longitarsus apricupes, sp. 0. Apterous, ovate, convex, black, the basal joints of the antenna, the apex of the tibize and the tarsi, fulvous, thorax impunctate, elytra strongly punctured in irregular double rows. Length 2 millim. Head inipunctate, black, shining, obliquely grooved above the eyes, frontal elevations indistinct, carina long and distinct, antennz rather short, the lower five or six joints flavous, the rest black, the basal joint black above, the second and the following two joints equal in length, the fifth, longer ; thorax transversely subquadrate, convex, the sides straight, the anterior angles oblique, the surface impunetate ; elytra gradually rounded and widened towards the apex, strongly convex, the shoulders not prominent, the punctuation comparatively strong, arranged in irregular double rows which get gradually finer towards the apex, the lateral margins accompanied by a distinct single row of punctures, under-side and the legs black, the extreme apex of the tibia and the ta‘si fulvous, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, Hab, Dunbrody, Cape CoLony (Rev. O' Nei/). The shape of this species differs from many others of this genus in the posteriorly-widened elytra, which attain the greatest width at the apex instead of the middle; the sculpture of the same parts and the colour of the legs are other distinguishing features of this species. Longitarsus dunbrodensis, sp. 0. Apterous, elongate and narrow, dark greenish-neous, the basal joints of the antennw, the base of the femora and the tibice and tarsi fulvous, head and thorax minutely granulate and punctured, elytra truncate at the apex, sculptured like the thorax. Length 2 millim. Head rather broad, without any frontal elevations, dark greenish, lower portion of the face obscure fulvous, antennee extending beyond the middle of the elytra, the lower six joints fulvous, the others black, the second and third joint equal in length, the terminal joints distinctly thickened, subquadrate ; thorax scarcely one-half broader than long, subquadrate, the sides straight, or nearly so, the anterior angles slightly obliquely thickened, the dise rather flat, extremely minutely and closely punctured, not very shining, seutellum broad, African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 9 bluish black, impunctate, elytra slightly widened towards the middle, the apex of each almost truncate, the punctuation similar to that of the thorax ; posterior femora eeneous at the apex, the base fulvous as well as the other legs and the posterior tibize, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following joints together. Hab. Dunbrody, CAPE CoLony (Lev, O'Nei/). This species is of a more peculiar shape and depressed appearance than any of its allies from the same country ; the absence of any frontal tubercles, the extremely fine punctuation of the upper surface, the truncate elytra and comparatively short metatarsus will assist further in its recognition. Aphihona barkert, sp. 1. Ovate, black, thorax transverse, closely punctured, elytva very closely, strongly and irregularly punctate, posterior femora short and very thick, their tibice with a strong spur. Length 3 millim. Head broad, nearly impunetate, shining, the frontal elevations broadly transverse, bounded behind by deep grooves, the carina short, antenne extending beyond the middle of the elytra, black, the second and third joint short, more or less flavous, the fourth and fifth as long as the preceding two joints together, the following slightly shorter ; thorax transversely subquadrate, twice as broad as long, the sides feebly rounded, the anterior angles thickened and somewhat oblique, the posterior ones rather obtuse, the sides with a narrow margin, the surface rather convex, closely and strongly punctured, the punctures irregularly placed, somewhat more closely at the sides than at the middle, scutellum broad, triangular, im- punctate, elytra much wider at the base than the thorax, much more strongly and more closely punctured than the latter, under-side and the legs black, the posterior femora strongly thickened, ovate, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following two joints together. Hab. Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker) This species is well distinguished by its entirely deep black and shining colour and the strong and close elytral punctuation; the structural characters all agree with Aphthona; the anterior tibie have a very small spine, the claws are appendiculate and the anterior coxal cavities are open; the prosternum is very narrow. Iam not able to say anything with regard to the male organ as I seem to have only female specimens before me. 10 Mr. M. Jacoby on Aphthona similis, sp. n. Black, shining, the lower four joints of the antennz flavous, thorax transverse, finely and sub-remotely punctured, elytra more strongly punctured in closely approximate rows. Length 3 millim. Head impunetate, shining, black, the frontal tubercles obliquely transverse, the carina acutely raised, antennae extending to about the middle of the elytra, black, the second to the sixth joint flavous, the second and third joints short, equal, terminal joints slightly thickened and shortened ; thorax twice as broad as long, with the sides feebly rounded, the anterior angles thickened and slightly obliquely produced, and the surface very distinctly but not very closely punctured; scutellum broad, impunctate, elytra scarcely more strongly punctured than the thorax, the punctures arranged in closely approxi- mate rows, distinct to the apex, under-side and the legs black, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following three joints together. Hab. Malvern, Nata (C. Barker). At first sight this species exactly resembles A. barkeri, but it is quite «distinct, the thorax has not the narrow Jateral margin of the allied species, and the sculpturing of the upper parts is different and much less strong, the antenne have the second and the following five joints flavous, and the metatarsus of the posterior legs is elongate. I have received three specimens from Mr. Barker. Aphthona senegalensis, sp. n. Flavous, shining, the apical joints of the antenne and the posterior femora piceous, head and thorax impuncetate, the sides of the latter straight, elytra not perceptibly punctured. Length 33 millim. Of broadly ovate shape, the head impunctate, the frontal tubercles small but broad, deeply grooved behind, the clypeus very broad, the space between the antennze but little constricted, the labrum and palpi obscure piceous, antennae not extending to the middle of the elytra, piceous, the lower four joints flavous, third and fourth joints equal, not much longer than the second one, the apical joints slightly thicker and scarcely shorter, thorax about one-half broader than long, the sides straight, the anterior angles oblique, the surface impunctate with an obsolete longitudinal groove near the lateral margins, elytra smooth and impunctate, flavous, under-side of the latter colour, the posterior femora piceous, their tibize strongly widened African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 11 towards the apex, with a strong spur placed at the outer edge, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following three joints together ; abdomen finely pubescent. Hab. SENEGAL. A comparatively robust and large species, distinguished by the straight lateral margins of the thorax and the impunetate upper surface; the prosternum is extremely n-rrow, and the legs with the exception of the posterior femora are of entirely flavous colour, Aphthona bimaculata, sp. n. Head and the under-side obscure piceous, the basal joints of the antenne and the thorax pale fulvous, the latter finely punctured, elytra pale flavous, very closely and distinctly punciured, the suture, the sides and an elongate spot below the middle, piceous. Length 3 millim. Head impunctate, the vertex nearly black, the lower portion fulvous, frontal tubercles obsolete, clypeus thickened, very broad at the base, pale fulvous, antennse short, not extending to the middle of the elytra, black, the lower four joints fulvous, the second joint thicker but not-shorter than the third one, terminal joints slightly thickened, about one-half longer than broad ; thorax transverse, twice as broad as long, the sides very feebly rounded, anterior angles slightly oblique, the dise with a very obsolete transverse groove near the base, remotely and finely punctured, the punctures rather shallow, the surface pale fulvous, stained with some very obsolete darker spots, scutellum piceous ; elytra pale flavous, very closely and finely punctured with an obsolete short longitudinal costa below the shoulders, the suture and lateral margins narrowly piceous, each elytron with another short piceous longitudinal stripe below the middle, under-side and the posterior femora piceous, tibiee and tarsi fulvous, the first named widened towards the apex, armed with a distinct spine ; the spine of the posterior tibize is placed at_the outer margin ; prosternum narrow, coxal cavities open. Hab. Malvern, Nata (C. Barker). It will not be difficult to distinguish this proportionately large and well-marked species, of ‘which I received a single specimen from Mr. Barker. Podagrica vmpressipennis, sp. 0. Ovately rounded, very convex, black, the basal joints of the antenne, the head, thorax and legs fulvous, thorax transverse, impunctate, elytra extremely finely and irregularly punctured with 12 Mr. M. Jacoby on a short transverse depression below the shoulders impressed with some deeper punctures. Length 45 millim. Of the shape of a species of Sphaeroderma ; the head impunctate, with a transverse groove between the eyes, frontal elevations small, clypeus rather widened between the antenne, palpi thickened, the apical joint conical, antennie filiform, the lower six and part of the seventh joint pale fulvous, the rest black, second and third joint short, equal, the following elongate ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides straight at the base, rounded from the middle to the apex, the anterior angles blunt, the median lobe of the posterior margin nearly straight at the middle, each side of the same margin provided with a small notch, the surface entirely impunetate, reddish-fulvous, seutellum black, elytra wider at the base than the thorax, strongly convex, finely punctured in irregular rows, with a short but deep transverse depression below the shoulders within which the com- mencement of deeper rows of punctures are placed, apex of the elytra nearly impunctate, legs rather robust, fulvous, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following two joints together, anterior coxal cavities closed, prosternum elongate and narrow. Hab. Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker). This species has entirely the shape and coloration of P. indica, Fab., but differs in the short second and third joints of the antenne and the deeply punctured elytral depression. I received a single specimen from Mr. Barker; another one in my collection has only the first four joints of the antennze fulvous but agrees in all other respects. Crepidodera carinipennis, Sp. 1. Fulvous, the outer joints of the antennie black, thorax with very deep and broad suleus, finely punctured, elytra very closely and rather strongly punctate-striate, metallic dark green, with an acute ridve from the shoulders downwards. Mus. Antenne long and robust, the basal joint strongly thickened. Fem. Antenne shorter and thinner. Var. Thorax and elytra dark blue. Length 4 millim. Elongate and parallel, the head finely wrinkled at the vertex, the frontal elevations very strongly raised, subquadrate, clypeus triangu- larly raised, antennie black, the lower four joints fulvons, the basal joint strongly thickened and subquadrate in the male insect, fourth African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 15 joint very slightly longer than the third ; thorax one-half broader than long, the sides straight, the anterior angles obliquely thickened and produced outwards, the surface convex, finely and sparingly punctured, the basal sulcus very broad, bounded at the sides by an acute, sightly-curved ridge, the suleus with some deeper punctures anteriorly, scutellum black; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, the base slightly raised, the disc very closely punctured in rows, bluish green, the shoulders prominent and joined by an acute ridge which extends nearly to the apex ; this ridge is preceded by a more feebly raised one near the apex, and the space between the outer ridge and the lateral margin is concave ; legs robust, fulvous, all the femora thickened, the intermediate tibiw dilated at the apex. Hab. Drakensberg, Nata (@. Marshall); Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker). This is rather an aberrant species, the male of which resembles much in shape and colour the Central American genus Plectotetra especially in the structure of the antenne. The sculpturing of the elytra will at once distinguish the species. The single specimen sent by Mr. Barker only differs in the entirely blue upper surface and the less strongly developed elytral costze. Crepidodera marshall, sp. n. Obscure piceous below, the basal joints of the antenna, the head (the vertex excepted) thorax and the legs fulvous, elytra very strongly and closely punctate-striate, metallic green. Length 3 millim. Head rather elongate, impunctate, the vertex metallic green, frontal elevations broad and strongly raised, carina acute, antenne extending beyond the middle of the elytra, black, the lower four joints fulvons, the third joint one-half longer than the second one ; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long, rather convex, the sidesrounded, narrowly margined, anterior angles thickened, the base with a deep transverse groove which does not extend to the lateral margins, the entire surface impunctate, scutellum black; elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, the shoulders rather prominent, the base slightly raised, the punctuation very strong and closely arranged in not very regular double rows here and there, finer at the apex, legs and the extreme apex of the abdomen more or less fulvous ; posterior tibia with a small spine ; prosternum rather narrow Hab. Drakensberg, Nata (G. Marshall). 14 Mr. M. Jacoby on The general coloration of this little species agrees with that of many of its allies, but the metallic-green vertex of the head and the strong and close elytral punctuation distinguish the species from any of its African congeners. Crepidodera uniforms, sp. 0. Flavous, the apical joint of the antenne infuscate, thorax trans- verse, impunctate, the basal sulcus deep, elytra strongly punctate- striate, the interstices finely punctured, flavous, the sutural margin narrowly obscure piceous. Length 35 millim. Head impunctate, of darker colour than the re-t of the upper surface, obliquely grooved between the eyes, without any frontal tubercles, the clypeus broad and flat, impunctate, antennee about half the length of the body, flavous, the apical joint fuscous, the second one about one-half shorter than the third, terminal joints slightly thickened ; thorax twice as broad as long, narrower in front than at the base, the sides rounded, the angles distinct but not produced, the surface impunctate, with a deep transverse sulcus at the base, bounded at the sides by a perpendicular groove which extends upwards a little way beyond the sulcus, scutellum triangular, flavous ; elytra not wider at the base than the thorax, rather strongly punctate-striate, the punctures much finer at the apex, the interstices extremely finely punctate, only visible under a strong lens, the sutural margins narrowly piceous, under-side and the legs flavous, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following three joints together. Hab. Malvern, Nata (C. Barker’). I have received two specimens of this species which will be easily recognized by the general flavous coloration, the dark elytral suture, and the absence of any frontal elevations. Lypnea africana, sp. n. Elongate, flavous, the outer joints of the antenne and the tibia and tarsi black, thorax transverse, nearly impunctate, the base with a transverse sulcus, elytra finely punctate-striate, Length 5 millim. Head impunctate, the frontal elevations nearly contiguous, trans- verse, antenne filiform, black, the lower two joints flavous, third joint one-half longer than the second one, terminal joint more slender and elongate ; thorax about one-half broader than long, the sides very feebly rounded, the anterior angles oblique, the base with African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 15 a shallow transverse sulcus, bounded at the sides by a short perpen- dicular groove, the surface with a few minute punctures, shining, flavous ; elytra slightly wider at the shoulders than the thorax, elongate, subcylindrical and parallel, finely punctate-striate, the interstices flat and impunctate ; under-side and the femora flavous, antertor and intermediate tibise unarmed, posterior ones with a minute tooth, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following joints together, claws appendiculate, anterior coxal cavities open. Hab. Umtali, MASHONALAND (G. Marshall). I can find no characters of any importance to separate this species generically from Baly’s Eastern genus Lypnea, with which it has not only the structural characters in common but also the coloration, except that of the tibiz and tarsi; the elytral punctuation also is very fine, not strong. Poéphila, Weise, differs in_ the finely pubescent eyes, ‘the quadrate thorax, and the shape of its sulcus and in the longer metatarsus; the present is the first African representative of this genus, Livolia, gen, n. Body narrowly elongate, glabrous, head broad, the frontal tubercles obsolete, eyes small, antennie filiform, the terminal joints slightly thickened, thorax subquadrate, constricted at the base, the surface with a transverse groove near the base, extending to the lateral margins, elytra wider at the base than the thorax, punctate-striate, posterior femora very moderately thickened, their tibiae with a small spine, the metatarsus scarcely as long as the following two joints together, claws appendiculate, prosternum narrow between the coxee, the anterior cotyloid cavities closed. This genus is proposed for a very small species of Halticide, having the appearance of a species of Corticaria and affinities with Crepidodera; the very obsolete frontal tubercles of the head, the thoracic sulcus which is placed close to the basal margin and extends to the sides, as well as the but slightly thickened posterior femora and un- armed anterior tibiz separate the genus from the last- named one and those allied to it; it seems a transitional form between the Halticine and Galerucine. Livolia sulcicollis, sp. n. Fulvous, the breast and abdomen black, thorax strongly and 16 Mr. M. Jacoby on remotely punctured, elytra finely punctate-striate, the interstices impunctate. Length 2 millim. Head broad, impunctate, fulvous, shining, the eyes small, widely separated, clypeus wide at the base, palpi thin and slender, antenne half the length of the insect, fulvous, the basal joint strongly and suddenly thickened at the apex, the second joint longer than the third, the latter and the fourth equal, the terminal joints thickened, thorax about one-third broader than long, the sides rounded and widened at the middle, the base distinctly narrower than the anterior portion, the angles acute, the basal suleus narrow but deep, the dise rather convex, strongly but remotely punctured, scutellum broad, impunetate ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, rather depressed, finely punctate-striate, the punctures closely placed, elytral epipleure broad ; under-side black, legs fulvous, tibize shghtly widened towards the apex, non-sulcate, the four anterior femora searcely less widened than the posterior ones, the first joint of the anterior tarsi of the male, dilated. Hab. Salisbury, MASHONALAND (G, Marshall). I have received three specimens of this curious little species from Mr. Marshall. Weiseana barkert, sp. 0. Under-side nearly black, upper-side obscure testaceous, finely pube- scent, terminal joints of the antenne and the head fuscous or piceous, thorax with three piceous spots (more or less connected), elytra opaque, narrowly margined with black, legs testaceous, tarsi piceous. Length 33-4 millim. Head rugose, the vertex blackish, the clypeus strongly triangularly convex, flavous, labrum piceous, margined with testaceous, antennze robust, blackish, the lower three or four joints testaceous at the base, third joint slightly longer than the fourth, the folowing joints thickened ; thorax rather more than twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight, the angles obtuse, the disc with three obsolete depressions, rugosely punctured, the interstices minutely granulate, the surface with a central marking and two lateral black markings, sometimes connected in shape of /\ ; scutellum fuscous; elytra clothed with very fine silky pubescence, opaque, very finely transversely wrinkled, without distinct punctuation, obscure testaceous, the sutural and lateral margins narrowly black ; legs testaceous, the femora stained with fuscous as well as the apex of the tibiz and the tarsi, claws with a basal tooth. African Phytophagous Coleoptera. iki Hab. Malvern, Natau (C. Barker). I received four specimens from Mr, Barker. GALERUCIN A. Genus Diacantha, Chev. I cannot agree with Weise in his definition of this and the allied genera (Deutsche Ent. Zeitsch. 1901, p. 274). He has evidently overlooked the type D. bispinosa, Oliv. Chevrolat in his diagnosis of the genus in D’Orbigny, Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Naturelle, p. 718, iv, quotes 12 species mentioned by Dejean in his catalogue. These are—D. picea, Fab.; spinosa, Oliv.; (bispinosa) festiva, Dalm. ; unifasciata, Oliv.; 11 punctata, De}. ; Dreget (6 pustulata = tricincta, Chev.) ; fuscitarsis, gloriosa, testudinaria, De}. ; unipunctata, Chev., et generosa, De}. Of all these only D. bispinosa and D. dreger belong to Dacantha as defined by Chapuis, and the first named must undoubtedly be taken for the type. In this species the claws are bifid and the male has two elytral tubercles at the base; most of the other species named above belong to entirely different genera, thus picea is the genus Stenoplatys, Baly, 11 punctata, De}j., is an Awlacophora, ete. Harold gives D. bidentuta, Fab., as the type of the genus Diacantha, but as this is not one of the species mentioned either by Chevrolat or Dejean, it cannot be looked upon as the type. Chapuis was therefore perfectly right when he established the genus Hyperacantha, in which the claws are appendiculate, and his genus must be accepted. Weise has not said which species he looks upon as the type, and has not mentioned the only true Diacantha of Chevrolat’s list D. bispinosa. A typical specimen of this species is contained in the British Museum, and J am indebted to Mr. Gahan for his examination of the specim:n and the other details given above concerning the genus. Hyperacantha bituberculata, Fab. According to Mr. Gahan the specimen contained in the British Museum is certainly the typical bitwberculata, Fab., and ramed so by Dejean himself and also by Chevrolat. Weise expresses a doubt that I had this species before me when I remarked on it in Novitates, 1894, and gives the last abdominal segment of the 2 with three deep TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903. PARTI. (APRIL) 2 , 18 Mr. M. Jacoby on incisions; this is a mistake, as in HZ. bitwherculata this part is ce very slizhtly concave, and Weise’s insect must represent another species. In the British Museum speci- men the elytral fulvous margin is only just visible. Hyperacantha abdominalis, Duy., C. Rend. Belg. Entom. Soc. (1891, July). Hyperacantha abdominalis, Jac., the Entomologist (1891, May). On account of my name having the priority of two months, I alter that of Duvivier’s to H. duvivieri. Hyperacantha abdominalis, Jac. In the Entomologist for 1891, I have described this species from specimens obtained at the Transvaal and other localities in Africa. The typical form has a reddish fulvous upper surface, the elytra are narrowly margined with black, and have a transverse black band at the middle, the under-side is black with the exception of the flavous last segment. I have lately received other specimens from the Umkomaas Mountains in Natal, obtained by Mr. Guy Marshall, which Iam quite unable to separate from the type structurally, although one specimen only resembles it in the coloration of the upper surface ; in this specimen, however, the under-side is entirely flavous; the others represent the following varieties. Var. (a) Elytra margined with black at the anterior half only, the transverse band narrower, not extending to the suture, under- side flavous, general size much smaller. Var. (b) Elytra with a small black stripe at the lateral margins from the base to the shoulders and a small spot at the middle of each elytron, under-side and the femora black. Var. (c) Upper- and under-sides entirely flavous. In all these varieties the tibia have the apex black and the tarsi are entirely of that colour as is the case in the type. The insect seems to be subject to a very great amount of variation in regard to colour and also to size; the general shape is broadly ovate and convex. I cannot find any differences in the antenne or the sculpture. Hyperacantha apicipes, sp. 0. Broadly oblong, testaceous, the antennie (the basal joints excepted) the breast, the apex of the tibie and the tarsi black, thorax strongly African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 19 transverse and sulcate, impunctate, elytra finely and closely punc- tured, black. Length 6 millim. Of broadly ovate and convex shape, the head impunctate, testace- ous, strongly transversely grooved between the eyes, the carina narrowly acute, palpi piceous, antenne slender, the third and following joints elongate and nearly equal, terminal joints more slender, the basal two testaceous, the rest, black ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight, the anterior angles slightly produced outwards but blunt, the disc impunctate, with a deep and straight transverse sulcus near the middle, pale testaceous, scutellum black ; elytra very convex, widened towards the middle, extremely finely and rather closely punctured, black and shining ; under-side and the legs testaceous, the breast, the apex of the tibice and the tarsi ‘black, the tibize all mucronate, the claws appendiculate ; the last abdominal segment of the male trilobate, the median lobe with a deep fovea. Hab, Ulundi, Navan (@, Marshall). A species of broadly ovate shape of which I received two specimens, one of which showing traces of paler spots on the elytra, probably due to immaturity. Hyperacantha militaris, sp. n. Testaceous or fulvous, the terminal joints of the antennie, the apex of the tibie and the tarsi black, thorax transverse, impunctate, deeply sulcate at the sides, elytra impunctate, with basal depression, black, the basal third portion fulvous. Length 6 millim. Head impunctate, the vertex fulvous, the lower portion generally paler in colour, frontal elevations transverse, carina acute, antenne black, the lower three joints more or less testaceous, the third joint slightly longer than the fourth ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides feebly rounded anteriorly, slightly constricted at the base, the dise impunctate, with a rather deep transverse sulcus at each side, scutellum fulvous or testaceous, elytra widened posteriorly, the lateral margins flattened and widened below the shoulders, the base with a distinct transverse depression, fulvous or testaceous, this colour occupying the basal third portion, the rest of the surface black ; under-side, the femora and the base of the tibize testaceous, their lower portion and the tarsi black, the latter appendiculate, all the tibize mucronate. Hiab. Dar es Salaam, East Arrica; also ZANZIBAR and DELAGOA Bay. 20 Mr. M. Jacoby on This is one of the smaller species which is well dis- tinguished by its coloration ; in some specimens, however, the black elytral portion includes a larger or smaller spot or space of the fulvous ground-colour; in the male, the last abdominal segment has the median lobe of transversely subquadrate and flattened shape. Luperodes nigrotibialis, sp. 0. Oblong, very convex, the antenna, tibia and tarsi and the under- side black, upperside testaceous, thorax subquadrate, impunctate like the elytra. Length 5 millim. Head impunctate, pale fulvous, shining, frontal tubercles strongly raised, trigonate, carina broad, convex, labrum black, antennae ex- tending below the middle of the elytra, black, the base of each joint more or less fulvous, second one one-third lower than the third, the latter about half the length of the fourth joint ; thorax scarcely broader than long, convex, the sides sightly rounded before the middle, the anterior angles thickened, the surface entirely im- punctate, testaceous; elytra scarcely wider at the base than the thorax, very slightly widened below the middle, impunctate, their epipleure continued below the middle ; under-side black, the femora flavous, tibize with a long spine, black like the tarsi, the metatarsus of the posterior legs rather longer than the following joints together, anterior coxal cavities open. Hab. Grahamstown, 8. AFrrica (Rev. O'Neil). Of less than half the size of Z. sulphuripennis, Jac., and with black antenne tibiz and tarsi, but otherwise similar to the last-named species. Luperus dunbrodyensis, sp. 0. Narrowly elongate, subdepressed, flavous, thorax subquadrate, nearly impunctate, elytra extremely minutely punctured, rather flattened. Length 24-3 millim. Head impunctate, the vertex more or less obscure piceous, shining, frontal tubercles strongly raised, transverse, carina small but distinct, antennie entirely flavous, extending below the middle of the elytra, the third joint one-half longer than the second one ; thorax one- half broader than long, the sides slightly rounded at the middle, with a very narrow margin, anterior angles slightly thickened, not produced, the disc only perceptibly punctured when seen under a African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 21 strong lens, the sides with an obsolete fovea, scutellum flavous ; elytra somewhat flattened, very finely but distinctly punctured, the suture slightly infuscate, legs flavous, all the tibive mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, Hab. Dunbrody, CAPE CoLony (fev. O'Nei/). Of this species I received a male and female specimen from the Rev. O'Neil, taken “in cop.” ; the first-named sex is smaller than the female, the under-side is stained with piceous, and the last segment of the abdomen is rather deeply suicate. The species is very closely allied to Z, weiser, Jac., and LZ. verticalis, Jac., but differs from both in being of narrower, smaller, and more depressed shape, and in the entirely flavous antennz ; the sides of the thorax in L. weiset are also more strongly constricted at the base, and the disc is more convex and without any depressions. Luperus tugelaensis, sp. D. Black, the antennee very long, their basal three joints, the thorax and the anterior legs, flavous, thorax impunctate, elytra minutely punctured, flavous, narrowly margined with black. Length 4 millim. Narrow and elongate, the head black, impunctate, the clypeus, labrum and the palpi flavous, frontal elevations strongly raised, broad, antennie extending to the apex of the elytra, black, the lower three joints and the apex of the fourth and fifth joint flavous, the third longer than the second but much shorter than the fourth joint ; thorax scarcely broader than long, the sides straight at the base, slightly rounded before the middle, the angles distinct, the surface impunctate, flavous, scutelluin black ; elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, very finely and closely punctured, margined with black, the suture more broadly so ; under-side and the legs black, the anterior ones flavous, all the tibie mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together. Hab. Upper Tugela, Nata (C. Barker). Of this distinctly-marked species I received a single specimen (4) of Mr. C. Barker; the protruding apex “of the penis is straight and acutely pointed. Luperus malvernensis, sp. n. Below black, above testaceous, clypeus, thorax and the femora flavous, antenne piceous, thorax subquadrate, with a shallow lateral yap Mr. M. Jacoby on fovea, minutely punctured, elytra very closely and finely punctured, the suture narrowly fuscous. Length 3-4 millim. Head black at the vertex, impunctate and shining, the frontal tubercles transverse, strongly raised, carina acute, flavous lke the elypeus, labrum and palpi black, antennie rather long and slender, piceous, the third but slightly longer than the second but much shorter than the fourth ; thorax but little broader than long, flavous, very minutely g ssa es and punctured, with an obsolete depression at each side, lateral mareins feebly rounded at the middle, anterior angles thickened, sentellum black ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, very feebly transversely depressed below the base, ex- tremely closely and finely punctured, obscure testaceous (sometimes fuscous) with the suture narrowly piceous or fuscous ; under-side black, the femora flavous, metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together. Hab. Malvern, Natau (C. Barker); Dunbrody, CAPE CoLony (fev. O'Neil), This Luperws may easily be mistaken for LZ. cnconspiewus, Jac., from Mashonaland, with which it has the same colora- tion in common, but in that species the vertex of the head is finely eranulate and not shining, the clypeus is black and very “broad as well as the frontal elevations, the thorax is more transversely shaped, and the legs are generally entirely dark coloured. Apophylia, Chev. (nee Chapuis). This genus has been entirely mistaken by Chapuis, Allard, and myself. The description given by Chapuis of Apophylia does not apply to the type at all; the latter is the .A. chloroptera, Thoms., who is the first who char- acterized the genus, and that insect belongs to the genus known at present as Malaxia, Fairm. = G Lyptolus, Jac. This latter name, therefore, cannot stand,.and all the species placed in it must be placed in Apophylia, A. tricolor, Fab., and others must receive another generic name as they do not belong to Apophylia. It is difficult to know what insect Chapuis had before him when he drew up _ his description of the genus; he gives as the type A. smarag- dina, De}. (a catalooue name), and says that the anterior and intermediate tibixe are mucronate; but this isan error, African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 23 as A. smaragdina, Dej., undoubtedly is also a Malaaia in which the tibize are all unarmed. I have seen specimens, named by Chevrolat A. smaragdina, which certainly re- present the last-named genus. This is also the case with A, murina, Gerst., and A. nobilitata, Gerst., of which a figure is given and which belong to Malaxia. I am indebted to Mr. Gahan for his assistance in clearing up the above synonyms. Pseudapophylia, gen. n. Elongate, antennz filiform, thorax transverse and short, with an obsolete transverse depression, scutellum broad ; elytra elongate and parallel, finely rugose, their epipleurze broad anteriorly, indistinct below the middle; legs robust, the anterior and intermediate tibice with a small spine, the posterior ones unarmed, their metatarsus as long as the following joints together, claws appendiculate, prosternum invisible between the coxe, the anterior cavities open. Type. P. smaragdipennis, Jac. (sub Apophylia). I am obliged to place this species in a special genus, as it has nothing to do with Apophylia (now Palewophylia), under which name I described it (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888) ; the thorax differs quite in shape, being transverse and short as well as obsoletely sulcate. It was perhaps this species which Chapuis referred to Apophylia. Paleophylia, gen. n. Antenne filiform, the second to the fourth joint gradually lengthened, eyes entire, thorax transverse, the sides, the posterior angles and margin rounded, the surface rather convex, without de- pression, elytra generally metallic, finely rugosely punctured, their epipleurze very broad, gradually narrowed towards the apex, the anterior and the intermediate tibiz mucronate, the posterior ones unarmed, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the follow- ing two joints together, claws appendiculate ; prosternum invisible, anterior coxal cavities open. Type. LP. tricolor, Fab. In this genus will have to be placed, besides the type (the oldest described species) the Apophylia tricolor of Gemminger’s Catal., the following species, all described under Apophylia—P. berret, Alld.; P. maculicollis, Alld.; P. bipunctata, Alld.; P. viridiniteus, Alld.; P. nigritarsis, Jac, 24 Mr. M. Jacoby on Whether the other species described by Allard belong to the same genus, is doubtful. Of those mentioned above, however, I was able to compare the types, so that there is no doubt about it. A. marginata, Jac., has, as 1 now find, entirely unarmed tibie and elytral epiplearee which are absent below the middle; this insect must therefore find another place, although the general appearance and structure is that of the genus here proposed. Paleophylia granilosa, sp. v. Metallie green below, the antenne and legs fulvous, above less shining, minutely granulate, thorax subquadrate, the extreme lateral margins fulvous, elytra minutely punctured and granulate. Length 5 millim. Head entirely impunctate, the frontal tubercles trigonate, strongly raised and shining, carina short but distinct, labrum flavous, antennwe extending beyond the middle of the elytra, fulvous, the second joint half the length of the third, fourth and following joints slightly longer than the third; thorax scarcely one-half broader than long, the sides rounded, the angles obtuse, the surface rather convex, without impressions, bright green, minutely granulate, scutellum impunctate ; elytra parallel, sculptured like the thorax but with some minute punctures ; underside more shining, green, the legs fulvous, the anterior and intermediate tibize with a small spine, posterior ones unarmed, the first joint of their tarsi as long as the following two joints together, anterior coxal cavities open. Hab. Upper Tongaat, Upper Tugela, Navan (C. Barker). Of this species I received several specimens which may be known by the silky green and finely granulate upper surface, and by the narrow flavous margin of the thorax ; the last segment of the abdomen in the male has a longi- tudinal suleus of fulvous colour; the antennze in the female are shorter, and the abdominal sulcus is absent. I cannot identify this species with A. Duvivieri, Alld. (Comptes-rendus Ent. Soc. Belg. 1889), although it is evidently closely allied, but Allard makes no mention of the flavous labrum nor similarly-coloured thoracic margins, nor does lie mention the fine elytral punctuation, Palxophylia semirugosa, sp. n. Metallic green, the labrum, antenne and the legs flavous, thorax finely granulate, the sides broadly flavous, elytra finely punctured and transversely wrinkled. bro or African Phytophagous Coleoptera. Length 6 millim. Of exactly similar coloration to A. granulosa but larger, the frontal elevations transverse, the antenn extending to the apex of the elytra, the second and following joints gradually elongate ; thorax one-half broader than long, the sides strongly rounded, the dise minutely granulate, with some extremely fine punctures, bright green, the sides broadly flavous, this colour narrowed posteriorly ; near the middle of the anterior margin a shght depression is visible ; elytra closely and finely punctured, the interstices finely transversely rugose, legs flavous, the first joint of the anterior tarsi of the male dilated, the last segment of the abdomen deeply triangularly emarginate. Hab. Upper Tongaat, Navan (C. Barker). Of this species I received a single specimen from Mr. Barker ; the broad flavous margin of the thorax and the sculpture of the elytra will at once distinguish it from A. granulosa, which is also of general smaller size. Malacosoma, Chev Although this name has been in use for a genus of Galerucine ever since 1846, it is high time to change it, since it has long before that time been employed by Hiibner for a genus of Lepidoptera. I am _ therefore reluctantly obliged to change it to Hxosoma. Exosoma barhkert, sp. 0. Under-side black or piceous, upper-side flavous, thorax trans- versely subquadrate, impunctate, elytra microscopically punctured. Length 4-5 millim. Head impunetate, frontal elevations transverse, nearly contiguous, carina acutely raised, labrum and palpi flavous, antennee in the male long and slender, extending beyond the middle of the elytra, flavous, the terminal joints slightly darkened, third joint twice as long as the second one, fourth joint distinctly longer than the third ; thorax about one-half broader than long, of equal width, the sides rounded at the middle, the anterior angles thickened but not produced, the dise rather convex, not perceptibly punctured, scutellum triangular, flavous, elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, closely and extremely finely punctured when seen under a very strong lens ; breast and abdomen nearly black, legs flavous, the first joint of the anterior tarsi in the male dilated, that of the posterior legs nearly as long as the following joints together, ‘all the tibie with a small spine. 26 Mr. M. Jacoby on Hab. Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker). At once to be distinguished from other nearly similarly- coloured species by the black under-side in connection with the flavous head; the female insect is larger, the antenn have the basal joints flavous only, and the tarsi are more or less infuscate; the male organ has a very elongate and pointed apex with the lateral margins acute and subangulate, and a slender filiform process is placed at the anterior cavity. Monocida thoracica, sp. n. Upper-side black, the clypeus, antennz, femora and apex of the tibiz testaceous ; thorax minutely punctured, with a small fovea at each side; elytra extremely closely and finely punctured, the extreme suture piceous. Var. Head, antenne, the elytra and the tibiz and tarsi, black. Length 4 millim. Head impunctate, the vertex black, frontal tubercles transverse, strongly raised, bounded behind by a deep, transverse groove, clypeus flavous, labrum piceous, antenn slender and filiform, testaceous, the third joint one-half longer than the second one, the following joints more elongate; thorax subquadrate, one-half broader than long, the sides feebly rounded, the angles thickened, the surface with a shallow fovea at each side, very minutely granulate and punctured, scutellum black; elytra with a very shallow depression below the base, very finely but more distinctly punctured than the thorax, their epipleure broad, continued below the middle, under-side black, legs pale fulvous, the base of the tibiz black. Hab. Lower Tugela, Nata (C. Bavier). Closely allied to I. inornata, Jac., but differmg in the following points:—the head is black at the vertex, not fulvous, the frontal tubercles are not subquadrate but strongly transverse, the thorax has a lateral fovea and the elytra a shallow basal depression of which there is no trace in I. inornata. Sardoides transvalensis, sp. n. Metallic green, the lower part of the face, the antenne and legs fulvous, thorax subquadrate, rugosely punctured, elytra elongate, of similar sculpture, abdomen piceous. Length 6 millim. African Phytophagous Coleoptera. a | Head coarsely punctured and slightly wrinkled, frontal elevations strongly raised, subquadrate, divided by a deep central groove, clypeus and labrum flavous, antennze fulvous, the terminal three joints black, fourth joint longer than the third and the longest ; thorax about one-half broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, the angles tuberculate, the surface rugose and strongly punctured, with three obsolete small fovez, scutellum black ; elytra much wider at the base than the thorax, very closely punctured and finely transversely rugose throughout, their epipleurz broad and concave anteriorly, disappearing below the middle, breast metallic green, abdomen piceous, legs fulvous, the tibie unarmed, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following joints together, claws appendiculate, anterior coxal cavities open. Hab, TRANSVAAL. There are some slight structural differences to be noticed in this species in comparing it with the type, S. viridicollis, Jac.; in the latter the thorax is deeply bifoveolate and narrower at the base, and the elytral epipleurez, although very narrow below the base, are visible; in the present species they are absent, but as all these differences are but one of degree, and the unarmed tibiz and open cavities agree with the generical characters, it would not be wise to separate the insect, of which I possess three specimens. In the male, which may be known by the dilated first joint of the anterior tarsi, the last abdominal segment is rather deeply foveolate and slightly emarginate at the apex with thickened sides. Megalognatha, Baly. The type of this genus is JM. elegans, Baly, which has been described from apparently female specimens, now in the British Museum. In the male insect the terminal joints are considerably thickened, much more so than in the other sex. Apophylia elegantula, Jac. (the Entomo- logist, 1591), is identical with this species, and must be omitted altogether. Baly’s description of his Jf elegans differs somewhat from my specimens, as the lower part of the face is not “nigro-piceous” but fulvcus, nor does Baly mention the narrow fulvous lateral elytral margins. Megalognatha bohemani, Baly (Cneorane foveicollis, Jac.). This is another species which scarcely fits into the genus, as the thorax is transverse and not subquadrate, 28 Mr. M. Jacoby on although there is a fovea as in most species of the genus. I have described this in the Entomologist, 1891, under the above name, as Baly described his species from meee specimens, in which the antenne are but little dilated ; the male they are considerably so, and the terminal canis are fulvous. As Baly’s name is the oldest, mine cannot stand, although Cneorane is as good a genus for the species as that of Baly’s. Megalognatha hirticollis, sp. n. Black, the abdomen flavous; thorax finely rugose and pubescent, foveolate anteriorly, elytra closely punctured and finely wrinkled. Mas. Antenne very long, the seventh joint dilated anteriorly, hatchet shaped, thorax with a small triangular fovea. Fem. Antenne shorter and simple, thorax of nearly similar structure. Length 8 millim. Head impunctate, the frontal elevations very strongly raised, narrowly oblong, antenne nearly extending to the apex of the elytra, black, the third joint rather longer and more slender than the following three joints, the seventh more strongly dilated at the apex than the rest in the male; thorax as long as broad, all the margins nearly straight, the anterior margin thickened at the middle and followed by a small triangular fovea, rest of the surface finely Tugose and pubescent ; elytra sculptured like the thorax but with- out the pubescence, the sutural margin accompanied by another ridge near the apex, under-side and the legs black, abdomen flavous, the last segment more or less black. Hab. Salisbury, MASHONALAND, on Zizyphus (G4. Marshall). From JL, rufiventris, Baly, Ml. abyssinica, Jac., and J, imbecilla, Weise, this species may at once be distinguished by the pubescent thorax and its sculpture. Megalognatha granulicollis, sp. 1. Head, antennz, the breast and legs black, thorax rufous, minutely punctured and granulate, elytra flavous, convex posteriorly, very finely punctured with a small piceous spot below the middle, abdomen flavous, Mas. Thorax with a shallow triangular depression, minutely punctured and granulate. Fem. Thorax coarsely rugose with a.very deep triangular excava- tion. African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 29 Length 6 millim. Mas. Head black, impunctate, labrum flavous, antenne black, the sixth to the ninth joint dilated, the eighth with a flattened appendage below, the preceding two joints hollowed at the sides ; thorax not broader than long, of usual shape with an acute but shallow triangular depression before the middle and a shallow transverse sulcus in front of the depression, the surface very minutely punctured and granulate, scutellum piceous, elytra strongly convex at the posterior portion, constricted at the sides, extremely finely and closely punctured ; legs and the breast black. V. Reenen’s Pass, Malvern, NataL (C. Barker). In spite of the great resemblance of this species to J. suturalis, Baly, and M. bipunctata, Jac., 1 cannot identify it with either of them, as the thorax is quite differently sculptured and punctured in both sexes, and the head is black. In the first-named species the thorax is strongly punctured and shining and without the triangular groove. M. bipunctata has a fulvous head and differently-punctured thorax. The thorax in the female has the depression very deep, bounded at the sides by strongly-raised ridges of perfectly triangular shape, and there are also some raised feeble smooth lines visible at each side ; the elytral spot in the specimen before me is just indicated and the suture in both sexes has the usual ridge at the posterior portion. Megalognatha natalensis, sp. 0. Head, antenne and the breast black, thorax pale fulvous, strongly punctured, deeply transversely sulcate anteriorly ; elytra flavous, finely and closely punctured, strongly depressed below the hase. Length 6 millim. Fem. Head black, impunctate, antennee with the apical joints widened, the third and fourth joints more slender, equal ; thorax subquadrate, narrowed at the base, the surface strongly and deeply punctured, deeply transversely sulcate anteriorly and to a less extent near the base, the anterior edge of the anterior sulcus strongly raised, scutellum piceous and pubescent at the base ; elytra rather deeply depressed below the base, very finely and closely punctured, legs obscure testaceous, stained with fuscous and pubescent, abdomen flavous. Hab. Frere, NATAL. Of this species I only know a single female specimen, like M. melanocephala the head is black, but the thorax has no tubercles, is less strongly punctured, and altogether 30 Mr. M. Jacoby on of different sculpture; as in the allied species, the elytral suture has a narrow ridge at the posterior portion. Megalognatha niyrofasciata, sp. n. Head and thorax rufous, antennze, the breast and the legs black, thorax closely punctured, triangularly depressed anteriorly, elytra testaceous, finely and closely punctured, the suture narrowly and a broader lateral band black, abdomen flavous. Length 5 millim. Mas. Head impunetate, rufous, the frontal elevations highly raised, trigonate, antennie black, the seventh joint widened at the apex, the eighth shorter, triangularly produced into a sharp point at the middle, thorax as long as broad, the sides straight at the base, -the disc rather closely and distinctly punctured, with a triangular rather deep depression below the anterior margin, the latter thickened, but not acutely margined, scutellum piceous ;— elytra searcely depressed below the base, finely and very closely punctured, testaceous, the suture narrowly piceous, the sides with a broad black band which does not quite extend to the apex ; legs and breast black. TTab. CAPE (my collection). M. bicostata, Alld., is evidently a closely-allied species, but is described with fulvous legs and antennz and with lateral elytral costs, not with a broad black lateral band. The female is unknown to me. Megalognatha melanocephala, sp. n. Testaceous, the head, antenne, the breast and the legs black ; thorax subquadrate, elytra finely and closely punctured, Mas. Thorax impunetate, the anterior margin thickened, the dise obsoletely depressed at the sides and the middle. Fem. Thorax rufous, strongly punctured, deeply transversely suleate anteriorly, the suleus bounded in front by a strongly-raised ridge, the dise with three round tubercles. Length 7 millim. ¢. Head longer than broad, impunctate, black, shining, frontal tubercles strongly raised, carina acute, antennie black, the third and fourth joints equal, the following three joints shorter and wider, the rest more slender and elongate ; thorax scarcely broader than long, the sides slightly narrowed at the base, the surface impunctate, testaceous, the anterior portion slightly transversely thickened and followed by a lateral and median very feeble depression, seutellum pubescent, piceous; elytra distinctly transversely depressed below African Phytophagous Coleoptera, 31 the base, very closely and somewhat rugosely punctured ; the breast and legs black, closely pubescent, the abdomen testaceous, the anterior margin of the last segment rather deeply concave. 2. Antenne simple, the terminal joints slightly widened ; thorax rufous, strongly punctured, the dise with three blunt tubercles and preceded by a deep transverse sulcus which is anteriorly limited by a strongly-raised ridge. Hab. TRANSVAAL. The black head, testaceous colour, the transverse depression of the elytra and their fine punctuation will distinguish this species from Jf. rujficollis, Alld., and the other species. Pseudolognatha, gen. n. Body elongate and parallel, head not longer than broad, frontal elevations transverse, antenne filiform, the second joint small, the others nearly equal, of normal structure, thorax transverse, sub- quadrate, the surface more or less foveolate, elytra irregularly punctured and granulate, tibiz unarmed, metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together ; claws appendiculate, the anterior coxal cavities open. Type. LP. immaculata, Jac. (sub Megalognatha). In comparing this insect with a species of Megalognatha and the type JZ elegans, Baly, to which it is generically closely allied, there will be found differences sufficient to justify the separation of the two genera. In the present genus, the head is broad, not produced or longer than broad as in Megalognatha, the antenne in the male have no abnormal joints, and the thorax is distinctly transverse ; there is also no thickening of the suture near the apex of the elytra as is nearly always the case in the allied genus, nor are the elytra widened and convex at the posterior portion, but the short and deflexed head will form the principal character of separation between the two genera. Pseudolognatha salisburiensis, sp. u. Fulvous, the apical three joits of the antennc fuscous, thorax transversely subquadrate, impunctate, elytra metallic blue, extremely minutely granulate and microscopically punctured, Length 4 millim. Head impunctate, fulvous, frontal elevations transverse, narrow, labrum black, antennz about half the length of the body, fulvous, 32 Mr. M. Jacoby on the terminal three joints blackish, the intermediate joints shghtly triangularly widened, of equal length, the second one short, thorax” one-half broader than long or rather broader, the sides feebly rounded, the anterior angles more distinct than the posterior ones, the surface with a very short and obsolete depression anteriorly and a slightly more distinct one at each side, entirely impunctate, fulvous ; scutellum of the latter colour ; elytra with a distinct depression below the base, metallic blue, minutely punetured and extremely finely granulate, under-side and the legs fulvous. Hah, Salisbury, MASHONALAND (@. Marshall). The above description applies to what seems to be the male insect; in the female, the thorax has a deep, trans- verse fovea near the anterior margin and the antenne are somewhat thinner, otherwise there is no difference. Hurycycla, gen. n. Body elongate, glabrous, antenne filiform ; thorax transverse, broader than the head and as broad as the elytra, narrowed anteriorly, elytra metallic, irregularly punctured, epipleure prolonged, pos- teriorly, tibizw unarmed, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, claws appendiculate, anterior coxal cavities open, Type. L. balyi, Jac. (sub Megalognatha). It is impossible to leave this species in Megalognatha, as the thorax is of totally different shape without any depressions, strongly transverse and narrowed anteriorly ; in other respects the generic characters agree; I know of no other African genus having a similar-shaped thorax. Hemixantha flavicornis, sp. 0. Black below, upper-side testaceous, the antennze very long, flavous, thorax subquadrately transverse, impunctate, elytra subcylindrical, extremely minutely punctured, tibiz unarmed. Length 45 millim. Elongate and parallel, the head impunctate, the frontal elevations strongly raised, transverse, clypeus triangularly convex, antennie nearly as long as the body, flavous, the apical joint stained with fuscous, the third twice as long as the second, but shorter than the fourth joint ; thorax one-half broader than long, the sides rather strongly rounded at the middle, the anterior angles obliquely thickened and slightly produced, posterior margin sinuate, oblique at the angles, the dise with some minute punctures, only visible under a strong African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 33 lens, seutellum smooth ; elytra subeylindrical and parallel, extremely closely and finely punctured, under-side black, legs testaceous, the metatarsus longer than the following joints together ; anterior cavities closed. Hab. Malvern, Nata (C. Barker). A comparatively small species, allied to H. piceipes, Jac., likewise from Natal, but smaller, with entirely flavous and much more slender and longer antenni, the legs differently coloured and the metatarsus longer. I received two specimens from Mr. Barker. Platyxantha varicornis, sp. 0. Pale testaceous, the head, thorax and the femora darker, the basal and the apical two or three joints of the antennie black, thorax bifo- veolate, impunctate ; elytra extremely finely punctured, tibiwe and tarsi black. Length 5 millim. Head as broad as long, the vertex piccous or pale fulvous, unpunetate, frontal elevations broadly transverse, divided by a short groove which extends a little way upwards, clypeus acutely carinate, palpi thickened, antennw nearly extending to the apex of the elytra, the basal joint or two joints black, the following six fulvous, the apical joints black, second joint very small, the rest nearly equal in length ; thorax subquadrate, scarcely one-half broader than long, slightly con- stricted at the base, the angles slightly oblique; the disc bifoveolate, impunctate, pale fulvous ; elytra pale testaceous, extremely finely but not very closely punctured, femora, the base of the tibice and the abdomen pale fulvous, the breast, the lower part of the tibiae and the tarsi black. Hab. Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker). In one specimen ( 2 ) of this species the extreme vertex of the head and the greater part of the breast is blackish, in the other these parts are fulvous ; the coloration of the antenne and that of the legs are the principal characters of distinction in this species; the tibiz are, as usual, unarmed and the metatarsus of the posterior legs is as long as the following joints together. Monolepta punctipeninis, sp. n. Under-side black, the basal joints of the antennze, the head, thorax and legs flavous, head and thorax distinctly punctured, elytra dark blue, strongly and closely punctured. Var. Elytra testaceous. ; TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 3 34 Mr. M. Jacoby on Length 3 millim. Head obscure fulvous, distinctly but not closely punetured, minutely granulose, frontal elevations broad and flattened, carina not very acute, labrum flavous, palpi piceous, antenné long and slender, extending to the middle of the elytra, black, the lower four joints flavous, basal joint long and slender, the second, third and fourth, gradually lengthened ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides straight, narrowed anteriorly, anterior angles slightly oblique, the surface very closely and comparatively strongly punctured, scutellum small, black ; elytra not wider at the base than the thorax, much more strongly punctured than the latter, the punctures arranged in very close irregular rows, epipleur indistinct below the middle, breast and abdomen black, legs flavous, the metatarsus very elongate. Hab. Malvern, NATAL (C. Barker). This Monolepta may be known by the strong and close punctuation of the elytra, which differs in that respect trom any other species of the genus or those placed in Candezea which I am acquainted with. I received two blue and two flavous specimens in regard to the elytra, but these agree in all other respects except colour. Monelepta cerulea, sp. n. Under-side black, upper-side metallic dark blue, the basal joints of the antennie and the legs fulvous ; thorax subquadrate, impunctate, elytra very closely punctured, the interstices likewise very finely punctate and wrinkled. Length 4 millim. Oblong-ovate, the head impunctate, frontal tubercles transverse, narrow, elypeus broad and thickened, blackish, the space below the eyes at the sides fulvous, antenne extending to about the middle of the elytra, the lower three or four joints fulvous, the rest black, third joint one-half longer than the second but shorter than the fourth joint; thorax about one-half broader than long, the sides feebly rounded, posterior margin nearly straight, the anterior angles thickened, the dise convex, impunctate, metallic dark blue, seutellum black ; elytra strongly convex, their epipleura absent below the middle, the punctuation very fine and close, slightly arranged in rows, the interstices everywhere very minutely punctured and wrinkled ; below black, legs fulvous, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as nan as the follows joints together. Hab. Dunbrody, Carr CoLony (Rev. O'Neil). The metatarsus of the posterior legs in this species is African Phytophagous Coleoptera. 35 shorter than is generally the case in this genus, with which it agrees in all other characters; the unifor mly blue upper surface and the sculpture of the elytra will comparatively easily distinguish this species, of which two specimens were forwarded by the Rev. O'Neil. Candezxea (Iphidea) capensis, Baly. In a publication by the late Miss Ormerod (Observat. on African injur. Insects, 1889, p. 34), Baly has described the above insect and placed it in Jphidea, a genus he him- self had already withdrawn and considered identical with Luperodes in 1873 (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1, p. 187). Miss Ormerod some time ago kindly presented me with the type, and on examination I find the anterior coxal cavities closed and all the other characters identical with Candezea. The species agrees in coloration with several others from Africa ; it is testaceous above, black below, the thorax is narrowed in front, transverse and impunctate, the scutel- lum is black, and the elytra are finely and closely punc- tured with the extreme sutural and lateral margins piceous. I have also received this insect from Grahamstown where the type was obtained, as well as from Malvern, Natal. C. nigrosuturalis, Jac., is another closely-allied species, but is amuch more narrowly-shaped insect, the antenne are longer, and the elytra are distinctly margined with black. Candezea braunsi, sp. 0. Under-side black, upper-side testaceous, antennze fuscous, legs fulvous, thorax transverse with three small fovez, elytra extremely closely and finely punctured, their epipleurz continued to the apex. Length 7 millim. Very convex and elongate, the vertex fulvous, impunctate, frontal elevations trigonate, small, carina acute, lower portion of face testace- ous, antennz long and slender, the lower three jointsand the base of the fourth and fifth, flavous, the rest fuscous, third joint twice as long as the second, fourth joint longer than the preceding one ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides and the posterior margin rounded, the angles distinct, the disc convex, finely granulate, with three very small foveze, placed triangularly, scutellum rather small, testaceous ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, extremely closely impressed with small piceous punctures, under-side black, closely covered with grey pubescence, legs robust, fulvous, the coxee and the extreme base 36 Mr. M. Jacoby on of each joint black, the metatarsus of the posterior legs much longer than the following joints together. Hab. AuGoa Bay (Dr. Brauwns). Of nearly similar shape and coloration to C. hamatura, Fairm., but the sculpture of the head quite different, the labrum testaceous, not black, the antenne differently coloured as well as the scutellum, and the elytra more distinctly punctured ; from C. j/laveola, Gerst., the species may be at once distinguished by the black under-side. Candezea scutellata, sp. 1. Under-side black, the basal joints of the antennie and the head and thorax pale fulvous, impunctate, seutellum black, elytra testaceous, extremely minutely punctured, tarsi and the posterior femora more or less black. Length 7 millim. Again closely allied to CL Braunsi and C. hematiura, but with the frontal elevations scarcely raised and the elypeus very broad and flat, without carina, the antennie rather shorter, black, the lower three or four joints flavous ; the thorax twice as broad as long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the sides nearly straight, the surface entirely impunctate, without depressions, scutellum black ; elytra somewhat narrowed posteriorly, their punctuation scarcely perceptible, of paler coloration than the thorax, legs fulvous, the posterior femora and the tarsi black, as well as the under-side ; metatarsus very elongate. Hab, AuGoA Bay, Care (Dr. Brauns). Of the two specimens, kindly sent by Dr. Brauns, one has the tarsi almost concolorous with the legs; the sculpture of the head and the black scutellum will distinguish this species from its allies. Candezea infuscata, sp. n. Bluish-black, the basal joints of the antenni and the thorax flavous, the latter very finely and obsoletely punctured, elytra bluish-black, very closely and distinctly punctured in irregular rows, legs flavous, the femora and the tarsi more or less fuscous. Length 3 millim. Head blackish, impunctate, the frontal elevations strongly raised, transverse, clypeus highly convex between the antennze, the latter of about half the length of the body, black, the lower three or four joints flavous, the third joint about one-half longer than the second ; thorax about twice as broad as long, the sides very feebly rounded, the anterior angles slightly obliquely thickened, the surface very or African Piytophagous Coleoptera. 37 minutely, closely and obsoletely punctured, flavous; elytra very closely and much more strongly punctured than the thorax, the inter- stices very slightly wrinkled, bluish-black ; under-side of the latter colour, the legs flavous, the femora and the tarsi obscure fuscous to a greater or smaller degree ; the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following three joints together. Hah. Malvern, NATAL. Closely allied to C. nigroerrulea, Jac., and nearly similarly coloured, but the thorax more obliquely narrowed and the sides quite straight in the last-named species, the elytral punctures finer, and the legs entirely flavous. Buphonella, gen, n. Body narrowly elongate, pubescent above, antenne subfiliform, eyes entire ; thorax transversely subquadrate, finely rugose like the elytra, the latter with the lateral margins deflexed, their epipleuree extremely narrow; anterior cox raised, closely approximate, legs slender, the tibizs unarmed, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the three following joints together, claws bifid at the extreme tip only, prosternum invisible between the coxze, the anterior cavities closed. At first sight, this genus here proposed bears a greater resemblance to the Hwmolpidx, and more especially to the group Leprotine than to that of the Galerucidx, as the antennze are more widely apart than is the rule in this last- named tribe ; these organs are, however, inserted in front and a little below the eyes; there are the usual frontal elevations, and most important of all, the anterior coxze are almost united, and hide the prosternum ;. they resemble in that respect the genus Buphonida, Baly, which has likewise closed coxal cavities and bifid claws, but the thorax in that genus is transversely sulcate and of different shape; the claws in the present genus are also rather peculiar, as cach claw has the division united and bifid to a small extent at the tip only. MJombasica, Fairm., seems also more nearly allied to Buphonella than to any other genus of Calerucide. Buphonella elongata, sp. n. Narrowly elongate and parallel, black, finely pubescent above, the basal joint of the antenne and the femora fulvous, thorax subquadrate, very finely rugose, elytra still more finely sculptured, clothed with short grey pubescence ; tibize unarmed. Length 5 millim, 38 Mr. M. Jacoby on African Phiytophagous Coleoptera. Head broad, closely rugose, the middle. with a narrow, elongate, smooth raised space, eyes rounded, entire, frontal tubercles trigonates smooth and tubereulate, clypeus transverse, antenne about two-thirds the length of the body, black, the basal joint fulvous, the third joint more than twice as long as the second, slightly shorter than the fourth, the following joints slightly thickened, terminal ones thinner ; thorax transversely subquadrate, one-half broader than long, the base shghtly constricted, the anterior angles’ obtuse, thickened, the surfaee seulp- tured like the head, the rugosities partly confluent, scutellum broader than long, finely rugose ; elytra opaque like the rest of the upper surface, extremely finely rugose and pubescent, body below and the tibise and tarsi black, the femora fulvous, the last abdominal segment triangularly emarginate (9 ). Hab. Salisbury, MASHONALAND (G. Marshall), Two exactly similar specimens were obtained by Mr. Marshall. Lrgana fulvipes, sp. n. Under-side black, upper-side dark metallic blue, basal joints of the antenne and the legs fulvous, thorax transverse, very minutely punctured, elytra closely and strongly punctured. Length 43 millim. Head broad and short, impunctate, deeply transversely grooved, frontal elevations strongly convex, trigonate, clypeus very broad and swollen, labrum and palpi blackish, the penultimate joint of the latter dilated, antenne extending to half the length of the body, black, the lower four joints flavous, third jomt longer than the second, the intermediate ones slightly widened; thorax more than one-half broader than long, the sides strongly rounded, the posterior margin to a less extent, the surface convex, very finely and closely punctured, scutellum black, impunctate, elytra slightly wider at the base ‘than the thorax, posteriorly widened, extremely closely and more strongly punctured than the thorax, the interstices finely wrinkled and furnished with still smaller punctures ; legs fulvous, all the tibie mucronate, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following joints together, claws appendiculate, anterior coxal cavities closed, Hab. Dunbrody, CAPE Cotony (fev. O'Neil). A typical species, and distinguished by its system of coloration. II. On the Life History of Drilus flavescens, Rossi. By LIoNEL R. CrawsHay, M.A. Oxon. Communicated by CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE, F.E.S. [Read November 5th, 1902. ] PuaTes I anp II. THE following notes on Drilus flavescens are collected from observations made during the past three years. In July 1900 I first found the larva on the Downs, near Seaford, Sussex, and in this year reared five larvae (all females), four of them emerging in the following spring, and the fifth continuing its growth for another summer. In 1901 I collected several more larvee from the same locality, and from these I obtained in the spring of the present year (1902) a single male, and afew females, the remainder reappearing as larvee. In spots where snails—/felicella itala and Helicella virgata especially—cover the ground in immense numbers, it is not surprising that the larva thrives on its food- supply, and it may often be seen during the summer months, running hastily over the ground in search of food. Before passing to its life history, the form of the larva deserves some notice. The larva, which is narrowed in front and much widened behind, has the upper surface of the abdomen rather thickly covered with coarse hairs of a bright burnt-sienna colour, springing chiefly from four longitudinal rows of fleshy processes, the processes increasing in length towards the posterior. The head is reddish-brown, flat above, with strong sharp mandibles, curving upwards and crossing one another above the labrum; the eyes consist of a single ocellus on either side. The antenne (Plate I, fig. 1; Plate II, fig. 1) are two-jointed with a supplement to the second joint, and can be partially extended or withdrawn by the larva by means of a collapsible membranous tube which carries the first joint, the latter being thrust forward or partially withdrawn within the tube by a muscle which passes up the centre of it to the apex of the first joint. The second joint is somewhat flattened and bears at its TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903 —PART I. (APRIL) 40 Mr. L. R. Crawshay on apex—on the inner margin a two-jointed supplementary process terminated by a long seta, and on the outer margin a smaller colourless process. The thoracic segments have a reddish-brown corneous covering above—marked with dark patches—with a few hairs. On each of the abdominal segments to the penultimate one the soft white body of the larva is protected above by a dark brown dorsal shield, sparsely hairy, bearing a bristly process on each margin, and by a pair of similar processes outside these, arising from the sides. The last segment has a single pair of larger bristly processes extending behind, with a spine at the apex of each, completing a covering which doubtless goes far to protect the larva from attack during its occu- pation of the snail-shell. The spiracles (Plate I, fig. 2) lie in an uncovered space between the dorsal shields and lateral processes, and project from small horny encase- ments which lie along the surface of the segments. A fleshy nipple on the under-side of the last segment aids the progression of the larva, and enables it to cling firmly to the surface of the snail-shell. It moves rapidly about the outside of the shell, aided also by a pair of small colourless pulvilli, attached by slender stalks to the base of the tarsal claw (Plate I, fig. 3). ; The young larva, which is hatched about the middle of July, feeds till September, and then hibernates in the shell it has last occupied, attaining only a small size in the first year. This shell is evacuated in the following spring, and after this the larva may continue feeding at regular intervals till September. But owing to the exist- ence of a distinct, inactive form for hibernation, and the fact that this may be assumed at any time of the summer, it is equally liable to pass nearly the whole of the year in a dormant state in the shell. Doubtless the larva often becomes full-fed in the year after hatching, but it probably more often feeds fora third summer. The full-fed larva then changes into a second hibernating form, pupating in the following spring, shortly before the appearance of the imago in May or June of the third or fourth year, as the case may be. The snails which chiefly constitute its food in the locality referred to are Helicella itala, Linné; Helicella virgata, Da Costa; and Helicella caperata, Montagu; but the larva has shown the same readiness to attack any other species that I have hitherto tried, including :— The Life History of Drilus flavescens. 4] Helicella cantiana, Montagu ; Hygremia rufescens, Pennant ; Vitrea cellaria, Miiller; Helix nemcralis, Linné; and even the largest examples of Helix aspersa, Miiller; passing indifferently from one to another in the course of its growth. When a snail is found, the larva raises itself at once on to the shell and examines it carefully, assuring itself of the presence of its occupant. If unsuited to the size of the larva, the snail is left and the search resumed. If it is satisfactory, the larva (more especially in its earlier stages at least) then proceeds to sound the surroundings, reaching out to its full length and ranging about on all sides above and below, but retaining all the while its hold on the shell by means of the anal clasping-organ. This is done with a view to secreting the snail before attacking it. Ifthe position is found to afford sufficient cover, the snail is soon pushed or dragged into it, till out of sight; otherwise, if it is too much exposed (as on a roadway, for example), the larva endeavours to remove it to a better one. This removal of the snail to a place of hiding may prove a difficult matter, and remarkable perseverance is often shown in the endeavour to accomplish it. The larva takes a firm anal grip on the outer surface of the shell, and bending over the side, plants its head on the ground beneath; then, taking hold of the ground with its man- dibles, it proceeds to “punt” the snail backwards over the ground, so far as possible in a straight line. Where an obstruction occurs, in the endeavour to pass it, the larva will often raise the snail entirely into the air and throw it forward bodily, but never losing its hold upon the shell. Ifin the meantime the snail appears and attempts to crawl away it is attacked with the mandibles and driven back. From time to time the larva returns to the summit of the shell to try the surroundings as before, afterwards going back to its task, which, if no cover should be found, may often be continued for an hour, or, as I have once noticed, for as much as three hours before the snail is attacked. It is advisable, when feeding the larva, to provide some loosely placed moss, into which it will soon carry the snail out of sight. In the case of larger larvee (about 14 mm. and over) the snail is generally attacked very soon, without any attempt to remove it, however exposed the position may be. Larger snails (and I refer especially to H. cantiana) seem instinctively to 42 Mr. L. R. Crawshay on know their danger when this horrible parasite has attached itself to their shells, and will do their utmost to dislodge it by making rapid contortions of their shells around them as they crawl, even to the extent of overbalancing them- selves, and while the larva perhaps lies motionless on the shell. It is surprising that at such times the larva retains its hold or escapes injury, but it quickly takes up a position near the orifice and makes a ferocious onslaught with its mandibles, which probably soon overpowers its wretched victim ; I have, however, more than once seen a large H. cantiana throw off its assailant and escape. When the larva enters the shell it lies inside, against the outer wall, and gradually absorbs the moisture, finally consuming the whole or the greater part of the body of the molluse. After a period varying from eight to sixteen days the shell is thoroughly cleaned out, preparatory to a succeeding period of inactivity and moulting. The larva may then be heard scraping with its mandibles within the shell, and may be seen making a number of journeys backwards, from the centre of the spire to the orifice, to eject from the shell the accumulated and wneon- sumed matter. The hairy processes seem to aid the work, as a brush, while the larva shuffles backwards down the shell. As the terminal segment reaches the orifice, the anal clasper grips hold of the edge, and, by an undulating movement of the body, the slimy matter 1s ejected from the shell. I once found a very large larva thus engaged at 10.30 p.m. (having already been working for perhaps half-an-hour). I then watched it for an hour and a half, while it made nine journeys down to the orifice, mostly at intervals of three to five minutes, and with generally about twenty to twenty-five of these undulating move- ments at the end of a journey. After this J] ceased observing it, but I have found that with varying intervals the work may extend over the greater part of a day. In this way the interior of the shell is at length thoroughly cleaned out and made fit for habitation. The larva, which has become gorged with food almost beyond recognition (the dark scuta appearing as isolated patches on the distended white body), then thrusts itself up, with its head towards the centre of the spire, and prepares for moulting, which takes place about four or five weeks from the time of entering the shell, the skin being then cast towards the orifice, “where it sometimes closely stops up The Life History of Drilus flavescens. 43 the entrance. While the summer lasts, the undeveloped larva, as a rule, evacuates the shell about forty days after entering it, and goes off in search of another. Excluding the shorter feeding interval (July to September) in the year of hatching, it may thus devour as many as three, or perhaps four snails in the course of the summer, moulting once in each case before leaving the shell. But it often ceases feeding as early as July, and in one example, at least, under notice this year, the first shell entered by the larva on June 2nd, after hibernation, was not left after- wards. In such cases the larva, on moulting, reassumes the winter form (which is referred to below), and the growth is again suspended until the following year, From examples under observation, this early return to the winter form seems to be caused by a period of low temperature preceding the time of moulting. An instance of it occurs in the following incomplete record of a remarkable larva: 1900, July 8th: Larva (length about 8 mm.) entered HT, virgata (greatest diameter 8 mm.) ; 1901, May 30th: evacuated this shell (length about 10 mm.), and entered H. aspersa (greatest diameter 8 mm.) ; » duly 10th: left this shell (length about 13 mm.), and entered //. aspersa (greatest diameter 28 mm.) ; , August 18th: left this shell (length 21 mm.), and entered Hf. aspersa (greatest diameter 25 mm.); a », olst: seen to be cleaning out this shell (length, at the time, fully 30 mm.). Unfortunately, in the spring of 1902, it died while still in the winter stage. The larva was doubtless hatched in July. 1899, and must therefore have become full-fed in the third year, as seems to be more often the case. The winter form, into which the undeveloped larva changes about the middle of September, or often earlier, as stated, is incapable of feeding or of more than a heavy grub-like motion, when disturbed. In general outline it much resembles the ordinary form of the larva, but it rather perhaps deserves the term “false pupa.” The scuta are absent, the body being almost entirely soft, of a dingy whitish colour, and, except on the last three or four segments, almost hairless. The head is small, rather soft, 44 Mr. L. R. Crawshay on and pale, with the mouth parts rudimentary, and the antenne very short and much modified. The legs are soft and short, with the claws absent and replaced by a small prominence. The processes on the body are much smaller and less distinct, with only a few fine hairs, until the last three or four segments, where they become longer and rather thickly hairy, but with the hairs shorter than in the larva. The terminal processes are likewise shorter, but with the spines long (Plate IJ, fig. 2a). This skin is cast about the middle of May, and the larva then reappears from the shell in its ordinary form, continuing its life as before, until it is full-fed, in the second, or, probably in most cases, the third summer. When full-fed, it changes into a second inactive - winter form, which more nearly approaches the pupa, and which, like the other, may be assumed early or late in the year, often as early, at least, as July. Though this is very similar to the previous one, it differs from it especially in the much more stumpy form of the antenne and of the processes on the last three or four segments; the hairs also on the latter are finer and shorter, and the spines on the terminal pair are very short (Plate II, fig. 3a). Points of difference in the head and last segment of the two forms are figured in the accompanying drawings beside the corresponding parts in the ordinary form of the larva (Plate IT). The two small apical processes in the antenne of the larva are retained in both winter forms; but what is the “outer” process in the larva becomes inferior and invisible from above in the first form, and partly inferior while visible on the dnne7 side in the second form. These sluggish winter forms (or “ false-pupz,” if they may be so termed) appear to possess a strange tenacity of life. A specimen of the sezond form, lately kept out for examination, passed a day and a half in a solution one-third alcohol and two-thirds glycerine; then, two days afterwards, an hour in turpentine, followed by a day in alcohol and glycerine. Three days after removal from the latter, it seemed so little the worse that, after washing it in alcohol and in water, I put it into an empty shell, which it entered without difficulty, and it appeared to have its usual amount of vitality when examined a week afterwards. Though in a much lesser degree, the same point is noticeable in the 2 imago, which will live for two The Life History of Drilus flavescens. 45 or three hours in the same preservative solution, or return to its dull existence apparently unaffected by an immersion of an hour and a half in whisky half diluted. An offensive acrid fluid is emitted from both extremities of the body by the two winter forms of the larva, when disturbed ; the active form does not seem to possess this resource, but rolls itself into a ring. In Mulsant’s account of the insect (“ Histoire Naturelle des Coléopteres de France; Mollipennes:” pp. 422 ff), pupation is said to take place fifteen to eighteen days before the imago appears. Prior to this, the position within the shell is reversed, so that the head lies in the direction of the orifice (in which respect this second winter form differs from the earlier one). In a single instance this change of position had already occurred when I ex- amined the shell on October 8th, but ordinarily it appears to be made in the spring. At the time of pupation, the skin is cast far back, near the centre of the spire. The skin of the pupa is soft and unprotected, and merely displays rather distinctly the enclosed form of the imago. When the final change takes place, about the middle of May, the imago moves forward and occupies the inter- vening space between the pupa and the larva-skin of the previous year, lying with its head thrust against the anterior part of the latter. There are thus, at this point, four stages of the insect represented in the shell. Here the imago remains for some days before it is able to leave the shell. In three female examples observed in the present year, at least eight days were passed in this way, and the case of a male, referred to below, was similar. The 1mago appears at the end of May or beginning of June, about the same time as the hibernated larva. The apterous female (Plate I, fig. 4} is elongate and broader behind, with the abdominal segments sharply explanate under the spiracles, so that the sides have a scalloped appearance. It is of a tawny testaceous colour, marked on each segment, except the last, with a pair of large dark-brown digitate patches more or less regular in shape, and thinly covered, especially above, with fine short rufous hairs. The last segment is terminated by two processes with a small palpiform appendage at the apex of each. The supplement to the antenne found in the larva and retained in both winter forms, reappears very similarly in the female imago. At the apex of the tenth 46 Mr. L. R. Crawshay on joint there isa small inner supplementary joint, terminated by a short seta (which is sometimes scarcely apparent), and a smaller process at the outer margin. The antennz of the female are normally composed of ten joints (omitting the supplement), but the ninth joint is often imperfectly formed, being sometimes confounded with the preceding one, so as to be scarcely visible, and sometimes entirely absent. This deformity may even appear in different degrees in the two antennze of the same insect. Among the imagines that emerged this year I obtained only a single male, and this one happened to occupy one of two shells which I examined on May 18th. It seemed inclined to leave the shell, so I removed it, but it proved to be quite helpless and could only le on its side, in a curved position, twisting the distended abdomen about like a pupa. I put it on some moss in a shady place, and its condition gradually advanced till, seven days afterwards, it was quite strong. For breeding purposes I had there- fore to rely on this male alone, and it paired successively with four females (twice over with one of them) on May 25th, 31st, June 2nd, 4th, and 9th, respectively. ~ In the spring of the previous year a few eggs had been laid by some infertile females, a week after emerging, on the moss in which they were kept; but this year, under similar conditions, the first female that paired passed six days without laying: there was also reason for believing that the eggs are naturally secreted. I therefore cut a piece of fine turf from the Downs, ten inches by six inches and two inches deep, which I fitted closely into a shallow deal box, and on this the females were after- wards kept near an open window. The following is an account of the movements of these four females which I reserved, and the attempt to breed from them. The first ?, as stated, was not put on the turf till six days after pairing, namely on May 31st. From May 31st till June 4th she was up about the surface, generally resting in an exposed position on the short herbage, during each day, but going down every evening under the grass. On June 5th she came up in the morning and rested in the usual attitude on a short blade of grass, with the heavy body curving under her, and thus remained, never leaving the position, so far as I know, day or night, until June th, when she fell off and died without having laid. A second 2 emerged on May 26th and paired on the The Life History of Drilus flavescens. 47 turf on June 2nd, at 11.80 am. She continued to move restlessly about the surface till 3.30 p.m., when she dived down a hole between the turf and the side of the box, and did not appear again. A third emerged on June 2nd and paired on the turf on June 4th, disappearing on the same day. A fourth emerged and paired on May 31st, but was not put on the turf till five hours afterwards. From this date, this 2, like the first, was about the surface (generally resting on the herbage) regularly during the daytime, but always going down under the grass in the evening, until June 9th. I then tried the % again, and she paired a second time, disappearing soon afterwards on the same day. ‘After June 9th none of them appeared again. Though it is to a great extent the instinct of the @ to hide herself, she seems, in fact, after emerging, to choose more often some exposed position on the ‘short herbage, and to remain clinging to this for hours at a time without moving. From the moment of pairing she proceeds at once to make her way down under the grass (the probably sharing the same instinct), and after separation—7. v. after about forty mimutes—disappears very shortly, as 1t seems, into the turf, where she lays her eggs and dies. The failure of the first of these tour was perhaps due to the absence of natural conditions in the first week. On June 20th I examined the turf in search of ova. The body of one 2 was found resting in a perpendicular position between the turf and the side of the box. The body seemed half empty, but I could find no eggs that had been laid. Probably this was the second 2 mentioned above. The bodies of the other two I found in the bottom of the turf (2. e. two inches deep), each lying with its contents emptied in a compact heap within a distance of half-an- inch from it. Doubtless both had died very soon after laying. The egg is nearly spherical, about 1 mm. in diameter, and of a pale yellow colour. Roughly speaking, there were about thirty to thirty-five eggs in each heap. It was a mistake to disturb them so soon, but the period of development proved to be much longer than I expected, and to leave them as they were, and unobserved, was unsatisfactory. In an endeavour to preserve natural 48 Mr. L. R. Crawshay on conditions, the evils of excessive moisture and excessive dryness crept in, and worked serious injury in the first week or ten days. On July 2nd the embryo began to show signs of development, and on July 8th the form of the young larva was discernible. After this they advanced rapidly till the first hatched on July 20th, or about six weeks from the approximate date of laying. But mean- time the greater number had fallen off in various stages of development, and only five, out ‘of perhaps sixty-five, survived, hatching respectively on July 20th, 22nd, 24th, 25th, and 26th. One of these was a cripple and another was lost by an accident. At the time of hatching, with the exception of the conspicuous black ocelli and a few reddish hairs, they were nearly white, the head and the shields about the segments attaining their darker colour several hours afterwards. The length is about 25 mm. Of the three that remained, two began to feed about thirty-six hours after hatching; the third clung to its egg- shell for twenty-four hours, and refused food for three and a half days. The snails at length given them were Helicella caperata, and Hygromia rufescens, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter. In these three examples (as also the one that was lost) I noticed most of the instincts of the older larva, including the feigning of death for as long as fifteen or twenty minutes at a time. There was no attempt to push the snail away, but a decided tendency to work underneath it, perbaps with the same purpose. More than once a snail that began to appear from the shell was sharply struck with the mandibles and driven back; in another case the hardened film quickly thrown by the snail as a barrier across the orifice was cut away by the larva after an hour and a half’s work, and the shell was then entered. The ultimate loss of these larvae was perhaps largely due to the period of exceptionally cold weather that followed the time of hatching, and particularly so in the Cotswolds, where I happened to be staying. The fragmentary account of them, so far as it goes, may, however, be worth recording. Larva (a) hatched on July 20th, and entered the first shell on July 21st; partly devoured this snail; left it and entered another on August 2nd, but afterwards became en- tangled inside the shell, and died without having moulted. The Life History of Drilus flavescens. 49 Larva ()) hatched on July 22nd, and on July 25th entered the first shell, in which it became entangled, and died without moulting. Larva (e) hatched on July 25th, entered the first shell on July 26th, and, after partly devouring the occupant, left it and attacked a second on July 28th; was ejected some hours afterwards by the latter, and left entangled ; I released it and put it back on the first shell, which it at once re-entered, but it afterwards died without having moulted. I have nevertheless found the exuvie of the young larva at about 3 mm. in very small snail-shells (8-4 mm. in diameter), and it seems more probable that the economy of the larva in its infancy is the same as in its later growth, and that under ordinary circumstances the first shell is not left till after moulting, in the usual manner. It would thus be able to attain a length of about 4 mm. at the time of entering the second shell, at which point it is to be found feeding, about the middle of September, prior to hibernation. After this, the growth of the larva is regulated by the size of the snails it happens to meet with, its length being increased, as I have found in most cases observed, roughly by about half the greatest diameter of the snail attacked. The female imago may thus be no more than 8 mm. in length, or, on the other hand, probably not far short of 830 mm. On the Downs, larger snails such as H. cantiana are seldom met with by the larva, and the average length of nine naturally-reared females which emerged this year was 10°7 mm. only. In regard to the life history of the male, Mulsant mentions the fact that out of one hundred and fifty shells containing larvae, Desmarest obtained only two males, while M. Rouget obtained only one male among about two hundred females. Appended are a few details bearing on this point. As already mentioned, all of five larvae which I reared in 1900 were females. The shells collected in the autumn of 1901 and early in 1902 varied from 4 to 12 mm. in their greatest diameter (i.e. the measurement across the shell to the outermost point of the orifice). Of those larvae that were full-fed, nine were females and five were males. All of the females emerged, but four of the males died as pupx (the fifth was taken in February ; the others in September). _TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 4 50 Mr. L. R. Crawshay on Another shell contained the remains of a male pupa which had probably failed to emerge in the previous spring. The shells containing these six males were :— Two of them Helicella virgata, Da Costa; 8 and 9 mm. in diameter respectively. Four of them /elicella caperata, Montagu, 7, 7, 7, and S mm. in diameter respectively. Another shell found at the same time, containing a male pupa skin, was that of Helicella caperata, 6 mm. in diameter. The following table shows the greatest diameter of thirty-seven winter shells {all naturally occupied by larvee), and the state of the insect after hibernation :— 2 shells of 4 mm. in diam. produced 2 undeveloped larve. 9) = ” Dy ” ” 2 ” ” a) ” 6 5, ” ” es ” ” and 1 or 6 ” 7 ” ” ; 3 ” ” » 36. 6 ” 8 ” ” 4 ” F) » 26. 5 ” 9s, ” ” 4 ” ” Lt 11 ” 10-12 ” 9 2 ” ” ” 9 ce e In other words, all full-fed larvee occupying shells of 6—9 mm., and averaging 7} mm., were males, and all those occupying shells over 9 mm. were females; which result might, in fact, be expected approximately, considering that the male imago never perhaps attains the minimum length of the female. The females probably outnumber the males very consider- ably, while the male larva must be sought for in shells of a small size only. But, apart from these considerations, the male seems, for some reason, to be more difficult to rear than the female—possibly owing to the fact that it is more likely to complete its limited growth early in the year, and so to be subject to a longer “period of exposure to the exigencies of weather. The number of eggs laid by the female may be as many as three hundred, or even more; but the female, which is little more than an ege-magazine, varies in size to an extraordinary degree, and the number of eggs must vary greatly in proportion. In a female of 19 mm. I found two hundred and sixty-seven, but in smaller examples the numbers were far short of this. The two that laid (presumably 10 mm. and 13 mm. respectively) cannot either of them have laid more than about forty; the abdo- — The Life History of Drilus flavescens. 51 men of another (11 mm.), nine days after leaving the shell, contained thirty-three; while in another (8 mm.), seven days after leaving the shell, there were only four or five developed ova, and the abdomen could hardly have contained more than fifteen or twenty. The following case of cannibalism occurred in the present year :— Two larve, “A” and “B,” were due to leave their shells about the same date, early in July, and both had already moulted. “A” left its shell first, and escaping unobserved into the division of “B,’ entered the shell and attacked and devoured the unfortunate occupant. The unconsumed remains of “B” were afterwards cast back and left near the orifice of the shell, and the larva “A” in due time moulted, evacuating the shell thirty-five days after the probable date of entering it. Among a number of shells examined, which have con- tained larve, I have not noticed any clear case of parasitic attack on the species. I am indebted to Mr. C. O. Water- house for his kind assistance in connection with the subject of this paper. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Figure 1, Left antenna of larva, partially withdrawn. 2. Spiracle of larva, projecting from horny encasement. 3. Part of intermediate leg of larva. » 4 Female imago. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Figure 1. Active form of larva; part of head, showing antennze and mandibles (antennze extended), 2. Winter form of undeveloped larva; part of head, showing antenn and mandibles. 3. Winter form of full-fed larva; part of head, showing antennee and mandibles, », la. Active form of larva ; last segment. 2a. Winter form of undeveloped larva ; last segment. oe oa: ES » 9) full-fed larva ; last segment. +P) Ill. On the Genus Deilemera, Hiibner. By CoLONEL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. [Read Feb. 4th, 1903.] _Puates IIT anp IV. THE genus Nyctemera was erected by Hiibner in the Verzeichniss, p. 178, and diagnosed as “ Die Fliigel weiss und weissfleckig schwarz gesaiumt.” Under this genus Hiibner put seven species in the following order :— hesperia, Cram., Pap. Exot., iui, pl. 251, f. A. B. (1780). cajras Orin Wl Nx. Hat.ai1, pl..p, fF 780): nerina, Drury, l.c., f. 2. coleta, Cram., ].c., iv, pl. 368, f. D. H. (1782). jamal, Drury, le. u, pl. 1 £3 A773): atralba, Hiibner = tripunctaria, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, p. 523 (1758). lacticinia, Cram., |. c., 11, pl. 128, f. E. (1779). Walker in the 2nd vol. of his Catalogue, p. 402, erected the genus Ofroeda, placing therein in the following order :— hesperia, Cram., |. ¢., occidentis, Walker, 11, 403, vesperina, Walker, 1, 403, caffra, Drury, 1. c., nerina, Drury, |. c., leaving coleta, Cram., as the type of Hiibner’s genus Vycte- mera; and this seems to have been followed ever since, except that Hampson makes /acficinia, the seventh in the list of Hubner’s named species, the type of the genus. No author in erecting a new genus can be justified in removing the first three species, including of course the type, of a genus already in existence, yet this is what Walker did. It is not only that hesperia, being the first species in the seven under the genus Nyctemera, is thus made the type of the genus, but Hiibner’s diagnosis, “ wings white with white-spotted black borders,” is a good description of hesperia, and not of any one of Walker’s so-called Nyctemeras; consequently as hesperiais the type of the genus Nyctemera TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 54 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Walker’s genus Otvoeda becomes asynonym, and as hesperia is a Lymantrid, another name must be found for the species hitherto erroneously referred to WV; ye temera. This is not far to seek ; Hiibner’s next genus Deilemera contains a single species only, evergisia, Cram. .. and about this type there can be no mistake. For some of the other species in this genus five genera have been erected by different authors. I have had one or two examples of species in each genus denuded of their wing scales, and after carefully working through the species have come to the conclusion that structurally there is no essential difference* between them, and that the genus Deilemera, Hiibner, must include them all. The scheme of neuration of the fore-wings is practically the same throughout; the length of the areole, by which Hampson separates Deilemera from the rest of the species, appears to be as variable as its breadth, in fact both its size and shape vary not only in individuals ‘of the same species, but in the right and left wing of the same individual. In the hind-wings veins 6 and 7 are generally stalked ; in the few instances where 6 and 7 arise from the cell, this difference is found to be correlated with a difference in the structure of the antenne and palpi, and may be legitimately employed for the purposes of sub-division ; thus the species included under Pitasi/a, Moore, and Atasea, Swinhoe, which have veins 6 and 7 arising from the cell, agree in also having the palpi much shorter than the others, Atasca being separated from Pitasi/a by the antenne in both sexes being simply pubescent, with a short bristle from each joint, whereas in Pitasila they are bipectinate in both sexes, the pectinations being short. Tn the large majority of cases, those with veins 6 and 7 of the hind-wings stalked, with longer palpi and more fully pectinated antennie, secondary sexual characters are avail- able for sub-division; thus a few species with evergista, Cram., the type of the genus, have in the male the inner margin of the fore-wings strongly convex, and the inner margin of hind-wings amplified and containing a fold and furrow, the outer margin produced and straight from the anal angle, not rounded, so that the hind-wing becomes oblong im shape. Again in coleta, Craim., the fore tibia in the male bears a long pencil of hairs, and the species is further separated by * Except in coleta, where vein 11 is short stalked with 9 and 10. IU The Genus Deilemera. 55 a slight difference in neuration, vein 11 of fore-wings being stalked with 9 and 10. A third sub-division of Section IL is necessary for the African species, including lewconoé, Hoptter; in this the hind-legs of the male sutfer great modification, the coxe are greatly elongated, the femora still more so, the tibiz are all but obsolete and without spurs, while the tarsi are much attenuated and almost equal to the femora in length, and are accompanied by a tuft of hairs as long as them- selves, from the femoro-tibial joint. The fourth sub-division contains species without second- ary sexual characteristics, and will include all the species heretofore placed under TZvripheromera, Zonosoma, and Leptosoma, amongst which there is no ditference whatever, except in the pattern and sometimes as in cenis in the length of the wings. As might be expected with moths of weak flight, nearly every island contains its own peculiar form; this of course does not of a necessity make each a good species, as in baulus, Boisd.= mundipicta, Walker, forms of which are found in nearly all the islands (probably in all), from the Philippines to the Solomon Group, and although one can generally trace some small difference in each, the differences are too slight for any attempt to make any distinctions. The Family NYCTEMERID stood for many years by itself, next to the CALLIDULIDA, where Kirby puts it in his catalogue of Heterocera. Meyrick, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1886, p. 687, put the members of this group into the Family HYPSIDA = AGANAIDA, and though Hampson, in his Moths of India, vol. 11, put them into the ARCTIIDA, they have now been put in the National Collection with the Aganaidz, which is evidently their proper place, and they form a sub-division of that Family. KEY TO THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF Deilemera. Section I, Veins 6 and 7 of hind-wings not stalked, palpi short. A. Antenne not pectimated. -. . . . .. . (Atasca) p. Antenne shortly pectinated. . . . . . (Pitasild) Section II. Veins 6 and 7 of hind-wings stalked, palpi longer, antenne with long pectinations. A, Both wings of male abnormally developed. (Deilemera) B. Male with long tuft of hair to fore tibia. (coleta group) c. Male with abnormal hind-legs. . . . . (lewconoé group) D. Without secondary sexual characters. (Tripheromera* ) * Leptosoma and Zoiosoma being praeoecupied. 56 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Genus DEtLeMERA, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett, p. 178 (1815). Leptosoma, Boisd., Voy de l Astrolabe Lep., p. 197 (1832) (pracoce. ). Pitasila, Moore, P.Z. 8., 1877, p. 599. Zonosoma, Butler, Ill. Het. B. M., v, p. 44 (1881) (praeocc.). Tripheromera, Butler, l.c., p. 45. Tristania, Kirby, Cat. Het., i, p. 423 (1892). Atasca, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 139 (1892). SECTION 1. Veins 6 and 7 of hind-wings not stalked, palpi short. A, ANTENNA NOT PECTINATED. . . . . (Atascc) DEILEMERA PELLEX. Phalena (Noctua) pellex, Linn., Syst. Nat., x, p. 530 (1758). Leptosoma pellex, Aurivillius, Ree. Crit. in Sv. Ak. Handl., xix (5), p. 161, pl. 1, £ 5 (1882). Atasca pellex, Swinhoe, |. c. Nyctemera artemis, Walker, 1, 394 (1854). Nyctemera separata, Walker, xxxi, 204 (1864). Sixteen examples from Batjan, Ceram, Aru, N. Guinea, Fergusson Isl., and N. Ireland. Type separate from Gilolo is in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA ALBIPUNCTA. (PI. III, f. 8.) Deilemera albipuncta, Druce, P. Z.S., 1888, p. 573. x . Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 164. Two examples from Guadaleanar Island (J/eck). A very distinct species. DEILEMERA SIGNATA. Deilemera signata, Butler, P. Z.8., 1878, p. 586. Nyctemera signata, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1891, p. 152. The type female from Darnley Island; it may be ar extreme form of pe//ex, but it is impossible to say, without seeing more examples. DEILEMERA EGROTA. Leptosoma xgrotum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p- 145, pl. v, f. 15 (1892). The Genus Deilemera. al Nyctemera xgrotwm, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, QF p: 135. Two females from Queensland and one male from S.E. Australia. Type from N.S. Wales in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA SIMPLEX. Nyctemera simplex, Walker, xxxi, 207 (1864). Atasea simplex, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 140, pl. 5, £ 18 (1892). Nyctemera dovix, Oberth., Ann. Mus. Genov., xv, pl. 4, f. 2 (1883). The type from N. Guinea is in Mus. Oxon. Oberthiir’s type came from the same locality. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA QUADRIPLAGA. Nyctemera quadriplaga, Walker, xxxi, 207 (1864). Atasca quadriplaga, Swinhoc, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 140, plo, & 991892). The type from New Guinea is in Mus. Oxon. It is not in the B. M. B. ANTENNE SHORTLY PECTINATED. . . (P2tasilw) DEILEMERA VARIANS. Nyctemera varians, Walker, 11, 400 (1854). Pitasila varians, Butler, Ill. Het. B. M., v, p. 46, pl. 88, f. 4 (1881). Pitasila moolaica, Moore, P. Z.8., 1878, p. 847, pl. 53, f. 10. Fourteen examples from Kashmir, Sikkim, Cachar, Karen Hills, Toungyen and Tenasserim, including both types. DEILEMERA INCONSTANS. Pitasila inconstans, Butler, P. Z.S., 1880, p. 672. 5 Es Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon.,i, p. 139. (1892). Six examples from Formosa, including the type, one from Carniguen, and one from Tizard Bank, China. DEILEMERA SEMPERT, nov. d. Palpi black, face, frons, head and fore part of thorax ochreous, a black spot on the frons, one on top of head, two on the collar, two 58 Colonel C. Swinhoe on on each patagia, two transverse black bands on the thorax in front, and a black spot behind, lower half of thorax and abdomen white, the latter with a dorsal row of black spots, one on each segment, and lateral double rows of black dots, anal tuft ochreous ; fore-wings black, with white markings, much as in P. disrupta, Butler, from the Solomon Islands, but there is an additional band of three white spots between the basal streak and the discal band, the latter is entire and is composed of five large spots: the hind-wings are white with a black marginal band containing two apical spots, and another a little below the middle, as in disrupte. Expanse of wings 2,'; inches. Hab, PALAWAN (Doherty). One example; there are several from the Philippines in Mr. Herbert Druce’s coll. It is the insect figured by Herr Semper as Pitasila leucospilota, Moore, in his great work on the Phil. Schmett, Heterocera, pl. 59, f. 6; though of course allied to that species it is absolutely distinct from it. DEILEMERA BIJUNCTELLA. Nyctemera bijunetella, Walker, xxxv, 1880 (1866). Pitasila bijunctella, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 139 (1892), Leptosoma maculosum, Felder (nec Walker), Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 1038, f. 2 (1869). The type example from the Philippines. DEILEMERA BURICA, Nyctemera burica, Holland, Nov. Zool., vu, p. 560 (1900). be » Lag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 156. One example from Sula Mangoli. The type came from Buru. DEILEMERA DISTINCTA, nov. (Pl. IV, f. 4.) d ¢@. White, head, thorax and tip of abdomen tinged with ochreous, last joint of palpi brown, one black spot on frons, two on collar and five on thorax, and a duplex row of black dots on the sides of the pure white abdomen ; wings with pale black bands, very much thinner in the female than in the male ; on the fore-wings the basal two-thirds of the subeostal vein is broadly black and is joined to a spot on the costa before its end, and connected with the hinder The Genus Deilemera. 59 margin by two bands, forming a circle ; there is a spot on the costa near the base, another on the hinder margin beyond the middle, submarginal and marginal irregular bands, the former almost con- nected by a streak with a spot on the costa above the end of the cell ; hind-wings with an outer marginal band, which is disconnected in its middle and has an apical white spot in the male, and is disconnected both at the middle and near the apex in the female. Expanse of wings 2 inches. Hab, SANGIR (Doherty). Two males and one female. DEILEMERA OROYA, nov. (PI. LV, f. 8.) Q. Palpi with the second and third joints black, first joint white, antennze black ; head, body, legs and wings white, a tinge of ochreous on face, head, shoulders, and tip of abdomen ; a black spot on the frons, one on the head, two on the collar, five on the thorax, a black dot on each segment of the abdomen on the sides, and a black line below them divided by the segments : wings with the bands and spots pale black ; fore-wings with a spot on costa before the middle, one at upper end of cell, a submarginal irregular band, ending at the hinder angle and joined to the outer margin below the apex, forming a large subapical white spot or space, a thickening on the basal half of subcostal vein, a slight thickening at the origin of vein 2 and another on the discoidal vein; hind-wings with an outer marginal band, containing two submarginal spots, subapical and medial. Expanse of wings 1 8, inches. Hab. SULA Best (Voherty). Two examples. DEILEMERA ABRAXOIDES. Nyctemera abraxoides, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 93 (1862). Pitasila abravoides, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 139 (1892). Two examples from Borneo, including the type. DEILEMERA AMOSA, nov. (Pl. IV, f.6.) 3 2. Palpi, head and thorax yellow, a black spot between the antennee, another behind it, four on the collar and four on the thorax, abdomen white, anal tuft yellow ; fore-wings pale chocolate-erey, a white spot before the middle divided by the median vein, a longer 60 Colonel C. Swinhoe on white spot beneath it in the hinder margin, a broad discal white band, from the costa a little beyond the middle, widening in its centre and attenuated towards the hinder margin, three white sub- marginal spots as in Atasca pellex, Linn. ; hind-wings white with a broad chocolate-grey even band, containing two submarginal white spots, one subapical, the other beyond the middle. Expanse of wings 13 inches. Hab. DAMMA ISLAND. DEILEMERA DISRUPTA. Pitasila disrupta, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, p. 223 (1887). Six examples from the Duke of York Island, Kiriwini and Alu, including the type. DEILEMERA SELECTA. Nyctemera selecta, Walker, 1, 399 (1854). ~ » Lag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 156. . Six examples from Alu, and the type without locality. DEILEMERA VARIOLOSA. Nyctemera variolosa, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 129, f. 15 (1875). Pitasila variolosa, Cotes and Swinhoe, Cat. Het., p. 80 (1887). Two examples from the Andaman Islands and one from the Nicobars. DEILEMERA LEUCOSPILOTA. Nyctemera leucospilota, Moore, P. Z.8., 1887, p. 509, pl. 58, tee Pitasila leucospilota, Kirby, Cat., p. 422 (1892). Hight examples from the Andaman Islands, including the type. This form and disrupia, Pagenstecher sinks as synonyms to selecta (p. 156): Sir George Hampson sinks abraxoides, byunetella, and disrupta, omittiug inconstans. I cannot agree with either. Semper reared some from larve, but there is nothing to show that the eggs of one female produced two forms: dijunctella and inconstans are nearest to each The Genus Deilemera. 61 other in pattern, and may be local forms of the same thing, abraxoides seems to be very distinct: the members of each species shown above do not vary, there is not one inter- mediate form amongst them, and therefore unless proved otherwise by breeding they must be kept distinct. DEILEMERA GUTTULOSA. Nyctemera guttulosa, Walker, xxxi, 201 (1864). Pitasila guttulosa, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 138 (1892), Nyctemera abrazxata, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxii, p. 73, pl. 6, f. 6 (1879). One example (the type) from Celebes; there are two from the same locality in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA SPECULARIS. Nyctemera specularis, Walker, vii, 1665 (1856). Pitasila specularis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 139 (1892). Two examples including the type from Ceram; there are two also from the same locality in Mus. Oxon. SECTION II. Veins 6 and 7 of hind-wings stalked, palpi longer, antennze with long pectinations. A, BOTH WINGS OF MALE ABNORMALLY DEVELOPED, (Deilemera) DEILEMERA EVERGISTA. Phalena (Geometra) evergista, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, p. 155, pl. 369, f. E (1781). Deilemera evergista, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon.,1, p. 147 (1892). Two examples from Amboina. DEILEMERA UNIPLAGA, nov. (PI. III, f. 2.) é- Palpi with first joint ochreous, second and third joints black, ochreous inside and with ochreous tips; antenne black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark ochreous with black bands and spots, a spot on the frons, one behind base of antenne, four on the collar, three on the thorax, and a band on each segment of the abdomen ; fore-wings blackish-brown with a large white patch in the disc, extending from below vein 3 across the end of the cell to the costa where it is narrowest ; hind-wings white with a broad blackish-brown 62 Colonel C. Swinhoe on marginal border, which suddenly becomes diffuse and ends after rounding the angle: on the under-side the wings are as on the upper- side, quite as dark, the veins in the fore-wings pale and a subapical white dot. Expanse of wings 2;'; inches. Hab, Frerausson Ist. (A. S. Meek). Two examples; wings shaped as in D. evergista, Cram. Pagenstecher in Jahrb, Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 165, sinks mutabilis, Walker, from Ternate (noted in Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 147), to evergista, Cram., but this cannot hold, the white patch in the disc of fore-wing inclines inwards, whereas in evergista it inclines outwards and is altogether of a different nature. DEILEMERA INTERCISA. Nyctemera wntercisa, Walker, xxxi, 205 (1864). Deilemera intercisa, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 147 (1892). The type from Amboina is in Mus, Oxon. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA MACULATA. Nyctemera maculata, Walker, 11, 396 (1854). . a Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 1682, 1.0: Nyctemera noviespunctatum, Voll., Tid. v. Dierk., 1, p. 42 (1863). One example (the type) without locality, from Children’s coll., probably Java. DEILEMERA ZRES. Leptosoma exes, Boisd., Voy. de lAstrolabe Lep., p. 198 (1832). Nyctemera mutabilis, var., Walker, xxxi, 206 (1864). Deilemera mutabilis, Swinhoe (note), Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 147 (1892). Walker’s type from Ternate and one example from Buru. DEILEMERA LEUCTRA, nov. (PI. IV, f. 5.) 49. Palpi with the first joint yellow, second and third black, head, thorax and abdomen ochreous yellow, with black spots and The Genus Deilemera. 63 bands, a spot on the frons, one behind the base of the antenne, four on the collar, five on the thorax and broad segmental bands on the abdomen ; fore-wings black, witha large white patch (as in D. miilleri, Voll.) at the base, a larger white patch covering the whole of the dise, extending from near the costa to near the hinder margin, its inner margin recurved, its outer margin outwardly dentated, its lower side having a small square projection, two submarginal white spots, one a little above the middle, the other larger and subapical ; hind-wings white with a broad black band, with two white spots as in the fore- wings, the band complete in the female, but in the male it terminates abruptly at vein 2, and is followed by two black spots. Expanse of wings 2,1; inches. Hab. SANGIR (Doherty); TALAUT (Doherty). Allied to D. miilleri, Voll, from Borneo, which is very distinct from D. cavissima, Swinhoe, from Assam. Pagen- stecher on p. 164 puts them together ; though the pattern of the wings is somewhat similar the shape of the two insects is very different, carissima having long narrow wings and in the male an excavation in the hind-wings a little before the anal angle, making the angle produced hindwards. DEILEMERA GERRA, nov. (PI. IV, f. 1.) ¢ 2. Palpi, head and body as in D. leuctra ; fore-wings blackish- brown, a white basal patch narrower than in Jevctra, a narrow discal white patch with a round excavation on its inner side, toothed on its outer side, but with no square projection hind-wards ; hind-wings white with a broad blackish-brown band with the white spots as in leuctra, but without the two black spots in the male in continuation of the marginal band. Expanse of wings 2 inches. Hab, TALAvT (Doherty). The white bands on the fore-wings of the female are rather broader than those in the male. DEILEMERA MULLERI. Leptosoma miilleri, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk, i, p. 41 (1863). Deilemera miilleri, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 164. Two males and three females from Borneo. 64 Colonel C. Swinhoe on DEILEMERA CARISSIMA. Deilemera carissima, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1891, p. 447, pl. 19, f. 1. Deilemera carissina, Hampson, Moths, India, ii, p. 46 (1894). - One male and one female (types) from the Khasia Hills; T have also a pair from the same locality in my museum. DEILEMERA ZERENOIDES. Tripheromera zerenoides, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), viii, p. 380 (1881). One female (the type) from Sumatyra. It more nearly resembles carisstma, Swinhoe, than anything else. DEILEMERA ARCTATA. Nyetemera arctata, Walker, vii, 1664 (1856). Deilemera arctuta, Hampson, Moths, India, ui, p. 45, f. 21 2 (1894). Nyctemera maculosa, Walker, xxxi, 198 (1864). Five examples from Sikkim, Assam, and Burma; the type from Cherra Punji in the Khasia Hills, Assam, is in Mus. Oxon. B. MALE WITH LONG TUFT OF HAIR TO FORE TIBI&. (coleta group) DEILEMERA COLETA. Phalena coleta, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv, pl. 368, f. H-(1781). Nyctemera coleta, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett., p. 178 (1818). _ _ Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 142. Sixteen examples from Tenasserim, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Amboina and Ceram. DEILEMERA NIGROVENOSA. Nyctemera nigrovenosa, Moore, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 394. Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. > 141 (1892). The Genus Deilemera. 65 Seven examples from Ceylon, including the type; Pagenstecher following Hampson has put it as a synonym to coleta. DEILEMERA MELANEURA. Leptosoma melaneura, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xii, p. 160 (1888). 2 “5 Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xlvi, p. 974 (1885). The type example from Nias. In my collection are two from Nias and some in Mr. Herbert Druce’s collection ; it seems to be confined to the Island and is quite distinct from either coleta or nigrovenosa. C, MALE WITH ABNORMAL HIND LEGS. . (leucono’ group) DEILEMERA LEUCONOE. Nyctemera leuconoé, Hopfter, Berl. Mon. Acad., p. 422 (1857). Leptosoma leuconoé, Butler, P. Z.8., 1898, p. 419. Three examples from Abyssinia, one from Foda, four labelled E. Africa, two from Nyassa Land, two from Zomba, one from Delagoa Bay, and six from Natal. DEILEMERA INSULARIS, Leptosoma insulare, Boisd., Faun. Madag., p. 84, pl. 12, f 1 (1833). ; Three examples from Madagascar. DEILEMERA CONSORS. Leptosoma consors, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xv, p. 192 GUSTO): The type from the Island of Johanna. DEILEMERA FALLAX. Nyctemera fallax, Holland, Ent. News. and Proc. Ent. Soc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., iv, p. 59 (1893). F Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 147. One example from Ogove River ; the type came from the same locality and is in coll. Holland. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 5 66 Colonel C. Swinhoe on DEILEMERA PERSPICUA. Nyctemera perspicua, Walker, 11, 898 (1854). Ten examples from Sierra Leone, Old Calabar, and the Congo, including the type. DEILEMERA BIFORMIS. Nychthemera biformis, Mab., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., ii, p. 87 (1878). Nyctemera biformis, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 149. Nyctemera mabillei, Butler, Ent. Mo, Mag., xix, p. 57 (1882). Two males and one female (Butler's type) from Madagascar. In Ent. Mo. Mag., xix, p. 57, Butler says, that as they have received in the B. M. a black female from Madagascar almost exactly like the male, the white insect described by Mabille cannot be the female of biformis. J have care- fully examined thisso-called black female ; it is not a female, but a male with frenulum and retinaculum complete, and I cannot therefore see why this white female should not be the female of Jiformis, and it must stand as such until proved otherwise. DEILEMERA APICALIS. Nyctemera apicalis, Walker, 1, 395 (1854). - 2 Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 178, f. 4 (1880). . A Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 145. One example (type) from W. Africa, and one from Ashanti. Kirby put tricolor, Felder, as a var. of this species, and Pagenstecher does the same; but judging from Felder’s figure I do not believe this to be correct, apicalis having a very broad discal pure white band. DEILEMERA RESTRICTA. Leptosoma restrictum, Butler, P. Z.S., 1894, p. 585. Nyctemera restrictum, Pag. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 146. Four examples from E. Africa, including the type. The Genus Deilemera. 67 DEILEMERA ANTINORILI. Nyetemera antinorii, Oberthiir, Ann. Mus. Genova, xv, po les; plot; fT (sso): Two from Sierra Leone, two from Mongo-ma-Lobak, nine from Old Calabar, three from the River Nigra, and one from the Cameroons. DEILEMERA ACRAINA. Nyctemera acreina, Druce, P. Z. 8., 1882, p. 780. Type, Calabar in coll. Druce. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA CHROMIS. Nyctemera chromis, Druce, P. Z. S., 1882, p. 780, pl. 65, f. 2. The type from W. Africa is in coll. Druce. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA FULLERL. Nyctemera fulleri, Drace, Ent. Mo. Mag., xx, p. 157 (1883). The type from the Cameroons is in coll. Druce. It is not in the B. M. D. WITHOUT SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS. — (7'ripheromera) DEILEMERA PLAGIFERA. Nyctemera plagifera, Walker, u, 400 (1854). Tripheromera plagifera, Butler, Il. Het. B. M., v, p. 45, pl. 88, f. 3 (1881). Twenty-five examp'es from W. China, Loochoo, Hong Kong, Nepaul, Darjiling, Assam, Silhet (type), and the Nilgiri Hills. DEILEMERA LUDEKINGII. Leptosoma ludekingit, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 49 (1863). F Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xlii, p. 108, pl os b. t h (1S99) > ys Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., Osea pleat, Lill, One example from Sumatra. Pagenstecher’s figure is better than Snellen’s, Pagenstecher puts zerenoides, 68 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Butler, as a synonym, but that species belongs to a dif- ferent section of the Family. DEILEMERA CENIS. Phalena cenis, Cram., Pap. Exot., 1, pl. 147, f. E (1777). Nyctemera interlectum, Walker, 11,400 (1854). Fifteen examples from Loo Choo, Shan States, Kashmir, Dera Dhun, Chin Hills, Jawai Hills, Darjiling, Sikkim, Assam, and Walker's type from Silhet. DEILEMERA ANNULATA. Leptosoma annulatum, Boisd., Voy. de Astrolabe Lep., p. MES alloaay ih, 2) (iets 74) Nyctemera annulata, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, pe Nyctemera doubledayi, Walker, 11,392 (1854). Fourteen examples from New Zealand including Walker's type. DEILEMERA AMICA. Aglages amicus, White in Grey’s Journ. Exped. Austral., ii, p. 482 (1841). Nyctemera amica, Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), 1, p. 760 (1886). Nyctemera annulata, Walker (nec Boisd.), 11, 391 (1854). Leptosoma plagiatum, Guen., Ent. Mo. Mag., v, p. 2 (1868). Nyetemera conica, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, (oe Eleven examples from $.E. Australia; Pagenstecher’s conica is evidently a misprint for @mzcc. DEILEMERA SECUNDARIA. Leptosoma secundariwm, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vi, p. 280 (1891). Four examples from Queensland, ditfering nearly as much from amica as amica does from annulata. DEILEMERA LATEMARGINATA. (PI. III, fi 4.) Nyctemera latemarginata, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901;-p) 14: One example from N. Guinea. The Genus Deilemera. 69 It has only two spots on the fore-wings, and is therefore not absolutely identical with Pagenstecher’s type, but I am convinced it must belong to the same species. DEILEMERA DISTINCTA. Nyctemera distincta, Walker, 11, 892 (1854). -f : Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, PaclO SH ole 2ecteele Five examples from Java including the type. Pagen- stecher’s figure does not well represent the typical form ; the type has hardly an indication of the white discal band of fore-wings, and in none of the examples in this Museum is the band plainly shown, and the yellow streaks are very faintly indicated. DEILEMERA Poplya, nov. (PI. III, figs. 3 and 7.) ¢ Q. First joint of palpi bright ochreous, second and third black, a large black spot on frons, one behind the base of antennz, twoon collar, one on each shoulder, three black longitudinal stripes on the thorax, all the spots and stripes edged with bright ochreous ; fore-wings dark blackish-brown above and below, a broad white discal band on the under-side, from vein 2 to the costa; vein 1, the median and sub-costal veins white ; on the upper-side the broad white band can be very dis- tinctly seen, and all the veins on the basal third are yellow ; the hind- wings are white with a broad blackish-brown border and with some brown suffusion at the base; cilia whitish ; abdomen grey with white segmental bands and gold tip. Expanse of wings 1;%5 inches. Hab. JAVA, six examples. On the upper-side it is something lke distincta, but the band on the hind-wings is much narrower, and the abdomen is whiter, pure white beneath, with a double row of black spots on each side ; underneath the markings of fore-wings are very distinctive. DEILEMERA TRITA. Nyctemera trita, Walker, u, 394 (1854). rr 7 Moore, Cat; ep. EAC. ix) p. 331, pl. 8a, f. 9 (1858). Leptosoma tritum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 148 (1892). Nine examples from Java, including the type. 70 Colonel ©. Swinhoe on DEILEMERA SUBVELATA. Nyctemera subvelata, Walker, xxx1, 200 (1864). Leptosoma subvelatwm, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 144 (1892). Leptosoma infuscata, Hoptier, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxxv, p. 44 (1874). Nyctemera infuscata, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p: 129. Three examples from Celebes, including Walker’s type. I have examples in my own Museum from Celebes that have been identified as in/uscata by Pagenstecher. DEILEMERA CLATHRATA. Leptosoma clathratum, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 48 (1863). Nyctemera clathratum, Pag. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., TOOM os USC ipl 2a 2s One male from Ceram which seems identical with Pagenstecher’s figure 1s in my coll. lt is not in the B. M. D&EILEMERA ASSIMILE. Leptosoma assinile, Voll.. Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 89 (1863). Nyetemera assimile, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, pe LOS ple 2. Leptosoma confusum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 144 (1892) One example from Java. The types of confusum from Java are in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA ALTERNATA. Nyctemera alternata, Walker, xxxv, 1879 (1866). * - Semper, Phil. Sclimett., p. 495, pl. 58, Peo Los S99): The type example from the Philippines. DEILEMERA RADIATA. Nyctemera radiata, Walker, vu, 1664 (1856). 7 Semper, Phil. Schmett., p. 494, pl. 58, f, 8, 2 (1899). Leptosoma radiata, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 142, luo, f LOEIS02); The Genus Deilemera. 71 Two females from the Philippines. The type from Manilla is in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA VELANS. Nyctemera velans, Walker, xxxi, 200 (1864). Leptosoma velans, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 144, pl. 5,.f£ 7 (1892). Nyctemera velans, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 131. The type from Celebes is in Mus. Oxon. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA LOMBOKIANA, Nov. ¢ 2. Palpi with first joint ochreous, second and third black, frons and head pale ochreous, nearly white, a black spot on frons, one on head and two on collar, all large ; thorax and abdomen dark brown, the former with longitudinal pale yellow lines, the latter with white hairs and indistinct whitish segmental bands and ochreous tip ; wings of auniform dark brown ; fore-wings with veins yellowish on basal third, an indistinct discal band of six inconspicuous small spots, the last two the largest, the others uniform in size and very small, all of them suffused more or less with brown ; hind-wings with a small central space whitish. Expanse of wings 1,5, inches. Hab. LOMBOCK, one pair. Received from a Continental dealer as NV. lombokiana, Fruhstorfer; but I can find no reference: it is allied to assimile, Voll., and propria, Swinhoe. DEILEMERA PROPRIA. Leptosoma proprium, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 144, pl. 5, f. 12 (1892). Nyctemera proprium, Semper, Phil. Schmett., p. 495, pl. 58, fi 11 3; 12; 13; 14 2 899). The types f 9 from the Philippines are in Mus. Oxon. Semper records it from the Babuyan Islands, Bohol, Camotes, and East Mindanao. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA QUADRIGUTTATA. Leptosoma quadriguttatwm, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 40 (1863). Nyctemera quadriguttatum, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 114, pl. 2, f. 9. ~T SJ) 2 Colonel C. Swinhoe on One example from Java. Not the same as hondekwm, Swinhoe, as Pagenstecher says: that species being more nearly allied to distincta, Walker. DEILEMERA SEXMACULATA, Leptosoma seemaculatum, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, 222 (1887). Nyctemera aolensis, Druce, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 573. Two males and four females, Alu, Solomon Islands, including Butler’s type ; Druce’s type came from Guadal- canar, Solomon Islands; there is much less white in the females than in the males, especially on the hind-wings. DEILEMERA EXTENDENS. Nyetemera extendens, Walker, vii, 1666 (1856). . Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. L2G plo eel Nyctemera horites, Druce, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 573. Walker’s type from New Hebrides and nine examples from Alu, Solomon Islands; Druce’s type, a female, also came from the Solomon Islands. I have it in my coll. from Treasury Isl. and New Georgia. DEILEMERA SYRNIA, nov. (PI. III, f. 6.) 2. Palpi with the first joint dull orange, second and third joints black, large deep black spots edged with pale orange, filling up all the spaces, one on the frons, one behind the base of antenne, two on the collar, one on each shoulder, and three longitudinal stripes similarly edged filling up the entire surface of the thorax ; abdomen black, tip ochreous, segmental bands thin and white above, broad and ochreous beneath ; fore-wings deep black, vein 1 and the median vein slightly ochreous towards the base, a discal white band, divided by the veins into seven spots, much indented, almost dislocated at the lower end of the cell, the upper spot near the costa very small, the fourth and seventh much smaller than the rest, the seventh just below vein 2; hind-wings with a broad deep black marginal band, scooped inwards from veins 2 to 5, extending along the costa and partly up the abdominal margin. Expanse of wings 1,8, inches. Hab, FERGUSSON ISLAND (Meek). Two examples. The Genus Deilemera. ie DEILEMERA KAPAURENSIS, nov. (PI. IIT, f. 1.) Q. Allied to syrnia, fore-wings not quite so deep black, all the veins in the basal half whitish, the discal band similarly shaped, but broader, the subcostal spot as large as the lowest spot, the band extending below vein 1 forming eight spots, a white stripe in the basal two-thirds of the hinder margin ; hind-wings as in syrnia, but the costal band with a short production hindwards in its centre ; the abdomen also differs in being ochreous below, with black segmental macular bands. Expanse of wings 1,5, inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). One example. DEILEMERA DRUCEI, nov. ¢ 9. Palpi black, ochreous beneath and at the base, face and head ochreous, but with the spots so large as to make them look black, thorax black with ochreous longitudinal stripes, abdomen black ; with ochreous segmental bands and ochreous tip ; fore-wings deep black, in the male there is a white mark below end of cell which looks like the termination of a stripe from the base, this is wanting in the female ; a white discal band, not macular, fairly uniform in width, curved in- wards, with two indentations on its inner side ; on the basal third the veins are s'ightly ochreous, and there is a white streak on the hinder margin, from the base to two-thirds its length ; hind-wings white with the usual black marginal band, without any spots. Expanse of wings 1,°; inches. Hab, N. AUSTRALIA, types in Mus. Druce ; not in B. M. The only species in the Family I have yet seen with the discal band of fore-wings curving inwards. DEILEMERA DISPAR, nov. ¢. Palpi with first and second joints ochreous, last joint black, frons, head and collar ochreous, frons with one black spot, head with a large black spot, and the collar with two, oecupying nearly the whole space, thorax and abdomen black, the former with ochreous longitudinal stripes, the latter with segmental white bands, which go completely round the abdomen, are ochreous in the last two segments, and there is an ochreous stripe along each side containing black spots ; tip orange ; fore-wings black, veins without markings, the discal white band broad, extending almost to the hinder margin near the angle, divided by the veins into seven spots, much as in D. alwensis, 74 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Butler, but closer together and more compact ; hind-wings white, with the usual black band on the margins. Expanse of wings 1,§, inches. Hab, Rosset IsLtaAnp, Louisiade Group. Its black colour, without any vein markings, separates it from the mundipicta group, which it otherwise somewhat resembles. DEILEMERA LACTICINIA. Phalena (Geometra) lacticinia, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii, pl. 128, ee DOW iCO Leptosomna lacticinia, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p- 141 (1892). Fifteen examples from Hong Kong, Canara, Cachar, Malabar, Nilgiri Hills, Ceylon, and Penang; the Penang examples have the discal band of the fore-wings rather wide, but seem otherwise identically the same as those from India. DEILEMERA SIMULATRIX. Nyctemera simulatrix, Walker, xxxi, 198 (1864). Leptosoma simulatriz, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 143 (1892). One example from Celebes. The type from Celebes is in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA NIGROVENA, nov. (Pl. IV, fig. 2.) Q. First two joints of palpi dull orange-yellow, last joint black, head and thorax orange-yellow, one black spot on the frons, one behind the base of antennze, two black bands on the collar, a spot on each shoulder, and three longitudinal bands on the thorax ; abdomen white above with black segmental bands, below slightly yellow tinged, with the bands macular ; fore-wings black, the veins on the basal half white, discal band composed of eight spots as in mundipicta, but well separated from each other by the veins, except the spot at the end of the cell, which is joined to the spot outside the end ; hind-wings white, with the usual broad marginal band, with all the veins black ; veins 1, la, the median, and subcostal veins with a thin band of black suffusion on each side. Expanse of wings 2,°, inches, Hab, SoutH CELEBES (Pruhstorfer). One example. The Genus Deilemera. SY OU DEILEMERA KALA. Leptosoma kala, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 143, pl. 5, f. 8 (1892): The type from Ké Island is in Mus. Oxon. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA BAULUS. Leptosoma baulus, Boisd., Voy. de Astrolabe Lep., p. 200 (18382). Nyctemera mundipicta, Walker, Saran Linn. Soc. Lond., il, p. 184 (1859). Leptosoma mundipicta, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1 p. 141, pl. 5, f. 14 (1892). Nyetemera herklotsit, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 39 (1863 " fr Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., L901, joe LST OL ai, Thirty-five examples from New Britain, New Ireland, Borneo, Singapore, Ternate, Amboina, Trobriand Island, Fergusson Island, Sumatra, Java and Ceram; in the Oxford Museum it is also from Flores, Gilolo, New Guinea, Mysol, and New Caledonia. It seems to have a very wide range, and is variable as to the width of the discal white wa arlhire band of the fore-wings and the marginal band of hind-wings. There are in the B. M. ten examples from Java, some identical with Pagenstecher’s figure of herh/otsi, and none of them separable from baulus, and also many examples from Buru (where Boisduval’s type came from) are in the Tring Museum, some of which I have examined. DEILEMERA FASCIATA. Nyctemera fasciata, Walker, vu, 1665 (1856). Nyetemera latistriga, Snellen (nec Walker), Tijd. v. Ent., Oth tO, Ceol Gp a, 5) CUS) . x Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 120. Nyetemera latistriya, var. fasciata, Rober, Tijd. v. Ent., LOSING ]on Bd (SSH), Nyctemera tertiana, Meyrick, Ent. Mo..Mag., xxii, p. 15 (1886). ~ . Fags lec, ps Lan The type from Aneitum, and six examples from Fiji 76 Colonel ©. Swinhoe on and Adelaide: it has been recorded from Celebes, Ceram, Aru, N. Guinea, Flores, Timorlaut, Ulasser, Shortland Island, and Solomon Islands; it 1s very doubtfully distinct from baulus. DEILEMERA INTEGRA. (PI. III, f. 5.) Nyctemera integra, Walker, xxxv, 1879 (1866). Leptosoma integra, Kirby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ii, p. 187 (1889). Leptosoma imundipicta, Swinhoe (part), Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon ip. alee otal (1892). Semper, Phil. Schmett., p. 498, pl. 50, f. 4 2 (1899). One female example (the type) from the Philippines, one from Alu, Solomon Islands, and two from the Caroline Islands. This species is very similar in some respects to avwndi- preta, Walker, but it is blacker, and the spots forming the discal band of the fore-wings are closer together and more compact, the veins dividing them being white, not black ; the latter have the abdomen yellower, but are otherwise identical. The figure represents one of the Caroline Island examples. DEILEMERA ALUENSIS. Nyctemera aluensis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, p. 222 (1887). , Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, peo. Two male and three female examples from Alu, Solomon Islands, including the types. 5 DEILEMERA KINAGANANGA, nov. gd @. Palpi with first joint ochreous, last two black ; frons, lead and thorax ochreous, the first with one spot, one on the head, two on the collar ; thorax with longitudinal black stripes, and a black spot at the base ; abdomen white with black segmental bands above, three rows of black spots on each side ; wings very much as in D, baulus, 3o0isd, = mundipicta, Walker, except that the hinder margin of fore-wings has a white stripe from base to below the discal band, and A . Land The Genus Deilemera. mm a prominent white streak in the interno-median interspace, also from the base to near the discal band; the black band on the hind-wings is as narrow as it 1s in lacticinia, Cram. Expanse of wings 1,°, inches. Hab. KINAGANANG, New Britain. DEILEMERA KONDEKA. Leptosoma kondekum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 144 (1892). One example from Java. Types from Java in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA ILLUSTRIS, nov. ¢ @. Last joint of palpi black, first and second joints, the head and collar bright ochreous, a black spot on the frons, one on top of head and four on the collar ; thorax and abdomen white, tinged with yellow in parts, the last two joints of abdomen bright ochreous ; thorax with three longitudinal black bands, abdomen with a black band on each segment ; fore-wings brown, blackish on the outer half, pale and tinged with green on the basal half; a white streak on hinder margin for two-thirds its length, the veins on the basal half white, a white streak through the middle of the cell, another white streak much broader in the interno-median interspace from the base to the discal band, where it runs into and forms the lowest spot of the six that form the band; the second spot is large and kidney- shaped, the first and third are the smallest, the fourth longer, the fifth longest ; hind-wings with a black outer border, as in mundipicta. Expanse of wings 2 inches. Hab, Atv, Solomon Islands. Two pairs, described by Dr. Butler as a/uensis, var., but they are certainly quite distinct from that species. DEILEMERA NISA, nov. (PI. IV, f. 7.) 6 ¢@. Palpi with the first joint ochreous, second and third black, head and collar ochreous, a black spot on the frons, one on top of head, two on the collar, one on each shoulder ; thorax and abdomen white, the hind part of the former and the last two segments of the latter ochreous ; three longitudinal black bands on thorax, and a black spot on the yellow part ; abdomen with black segmental bands above, and a double row of black spots on each side; fore-wings black, veins on the basal half pure white, a white streak throughout the middle of 78 Colonel C, Swinhoe on the cell to the diseal band, a much broader and prominent white streak in the interno-median interspace, also from base to discal band, the latter composed of white spots much as in bawlus, but broader than usual, the large spot second from the costa nearly round, hinder marginal border with a white streak for two-thirds its length ; hind-wings white with marginal black band as in bavlus. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches. Hab. SANGIR (Doherty). Male and female, the types, and one male marked Celebes. It somewhat resembles a@/wensis, Butler. DEILEMERA OBTUSA. Nyctemera obtusa, Walker, vu, 1666 (1856). - ie Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, joe dhs Three examples from Celebes, including the type. In Kiikenthal’s Reise (Abhandl. Senckenbergschen Gesellschaft), p. 440, pl. 18, f 4, Pagenstecher described and figured NV. consobiina, Hopffer. In Jahrb. Nass. Ver. 1901, p. 115, he says that this was a mistake, and that the description and figure represent 1. obtusa, Walker; but this also is an error, the figure being very unlike Walker’s species, and representing a species with which I am not acquainted. DEILEMERA LATISTRIGA. Nyctemera latistriga, Walker, 11, 397 (1854). Leptosoma latistriga, Butler, Hl. Het. B. M., v., p. 44, pl. 88, f. 1 (1881). Nyctemera inconstans, Voll, Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 47 (1863). Nyctemera consobrina, Hopter, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1874, p. 45. Nyctemera arcuatum, Swinhoe (nec Voll.), Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 142 (1892). Twenty-two examples from Borneo, Silhet, Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra, Java, Pulo Laut, and the type from Maulmein. Arcuatum, Voll., was wrongly identified in the B. M., and this led me to sink itas asynonym to datistriga in Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. Snellen in Tijd. v. Ent., xli, p. 26, pl. 1, £3, 4, 5 (1898), says it belongs to the Chalcosiide ; Pagenstecher (p. 114) makes consobrina, Hopfter, a distinct species ; he The Genus Deilemera. 79 does not say he has seen Hopffer’s type, but the description exactly fits /atistriga: “Der Raum zwischen mediana und submediana ist auf der innern Fliigelhalfte durch eine spindelformige oder ein langgezogenes Dreieck bildende Liingsbinde ausgefiillt die aber die weisse Querbinde nicht erreicht.” If this does not describe latistviga it describes something very near it; the elongated white triangle in the interno-median interspace together with the dese ription of the discal band of fore-wings is peculiarly distinctive to latistriga. DEILEMERA ACCEPTA. Leptosoma acceptum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 143, pl. byt. 3.1892). Pag., Kiikenthal’s Reise in Abh, Senckenb. Naturf, Ges. ., 1897, p. 440. The type from Celebes, a female, is in Mus. Oxon. I have in my collection a male from Flores (Everett), which seems to me to be identical. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA SONTICA. Leptosoma sonticum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 142 (1892). Nyctemera sonticum, Semper, Phil. Schmett., p. 494, pl. f. 5 2 (1898). The types ? 2 from the Philippines are in Mus. Oxon. ; it is recorded by Semper from Luzon, Mindoro and Bohol ; I have in my collection a male from Mindoro and a female from Palawan. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA ABSURDA. Leptosoma absurdum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 143 (1892). Nyctemera absurdum, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 135. The male type, from Salawatti Island, is im Mus. Oxon.; it is not in the B. M. SO Colonel C. Swinhoe on DEILEMERA LUCTUOSA. Leptosoma luctuosum, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 42 (1863). Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxons 1p: 146 (1892). Nyctemera crescens, Walker, xxxi, 204 (1864). ? > One example from Morova, one from Batjan, and one from Sula; the type of evescens from Morty is in Mus. Oxon. DEILEMERA GALBANA. Leptosoma galbanum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 146 (1892). Nyctemera galbanum, Semper, Phil. Schmett., p. 429, pl. 58, heel 899): The types ¢ 2 from the Philippines are in Mus. Oxon. Semper records it from Luzon. It is not in the B. M. DEILEMERA ONETHA. Leptosoma onetha, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), vu, p. 466 (1901). The type example from New Britain. DEILEMERA TRIPUNCTARIA. Phalena tripunctaria, Linn., Syst. Nat., x, p. 523 (1758). Phalena petulea, Sparrm. Ameen. Acad., xii, p. 500 (1769). Nyetemera atralba, Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p- 178 (1818). Nyctemera suimatrensis, Heylarts, Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxiv, p. xvii (1890). Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p= 139s pl 2.1..6: Eleven examples from Penang, Malacca, Lankawi, Singa- pore. Sumatra, Borneo, and Siam. The example from Sumatra in the National Collection is identical with Pagenstecher’s figure of swmatrensis and is not separable from the other examples of tr7punctaria. The Genus Deilemera. 81 DEILEMERA CELSA. Nyetemera celsa, Walker, xxxi, 199 (1864). Leptosoma celsum, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 144 (1892). Four examples from Hong Kong and Foo-Chow; the type from Siam is in Mus. Oxon.; it is the extreme Eastern form of tripunctaria. DEILEMERA PICATA. Secusto picatus, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vii, p. 380 (1881). The type example from Sumatra. This is much hke regularis, but it is I think distinct; the type example is that of a female with a white streak in the interno-median interspace on fore-wimgs, and the discal band is much broader ; regu/aris, of which there are both sexes in the National Collection, has no sign whatever of a discal streak and is well figured by Pagenstecher. DEILEMERA REGULARIS. Leptosoma regularis, Snellen, Mid. Sum. Lep., p. 384 (1880). Nyetemera regularis, Pag., Pp 1395 ple ra 5: Three examples from Sumatra. Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, DEILEMERA KINABALINA. Nyctemera kinabalina, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xlii, p. 110, pl. 5 B, f. 2 (1899). One female example marked Borneo; it is considerably larger then Snellen’s figure of the male, but is undoubtedly the same species, DEILEMERA HARCA. Leptosoma harca, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii, p. 215 (1893). Nyctemera herce (sic), .Holland (sic), Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 138. Nine examples from Malacca, including the type. There are some curious printer’s errors in Pagenstecher’s paper. 2g TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 6 82 Colonel C. Swinhoe on DEILEMERA OVADA, Nov. 2. Palpi white, third joint and top of second black ; frons, thorax and abdomen white, slightly tinged in parts with yellow, a black spot on frons, one on head, two on collar and one on each shoulder ; thorax with brown longitudinal stripes, abdomen with no markings above, a double row of brown stripes on each side, tip ochreous; fore- wings pale bronzy-brown, a white spot on the costa with an indistinct small streak below it, indicating the commencement of the usual discal band, no other markings above ; below, the discal band is more apparent, consisting of two large wedge-shaped spots disconnected from each other; hind-wings white, with the usual marginal band, of the same colour as the fore-wings. Expanse of wings 15 inches. Hab. WAINGAPO, Sumba Isls. I have also a female from the same locality in my coll. ; it is allied to nothing I know of. DEILEMERA OPTATA. (PI. IV, f. 3.) ¢. First joint of palpi ochreous, second and third brown, frons pure white with a black spot, top of head and collar ochreous, the former with one black spot, the latter with two ; thorax white with three longitudinal black stripes, abdomen white with grey dorsal spots and some blackish spots on the sides towards the tip, which is ochreous ; fore-wings pale greyish-fawn colour, a white stripe in the interno-median interspace from base to near hinder angle, the diseal band white, divided by the fawn-coloured veins and all run- ning on to the margin, with the exception of the costal spot above end of cell which is small ; hind-wings white with short fawn-coloured indistinct streaks in the interspaces near the outer margin; under-side same as above but with the fawn-coloured parts darker. Expanse of wings 1;‘s inches. Hab. SUMATRA, one example. DEILEMERA AMPLIFICATA. Tanada (?) amplificata, Walker, xxxii, 377 (1865). Tripheromera amplificata, Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 423 (1892). Nyctemera cydippe, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xlvi, p. 274, pl. 2, f. 8 (1885). = es Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 134. ‘Three examples from Nias and the type without locality ; The Genus Deilemera. 83 seems to be contined to the Island of Nias; there are a number in Mr. Herbert Druce’s collection and in mine. DEILEMERA ALBA. Nyctemera alba, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 135. Three examples from Viti and Samoa. The following species, described as such, do not belong to this Genus or Family :— Nyectemera (2) vagata, Walker, xxxi, 208 (1864), N. Australia. Is a Noctuid near the genus Ipana, Jordan, Nov. Zool., iii, p. 54 (1896). Nyctemera arcuatwm, Voll, Tijd. v. Dierkunde, 1, p. 45 (1863), Lombok. This is said to be a Chalcosia, vide Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xli, p. 26, pl. i, f. 3 (1898) ; it was wrongly identified in the B. M. collection. Nyctemera (2) contructa, Walker, xxxi, 208 (1864), Mysol. This is a Boarmid belonging to the genus Bursada. The following species are not in the National Collection, and are unknown to me :— Nyctemera confiuens, Felder, Sitz. Ac. Wien., xliii, p. 38 (1861), Amboina. Nyctemera aurwillu, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1901, p. 154 (note)=W. fasciata, Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskrift, 1897, p. 220, text f. 5 (praeocc.), Nyasaland. Nyctemera melaneura, var. melas, Rober, Tijd. v. Ent., 1891, p. 326, Ceram. Nyctemera mesolychna, Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 466, N. Guinea. Nyctemera pagenstecheri, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Naturk., 1898, p. 199, Lombok. Nyctemera quaternarium, Pag., Lep. Fauna, Bismark-Arch., li, p. 54, pl. 2, f 29 (1900), N. Ireland. 84 Colonel C. Swinhoe on Leptosoma pallens, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., i, p. 45 (1863), Java. Nyctemera apensis, Semper, Phil. Schmett., p. 496, pl. 55 f. 9, Mindanao. Leptosoma fuscipenne, Wallgn., Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 161 (1860), Caffraria. Leptosoma tricolor, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 103, f. 3 (1874), Africa. Nyctemera rasana, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1879, p. 304, Madagascar. Nyctemera vollenhovii, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxxiii, p. 276, pl ii, f. 4 (1890), Tanah Djampea. Nyetemera tenuifascia, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. xh, p. 26, pl. , ft. 2 (1898), Lombok. Nye ae ‘a dentifascia, Snellen, |. ¢., p. 24, f. 1, Sumatra. Leptosoma anthracinum, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk, i, p. 38 (1863), Java. Nyctemera tritoides, Heylarts, Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXIV, p. xvii (1890), Sumatra. Leptosoma macklotti, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 18 (1868), =N. latifascia, Hopffer (teste Pag.), Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1874, p. 45, recorded from Ceram, Flores, Amboina, and Celebes and is probably some well-known species, but I am unable to identify it. Nyctemera menes, Felder, Sitz. Ac.,Wiss. Wien., xlii, p. 38 (1861), Amboina. Leptosoma agagles, Boisd., Voy. de l Astrolabe Lep., p. 198 (1832), Amboina. Deilemera uniformis, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xl, p. 38 (1880), W. Africa. Leptosoma flavescens, Voll., Tijd. v. Dierk., 1, p. 64 (1863), Sumatra. Leptosoma leucostigma, Voll., 1. ¢., p. 44, Java. = Leptosoma nubecula, Voll. (teste Rao.) te. pao: Nuctemera McKieana, Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soe, Queensland, x1, p. 60 (1898). Tne Genus Deilemera. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fie. 1. Deilemera kapaurensis, Swinhve. 2. z 3 ’ 4. - 5. 9 6. » Z (. ” 8, * uniplaga, Swinhoe. popiya, Swinhoe. lutemarginata, Pag. integra, Walker. syrmia, Swinhoe, popiya, Swinhoe (under-side). albipuncta, Druce. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fia. . Deilemera gerra, Swinhoe. 1 2? Z. ” 3. ” 4. ” v0. ” 6. ” = (. ” 8. nigrovena, Swinhoe. optata, Swinhoe. distincta, Swinhoe. leuctra, Swinhoe. amosa, Swinhoe. nisa, Swinhoe. oroya, Swinhoe, 55 IV. Some notes on the habits of Nanophyes durieui, Lucas, as observed in Central Spain. By GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., and Dr. THomas A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S., with a description of the larva and pupa by Dr. T. A. CHApman, M.D. [Read Noy. 19th, 1902,] BEATE a, DURING a recent visit to Bejar, Central Spain, June 26th— July 17th, 1902, we noticed numerous large fleshy excre- scences or galls on the stems of a Coty/edon, a plant growing abundantly between the crevices of the stone walls in the outskirts of the town. Many of these galls, on examin- ation, were found to contain specimens of a Nanophyes, subsequently identified as V. duriewr, Lucas, in the larval, pupal,and imaginal condition. The beetles, at the beginning of July, were mostly immature, and we therefore contented ourselves by bringing home a supply of the galls, from which, during August and September, quite two hundred examples have emerged, accompanied, in September, by a few Apion sedi, Germ. In the accompanying plate an illustration is given of the perfect insect, the larva, pupa, and gall, the beetle only having been previously figured by Lucas, who, in his description of the species, from a few specimens found at Oran, Algeria, merely states that the insect passes its metamorphosis in swellings on the stems of Cotyledon (Umbilicus) horizontalis. Our observation, therefore, is not new, still it is interesting as confirming the statements of MM. Lucas and Durieu, and will no doubt induce entomologists to search for the insect in other European localities. . duriewi is recorded from Southern Spain in Heyden, Reitter and Weise’s “ Catalogus Coleopterorum Europe ” (1891), but on what authority we know not, as MM. Brisout and Xambeu, both of whom have described or noticed the species, simply refer to Lucas’ work. M. Xambeu (Le Naturaliste, 1901, pp. 224, 225) has recently described the larva and pupa of three species of the genus: J. lythri, Fabr., on Lythrum salicaria ; N. telephii, Bedel, on Sedum telephiwum, an insect that. is TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 88 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Notes on not unlikely to occur in England, if its food-plant was searched in various places; and V. hemisphxricum, Oliv., on Lythrum hyssopifolium. He also notes (loc. cit.) the larva of WV. tamarisci, Gyll., as attacking Tamarix, that of NV. siculus, Boh., on Erica scoparia, and that of V. durieut, Lue., on Cotyledon (Umlilicus) pendulinus. The habits of JV. telephii appear to be very similar to those of V. duriewi, both species making galls on the stems of the plants a little above the roots. Apion sedi has not, we believe, been previously recorded as attacking Cotyledon, though it is known to pass its metamorphoses in the stems of Sedum. The galls formed by .V. duriewi are very conspicuous, owing to their large size. They are somewhat kidney -shaped, several of them being often clustered together, green in colour, more or less streaked with reddish or purple, and marked here and there with a minute scar, showing the original punctures made by the parent insect in the stem of the plant. The beetle is attacked by a small Chalcid, of which a number of specimens emerged from the galls. The larva of Nanophyes duriewi is a footless maggot very like many other weevil larve. Its length is, or rather would be if straightened out, about 3:0 mm., but as it lies curled up into an arc of about 100 degrees, its actual measure when full-grown is a little over 200 mm. The thoracic segments are decidedly thicker than the others, and here the diameter of the larva approaches 1:00. In the preserved specimens examined to find them, no spiracles can be detected, if they exist they are very small and have no coloured chitinous surroundings. The larva is white or colourless, except the jaws and some other chitinous portions in connection with the mouth parts. There is a very definite ventral prominence of each of the thoracic segments representing the true legs, but no actual fore-legs exist; at what may be supposed to be the site of each, is a rather stronger hair than exists anywhere else on the larva, but there is nothing to show whether this surviving hair corre- sponds to one that naturally (7.¢. where the fore-legs are present) exists at the base of the fore-legs, or is one of those arming some joint of the fore-leg itself, The marginal flange is well developed in three definite prominences on each segment, a lower one that is almost ventral, rather flat and well delimited, a median one, full and rounded and almost continuous with the next above, which forms the the habits of Nanophyes duriew. 89 lower part of the dorsal area, but is marked off by a longitudinal depression from the portion next above it. This carries at least on the hinder abdominal segment a minute colourless bristle. The sulci above this are rather complicated; they mark off an anterior and posterior subseg- ment, of which the anterior is dorsally the higher, each carries a minute bristle, the anterior the larger—one or two more are present on the prothorax. The interseg- mental sulcus branches downwards and there is also a small eminence, at the anterior margin of the segment immediately above the flange. The 10th abdominal segment cannot be seen, but is probably present, retracted. The hairs or bristles made out are very small and very colourless, and cannot be detected without considerable search, so that it is possible that others exist; of these others the only ones supposed to have been observed are abdominal ones continuing the thoracic pedal series. The head is comparatively large and well developed, rounded. Looked at from the front there is a median suture, losing itself below, without definitely ending in sutures marking off a clypeus. The head is faintly if at all tinted, but the clypeal region has some faint fuscous clouds. The front ends below ina brown chitinous margin, arched upward centrally over the labrum, and again laterally into rather more than semicircles round the antennal origins. In the area projecting between the Jabrum and antenna, a short bristle arises, and another, still in the clypeal region, higher up and nearer the middle line. Marginally (as seen from in front) are three bristles on each side at about equal intervals, the lower and smaller behind the antenna, and the highest one about half-way to the vertex. The antenne have a very large colourless circular basal region, bounded by the chitinous semicircle already alluded to above, a less marked chitinous margin behind, and the bases of the jaw in front. The antenna itself, arising im the centre of this area, is very minute and slender, and deflexed, and appears to consist of a large basal and a minute terminal joint. The jaws are large and strong, broad at base, about half that width at their cutting margin, which consists of two sharp teeth below (as seen from front), separated from another above by a smooth hollowed margin. The maxilla is full and fleshy, has two fine bristles 90) Mr. G. C. Champion’s Wotes on externally and in front a palpus rising from the middle of a clear area surrounded by a brown chitinous circle, and apparently of two joints, below this and more central 1 the labrum formed of two round processes each having in front a minute palpus, looking (in front view) like two small concentric circles. Below this the gular region is swollen and carries two bristles on either side. The pupa of Nanophyes duriewt has much the appearance and outline of the larva, is rather shorter and wider, and is absolutely without any hard, coloured, or chitinous parts. Whilst the dorsum has much the same curve as in the larva, the ventral aspect is nearly straight, the (larval) concavity being filled by the various projections of the appendages. The head is deflexed, and the rostrum extends downwards ventrally, to about the-middle (antero-posteriorly) of the pupa, the anterior end of the pupa being the front margin of the prothorax. From each side of the rostrum extend out- wards, first at its base the antenna, then the first femur, and against it the tibia completely flexed, then similarly the second femur and tibia, the tarsi (Ast and 2nd) lie close against the rostrum, the end of the second being slightly beyond it. The femoro-tibial articulation of these legs hes outside the elytra cases, which however, with the wing cases directed backwards, ventrally, and finally in- wards cover the third legs, except the femoro-tibial articula- tion which just projects ; dorsally from beneath them. The wings nearly meet in the middle just beyond the end of the rostrum. On the prothorax are a series of bristles, remarkable in being perched each on the summit of a conical projection, giving an armed appearance to the front of the pupa. These appear to be arranged as a row towards the anterior border and another towards the po terior border of the segment, two on either side in the front and four in the back row, but the marginal two of the latter are not so directly placed in the row as to prevent their position being otherwise described. The antennz have a thick basal piece lying agaist the head or rostrum, from the anterior (position if the head were extended) end of this the flagellar joints extend outwards as above noted, to the number of 10 Corsldaye: each being larger than the preceding. The joints are somewhat angular, and at about the fourth or filth the angles appear as definite projections; on the fifth from the the habits of Nanophyes duriewi. ol extremity these appear as one or two very definite mammil- lary projections, and on the three next they form on each a ring of seven or eight sharp projecting angular points, with picturesque effect, reminding one strongly of the similarly studded clubs ‘and chained balls anciently used as weapons. Very similar conical projections occur on the tibize, to the number of three or four on each, and a hair at the exposed extremity of the first and second femora. Two pairs of conical points are present on the front of the head (or base of rostrum) basal to the antennal origin. Some very minute hairs are with difficulty seen on the abdominal segments. There is a rather larger conical eminence or two between the projecting elytral bases on the dorsal centre of the mesothorax. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Fra. 1. Nanophyes duriewi, larva, x 15. la. 5 55 », head, from in front. 2. % 5 pupa, x 16. 3. - 5 imago, x 12. 3a. ss 5 hind tarsus. 3b. \ a antenna. 4,5. The galls made by the beetle on the stems of Cotyledon, natural size. N.B.—These figures do not show the minute scars that suggest that each egg is separately laid. ( 93) V. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, Bengal. By GrorGE ALEXANDER JAMES RorTHney, F.E.S. [Read March 4th, 1903.] As it is a somewhat uncommon feature for a definite limited area within the tropics to be worked continuously for a number of years, I have ventured to hope that a thoroughly representative list of the Acu/eate Hymenoptera collected by me inthecantonment of Barrackpore may prove of some interest to the Society, as this order has of late become so much more popular, and the Indian and Far Eastern fauna in particular has attracted an unusual amount of attention. My list represents the result of steady collecting from 1872 to 1886, and a flying visit in 1893. Barrackpore, Bengal, is situated on the east bank of the Hooghly ; lat. 22° 40° 30”, long. 88° 22’ 45” and 88° 30’. Area, forty-two square miles, and about sixteen miles north of Calcutta. It is practically contained within a bend of the river, and includes Monirampore, Pulta, Ischa- pur Park, Tittaghur, Neilgunge, but above all the beautiful Barrackpore Park, one of the most charming spots in Lower Bengal, and one which offers many attractions to the entomologist. There are practically three seasons in the year—the “cold weather” lasting from the end of October to the beginning of March, the “hot weather” from the middle of March to the middle of June, when the “rains” set in and last till October. Very few Hymenoptera (except ants) are about in the cold season. The hot and rainy seasons are the best for the collector, and the choicest time of all, a bright little interval in October, just as the rains are clearing up, and before the mornings and evenings show signs of the coming cold weather. The sun then shines out with beautiful brightness but without the severity of the hot weather, vegetation is unsoiled by dust, and there is everywhere a splendid burst and buzz of insect life. The most attractive spots for collecting are undoubtedly Barrackpore Park and the jungly ground round the Pulta powder magazine, for curiously, Ischapur Park and Sam- nagar (with its extensive earthworks, the ruins of an old TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 94 Mr. G, A. J. Rethney on fort), Neilgunge and Tittaghur, though apparently possess- ing equally attractive features, never proved as rich in the number and variety of species, but Monirampore water- works, with its heaps of white sand, used for filtering purposes, was always a sure find for the Muti//idz, and the only spot where they could be looked for with confidence. The flowers most frequented in the Park are Duranta plumieri, Quisqualis indica, Poinciana pulcherrima, Mus- senda macrophylla, Thevetia nereifolia, and a tree with a small white hanging blossom (probably a variety of Duranta). At Pulta, a species of Pulicaria which grew in quantities was very attractive to a variety of species; and a low jungle shrub with a shiny leaf and greeny-white flowers, not unlike the privet (but the name* of which I could never find out), was a still greater favourite, and especially with the larger species of Hymenoptera. The Castor-oil plant, Ricinus communis, wasalso much frequented. The following is a summary of the collection :— ANALYSIS OF SPECIES. Species. Percentage. Species. Percentage. Chrysidide. 13 2-7 13 2°78 Formicide. aT = Doryline. 3 “64 Ponerine. 15 3°20 Miurmicine. 44 9°40 Dolichoderine. 5 1°07 Camponotine. 25 5°34 92 19°65 Fossores. =3 Mutillide. 54 11°54 Thynnide. 2 “43 Scoliide. 18 3°84 Pompilide. 48 - 10°26 Sphegide. 128 27°35 250 53-42 Diloptera. = Eumenide. 27 577 Vespidz. 13 2°78 40 8°55 Anthophila. == Colletide. 4 "85 Apide. 69 14°75 73 15°60 Total 468 * Since writing this, Col. Bingham has very kindly named this plant for me at the Museum Herbarium, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Corr. I estimate that 407 of the species of the Fossores and Apide were captured at the flowers of this jungle plant. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 95 From this it will be seen that the Fossoves are much the strongest group, though it is only fair to state that the number of species of Mutilide, which help to swell the total, is out of proportion to the specimens, and they have, too, been much more:closely collected than other families, for there is always something irresistibly attractive to the collector about Mutilla. Tiphia and Myzine, on the other hand, are very poorly represented, aud both appear to affect northern, or at least mountain, localities rather than the plains. The Scoliide, Pompilide, and Sphegide are all well represented, both in numbers and species, many being exceedingly common and familiar objects of the bungalow and compound, as also are several species of Humenide and Vespide. The Apidex are the poorest both in species and numbers in the Barrackpore district (they distinctly strengthen as you go up-country to the North-West Provinces at ; Allaha- bad, ‘and still more so at the Mussoorie Hills) ; and with the exception of Yy/locopa, a few species of Megachile, Crocisa, and Anthophora, there are no species sutticiently common to attract general attention; and even with Aylocopa it is more their great size, noisy booming ways, and the brilliant effulgence of their wings rather than their actual numbers which makes them so conspicuous. In the Formicide, Camponotus, cophylla, Prenolepis, MNacamma, Solenopsis, Cremastogaster, and Sima are most in evidence, the three commonest species being Camponotus compressus, Solenopsis geminata, and Simarufonigra. Pheidole curiously is not so strongly represented as itis in the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. Species of other genera are either local and uncertain in their appearance, or really uncommon and rare. I never came across any Jchnewmons in Barrackpore. No doubt they are to be found if carefully sought for, fut they must, at least, be exceedingly rare. On the other hand, in hill-stations like Mussoorie and Darjeeling, they are fairly common. Several species of Chrysididz are not uncommon. I am greatly indebted to Colonel C. T. Bingham, for his kindness in revising my list of Formicide, and to Mr, Peter Cameron for revising the Fossores and Apide, ete. With very few exceptions, the types of all Mr, Cameron’s Species are in my collection. 96 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on CATALOGUE OF SPECIES.* CHRYSIDID&. Chrysis, Lin. Perfecta, Cam. Rare. Furiosa, Cam. Rare. Mendicalis, Cam. Rare. Cotesi, Dubuy. Common. Disparilis, Cam. Rare. Oculata, Fab. Common. Principalis, Sm. Rare. Oricntalis, Guer. Rare. Stilbuim, Fab. Splendidum, Fab, Type, common. ei var. Ainethystinum, Fab. Parnopes, Latr. Viridis, Bé. Rare. Hedychrum, Latr. Lugubre, Cam. Rare. Flammulatum, Dubuysson. Rare. Family FORMICID. Subfamily DORYVLINA. Dorylus orientalis, Westw. f and 9% common. Anictus pachycerus, Smith. Rare. Ainictus brevicornis, Mayr. Rare. Subfamily PONERIN AE. Anochetus punctiventris, Mayr. Rare; found under bricks. Bothroponera tesserinoda, Mayr. Common. Platythyrea victoriv, Forel. Rare Diacamma vagans, Smith. Common. Diacamma sculptum, Jerdon. Rare. * The number of Aculeata (other than ants) recorded from British India in Colonel Bingham’s work published in 1897 is 995, but a considerable number of species have been described since. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 97 Col. Bingham writes:—“I have carefully compared specimens in your collection with Smith’s type of D. versicolor, D. versicolor is not an Indian species. The larger form of Diacamma found in India is, according to my ideas, J. sew/ptwin. Brachyponera jerdoni, Forel. Rare. Ponera confinis, Roger, var. Aitkeni, Forel. Lobopelta ocellifera, Roger. Rare. chinensis, Mayr. Common, minchini, Forel. Rare. punctiventris, Mayr. Rare. diminuta, Smith. Rare. kittelit, Mayr. Rare. Lioponera longitarsus, Mayr. Rare. Stigmatomma rothneyi, Forel.= Amblyopone vothneyi. Rare. Subfamily J7V RIVICIN AZ, Cataulacus taprobane, Smith. Rare. Meranoplus bicolor, Guer. Common. Triglyphotrix striatidens, Emery. Rare. Folcomyrmex scabriceps, Mayr. Common, Myrmicaria brunnea, Saunders. Common. Col. Bingham writes me :—“ JZ. fodiens, Jerdon = AZ, brunnea, Saunders; latter has priority. JL. subcarinata, Smith, is a local variety.” Tetramorium obeswm, Andre. Rare. smitht, Mayr. Rare. simillimwim, Smith. Rare. denticulatwm, Forel. Rare. ” » In Col. Bingham’s opinion the latter is only a var. of simillimum. Monomorium salomonis, Linn. Common. vastator, Smith = JZ. destructor, Jerdon. Common. pharaonis, Linn. Common, atomus, Forel. Rare. latinoda, Mayr. Common. orientale, Mayr. Rare. 3 floricola, Jerdon=M. speculare, Mayr. Col. Bingham writes :—“Jerdon’s name has priority.” Rare. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1908.—PART I. (APRIL) 7 98 Mr. G, A. J. Rothney on Cardiocondyla nuda, Mayr. Rare. Solenopsis geminata, Fabr. Very common. S. armata is only a var. A very variable species. Pheidologeton diversus, Jerdon = P. ocellifera, Mayr. Col. Bingham writes :—“ Jerdon’s name has _ priority.” Rare. Pheidologeton afinis, Jerdon =P. laboriosus, Smith, Col. Bingham writes :—“Jerdon’s name has priority.”, Common, Pheidole latinoda, Roger. Common. » vrhombinoda, Mayr. Common. striativentris, Mayr. Rare. indica, Mayr. Common. » parva, Mayr. Rare. » javana, Mayr. Rare. », watsoni, Forel. Rare. », spathifera, Forel. Rare. » smythiest, Forel, var. bengalensis, Forel. Rare. Cremastogaster subnuda, Mayr. Common. e rabula, Forel. Rare. . rogenhoffert, Mayr. Common. _ rothneyt, Mayr. Common. contemta, Mayr. Common. % aberrans, Forel. Rare. 6 minchint, Forel. in lit. Rare. Lophomyrmex 4-spinosus, Jerdon. Rare. Sima rufonigra, Jerdon. Very common. , nigra, Jerdon. Common. ,, allaborans, Walker = S. compressa, Roger. Col. Bingham writes:—“ Walker’s name has priority.” Rare. Atopomyrmex ceylonicus, Emery, two, §. Oligomyrmex bengalensis, Forel. Rare. 2 rothneyt, Forel. Rare. Leptothorax taylori, Forel. Rare. Subfamily DOLICHODERIN A. Technomyrmex albipes, Smith. Rare. Iridomyrmex anceps, Roger = J. excisus, Mayr. Col. e 9; 5 > Bingham writes :—* Roger’s name has priority.” Rare. is) 5 Bothriomyrmex wroughtoni, Forel. Rare. Tapinoma melanoeephalum, Fabr. Common. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, 99 Dolichoderus taprobane, Smith = D. gracilipes, Mayr. Col. Bingham writes :—‘Smith’s name has priority. JD. “Je OF . . 9 . ” gracilipes is only a variety of Smith’s insect.” Common. Subfamily C4 AZPONOTIN AL. Camponotus compressus, Fabr. Very common. mitis, Smith. Col. Bingham writes :—*“ Var. Juscithorax grades into genuine itis when you get a big enough series.” Common, arrogans, Smith = C. junctus, Forel. Col. Bingham writes :—“ It stands thus in my book. I have compared your specimens with the type.” Rare. paria, Emery. Common. sericeus, Fabr. Var. opaceventris, Mayr. Common. - taylori, Forel. Rare. Colobopsis rothneyt, Forel. Rare. Polyrhachis levissima, Smith. Common. bicolor, Smith. Rare. argentea, Mayr. acasta, Smith. + Rare. iba, Shatin |) ¥ spunagerd, ad Onion simplex, Mayr. ‘ thrinax, Roger. Rare. tubericeps, Forel. Rare. CEcoph ylla smaragdina, Fabr. Common. Prenolepis bengalensis, Forel. Common. longicormis, Latr. Common, andica, Forel. Rare. z yerburyt, Forel. Rare. Plagiolepis longipes, Serdon, Common. » vothneyt, Forel. Rare. Acantholepis frauenfeldi, Mayr. Common. bipartita, Smith. Rare. capensis, Mayr. Common. ” ” 9) +P] ” ” > > 100 Mr, G, A. J. Rothney on Tribe FOSSORES. Family MUTILLID. Mutilla sexmaculata, Swed. For # see Cameron, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., iv (7), 61. Common. A-carinata, Cam. f Rare. cona, Cam. & Rare. interrupta, Lep. Common. perverst, Cam. ff Rare. dilecta, Cam. ¢. Rare. discreta, Cam. 2 Rare. sabellica, Cam. f Rare. labiena, Cam. 2 Rare. Junebrana, Cam. f Rare. analis, Lep. Rare. serena, Cam. f Rare. cleonyma, Cam. 2 Rare. maculicornis, Cam. f Rare. poesia, Cam. gf Rare. phenna,Cam. ff Rare. idyia, Cam. f Rare. ludovica, Cam. Rare. illa, Cam. 2 Rare. erzia, Cam. f Rare. lena,Cam. f¢ Rare. fianna,Cam. 2 Rare. cara,Cam. @ Rare. selma, Cam. f¢ Rare. Jjortinata, Cam. f Rare. bidens, Cam. f Rare. wdipus, Cam. &¢ Cf Cameron, Manchr. Mem., 1898, No. 11, p. 6. One specimen. interrupta, Oliv. Rare. Juneraria, Sm. Common. argentipes, Sm. Rare. aureo-rubra, Rad. = egregia, Sauss. Rare. pulcherina, Sm. Rare. dryta, Cam. -¢ ~ Rare. compactilis, Cam. 2 Rare. martialis, Cam. 9 Rare. pamphia, Cam. 92 Rare. marcia, Cam. 2 Rare. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrachpore. Mutilla gnoma, Cam. 2 Rare. » emancipata,Cam. 2 Rare. parthenia, Cam. 2 Rare. » lethargia,Cam. @ Rare. » o-maculata,Cam. 2 Rare. valida, Cam. § Rare. , leta,Cam. § Rare. ariel, Cam. 2 Rare. durga, Bing. = dives, Cam. Common, peregrina, Cam. & Rare. cotesii, Cam. YQ Rare. rothneyt, Cam. § Rare. redacta, Cam. 2 Rare. agelia, Cam. § Rare. mithila, Cam. 2 Rare. » ocellata, Sauss. Common. Family THYNNID. Methoca licolor, Cam. Rare. orientalis, Smith. Rare. ) Family SCOLITIDA. Tiphia brevipennis, Cam. Rare Plesia (Myzine) dimidiata, Guer. Rare. bengalensis, Cam. Rare. » petiolata, Sm. Rare. Scolia cupitata, Guer. Common. rubiginosa, Fab. Rare. humeralis, Sauss. Rare. redtenbachert, Sauss. Rare. » aureipennis, Lep. Common. quadripustulata. Common. indica, Sauss. Rare. Elis mai -ginella, Klug. Common. » thoracica, Fab. "Common. ,» anniulata, Fab. Common. hirsuta, Sauss. Rare. brevipennis, Cam. Rare. Liacos analis, Fab. Rare. s fulvopicta, Cam. Rare. ” ” > 101 102 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on Family POMPILID. Mr. Cameron informs me that the name Pompilus is pre-occupied, and that its use cannot be retained in Hymenoptera. 1 have, however, retained the name here, and in the sense in which it is used by Col. Bingham. The family must hereafter be called Ceropalide. Macromeris violucea, Lep. Common. Pompilus analis, Fab. Common. ™ zeus, Cam. Rare. ee ariadne, Cam. Rare. 5 veflecus, 5m. Rare. 7 hecate, Cam. Rare. " incognitus, Cam. Rare. a lascivus, Cam. Rare. a maculipes, Sm. Rare. . pedalis, Cam. Rare. “ canifrons, Sm. Rare. , simillimus, Sm. Rare. ” hero, Cam. Rare. . rothneyi, Cam. One specimen. ' vivax, Cam. Rare. A unifasciatus, Sm. Very common. orientalis, Cam. Rare. , vagabundus, 5m. Rare. a incognitus, Cam. Rare. . vischnu, Cam. Common. 7 cellularis, Cam. Rare. cf implactibilis, Cam. Rare. . perturbans, Cam. Rare. . edilis, Cam. Rare. Planiceps orientalis, Cam. Rare. Aporus bengalensis, Cam. Rare. » cotesii, Cam. Rare. Pseudagenia deceptriz, Sm. Rare. a ariel, Cam. Rare. . pedunculata, Sm. Rare. cxerulea, Sm. Rare. blanda, Guer. Rare. 4 Jestinata, Sm. Rare. z veda, Cam. Rare. - tincta, Sm. Rare. - morna, Cam. Rare. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 108 Pseudagenia mutua, Cam. Rare. Salius flavus, Fab. Very common. » Jfulvipennis, Fab. Common. » Otpartitus, Sm. Rare. » Julgidipennis, Sauss. Rare. » ~widipennis, Sm. Rare. » peregrinus, Sm. Rare. , rothneyi, Cam. One specimen. , excellus, Cam.=atropus, Sm., 1875, non Smith, 1855. Cf. Cameron, Manr. Mem., 1891, 443. Rare. ,» madraspatanus,Sm. Rare. » mirandus, Cam. Common. » electus,Cam. Rare. Family SPHEGIDA. Astata agilis, Sm. Rare. » nigricans, Cam. Rare, Lyroda argenteofacialis, Cam. Rare. Piagetia ruficornis, Cam, Rare. Tachytes monetaria, Sm. A most beautiful species when alive and glistening in the Indian sun. Common. modesta, Sm. Common. , ornatipes, Cam. Rare. . rothneyt, Cam. Mr. Cameron writes me that this is a different species from that named for him, sinensis, Sm., by the late Mr. F. Smith. It is rare. 7 hrevipennis, Cam. Rare. » maculitarsis, Cam. Rare. » vieina, Cam. Rare. i tarsata, Sm. Rare. Tachysphea varihivta, Cam., i litt. Rare. : argyreus, Sm. Rare. A: puncticeps, Cam., in litt. Rare. » + awriceps,Cam. Rare. < striolata, Cam., in litt. Rare. Larva simillima, Sm. Common. » testphone,Sm. Rare. » » wridipennis,Cam. Rare. » longicornis, Cam. Rare. 104 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on Larva rufipes, Sm. Rare » erythrogaster, Cam. Rare. » nigriventris, Cam. Rare. Leptolarra flavinerva, Cam. Rare. longitarsis, Cam, Rare. i reticulata, Cam. Rare. Spanolarra rufitarsis, Cam. Rare. Cenolarra appendiculata, Cam. Rare. Notogenia anthracina, Cam., in litt. Rare. 2) - picipes, Cam., in litt. Rare. is Juscistigma, Cam., in litt. Rare. » pygmexa, Cam., in litt. Rare. m1 varipilosa, Cam., in litt. Rare. zs intermedia, Cam., in litt. Rare. 3 fuscipennis, Cam. Rare. < bengalensis, Cam., in litt. Rare. a striaticollis, Cam., in litt. Rare. f pilosa, Cam., in litt. Rare. ” pared, Cam., mn litt. Rare. fe piliventris, Cam., in litt. Rare. . indica, Cam., in litt. Rare. . basalis, Cam. Rare. op subtesselata, Sm. Common. . jaculatriz, Sm. Common. 55 erythropoda,Cam,. Rare. Tiris auratus, Fab. Common. A beautiful species when seen in the sun. Gastroscricus rothneyt, Cam. ‘Three specimens. 3 binghami, Cam. One specimen. Miscophus rothneyi, Bing. One specimen. Pison suspiciosus, Sia. Rare. », appendiculatus, Cam. Rare. » erassicornis, Cam. Rare. 5 rugosus, Sr. Rare. » orrentalis, Cam. Rare. Parapison 9 cothneyi, Cam. One specimen. Anunophila atripes, Sm, Common. - dimidiata, Sm. Rare. - nigripes, Sm. Rare. - punctata, Sm. Rare. - basalis, Sm. Common. = erythrocephala, Fab. Rare. Seeliphron madraspatanum, Fab, Very common. x coromandelicum, Lep. Common. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 105 Sceliphron violaceum, Fab, One of the very commonest species of Barrackpore. Sphex lobatus, Fab. » pruosus, Ger. = Car eae ie Very common. = vicinus Bing., var. LRothneyt, Cameron, Man. Memoirs, 1898, 24. Rare. ,, luteipennis, Mose. Common. Cf. Cameron, l.c. Rare. » wmbrosus, Christ. Common. aurulentus, Fab. Common. Ampulex compressa, Fab. Very common. Rhinopsis ruficornis, Cam. Rare. Trirhogma cxrulea, Westw. Rare. Dolichurus clavipes, Cam, One specimen. Cemonus fuscipennis, Cam. One specimen. Passaloecus reticulatus, Cam. One specimen. Nysson rugosus, Cam. Rare. cinerascens, Dom. =xanthopterus, Cam. and Bing. » erythropoda, Cam. Rare. Alyson annulipes, Cam, Rare. Midineis orientalis, Cam. One specimen. Gorytes amatorius, Sm. Rare. » pretus, Sm. Rare. Stizus calopteryx, Handl. Rare. » blandinus, Sm, Rare. » Tufescens, Guer. Rare. » melleus, Sm. Rare. » vreversus, Sm. Common. lateralis, Cam. Rare. Boney lunata, Fab. Rare. . trepanda, Dbm. Common, » buddha, Handl. Common. OT: ientals as, Handl. Rare. » pinguis, Handl. Rare. » mdica, Fab. Rare. Philanthus depredator, Sm. 'Two specimens. Cerceris rothneyt, Cam. One specimen. » orientalis, Sm. Rare. , humbertiana, Sauss. Common. » pretiventris, Dom. Rare. » flavopicta, Sm. Rare. » wmstabilis,Sm. Very common, » pulchra, Cam. Common. » vischnu, Cam. Rare. 106 Mr. G, A. J. Rothney on Cerceris viligans, Sm. Very common. » btristis, Cam. Common. » pentadonta,Cam. Rare. Trypoxylon pileatum, Sm. Rare. 7 canaliculatum, Cam. Rare. buddha, Cam, Rare. Fs bicolor, Sm. Rare. F geniculatwm, Cam. Rare. - cognatum, Cam. Rare. i pygmxum, Cam. One specimen. Oxybelus squamosus, Sm. Bare. ¥ flavipes, Cam. Rare. - Julvopilosus, Cam. Rare. Pa canescens, Cam. Rare, - robustus, Cam. Rare. Crabro buddha, Cam. Rare. » orrentalis,Cam. Rare. , odontophorus, Cam. Rare. » ardens,Cam. Rare. , argentatus, Lep. Rare. » Gellus,Cam. Rare. » nanus,Cam. Rare. » nitidus, Cam. Rare. Tribe DIPLOPTERA. Family EUMENIDA. Humenes quadrispinosa, Sauss. Rare. architectus, Sm. Common. . punctata, Sauss. Rare. . buddha, Cam. Rare. » petiolata, Fab. Very common. escurtens, Fab. Very common. is conica, Fab. One of the very commonest species. 5 flavopicta, Blanch. Common. * arcuata, Fab. Rare. . ceylonicus, Sauss. Rare. Rhynchium hemorrhoidale, Fab. Very common. * brunneum, Fab. Common. r abdominale, ig. Common. A rugulatum, Cam. Rare. nitidulum, Fab. Common. argentatum, Fab. Very common. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 107 Rhynchium clypeatum, Cam, Rare. a) bengalense, Sauss. Common. basimacula, Cam. ‘This species is easily separated from &. flavomarginatum, Sm. (which does not occur in Bengal), by the different form of the face and clypeus. Cf. Cameron, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., Dec., 1900, p. 532. Rare. Odynerus hindostanus, Cam. Rare. Fs antoni, Cam. Rare. . sicheli, Sauss. Common. ie punctum, Fab. Very common. x difinis, Sauss. Rare. “ bipustulatus, Sauss. Common. = ovalis, Sauss. Common. > sibilans, Cam., in litt. Rare. Family VESPIDZ. Learva quadrimaculata, Cam. Rare. » jserruginea, Fab. Common. » artifex, Sauss. Rare. Polistes rothneyi, Cam. One specimen only. » rufolineatus, Cam. Rare. _ » hebreus, Fab. The commonest Barrackpore. » saggitarius, Sauss. Rare. , stigma, Fab. Very common. » ngritarsis, Cam. Rare. Vespa cincta, Fab. Very common. » affinis, Fab. Common. » bvasalis, Sin. Rare. » orrtentalis, Lin. Rare. Tribe ANTHOPHILA. Family COLLETIDA. Prosopis feai, Vach. Rare. » strenua, Cam. Rare. » adsoluta, Cam. Rare. » bellicosa, Cam. Rare. Family APIDA. Sphecodes crassiscornis, Sm. Rare. , propinquus,Sm. Rare. 108 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on Halictus itinerans, Cam., in litt. Rare. ciris, Cam. Rare. interstitialis, Cam., in litt. Rare. zonatulus,Cam. Rare. bengalensis, Cam., in litt. Rare. Nomia elliotii, 8m. Common. westur ood, Grib. Rare. curvipes, Fab. Common. thoracica, Sm. Common. clypeata, Sm. Rare. oxybeloides, Sm. Common. scutellata,Sm. Rare. albofimbriata,Cam. Rare. aureobalteata, Cam. Rare. argentcobalteata, Cam. Rare. frederici, Cann. Rare. lammellata, Cam. Rare. zebrata, Cam. Rare. purpureolineata, Cam. Rare. » latipes,Cam. Rare. - Steganomus nodicornis, Sm. Common. Nomada adusta, Sm. Rare. advena, Sm. Rare. , ~ ceylonica; Cam. Rare. Megachile bicolor, Fab. Very common. lanata, Fab. Very common. umbripennis, Sm. Rare. femorata, Sm. Common. nigricans, Cam. Rare. disjuneta, Fab. Very common. ip albifrons, Sm. Rare. Anthidium rasorum, Sm. Rare. Parevaspis carbonaria, Sm. Common, Stelis parvula, Cam. Rare. » jflavomaculata, Cam. Rare. Ceratina viridissima, Dall. Common. _ hieroglyphica, Sm. Common. Allodape marginata, Sin. Rare. Celioxzys sexmaculata,Cam. Rare. argentifrons, Sm. Common. basalis, Sm. Common. cuncata, Sm. Common. confusa, Sm. Rare. discipiens, Spin. Rare. 3? > 23 ” 2° >? 33 2 2: ) ” The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 109 Celioxys fuscipennis, Sm. Rare. Crocisa emarginata, Lep. Common. » histrio, Fab. Common. Anthophora cincta, Lin. Common. zonata, Lin. Very common. Jallaz, Sm. Common. violacea, Lep. Very common. - bicincta, Fab. Rare. Xylocopa fenestrata, Fab. Common. tenuiscapa, Westw. Common. latipes, Drury. Common. ewstuans, Lin. Common. collaris, Lep. Rare. amethystina, Fab. Rare. auripennis, Lep. Common. bryorum, Fab. Rare. dissimilis, Lep. Rare. acutipennis, Sm. Rare. verticalis, Lep. Rare. Apis indica, Fab. Common. » jlorea, Fab. Common. Melipona bengalensis, Cam. Rare. iridipennis, Sm. Rare ” 29 33 ” NOTES ON CONSPICUOUS BARRACKPORE SPECIES. FORMICID. Droylus orientalis, Westw.—Nests in the earth, under bricks, stones, or in masonry. The {¢ comes into your bungalows at night, attracted by light, generally at the end of the cold “weather, February or early March. Diacamma vagans, Smith—Not uncommon; nests in walls or other brickwork, under bricks or stones; not populous; pungent sting; a most intelligent species. Brachyponera jerdoni, Forel.—Found in some numbers in December amongst the débris of stacks of wood ; also in the Botanical Gardens under the same conditions. Lobopelta diminuta, Smith.—Rare in Barrackpore (but common in the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta), marches in long lines two deep. 110 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on Meranoplus bicolor, Gaér—Common in the Park; nests in the earth, particularly the bank and ditch separating it from the trunk-road. When built in exposed places, the entrances to the nests are often found covered with the little pik and blue flowers of some weed. Sexes end of May. Holecomyrmex scabriceps, Mayr—The Harvesting Ant of the Barrackpore district. Common in the Park. Swarms early in June; nests in roads or hard sun-baked earth, but always on or near grass land; easily found by the mounds of seed husks piled up round the entrances. Aunts difficult _ to find after the rains commence. Myrmicaria brunnea, Saunders.— Nests or colonies found round the stems of the great banyan tree in the Park by excavating large fosses, the earth being heaped up in mounds like regular fortifications. Swarms July 7th-L0th (Note in the Proceedings Entom. Soc. February 24th, 1892, under the name J/. subear inata, Kmery). Solenopsis geminata, Fab.; V. armata, Forel—The Red Ant. Very common, nests in the earth, under bricks or stones, or almost anywhere. Swarms several times from March to October. Pheidologeton laboriosus, Smith = P. affinis, Jerdon.—Not uncommon in the Park: nests under bricks, stones, flower- pots, and rock work; occasionally found on the march changing quarters, when they construct elaborate covered ways, in which the huge-headed workers-major take an important and highly-specialized part. Pheidole rhombinoda, Mayr-—Nests found in the Park where the grass has been worn bare ; the ants cover these patches round the entrance to the nests with the leaflets of a species of mimosa; this covering is arranged in the form of a circle, and is apparently for protection from the sun. Sima rufonigra, Jerdon.—Very common ; nests in trees, particularly fruit-trees like the mango, baél and lychee, and a species of fig in the Park had its fruit completely riddled by this ant. Winged ? found in May; is armed with the most poisonous sting of any Aculeate with which I am acquainted. Nests frequented by a species of spider, Salticus; also by Ampulex (Lhinopsis) ruficornis, Cam., which very closely mimics the ant, and which I have never found in any other situation. Sima nigra, Jerdon.—Not uncommon in trees; is also mimicked by a Sa/ticus. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 111 Camponotus compressus, Fab.—The Black Ant. Very common; nests in the earth; swarms in May or early June. Polyrhachis levissima, Smith—Nests in the decayed wood of trees. Swarms June 15th to July 7th. Polyrhachis thrinaxz, Roger—Nest formed by binding together one or two leaves with a few silken threads; very small communities. Polyrhachis simplex, Mayr.; P. spinigera, Mayr—Nests formed by web-work binding together a few twigs of a spiny shrub. Beophylla smaragdina, Fab.—Common in the Park and along the trunk-road; nests in trees; sexes in the rains. The name gives a wrong impression of the colour, the 2, which is seldom seen, alone answering the description ; ; the workers, which may be seen in thousands, being a brilliant gamboge yellow. In « Notes on Indian Ants,” Trans. Entom. Soc. 1889, IIL, and 1895, II., I have described the habits of many of the Barrackpore species more fully. FOSSORES. Mutilla.—The species of this genus are never found in any numbers (except perhaps the males of sexzmaculata) ; single specimens may be picked up anywhere, but the only spot where you could start out collecting with some certainty of finding them was Monirampore, where the heaps of white sand used for the filter-beds of the water- works (and which in carting was scattered about the paths and roads leading to the grounds) formed a great attraction for these sun- and sand-loving insects. The waterworks are quite of modern date, and it seems véry curious that imported sand should in a few years have proved an attraction sufficient to establish a known locality or resort. How can the slow-moving 2 Mutil/a discover that sand is to be found within the restricted area (a few acres) of the Monirampore compound ? The courting of the sexes of sexmacu/ata may occasionally be watched on the leaf of a tree or shrub in some secluded spot, and in its phases is almost ludicrous. The ¢ will caress, coax, and pet his lady-love for hours together (the antennz being the chief means of conveying or expressing t=) his feelings) ; at last, losing all patience, he will take her 112 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on up in his mandibles and shake her, then perhaps feeling ashamed of himself, will redouble his caresses and begin the courting over again. I have several times captured them in their marriage flight. Scolia.—Common in Barrackpore Park in the rains; they can often be seen flying along the grass at the edge of the roads, the beautiful iridescence of their wings flashing in the sun. Scolia indica, Sauss., and S. rwhiginosa, Fab.—Found in the jungle at Pulta. There would come a boom of some large insect, a flash of black and red, and it had dis- appeared with a thud in the low thick scrub, from which it would take much careful beating to rouse and secure. Elis marginella, Klag.—Was very common about Pulta in the early rains, preferring shade to sun. I never found it in the Park. Sceliphron violaceum, Fab—One of the commonest species in India, frequenting the verandahs of our bungalows, and building its little mud-cells on the walls. Sceliphron madrasapatanum, Fab.—Not so common as violaceum, but sufficiently so to attract the attention of any observer. Sphex lobatus, Fab.—This is one of the most strikingly handsome of all the Indian Aculeates. It is common throughout the hot weather and rains, and makes its nests in the hard ground (being especially fond of bare patches in the grass land of the Park); it provisions its nests with a store of field crickets. Before taking a prisoner in, it will go in and out many times to see that all is secure, and if during this process you remove the cricket a few yards or . so from the entrance, it will display great intelligence in finding it by working round and round in gradually in- creasing circles till the circumference at last crosses the cricket, which is always 1n too stupefied a state to escape. When the females settle on the ground they come with a clash and a clatter like the clank of cavalry, and in the brilhant sunlight suggest ideas of fifteenth-century knights blazing in plate-armour. The males are very fond of the flowers of the castor-oil plant. Sphex wmbrosus, Christ; S. awrulentus, Fab.; S. luter- pennis, Mose.—These three species are fairly common about the jungly ground round Pulta, particularly so at the close of the rains. Ampulex compressa, Fab—This is a common species, The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 118 and is very often met with sunning itself on the trunks of peepul trees. I have found it occasionally in this situation busily engaged with the workers of Sima rufo- nigra, picking them up with its mandibles and tossing them off the tree, but with a sporting air rather than any serious or deadly purpose, for the ants were never in the least injured. Rhinopsis ruficornis, Cam.—A rare species, only found frequenting the nests of Sima rufonigra, which it very closely mimics. For some years I had visited a particular nest of Stima rufonigra in the hope of finding the male, and at last I was rewarded with what at first sight looked like an undoubted g. I eagerly captured it; it was not an ant at all, but something even more interesting, a clever case of mimicry by a sand-wasp. I also found Lhinopsis at a second nest, and Mr. Wroughton at a later date, on discovering Suma rufonigra in the Konkan, found its understudy in a similar species, Riinopsis constancex, Cam., in considerable numbers, a most convincing proof that this mimicry is genuine, and in no way accidental. The double mimicry by Lhinopsis and Salticus of a fierce and exception- ally armed ant appears to me to be specially interesting. Gastrosericus rothneyt, Cam.; G. binghami, Cam.; Nysson rugosus, Cam.; NV. erythropoda, Cam.; Gorytes amatorius, Smith; G. pictus, Smith, were all taken in a bank of fine earth in a little lane near Pulta, so shaded with dense jungle that at noon in the hottest weather it was like twilight and almost cool. Bembex lunata, Fab,—A rare species. A small colony found in the sandy bank of a nullah at Pulta. Bembex trepanda, Dbm.—Common in the rains in the low jungle about Pulta. Bembex buddha, Handl.—Found in the hot weather on sandy patches of ground about Pulta. Cerceris—Found most commonly during the rains on flowers. A nullah between Barrackpore racecourse and Pulta overgrown with jungle, vegetation, and flowers was especially rich in this genus. Eumenes conica, Fab.—One of the commonest and most familiar of Indian Aculeates, building its nests in verandahs and any other convenient spot, provisioning them with an abundant store of caterpillars, mostly geometers. Lhynchiwm basimacula, Cam.—A rare species, but one that lends a zest to collecting, as you can never be quite TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART 1. (APRIL) 8 114 Mr. G. A. J. Rothney on certain when on the wing if one of the common species may not turn out to be basimacula, with its broad white band. On one occasion basimacula made its nest in the turret-staircase leading to the roof of my bungalow. The cells were very strongly formed and covered with a particularly sticky kind of cement like shell-lac. Polistes hebreus, Fab.—The commonest wasp in Barrack- pore, and generally known as the Yellow wasp. It will take up its position in a verandah, outhouse, or other buildizg, and go on piling up its nest on nests year after year with a persistence which will take no denial. It varies greatly in size and colour, some specimens being pinched and starved in appearance and of a dirty grey- green colour, while others are really fine insects with a brilliant yellow colouring like fresh gamboge. Season and environment may have something to do with this varia- tion. A most striking instance of this was a colony formed in a little white dome-shaped building which protected a monument to one of the former worthies of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens. It stands in one of the main roads of the gardens, without a particle of shelter or shade from the blazing sun, and here hebrwus built its nests year after year, the wasps developing to such a size and of such an intense yellow as almost to suggest a new variety. Vespa cincta, Fab—This species may be taken as the Bengal hornet; it seldom frequents houses, but is common enough in trees, shrubs, and old out-buildings. For many years a large nest was established in the Chirya Khana (aviary) in the Park. Another, a very curious nest, was built in a large square terra-cotta flower-pot in the Park. A tree of some sort had died, leaving a bare stem about four feet high, and up this the nest was built and added to year after year. I hada great ambition-to secure this nest for the British Museum, but the great difficulty of packing it for sea-transport compelled me to give up the idea. This species is very fond of frequenting the date palm when cut by the natives for collecting toddy. They will settle round the stems in thousands to feast on the exuding juice. It is curious that at such times the little grey Indian squirrel (Sciwrus palmarwm) will come and clear the hornets out with its paws, and take its fill of the toddy without being molested in any way, and yet it is not an unknown incident for cincfa to attack even The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. 115 elephants, as the following cutting from The Hinpress of India will show :-— “To walk about Gaur is impossible; there are too many swamps and jungles; the only way to get about is on elephants, and even on these one’s progress is sometimes checked, as happened when we were trying to force our way through the jungle to the Dakhil Gate. We were in single file, the Lieutenant-Governor and Mr. Hillow, the Rajah of Mymensing’s agent, leading, when suddenly orders were passed back to right-about-face, much shouting took place, and we found that the whole line of elephants had been routed by a hornets’ nest, an enemy which is by no means to be despised.”—Himpress, Aug., 1899 (Sir John Woodburn’s Tour). Vespa orientalis, Lin.—Only once have I found this species in the Barrackpore district. A native sweet-seller set up astall one day under a peepul tree near the church, and with it appeared orientalis. After a few weeks sweet- seller and wasp disappeared and were not seen again. Although so rare at Barrackpore, this is about the com- monest wasp up-country, and even at Burdwan, fifty miles from Barrackpore, it can be found in hundreds in the native bazar. APID. Nomia curvipes, Fab.—Occurred occasionally in the Park, but more commonly in a grassy lane between the Barrack- pore Maidan and Pulta. It likes the long “dudh” grass which grows in damp ditches along hedgerows. At Nis- chindipore Nuddea it appeared in sufficient numbers to be quite a feature, and the beautiful gold-brown colouring and bright golden bands glittering in the sun as the bees flitted to and fro against the background of emerald green was an entomological pleasure not readily forgotten. Steganomus nodicornis, Smith—Somewhat rare in the Park, its chief habitat being Pulta, where it is common in the hot weather and rains. Itis a charming little bee and has a quiet weird little flight of its own, which is very puzzling till you get accustomed to it. The little white flowers of a species of Pulicaria are much frequented, ard it has a habit of settling drawn up in a little compact ball on the stem beneath the flowér, when it is almost impossible to discover it. I have been out collecting with a friend a whole day where tliis bee was fairly common without 116 The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore. his capturing a single specimen until initiated in their ways. Nomada adusta, Smith.—You could always find one or two specimens of this little Nomada flitting about and settling on blades of grass in the shade of the big trees in Barrackpore Park, near the Vice-regal kitchens. Parevaspis carbonaria, Smith.—Common in Barrackpore Park on the blossom of Duranta plumieri and other flowering shrubs and trees. Megachile bicolor, Fab.; MW. lanata, Fab. ; M. disjuncta, Fab.—Three of the commonest bees in the district, and may be seen at any time anywhere, busy with their leaf- cutting operations. Crovisee emarginata, Lep.; CU. histrio, Fab.—Common in the Park on the flowers of various shrubs and trees, particularly the blossom of Duranta plumieri. Anthophora ciuta, Lin.; A. bicincta, Fab—Common throughout the hot weather and rains about Pulta, frequenting the flowers of a plant much like our own dead-nettle, which is so attractive to our species in England ; indeed, I came across this plant at Pulta one day before I had seen the bee. I felt Anthophora should be near, and sure enough in a few minutes Uicincta and cincta appeared. My delight was great, for I had not been long in India and it reminded me of home. Xylocopa.—Generally common, but more particularly so in both Barrackpore and Ischapur Parks. They form their colonies in the half-decayed trunks of trees, and can be found nearly the whole year round at the flowers of every tree, shrub, or plant. The yellow blossoms of Thevetia nereifolia are a constant attraction to them, also Argyretu nervosa (elephant creeper) and the always favoured Duranta plumieri. Themales of Zstwans have a curious habit of frequenting trees of the china-box which grow in the Park and also in the deserted gardens of some ruins at Pulta; they circle round and round the trees high up and well out ‘of reach’ for hours together, but never settling or resting for a second. Aphis indica, Fab.; A. florea, Fab.—Common in the Park and in one’s gardens, but not to the same extent as our own honey bee is at home. The fine bee, Aphis dorsata, which is so common “ up-country ” in the North- West Provinces, Oudh and the Punjaub, I have never met with in the Barrackpore or Calcutta districts. VI. Descriptions of nineteen new species of Larride, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. By PereR CAMERON. Communicated by GEORGE ALEXANDER JAMES ROTHNEY, F.E.S. {Read March 4th, 1903.] LARRIDES. VerY little attention has been paid to the smaller Indian Larride. In Colonel Bingham’s work only one species of 7 mm. is described. Hence, it is not surprising that many small species should be undescribed. Notogonia anthracina, un. s. Nigra, alis fusco-hyalinis, nervis fuscis, cellula cubitali 1* longiore quam 2*, metanoto reticulato, 9. Long. 7 mm. Hab, BARRACKPORE (Ltothney). Scape of antenne brownish in the middle beneath, shining ; the front closely punctured and with a shallow, narrow furrow in the middle ; the vertex alutaceous; the ocellus has a short, narrow, conical point in front, and is longer than broad, the furrow in front of it is wide and deep ; the curved furrow on the vertex is wide and shallow. Pro- and mesonotum closely punctured. Median segment irregularly reticulated ; the basal two-thirds of the apex irregularly transversely striated ; the apex with a few longitudinal striz in the middle ; the furrow is wide and deep and does not reach beyond the middle. Propleurw irregularly striated ; mesopleure below the furrow strongly and closely punctured ; above it aciculated. The sternum between the middle cox is closely longitudinally striated ; the furrow is deep; the sternal process is stoutly keeled down the middle and on the sides; the apex with a small incision in the middle, the sides oblique. The apical abscissa of the radius is oblique, large ; the first cubital cellule above is shortly, but distinctly, longer than the second ; the first transverse cubital nervure is angled from shertly below the middle, where it is bullated; the seeond recurrent nervure is received shortly behind the middle ; the two recurrent nervures are separated by not much more than half the length of the top of the first cubital cellule. Abdomen pruinose ; the middle ventral segments covered with longish black stiff hair. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1908.—PART I. (APRIL) 118 Mr. P. Cameron on Notogonia intermedia, n. s. Long. 7 mm. ? Hab. BARRACKPORE (Rothney). Is closely related to V. anthracina, from which it may be known by the top of the first cubital cellule being longer compared with the second; by its curved form; by the apical abscissze being broader and rounder; and by the recurrent nervures being nearer each other, being separated by not much more than half the length of the top of the second cubital cellule. Scape of antenn brownish in the middle beneath, the lower part of the front of the face thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the front and vertex alutaceons, the latter closely punctured behind the keel ; the ocellus circular ; a narrow, pointed piece at the apex ; the furrow in front of it is wide and deep ; the raised part has a shallow, indistinct furrow in the middle. Palpi testaceous ; pro- and meso- notum closely and distinctly punctured ; the metanotum irregularly reticulated at the base, the apex irregularly transversely striated ; the apical slope has a deep furrow to shortly beyond the middle; on either side of this it is obscurely striated; the apex has a few irregular longitudinal striw. The propleure have some irregular striw ; the mesopleure closely and distinctly punctured below the furrow ; the metapleure longitudinally striated, closely below, more widely above. Sternal process keeled down the centre, the keel widest at the base; the apical incision small, the sides slightly oblique. The apical abscissa of the radius is rounded below ; the first cubital cellule is more than one-half longer than the second, the recurrent nervures are received close together at the apex of the basal third of the cellule ; legs and abdomen pruinose. In this species the recurrent nervures are more closely united than usual. Notogonia piliventris, n. 8. Nigra, dense argenteo pilosa ; alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis ; metanoto reticulato ¢@. Long. fere 5 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Ltothney). Scape of antennze covered with a silvery pile, the middle brownish beneath, the flagellum opaque. Head opaque, closely and distinctly punctured, the vertex behind distinctly raised, triangularly incised in the middle, the edges rounded ; the front ocellus has a minute Larride, Odynerus and Apide from Parrachkpore. 119 keel in the middle before and behind, the furrow in front of it is deep, narrow ; the antennal fovee are large, smooth and shining ; the lower orbits, face and oral region are thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Mandibles broadly rufous in the middle; the palpi dark testaceous. Pro- and mesonotum closely punctured, covered with a pale down; the median segment is closely transversely reticulated ; the apex is irregularly transversely striated ; and is thickly covered with silvery hair. Propleura closely and distinctly punctured ; below marked with enrved stria ; mesopleurwe almost smooth above the furrow, below closely punctured ; metapleure closely striated. The mesosternum behind is stoutly keeled round the edges behind, and has a narrow keel down the middle ; the meta- sternal process is hollowed, and is slightly roundly incised in the middle at the apex. Legs pruinose, the spines blackish. Radial cellule short, wide, the apical abscissa of the radius is oblique, and makes an angle with the lower one, which has also an oblique slope ; the first cubital cellule at the top is almost equal in length to the second ; the second recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the middle, the first half-way between it and the first transverse cubital nervure, which is straight, oblique, and has a large bulla shortly below the middle. Abdomen pruinose ; the pile on the pygidium silvery ; the third and following ventral segments are sparsely covered with long black hair. Notogonia parva, ua. s. Long. 5mm. 2. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). In size this species agrees with NV. piliventris, but is readily separated from it by the alar neuration. Antenne stout, the keel on the scape fuscous ; the scape is almost bare. The front and oral region thickly covered with bright silvery pubescence, the front and vertex are strongly alutaceous ; the furrow below the ocellus is deep, the ocellus projects triangularly behind ; the raised portion of the vertex has a narrow furrow down the middle ; behind, uniting the eyes, is a ——-shaped furrow. Man- dibles piceous at the apex. Palpi dark testaceous. Pro- and meso- notum closely and distinetly punctured. The basal portion of the median segment is transversely striated; the striae distinctly separated, and at the base they are irregularly joined by longitudi- nal ones ; the apical slope has a few transverse striw ; the furrow is of equal width and extends to near the apex. Propleure strongly aciculated, and is for the greater part striated. Except above the furrow the mesopleure are distinctly and uniformly punctured, 120 Mr, P. Cameron on Metapleuree closely and distinctly striated ; near the base is a perpendicular furrow, divided above the middle by a fovea. The metasternal process is slightly and gradually widened towards the apex, which is incised in the middle, but not widely ; there is an interrupted keel in the middle. The radial cellule is wide ; the apical abscissa of the radius is rounded below ; the first cubital cellule is, if anything, longer than the second ; the first transverse cubital nervure is largely bullated below the middle and _ less distinctly at the top; the upper part has an oblique slope ; the second recurrent nervure is received distinetly behind the middle ; the two are separated by about one-half the length of the top of the first cubital cellule. Abdomen pruinose, the ventral surface is covered with long black hair; the petiole below is closely strongly longitudinally aciculated. Characteristic of this species is the shape of the radius, the apical abscissa of which does not form, on the lower side, a sharp angle, but is broadly rounded. Notogonia indica, n. 8. Long. 5 mmm. Hab, BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Comes near to N. parva; may be known from it by the apical abscissa of the radius not being rounded on the lower side, by the upper (and larger) part of the first transverse cubital nervure being more distinctly angled, by the first cubital cellule being slightly, but distinctly, shorter than the second; by the striation on the meta- pleuree being closer; and the first recurrent nervure is more distinctly roundly curved. Vertex and front alutaceous ; the lower part of the front and the oral region densely covered with silvery pubescence. The ocellus is broader than long, rounded at the sides, and not produced in front or behind; the part behind it is distinctly raised and furrowed down the middle, the curved furrow behind this is distinct, and is produced backwards in the middle, but not very deeply. Palpi dark testaceous. Pro- and mesonotum closely and minutely punctured. The base of the median segment reticulated, more strongly at the base than at the apex ; the apical slope is transversely striated ; the striw rather widely separated ; the middle is deeply furrowed. Propleure irregularly striated. Mesopleuree, below the furrow, strongly and distinctly punctured; metapleure closely longitudinally and somewhat irregularly striated. Wings hyaline, Larvridx, Odynerus and Apide fron Darrackpore. 121 the stigma and nervures fuscous ; the apical abscissa of the radius oblique, straight ; the first cubital cellule is slightly but distinctly shorter than the second ; the upper two-thirds of the first transverse cubital nervure has a distinct curve, and is slightly rounded ; the second recurrent nervure is received near the basal third of the cellule, the space separating it from the first is less than the length of the first cubital cellule above. Abdomen shining, the segments banded with silvery pubescence ; the pile on the pygidinm dense and silvery. Notogonia striaticollis, n. s. Nigra, dense pruinosa ; metanoto reticulato ; metapleuris striolatis ; alis hyalinis, nervis nigris @. Long. 7 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Scape of antenne aciculated, the sides covered with silvery pubescence ; beneath it is sharply keeled laterally, the flagellum is covered with a pale pile. Front and vertex closely minutely punctured ; the front thickly covered with minute silvery pubes- cence ; the face and clypeus covered thickly with silvery pubes- cence; the clypeus bears also some long hairs. The ocellus is sharply triangularly produced on the lower side ; below it is a wide and deep furrow. Mandibles broadly rufous on the apex. The eyes at the top are separated by the length of the third antennal joint. Pronotum alutaceous, behind thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the mesonotum is closely and distinctly punctured all over, and covered with a minute fuscous pile ; the scutellum is more shining, and is dictinctly punctured, but the punctures are not so closely pressed together as they are on the mesonotum., The basal part of the median segment is closely and distinctly reticulated in the middle, the sides transversely striated ; the apical slope is closely irregularly transversely striated; the central furrow is narrow. The basal half of the propleurse is covered with stout curved strize ; mesopleuree closely and distinctly punctured ; the metapleure closely obliquely striated. The metasternal process is rather deep, and is stoutly keeled down the middle. Lees thickly pruinose ; the tarsal and tibial spines black. The first cubital cellule above is shortly, but distinctly, longer than the second ; the first transverse cubital nervure is obliquely sloped at top and bottom ; both the recurrent nervures are received behind the middle of the cellule, and are close together. The basal three segments of the abdomen have broad pruinose bands; the pyvidium is thickly covered with dark silvery, almost golden, pubescence. 122 Mr. P. Cameron on Notogonia varipilosa, 0. s. Nigra, thorace pallide fulvo pilosa, metathorace alutaceo ; alis tof b) 5) ’ hyalinis, apice fumatis <¢. e ’ Long. 7 mm. fab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Antenne stout, longish; the scape densely covered with silvery pubescence. Front and face densely covered with silvery pubes- cence ; the vertex alutaceous, the ocellus triangularly produced in front, rounded behind. The apices of the mandibles are rufous, the base thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Palpi dark testaceous. The upper side of the thorax is thickly covered with dark, somewhat fulvous, pubes- cence ; the pubescence on the pleure is longer, brighter, and more silvery in tint. ‘The pubescence is thicker on the median segment, which is alutaceous, and is only indistinctly striated near the apex ; its apical furrow is distinct, narrow, of equal width throughout, and extends from the base to the apex. The sternal process is broad ; the lateral keels are stout ; there is none in the centre ; the apical incision is narrow, twice longer than broad, of equal width through- out, and rounded at the base. Legs thickly pruinose ; the spines black. Wings hyaline, the apex slightly, but distinctly, smoky ; the two cubital cellules are equal in length above ; the upper part of the first transverse cubital nervure has a more sharply oblique slope than the lower part; the second recurrent nervure is received, if anything, behind the middle of the cellule. The apices of the abdominal segments are broadly covered with silvery pile. Notogonia fuscistigma, n. s. Nigra, thorace supra dense fulvo pilosa; alis fere hyalinis, stigmate fusco, nervis nigris, cellula cubitali 2* longiore quam 1* @. Long. 7 mm. Hab, BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Comes near to V. varipilosa, with which it agrees in the colour of the pubescence, but the latter is stouter built, | and has the first cubital cellule as long as the second, whereas in the present species it is perceptibly shorter. Front and vertex alutaceous ; the ocellus is triangularly produced in front ; the clypens is distinctly punctured ; the pile on the lower part of the front has a slight golden tint. Mandibles at the base Larride, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. 125 thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; from the incision they are, for the greater part, rufous. The pro-, meso-, and base of meta- notum are covered densely with fulvous pubescence, the pubescence on the pleurse and the apex of the metanotum silvery. Pro-, meso-, and base of metanotum alutaceous; there is a narrow furrow on the basal two-thirds of the metanotuim ; its apical slope is obscurely transversely striated and has a narrow deep furrow in the middle extending to the apex. The mesopleural furrow is distinct ; the metapleurze closely obscurely obliquely striated. The sternal process is large; the basal third has an oblique slope and is deeply furrowed in the middle ; the apical laps are rounded at the apex ; the incision is short. Legs densely covered with silvery pubescence. The first transverse cubital nervure is largely bullated at the top and near the bottom; above the lower bulla it has an oblique rounded slope ; the first cubital cellule at the top is half the length of the second ; the two recurrent nervures are separated by the . length of the second cellule. Abdomen pruinose. Tegulee brown. N. bengalensis, ere described, comes near to the present species, but it is a more slenderly-built insect; it may be known from it by the sternal keel not being depressed at the base and keeled down the middle; and by the second recurrent nervure being more sharply angled in the middle, the curve not being so broadly rounded. Notogonia bengalensis, n. s. Nigra, thorace dense, fulvo piloso ; alis hyalinis, stigmate fusco ; cellula cubitali 22 duplo longiore quam 1* 9. Long. 6 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Comes near to N. vavipi/osa, but is smaller, is more slenderly built, and is readily known from it by the shorter second cubital cellule, it being with varipilosa equal in length to the first. Antenne stout, covered with a pale pile; the scape shining, keeled on the under-side. Head alutaceous; the lower part of the front and the oral region thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Mandibles dark piceous in the middle. Palpi black, thickly covered with white pubescence. Pro-, meso-, and base of metanotum covered with fulvous; the apex of the metanotum and the pleure with bright, silvery pubescence. There is a shallow broad furrow in the centre of the metanotum; the base of the metanotum enarsely 124 Mr. P. Cameron on alutaceous, and with a keel in the middle; the apical slope is thickly covered with silvery pubescence, is obscurely transversely striated, and has a narrow furrow in the middle which extends to near the apex. Pleuré alutaceous. Sternal process large, keeled down the middle, the keel much stronger on the base ; the apex in the middle incised. Legs thickly pruinose, the spines black. Wings hyaline, slightly infuscated at the base ; the first cubital cellule is half the length of the second ; the first transverse cubital nervure is roundly curved, the second recurrent nervure is received shortly behind the middle of the cellule. Abdomen pruinose. Notogonia pygmed, n. s. Nigra, dense argenteo pilosa, alis hyalinis, apice nervisque: fuscis, cellula cubitali 1™* duplo longiore quam 2* 9. Long. 5 mm. Hab, BARRACKPORE (fothncy). Seape of antennz bare, brownish in the middle beneath. The face and the lower part of the front thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the ocellus round ; the furrow below it wide and not very deep; the transverse furrow behind it is wide, shallow, its sides slightly oblique ; in its middle is a shining longitudinal furrow ; mandibles broadly rufous at the apex; the base thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Palpi dark testaceous. Pro- and mesonotum thickly covered with sericeous pubescence ; that on the former being brighter in tint than on the latter, which is alutaceous, and has a broad shallow furrow down the middle. The basal part of the median segment is alutaceous, neither striated nor reticulated ; the apex is deeply, but not widely, furrowed down the middle. Pleura: alutaceous, without any striations. The metasternal process is wide, is slightly incised in the middle at the apex, and has an obscure keel down the middle. The first cubital cellule at the top is one-half the length of the second, the first transverse cubital nervure has a gradually rounded slope to near the top; the second recurrent nervure is received shortly behind the middle of the cellule, and is sharply angled in the middle; the two are separated by slightly more than the leneth of the top of the first cubital cellule ; the apical abscissa of the radius is straight, not oblique, and forms an acute angle with the lower part. Abdomen pruinose, especially on the apices of the segments, Leys thickly pruinose ; the spines and ealearia black ; the apices of the anterior tarsi testaceous. .Tegulie rufo-testaceous. : Larridx, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. 125 Notogonia picipes, Vr. 8. Nigra, femoribus posticis piceis ; alis hyalinis, stigmate fusco ?. Long. 7 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Comes near to NV. suwhtessellata, but is not much more than half the length of the smaller examples of the latter ; the hinder femora, instead of being bright red, are only piceous-red above and almost black below ; the apex of the inedian segment is not so widely excavated, and not at all below the middle ; and the sternal process is not keeled down the middle, and not obliquely raised towards the apex. Mandibles broadly rufous towards the apex. Palpi testaceous. Front and face thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Ocellus irregularly round. Thorax alutaceous; covered with a silvery pile, the middle of the metapleure irregularly striated at the base ; the apical slope is indistinctly transversely striated, its upper half is furrowed in the middle ; the sides of the furrow have an oblique slope. The sternal process is wide, and is not keeled in the middle ; its apical incision is small. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma fuscous, the apical abscissa of the radius is rounded below ; the first cubital cellule at the top is about one-third shorter than the second, the second recurrent nervure is received shortly, but distinctly, behind the middle of the cellule. Legs black, pruinose; the hinder femora for the greater part above reddish-piceous ; the hinder tibia have a piceous tint; spines and calearia black. Abdomen pruinose, the apical segment is distinctly and roundly incised. Notogonia pilosa, 0. s. Nigra, dense albo pilosa ; alis fusco-hyalinis, stigmate nervisque testaceis ¢. Long. 12 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Leothney). Front and vertex strongly and closely punctured, thickly covered with long fuscous hair; the lower orbits, face and clypeus thickly with longer silvery pubescence ; the projecting apex of the clypeus smooth, shining and bare. The anterior ocellus is minute, glassy, slightly pointed in front; in the middle of the front is a wide and shallow longitudinal furrow ; the depression on the vertex is wide, deep, transverse, and narrower at the sides. Mandibles black, at the 126 Mr. P. Cameron on base thickly covered with silvery pubescence, Palpi thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the apical joints testaceous. Pro- and mesonotum strongly and closely punctured and thickly covered with short white pubescence ; the scutellum is closely punctured like the mesonotum ; the post-secutellum has the punctures smaller and closer. Median segment thickly covered with white pubescence, closely rugosely punctured ; on the apex the punctation is stronger ; its sides are transversely striated ; the central furrow is distinct in the middle. Propleure closely punctured, the punctures more closely pressed together behind ; in the middle is a wide, shallow, oblique furrow; the tubercles are thickly fringed behind with grey pubescence ; the perpendicular furrow is crenulated, deep and moder- ately wide ; the longitudinal one is narrower and not so deep. Meta- pleure punctured, slightly so at the base ; the lower part.at the base and middle striated. Pro- and the basal part of the mesosternum keeled down the middle ; the metasternal process closely punc- tured and thickly covered with long white hair; the apical lobes rounded ; coxee and femora thickly covered with white hair ; the tibiz more thickly and shortly with white pubescence, their spines pale rufous ; the tarsi thickly pruinose, their spines rufous. Wings fusco-hyaline, the neryures pallid fuscous; the first cubital cellule above is slightly shorter than the second, the first transverse cubital nervure is oblique and bulges out slightly backwards in the middle ; both the recurrent nervures are received shortly behind the middle of the cellule; the second recurrent nervure has a broadly rounded curve. Abdomen thickly pruinose, especially on the apices of the segments ; the basal ventral segment is rufous. Comes near to JV, laboriosa and NV. jaculatriz, but is quite distinct from either. Tachysphex striolata, uv. s. Nigra, tegulis testaceis ; alis clare hyalinis ; nervis fuscis ; segmento mediali striolato 9. Long. 8 mm. Hab, BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Head opaque, closely and distinctly punctured ; the face and sides of the clypeus thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the front and vertex sparsely haired. The deformed hinder ocelli are oblique, shining, the anterior is broader than long ; the ocellar region is raised and has a shallow furrow down the middle between the ocelli; behind them is a deep semi-circular furrow, behind which the vertex Larridx, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. 127 is raised ; behind the antenne are two distinct oblique shining tubercles. The apex of the clypeus is shining, smooth, bare ; its extreme apex depressed. Mandibles broadly rufous in the middle, their base thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Pro- and meso- notum closely punctured, the former thickly covered with white pubescence. Scutellum less strongly punctured than the mesonotum. Median segment at the base closely obliquely striated ; in the middle with curved transverse striae; the apex is closely transversely striated. Propleure shining, aciculated above. Mesopleur closely punctured ; at the base is a wide perpendicular furrow which is striated above. The apex of the metanotum is longitudinally closely striated, the base above is sparsely, below closely punctured. Meta- sternal area with raised sides ; the central keel is broad and does not quite reach the base, Legs black, covered with a white down; the tibial and tarsal spines are white ; the calcaria pale testaceous ; wings clear hyaline, iridescent ; the stigma and nervures dark fuscous ; the first cubital cellule above is about one-fourth longer than the second, the first transverse cubital nervure is oblique and is slightly elbowed on the lower side; the second recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond the middle. Abdomen shining, the apices of the segments pruinose ; the pygidium shining, its apex rufous, Comes near to 7’. bituberculata, but that species is larger ; its wings have a distinct yellowish tinge and are fuscous at the apex, otherwise may easily be known by the median segment being reticulated ; with the striz stouter and not oblique. Tachysphex puncticeps, n. s. Nigra, capite thoraceque dense punctatis, metanoto reticulato, apice striato ; alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis ?. Long. 7 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothucey). Scape of antennae smooth and shining, the sides bearing a pale microscopic pile; the flagellum opaque. Vertex closely and dis- tinctly punctured, the punctures distinetly separated ; behind the ocelli is a large depression, which is obliquely narrowed behind, the apex is deeper and shining, the front is closely rugosely punctured. The antennal tubercles ave smooth and shining, the cheeks, face and clypeus are thickly covered with silvery pubescence, the cly- peus is distinctly depressed, smooth, bare and shining. Mandibles broadly rufous in the middle ; the palpi dark testaceous. The eyes at the top are separated by slightly more than the length of the third 128 Mr. P. Cameron on antennal joint. Mesonotum closely and distinctly punctured and thickly covered with a short pale down. Scutellum shining, only very minutely punctured. Median segment closely reticulated ; the apex strongly and closely transversely striated ; the furrow is wide and deep and does not reach the middle. Propleurze smooth ; meso- pleure closely punctured ; the metapleure, closely, obliquely striated. Prosternum furrowed rather widely in the middle. Metasternal pro- cess not defined. Legs pruinose, the tibial and tarsal spines are white. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures fuscous, the first cubital cellule is shortly, but distinctly, longer than the second ; the upper (and larger) part of the first transverse cubital nervure has a distinct, oblique slope ; the second recurrent neryure is received in the middle of the cellule. The basal three segments of the abdomen are fringed with silvery pubescence, Tachysphex varihirta, n. s. Nigra, dense argenteo pilosa, basi metanoti rugoso, apice striolata ; alis hyalinis, cellula cubitali 1* duplo longiore quam 2*; nervis stigmateque nigris ¢. Long. fere 6 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Rothney). Front and vertex closely punctured, the front more strongly than the vertex ; the lower part of the front closely covered with silvery pubescence, the inner orbits in the middle with pale golden pubes- cence; the face and clypeus thickly covered with silvery pubes- cence ; its middle with a slight rounded incision ; the labrum smooth and shining. Base of mandibles thickly. covered with silvery pubes- cence, the middle rufous. Palpi dark testaceous. The hinder part of the head is thickly covered with silvery pubescence. Pro- and mesonotum covered with silvery pubescence which is very thick and long near the tegule ; mesonotum closely and distinctly punctured ; the scutellum has the punctures more widely separated. Median segment closely rugosely longitudinally rugose ; in the middle, at the base, are some irregularly waved strie and it is thickly covered with white pubes- cence ; the apical slope is closely transversely striated. Propleurce strongly punctured above, below smooth and shining ; mesopleuree closely, but not very strongly, punctured ; the lower part thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; metapleure closely striated, the striz more widely separated at the base. Mesosternum closely punc- tured, shining ; the metasternal area closely punctured, the apex in- cised in the middle ; the raised sides stout, the middle indistinctly keeled. Legs thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the four Larride, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. 129 anterior calcaria pale testaceous. The first cubital cellule at the top is somewhat more than twice the length of the second, the first trans- verse cubital nervure is oblique, straight ; the second recurrent nervure is received almost in the middle of the cellule. Abdomen shorter than the thorax, the basal three segments broadly banded with silvery pubescence on the apices; pygidium smooth and shining. Odynerus sibilans, n. Ss. Niger, flavo maculato ; clypeo flavo, nigro maculato, flagello an- tennarum subtus rufo ; pedibus flavis, coxis, trochanteribus femori- busque posticis nigris; alis hyalinis, apice violaceis 9. Long. 8 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Antenne black, the scape yellow, the flagellum brownish beneath ; head black, the eclypeus, except a triangular black mark in the centre at the apex, the lower inner orbits, the eye incision, an irregular broad line across the vertex, dilated downwards in the middle and broadly incised above, and all united together and the upper half of the outer orbits, yellow. Frontand vertex strongly rugosely punctured, the centre of the front between the antennz shining and minutely punctured. Clypeus broad above, rounded there, obliquely narrowed towards the apex, sparsely punctured, the punctures rather large and deep, the apex with a broad shallow incision. Mandibles rufous, yellow at the base, the inner side black. Thorax black, closely and rather strongly punctured ; the pronotum broadly above, a round spot below the tegul, scutellum, post-scutellum and the sides of the median segment broadly yellow. Median segment rugosely punctured, the middle stoutly keeled and transversely striated ; from the keel near the top, a transverse, stout, slightly curved keel runs from either side. Pleure closely punctured, the base of the meso- and metapleure smooth. Legs yellow, the fore coxe, the others behind, the trochanters base of anterior femora and the posterior entirely, black. Wings hyaline, infuscated along the fore margin; the apex violaceous, the second cubital cellule is much narrower above, being not one-fourth of the length of the third. Abdomen black, the apex of the petiole, its sides broadly, a large mark on the sides of the second segment, its apex broadly, the sides narrowly, the apices of the third and fourth and the fifth and sixth in the middle, yellow. The ventral segments are broadly yellow. There is an indistinct keel, more distinct on the sides than in the middle, on the petiole behind the yellow mark. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 9 130 Mr. P. Cameron on APID &. Halictus itinerans, n. s. Black, thickly covered with longish white hair; the sides and apex of the median segment closely and distinctly reticulated; the apices of the segments depressed and less strongly punctured than the base ¢. Long. 7-8 mm. Hab, BARRACKPORE (LRothney). Antenne stout, the flagellum bare, the scape covered with longish white hair. Vertex shining, sparsely and minutely punctured ; the front is closely, somewhat strongly and uniformly punctured ; its lower side, the face and the vertex are thickly covered with white pubescence. Clypeus strongly, but not very closely, punctured, its apex transverse. Mesonotum distinctly, but not very strongly punc- tured and with a narrow furrow on either side towards the apex. Scutellum shining, punctured. The area on the median segment is large and extends to the top of the apical slope ; it is closely, strongly, longitudinally, punctured ; the apical slope and the metapleure are closely reticulated ; the pleurze more closely reticulated, with the reticulations less clearly defined than on the apex. Mesopleure rugosely punctured. The apical slope of the median segment is distinctly margined and is furrowed down the middle. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma dark fuscous, the nervures black ; the first re- current nervure is received quite close to the second transverse cubital. Legs black, rather thickly covered with white hair ; the hair on the under-side of the tarsi and their spines are rufous; the spurs are pale rufous. Abdomen closely and distinctly punctured, except on the apices of the segments which are depressed ; the base of the dorsal segments are covered with white hair; the ventral surface is thickly covered with longer white hair. The base of the last ventral segment is distinctly raised, the raised part forming a semi-circle ; the apex of the segment is transverse. Tegule black. Comes near to H. ciris and H. vishnu, but cannot well be confounded with either. Halictus interstitialis, n. s. Black, the apices of the tarsi testaceous, the mesonotum and the scutellum reticulated closely, the base of the median segment more widely and less regularly reticulated, the abdomen impunctate, the base of the second segment with a broad band of grey pubescence ; the front distinctly keeled 2. Long. 6 mm, Larride, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. 131 Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothney). Antenne black, the apical half of the flagellum brownish, black above. The clypeus is strongly, regularly but not very closely, punctured—the face is less strongly punctured—the front and vertex are coarsely alutaceous ; the front has a narrow distinct keel which extends from the ocelli to the base of the antenne ; the front, face and elypeus are covered with white pubescence ; the vertex more sparsely with longish pale hair. The reticulation on the mesonotum becomes stronger towards the apex ; the scutellum is less strongly reticulated at the sides ; the post-scutellar region is thickly covered with white hair. The apex of the pronotum is raised laterally at the base into a sharp plate-like projection, which above is thickly covered with white pubescence. Mesopleure obscurely reticulated. The base of the median segment is irregularly reticulated, the longitudinal striz are regular ; the transverse ones much more irregular and more or less broken, the sides and the apical slope are thickly covered with white pubescence, the hair on the sides is much longer than elsewhere. The hair on the tibie and tarsi are fulvous, on the femora, sparser, longer and white, the hair is fringed ; the outer spur on the hinder tibia is armed with stout spines. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma and nervures testaceous, the first recurrent nervure is interstitial. Abdomen smooth, shining, impunctate ; the base of the second segment has a band of white, depressed pubescence at the base ; the other segments are broadly, but not thickly, fringed, with white pubescence on the apex, the anal fimbra is rufous, the ventral surface is covered rather thickly with long white soft hair. The hinder tibiz and tarsiare distinctly rufous, this being also the case with the femora beneath ; the tegul are rufo-piceous ; there are no transverse furrows on the abdominal segments. Comes near to H. /iodomus, Vachal. Halictus bengalensis, un. s. Long. 7 mm. Hab. BARRACKPORE (Lothiey). This species comes near to H. ceylonicus, but it wants the blue tint on the head and thorax; the base of the median segment is strongly marked with stout twisted keels, the clypeus is more strongly and distinctly punctured all over, and there is a distinct transverse furrow on the basal two abdominal segments. Antenne black, brownish beneath towards the apex. Front closely and uniformly punctured, the vertex is less closely and 132 Larridx, Odynerus and Apide from Barrackpore. distinctly punctured especially near the ocelli. The cheeks are thickly covered with white pubescence ; the face is sparsely and minutely punctured ; the clypeus is much more strongly and dis- tinctly punctured except at the apex. The punctures are large and elongate, the centre at the apex is narrowly depressed. The labrum projects slightly in the centre, it is closely and coarsely aciculated with the sides smooth. Mesonotum shining, closely punctured, more closely punctured at the sides than in the middle. There is a distinct basal central furrow which extends beyond the middle and a shorter one on the sides. Scutellum smooth, the sides and apex punctured. Post-scutellar region covered closely with white pubes- cence. The base of the median segment is covered with stout irregularly twisted striz, which are more oblique laterally than in the centre. The apical slope is smooth, shining, and is distinctly bordered round the edges; its top in the centre is slightly bent downwards with the edges oblique ; in the centre of the apical half is a deep, clearly defined, furrow. The lower part of the propleurze is irregularly striated ; below the middle at the base is an oblique furrow. Mesopleure thickly covered with white hair. Wings hyaline, the stigma testaceous, the nervures of a darker testaceous colour ; the second recurrent nervure is interstitial. Legs black, the hair white ; on the under-side of the tarsi fulvous, the calcaria testaceous ; the spines on the hinder calcaria are long at the baze and become gradually shorter towards the apex. Abdomen smooth, shining and impunctate ; the segments at the base with a band of white depressed pubescence. The anal fimbra is brownish and broad ; the segment is brownish and the hair covering on it is long and fuscous. The eyes converge slightly below, there is a distinct keel on the lower part of the front, the metathoracic area is not defined at the apex by a keel or distinct margin ; there is a distinct transverse furrow beyond the middle of the basal two abdominal segments ; the apices of the tarsi are rufous. The pubescent band on the base of the second segment is broader than it is on the other segments. Comes near to H. albesens, which may be known from it by the front not being carinate. It is related to H. carinifrons, Cam.; that is a smaller, more slenderly- built insect; the striated area reaches to the top of the apical slope and the sides at the top are rounded, not straight and oblique; the basal two segments of the abdomen, too, want the transverse furrows. The calcaria are more distinctly spined than usual. ( “33 -*) VII. Notes on the nests of Bees of the genus Trigona. By CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE, F.E.S. [Read March 4th, 1903.] Priate V1. FRoM time to time portions of the resinous masses formed by species of Zrigona have been received by our National Museum, and I believe have been exhibited at meetings of this Society ; but so far as I know no complete nest has ever been shown. When my friend Mr. Ridley, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Singapore, was last in England, I asked him to endeavour to procure me one. This is attended with some difficulty, as the nests are generally built in hollow trees away in the forest, and usually at a considerable height from the ground. Soon after his return to Singapore, Mr. Ridley was fortunate enough to see a large nest of 7. collina from Malacca being exhibited at an Agricultural Show, and he very kindly purchased it and sent it home tome. The bees were still alive in it when it arrived. As soon as they ceased to come out, I had the great mass of resin, which weighed 40 lbs., sawn in half. Roughly speaking the nest is 24 inches long, and 9 inches wide. The resinous parts, about 8 inches at the top, and nearly the same at the bottom, have numerous irregular galleries and cavities. Some of these cavities are empty, but many of them are filled with pollen. This was soft and spongy when the nest arrived; now it is very hard, but the appearance is the same. The central part of the block is occupied by what one may call the nest proper. This is about 7 inches by 6. It consists of innumerable galleries and chambers which are quite irregular, separated by yellowish waxy partitions that are not thicker than stout paper. In these partitions are seen the oval cells containing immature bees. The cells are 8 millimetres long, and about 4} broad. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 134 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on They are placed quite irregularly as to position and ee Sl ieee, eens direction, sometimes in groups, sometimes isolated. (Fig. 1.) Although the Eastern 7vrigone are numerous and we have a fair number in the British Museum, all the specimens are workers, and only workers appear to have been described. I was very glad to find some males in the nest described. Trigona collina, 2. The male so closely resembles the worker that it might easily escape observation. The antenne are a trifle longer, and more slender, with the second joint of the flagellum very short and strongly transverse. The face is relatively narrower ; the clypeus with its limits ill-defined, and with only the front margin obscure ferruginous. The posterior tibiz are nearly of the same form as in the worker, but the metatarsus, instead of being very broad and inclined to be triangular, is parallel and as long as the following joints of the tarsus taken together. The abdomen instead of being obtusely acuminate and pubescent at the apex, is almost truncate and beset with long, stiff, black hairs. On the under-side it is longitudinally concave, and generally more or less testaceous. The genitalia are nearly always more or less visible. The entrance to the nest of 7. col/ina is by means of a long resinous tube, that stands out from the trunk of the tree. The only complete one which has reached me and which was exhibited at this Society in March 1900, is 14 inches in length, with a somewhat spoon-shaped prolongation at the entrance. The Nests of Bees of the genus Trigona. 135 Trigona ruficormis, Sinith.* When the nest above described was received, Mr. Ridley also sent a nest of Zrigona ruficorinis, Smith, one of the smallest bees known. This was in a post in the Botanic Gardens at Singapore, in a cavity evidently excavated by Termites. The nest from which the type of this species was described (Tr. Zool. Soc., vu, p. 185) was in a similar excavation. The nest is 8 inches long, in a cylindrical cavity of about 24 inches diameter. There are various irregular galleries or means of communication formed of black waxy substance. In the lower part for about 4 inches the space is occupied by closely-placed irregular closed chambers, generally about one quarter of an inch in length, formed of very thin, brownish wax. (Fig. 2.) These chambers were nearly all filled with honey; two or three with pollen. In the upper part of the nest are the brood cells. These are oval, about 3; mm. long, and nearly 3 mm. broad, formed of brownish-yellow wax, either isolated or massed together. (Fig. 3.) Many of them are on a short peduncle. Most of them were filled with pollen, but many contained immature bees. Those con- taining the bees were of a lighter, more testaceous colour. This difference is no doubt due to the pollen having been consumed, so that they are dry. Among the bees (which were alive when the nest arrived) there were males and workers. They are extremely alike, but nearly all the workers have the abdomen entirely yellow; a few, however, have the apex * If the genus Trigona is united with Melipona as is done by some authors, the name smithii, proposed for it by Col. Bingham (Fauna Indica) will have to be adopted on account of the older Melipona ruficornis, Latr. 136 The Nests of Bees of the genus Trigona. dusky. Possibly this is due to staining. All the males have it fuscous at the apex, with the base clear yellow. The apices of the genitalia are nearly always visible. The form of the posterior legs is almost identical in the male and worker, but the hairs forming the fringe on the upper margin of the tibiz in the worker are white and brush- like at the tip, whereas in the male they are nearly all simple. The type specimens of this species, which are from N.W. India, have the antennz rusty-red. All the males from the nest above described have them dark-brown, nearly black. In the workers the scape is clear yellow, and the flagellum hght-brown, EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, Nest of Trigona collina, about one-fourth natural size. P, P, chambers filled with pollen. R, R, solid resin. © agye VU A remarkable new Lepidopterous Insect from Zulu- land. By Sir GeorcE F, Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.ZS. [Read April 1st, 1903.] Genus APOPROGONES, nov. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect extending about the length of head, the 1st and 2nd joints fringed with long hair below, the 3rd rather long, smoothly scaled ; frons smooth with large tuft of woolly hair; eyes widely separated on vertex of head, large, round, naked, overhung by long cilia; ocelli absent ; antenne simple, dilated into a club before the terminal hook ; vertex of head and thorax thickly clothed with rough scales mixed with some hair; pectus with long hair ; tibize smoothly scaled, the mid-tibiz with one, the hind-tibize with two pairs of moderate spurs ; abdomen with some rough scales and hair on dorsum especially towards base. Apoprogones hesperistis, 3 4 Fore-wing broad with the costa arched towards apex which is rounded, the termen evenly curved ; vein la forming a fork with 1b; le absent ; 2 from two-thirds length of cell; 3 from before angle ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars ; 6 from upper angle ; 7, 8,9, 10 strongly stalked from just before upper angle, 10 from long beyond 7; 11 from cell, straight; retinaculum a corneous bar from subcostal nervure ; frenulum strong. Hind-wing with the costa moderately arched; the termen excised from below apex to vein 4, then crenulate, the inner margin long ; the inner area narrow, vein la not extending to tornus ; le absent ; vein 2 from near angle of cell; 3,4 from angle ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars ; 6,7 from upper angle ; 8 bent down and touching cell near base, then widely separated. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART I. (APRIL) 138 Sir G. F, Hampson on Apoprogoncs hesperistis, n. sp. ¢. Head, thorax and abdomen black with a few grey scales and hairs ; pectus with the hair mostly grey ; tarsi with white rings. Fore- wing dark leaden grey irrorated and striated with black, forming very ill-defined antemedial, medial and two postmedial waved lines ; a small pink spot above base of vein 1; an ill-defined white bar beyond the cell between veins 6 and 4, and a small triangular post- medial spot above vein 6 ; a subterminal series of white points in the interspaces with a small rufous spot before the one above vein 4. Hind-wing black-brown, the costal area whitish towards base, the inner area clothed with large rough leaden-blue scales and crossed by numerous indistinct waved black lines with very ill-defined pink striz between them towards tornus; an oblique white bar just beyond the cell and traces of the white postmedial band of under-side ; cilia of both wings chequered black and white. Under-side of fore- wing with the basal area pale yellow slightly irrorated with brown ; a large elliptical black discoidal spot with a white bar beyond it ; a postmedial white band straight from costa to vein 4, then incurved ; hind-wing with the basal area pale yellow thickly irrorated with black-brown ; an elliptical black discoidal spot with oblique white bar beyond it ; a postmedial white band with waved outer edge, bent inwards and narrower towards costa ; the inner area whitish to the postmedial line, interrupted below end of cell and before the postmedial band. Hab. ZULULAND, Eshowe 1500 feet, very thickly-wooded country (Mrs. W. M. Mercer). Exp. 46 mill. Type in Brit. Mus. A good deal rubbed. The genusmust be assigned to the family EUSCHEMONID represented by the single species Huschemon rafilesia, Westw., from Australia, that however isa typical Hesperid, except in having a strong frenulum and retinaculum, whilst the present genus has veins 7, 8, 9, 10 of the fore- wings stalked, in Luschemon and all HESPERIAD# all the subcostal ves arising from the cell. -Apoprogones must therefore be considered a development from the Lepido- pterous stock at the point where the butterflies branched off. In what part of the world the butterflies first arose we cannot of course say, but all the surviving forms at all closely related to their point of origin belong to the scattered remnants of the old Antarctic fauna; we have first the Castniade found in the Neotropical region and A remarkable new Lepidopterous Insect. 139 again in Australia, then the Neocustniadx# represented by Tascina orientalis, Westw., from Singapore, Neocastnia niceviller, Hmpsn., from Tenasserim, and NV. inetallica, Pag., from Palawan, next the Huschemonide represented by Huschemon rapiesia from Australia, and finally Apoprogones from Zululand. From this Antarctic fauna probably is derived the greater part of the Australian fauna, a few scattered representatives in Christmas Jsland, the Nicobars, Singapore, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Palawan, some in the Ceylonese subregion and Madagascar, a few in South Africa, and it seems likely that the very specialized and characteristic Neotropical fauna is derived from the same stock. APRIL 29, 1903. ( 141 ) IX. On Lepidoptera from the White Nile, collected by Myr. W. L. S. Loat, F.Z.8.; together with further notes on Seasonal Dimorphism wm Butterflies. By Dr. FREDERICK A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., Fellow of Wad- ham College, Oxford. [Read March 18th, 1903. ] PAE Vell Mr. W. L. 8. Loar, during his tenure of office as super- intendent of the Nile Fish Survey under the Egyptian Government, spent more than three years in a scientific investigation of the waters of the Nile and its tributaries. Though his biological activities were mainly engaged in other directions, he took several opportunities of collecting butterflies; and the specimens captured by him in April 1901, and in January and March 1902, are in many respects of great interest. They are generally in excellent condition, and are accompanied by ample data; but the collection (which has been liberally presented by Mr. Loat to the Hope Museum at Oxford) derives what is perhaps its greatest value from the fact that the specimens are marked in such a manner as to allow all those caught at one time and in one spot to be grouped together. The captor informs me that on these occasions no voluntary selection was made on his part; that he tried, in fact, to catch all he saw; so that each of his“ bags” may be taken as a fair sample of the butterfly life that was at that particular time on the wing. The localities of Mr. Loat’s captures are as follows :— J. Waite NILE; GHARB-EL-AISH, near KAKA; about 11° N. Lat. II. WuirE NILE; near KAKA; about 10° 30’ N. Lat. III. BAuR-EL-GEBEL (Nile); near MANGALA; about 5° ING Wat: IV. BAHR-EL-GEBEL (Nile); GonpoKoRO; 4° 43’ N. Lat. Several of the species obtained from all these localities are well known to be seasonally dimorphic. As will be seen later, the present collection contains a preponderance TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART II. (JUNE) 10 142 oe, Dixey on of “dry-season” forms. The large proportion of Pierines to the whole number is remarkable ; as also is the general resemblance borne by the whole assemblage to the butter- fly fauna of Aden. It was remarked by Dr. Butler Proc. Zool. Soc., 1901, p. 25, that the collection made by Captain Dunn on the Bahr-el-Zeraf (White Nile) had a very Aden-like aspect, and in particular that it contained all the forms of Limnas chrysippus, Linn., just as they occur at Aden. In Somaliland, as is well know n, the prevailing form of L. chrysippus is L. klugit, Butl., w itha sprinkling of its modification LZ. dorippus, Klug; in other respects the present collection recalls the Somaliland fauna almost as distinctly as it does that of Aden. It will be neticed that Mr. Loat’s insect-collecting was limited to a very few occasions, and to only three months in the year. This will no doubt account for the absence from his collection of a few species which occur in that of Captain Dunn (/oc, cit.). Among such are Precis bodpis, Trim., Adella phalantha, Drury, and especially Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. There is no new species among Mr, Loat’s captures, but they include the male of Pinacopterys venatus, Butl., of which the female only has hitherto been known to science, Subjoined is an account of the places and dates of capture, as carefully recorded by Mr. Loat, together with a list of the specimens taken on each occasion. It has been thought worth while to preserve his details, even to the time of day at which the captures were made. J. WuireE NILE; GHARB-EL-AISH, near KAKA; about die IN] Lat: 1901, April 13 A, Between 1 and 2 p.m. PIERIN &. TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. Teracolus glycera, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 144; Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, vol. 11, p. 461; Proc. Zool. Soc., L901, p. 25. 424,39. This, as Dr. Butler remarks, is a form of the T. antigone group. It is barely, if at all, distinguishable from 7’, evagore, Klug (7. saxeus, Swinh.). See below, p. 161. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 145 HESPERIID A. GEGENES NOSTRODAMUS, Fabr. 1 @; with sharper wings and paler than Mr, Bennett's Socotran example (also a ?).* ZL. Between 5 and 5 p.m. DANAIN A. LIMNAS CHRySIPPUS, Linn. L. chrysippus, Linn., 4 23 alcuppoides, Moore, 2 f; alcippus, Cram., 12; klugit, Butl, 18; dorippus, Klug, 1 &. These are of the colourmg usual in examples from the northern districts of the “East African” subregion. The chrysippus are duller and darker in hue than speci- mens from Socotra, and the subapical white spots are less discrete. The specimen of A/ugii is somewhat paler than the average of that form. It is remarkable that all five variations of chrysippus are represented in these nine examples taken at the same time and in the same place.+ NYMPHALIN &. BYBLIA ILITHYIA, Drury. 12; intermediate between “wet” and “ dry.” PRECIS CEBRENE, Trim. 1 9; wet. PIERIN A. TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. (a) BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cram. 26,0 23 wet. LYCAININ Al. CHILADES TROCHILUS, Freyer. LAS TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS, F'abr. 1 2; rather small and dark. * Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 382. + On the varying forms of Limnas chirysippus, Linn., with their distribution, see Poulton in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 473- 482, ibique citata; to which may be added a note by the present writer in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1900, pp. 10, 11. 144 Dr. F. A. Dixey on PoLYOMMATUS B&TICUS, Linn. Ze eeomal HESPERITD#® GEGENES NOSTRODAMUS, Fabr. Le, April 14. Between 9 and 10 a.m. DANAINA. LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. L, klugw, Butl,-1 ¢. NYMPHALIN&. VANESSA CARDUI, Linn. lie o.. PIERINE. TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. lee Se: BELENOIS MESENTINA, Crain. 1 f; wet. LYCAININ A TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS, Fabr. Ia TARUCUS TELICANUS, Lan or >° 1 #3; rather small. O POLYOMMATUS B&TICUS, Linn. 1 9. HESPERIIDA. GEGENES NOSTRODAMUS, Fabr. 9 ft ie At the time of the two days’ collecting above recorded, the dry weather was breaking up. ‘Thunder was heard in the distance, and the rains were just about arriving. The next batch of butterflies was caught at a point on the Nile a little further south, and a week later in the season. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 145 II. Waite NILE; near Kaka; 10° 30’ N. Lat. 1901, April 21. A. Between 9 and 11 a.m. DANAINA. LIMNAS cHRystPpus, Linn. L. alcippoides, Moore, 2 2; alcippus, Cram., 1 23 hlugii, Buttle NYMPHALIN. PRECIS CEBRENE, Trim. 1 f; wet. PIERINA. TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. lee . TERACOLUS DATRA, Klue. 3 4,22; all somewhat hghtly marked. ) ) 5 J TERACOLUS LEO, Butl. 1 f, “dry,” but with no pink shade beneath; 1 9, white, with very slight orange flush. Inclined towards “ wet.” TERACOLUS PHISADIA, Godt.. 12: with orange flush on upper surface of fore-wing, and decided reddish shade beneath. TERACOLUS PROTOMEDIA, Klug. 22 BELENOIS GIDICA, Godt. Northern form (2. abyssinica, Luc.), 2 2, 3 2. The males tend to the wet form; one has the wings very sharply pointed. Of the females, one is wet, one intermediate, and the remaining one verges towards dry. BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cram. lore wel: LYCANINA. CHILADES TROCHILUS, Freyer. oR POLYOMMATUS B&TICUS, Linn. 29. 146 Dr. F. A. Dixey on HESPERIIDA. CHAPRA MATHIAS, Fabr. pea PE. Between 3 and 5 p.m. DANAINA. LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. L. chrysippus, Linn. 12; aleippus, Cram., 3 2%; klugit, Butoh. PIERIN A. TERACOLUS PHLEGYAS, Butl. 1f,12 (yellow); both wet. TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. 1¢,12. Both of these are “dry” in character, but the male is without the pinkish shade beneath, and the female only has it to a moderate extent. Mr. Loat describes the flight of the male m this and the preceding species as er wil laeaes TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. ike Oo,» —-4-. TERACOLUS DAIRA, Klug. Abe TERACOLUS LEO, Butl. 1 2; yellow, with orange flush. Under-side pinkish, as in the dry-season form. TERACOLUS PLEIONE, Klug. 1; intermediate, verging towards wet. TERACOLUS PHISADIA, Godt. 5¢, 19. Three of the males are full wet-season forms, the other two show an infusion of flesh-colour in the yellow of the under-side. The female is less reddish beneath than the specimen of the same sex taken earlier on the same day. * Of. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s observations on the flight of “ purple- tips.’—Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 354, 371; ‘see also Trimen, “ South-African Butterflies,” vol. 111, 1889, p. 107. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 147 TERACOLUS AMELIA, Luc. 1 9. Dry-season; no basal duskiness on the upper surface, TERACOLUS PROTOMEDIA, Klug. D) 2) 2. BELENOIS GIDICA, Godt. Northern form (B, abyssinica, Luc.). 1 2%, wet; 2 2, dry. BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cram. 2 ¢,2 9; all wet. III. BAwr-EL-GEBEL (Nile); near MANGALA; about 5° N. Lat. More or less open wooded country, with scrub and dried grass in places; near the river. 1902, January 8. Between 3.30 and 5 p.m. PIERIN &. TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. 12%, 12, intermediate; 1 9, dry. All these have more or less basal duskiness. TERACOLUS EVARNE, Klug. aes lediye TERACOLUS EPIGONE, Feld. T. microcale, Butl. See Ann. May. Nat. Hist., 1897, i, p. 472. 32; all dry. TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. he ACS, TERACOLUS DATRA, Klug. Zee O. BELENOIS SEVERINA, Cram. Form boguensis, Feld. 1 2, intermediate. 148 Dr. F, A. Dixey on January 9. Between 9 and 11 a.m. PIERINA. TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. 24,19, intermediate ; 19 dry. TERACOLUS EVARNE, Klug. 192,39; all dry. The dry-season character especially well-marked in the females. TERACOLUS EPIGONE, Feld. te 3 pen alldny,. TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. TE gai ee TERACOLUS DAIRA, Klug. eels BELENOIS SEVERINA, Cram. 1%, wet. Form boguensis, Feld. 32,19 (yellow); all dry. BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cram. 22,12, wet; 12, intermediate. ERONIA CLEODORA, Hiibn. 1 g, wet. LYCANINA. TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS, Fabr. 1g, 12. The male corresponds very closely with specimens in Coll. Hope from Syria. The female, which is of the blue form, comes very near to 7. sybaris, Hopff. AZANUS JESOUS, Guér. 1h LYCENESTHES AMARAH, Gueér. ia In a letter to Prof. Poulton, which he kindly permits me to quote, Mr. Loat describes the present collecting- ground as follows :—‘“ The country was flat, ground hard and dry, very little undergrowth, a few large trees, open bare patches of ground, a good deal of thorny scrub in Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 149 clumps, and every here and there tufts of dried grass. The thorny scrub was mostly composed of a low-growing shrub bearing a small whitish flower with a slight nonde- script scent; this seemed rather attractive to the whites and their allies.” The great preponderance of Pierimes in this two-days collection at Mangala will be noticed. The remaining captures were all made at Gondokoro or in its immediate vicinity. With respect to them Mr. Loat writes as follows:—“The series caught at Gondokoro [Jan. 12, 16] were collected on a strip of land cleared of elephant-grass and weeds, and turned into a kind of garden with sweet potatoes, etc., growing in it, and a few wild flowers about, close to the edge of the river. The Z. chrysippus, with hardly an exception, and also the Acraas were obtained on, or close to, the same strip of ground, some of the remainder [Jan. 13, March 8] were taken on ground like that described at Mangala. The weather on January 8, 9, 12, 13, was dry, sunny and warm. The rainy season generally begins [at Gondokoro] about the 15th of March, but this year (1902) it commenced about one month earlier; that is to say, we had occasional showers and squalls, with long intervals of fine weather. About the end of March the rains start with a certain amount of regularity, and last off and on till about October.” In the neighbourhood of Kaka, 6° further north, the rains are later. As was stated above, at Gharb-el-Aish, on April 13 (1901), they were only just beginning. IV. BAHR-EL-GEBEL (Nile); Gonpokoro; 4° 43’ N. Lat. Strip of ground by the river. 1902, January 12. Between 3 and 4 p.m. DANAIN. LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. LL, chrysippus, Linn., 4 2 (one with slight white powdering round gland-patch) ; a/cippoides, Moore, 1 2; aleippus, Cram., 2 ¢; Alugit, Butl., 2 3; dorippus, Klug, 1 &. ACRAIN A. ACRHA VINIDIA, Hewits. 319,19. “Very numerous; takes a long time to die when put in the killing-bottle.”—W. L. S. L. 150 Dr. F. A. Dixey on NYMPHALIN&. NEPTIS AGATHA, Cram. Ege PIERIN A. TERIAS BRIGITTA, Cram. 1 @, wet. The occurrence in January of this well- marked wet-season form is remarkable. PAPILIONINA. PAPILIO PYLADES, Cram. 19. “Rare.”—W. LS. L. LYCANIN A. POLYOMMATUS Ba&tIcusS, Linn. 12. V. GonpdoKoro and neighbourhood. Ground as at MANGALA. January 13, Between 3 and 3.30 p.m. DANAINA, LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. L. chrysippus, Linn., 2¢; klugu, Butl, 1 g and 1 &. ») Mostly on the strip of ground by the river. ACRAINA. ACREA VINIDIA, Hewits. 3%. On the strip of ground by the river. PIERIN A. TERIAS SENEGALENSIS, Boisd. 1 7, dry or intermediate. TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. 2 ¢,1 2; all somewhat “dry. +B) TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. have BELENOIS GIDICA, Godt. Northern form. 1 §, dry. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 151 BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cram. IL oliae LYCANIN &. TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS, Fabr. 1 Re Jan. 16. A. Between 10 and 11 a.m. DANAIN/. LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. L. chrysippus, Linn., 8 2, of which two are small, and several have a faint white powdering on the hind- wing ; wleippus, Cram. 1 $; klugit, ButL, 3 2, one with faint white powdering on hind-wing. B. Between 11 and 12 a.m. DANAINZ. LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. L. chrysippus, Linn., 3 2,19; aleippus, Cram., 1 2; klagr, Butl., 1 Zand 1 , the latter with a slight powdering of white on the hind-wings; dorippus, Klug., 1 %. ACRAIN A. ACRA&A ENCEDON, Linn. 1 ¢. This specimen is intermediate between typical A. encedon and the form A. daira, Godm. & Salv. The apical area is dusky, but the subapical bar is scarcely paler than the general ground-colour. On the various forms of A. encedon, and their relation with the correspond- ing forms of L. chrysippus, see Poulton and Marshall in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 479-484, etc., Plates XLV, EV): NYMPHALIN A. PRECIS CLELIA, Cram. 1 f; rather small, intensely coloured; no trace of ocelli on upper surface ; under-side looks “ dry.” NEPTIS AGATHA, Cram. ae PIERIN A. TERIAS BRIGITTA, Cram. 1 2; wet or intermediate. 152 Dr. F. A. Dixey on TERIAS SENEGALENSIS, Boisd. 2 ¢, dry, one small; 1 2 dry or intermediate, also small. TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. 1 9, rather worn; dry or intermediate. BELENOIS GIDICA, Godt. Northern form. 1 ¢, dry or intermediate. BELENOIS SEVERINA, Cram. 1 g, dry or intermediate. All the captures on Jan. 16 were made in the “garden strip,” on a patch of ground 50 yards square. Jan. 18. PIERINE. TERACOLUS PROTOMEDIA, Klug. 1 gf and 1 Q, paired. March 8. Between 9.30 and 11.80 a.m. DANAINA. LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS, Linn. L, klugit, Butl., 1 &. PIERIN A. TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. 5 ,1; intermediate and dry. Oo TERACOLUS EVARNE, Klug. 15 ¢,12; all dry, most of them markedly so. Om TERACOLUS GLYCERA, Butl. Dae LEUCERONIA BUQUETII, Boisd. 12) PINACOPTERYX VENATUS, But. 1 ¢. This interesting Pinacopleryx is represented in the National Collection by only two specimens, both females. The first of these is the type, described and figured by Dr. Butler in Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 153 169; Pl. VII, fig. 7. It was collected on the White Nile by Petherick. The second is Captain Dunn’s, and was captured in 1900 on the Bahr-el-Zeraf (Giraffe River, White Nile). The former is much the more heavily marked. Mr. Loat’s male corresponds rather with the second specimen, which has more sharply-pointed and narrower wings than the type, and probably belongs to the dry-season phase of the species. The male appears to be hitherto undescribed. Pinacopteryx venatus, Butl.—Male.—General aspect somewhat like that of P. Liliana, Grose Smith ; but smaller, and with fore-wings narrower and more sharply pointed. Exp. al. 40 mm. Upper surface :—Wings white, Fore-wings with inner third of costa and basal half of cell greyish ; a marginal black point at the extremity of the third median branch, and marginal black spots at the extremities of the first and second median, the two radial branches, and the third subcostal. These spots increase in size from behind forwards, and those belonging to the first radial and the subcostal branches become fused, together with a costal spot, into a dark apical patch, in which however the separate constituents are still visible. A thin dark costal streak unites the apical black patch with the basal grey. In the hind-wing, the marginal extremity of each vein or branch, except the internal, is marked by a small black spot ; the spots belonging to the second subcostal, radial, and second and third median, are somewhat linear, being elongated in the direction of the vein. Lower surface :—Fore-wings white, slightly greyish along costa and towards base; a small roundish black spot on lower disco-cellular venule. A fuscous mark, wedge-shaped with the base uppermost, passes downwards from the second subcostal near its termination to the space between the first and second radial veins, crossing the common trunk of the third and fourth subcostals ; and a large roundish dark spot is situated between the second and third median branches, about half-way between cell and margin. All the veins and their branches, except the submedian, are beset near the margin with a shght powdering of fuscous scales, which at the extremity of each vein or branch become collected into a more or less definite spot. Hind-wings creamy white towards base and costa, elsewhere white like the fore-wings ; costa edged with pale yellow. A dark oval spot, several times larger than the discoidal spot on the fore-wing, occupies the anterior half of the lower disco- cellular vein, the latter forming its long axis. There is a large fuscous spot on the costa at the termination of the costal vein, 154 Dr, F. A. Dixey on continued posteriorly by another similar spot in the interspace between the subcostals. From the posterior extremity of the latter spot a fuscous band passes across the wing as far as the interspace between the median and submedian veins, half-way across which it terminates. This band is of irregular width and runs generally parallel with the margin of the wing, about half-way between the cell and border. The veins are more richly powdered with fuscous seales than in the fore-wing, and the marginal spots. are more preminent, all but that on the submedian being linear, like most of those on the upper surface. The fuscous powdering is more strongly marked on the third median branch than elsewhere, and is continued inwards along two-thirds of the posterior area of the cell as a definite dark streak, There is a rudimentary light fuscous spot in the interspace between the costal vein and the cell, a little internal to the origin of the first subcostal. In the Hope Collection, Oxford. This form appears to be quite distinct from P. simana, Hoptt., and P. Liliana, Grose Smith. On the whole it most resembles the dry- season phase of the latter; but the absence of veining on the upper surface, and the much paler costal margin in P. venatus f , together with the well-developed apical dark patch and the dark marginal spots, seem to be distinctive. BELENOIS SEVERINA, Cram. cnya A few moths were included in Mr. Loat’s collection. They are as follows :— SYNTOMID. SYNTOMIS, sp. LYMANTRIID. DASYCHIRA ACRISIA, Plotz. PYRALIDA. SURATTHA, sp. The above were all taken by Captain Bell on board a White Nile steamer between 5° and 6° 30’ N. Lat., Feb.— March, 1902. ARCTIIDA. DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA, Linn. 29; near Kaka, April 21, 1901. GEOMETRIDA‘. CZNINA AURIVINA, Butl. Gondokoro, Jan. 14, 1902. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 155 FURTHER NOTES ON SEASONAL DIMORPHISM, SUGGESTED BY THE ABOVE COLLECTION. It will have been noticed that Mr. Loat’s specimens fall roughly into three series; the first (A) consisting of the butterflies captured near Kaka from April 13 to April 21, 1901; the second (£) comprising those collected at Mangala and Gondokoro from Jan. 8 to Jan. 18, 1902; and the third (C) being the final batch from Gondokoro caught on March 8, 1902. From the accounts that have been given above of the meteorological conditions prevalent at these periods in the several localities, we should expect all three series to show a preponderance of dry-season forms, though some specimens in series 4 might exhibit the influence of the early rains. The facts are well in accordance with this expectation, but it will be seen that series &, though belonging in point of time to the height of the dry season, affords examples of the statement that “in many cases where the existence of seasonal modifica- tion has been reasonably presumed, or even actually demonstrated, the seasonal relation is far from being rigidly fixed.” * Thus, the two January specimens of Z'erias brigitta are both wet-season forms; and the same series (/) contains several wet-season examples of Belenois mesentina and one of B. severina. But the most curious instance of apparent seasonal irregularity occurs in the case of Teracolus daira. All the specimens of this form caught at Mangala on Jan. 8 and 9 are heavily marked on the upper surface, and would certainly be pronounced at once by most authorities to belong to the wet season. Those on the other hand taken near Kaka on April 21, when the rains had well started, are lightly marked, and bear all the appearance of dry-season examples. Facts of this kind help to emphasise the need that exists for still fuller and more accurate data than we at present possess, if the problems of seasonal dimorphism are to be satisfactorily unravelled. Persistence of dry-season coloration. in the females of seasonally dimorphic species—Myr. G. A. K. Marshall has lately drawn attention to the fact that in the genus Acrwa “where the summer males exhibit any particular brilliancy, as petra, atolmis, or nohara, it is always compensated for by an exceptional dulness on the part of their respective * Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 193. 156 Dr. F. A. Dixey on females.” * This dulness of coloration in the wet-season females mentioned is with some hesitation imterpreted by Mr. Marshall as being protective in its object. The present is perhaps a fitting opportunity for pointing out that the case of these three Acrwas seems to bear some relation to a far- reaching principle which has met with less notice than it deserves, and as to the significance of which no suggestion has hitherto been made. The principle I refer to is this :—that the dry-season garb of a seasonally dimorphic butterfly, at least as regards its under-surface, 1s often far better marked and more persistent in the female than in the male. This is obviously of interest in view of Professor Poulton’s interpretation of the cryptic character of dry- season and desert forms. It would accord with all that we know as to the special importance attaching to the life of the female, and the means that are taken for preserving it, that the more efficient mode of protection, such as on Professor Poulton’s hypothesis the dry-season colouring must be, should be more completely and persist- ently adopted by the sex whose safety from enemies is of such vital moment to the species. The interest of the point perhaps justifies a slight digression, and I propose to give here a few instances which will serve to support the above ceneralization. NXanthidia nicippe, Cram. North and Central America. The wet-season female retains on the under-surface a tinge of the dry-season purple Ivias pyrene, Linn, India, etc. Here also the wet- season female usually retaims the dry-season mottling. Tvias marianne, Cram. India. The wet-season female is nearly always brown beneath, as are both sexes in the dry season. The under-side of the wet-season male is yellow. Catopsilia pomona, Fabr. Oriental and Australian Region. In the wet-season form (C. crocale, Cram.)} the female often retains in some degree the dry-season * Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1902, pp. 433, 434. It is hardly neces- sary to remark that the peculiar need for protection experienced by the female sex was first pointed out by Mr. Wallace. Some of the provisions towards this end were recoguized by him as cryptic (as in many birds) ; others were supposed to be heendapGesinane It is now known that synaposematism may also play an important part in the special protection enjoyed by female insects. See Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 466, 467, ibique cit. + Ibid., pp. 431-433, ete. ser lbad; spat OO: Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 157 ocellation and other characters, though there is an extreme erocale-form in which they are lost. The “dry-season ” form C. catilla, Cram., which is probably strongly cryptic, belongs solely to the female sex. Pyrisitia proterpia, Fabr. Central and South America. This is a wet-season form of which there is every reason to suppose that P. gundlachia, Poey, is the dry-season modification. The seasonal changes of this species aftord an interesting parallel with those in the genus Precis which have lately been so completely dealt with by Mr. Marshall and Professor Poulton.* The cryptic under-side of the dry phase is rendered still more leaf-like by the uncination of the fore-wing and the prolongation of the hind-wing into a tail-like process, as in Precis archesia and P. antilope. This applies to both sexes, but is better marked in the female, as can be seen in the specimens figured (PI. VII, figs. 1-4). In the wet season both sexes have lost their leaf-like contour, but the female remains of a duller hue than the male. A somewhat similar case is that of Zeracolus auxo, Luc., both sexes of which in the dry-season form (7 topha, Waller., or 7. keiskamma, Trim.) often show a slight uncination in the fore-wing, though in this species “ tails” are not developed. The cryptic colouring of the dry-season under-side is to some extent retained by the wet-season female (Pl. VII, figs. 5-8). This latter is a common feature in the African and Indian genus Teracolus. T. phlegyas, Butl., T. ione, Godt., T. regina, Trim., 7. danae, Fabr., 7. eucharis, Fabr., 7. ercs, Klug, are all cases in point, for in each of them the wet- season female shows beneath at least a trace of the characteristic dry-season tinge. Even where this does not occur, the under-side of the female in the wet season is usually more cryptic than that of the male, as may be seen, ¢.g., in 7. omphale, Godt., and 7. achine, Cram. In Teracolus phisadia, Godt., and 7. puellaris, Butl. (Pl. VII, figs. 9-12, 13-16) the principle receives perhaps its highest development. The female of the latter species retains its cryptic sand-coloured under-side at all seasons, the under-side of the male in the wet season being bright yellow. In the former species the female is always, on the under-side, a cryptic, sand-coloured, ‘“ dry-season” form ; the male in the dry season may be similarly cryptic, or * See Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 424 et sequ., P]. XII, XIII. TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART II. (JUNE) 11 158 Dr. F. A. Dixey on may possess, as it always does in the wet season, a bright yellow under-surface, hke that of 7. puellaris. Simultaneous occurrence of diverse seasonal forms.— Attention has frequently been called to the fact that at Aden, and probably in other arid districts, “dry,” “ wet” and “intermediate” forms may all be found on the wing together. Colonel Yerbury remarks with reference to Aden that “seasonal dimorphism does not seem to occur to any extent in the neighbourhood; though it may possibly do so in the case of Teracolus calais and dynamene.” * We may take this to mean, not necessarily that the different phases usually associated with different times of ear are never found at Aden (for the occurrence of some of them at that spot is well attested), but that they do not there undergo, as in many places, a regular alternation in correspondence with the change of season. On the excep- tional case of 7. calais Colonel Yerbury remarks further as follows :—“The year 1883 was very wet, heavy rain having fallen in May, consequently in July a large number of Butterflies appeared—among others, a very brightly- coloured form of 7’ calais (all, I believe, females however): this may point to 7. calais ‘being the rainy-season form and 7’, dynamene the dry. I never ey with this unusually brightly-coloured form in after years.” It may be noted in this record that at least a month must have elapsed between the heavy rain and its supheree effect on the numbers and aspect of the butterfly fauna ; this seems to point (like the facts recounted by Poulton for the genus Precis +) to the larval being the susceptible stage. ‘On the other hand, the effect of rain may in some instances be less remote, as appears from another state- ment by Colonel Yerbury,t as follows :—‘“ Few passen- gers (for the matter of that, no great number of the residents) have any idea of the effect on ‘the barren rocks of Aden’ of a few heavy showers; how almost immediately, as if by magic, vegetation springs up in every ravine and watercourse, accompanied by a tolerably abundant insect fauna.” In the discussion that followed the reading of the author’s paper on “ Seasonal Dimorphism ” (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., March 19, 1902), Colonel Yerbury further ob- served that “a temporary rainfall in a dry season in dry * Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 257. + Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1902, p. 457, etc. t Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, 1892, p. 208. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 159 places had a marvellous effect in producing intermediate and wet-season forms.” That the meteorological conditions prevailing at or about the time of emergence may in some cases influence the aspect of a brood appears also from many experiments of Mr, Merrifield, especially those with Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn., by which it was conclusively proved that for certain effects of seasonal coloration “ the later days of the pupal period were especially important.”* It is worthy of notice that the rule which obtains in Precis, as to the superiority in size of the dry-season form, is not of universal application. Mr. Marshall rightly points out + that Mr. Barker’s statement as to the generally smaller size of dry-season forms is too sweeping; but there can be no doubt that im many instances the statement in question holds good. This is perhaps especially the case among the Picrinze, concerning the Indian species of which group Captain Watson says:—“In all genera the dry-season forms are as a rule smaller than the rainy-season forms.” ¢ In other instances there appears to be no constant ditterence. The superiority in bulk of the dry-season form in certain species of Precis, resting as it does upon the result of a careful series of weighings of the two forms by Pyo- fessor Poulton, is quite beyond doubt; but it may be well to remember that in other instances a difference 1n size may sometimes be more apparent than real. This may possibly be the case with the broods mentioned by Mr. Merrifield in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892, pp. 40, 41, on which, together with a similar experience of Weismann’s, he bases a guarded opinion that both size and shape may be individually altered during the pupal state. This, is a point that no doubt calls for further investigation, but in the meantime it will probably be allowed that, whatever may be the case with Precis, there is reason to believe that the seasonal aspect is not in all instances deter- mined before the assumption of the pupal condition. It is, as has just been remarked, by no means certain that the differences in size noticed by Mr. Merrifield were as real as those in Precis, but, whether they were so or not, they could not under the circumstances have originated in the larval state.§ * Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1891, pp. 155-167. Tt Lbid., 1896, p. 551 ; 1895, p. 413. { Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, 1894, p. 492. § In considering the case of Precis it should not be forgotten that 160 Dr. F. A. Dixey on The foregoing may perhaps help us towards an explan- ation of the well-attested facts relating to the simultaneous occurrence of seasonal forms in generally dry localities like Aden. A feature in Colonel Yerbury’s graphic description of a temporary rainfall and its effects is the rapid springing-up of vegetation and the accompanying increase of insect life, As Professor Poulton has shown, these are the exact conditions which allow of the assump- tion of aposematic colouring and habits in exchange for those of a cryptic character. Now if we assume, as it seems from Colonel Yerbury’s observations we may, that many of the Aden species are in a condition to respond almost immediately to a sudden access of moisture, the occurrence of the more conspicuous “wet-season’’ con- temporaneously with the cryptic “dry-season” forms receives some explanation. Where there is a regular alternation of long periods of drought and humidity, the seasonal phases of “the insect fauna fall into a correspond- ing regularity of succession; but where, as at Aden, a general state of aridity is liable to be occasionally dis- turbed by heavy rainfalls of a temporary character, the intermittent meteorological conditions are apt, we may suppose, to be reflected in a similar intermixture of apose- matic and cryptic forms of insect life. It would not be difficult for residents in such localities to test the suggestion here offered.* Note on Teracolus daira and 'T. evagore, Klug.—Dr. Butler, in his “ Revision of the Genus Zeracolus” (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897), distinguishes Zeracolus yerburit, the usual rule as to the superiority in weight of the seswmus form did not obtain in the instance of Mr. Marshall’s P. sesamus and P. natalensis bred from two eggs laid by the same mother, The weights as determined by Professor Poulton (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902 p. 451) show that in this case the natalensis form was the heavier of the two. Whatever then may have been the influence which caused the diversity between the two offspring, it did not find expression in any increased bulk of the sesamus larva. It should also be borne in mind that the larval conditions of the first dry- or wet-season brood will probably differ from those of the second and subsequent broods (should there be more than one) of the same season, * See Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s account of the simultaneous flight of different seasonal phases during an abnormal season in Mashona- Jand (Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., 1901, vol. ii, p. 402), and compare the discussion of the succession of seasonal phases in Precis by Pro- fessor Poulton and Mr. Marshall in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 443-449, Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 161 Swinh., from 7. daira, Klug. Specimens of 7. yerburii, however, collected at Lahej, Arabia, by Captain Nurse and determined by Colonel Swinhoe, who presented them to the Hope Collection, correspond closely with 7. daira as figured by Klug. .The locality given by Klug for 7. daira being “ Arabia felix,” it seems improbable that 7. yerburi can be more than a synonym for 7. daira, though Mr. G. A. K. Marshall and Professor Aurivillius agree with Dr. Butler in keeping them distinct. 7”. evagore, * Klug, which is no doubt identical with 7. sazews, Swinh., is regarded by Butler as the dry-season form of 7. yerburii. Whether 7. glycera, Butl., be considered as a species, or as a mere local race of 7. antigone, there is no doubt that it is barely, or perhaps not at all, separable from 7. evagore. Hence, int JA evagore ae the dry- -season form of the Arabian T. yerburia (i.e. Z. daira), T. glycera should be the dry-season phase of the s form of 7 daira occur’ ing in the same locality with itself, viz. on the White Nile. When, however, Captain Dunn’s collection arrived from the Bahr-el-Zeraf branch of that river, it was found to contain 7. glycera in different seasonal phases, all of which were quite distinct from the specimens of 7’. daira captured in the same district. In dealing with Captain Dunn’s collection Dr. Butler * makes no attempt to unite these two forms, and the examination of Mr, Loat’s specimens convinces me that he is right in keeping them distinct. But this seems to carry with it a similar conclusion with regard to the Arabian TZ’. evagore, which, if the foregoing be correct, cannot be con- sidered as the dry-season form of “ 7 yerburii” or 7. daira. The only piece of evidence that seems to make against this view is the supposed breeding of 7. yerburti and 7’. evagore by Captain Nurse from similar larvae, Since writing the note in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 195, I have been strongly disposed to think that the inference drawn from Captain Nurse’s account needed confirmation, and I was accordingly quite prepared to agree with Colonel Yerbury when I found him urging in Miss Sharpe’s very useful “Monograph of the Genus Zeracolus” (p. 137) that ‘too much stress should not be laid on the fact that Captain Nurse bred a specimen of 7’ evagore from a caterpillar taken with the larvee of 7. yerburit. ... 7. evagore and T. yerburw may be seasonal forms [of each other], but * Proc. Zool. Soc., 1901, pp. 25, 26. 162 Dr. F. A. Dixey on at present the fact is not proved.” Mr, Loat’s collection appears to me to bring positive evidence against the view ot their identity, and from the above considerations I think there can be little doubt that Mr. G. A. K. Marshall is right in entirely dissociating 7’. evagore in all its forms (including 7. nowna, Lue.) from 7. yerburii (i.e. 7. daira). I am indebted to Professor Poulton, F.R.S., for the opportunity of working out Mr. Loat’s interesting col- lection, and also for the Plate which accompanies this paper. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fic. 1. Pyrisitia proterpia, Fabr., wet-season form, male. oy tee - . ee i female. » 93. P. proterpia, dry-season form (P. gundlachia, Poey), male, sy oF female. The wet-season 9 (Fig. 2) is less brightly coloured than the corresponding ¢ (Fig. 1). In the dry season both sexes adopt cryptic colouring on the under-side, accompanied by leaf-like shaping of the fore- and hind-wing, more pronounced in the 2 (Fig. 4) than in the ¢ (Fig. 3). Fic. 5, Teracolus auxo, Lucas, wet-season form, male. 59 Ah 5 oe “A 3 female. » v7. T.auxo, dry-season form (2. topha, Wallgrn, = 7. keiskamma, Trimen), male, 2 « yy eh os "5 female. The wet-season 9 (Fig. 6) retains some of the colouring of the dry-season form. Both sexes in the dry season (Figs. 7 and 8) show slight uncination of the fore-wing. The specimens represented in Figs, 6 and 8 were bred by Mr. Mansel Weale, and belong to the series referred to in Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, p. 201. Fria. 8). 10. 1k, 12, ales 14, 15. 16. Lepidoptera from the White Nile. 165 Teracolus phisadia, Godt., wet-season form, male. im 35 3 5 female. T’. phisadia, dry-season form, male. Po * female. The under-side of the hind-wing in the g (Figs. 9 and 11) is generally bright yellow, especially in the wet season. The under-side of the hind-wing in the ? (Figs. 10 and 12) is sand-coloured at all seasons. Teracolus puellaris, Butl., wet-season form, male. Fy 9 . Ar female. T. puellaris, dry-season form (7. ochreipennis, Butl., = 7. vorus, Swinh.), male, <5 ” female, The under-side of the ¢ is bright yellow in the avet season (Fig. 13), sand-coloured in the dry (Fig. 15). The under-side of the @ is sand-coloured at all seasons. See pp. 157, 158 above. In all the figures, the under-side alone is represented. It should be borne in mind that in the absence of colour it is impossible to represent the tone-values with complete aceuracy. The difference, ¢.g., between the clear yellow of Figs. 9, 18, and the sandy tint of Figs. 10, 14, is far more conspicuous in nature than in the Plate. X. An Entomological Excursion to Bejar, Central Spain By GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS. [Read March 18th, 1903. ] In our Transactions for last year (pp. 115-129) I gave a short account of a journey made by Dr. T. A. Chapmar and myself in 1901 to Cuenca and other places in Central Spain, with a list of the principal Coleoptera and Hemi- ptera met with. In 1902 we made another excursion to Central Spain, our objective point on this occasion being the Sierra de Bejar, at the extreme southern extremity of the large province of Leon, about forty miles south of Salamanca, The locality was not a new one, entomologic- ally, Dr. G, Seidlitz having spent a few days in the district in 1865, at the same time of year, and published some notes on the species of beetles he met with (cf. Berl. ent. Zeitschr. 1867, pp. 167-178).* » Leaving London on the morning of June 21st, we reached San Sebastian the following afternoon, and after spending a few days at this attractive seaside resort on the north coast, proceeded on our way to Bejar, arriving at 8 am. on June 26th, passing over the dreary plains ‘of Castile and Leon during the night and early hours of the morning, but little of the country being visible after daylight, owing to fog. Making our head-quarters at the Fonda del Nuevo Siglo, we remained at Bejar till July i7th. From this place we made numerous excursions, chiefly to the summit of the Sierra, about 8000 feet, the small omnibus running daily to Candelario in the early morning and evening helping us each way, and to Bajos, through the “ puerto,’ or gap in the range separating Leon from Estremadura, whence there is rough track back to Bejar over the mountains by La Garganta. The town of Bejar, which is situate at an elevation of about 3300 feet, is built on a narrow rocky ridge just under the mountains sloping down to it on the southern side, and on the north side the river Cuerpo del * Dr. Chapman has already published some notes on the bap doptera observed during our journey (Proce. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, pp. XXxv-xxxvil ; Ent. ‘Record, 1903, pp. 14-16 et seq.). TRANS. ENT. $0C, LOND. 1903.—PART II. (JUNE) 166 Mr. G. C. Champion on Hombre runs in a deep hollow, beyond which the arid adjacent slopes are mostly occupied by terraced vineyards. The hillsides were very gay on our arrival with one of the various species of “broom” characteristic of the district, viz. Genista florida, this being in full flower at the end of June. On the higher parts of the Sierra this plant was replaced by Cytisus purgans, the dense masses of its yellow flowers being visible from a long distance. On the slopes near the town, the vegetation chiefly consisted of chestnut and small deciduous oaks, of which latter there were woods atan elevation of quite 5500 feet, near La Garganta, as well as low down on the other side of the river near San Gil; and amongst the broom there was a great deal of arbores- cent heath, lavender, and other aromatic plants, etc. The whole of the Bejar region visited seemed to be of granite formation, and no pines or other Coniferse were seen. From the summit of the Sierra de Bejar, on which there were large patches of snow up to the beginning of July, a magnificent view was obtained of the ‘higher Sierra de Gred dos, with its numerous jagged, snowy peaks, this range extending far to the eastward towards the Guadar- rama, becoming gradually lower in that direction; the Sierra de Gata,* and some of the mountains of Portugal, none of these appearing to be much over 6000 feet; the plains of Leon and Castile, and a portion of those of Estremadura, ete. The abundance and variety of “ brooms” and the vast number of insects to be found on them when in flower, especially on Genista florida, was to us the most interesting feature of the district, nothing of the kind having been noticed by us at Cuenca, ete., the previous year. On the higher parts of the Sierra many beetles were to be found, such as Asida castellana, Dorcadion dejeant (the only species of the genus met with during the entire trip), Corymbites of several species, including C. hemapterus, a very elongate Athous, Otirrhynchus dentipes, two Nebrivw, Cymindis of several species, Amara ooptera, Trechus pandeller, a Bembidium of the B. glaciale- eroup, Pierostichus azare, four species of Zabrus, cluding Z. constrictus, Byrrhus depilis, Olocrates, Heliopates, Ten- tyria, Timarcha, etc., many of them in plenty. A little lower down Chienius dives ran about on the grassy slopes, * Dr. Seidlitz visited Alberca and the Pena de la Francia in this district in 1865. - We had intended also to go there, but deferred the — journey till too late. An Entomological Exewrsion to Bejar, Central Spain, 167 or among the stones, often with Dorcadion dejeani ; and Platycerus spinifer was taken on the wing amongst Cytisus purgans, this plant not ascending much over 7000 feet. On its flowers, or on those of Genista horrida, a Zonabris occurred in abundance, with Lytta vesicatoria, Cryptoce- phalus koyi, Gynandroph halma amabilis, and a striped Rhagonycha. On the grass-stems thereabouts Barypithes sulcifrons, Polydrusus affinis, a Dasytes, a large Henicopus —the ¢ with long black hair, and the @ with greyish- white hair—Meloe mayalis, etc., were met with. Aphodius bonvouloiri, too, was very common at about this elevation. The tracks made by the goats amongst the dense growth of Cytisus seemed to be the favourite haunts of Asida, Ten- tyria, Olocrates, various Coprophaga, Histeridee, etc., as many of the specimens captured had evidently been trodden upon and injured by these animals. On the lower sum- mits, especially in the walled-in enclosures where the goats are driven in to rest, lots of common Coprophaga were noticed—Aleuchus, Gymnopleurus, Sisyphus, Geotrupes, etc. as well as Scawrus, Pimelia, and other Tenebrionids, Histeridee, etc. In some of the open grassy places in or near these enclosures the males of a Chasmatopterus flew in the greatest profusion in the sunshine, close to the ground, looking like bees on the wing, and they could be caught in any quantity with a butterfly-net, paired speci- mens frequenting flowers later in the day. In an oak wood above La Garganta, in which there were many “brooms,” Cardiophorus signatus and other members of the genus, Lebia trimaculata, Strophosomus erinaceus, various Cryptocephali, Clythra, Agrilus biguttatus, Melano- tus, Athous, Brachyderes, Polydrusus, Phyllobius, and other species were taken, some of them in plenty. On the hillsides near the town of Bejar the Genista florida, while in flower, produced a great variety of beetles, as Luperus nigrofasciatus (in the greatest profusion), Cneorrhinus, sp. (an abundance, but all females), Sciaphilus carinula, Apion argentatum and others of the genus, Sitones, Polydrusus, Melanotus, Cardiophorus, Coryimbites, Rhagonycha, Dasytes, Haplocnemus, Danacea, Malachius, Malthinus, Ebeus, Amauronia, Helops, Agrilus, Corebus, Cryptocephalus, Zonabris, Lebia, etc. ; Hlater preustus, var. aurilegulus (an plenty), a large Lachnea, various Cryptocephali, Athous, etc, occurred on oak; a brassy Ha/tica on heath, ete. In the open places on these slopes Corymbites gougelete 168 Mr. G. C. Champion on was frequently taken on the wing, or found on grass- stems; and Cerocoma schrebert was locally common on flowers. In an oak wood on the dry slopes near San Gil, in which there were many small flowering plants, a number of interesting insects were captured, especially towards evening, as Corebus fasciatus (rarely, on oak, and also found in an ants’ nest under a stone), Anthaxia hungarica and others of the genus, Serica mutata, Lagria rubida Gn abundance, but apparently all males), a fine Pachytychius (P. sparsutus) on Cytisus welwitschi, P. scabricollis, Smi- cronyx, Orchestes, Cryptocephalus globicollis, etc., Pachy- brachys, various Clythrids, ete. On the slopes between this wood and the river a species of the remarkable Neuropterous genus Nemoptera flew freely towards even- ing. The river itself, or a small affluent of it, produced many Hydradephaga, as Bidessus minutissimus, Deronectes cartnatus, D. bicostatus, Hydroporus flavipes, H. bilineatus, HH. lepidus, Agabus heydeni, A. brunneus, A, didymus, A. paludosus, ete, also Gyrinus urinator, Orectochilus, and various Hydrophilide. On the walls of the town, as already recorded,* we noticed various galls on the stems of a species of Cotyledon, a plant growing very commonly in such situations, and these were found to contain speci- mens of Nanophyes durieut in all its stages, a species not mentioned by Dr. Seidlitz in his list of Bejar insects, and originally described from Algeria. Leaving Bejar on July 17th, we went on by the dili- gence to Piedrahita, about five hours’ journey, in the heat of the day, where we remained till the 28rd, our road beyond the “puerto” being fairly level and extending through a somewhat arid country, where the ground was everywhere cultivated, even between the very old scattered olive-like, evergreen oaks ( Quercus gramuntia) to be seen In many places, the river Tormes being crossed by an ancient bridge at about half-way. At Piedrahita the best collecting-ground was the slope and summit of the adjacent Sierra, about 5500 feet elevation, which runs parallel with the Gredos, and is separated from it by large elevated tracts and valleys, affording extensive pasturage for cattle in the summer months. Cyfisus purgans grew im abundance in these places (the old stems apparently being in much demand for fuel), extending down the slopes for about five hundred feet. Below this again was * Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, pp. 87-91. An Entomological Excursion to Bejar, Central Spain. 169 a belt of oak wood. On the summit of the Sierra a few Dorcadion dejeant were seen, but all too worn to take; also Chlenius dives, Amara oopte ra, various Cymindis and Harpalus, Asida castellana, Steropus guiliani, a stoall Olocrates, Zabrus, etc. Here, on Cytisus purgans,a curious Cneorrhinus was met with: the ¢ of elongate shape and with greyish scales, the 2 much larger, pyritorm, and with green scales, the female in abundance, and the two sexes often in company ; and with these occurred a few females of the species found at Bejar on Genista florida. On the stems of the Cytisus the local Cryptocephalus erosus was often to be seen, but rarely captured, also various Cly- thrids. In grassy places amongst this plant, on the Sierra, Acmexodera teniata was to be found in profusion on flowers ; and wherever there was any dung Aphodius bonvouloiri could be taken in any quantity, occasionally in company with the brilliantly-coloured Geotrupes coruscans. A patch of uncultivated rocky ground near the town of Piedrahita, on which there were many ancient evergreen oaks, and Genista cinerea and the usual brooms, Eryngium, ete., produced a good many interesting insects not seen elsewhere. On July 19th an excursion was made to El Barco, on the Tormes, in the valley between the “Bejar” and the “ Gredos,” whence a rough road extends to the plains of Estremadura. The long time occupied on the journey, which was made in a not uncomfortable country cart (tartana), gave us, however, but a few hours at the place, our investigations being limited to the ground in the immediate vicinity of the river. Here there was an abundance of alder, sallow, and familiar marsh-plants, but ‘very little to be got by beating. Anomala rugatipennis flew about pretty freely in the sunshine; and on the flowers or stems of the gigantic Umbelliferze were Cardio- phorus rufipes, Leptura fontenayi ; (f and §), Clytanthus trifasciatus, Trichodes octopunciatus, an Agapanthia, and Cerocoma schrebert, and an abundance of conspicuous common Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. By the banks of the Tormes Perileptus, Pxderus, Bledius, etc., were found, as well as Pseudophleus, Emblethis, and other Hemiptera. On July 23rd we left Piedrahita for Avila, by the dili- gence, a wearisome journey of six hours, remaining in the last-mentioned place for three days. From this most interesting old city the high ground was quite inaccessible, . 170 Mr. G. C. Champion oz though visible, so we had to content ourselves by collecting in the immediate vicinity. The season was now too far advanced for many of the beetles, though Zonabris, Cero- coma, Clytanthus trifasciatus, and various Clythrids were to be seen on flowers, and a Zhylacites abounded under stones, exposed to the full heat of the sun. In the sandy bed of the nearly-dried-up River Adaja there was, how- ever, an abundance of interesting insects, including many species of Bembidium and Philonthus, Aleochara rufipennis, an undescribed Lathrolium, Tachyusa coarctata, Pederus rujicollis, Heterocerus, Parnus, Aphodius, ete. ‘On our homeward journey we spent a day or two at both Burgos and St. Jean de Luz, but the insects noticed at these places do not call for special comment. At San Sebastian, however, on June 23rd, we met with Orina rugu- losa, STP S in some numbers, on a species of Centaurea, a species that does not appear to have been recorded from Spain. The Coleopterous fauna of the Bejar and Piedrahita districts seems, on the whole, to be very similar to that of the Guadarrama, yet many genera are represented by one or more different species, as Dorcadion, Nebria, Creorrhinus, etc. The total absence of Coniferous trees, so abundant at La Granja, must, however, make a great difference, and it is probable therefore that the Guadar- rama is much the richer of the two. Unfortunately, we were unable to work the higher main Gredos range, though rough accommodation could no doubt be obtained at one or other of the small villages lower down in the valleys on its northern or southern slope. The genus Dima, amongst the Elateridz, well known from the Guadarrama, was not found by us. The Sierra de Bejar, it may be noted, could be much better worked from Candelario, than from the more distant town of Bejar. As regards the Hemiptera-Heteroptera, several of the species have not previously been recorded from Spain, two of the Capsidz being new. The following is a list of the species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera taken, so far as at present identi- fied. To avoid repetition the principal localities are in most cases abbreviated thus :—S. Bej. = Sierra de Bejar; Bej. = Bejar; Piedr. = Piedrahita; Av. = Avila. An Entomological Excursion to Bejar, Central Spain. 171 COLEOPTERA.* Cicindela hybrida, L., rarely, Av. Carabus melancholicus, F., and (. latus, Dej., rarely, nodes stones, S. Bej. Nebria paz, Seidl, one example, and JN. sp. n.?, a few speci- mens, at the source of a small stream, near the melting snow, S. Bej.: the types of the former were obtained in the same locality. Bembidium carpetanum, Sharp (the Guadarrama form of /. glaciale, Heer, of the Swiss Alps, has been recently named &. carpetanum, and the Sierra Nevada form B. montanum, Ramb., by Dr. Sharp), in plenty, on the summit of the Sierra de Bejar, near the melting snow. JB. elongatum, De}j., B. paulinoi, Heyd., B. quadripustulatum, Serv., B. quadriguttatum, F., B. octomaculatum, Goeze, B. hispanicum, Dej., in profusion, and others of the genus, Av., in the sandy bed of the River Adaja; B. punctulatum, Drap., Av. and on the banks of the Tormes at El Barco; B. maculatum, Dej., El Barco; B. ibericwm, Pioch., Piedr.; B. laterale, Dej., in plenty, on the banks of streams, Bej., Piedr., Av. TZachys parvulus, Dej. and T. sexstriatus, Duft., Bej. Trechus pandellei, Putz. S. Bej. Perileptus areolatus, Creutz., banks of the Tormes, El Barco. Platynus marginatus, L., Av.; P. viridicupreus, Goeze, Be}. Abacetus salzmanni, Germ., Bej. Steropus ghiliani, Putz., under stones, S. Bej., Piedr.; S. sp.?, Piedr. Pacilus crenulatus, Dej., Be}. Pterostichus nigrita, F., Bej.; P. azarz, Perez, S. Bej., four specimens. Amara ooptera, Putz. under stones, summit of the Sierra de Bejar, a few specimens. Zabrus constrictus, Graells, abundant, and Z. neglectus, Schaum, 4Z. silphoides, De}., and Z. estrellanus, Heyd., sparingly, S. Bej. Chlenius dives, Dej., sparingly, and varying greatly in colour, running in grassy places, near the summit of the Sierras de Bejar and Piedrahita ; C. velu- tinus, Duft., banks of the Cuerpo del Hombre, Bej. Lelia eyanocephala, L., and L. trimaculata, Vill., sparingly, by beating broom, oak, ete., Bej. Lienychus albonotatus, Dej., banks of the Tormes, El Barco. Cymindis melano- cephala, De}. (ruficollis, Graells), in plenty, and others of the genus more sparingly, S. Bej.; C. variolosa, F., 8. Bej., Piedr. * T am indebted to MM. Bedel, Fauvel, Reitter, and Schilsky, and Dr. J. Daniel, for assistance in the determination of several of the species enumerated. 172 Mr. G. C. Champion on Haliplus spp., Bidessus ininutissimus, Germ., Deronectes bicostatus, Schaum,* rarely, Hydroporus lepidus, Oliv., Hf, flavipes, Oliv., H. varius, Aubé, and A. tessellatus, Drap., commonly, and various other species of the genus, Liopterus ruficollis, Schall., Agabus brunneus, F., and A. didynvus, Oliv., in plenty, and A. paludosus, F., A. heydent, Wehncke, A. bipustulatus, L., and A. nitidus, F. , sparingly, Liylius fenestratus, F., ete, in a small affluent of the Cuerpo del Hombre, Bejar; Deronectes carinatus, Aubé, not rare, and Dytiscus marginalis, L., in the river itself, Bej. Gyrinus urinator, Ul. Orectochilus villosus, F., Be}. Paracymus wneus, Germ., Calostoma hispanicum, Wiist., and various species of Phith ydrus, [Helochares, Limnebius, Laccobius, Hydrochus, Helophorus, Hydrena, and Pornus, Be}. Aleochara rufipennis, Kr., not rare, in the sandy bed of the Adaja, Av.; A. brevipennis, Grav., A. fuscipes, F., Be}. Tachyusa co aretata, Er., Av. Notcthecta levicollis, Rey, in an ants’ nest, Bej. Philonthus suavis, Bris., in abundance, and -P. prea. eae and LP. pwnetus, Grav., rarely, 1 the bed of the Adaja, Av.; P. varius, Gyll., var. bimacu- latus, Grav., P. laminatus, ibe P. politus, L., Be}. Scopeus didymus, Er, Av. Sunius (Astenus) nh. sp., singly, under a stone, Bej. Lathrobium n, sp.? ear L. punctatum, Zett.), banks of the Cuerpo del Hombre, Bej. Pederus ruficollis, F., common on banks of streams, Av., -Bej. ; P. fuscipes, Curt., El Barco. Stenus longitarsis, Thoms., rarely, S. nanus, Steph., and S. lepriewri, Cussac, in plenty, banks of stream, Bej. Dledius fracticornis, Payk., Av.; L. hispidulus, Fairm., banks of the Tormes, El Barco. Anthobium hispanicum, Bris., A. torquatwn, Marsh., A. minutum, F., Philorhinum sordidum, Steph., Be}. Mastigus palpalis, Latr., a few specimens by beating herbage in damp places, Bej., also at Bafios. Si/pha sp., S. Bej. Olibrus bisignatus, Mén., in plenty on thistles, Be}. ; O. xnescens, Kiist., not rare, Av. Dapsa acuticollis, Reitt., one specimen, Bej,, with the Mastic gus. Meligethes fuscus, Oliv., Bej. Lrontes planatus, L., and Silvanus wiidentatus, Oliv., under bark of an old cherry-tree, Bafhos. Aira- philus sp., Be}. Atlagenus trifasciatus, F., common on * The D. bicostatus of my Cuenca list (Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 1902, p. 122) was incorrectly identified ; it is unknown to Dr. Sharp, and is probably an undescribed species. An Entomological Excursion to Bean Central Spain. 173 flowers, Bej. Ctesias serra, Be}. Orphilus niger, Rossi, Be}. Byrrhus depilis, Graells, 8. Bej. Ltinnichus incanus, Kies., Bej., El Barco. Hister major, L., H. inequalis, Oliv., H. amplicollis, Er., here and there, S. Bej.; 7. sinuatus, Ill, common in dung, Bej., Piedr., Av. Lucanus cervus, L, Dorcus parallelopipedus, L., Be}. Platycerus spwnifer, Schauf., a few specimens taken on the wing amongst old plants of Cytisus purgans, high up on the Sierra de Bejar. Ateuchus sacer, L, A. laticollis, L., 8. Bej. Sisyphus scheffert, L., abundant, Bej. Gymnopleurus pilularius, L., El Barco; G. flagellatus, F., 8. Bej. Bubas bubalus, Oliv., S. Bej. Onitis hungaricus, Herbst, Av. Onthophagus schrebert, L., common in dung, and other species of the cenus, Bej. ; 0. verticicornis, Laich., Piedr.; O. furcatus, F., Av. Oniticellus flavipes, ¥., Piedr., Av. Aphodius bon- voulowrt, Harold, in abundance, Sierras de Bejar au Piedrahita ; A, ferrugineus, Muls., Bej;; A. seroja,, EF; Piedr. ; A niger, Panz, and others of the genus, Bej. ; A. varians, Duft., Av. Ammecvus sp., Be}. Pleurophorus cxsus, Panz., Bej. Geotrupes coruscans, Chevr., Sierra de Piedr. ; G. levigatus, F., G. hypocrita, Serv., etc., S. Bej. Lhizotrogus pygialis, Muls., Piedr., Av., flying im the sunshine; &. pineticola, Graells, El Barco. Serica mutata, Gyll., commonly, by beating herbage in open places in an oak wood towards evening, ‘Bej. Triodonta aquila, Lap. (2), Be}. Hymenoplia, sp., 1 plenty, on stems of grass, etc., 5. Be}j., Piedr. Chasmatopterus villosulus, Ill., males found in profusion flying over grass, near the ground, looking very much like Hymenoptera on the wing, paired specimens found on flowers, later in the day, the black females comparatively scarce, Bej. and 8. Bej.; C. hispidulus, Graells, C. hirtulus, Ill, sparingly, Bej. Anomala rugati- pennis, Graells, not rare, on Hchiwm or flying in the sunshine, banks of the Tormes, El Barco; A. sp., on the wing towards evening, Av. Anisoplia betica, Er., Bej. Hoplia spp. Bej. Cetonia oblonga, Gory, C. morio, F., Bej., Piedr. Hpicometis hirta, Poda, El Barco. Leucocelis stictica, L., Be}. Anthawia hungarica, Scop., rarely, by sweeping low plants, Bej.; A. hg ypomelena, Ill., not uncommon on L7ryn- gum, Piedr.; A. funerula, Ill., A. millefolu, F., Piedr., Be}. Acmeodera txniata, F., in abundance on Aieraciwm flowers, amongst the dense growth of Cytisus purgans, TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1903.—PART II. (JUNE) 12 174 Mr. G. C. Champion on Sierra de Piedr.; A. discoidea, F., A. adspersula, Tll., ete., Bej. Chrysobothrys affinis, F., one specimen, on an old stem of Cytisus, 8. Bej. Corabus fasciatus, Vill., rarely, by beating herbage, also found dead in an ants’ nest under a stone, San Gil, near Bejar; C. xneicollis, Vill, Bej.; C. giblicollis, Ill, Piedr., Bej. Agrilus biguttatus, F., on oak, Bej.; A. cinctus, Oliv., not rare on Cenista jlorida, Bej., Piedr., El Barco; A. roscidus, Kies., A. solieri, Cast., A. hyperict, Cr., A. angustulus, Ill., Be}. Aphanis- ticus elongatus, Villa, and A. emarginatus, F., Bej., by sweeping. TZ'rachys refleca, Gené, one specimen, by sweep- ing on the banks of a small stream, Bej., perhaps new to the Spanish list. Drasterius bimaculatus, Rossi, Be}. Hlater preustus, ¥., var. aurilegulus, Schauf., in numbers, by beating oak, on the hillside near the town of Bejar; LZ. nigerrimus, Lac., one specimen, with the preceding, Bej. Jelanotus tene- brosus, Er., and M. castanipes, Payk., common, Be}. Cardiophorus signatus, Oliv., im abundance by beating broom, etc., in oak woods; C. eqgwiseti, Herbst, C. graellsi, Cand., etc., with C, signatus, but more sparingly, Bej.; C. rufipes, Goeze, El Barco. Athous godarti, Muls., and other species of the genus, not yet determined, Bej. Corymbites hemapterus, Ill., under stones, on the summit of the Sierra de Bejar, not rare; C. gowgeleti, Fairm., in numbers on the hillside close to the town of Bejar, on stems of low plants, on the wing, etc.; C. kiesenwetteri, Bris. (2), C. latus, F., C. amplicollis, Germ., C. nivicola, Kies., ete., rarely, S. Bej. Stlesis rutilipennis, Ill, Be}. Hydrocyphon sp.?, in plenty on sallows, Bej. Lampyris sp., Be}. Telephorus, Rhagonycha, Malthinus, Malachius, Attalus, Charopus, Hypebeus, Dasytes, spp. undetermined, Faplocnemus albipilis Kies., ete., Bej. Henicopus, 2 spp., S. Bej., Piedr.: (1) (Z. heydeni, Kies.) very large, the ¢ deep black, with entirely black pubescence, the 2 with ereyish- white hairs, the ¢ in abundance, and the 2 rarely, on grass-stems, etc., on the mountain slopes; (2) (?H. rugosicollis, Duv.) $ and 2 with grey pubescence. Danacxa atripes, Graells, Bej. Amawronia elegans, Kies., Bej. Trichodes octopunctatus, F., not rare, on Umbelliferze, El Barco., 7. leucopsideus, Oliv., 7. ammios, F., Bej. Lasioderma lxve, Ill., on flowers, Bej., Piedr. Xylopertha sp., Be}. Tentyria spp., 8. Bej., in plenty, running about on the An Entomological Excursion to Bejar, Central Spain. 175 slopes, 8. Bej. Dichillus subcostatus, Sol., rarely, under stones, Bej. Akis acuminata, F., in abundance, under old straw, under the shelter of a large rock, Av. Scawrus striatus, F., in numbers, under dung, etc., 8. Bej. Asida castellana, Graells, in abundance at or near the summit of the Sierra de Bejar, and rarely on that of Piedrahita, running about in the sunshine, especially about dung in the tracks made by goats amongst the Cytisws bushes ; A. goudott, Sol., rarely, S. Bej., also taken at Burgos, and at Guadalaviar and Albarracin, in 1901; A. sericea, Oliv., S. Bej., also taken at Burgos, and at Tragacete and Albarracin, in 1901. Pimelia sp., a few specimens, on the paths, near dung, S. Bej. Crypticus kraatzt, Bris. (?), and Oochrotus unicolor, Lue., rarely, under stones, Be}. Olocrates saxicola, Muls. (saxeticola, Graells), a few specimens apparently belonging to this species, found under stones, summit of the Sierra de Piedrahita; O. foveolatus, Graells, i in abund- ance, summit of the Sierra de Bejar, running about in the sunshine, frequently in copula. Dendarus, Heliopates, Micrositus ulyssiponensis, Germ., Gonocephalum, spp. un- determined, Bej., Av., ete. Calometopus clypeatus, Germ., rarely, under bark of an old cherry-tree, and also under a stone, Banos, Bej.: recorded by Graells as having been found in a rotten chestnut-tree at Tornavacas. /elops laticollis, Kiist. (2), by beating Grenista, etc., not rare, Be}. Hymenalia rufipes, F., not rare, Bej. Omophlus ruficollis, F., in abundance everywhere on flowers, Bej., Piedr.; 0. incertus, Muls., O. picipes, Fabr., rarely, Bej. Lagria lie, F., common on stone walls, etc., Piedr.. Av.; Z. grenieri, Bris., Bej.; L. hirta, L., L. atripes, Muls., L. rubida, Graells (parvula, Perris), Bej., the last mentioned in abundance by sweeping low plants towards evening, but males only seen, Bej. Scraptia dubia, Oliv., by beating oak, Be}. Notoxus trifasciatus, Rossi, Bej., El Barco, Av.; NV. platy- cerus, Laf., banks of the Tormes, El Barco. Wep., p: 51, 23, a. 21-24 (1865). Account of a Collection of Rhopalocera. 199 155. Hypolycena antifaunus. H. antifaunus, D. and H., Gen. D. Lep., t. 75, f. 1 (1852). 156. Hypolycena lebona. HT, lebona, Hew., Ill. D. Lep., p. 51 (1865). 157. Hypolycena philippus. Hesperia philippus, Fabr., Ent. Syst. i, 1, p. 288 (1793). 158. Dapidodigma hymen. Pap. hymen, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 519 (1775). 159. Jolaus adamsi, sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 9.) Upper-side.—Fore-wing with basal half bright shining blue, apical half black. Hind-wing bright shining blue, costa and apex narrowly black, a black line along outer margin ; anal lobe white, a black spot edged with dull crimson placed above it on inner margin, and a black spot beyond it on outer margin, and beyond this a faint whitish mark ; three slender black-centred white tails, that at the anal angle being much the longest ; cilia whitish, Under-side.—Fore-wing white, brownish towards outer margin, blackish along inner margin, a faint brown submarginal line ; a conspicuous tuft of black hair on inner margin, Hind-wing white, a faint brown discal line extending from subcostal nervure to middle median nervule ; a black spot with a red patch above it between middle and lower median nervules, the discal line continuing brokenly from it to inner margin; a short faint submarginal red line from near apex ; a black spot on inner margin above anal lobe, edged with a triangular red patch ; a little blackish sealing near outer margin between anal tails ; a narrow black marginal line. Exp. 42 millim. Allied to J. laon, Hew., but differs in the absence of dark borders to wings below. 160. Jolaus ewrisus. Pap. ewrisus, Cram., Pap. Exot. ii, p. 47, t. 221, f. D, Ean): 161. Aphneus orcas. Pap. orcas, Dru., Ill. Exot. Ins. ii, p. 46, t. 34, f. 2, 3 (1782). 162. Aphneus brahamni, sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 10.) Upper-side.—Fore-wing dark brownish-grey, cell and area beyond and below densely clothed with purplish-blue sealing ; outer margin narrowly blackish. Hind-wing dark brownish-grey, cell and lower 200 Mr. P. I. Lathy’s discal area densely clothed with purplish-blue scaling, outer margin narrowly blackish, cilia white except at extremities of nervules, where they are blackish ; a short black tail at extremity of lower median nervule, and a very long slender black tail at extremity of submedian nervure, the basal third of this tail is dull red and the tip white. Under-side.—Fore-wing brownish-grey, whitish along inner margin, with the following silver markings all edged with deep dull crimson : a spot at base of cell with one above it on costa, one crossing centre of cell and a large one at end of cell, another on costa beyond cell, and between this and apex two small spots one above the other, a round spot on discoidals not far from outer margin, a figure-of-eight spot on median nervules, and an obliquely-placed oval patch below this, the lower part of this marking being obscure; outer margin narrowly edged with deep dull crimson. Hind-wing brownish-grey, with the following silver markings all edged with deep dull crimson : a spot at base, a small spot in basal half of cell with a large one above it, a large round spot at end of cell, an oval patch between this and inner margin, and a small spot on inner margin; an irregular series of seven discal spots, of which that on the costa is large and almost round, the next three very small, and the remainder long and irregularly shaped ; an obscure narrow dark band between this series and outer margin ; outer margin narrowly edged with deep dull crimson; anal angle the same colour ; tails as above. Exp. 48 millim. Very near to A. argyrocyclus, Holl, from which it differs in the large circular spot at end of cell in hind-wing below, and the more regular and complete series of silver spots beyond. I have named this species after Mr. Braham the collector. 163. Spindasis mozambica. Aphneus mozambica, Bertolini, Mem. Acad. Bologna 2, p. 177, sep., p. 13 (1851). 164, Awiocerses harpax. Pap. harpax, Fabr., Synt. Ent., p. 829 (1775). 165. Lycenesthes sylvanus. Pap. sylvanus, Dru., Ill. Exot, Ins. ii, p. 5, t. 3, f. 2, 3 (1773). 166. Lycenesthes larydas, Pap. larydas, Cram., Pap. Exot. iii, p. 160, t. 282, f. H (1780). 167. Lycenesthes flavomaculata. L. flavomaculata, Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. xxvi, Lycen. Afr. p. 104, t. 23, £7, 73 (1893). 168. 169. 170. ale 178. io 180. 181. Account of a Collection of Rhopalocera. 201 Cupido falkensteinie. C. falkensteinii, Dewitz, N. Acta Ac. N. Cur. xli, 2, p. 204, t. 25, f. 5 (1879). Cupido lingeus. Pap. lingeus, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv, p. 176, t. 379, f. KE alyteslL) Cupido plinvus. Hesperia plinius, Fabr., Ent, Syst. 11, 1, p. 284 (1793). Cupido isis. Pap. isis, Dru., Ill. Exot. Ins. i, p. 6, t. 3, f. 4, 5 (1773). . Cupido mirza. C. mirza, Plotz, 8. F. Z. xli, p. 203 (1880). . Cupido beticus. Pap. beticus, L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 789 (1767). . Cupido malathana. Lycena malathana, Boisd., Faune Madag., p. 25 (1833). . Cupido osiris. Lycena osiris, Hopft., Monatsh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855, p. 642. }. Cupido micyclus. Pap. micyclus, Cram., Pap. Exot. i, p. 160, t. 282, f. F, G (1780). . Cupido punctatus. C, punctatus, Dewitz, N. Acta Acad. N. Cur. xli, 2, p. 205, t. 26, f. 15 (1879). Leptosia medusa. Pap. medusa, Cram., Pap, Exot. 11, p. 86, t. 150, f. F (1777). Leptosia alcesta. Pap. alcesta, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv, p. 175, t. 379, f. A (1781). Mylothris chloris. Pap. chloris, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 473 (1775). Mylothris sprea, M. spica, Moschl., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, xxxiil, p. 277 (1883). Mr. P. I. Lathy’s 2. Appias rhodope. Pap. rhodope, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 478 (1775). . Appias phuola. Pieris phaola, Doubld., Ann. N. H. (1) xx, p. 63 (1847). . Appias epaphia. Pap. epaphia, Cram., Pap. Exot. iti, p. 26, t. 207, f. D, E (1779). 5, Pieris creona Pap. creona, Cram., Pap. Exot. i, p. 148, t. 95, £.C-F (1776). . Pieris calypso. Pap. calypso, Dru., Ill. Exot. Ins. u, p. 30, t. 17, f. 3, 4 (1773). . Pierrs cebron. P. cebron, Ward, Ent. Mo. Mag. vii, p. 59 (1871). . Teracolus evippe. Pap. evippe, L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 469 (1758). . Catopsilia florella, Pap. florella, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 479 (1775). . Lerias brenda. ZT. brenda, Wand H., Gen. De iep. pi 19, t20, 126 (1847). . Terias senegalensis. T. senegalensis, Boisd., Spec. Gén. Lép. i, p. 672 (1836). . Terias desjardinsi. NXanthidia desjardinsii, Boisd., Faune Mad., p. 22, t. 2,4. 6 (1833): . Papilio dardanus. P. durdanus, Brown, Ill. Zool., p. 52, t. 22 (1776). Typical female and one example of @ ab. dionysus, D. and H., were obtained. 194. NO: 196. Papilio cynorta. P. cynorta, Fabr., Ent. Syst. i, 1, p. 37 (1798). Papilio nireus. P. nireus, L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 464 (1758). Papilio demodocus. P. demodocus, Esp., Aus. Schm., p. 205, t. 51, fi 1 (1798). Account of a Collection af Rhopalocera. 203 197. Papilio menestheus. P. menestheus, Dru., Ill. Exot. Ins, 1, p. 15, t. 9, f. 1, 2 (1773). 198. Papilio ridleyanus. P. ridleyanus, White, Ann. N. H. xi, p. 262, fig. (1843). A good series, including an interesting aberration in which area above subcostal nervure is entirely white and without black markings with the exception of marginal border; the nervules “and interspaces, excepting those Reena median nervules, are powdered with white scales ; the inner margin is also much whiter than in typical specimens ; these remarks apply only to the hind-wing, the fore-wing being normal. 199. Papilio pylades. P. pylades, Fabr., Ent. Syst. ii, 1, p. 34 (1793). 200. Papilio leonidas. P. leonidas, Fabr., Ent. Syst, i, 1, p. 35 (1793). A large number of males, but only one female. Z01. Papilio policenes. P. policenes, Cram., Pap. Exot. i, p. 61, t. 37, f. A, B (1775). 202. Sarangesa synestalinenus. Antigonus synestalmenus, Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeit. XXXVili, p. 263, t. 6, f 8 (1898). 203. Tagiades flesus. Pap. flesus, Fabr., Spec. Ins. ii, p. 185 (1871). 204, Hagris denuba, Antigonus denuba, Plotz, 8. KE. Z. xl, p. 361 (1869). 205. Abantis elegantula. A. elegantula, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1890, p. 32. 206. Hesperia ploctzi. Hi. ploctzi, Auriv., Ent, Tidsk., 1891, p. 277. 207. Gorgyra mocquerysit. G. mocquerysti, Holl, P. ZS, 1896, p. 33, t. 5, f 10. 208. Oxypalpus fulvus, sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 11.) 204 Mr. P. I. Lathy’s Upper-side.—Fore-wing deep fulvous, clouded with dark brown at base ; apex and outer margin narrowly edged with dark brown; a blackish line along submedian nervure, and an oblong black patch beyond cell. Hind-wing deep fulvous ; costa, a narrow outer marginal line, and an oblong patch beyond cell black, inner margin blackish ; the veins of both wings black towards extremities, cilia deep fulvous. Under-side.—Fore-wing deep fulvous, a large black patch on basal third of inner margin; a short black fascia, above - submedian nervure, from this patch ; a narrow black marginal line. Hind-wing deep fulvous, with a narrow black marginal line. Antennz beneath fulvous. Exp. 28 millim. Allied to O. ignita, Mab., but exhibits many points of difference, the chief of which are the smaller area of black on the fore-wing above, the exterior part of inner margin of fore-wing below being fulvous, and the antenne fulvous beneath. 209. Oxypalpus annulifer. O. annulifer, Holl. Ann. N. H. Oct. 1892, p. 298. 210. Osmodes distincta. O. distincta, Holl., P. Z. 8., 1896, p. 43, t. 4, f. 16. 211. Hypoleucis ophiusa. Hesperia ophiusa, Hew., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) i, p. 497 (1866). 212. Cyclopides abjecta. C. aljecta, Snell., Tid. voor Ent. 1872, p. 52, t. 2, eur I Ky 213. Chapra mathias. Hesperia mathias, Fabr.. Ent. Syst. Suppl, p. 438 (1798). 214. Parnara micans. Py micans, Holl, RP. Z.S:, 1896) p. 63st. 3, 1.19, 215. Baoris alberta. B. alberit, Holl., P. Z. S., 1896,-p. 67, t. 2, f. 21. 216. Baoris ogrugana, sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 12.) Upper-side.—Fore-wing dark brown, with the following hyaline markings : two spots at end of cell, three very small subapical spots, a series of four discal spots of which the two centre ones are much the largest, and the upper one is much nearer the outer margin than Account of a Collection of Rhopalocera. 205 the others. Hind-wing dark brown, with a hyaline spot in cell, and two very small discal hyaline spots. Under-side.—Fore-wing dark brown, a short pale submarginal line from apex, hyaline markings as above, the lowest of the discal series being bordered outwardly by an oblong whitish patch. Hind-wing dark brown, with obscure lilac-grey markings on discoidals and near outer margin ; hyaline markings as above. Exp. 32 millim, Near P. wnistriga, Holl., but differs in possessing three subapical spots, the upper spot of the discal series being much nearer the outer margin. 217. Baoris netopha. Hesperia netopha, Hew., Ann. N. H. (5) 1, p. 345 (1878). 218. Platylesches chameleon. Pamphila chameleon, Mab., C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv, pa ee9 Gisgih): 219. Pardaleodes incerta. Pamphila incerta, Snell., Tijd. voor Ent. 1872, p. 29, t. 10, f. 10-12. 220. Pardaleodes reichenowt. Plastingia reichenowi, Plotz, 8. EH. Z. xl, p. 357 (1879). 221. Pteroteinon laufella. Hesperia laufella, Hew., Exot. Butt. Hesp., t. 2, f. 28-30 (1867). 222. Ploetzia cerymrea. Hesperia cerymica, Hew., Exot. Butt. Hesp., t. 2, f. 20, 21 (1867). 223. Ploetzia nobilior. Panobvilior, Holl P. Zas: 1890; pagouts 9,0. :2. 224. Rhopalocampta forestan. Pap. forestan, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv, t. 391, fi EH, F (1782). 225. Rhopalocampta chalybe. Ismene chalybe, Westw., D.and H. Gen. D. Lep., t. 79, f. 2 (1852). 226, Lhopalocampta iphis. Pap. iphis, Dru., Ill, Exot. Ins. ii, t. 15, f. 3, 4 (1773). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1908.—PART Il. (JUNE) 14 206 Account of a Collection of Rhopalocera. The following is a list of the species not obtained by Mr. Braham, but which are recorded in the two previously- mentioned papers :— Monotrichtis desolata, Butl. “pthima itonia, Hew. Acrea cecilia, Fabr. Atella columbina, Cram. Precis cebrene, Trim. Euryphene phranza, Hew. Charaxes achemenes, Feld. Lachnocnema bibulus, Fabr. Zeritis neriene, Boisd. Deudoriz nomenia, Hew. Lycenesthes princeps, Butl.* Cupido hippocrates, Fabr. » lysimon, Hiibn. Terias brigitta, Cram. Eronia argia, Fabr. Celenorrhinus galenus, Fabr. Parnara borbonica, Boisd. * It is probable that this species was not correctly identified, the type being from Abyssinia. EXPLANATION OF PuaTteE VIII. Fig. 1. Euphedra nigrocilia, sp. nov. 2. Telipna actinotina, sp. nov. 3. Pentila radiata, sp. nov. 4. » multipunctata, sp. nov. 5. Pseuderesia gordon, Druce. 6. Liptena submacula, sp. nov. 7. Deudorix caliginosa, sp. nov. 8. Myrina subornata, sp. nov. 9. Jolaus adamst, sp. nov. 10. Aphneus brahami, sp. nov. 11. Oxypalpus fulvus, sp. nov. 12. Baoris ogrugana, sp. Nov. XII. Hymenoptera aculeata, collected by the Rev. ALFRED EK. Earon, M.A., in Madeira and Tenerife, in the spring of 1902, including notes on species taken by the late T. VERNON WoLLASTON and F. A. BELLAMY. By Epwarp Saunpers, F.RS., F.L.S., ete. [Read March 18th, 1903.] In the little collection enumerated below, made by Mr. Eaton in the above islands, there are several species of interest. I have described four which appear to be new, and besides these two or three will probably prove so when more material comes to hand. A curious variety of Bombus terrestris, L., is worthy of special notice, it is quite black with the exception of the apex of the abdomen which is snowy white. Mr. Eaton captured three males and two workers, and remarks that the species is common in Tenerife, and as he sent no ordinarily-coloured specimens, I presume that this is the usual form in the island. Brullé does not mention ¢errestris as a Canary Island species, soroensis being the only representative of the genus which he records, and I cannot help having a suspicion that he has mistaken this black var. of terrestris for the similarly coloured form of soroensis which is well known on the Continent. So little is known of the Hymenoptera of these islands that I thought the present communication might be acceptable to the Society. Since this paper was read, I have had placed in my hands by Prof. Poulton two collections from the Hope Department of the University of Oxford—one from Madeira made in 1847 and following years by the late T. V. Wollaston, and one made last year at Tenerife by Mr. F. A. Bellamy ; as these contain several species not in- cluded in my paper, I have, at Prof. Poulton’s suggestion, incorporated them. Wollaston’s collection was purchased in 1861 by the Rev. F. W. Hope, and presented to the Oxford University Museum. The specimens are of course old and more or less faded, the smaller ones are often gummed on cards, which TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1903.—PART II. (JUNE) 208 Mr. Edward Saunders on Hymenoptera aculeata renders determination doubtful, and as it would be dan- gerous to remove specimens of this age I have not at- tempted to found any new species on them. At the same time there is a bronzy Halictus which I think will prove to be new, and also a 2 Prosopis entirely black with. the exception of the yellow facial spots; it is larger than the species described here and stands in the collection with a label under it in F. Smith’s handwriting—n. sp.? allied to signata. It is represented by a single specimen only and is not referable to any species I know. In spite of the poor condition of Wollaston’s specimens it is important to record, as far as possible, the forms which existed over half a century ago in an island so liable to accidental immigration as Madeira. Professor Forel has kindly examined the ants of the collection and verified those already determined by Mr. F. Smith. I am indebted also to Mons. J. Vachal, who has recently examined Brullé’s Canary Island types in the Paris Museum, for confirming, and in some cases correcting my identifications of the Halicti. In Mr. Bellamy’s collection is a fine series of the dark form of terrestris mentioned above, including six females, all coloured exactly like those met with by Mr. Eaton. As all the specimens of both collections came from Tenerife, it would be interesting to ascertain if the species has the same coloration in the neighbouring islands. In the following list Mr. Bellamy’s captures are indicated by his name, the late T, V. Wollaston’s by his initials, while all specimens not specially indicated were taken by Mr, Eaton. CAMPONOTUS RUFOGLAUCUS, Jerd., r. micans, Ny]. 3 7. Orotava, Tenerife. F, A. Bellamy, 31. iii. COs ven: LASIUS NIGER, L. 229. Many of each. Madeira. T. V. W. TAPINOMA ERRATICUM, Ltr. $28. Several of each. Madeira. T. V. W. PLAGIOLEPIS PYGMHA, Ltr. 2%. Numerous. Madeira. T. V. W. collected in Madeira and Tenerife 209 PONERA CONTRACTA, Ltr. On? O08 /Madeiras i We TETRAMORIUM SIMILLIMUM, Nyl. $2. Madeira, T. V. W. LEPTOTHORAX UNIFASCIATA, Ltr. S4, Madeira. T. V. W. MoNoMORIUM SALOMONIS, r. subopacum, Smith. 2%. Numerous. Madeira, T. V. W. MoNOMORIUM CARBONARIUM, Smith. 22045 52 Madeira, 1. V.. W. PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA, Fab. 98. Several. Madeira. T. V. W. TACHYSPHEX SIMONYI, Kohl. 221 2. Orotava, Tenerife; on the sea-shore, 20 and) 2111, 02, MISCOPHUS EATONI, n. sp. Niger nitidus subeneo-micans, facie punctatissima, mandibulis testaceis, apicibus piceis ; alis hyalinis, margine apicali late infus- cata, propodeo transverse rugoso, medio canaliculato, lateribus oblique striatis, abdomine nigro, punctato et microscopice ruguloso, segmentorum apicibus subpiceis, pedibus nigris. ? Black, shining, head and thorax in certain lights with a very slight bronzy tinge, face very slightly convex, so closely punctured as to be almost dull, a very fine smooth line extends from between the antennew to about halfway between their insertion and the anterior ocellus. Clypeus more shining than the rest of the face, slightly raised down the centre, its anterior margin reflexed and rounded in the centre. Mandibles testaceous darker at the base and apex. 3rd joint of the antennee slightly longer than the following ones, vertex shining, less closely punctured than the face; ocelli equidistant from each other, cheeks posteriorly with a few short glittering pale golden hairs, thorax shining and punctured like the vertex of the head, wings hyaline, with a well-defined darker apical band, not quite extending to the cell nerves, area of the petiolated cell of much less extent than that of the radial, mesopleure distinctly punctured, legs entirely black, propodeum shining transversely and somewhat diagonally rugose, with a well-defined central sulcature, its sides 210 Mr. Edward Saunders on Hymenoptera aculeata diagonally strigose, and clothed with very short inconspicuous pale golden hairs, abdomen black, finely punctured and microscopically rugose between the punctures, posterior margins of the segments slightly piceous, and with a very insignificant fringe of white hairs at the sides, beneath finely and closely punctured, the posterior margins with a few long exserted hairs, Long. 5 mm. Of this very distinct species, one specimen was taken at Orotava, Tenerife, on waste ground near the road beyond the Cemetery gate—21. in. 02. AMMOPHILA (Psammophila) TYDEI, Guill. @ 1. Laguna. Hill-side east of the city, about 2000 feet altitude, 15. 11. 02. Orotava. “ Common, provisions its nest with the larva of a Noctuid moth.” AMMOPHILA (Psammophila) HIRSUTA, Scop. ¢222. T. V. W. These were named by F. Smith, “ Madere, Dhb.,” but are I think referable to the var. of hirsuta, which has pale hairs on the propodeum; I have taken similar speci- mens in Jersey and at St, Briac in Brittany. SCELIPHRON TUBIFEX, Latr. g 12 3. Madeira. T. V. W. All these have the pedicel cf the abdomen black. OXYBELUS TEGULARIS, sp. n. Niger, abdomine flavomaculato, propodei mucrone apice dilatato emarginato, tegulis nervisque basalibus alarum lete testaceis, pedibus nigris, testaceo flavoque variegatis. This species resembles /atvo, Dahlb., in the widened emarginate propodeal spine, but differs widely from it in other characters and is specially recognizable by the bright testaceous tegule. Black, without any bronzy tinge, head and thorax densely, rugosely and closely punctured, mandibles red in the centre, flagellum of the antennz red towards the apex, clypeus tridentate at the apex in both sexes, with a strong central keel in the ¢ which projects beyond the anterior margin on to the central tooth, and a short angular keel in the 2 abbreviated before it reaches the anterior margin, which is smooth and shining ; face clothed with glittering collected in Madeira and Tenerife. 211 silvery hairs, vertex rather densely with short greyish-white ones, those on the cheeks behind the eyes short and silvery.* Mesonotum clothed with short greyish hairs with a narrow central keel posteriorly, extending on to the scutellum, tegule and bases of wing-nerves bright testaceous, rest of neuration brown—postscutellum longitudi- nally strigose, lamellee pale ; legs black, anterior tibize and tarsi except the former posteriorly, in both sexes, and all the tarsi in the dé, testaceous, bases of the intermediate and posterior tibiz flavous, the pale colour more extensive in the @; calcaria pale, intermediate and posterior tarsi black in the ? , posterior metatarsi piceous in the ¢, propodeal spine short, widened and emarginate at the apex, central area shining, more or less diagonally rugose on each side, lateral areas dull, with irregular transverse rugosities, sides shining, trans- versely strigose ; abdomen more shining in the ? than in the 4, strongly punctured, clothed with grey adpressed pubescence, especi- ally in the ¢, puncturation of the basal segment slightly larger and less close than on the following, ¢ with a narrow trans- verse yellow spot on each side of the apical margin of the first 5 segments, these become longer and more band-like as the segments approach the apex, in the @ the spots are paler and only occur on the first 2 or 3 segments; in the @ the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th segments have a short testaceous spine-like tooth at the posterior angle, Long. 5—7 mm. Orotava, Tenerife, several $ and §, 20. iu. 02. VESPA GERMANICA, Fab. 5. Monte Funchal, Madeira, above the Church, at about 2000 feet altitude, visiting Scrophu- laria, two or three examples at the same individual plant, 4. 111. 02. & 1. Funchal, altitude 3000 feet (EK. 8S. Goodrich, in Hope Collection), 3.1. 01. oP2) 6/2. Mademas >: TV. W. % 6. Orotava, Tenerife, March and April 1902. F. A. Bellamy. The black on the abdomen of some of Mr. Bellamy’s specimens is very extensive, quite as much so as in dark examples of Vespa vulgaris. PoLISTES GALLICUS, L. 23. Madeira, .-V. W, 212 Mr. Edward Saunders on Hymenoptera aculeata ODYNERUS CRUENTATUS, Brullé. ef and ®. Orotava, Tenerife, westward of the port. ODYNERUS H&MATODES, Brulleé. : ? 1. La Laguna, Tenerife. Hillside to left of main road to Tejina along a terrace of volcanic rock. Altitude about 2200 feet, 15. in. 02. ® 1. Sauzal. Altitude about 900 feet, 4. iv. 02. ¢ 1 22; Madeira, “Va; PROSOPIS, sp. ? Madeira. T. V. W. Carded and marked in collection as n. sp. allied to signata. PROSOPIS ATRA, 0. Sp. Omnino nigra, facie maris flava, antennarum utroque sexu flagello subtus testaceo exceptis, genis brevissimis, abdominis seg- mento basali remote punctato, ruguloso, in femina microscopice, apice linea laterali pilorum albidorum ornato. Entirely black in the 9 ; ¢ with the face and a spot on the anterior side of the front tibize yellow, flagellum of the antenni in both sexes more or less testaceous beneath, wings hyaline, the nervures brownish-black. ¢ Head and thorax and first joint of the antennz clothed with long pale hairs, face yellow, of the same colour as in communis, the colour not or rarely extending above the insertion of the antenne, elypeus black at the apex, mandibles black, antennee with the first joint curved but scarcely dilated, cheeks linear, vertex strongly and closely punctured, thorax strongly punctured, but less closely than the head, the intervals microscopically rugose, propodeal area reticulate, abdomen somewhat dull, rugulose, punctured, punctura- tion of the first segment fine and remote, that of the others, closer and less definite, apex of the lst segment with a very ill-defined fringe of white hairs at the sides, and 8th ventral segment formed much as in pictipes, Nyl., but the apical wings of the 7th are narrower and longer, and are twisted downwards at an angle of about 60 degrees from the horizontal basal plates, and are in this respect quite unlike those of any species I know—armature with the stipites more or less pointed, with very long apical hairs. Sagittz wide, paler, and slightly longer than the stipites, each gradually narrowing to a rather blunt apex. ? punctured and sculptured much as the ¢, but the abdomen more collected in Madeira and Tenerife. 213 shining, with quite microscopic rugulosities on the basal segment as in genalis, face short, cheeks linear, orbital furrows much produced posteriorly, slightly curved at their termination near the base of the posterior ocelli, propodeal area smoother than in the 4, the reticu- lations almost obsolete except at the base, basal segment of abdomen with a distinct very narrow line of snowy-white pubescence ; calcaria pale. Long. 5 mm. Orotava, visiting Prankenia, f 3, 21. i. 02. Laguna, Tenerife, 2 1. 2 or 3 kilom from the city upon the ridge to the left of the Tejina road. Altitude 2100— 2500 feet. Sauzal, #1. Altitude about 900 feet. HALICTUS, sp. ? gf and 9. Madeira. T. V. W. This pair is named quadristrigatus in the collection, but neither @ nor 2 is I think referable to that species, and in this opinion Mons. Vachal agrees; whether they are f and ? of one species is also doubtful; the ¢ has the clypeus entirely black; the 2 is in such bad condition that it is impossible to be sure of its identity, and I hesitate to describe a new species on a single @. HALICTUS, sp. ? 2 3. Laguna, 15. ii. 02. Closely allied to, if not a variety of H. scabiosx, Rossi, but without knowing the other sex, I am afraid to deter- mine it for certain, as there are already several closely allied forms described in the group whose specific value is very doubtful; Brullé (Webb-Berthelot, Hist. Can. 11, p. 87) records scabiose as occurring in the islands, but remarks that he has only seen one ¢@, which differs from scabiose in having the antenne beneath entirely yellow; this makes me suspect that Brullé’s ¢ and these ?s may belong to a distinct Canary Island species. HALICTUS, sp. (?). Q Madeira. T. V. W. In Wollaston’s collection there is a single 2 under the name zebrus, Walck., but it is in such a condition as to render identification practically impossible. 214 Mr. Edward Saunders on Hymenoptera aculeata HALICTUS VILLOSULUS, Kirb. 9 1. Monte Funchal (Madeira). Sheltering on a flower of Vinca Major, 27. ii. 02. 92. Monte Funchal (Madeira). Sheltering on Crepis and Taraxacum officinale, 4, 11. 02. 2 4, Laguna (Tenerife), 15. ii. 02. 9 2. Madeira, T. V. W. These females do not quite agree in all points with British examples of the above species, but I see no dis- tinctive character to rely upon, so without seeing the ¢ I think it is wiser to treat them as belonging to it. Mons. Vachal, to whom I submitted a specimen, returned it to me as villosulus ? HALICTUS ALCEDO, Vachal. g@ 1. Laguna, Tenerife. — Hillside, east of the city, about 2000 feet altitude. HALICTUS LETUS, Brullé. 2 1. Orotava, Tenerife, at la Cabezas, 24. 11. 02. HALICTUS, n. sp. 2 1. Monte Funchal, Madeira, on Sonchus oleraceus, 1500 feet altitude, 27. ii. 02. Allied to Moric, F., but more strongly punctured. In the Wollaston collection there are two ¢ and two @ of I believe the same species, but they are on cards and therefore no satisfactory description can be made from them; the males are peculiar in having very large heads and unusually ovate bodies. HALICTUS ViIRIDIS, Brullé. 9 4. Orotava, Tenerife, on Oxzalis by the sea-shore, 20 and 25sin. 02: ® 2. Laguna, Tenerife, 25. ii, 21-7. iv. 02. F. A. Bellamy. I am indebted to Mons. Vachal for the determination of this species, as I had described it asnew. I was misled by Brullé’s remark : “ Elle est revetue d’un duvet blanchatre non seulement sur tout le corp mais aussi sur les pattes ”— in the specimens I have seen this rubbed off, but traces of it are left on portions of the abdomen; also he gives the collected in Madeira and Tenerife. 215 size as that of swbawrata, Rossi, whereas it is almost as large as cylindricus, F., but as Mons. Vachal saw Brullé’s types in Paris recently there can be no doubt that his identification is correct. HALICTUS ARCTIFRONS, n. sp. Niger, abdominis segmento basali apice, segmentis 2, 3 et basi segmenti 4, testaceis, calcaribus pallidis, 3-spinosis, abdomine crebre punctato. ? closely allied to H. angustifrons, Vachal (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1892, p. xxii), to which at first I was inclined to refer it, but on communicating a specimen to the author he very kindly points out that it differs from his species in being stouter and having the posterior calcaria tridentate whereas in angustifrons they are 4-5 pectinate, and also in having the 2nd transverse cubital nervure united with the Ist recurrent, whereas in angustifrons the 1st recur- rent is received into the 2nd cubital cell at about a quarter of the length of the cell from its apex. In colour it seems to agree well with angustifrons, the head and thorax are black and the abdomen black at the base and apex and testaceous red, from the middle of the basal segment to the middle of the 4th. The eyes converge rather rapidly so as to give the face rather an elongate triangular aspect, the head and thorax are closely punctured and clothed with whitish hairs, and there is a line of dense white pubescence in the anterior depression of the pronotum and also in the depression bordering the mesonotum, postscutellum also densely clothed with whitish pubescence, propodeum with its basal area shallow and semi-circularly bounded, finely clathrate at the base, shining at the apex on the brow ; abdomen closely punctured, the puncturation of the basal segment slightly less close than that of the 2nd, legs black clothed with whitish hairs, apex of posterior metatarsi with a tuft of golden bristly hairs. Long, 5 mm, Orotava by the sea-shore, visiting Frankenia, 20 and 23. ili. 02. ANDRENA BIMACULATA, Kirby ? var. g and ¢. Madeira. T.V.W. In too bad condi- tion to determine for certain. ANDRENA BIPARTITA, Brullé. 9 2. Orotava, Tenerife, 21. iii. 02. 216 Mr. Edward Saunders on Hymenoptera aculeata ANDRENA MINUTULA, Kirb. ft 2. Monte Funchal, Madeira, 6.11.02. At about 1100 feet altitude. g 122. Madeira, IV. W- These are I believe referable to minutula, but belong to the form which has the mesonotum rugulose and with very distant, shallow punctures. We have similarly sculp- tured specimens in England, but those I possess belong to the second brood, whereas the males of this collection have the long-haired face of the first brood. OSMIA LATREILLEI, Spin. f2 91. Laguna, Tenerife, 15—17. iii, 02. At altitudes of 2000—2200 feet. $424. Madeira. T. V. W. OsMIA SUBMICANS, Mor. g 2. Laguna, Tenerife, 16. 11. 02. “ Hill north of the city, at about 2150 feet altitude and under.” MEGACHILE APICALIS, Spin. g¢ 2. Orotava, Tenerife, 21. iii. 02. MEGACHILE, sp. ? ¢ 1, Madeira. T. V. W. In bad condition, but apparently closely allied to versi- color, Smith, with similar pale apical joints to the tarsi. PODALIRIUS QUADRIFASCIATUS, Villers. a6 9 3. Madeira, To V. W. Of the usual Madeiran type with fulvous bands = var. Maderx, Sichel. PODALIRIUS CANARIENSIS, N. Sp. Niger clypeo maris triangulariter albosignato, facie albido-hirta in lateribus pilis nigris intermixtis. Thorace albido-hirta fascia interalari nigré abdominis segmento primo albido-hirta, reliquis nigrohirtis fasciis interruptis apicalibus ornatis. ¢ metatarsis intermediis ciliis nigris postice dense vestitis. Although so like atroalba, Lep., as to be scarcely dis- tinguishable in the §, the f is abundantly distinct in collected in Madeira and Tenerife. 217 coloration and especially in the disposition of the black hairs on the intermediate metatarsi; these are arranged much as in balearicus, Freise, all being on the posterior side of the joint. ¢ and @ very similar in coloration; black, the ¢ having a triangular spot on the clypeus, sometimes a more or less extensive spot on the labrum and a line on the front of the scape yellowish- white ; in both sexes the hairs of the face are white intermixed with black. The face in the ? is very broad, and the cheeks between the eyes and mandibles very short, labrum clothed with silvery hairs. The thorax is clothed with grey and black hairs intermixed above, with nearly black hairs on the sides beneath the wings and with paler hairs round the propodeum, abdomen clothed with greyish-white hairs on the basal segment, with black hairs on the others, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments with a band of snowy-white rather long hairs at the apex, slightly narrowed at the sides and broken in the centre, legs clothed with black hairs, the intermediate and posterior tibiz in both the ¢ and 9 with bright silvery hairs exteriorly and the metatarsi of the same legs in the ¢ with silvery hairs at the apex, intermediate metatarsi with a dense fan of black hairs on its posterior side, in the 2 the silvery hairs of the scopz have a some- what golden tinge. Long. 12-13 mm. La Laguna, Tenerife. Hill-side on left-hand side of main road to Tejuna, nesting in cavities of volcanic rock, altitude about 2200 feet, males only. The 2 which I associate with this ¢ is from the collec- tion of Mr. Morice taken in Tenerife, it very closely resembles that sex of atroalba, but the face is wider, its hairs are mixed with black, whereas in atroalba they are all white. The hairs of the labrum are silvery and not dull grey, and the bands of the abdomen are of much longer hairs. BompBus HorroRuUM, Linn. 2 1. Monte Funchal, Madeira, 17. 11. 02. “In garden of Belmonte Hotel, visiting Azalea: nest subterranean, common between 1450—1700 feet.” Differs only from the ordinary type in having the hairs of the apical segments of a brownish tinge, and the hairs of the scope more or less reddish. fg 223. Madeira. T.V.W. Similar to the above in coloration. 218 Mr. Edward Saunders on Hymenoptera aculeata. BoMBUS TERRESTRIS, Linn. f 3 92. Laguna, Tenerife, 14—16.ii1. 02. Allti- tude 1900—2200 feet. “A common species.” Numerous #9 and 9 various localities in Tenerife. F. A. Bellamy. March and April 1902. All the specimens are entirely black, with only the apex of the abdomen white. A very unusual variety of this species ; the ¢ armature, however, is like that of normal specimens. ( 219 ) XIII. Descriptions of Twelve New Genera and Species of Ichneumonidz (Heresiarchini and Amblypygi) and three species of Ampulex from the Khasia Hills, India. By PETER CAMERON, communicated by GEORGE ALEXANDER JAMES ROTHNEY, F.ES. [Read May 6th, 1903.] spate Caspipina, gen. nov. Mandibles curved, sickle-shaped, unidentate. Apex of clypeus transverse ; not separated from the face ; the fovex distinct. Occi- put sharply margined. Scutellum flat; its sides on the basal half keeled. Median segment completely areolated ; the areola, if any- thing, broader than long and open at the base. Areolet 5-angled ; narrowed at the top, the transverse basal nervure interstitial. Legs stout ; the tarsi spinose. Antenne compressed and somewhat dilated beyond the middle. The apex of the median segment has an oblique, straight, not rounded slope. The inner orbits are sharply margined. The recurrent nervure is roundly curved outwardly and bears the stump of a nervure in the middle. Caspipina ferruginea, sp. nov. Ferruginous ; the edge of the pronotum, the lower edge of the propleure, the tubercles, the mesopleurze broadly in the middle at the base and the centre of the metapleure, yellow ; the edges of the mesonotum, the space at the sides of the scutellums, the apex of the median segment—the black projecting upwards along the keels—a band shortly below the middle of the propleure, the base, top, and apex of the mesopleure, and the base and lower-side of the metapleure, black. Legs ferruginous, the fore cox yellowish ; the tarsi thickly covered with short, stiff hair ; the incision on the base of the fore tarsi wide and deep. The basal sixteen joints of the antenne ferruginous, the rest black. Wings fusco-hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. 9°. Length, 13 mm. Hab. Kuasta Hints. Coll. Rothney. Head shining, the face and clypeus closely, but not strongly, punctured and sparsely covered with short pale pubescence ; the TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART Il. (JUNE) 220 Mr. P. Cameron on Twelve New Genera and front and vertex closely punctured, the inner and outer orbits obscure yellow. Mandibles with a yellowish tinge at the base, the apex black. Mesonotum closely and finely punctured, as are also the scutellums. Median segment closely, rugosely punctured, the punctures running into striae on the apex and on the spiracular aree. Propleure shagreened, the meso- and metapleure closely punctured. Prosternum stoutly keeled in the middle ; its apex and the base of the meso- black. The base of the Ist abdominal segment and of the 2nd, black; the 4th and the following segments more or less black ; the post-petiole is raised in the middle and separated from the sides ; its middle slightly depressed, closely punctured and finely longitudinally striated, except at the apex ; the gastroceli are stoutly striated. ENCHISIADES, gen. nov. Mandibles curved, ending in one tooth; the apex gradually narrowed, rounded. Face flat. Labrum projecting. Clypeus not separated from the face, its apex transverse. Scutellum roundly convex, not much raised, its sides distinctly keeled. Post-scutellum bifoveate at the base ; its sides not keeled. Median segment with a gradually rounded slope, completely areolated, its areola longer than broad, rounded behind, its apex bulging backwards, and with the keel thin. Areolet 5-angled, narrowed above, the nervures almost touching there. Post-petiole broadly dilated, distinctly separated from the petiole. Legs stout; the tarsi long, spinose. Antenne long, slender, slightly but distinctly, dilated towards the apex. The hinder coxe are larger than usual ; the head is only slightly developed behind the eyes ; the occiput is broadly rounded inwardly ; its lower edge narrowly, but distinctly, keeled. ENCHISIADES RUFIPES, sp. nov. Black ; the face, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, orbits, the edge of the pronotum narrowly, the line not extending to the apex, the lower edge of the propleure slightly more broadly, the scutellar keels, the sides of the scutellum, post-scutellum, the lateral region of the apical slope of the metanotum, the tubercles, a line on the inner- side of the mesopleure, commencing above the middle at the base, where it is narrowed along the basal half and more broadly on the lower half, where it is obliquely turned upwards ; two marks under the hind-wings anda small mark above the middle of the hinder coxe, lemon-yellow. Legs rufous ; the four front coxe and trochanters and the four apical joints of the hinder tarsi yellowish- white, the hinder coxie black ; the apex and an oblique line on the Species of Ichneumonide from India. 221 middle above, lemon-yellow ; the apex of the hinder femora, the base of the hinder tibie, their apical third and the metatarsus, black ; the tarsi thickly spinose. Abdomen black ; an oblique mark on either side of the post-scutellum, a large mark, broader than long, on the sides of the 2nd, 8rd, and 4th segments with their apices narrowly in the middle, lemon-yellow. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. @. Length, 11-12 mm. Hab, Kuasta Hitis. Coll. Rothney. Antenne black, the 10th to 17th joints beneath white ; the scape minutely punctured and covered with black down. Face and clypeus closely and uniformly punctured, the vertex closely and minutely punctured, in the centre below closely transversely striated ; the front smooth and shining. In the centre of the face is a large bell-shaped black mark, its lower edges uniting with the clypeal fove. Mandibles yellow, black at the apex ; the palpi pallid yellow. Mesonotum opaque, granular, more distinctly punctured along the sides and covered with a pale down. Scutellum with the basal half indistinctly, the apical closely and distinctly punctured ; it is thickly covered with pale hair; the basal keels are stout and extend to shortly beyond the middle. Basal half of post-seutellum punc- tured ; the two foveze large and deep; the depression at its sides has five stout longitudinal keels. Metonotum closely and distinctly punctured ; beyond the basal arew more or less transversely striated. Pleure closely punctured ; the pro- at the base closely and finely striated. Darachosia, sp. nov. Mandibles with a long, curved apical tooth and a short blunt one in the middle. Antenne as long as the body, dilated and compressed before the apex. Labrum projecting. Scutellum flat, its sides keeled. Median segment completely areolated, its spiracles linear ; the areola twice longer than broad, rounded behind, its apex indented by the posterior median area. Legs long, the tarsi longer than usual ; the anterior and hinder twice the length of their tibiz. Areolet 5-angled, narrowed above. Abdomen with eight doreal segments; the apex moderately blunt; the last segment short, about one-half the length of the penultimate ; the ventral keel is distinct on the 3rd and 4th, indistinct on the 5th segment ; the petiole is long and slender; the sheaths of the ovipositor project largely. The occiput is transverse ; the eyes large, sharply margined on the inner-side ; the pronotum at the base is broadly raised ; the petiole is long and slender ; it is not abruptly dilated at the apex. TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1903.—PART I. (JUNE) 15 922 Mr. P. Cameron on Twelve New Genera and A. distinct genus easily known by the form of the mandibles, by the long antennz dilated before the apex, and by the very long spined tarsi. This genus, as also do Hvirchoma, Sycaonia, and Legnatia, as regards the mandibles, forms a transition between the Amblypygi aud the Heresiarchini, there being a short sub- apical tooth, which is indistinct and more widely separated than it is with the former group, while in the latter the mandibles become gradually narrowed. Darachosia fulvipes, sp. nov. Black ; the face, except for two short black lines in the middle, the clypeus, the eye orbits—the inner on the upper-side narrowly, the outer more broadly—the malar space, a line on the pronotum, two lines on the mesonotum, in the middle, one opposite the tegul, the seutellum, except in the middle—the black central mark narrowed and rounded, its apex transverse—the post-scutellum, the sides of the apical slope of the median segment, the yellow extending laterally on to the spiracular area and at the apex on to the pleure ; the base of the pronotum, a line below the middle of the propleure, the meso- pleurz from shortly below the middle, the tubercles and the apex of the mesopleure narrowly, pale yellow. Legs fulvous, the four front coxe and trochanters pallid yellow; the femora lined with black above, the front tarsi infuscated ; the hinder cox black; the apex and the middle broadly above on the apical half, pale yellow ; the trochanters, more than the apical third of the femora, and the apex of the tibia, black ; the hinder tarsi pale yellowish. Abdomen black ; the apices of all the segments lined with yellow, the apical three segments more narrowly than the others. Wings hyaline, their base with a slight fulvous tinge ; the stigma testaceous, the apical nervures of a darker testaceous colour, the basal black; the areolet much narrowed above, the nervures almost touching there. 9. Length, 15 mm, Hab. KHASIA Hitis. Coll. Rothney. Antenne as long as the body, the scape below and joints 11-17 white ; the thickened joints brownish beneath; the scape closely punctured and thickly covered with short white hair. Face closely punctured ; it and the clypeus are covered with white pubescence. The lower part of the front is smooth and shining, the upper transversely striated, punctured laterally. Mesonotum closely and uniformly punctured ; the scutellum is closely and more strongly punctured ; its keels yellow. Median segment, except at the base in Specves of Ichneumonide from India. 223 the middle, closely punctured ; the areola closely punctured on the apical half; the basal smooth and shining and furrowed laterally. Pleure closely punctured; the pro- striated behind; the meta- more closely and strongly than the meso-. Mesosternum closely punctured ; its basal slope stoutly transversely striated in the middle and bearing two transverse yellow marks; on the apex, near the middle coxe, are two small oblique marks. The petiole closely and somewhat strongly punctured ; its sides, on the apical half, striated ; the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments closely and uniformly punctured ; the gastroceeli smooth, striated round the edges; the space between them closely, longitudinally striated. Hvirchoma, gen. nov. Mandibles curved, with one longish apical and a short subapical tooth, not separated behind. Apex of clypeus broad, transverse, above separated from the face by a wide suture, which is deep on the sides, shallow and wider on the top. Labrum projecting. Occiput margined, Scutellum margined laterally at the base, large, convex, gradually rounded at the base and apex. Median segment completely areolated ; the areola longer than broad, rounded at the base, of almost equal width throughout ; the spiracles linear, curved. t) ” ” . Pupa lateral view » ventral ,, ODAAAS ww PLATE xo Fia. 1. Newly-hatched larva squeezed flat, showing hatching spines and air bubble in gullet, ete. . Another specimen, air bubble pressed out, now entangled with legs. i) XVI. The Butterflies of Chile. By Henry JOHN ELwEs, F.R.S., F.L.S., ete. [Read June 4th, 1902.] Puates XII, XIII, XIV, anp XV. Our present knowledge of the butterflies of Chile consists almost entirely of bare descriptions published by authors who had little knowledge of the country or of the climatic conditions which have tended to make the fauna of this country so interesting and peculiar. Guérin in the ‘ Voyage de la Coquille,’ published in 1832, was the first entomologist who seems to have received any butterflies from Chile, except a few of the very common- est, which Molina, Drury, and Hiibner had already described. Blanchard in Gay’s ‘Fauna Chilena, published in 1852, has described and figured more of the commoner ones. Philippi has described others in ‘ Linnzea Entomologica’ in 1860, but though an excellent botanist he has paid little attention to the Lepidoptera of his adopted country. feed, an English naturalist long resident in Chile, published in 1877 a small work in Spanish, ‘ Mariposas Chilenas,’ with indifferent figures and descriptions of several of the rarer ones, but gives little information as to - their habits and distribution. Wallengren in the ‘Wiener Ent. Monatschrift,’ and ‘Eugenie’s Resa,’ and Felder in the ‘Reise der Novara,’ add a few more to the list, but the first serious attempt at a Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Chile was that by Butler in this Society’s Transactions for 1881. This paper was based on a collection made in Chile by Mr. Thomas Edmonds, and describes a good many new or sup- posed new species, giving a full synonymy of those already described, with some useful but rather fragmentary notes by Mr. Edmonds on the localities in which they were found. A translation of this paper into Spanish, with a list of the Microlepidoptera of Chile described by Ragonot and Zeller, was published by Mr. Bartlett Calvert, a member TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART Il. (OCT.) 264 Mr. H. J. Elwes on of our Society, in the ‘ Anales de la Universidad de Chile’ in 1895. None of these writers, however, have told us much of the nature of the country which produces these insects, or described the very peculiar geographical and physical con- ditions which have influenced their variation and distribu- tion, and no one has realized the great amount of variation which is found in many of the species. Therefore in attempting to give a better idea of the Butterflies of Chile, I have had to rely mainly on my own observations. I left England in November 1901, and arrived at Buenos Ayres on December 2nd. Here I endeavoured to find a companion who knew the language, and who had travelled in the Southern Andes, which until quite recently have been unvisited and undescribed by natural- ists. I arranged with Mr. Arneberg, a Swedish engineer, naturalized in Argentina, to accompany and assist me, but when I reached “Santiago de Chile, I found that the strained political relations between Chile and Argentina, which very nearly led to war, and which delayed my start for over a mouth, made it undesirable to carry out this plan, and I eventually secured the companionship and assistance of Mr. Bartlett Calvert of Quillota, who speaks Spanish like a native, and who is a well-known ento- mologist and an accomplished photographer. I arrived at Puente del Inca, to which point the Trans- andine railway is now open, on December 10th, and stayed twonights in the excellent hotel which belongs toDr. Cotton, and which stands close to the celebrated Natural Bridge and warm baths, at an elevation of over 9000 feet. Here I was able to gain some idea of the flora and butterflies of the high Andes, though the weather was extremely dry, and the high wind from the west, which is a daily feature of this locality after nine a.m., makes collecting difficult. I found at the entrance to the valley called Horcones, and round the Laguna de Horcones, a few very interesting species, including Scolitantides andina, a Colias which I thought at the time was near cuxanthe, Feld., Argynnis lathonioides, and Phulia nymphula, all of which are peculiar to the high Andes of Chile and Bolivia. I was unfortunate enough to lose the bag which con- tained most of these specimens when star ting in the dark 5 the next morning to cross the pass into Chile, but I saw The Butterflies of Chile. 265 enough to convince me that the envirous of Puente del Inca are well worth a week’s stay in January by a passing entomologist, and that a few of the species described by Staudinger, in Iris Vol. vii, from the Bolivian Andes would probably be found here. The pass between Puente del Inca and Chile is over 12,000 feet, but very easy to cross on mule-back except for three or four months in winter, and the vegetation of the Chilean side from 10,000 down to about 6000 feet is much richer than that of the eastern valleys. Juncal, where there is a comfortable inn kept by a Frenchman, would also be a desirable halting-place for any one who wished to collect on the western side of the pass. I was obliged, however, to hurry on, and could do little in the way of collecting on this occasion. When I returned at the end of February the season was far advanced, and I was again unable to stop as I had to catch the steamer at Buenos Ayres. From Juncal a good carriage road leads down to Salto de Soldado, whence there is a railway connecting at Los Andes with the Chilean state railway to Valparaiso and Santiago, making it possible to go in one day as I did from Puente del Inca to Santiago. In this beautiful city I met with the greatest hospitality and civility from many men of science and distinction, among whom I should especially mention Prof. Federigo Philippi, the director of the Museum, a most distin- euished botanist, whose father, the describer of so many Chilean plants, still enjoys life at the age of ninety : Dr. Barros the Rector of the University, who was kind enough to give me an introduction to a family from whom I afterwards received the greatest possible kindness and help ; and Sefior Dr. Vicente Isquierdo, who has the most complete collection of Lepidoptera in Chile, and who has been good enough to send some of them to the British Museum for identification. The brother of the latter, Sefor Salvador Isquierdo of Santa Ines, has a large and most interesting collection of trees, and is developing the rising fruit-growing industry in Chile in a manner worthy of the best EKuropean horticulturists. Sefiora Ana de Jordan, the hostess of Miss North, was kindness itself, and, ike many of the members of the old Chilean families, gave me a charming idea of the state to which progress and civilization have reached in her delightful and to most Europeans little-known country. Whilst waiting until the question of peace or war should be settled I visited the Baiios de Cauquenes, a well-known 266 Mr. H. J. Elwes on watering-place in a valley three hours south of Santiago by rail, which has been described by Miss North, by Mr. Ball, and by Darwin. Here I stayed four days and collected all the species which were then out, but failed in an attempt to reach the highest part of the valley, where there is said to be good collecting ground at 5000 to 6000 feet. This valley, however, is well known in comparison with the mountains I afterwards visited farther south, and has been visited by Reed and others. The country around was dried up, hot and windy, and the variety of insects not great, though I got one species which seems to be undescribed. I then went by rail to Concepcion on the coast, three hundred miles south of Santiago, and visited the beautiful park and gardens of the late Sefora Cousinho at Lota, where Mr. O'Reilly, the superintendent of the gardens and plantations, was good enough to show me everything he could. I found few butterflies, however, in this neigh- bourhood though there is some very good-looking collect- ing ground near Coronel, and some trees and shrubs characteristic of Southern Chile, which do not occur much farther north, are found on this part of the coast. On December 21st I left Concepcion by train, and got to Chillan by 11 o'clock. From here there is a carriage road to the celebrated Baths of Chillan situated in a wooded valley of the Andes about sixty miles distant. Starting in the afternoon ina carriage, I reached the second stage of the j journey at dark, and slept in a fair roadside inn. From here the road to the Baths passes through a country which was once covered with forest, and is still in many parts most beautifully wooded, the last stage from Las Trancas to the Baths being specially fine, through splendid forests of beech, of which three or four different species constitute the principal forest trees in this latitude. At the Baths I found excellent accommodation and a rich flora. This was Mr. Edmonds’ best collecting ground, and during January and February most of the peculiar Chilean forest species may be found in the woods below the Baths, and many of the Alpine species on the bare mountains above them. I spent four days here, and got the greater part of the species found by Edmonds, though I was too early for two or three of the rarest. The snow still lay at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet in shady places near the Baths, and the weather, which had been wet The Butterflies of Chile. 267 previously, was fine and hot, though, as usual in the Andes at this season, very windy in the afternoon. On December 28ta I returned to Santiago to make arrangements for my journey to the south, and as our Minister, Sir B. Cusack Smith, advised me not to take an Argentine subject as my companion, I went to Quillota, where I arranged with Mr. Calvert to meet me as soon as he could get away on January 9th. Quillota has been so well described by Darwin* that I need say nothing of it. There is no good collecting ground within four or five hours’ ride, but I got a few specimens here and at Llai-llai, the junction between the lines to Santiago and Valparaiso. Mr. Paulsen, who lives at Quillota, and Mr. Calvert have both collected here, especially Coleoptera, and the latter showed mea very nice collection mainly of Coleoptera. Leaving Santiago on January 3rd, I slept at San Rosendo, where the line to what is called “la Frontera ” diverges from the line to Concepcion and Lota. Here I had only a morning in which to sample the environs, and next day reached Victoria, a large new town to which most of the live stock raised in the frontier districts of Argen- tina comes over the Lonquimay Pass to market. Most of the country round here has been cleared of forest near the railway, but at Temuco further south, and at Tolten which was then the terminus of the line now being extended to Valdivia, I found the virgin forest which covers the greater part of Chile south of the Biobio river, and soon became convinced that, though the moths might afford a rich harvest to a resident collector, the south of Chile, like the centre, is, away from the mountains, very poor in diurnal Lepidoptera. Returning to Victoria I engaged a German anda Chilean as servants for my Andean journey, and went on by a branch line to Mulchen, whence I drove twenty miles east through a country recently cleared of forest to the hacienda of San Ignacio, the property of Sefiora Bussey, who received me with the greatest hospi- tality,and to whose husband, George Bussey, Esq., I am in- debted forinvaluable assistance in engaging reliable men and mules for my journey. Whilst these were. being brought in I collected in the neighbourhood, but found that though the valley of the Renaico river, near which the hacienda is situated, is mostly virgin forest with the rich evergreen * Darwin’s ‘Journal,’ New Edition, Murray, 1890, pp. 269-286. 268 Mr. H. J. Elwes on vegetation peculiar to Southern Chile, very few butterflies, and those the same as I had previously taken, were to be found. Moths, however, are abundant at light, and a good many were collected. San Ignacio lies some little way from the foot of the Pemehue Mountains, which constitute an outlying group on the west of the Biobio Valley, and the country round the hacienda is now mainly under wheat cultivation. I was here delayed more than a week by a sudden and severe attack of illness, from which I was fortunate enough to be cured by the medical skill of Senora Bussey’s brother, Dr. Puelma, and was nursed with as much care and atten- tion as if I had been at home. I cannot speak too grate- fully of the kindness and hospitality of this charming family, who, like many of the upper-class Chileans, are, though living in a country only recently conquered from the Indians, as civilized and well educated as any people in Europe. I was at last able to make a start on January 22nd, a month later than I had hoped to do, and rode in two days up the valley of the Renaico river through a beautiful country mostly covered with virgin forest, and then over the Sierra de Pemehue to Lolco, a hacienda belonging to Senor Manuel Puelma, another brother of Senora Bussey’s. This is a beautiful place near the Biobio river, and near it I got some of the best insects I found on my journey. No one except Mr. Calvert had ever collected Lepidoptera on this road before, and if I had not been so pressed for time I should have stayed longer. On January 27th we started early from Lolco on a very cold morning, and rode first through grassy valleys which reminded one of Mongolia, and splendid araucaria and beech forests, over a very striking pass about 8000 feet high, to Lonquimay, which is the Chilean outpost and custom-house, on the main road from Victoria to Argentina, and from here in one and a half days up the head-waters of the Biobio we reached the Argentine frontier, which is an open bare ridge about 5000 feet high, and not the least like the northern passes over the Andes, the higher mountains in this latitude being isolated volcanoes; which lie well to the westward of the watershed. Close to the pass is an outpost of Argentine cavalry at Los Arcos, where I was civilly received by the lieutenant in command, and from here we turned more to the southward, and reached The Butterflies of Chile. 269 the beautiful Lake of Aluminé, one of the long line of lakes which are found mostly on the east side of the watershed, and which form the head-waters of many rivers, some of which run to the Pacific and some to the Rio Negro, and which are in the frontier region, of which parts were in dispute. This country has been described by Senor Moreno.* From here my route southwards for three weeks lay through Argentine territory, but I soon realized that there is no well-marked natural boundary between Chile and Argen- tina in this latitude, and that the influence of the rainfall, which rapidly becomes less when the watershed is crossed, is the real factor in determining the boundary between the wet sub-evergreen forest which clothes the western slopes of the mountains, and the dry grassy hills and valleys on the east, which gradually fall away into the great arid pampas of Patagonia that now form part of the ‘Argentine territory of Neuquen. It also became evident that nearly all the mountain and forest species of butterflies which hitherto have been considered peculiar to Chile occur in Argentine territory as well, and that there are few species peculiar to the Pampas in the country which [ passed through. On reaching Lake Quillen im lat. 41° S. I made an attempt to re-cross into Chile by a track which formerly existed through the forest to Villarica, but it had become so much blocked by fallen trees that we could not get through, and after two days in the forest I turned south from Lake Quillen, crossing a pass over a lateral ridge about 6000 feet high to Junin de Los Andes, where an attempt has been made to found a frontier town in a very sparsely inhabited but fine cattle-ranching country. Up till now the weather had been splendid, too hot for comfort in the middle of the day, when high wind from the south usually prevailed, but now we had a spell of bad weather which very much hindered my collecting. At San Martin on Lake Lacar we found a military settlement commanded by Col. Perez, from whom, as well as from the other officers of the 3rd Argentine Cavalry, we had a most hospitable reception. This would be a good collecting station, as, though the elevation is under 3000 feet, there is a heavy snowfall in winter and a rich forest vegetation on the shores of the lake, whilst a range of mountains about 7500 feet high, * Notes préliminaires sur une excursion aux territoires du Neuquen Rio Negro, etc., de Francisco P. Moreno. Musée de la Plata, 1898. 270 Mr. H. J. Elwes on and wooded up to about 6000 feet, which is the approxi- mate timber-line in this latitude, is within a ride of the town. Here I got a good Indian guide, and left on February 8th, intending to reach the great Lake Nahuel- huapi, which is the largest of all the lakes on this part of the frontier. Our route through the mountains was extremely inter- esting and picturesque on account of the extraordinary volcanic rock formations which occur in these valleys, but the heavy rain which came on soon after leaving San Martin swelled the numerous mountain streams to an extent which made some of them difficult and dangerous to ford with loaded mules. From San Martin to Nahuelhuapi I was able to do but little insect collecting, having long marches and_ broken weather, but the few “butterflies which I saw showed that there was not much change in the fauna, and the country began to assume an autumnal appearance. At the point where the great river Limay runs out of Lake Nahuel- huapi, I found a ranch and store kept by a Scotchman named Neil, who is in partnership with Mr. Jones, one of the earliest and principal ranch owners of the district ; here I sold my mules and horses, and had intended to take a boat and follow the river Limay down to its confluence with the Rio Negro, about five days’ journey by river and then by rail to Buenos Ayres. But I heard such good accounts of the pass into Chile which is called the pass of Perez Rosales that I gave up the idea of returning by this route, and went on to a settlement called San Carlos, founded by the German firm of Hube and Achelis, which is on the south shore of Lake Nahuelhuapi. From here there is a regular route to Puerto Montt by small steamers on the lakes of Nahuelhuapi, Todos Santos, and Llanquihue, which are connected by good mule-roads, and where lodgings can be got in new houses built and managed by this enter- prising and obliging firm. Anything more beautiful, interesting, or novel than this route, which can be traversed in about three days, cannot be imagined, and it must some day be the favourite tourist resort of South America. Though very profitable from a botanical pomt of view, I was too much pressed for time to be able to add much to my entomological collections on this part of the trip, and after being delayed a day on Lake Llanquibue, only arrived at Puerto Montt just in time to catch the steamer to Con- The Butterflies of Chile. 201 cepcion, whence I had to hurry back to Santiago, and after packing and drying my botanical collection, part of which had been left at the museum in charge of Dr. Philippi, I re-crossed the Andes by the Mendoza Pass, and reached Buenos Ayres in time tocatch the mail steamer on March Ist. Before giving a list of the butterflies I collected, which include almost all the species hitherto described from Chile, I must say a few words as to the climate of different parts of the country. From a naturalist’s point of view Chile may be divided into three regions. First, Northern Chile, which consists of the long strip of country comprising the provinces of Tacna, Tarapaca, Autofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo, from 18° to 32°S., between the sea and the Andes,about which I know nothing personally. It includes the nitrate districts which are absolutely arid, and most of the best mining districts ; and from a zoologist’s pomt of view is poor, on account of the very slight rainfall and absence‘of vegetation, except in the valleys of the few perennial streams and tracts which are cultivated solely by means of irrigation. It includes a great tract of high mountains 1m the district of Autofagasta and Tarapaca, which are, as far as I can learn, almost if not entirely destitute of trees, and which have therefore afforded no route by which tropical forms could extend from the north, as they might have been expected to do if the country had not been too dry. Secondly, the coast region and valleys of Central Chile from about lat. 32° down to about the latitude of Con- cepcion and the river Biobio. This part of Chile has a climate much like that of Southern Spain, damper on the coast and drier in the great central valley between the coast range and the Andes, and is the most populous and richest part of Chile from an agricultural point of view, being fertilized by the deposit from numerous mountain streams which are made to irrigate large tracts of highly fertile country. Forest is now found in Central Chile only at and above elevations of 3000 to 6000 feet, and in the upper parts of the Andean valleys; and I doubt whether there was ever much true forest in the neighbourhood of Santiago, where the hills are covered with shrubs and thorny bushes, and where rain usually falls only during twenty to thirty days in winter. In the latitude of Chillan heavy forest is found, or rather was found until it was destroyed by fire, along the foot and on TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART Ill. (ocT.) 19 paler Mr. H. J. Elwes on the outer valleys of the Andes, but on the coast there is much brushwood, and in narrow gorges and valleys some timber, though the plains are still very dry. South of the Biobio the climate changes very suddenly, and when Valdivia is reached the rainfall is so great that the country is covered with a forest so dense that one can hardly penetrate it; where ferns grow twelve feet high, and a bamboo-like grass climbs the trees to a height of forty feet.* Inland, however, there is some open savannah and marshy country at the foot of the volcanoes, south of Lake Lianquihue. This region has a tew peculiar Satyridze and Hesperidee, but is extremely poor in diurnal Lepidoptera, though very little collecting has been done except about Valdivia and La Union. Lastly, I take the region south of lat. 42° down to the Straits of Magellan, which is familiar to us from the writings of Dar win, Cunningham, and other naturalists, and which includes a ereat number of forest-clad islands and unexplored mountains, of which our zoological knowledge at present is very limited. Some parts of the coast are fairly well known to naturalists, and the district lying south of Lake Nahuelhuapi and east of the watershed, which has been described by Moreno and more recently by Prichard,+ is beginning to attract colonists, especially at the head-waters of the Chubut river, where there is some good ranching country now occupied by Welsh settlers from the east coast. This region will probably be found to contain many of the species which I found farther north, but the west coast and Straits of Magellan have such a very wet and inclement climate that there can be but few butterflies, and those few nearly allied to or identical with those of Chile and Argentina. The list of butterflies which follows is based on what is by far the most complete collection of Chilean butterflies ever brought together in Europe, comprising my own collection, that of Mr. Edmonds, which was contained in the British Museum, and Mr. Godman’s collection, and the specimens taken by our fellow, Mr. J. J.Walker, R.N., when serving on the coast at Coquimbo, Valparaiso and Concep- f=) cion. I have also been able to examine the types of * See Darwin’s ‘Journal,’ New Edition, Murray, 1890, pp. 318- 322. f+ Prichard, ‘Through the Heart of Patagonia,’ London, 1902. The Butterflies of Chile. 273 several species described by Mabille, Felder, and Reed, and have added some specimens from the late Mr. Crowley’s collection now in the British Museum, where the whole of this material is now placed. There are, no doubt, in the collections of Mr. Paulsen and Dr. Isquierdo many specimens which would have been invaluable in studying the variation of Chilean butterflies, and perhaps some new species, but as they have had no means of identifying their specimens with the types, which are all in Europe, and I was too ignorant of the Chilean species to make notes of them when I saw them, this list must not be taken as more than an attempt to improve the foundation of what is still very fragmentary and incomplete knowledge. What is wanted are resident collectors, especially in the south, who will observe the seasonal and local variations, and bring together much larger series than now exist; by which means alone my conclusions as to specific values can be proved or disproved. It will be seen from this list :— First, that the number of species is extremely small, being, if the diverse conditions of climate are considered, the smallest found in any country in the world of equal length from north to south. Secondly, that the number of butterflies which are not endemic in Chile, if the Argentine as well as the Chilean slopes of the Andes are included, is very small. Thirdly, that the scarcity of Nymphalidze and Lyccenide is extreme; only six species of the former and seven of the latter occurring in this immense tract of country, a smaller number than could be taken in a single day in almost any part of North America, Europe, or the temperate region of Asia. Not a single Lyccenid and only one or two Nymphalid butterflies seem to have been taken south of Valdivia; a case quite unparalleled in other parts of the world. The Chilean butterflies consist almost entirely of Satyridz and Hesperiidee, many of which are confined to the forest region of the centre and south, and there is a marked absence of alpine species ; only 2 Pierids Nymphalids Lyccenid, and or 3 Satyrids re po Ww 274 Mr. H. J. Elwes on can be considered as strictly alpine butterflies, though several of the common species of the valleys and forest are found up to, and even above, timber-line. Many of the forest insects seem to be found only where Chusquea, a bamboo-like grass, is abundant, but some others, such as Argyrophorus argenteus, Cosmosatyrus leptonewroides, and Neomenas simplex, are found on grassy downs and hills, and never enter the forest so far as I observed. . In the arrangement of the Hesperiideze I have availed myself of Watson’s ‘Classification’ of that group (P.Z.8. 1893, pp. 8-132). I have not studied the generic characters, as it seemed to me that this could not profitably be done without undertaking a study of the allied species from other parts of 8. America. SATY RIDA. 1. Hina lefebvrer. Satyrus lefebvrei, Guérin, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 281 (1829). S. montrolvi, Feisthamel, Mag. Zool., Ms., Pl. 20 (1839). Laswmmata montrolu, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 387 (1851). Q Elina montroli, Blanchard, in Gay’s Fauna Chilena, vii, p. 29, Pl. V, fig. 7 (1852). A well-known and very distinct species, the largest of the Chilean Satyrida. I found it common at the Baiios de Cauquenes, where it flies in shady woods and settles on the trunks of trees. It was also common at Temuco and near San Ignacio, but I did not see it in the mountains. The southern form is darker than that found at Valparaiso and Quillota. 2. Hlina vanessordes. Elina vanessoides, Blanchard, t. ¢., p. 28, Pl. V, figs. 5, 6. Also a very distinct species which I did not take myself, but which is common in the neighbourhood of Valdivia. 3. Hlina neomyrioides. (Plate XIV, fig. 5 3.) 2 Satyrus neomyriordes, Blanchard, t.c., p. 33, Pl. IT, figs. 6, 7. I doubt whether this species belongs to the same genus as the last. I took it at San Ignacio in January, and at The Butterflres of Chile. 275 Port Blest on Lake Nahuelhuapi in February. I have figured a male of this species as it appears to be undescribed. 4. Elina calvertiu, n. sp. (Plate XIV, figs. 3 ¢, 4 2.) This species was not uncommon in the forest below the Bafios de Chillan in December, when I took five males and one female in fair condition. I also found a single female in the thick forest on Lake Quillen in Argentina on February 3rd; and there is in the British Museum a female taken by Edmonds below the Baths of Chillan, which Butler has mistaken for the female of neomyrioides and marked as such. There is a distinct patch of velvety androconia on the fore-wing in this species and the last which is not found in the species of Elina, and they are probably not congeneric. The base of the fore-wing below in L. calvertii is, like that of #. edmondsit, fulvous, which distinguishes it at once from neomyrioides, and the lower part of the band on the hind-wing below is also much less defined and does not form a conspicuous white patch on the costa. On the upper-side the band is also much less distinet forward. 5. Pedaltodes flora. 2 Satyrus flora, Philippi, Linnea Entomologica, xiv, p-. 267 (1860). Hipparchia ? flora, Butler, Cat. Sat., p. 58 (1868). Pedaiiodes oaxes, d., Cist. Ent., i, p. 25 (1870). Stibomorpha tristis, id. (nec Guerin), Lep. Exot., p. 180, Pl. LXII, fig. 3 (1874). Satyrus tristis, Reed, Mon. Marip. Chil. Pl. ILI, fig. 4 (1877). Stibomorpha veedi, Reed (nec Butler), ¢t.c. explic. de las laminas, lam. iu, fig. 4 (1877). Neither im its appearance, habits, nor flight has this species any affinity with lina lefebvrer or with any other species of Elina that I observed. I found it abundant in marshes overgrown with reeds, bushes, and great tufts of Gunnera scabra on the east shore of Lake Llanquihue, where it was fresh in February. It has a slow flight amongst the rushes and bushes, and is very easy to take. The females differ but little from the males. Edmonds found it common in marshes at Valdivia. 276 Mr. H. J. Elwes 6. Hpinephele edmondsii. EF. edmondsit, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 451, Pl. X XI, fig. 2. This seems to be a distinct species, which was described from one specimen only, taken near the Baths of Chillan in March by Edmonds. This specimen is in the British Museum, and agrees very closely with two in that collec- tion from Cordoba and two from Uruguay sent by Berg to Zeller. 7. Epinephele anirioides. E. janirioides, Blanchard, t.c¢., p. 34, Pl. I, fig. 8 2. Satyrus limonias, Philippi, ¢.¢., p. 268 ¢; Reed, ¢.¢., Pie 7. Var. Epinephele dryas, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep., ill, p. 492 (1867). This was common at the Banos de Cauquenes on dry hill-sides covered with bushes from the 18th to 21st of December, and at San Ignacio in January. It is common at Valparaiso in November and December, and has been taken at Taleahuano and at Valdivia. The specimens in the British Museum from this locality are smaller than mine but not otherwise different. As I think Blanchard’s figure of this species is unmistakable I adopt his name. 8. Epinephele monachus. Satyrus monachus, Blanchard, ¢. ¢., p. 35. Epinephele valdiviv, Felder, t.¢., p. 493. Pedaliodes lugubris, Butler, Cist. Ent., 1, p. 25 (1870). Stibomorpha monachus, id. Lep. Exot. p. 179, Pl, XII, fig. 2 (1874): Reed}z.<., Pi Ul, figs5; and explic. de las laminas, lam. 11, figs. 5, 6. Satyrus luctwosus, Reed, t.c., Pl. I, fig. 6 2. This species was very abundant in the heavy virgin forest south of Temuco, where it was fresh out on January 10th. It was also very abundant amongst the dense bamboo undergrowth in the Upper Renaico Valley at 3500 feet at the end of January, and was common in similar forest on Lake Quillen and at Port Blest in the middle of February, when it seemed to be nearly over. I cannot distinguish the insect which Reed figures badly under the name of /uctwosus. I have compared the type of valdiviv, Feld., with my specimens from Temuco, and believe it to be identical. The Butterflies of Chile. i) “I ~I 9. Hpinephele tristis. ? Satyrus tristis, Guérin, Voy. Coq., p. 281. ? Argynnis tristis, rd., t.c., Atlas. Ins. Pl. XVI, fig. 5 (1832). ? Epinephele cocter, Reed, t. ¢., expl. de las laminas, lam. ay stTe 3) 2S. pales, Philippi, t. ¢, p. 268. Guérin’s figure being, like his description, very bad, there is much confusion as to the synonymy of this species, which being a common insect in all the low country varies a good deal in size and in the markings on both sides. I recognize two allied species only, of which this is the larger. It was common amongst bushes at Bafios de Cauquenes on December 15th and up to about 3000 feet; also amongst bushes at San Rosendo on the lower Biobio on January 5th. I found it nearly over at Llai-llai on January Ist, and took a single female at over 4000 feet in the Chillan Valley on December 22nd. 10. Epinephele coctet. H. coctei, Guérin, t.c., id., Mag. de Zool. Ins., Pl. XI (1839). Erebia cocter, Westwood, t. ¢., p. 380. ¢? Hpinephele coctet, Butler, Cat. Sat., p. 68 (1868) ; 2 Satyrus tragiscus, Reed, t.c., Pl. IL], fig. 3. Guérin’s figure of this species is I think unmistakable. It is a smaller species than the last, and probably distinct, though it may be only a mountain form of it. I did not find it anywhere in the low country, but first saw it abundantly flying amone the scrubby bushes and grass tufts in the Upper Biobio Valley above Lonquimay on January 28th. From here as far south as the Rio Limay it was common on suitable ground from 2000 up to about 4000 feet. The males are always, when fresh, darker than the last, and the under-side is less variegated, but I can find no distinction that I could consider specific between the two. The only specimen I find in the British Museum marked cocter is a female from Talcahuano sent by Edmonds; Butler says he thinks this is only a dwarfed form of ¢ristis. 11. Neomenas cenonymphina. N. cenonymphina, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1881, p. 454, Pl. X XI, fig. 4. 278 Mr. H. J. Elwes on This is a species somewhat like the last above, but perfectly distinct by the broad pale band on the hind-wing below, and on both wings in the female above, which Butler’s figure does not well show. According to Edmonds it is local at Valparaiso. I did not take it myself. 12. Neomenas fractrfascia. N. fractifascia, Butler, t.c., p. 455, Pl. XXI, fig. 3. A very distinct species which I found scarce at San Martin, near Lake Quillen, and in the forest at Port Blest in February. It frequents open places in the forest, and was also taken by Edmonds near the Baths of Chillan in March. The female has much more red on both wings above, but both sexes vary in this respect. 13. Neomenas servilia. N. servilia, Wallengren, Kon, Vet. Akad. Forh., p. 78 (1858); id., Wien, Ent. Mon., iv, p. 36 (1860) ; wd., Kug. Resa, p. 354, Pl. VI, fig. 1 ¢ (1861). Stibomorpha decorata, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., x, p. 205 (1874); zd., Lep. Exot., p. 179, Pl. LXII, fig. 3 2 (1874). I took one only at Cauquenes. It is not uncommon at Valparaiso and elsewhere, and frequents bushy un- cultivated ground, but is not, I think, found in the forest region. 14. Neomenas wallengreni. N. wallengrenii, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 456, Pl. XXTI, fig. 5. A rare species, which seems distinct from the last, and is represented in the British Museum by two bad speci- mens taken by Edmonds in the woods below the Baths of Chillan in March. I did not find it myself. 15. Neomenas ? inornata, n. sp. (Plate XIV, figs. 1 7, 2 ¢.) This species seems to be most nearly allied toservilia, Wall., with which it agrees in size and shape, but it is darker in colour above and has the under-side of the fore-wimg in both sexes of a deeper rufous colour. The hind-wing below is perfectly plain olive-grey with a darker marginal line. The female has on the fore-wing above an indistinct black ocellus, and both sexes have on the fore-wing below an The Butterflies of Chile. 279 ocellus like that of servilia. As in that species there is no sexual patch on the fore-wing of the male. It is also somewhat like Argyrophenga simplex, Butler, but larger and much more rufous above, and has the hind- wings of a different shape. I can find no described species to which it can be referred in any collection. 1 took two males and one female at the Banos de Cauquenes on December 15th, flying on a bushy hillside above the Baths and settling on low trees. 16. Neomenas ? edmondsit. Argyrophenga edmondsii, Butl., t.c., p. 457, Pl. XXI, fig. 6. I know this only from the very bad specimen in the British Museum which Edmonds took in March 1880 in woods below the Baths of Chillan. 17. Neomenas ? humilis. Stygrus humilis, Felder, t.c., p. 489. Butler identifies as above a distinct species with the same markings as ambioriz, but the ocelli much smaller and fainter. It can be distinguished, however, I think from ambiorix, certainly by the absence of any chocolate colour in the fore-wing below, and by the rounder and less pointed fore-wings. Edmonds found it common in woods near Valdivia. I only took two or three males in forest at Quillen and near Lake Aluminé at about 3000 feet; these agree with Edmonds’ specimens, which I have compared with Felder’s type and find identical. 18. Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides. (Plate XV, figs. 3 2, 4 2, 6 2.) Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides, Felder, t.c. p. 495, &. Satyrus antarctica, Reed, t.¢., Pl. I, fig. 4. Tetraphlebia germaini, id., t.c., explic. de las laminas, lam. 11, fig. 4. 2=T. plumbeola, Butler, Cat. Sat., p. 95, Pl. I, fig. 11 (1868). I first took this species in the Renaico Valley at Maitenes, a farm of Mr. Bussey’s, about 2500 fect elevation, when it was fresh out on January 24th, and common in grassy openings in the woods. Afterwards it 280 Mr. H. J. Elwes on became abundant everywhere, and was generally dis- tributed at elevations of 3000 to 5000 feet in all suitable situations. I have figured three specimens to show the great variation which exists in the species. The type of leptoneuroides is a very large male, and agrees well with my largest. Though at first I thought that the androconia on the male fore-wing of some specimens would distinguish them, yet on careful comparison of my very large ‘series I am unable to separate what Butler calls plwmbeola, which he thinks the mountain form of Jleptonewroides. This, which is often smaller, was found by Edmonds at 6000 feet in January, but was not out when I left Chillan at the end of December. The species does not seem to occur in the low country or on the coast of Chile, as Reed says he has never seen it. It is probable that what he figures as S. antarctica is the same as p/winbeola Butler, described from the Straits of Magellan, which however he does not allude to in his paper on Edmonds’ collection. This is also found at Port Famine, and was placed with plumbeola in the British Museum by Butler. Staudinger also figures as Erebia plumbeola, var. Duseni, a variety of the same form from the Rio Aysen in 8. Chile, showing that the species has a continuous distribution from about the latitude of 38° to the far south of Chile. From the figure of Duseni I do not see much to distinguish it, and it is to be hoped that the practice of giving varietal names to specimens of whose distribution and variation so little is known will not be adopted as largely by authors as it has been in the Holarctic Butterfly Fauna. 19. Cosmosatyrus chiliensis. (Plate XV, figs. 9 J, 10 2.) Satyrus chiliensis, Guérin, t.c., p. 280; Atlas, Ins., Pl. XVI, figs. 4, 5 (1832). Stibomorpha veedii, Butler, Lep. Exot., p. 180 (1874). This is one of the common species of Chile which I first took in the Chillan Valley at about 3000 feet in December, when it was just coming out. Afterwards I found it on the coast near Coronel rather worn, and later it was common in the Renaico Valley at 2000 feet, and was found almost everywhere up to about 3000 to 4000 feet and as far south as Nahuelhuapi, where, however, the specimens show differences which might enable those from Argentina to be separated from those taken in Chile. In order to show these differences clearly, and The Butterflies of Chile. 281 also how chiliensis can be separated from the next species, I have figured a male and female from the east side of Lake Nahuelhuapi, the farthest point south which I visited. These were flying on grassy pampas where the rainfall is very much less than in Chile and the snowfall and cold of winter much greater, and theit markings show a good deal more resemblance to those of monticolens. It is possible that this form may prove distinct from chiliensis. 20. Cosmosatyrus monticolens. (Plate XV, figs. 7 ¢, 8 §.) Satyrus monticolens Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 484, Pl. XXI, fig. 1. I first found this at the head of the Lolco Valley on the road to Lonquimay, at about 5000 feet, and was at once certain from its flight that it was a species new to me, Instead of a slow short flight among bushes like that of chilvensis, it has a rapid straight flight of 20 to 50 yards backwards and forwards over wet subalpine meadows always amongst grass and stones, and was in consequence much harder to catch. It was afterwards found between the Aluminé Lake and Pulmari on similar ground at about 4500 feet, and also near San Martin on a mountain side at 6000 feet. It varies considerably, and I have figured a pair from Pulmari to show the differences between it and chiliensis. These agree fairly well with Butler’s type, which came from the mountains above the Baths of Chillan, where it had not yet appeared at the end of December. Cosmosatyrus williamsianus. Arge williamsianus, Butler, Cat. Sat., p. 159, Pl. IV, fig. 1 (1868). (Hneis antarcticus, Mabille, Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3), 1, p. 142, Pl. X, figs. 5, 6. The type of williamsianus in the British Museum is a female in bad condition from Port Famine, Patagonia, and has been compared with the type of Geis antarcticus, which appears to be identical. I believe that it is very nearly allied to, if not identical with, monticolens ; the shape of the wings and the white veins on the hind-wing below being similar, and the difference not more than one might expect in the species when starved and dwarfed by an ungenial climate. 282 Mr. H. J. Elwes on 21. Argyrophorus argenteus. A, argenteus, Blanchard, Fauna Chil. vu, p. 30. Chionobas argenteus, vd., t.c., Pl. II, figs. 9-11. This is one of the most beautiful and unique butterflies in Chile, or I may say in the world, and as its habits are undescribed I will give an account of them, as I had ample opportunities of observing it. Though found at various places in the mountains it seems local. Mr. Calvert has taken it on the Campana Mountain near Quillota, and Edmonds says he took it near La Union in the province of Valdivia, but at what elevation he does not mention. I first found it in the Villacura Valley east of the Pemehue range at the end of January, where it was abundant at about 3000 feet on grassy hillsides and flats covered with long tufted herbage. In the morning when it first begins to move, and before the wind has become strong, it may be taken without much difficulty, though even then it 1s very shy. Later it flies in the sun with such rapidity that it is only by waiting in the line of flight that you can take them, The brilliance of the shining silvery wings of this butterfly make it a most beautiful and striking object when fresh, but they soon become worn and broken, and a very large proportion of those I took were not worth keeping. All along the upper valley of the Biobio and on the Argentine side of the frontier about Lake Aluminé I found it common up to about 4000 feet, always on the grassy hill-sides but never in the forest. It settles on the ground amongst tufts of grass, and the larva is no doubt a grass-feeder. It was common about San Martin and as far south as the valley of the Limay, and when I re-crossed the Andes at the end of February I saw one or two in the Aconcagua Valley at about 6000 feet elevation. 22. Faunula stelligera. (Plate XV, figs. 1 f, 2 2.) fF. stellagera, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 460, Pl. XXI, fig. 10. I found this species common on the grassy hillsides and ridges above timber-line near the Bafios de Chillan at 6000 to 7000 feet in December, when many specimens were already worn. The flight and habits are essentially like those of the Alpine grass Erebias, and as it never occurs far from the dwarfed form of “ colihue” (a bamboo- grass very like the Arundinarias of the Himalayas) which covers large areas of these mountain-sides, I have little The Butterflies of Chile. 283 doubt that the larve feed on this plant. The specimens taken here average much larger than those which I after- wards found abundant in January and February above Loleo and near Pulmari, Quillen, and San Martin in Argentina, always at elevations of 4000 to 6000 feet. They vary a great deal, and some do not show as plainly as others the toothed band on the hind-wing below which is characteristic of the species, though Butler’s figure does not show it. I have figured a pair from Lolco. 23. Faunula leucoglene. (Plate XIV, fig. 6 f.) F. leucoglene, Felder, t.¢., p. 488. This is essentially a high Alpine species, which I only took myself on the top of the pass from Loico to Lonquimay on January 27th at 8000 feet. Here it flew among stones in a very exposed situation among a rich variety of Alpine plants, sheltering itself from the high wind behind stones, and so difficult to approach that in an hour's work I only took one pair. It also occurs in the Cordillera near Santiago at Condes, at 6000 feet according to Calvert, at 7000 to 10,000 according to Edmonds. This species 1s curiously similar in appearance to Hrebiola butleri, an Alpine species from New Zealand. I saw a butterfly which looked like this on the Argentine side of the Mendoza Pass near Las Cuevas, at about 10,000 feet, but failed to catch it. 24. Neosatyrus ambiorir. N. ambioriz, Wallengren, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv, p. 36 (1860); 2d., Eug. Resa, Pl. VI, fig. 2 (1861). 2N. minimus, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 461, PIXE fies 7 This is a common forest insect wherever dense growth of bamboos is found, and usually occurs m great numbers, though hard to get in really fresh condition. I found it at Bafios de Cauquenes and Bajios de Chillan up to 6000 feet in December, in the Pemehue Mountains at the head of the Renaico Valley in January, and all along the Argentine frontier at 3000 to 4000 feet in February. Both sexes vary a good deal in the ocelli of the under-side, and those taken at Cauquenes may belong to a different form from those taken in Argentina and Pemehue, the males when fresh having a distinct fulvous tinge at the base of the wings above which is not seen in those from Pemehue 284. Mr. H. J. Elwes on and Argentina. The females also of the Cauquenes form are brighter-coloured above, much more yellow below, and with larger ocelli. 1. minimus appears to be a small starved variety of doubtful origin, and impossible to describe from the specimen which is in the British Museum collection. 25. Neosatyrus ? simplex. Argyrophenga simplex, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 458. Specimens of this agree with Butler’s type in the British Museum taken by Edmonds above the Baths of Chillan in March. I found it only in one place in a grassy valley at about 5000 feet on the road from Lolco to Lonquimay on January 27th. I took six or seven males all in the same place which vary a good deal, most of them being without the white dash on the hind-wing below which exists in the type. It flies among the low bushes like an Epinephele, and should be placed, I think, near Neosatyrus ambworix, which it resembles in form and flight. 26. Neosatyrus vesagus. (Plate XIV, figs. 9 $,10 @.) Erebia vesagus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. ep, Panny ies also): Homeonympha pusilla, Felder, t. ¢., p. 487. Neosatyrus ochreivittatus, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1881, p. 462. NV. violaceus, id., t. c., p. 463, Plate XXI, fig. 8. ? N. hahni, Mabille, Miss. Cap. Horn. Lep., p. 3, Pl. I, fig. 3. ? Erelna boisduvaliz, Blanchard, ¢. ¢., p. 32. I am by no means sure of the above synonymy, as the specimens before me vary a good deal and may belong to two species. First I have the type of vesagus in the Hewitson collection from South America, which is undoubtedly the same as violaceus and ochreivittatus, of which the types from Chillan and Chile are in the British Museum. Also a pair of the same from Valparaiso (Walker) in Mr. Godman’s collection ; and a pair which I took at Coronel on December 19th, in which the bands of the hind-wing below are less distinct. Then I have a pair which I took near the Baths of Chillan where Edmonds got the type of violaceus ; these, though otherwise very like vesagus, have a distinct marginal band The Butterflies of Chile. 285 of spots on hind-wing below, and seem to agree very nearly with Felder’s type of pusilla. I have figured these as none of the figures cited are satisfactory. Then I have what seems a smaller species which has the bands less distinct and the spots more so, which Butler calls hoisduvalii, and of which two males and a female are in Mr. Godman’s collection from Concepcion (Walker) close to Coronel, where I took the larger form above-men- tioned.* Then I have a single male from some part of Chile which comes very near the figure of Hahnu from Punta Arenas, which looks like, and probably is, a starved southern form of the same. Until we get much more ample material from intermediate localities in the south the specific identity of these forms must remain undecided. 27. Neosatyrus nycteropus. (Plate XIV, figs. 7 3, 8 2.) Neosatyrus nyctexopus, Reed, t. c., Plate II, fig. 2. I can find no other name for or description of this species. What Reed speaks of in the explanation of the plates as Hipparchia boisduvalvi is the same, but that name cannot be identified certainly, and the figure Reed gives of the under-side cannot I think be mistaken for that of any other species. I can distinguish this from all others in Chile known to me, by the distinct scalloped band on the hind- wing below outwardly edged with white,in which Neosatyrus hahnii, which I have referred to vesagus, resembles it more than any other. On the upper-side both sexes usually (but not always the male) have a fulvous submarginal band on the hind-wing above not reaching either the costa or inner margin of the wing. I know this insect from two pairs taken at Coquimbo by Walker in Collection Godman, a male and female given me by Mr. Paulsen of Quillota, and three males which I took on the scrubby hill-sides near Llai-llai on January Ist. It seems, therefore, to be confined to the coast region of Central Chile. 28. Neosatyrus reedii. ‘ N. reedit, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 463, Pl. XXI, fig. 9, var. fuscescens, id., t. ¢., p. 485. This is a distinct species, which I did not take. It was * What Blanchard called Boisduvalii came from the Straits of Magellan and is probably same as Hahnui, but I cannot recognize it by the description. 286 Mr. H. J. Elwes on described by Butler from Reed’s collection without definite locality, and is distinguished by the broad pale band on hind-wing below. The figure of /Janiroides in Gay’s plate (Fauna Chilena, Pl. III, fig 2), which Butler gives as a synonym, is I think impossible to identify. 29. Tetraphlebia germainii. (Plate XV, fig. 5 2.) T. germainii, Felder, t. ¢., p. 488. Satyrus promaucana, Reed, t. ¢., Plate III, fig. 5. I took the male of this in the woods below Chillan at about 4000 feet at the end of December, and a single worn female in the Villacura Valley at 3000 feet on January 25th. Itis a very distinct species. Reed says that it is not scarce in the central provinces, but specimens are rare in collections. NYMPHALID. 30. HLuptoieta hortensia. Argynnis hortensia, Blanchard, ¢.¢., p. 24. This species does not seem common anywhere, but I took specimens at Quillota, San Rosendo, and San Ignacio in January. 31. Argynnis cytheris. Papilio cytheris, Drury, Il]. Exot. Ent., ii, Pl. IV, figs. 3, 4 (1773). Argynnis siga, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett, figs. 677, 678 (1832). One of the commonest butterflies all over the country, and found from the sea-level up to at least 7000 to 8000 feet near the Baths of Chillan. It extends from about Copiapo in the north to as far south as the Straits of Magellan ; and though it has several synonyms I cannot distinguish any marked local varieties, except perhaps the one found in the Falkland Islands. The largest and palest I have is a female from 7000 feet elevation taken above timber- line at Chillan, though probably it was bred in the valley below. The smallest are those from the low forest country near Mulchen and Tolten, though Edmonds says the con- trary is the case. It occurred in Argentina as far south as Nahuelhuapi. 32. Argynnis lathonioides. A. lathoniwides, Blanchard, ¢. ¢., p. 22, Pl. H, figs. 1, 2. The Butterflies of Chile. 287 ? A. anna, id., t.¢., p. 23. ? A. dexamene, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1859, De low The only place where I took this species was in the Horcones Valley near Puente del Inca in Argentine terri- tory at about 10,000 feet, on December 12th, 1901, where it was not uncommon. Most of my specimens were lost, but Fitzgerald took one probably in the same locality, now in the British Museum, and Edmonds found it in the mountains above the Baths of Cauquenes at 6000 feet in January. It is very rare in collections, and the females might easily be mistaken for pale examples of the same sex of cytheris. The male, however, is very unlike the male of that species and very similar to its own female. It seems to be a true mountain species confined to the northern parts of the country, and perfectly distinct from either cytheris or modesta. 33. Argynnis modesta. A, modesta, Blanchard, ¢. ¢., p. 24, Pl. IT, figs. 3, 4. I found this first above the Banos de Chillan at 7000 to 8000 feet on bare stony ridges above timber-line. Here it was very hard to take, as it flew very fast aud quite close to the ground, and was also very shy. I spent at least an hour in securing two specimens, though they kept returning to the same spots on little bare sandy places close to the peaks but a little sheltered from the high wind. I did not take the female, but have one from Edmonds, who found it in the same place as the last but 2000 to 4000 feet higher ~ up. Ialso saw it and caught one specimen in Argentine territory near Lake Aluminé at about 5000 feet on January 30th. It froze hard the previous night in our camp but was very hot in the afternoon. 34, Pyramets carye. Hamadryas decora carye, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett, i, Pl. XLV (1806). Common in the low country, but not found by me in the mountains. 35. Pyrameis terpsichore. Vanessa terpsichore, Philippi, Lin. Ent., xiv, p. 266 (1860). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART III. (OCT.) 20 288 Mr. H. J. Elwes on Taken at San Rosendo, San Ignacio, Lolco, and on Lake Llanquihue in December, January, and February, and at San Martin in Argentina up to about 3000 feet. LYCHANIDA. 36. Scolitantides collina. Lycena collina, Philippi, t. ¢., p. 270. LL. lyrnessa, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag., xi, p. 107 (1874). ? Scolitantides plumbea, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 486. This belongs to a group which is represented in the Andes of Bolivia by S. speciosa, Stgr., in Peru by vapa, Ster and in Ecuador by an unnamed species of which there are specimens in the British Museum. I am uncertain whether plwmbea, Butler, is identical; Edmonds thought it was only a variety, and though the type is larger and duller in tint, I find no character in it to enable me to say decisively. I took a single specimen exactly like the type of plumbea, but am uncertain of the locality. I found the species very abundant at 5000 to 6000 feet near the Baths of Chillan in December, and also took it in the Sierra de Pemehue in January. It frequents bushy ground and also the bare ridges above timber-line. Philippi says he took it on the hills near Santiago. 37. Scolitantides andina. S. andina, Calvert, An. Univ. Chile, xxxiv, p. 832 (1894). ¢ Lycena endymion, Blanchard, t.c., p. 37, Pl. II, fig. 3 a, b. I cannot identify this species with certainty, as, if Blanchard’s plate is correct, the under-side is different from that of Calvert’s species which I know from two females sent by him to the British Museum, where they stood without name. I found the same species common near Puente del Inca on December 11th, flying on bare ground among grass tufts at about 9500 feet near the entrance to the Horcones Valley. It differs from collina in the colour above, which is more greenish in the male and grey in the female. Beneath the markings are very like those of collina, but the female has no red on the under or upper surface of The Butterflies of Chile. 289 the wings. Calvert’s species was taken near Condes above Santiago at 3000 metres elevation. Endymion is said by Blanchard to come from Coquimbo. It appears that Kirby in Cat. Diur. Lep., p. 377, gave the name of Szbyl/a to Blanchard’s figure, because the name endymion was pre-occupied. I prefer to use the name of andina. 38. Scolitantides chilensis. Lycena chilensis, Blanchard, ¢. c., p. 37, Pl. II, fig. 4 CaO! 2 Polyommatus atahwalpa, Wallengren, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv, p. 37 (1860). I found this species common at Banos de Cauquenes in December. It is also found, according to Edmonds, at Valparaiso and Copiapo. 39. Lampides trigemmatus. L. trigemmatus, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p: £68. This species seems to be peculiar to the north of Chile. Besides the types in the British Museum there are four specimens from Tarapaca. It is nearly allied to L. telicanus of Europe. 40, Thecla bicolor. Lycxna ? bicolor, Philippi, t.¢., p. 269. 2 Theela quadrimaculata f , Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag., xi, p. 106 (1874). I am not convinced of the specific distinction of this species from the next; it may be a mountain form of it. The only specimen I have is labelled Puente del Inca, but Iam inclined to think that this label has been misplaced. The specimen is smaller, and on the under-side somewhat different from qguadrimaculata. The males of both forms have a large sexual patch in the fore-wing, which has led Butler to put them in the genus Callipsyche, Scudd. The type was taken near Santiago. 41. Theela quadrimaculata. 2 7. quadrimaculata, Hewitson, /. ¢. Hewitson appears also to have doubted the distinctness of this from the last, as he has put the female type as the 290 Mr. H. J. Elwes on male of bicolor, I took two males of what Butler calls quadrimaculata at Coronel and one at Banos de Cauquenes, both at low elevations. 42. Strymon americensis. Thecla americensis, Blanchard, t.c., p. 38. I took a pair on the road up to the Baths of Chillan at about 2000 feet on December 20th, and found it also near Temuco and at San Ignacio in January. Edmonds took it at Valparaiso, Valdivia and Cauquenes. The male has the same sexual patch as bicolor, with which I think it is congeneric, PIERIDA. 43. Heliochroma leucothea. Papilio (D.) lewcothea, Molina, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili, libr. iv, p. 347 (1782). Pieris gayi, Blanchard, t.c., p. 10, Pl. I, fig. 4. Though Edmonds says this is common in the Cordillera of the Cauquenes hacienda in January, I was informed by M. Germain, the veteran entomologist of the Museum at Santiago, who knows the insects of Chile very well though he has never written on the Lepidoptera, that the species was confined to the coast, where it comes out early in spring. I only saw it near Coronel in December flying among bushes where I was unable to take it. 44. Terias chilensis. fT’. chilensis, Blanchard, t.c., p. 17, Pl. J, fig. 5 a, 0. I only saw it near Llai-llai on January Ist in irrigated fields. It seems to be common at low elevations. 45. Callidryas drya. Papilio drya, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 478 (1775). Callidryas drya, Butler, Lep. Exot., p. 61, Pl. XXIII, figs. 5-8 (1871). C. amphitrite, Blanchard, t. ¢., p. 20, Pl. V, figs. 1, 2. A few were seen in the lower part of the Aconcagua Valley. Edmonds says it is common at Valparaiso and is found at Copiapo, and occurs almost throughout the year. He found the larva on Cassia. The Butterflies of Chile. 291 46. Colias lesbia. Papilio lesbia, Fabricius, t.¢., p. 477. This was abundant and very variable at Buenos Ayres, and was found as high as 9000 feet near Puente del Inca. I also took a single albino female on the Chilean side of the pass at about 9000 feet on December 18th. I cannot find that the species has been recorded previously west of the Andes, and I did not find it anywhere in Argentina along the frontier. 47. Colias vauthiert. C. vauthieri, Guérin, Voy. de la Coquille, Pl. XV, fig, 2 (1829). a C. rutilans, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., p. 642, Pl. XIX, fig. 3 (1836). C. minuscula, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 470; Pl xox fo C. cunninghami, id., t.c., p. 471. Very abundant everywhere in Chile and in Argentina along the frontier from sea-level up to 8000 feet and probably higher. Extremely variable in size and in the colour and markings of the female; of which, however, I have never seen an orange form. I could not see that climate had any influence on the species, those from the cold and windy plains about Lake Nahuelhuapi being as large and bright as those from the damp warm forest near Temuco. The spring brood, however (minuscula, Butl.), which I did not find, is small, and has a narrower black border on both wings, and Cunninghami, Butl., is a narrow-winged southern form from Sandy Point. 48, ? Colias cuwanthe. Colias ewxanthe, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep., u, p. 196 (1865). I took what I believe to be this species in the Horcones Valley near Puente del Inca at about 10,000 feet on December 12th, but the specimens were unfortunately lost on the road when starting for Chile, and I have never been able to recover the bag which contained them. As it is a native of the mountains of Bolivia and Peru, there is nothing improbable in its extending southwards. 292 Mr. H. J. Elwes on 49, Phulia nymphula. Pieris nymphula, Blanchard, t.c., p. 14, Pl. I, fig. 3 C10: ? Phulia nymphea, Staudinger, Iris, vii, p. 49 (1894). Taken near Puente del Inca in the Horcones Valley at 10,000 feet on December 11th, and on the pass in February at 11,000 feet. Chilean specimens are some- what larger than those in the British Museum taken in Bolivia by Sir M. Conway, and what Staudinger describes as nymphea seems inseparable. 50. Tatochila autodice. (Plate XII, figs. 1—4.) 42 Synchloe autodice, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett, i, Pl. CXX VII, 1—4 (1816). 2 Pontia mercedis, Eschscholtz, Kotzebue’s Reise, ili, p. 215, Pl. IX, figs. 22 a, b-—36 (1821). var.? Pieris microdice, Blanchard, t. ¢., p. 14. (Plate MT igs) 5,76.) I have had great difficulty in naming the Tatochilas I found in Chile on account of their variation, and because Blanchard has described three forms without figures which I cannot identify certainly. The first is a well-known species which occurs all over Argentina and Chile, and is known as autodice, Hiibn. This I took near Buenos Ayres. When I crossed the pass into Chile, I saw flying on the head of the valley at about 9000 feet a small silvery form, of which I have figured a f on Plate XII, fig. 5. This had a rapid flight and appears to be distinct, and to be what Blanchard called microdice. I could not find the female here, but two months later found what I think is the same species fairly common at 4000 feet and upwards on the Argentine frontier near Lake Aluminé, and as far south as Lake Nahuelhuapi. Of these I have figured a female from Lake Quillen, fig. 2, one from Nahuelhuapi, fig. 6, and one from the Sierra de Pemehue, in Chile, fig. 1. A male from Pulmari is like the figure which Mabille calls theodice in Miss. Cap. Horn Lep., xi, fig. 2. 51. Tatochila demodice. (Plate XII, figs. 7 2, 8 ¥.) 2 Pieris demodice, Blanchard, ¢.¢., p. 13. Tatochila argyrodice, Staudinger, Hamb. Magal. Sammelreise Lep., p. 14, fig. 11 (1899). ? Pieris theodice, Boisduval, Voy. Astr. Lep., p. 51 (1832), 2 dimorph. apud Staudinger, /. ¢. The Butterflies of Chile. 293 This species was common at Bajios de Cauquenes in December, in the Pemehue range in January, and down south as far as Nahuelhuapi in February, practically at all the localities where I found the last species. I have figured a pair from San Martin, Pl. XII, figs. 7 ¢, 8 ?. What I take to be a form of the same species is found as far south as the Straits of Magellan, where it is known as argyrodice, Stgr. Of this I have figured a pair (Pl. XII, figs. 9 ¢, 10 2) taken by Walker at Punta Arenas. These are probably if not certainly the same as what Staudinger calls theodice, Bdv., of which he makes demodice, Blanch., a synonym, but a large series are necessary to understand the variation of this species. 52. TLatochila theodice. Preris theodice, Blanchard, t.c., p. 12, Pl. I, fig. 1 a, 0. Tatochila blanchardii, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 472, Pl. XXI, fig. 15. Lastly we have a species which is perhaps a second brood of one or the other species usually identified with theodice, Blanch. (nec Bdv.) = Blanchardii, Butl. This is easily distinguished by the double bar at the end of the cell, and extends from as far north as Islay in Peru to about lat. 38°, where I took it at San Ignacio in January. It seems to be common at Valparaiso, ‘and is in Mr. Godman’s collection from Valdivia. Xanthodice, Lucas, is another mountain species which is common in Ecuador and Bolivia, but has not been found in Chile, though Mabille figures under this name in the Miss. du Cap. Horn. Lep., Pl. I, fig. 1, a species which appears to me very near argyrodice, Steger. PAPILIONIDA. 53. Papilio bias, P. mas, Roger, Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord., 1 (1826). I saw this in the Botanical Gardens at Santiago, but not elsewhere, though Edmonds records it as common at Valparaiso in successive broods from October to June. HESPERIIDAL. 54. Hesperia fusca. (Plate XIII, figs. 1 f, 2 2.) HT, fusca, Reed, Mon. Marip. Chil., p. 81 (1877). This was common near Lolco in one place at the confluence of the Lolco with the Biobio river at about 2500 294 Mr. H. J. Elwes on feet. It seems a rare species, but I have a pair from Copiapo, and Reed says it occurs in the province of Valdivia. The male figured is from Lolco and the female from Copiapo. 55. Hesperia americanus. Syrichthus americanus, Blanchard, ¢. ¢., p. 44, Pl. II, fig. 10. I took this at the Baths of Cauquenes and at Coronel, but it does not seem common anywhere. 56, Hesperia fulvovittatus. Pyrgus fulvovittatus, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 475. This was described from a single specimen in Edmonds’ collection, locality unknown. There are some from Callao collected by Walker in the British Museum collection which seem very close, and it may not be a Chilean species. 57. Hesperia trisignatus. (Plate XIII, figs. 3 2, 4 2.) Scelothrix trisignatus, Mabille, Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1875, p. cexiv. ? Hesperia notata, var. valdiviana, Reed, l.c., p. 81. I took a single female at Quillota and another near Llai-llai on January Ist. Afterwards I found it abundant on a dry bushy plain below the Quillen lake in Argentina on February 2nd at about 3000 feet. Here it was flying about small bushes close to the ground. The male figured is from Quillen and the female from Quillota. There are specimens in the British Museum collection from Callao and Coquimbo taken by Walker. A co-type of valdiviana in coll. British Museum looks like a variety of the same species but may be distinct. 58. Hylephila fasciolata. (Pl. XIII, fig 7 2.) a Hesperia fasciolata, Blanchard, ¢.¢, p. 42, PI. II, hie: (: DME SLONALH, 10., UC. IT am not sure that I took this myself, though I found a pair in one of my boxes without locality. It seems rarer than the next species, though Kdmonds took it at Copiapo, Cauquenes, Valparaiso and Valdivia. The Butterflies of Chale. 295 59. Hylephila fulva. (Plate XIII, figs. 5 f, 6 9, 8 9, var.) Hesperia fulva, Blanchard, t.c., p. 48, Pl. III, fig. 8. I found this common in many places and have specimens from Coronel, Cauquenes, Llai-llai, San Ignacio and Lolco. The female from the Renaico Valley (fig. 8) belongs. to the form mentioned by Butler as being larger and with more markings than the other. The originals of figs. 5 and 6 are from Lolco. The species comes near phylewus, Drury, which has a very wide range in America and extends as far south as Buenos Ayres. A specimen from thence in the British Museum seems very near fulva, Both these species frequent grassy places in the open. 60. Argopteron aureipennis. Syrichthus aureipennis, Blanchard, t.c., p. 40, Pl. I, figs. 5 a, 5 b and 6. I took this in the dense forest on the shores of Lake Lacar near San Martin on February 8th, where it settles on the bamboo and has exactly the same habits as the next species. On the under-side the male is like puelmex, but the female has the fore-wing below much more like Jruticolens. 'The white spots on the under-side shown in Gay’s fig. 5b are not in my specimens, and as Gay says, “sin mancha alguna,” I presume this is an error of the artist. I think I also saw this species at Puerto Blest on Nahuel- huapi, and Edmonds found it at Valdivia. 61. Argopteron puclme. (Plate XIII, figs. 11 g, 12 2.) Cyclopides puelmex, Calvert, Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv, p. 34 (1888). I found this beautiful species very abundant among the bamboo in the dense forest on the Pemehue range at 3000 to 4000 feet between Maitenes and Chilpa on January 26th. The flight is quite peculiar, and the insect settles on bamboo leaves and also the orange flowers of Alstremeria aurantiaca in the sunny openings of the forest. It seems to represent aureipeniis in the north, but has a limited range.* 62. Butleria fruticolens. (Plate XIII, figs. 9 f, 10 2.) Cyclopides fruticolens, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., HSSI- pp. 477, E> Xox tomes * It seems impossible to reproduce by chromo-lithography the shining gold of the under-side which makes this such a conspicuous insect when flying. 296 Mr. H. J. Elwes on Steropes tripunctatus, Mabille, C. R. Ent. Belg., xxxv, p. lxiv (1891). I found this along the frontier at 3000 to 4000 feet in forest from the Pemehue range as far south as Puerto Blest. The female figured is from the latter locality and the male from Chilpa. It does not seem to vary in the mountains so much as on the coast, where Edmonds found it at Corral in March. Butler has described three varieties as tractipennis, quadrinotatus and pulcher, which differ in the number of spots on the upper-side and in other minor characters. In Mr. Godman’s collection is a male from Chile marked “tripunctatus=type, Mab.” This is described as coming from high mountains. 63. Butleria philippit. Cyclopides philippui, Butler, l.c., p. 479, Pl. XXI, 3. o > Very near the last but has an additional silver stripe on the hind-wings below which I have never found in fruticolens. I did not take this species, which occurs at Las Zonas in Valdivia. 64. ? Butleria sotoi. Cyclopides sotoi, Reed, Mon. Mar. Chil., p. 86 (1877). The only specimen of this in British Museum marked “type” seems distinct from either of the last by the yellowish colour at base of both wings below, and the presence of a spot on the hind-wing below. Reed took it in the hacienda of Cauquenes, but does not say at what elevation. I found a single worn speci- men, which I believe is identical, in thick forest by the waterfall at Las Trancas, the last station below the Baths of Chillan, at about 4000 feet, on December 24th, but neither this nor the type are in good enough condition to figure. 65. Butleria flavomaculatus. 2 Syrichthus flavomaculatus, Blanchard, ¢.c¢., p. 44, Pl. LUBE ree SR oni ? Butleria vicina, Reed, t.c., p. 88. The next three or four species are nearly allied to each other, but I have not sufficient material to define them accurately, and their synonymy is doubtful. What seems to agree best with Blanchard’s plate is a The Butterflies of Chile. 297 small species which I took on the edge of the forest at Lake Quillen, and which is distinguished from the others by the spots of the under-side being yellow and not white or silvery. This is in Mr. Godman’s collection from Staudinger as paniscoides, Blanch. The description of this is not sufficient in my opinion to identify it by, or to separate it from flavomaculatus on the material before me. 66. Butleria valdivianus. (Plate XIII, figs. 15 2,16 9, ae 2. Syrichthus valdivianus, Philippi, Linn. Ent., xiv, p. 272 (1860). ? Carterocephalus exornatus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., Pp; 02 PEG XERING fies; FS; 19° (1867): ? Butleria paniscordes, Reed, t. ¢., p. 82. I found this species common both in the Pemehue range at about 3000 feet, and in the marshy places on the edge of the forest at Quillen, from which locality I figure a pair (figs. 15 and 16). The original of fig. 17 is from Lolco. It varies extremely in the spots of the hind-wing below, which, however, seem to me to distinguish it from the last species by their silvery white colour, and from the next by the irregularity of the marginal series, which are sometimes faint or absent. On the inner and costal margins of the hind-wing below, these spots often coalesce into a streak; as is also sometimes the case in the next species. Hxornatus is described as from Valparaiso. 67. Butleria polyspilus. (Plate XIII, fig. 18 2.) 2? Carterocephalus polyspilus, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Wien., xu, p. 495 (1862). I identify this with great doubt. In Mr. Godman’s collection there are three’ specimens named C. exornatus, Feld. I am not certain whether it is distinct from the last, but have found it in much more open grassy places, and took it in the valley of the Traful river in Argentine territory as well as at Quillen. The specimen figured is from the Traful Valley. 68. Butleria bissexguttatus. (Plate XIII, figs. 13 Z, 14 2.) 2 Steopes (sic) bissexguttatus, Philippi, Linn. Ent., xiv, p. 272 (1860). I found this first in the forest at Temuco on January 3rd, and afterwards at several places in the Pemehue range List OF CHILEAN BUTTERFLIES SHOWING 298 Mr. H. J. Elwes on and Argentina always in or close to the heavy forest. It is easily distinguished by the colour of the under-side from the allied species above. The specimens figured are from Chilpa. 69. Thanaos funeralis. Nisoniades funeralis, Scudder and Burgess, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., xiii, p. 293, fig. 7 (1870). Butier includes this on Edmonds’ authority, but no locality is given for it, and I think the identification highly dubious. In the forest on the Pemehue range I am certain that I saw a Hesperiid belonging to this group, but did not succeed in taking it. THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND RANGE. OOD CON He 25 26 | 27 28 29 | A E | ELSE- a | CENTRAL. ze WHERE. 4 | n | SATYRIDE. | Elina lefebvret, Guer..............++- | x low dese | », wanessoides, Blanch. .........| ... |x low ese | », neomyriotdes, Blanch........ | |x middle eases | MEA COLUCTIU UH S senate teeters | ... |x middle Pedatliodes flora, Phil. ............... |... |x low bes a Epinephele edmondsii, Butl......... ... |x middle ... | Argentina e janirioides, Blanch. ... |x low Peers a monachus, Blanch...... ... |x lowand middle tristis, Guér. ............| x |x low and middle | a COCLEU, (GUI aecceneneeere ; ... |X lowand middle| ... Neomenas cenonymphina, Butl...| ... |x low 5 Fractifascia, Butl.......| ... |x middle - servilia, Wall............ PS nLOW, [Nera ae wallengrenii, But). ...) ... |x middle ea an WNOyNAtH, TM. S......0.06- (ieeeal scal ow: eae | f.. edmondsii, Butl......... x middle leita humilis, Feld Pp seaccaic ... |x lowand middle| x | Cosmosatyr us leptoneuroides, Feld.| ... | x middle ligeee », var. plumbeolus, Buti.| ... |x middle Weer es chiliensis, Guér...... |... |x lowand middle} x | aA monticolens, Butl....| .... |x middle Sea || », var. williamsianus, Butl. | ... ane x Argyrophorus argenteus, Blanch. | x? x middle Faunula stelligera, Butl............. | ... |x middle es leucoglene, Feld. ......... eo. [Selene | Neosatyrus ambiorix, Wall. ...... | ... |x lowand middle] ... | :: simplex, Butl. ......... | ... |x middle es, + vesagus, Doubl.......... |... |x low Saal - nycteropus, Reed. ......| ... |x low 486 si TCCUUYsWDUble weeeasecece x low WSS Tetraphlebia germainii, Feld. x middle | The Butterflies of Chile. 299 Zz CENTRAL. z WHERE ; eres — = = — | — NYMPHALID. | 30 | Euptoicta hortensia, Blanch. ...... x low | aise 7 \¢ ee Se : { Falklands and’ 31) Argynnis cytheris, Drury ......... x x lowand middle| x “(Magellan 32 - lathonioides, Blanch. ... |x middleand high we 33 modesta, Blanch. ......... --. |x high 34 | Pyrameis carye, Hiibn. ............ x |x low 35 of terpsichore, Phil..........| ... |x low and middle | LYCENID. | 36 | Scolitantides collina, Phil. ......... |x middleandhigh| ... 37 me andina, Calv. ......... x high eee 38 a chilensis, Blanch. ...| ... | x low 39 | Lampides trigemmatus, Butl....... | x | me £00), Thecla, bicolor. Phil sseesesee sere: |... |x middle? high # pal > quadrimaculata, Hew. =] ee) oo low 42 | Strymon americensis, Blanch....... x low | PIERID&. | | | 43 | Heliochroma leucothea, Mol. ...... x low AS) Tervas chitensts, Blanche... ee |< lows: 45 | Callidryas drya, Faby. ............ x |x low CNT CONTA UAREUO, MEN OTES pacecece ecohosece | ... |x high? Ex 47 >, vauthiert, Guér. .............. | Seale low and middle x ae 48 55 hetnantie, Belds sesssss.-- x?) x high Bolivia 49 | Phulia nymphula, Blanch..........| -.. | x high | do. 50 | Tatochila autodice, Hiibn. ......... x lowand middle| ... | Argentina or var. ? microdice, Blanch. x high bax 51 53 demodice, Blanch. ...... |x lowand middle| x Bz xp theodice, Blanch. (nec Bdvi)fe- 2 ee eee x |x low Ed) PAPILIONIDS. ) 0s) | Papilio nas; Roger .......<..:-.0--- x low | HESPERIIDE. bf | Hesperia fusca, Reed. .2.-.2.-..+s-- | x |x lowand middle 55 a americanus, Blanch. ...| ... | x low 56 5 Julvovittatus, Butl. ...... [esate a8: 57 33 trisignatus, Mab. ......... | ... |x lowand middle 3 58 | Hylephila fasciolata, Blanch....... | .- | x low Me 59 Meteo pice, blanch. 5...2:2..-6. | +? x lowand middle | Ba 60 | Argopteron aureipennis, Blanch.. x middle 61 - puelmex, Calv. ......... x middle 62 | Butleria fruticolens, Butl. ......... x middle 63 so SUC LOD, Naa eeeece babe x low 64 35 GOLOTMILCED Sore oe eniccanc rose . x middle 65 3 flavomaculatus, Blanch. _x middle | 66 re valdivianus, Phil.......... _... x lowand middle 67 #5 ? polyspilus, Feld.......... bE: ... x lowand middle 68 bissexguttatus, Phil....... ee fe low and middle 2 Thanaos Juneralis, Scudd. ( EXPLANATION OF 300 ) Prates XTI—XYV. Pisce Xe Fic. 1. Latochila autodice, Lo ” ” 3. 4, on 5 5, a microdice, 6. bP) 9) ile democlice, 9. a argyrodice, 10. “ 9, Pemehue. @, Quillen. d, Cauquenes. Se ? oP] ¢, Above Juncal. 9, Nahuelhuapi. ¢, San Martin. 2 P) of} 7 ¢, Punta Arenas (Walker). 2, bh) 9 Prare Xin: Fia. 1. Hesperia fusca, 2. 9 0 3. cs trisignatus, A, ” ” 5. Hylephila fulva, 6. ? ” ie Reis dee *s fasciolata, 8. 5 fulwa, var.? 9. Butleria fruticolens, 10. ” ” 11. Argopteron puelme, 12. » 13. Butleria ? bissexquttatus, 14. ” ” 15. a valdivianus, 16. % s Wet?” s, rs 18. y } polyspilus, 3d, Loleo. 2, Copiapo. d, Quillen. 2, Quillota. g, Loleco. - oa 4g, Quillota or Cauquenes. 2, Renaico. 9, Port Blest. 3, Chilpa. ” f, Quillen. 9, 3; 2 >} 5 g, Lolco. OF erat: ” 7 inigey, 1h, SS SE 2 gm 10, Explanation of Plates. 301 BEATE: ORVE ” bP 9 . Elina calvertii, n. sp., 1) ” ” 5 neomyriordes, . Fawiiula lewcoglene, . Neosatyrus nycteropus, . Neomenas ? inornata, n.sp., ¢, Batios de Cauquenes. g ) re) yy) ” 3d, Banos de Chillan. g b] ” 29 ” 3g, Chile Mus. Crowley. , Lolco Pass. ~ 6, Llai-lai. Pol ies » ” 55 vesaagus, 3d, Banos de Chillan. ye) ~ ” 2? ) ” ” ” PLATE eX Ve Faunila stelligera, ” 9 Cosmosatyrus leptonenroides, &, ” 9 ” ? Tetraphlebia germainii, Cosmosatyrus monticolens, 3, Lolco. e 9 2 2, Aluminé. ?, Villacura Valley. ¢, Chillan Valley. dé, Pulmari. ? > ” ” ” He chiliensis, ? var. ¢, Lake Nahuelhuapi. ? ” ” ? 9) > —— rs aper | Dark purplish-brown White- spotted ae Terk otk, | Pap 7) ey Sige pote meine ee _ — - | — May 22 15 Young larve, (May 23.) 15 15 Jlarve in-| 16 young larvee | (E. B. P.) | introduced |young larve in- troduced (just introduced. | troduced. hatched). June 11. (tne f Re- fed. | 12 larve counted; (June 16). All 15 counted. (EB .P;)) 7) eee very 15 dark like the | | dark. twigs, but not | | markedly purplish. | a | | = = = ae} = June 19 | (June 17.) All; All 12. very All 15 on twigs, 12 larve on (E. B. P.) | 15 very black Hs) dark, very dark and/ twigs, 4 on green. ‘the twigs. purplish. | All dark, but /greyer than those /in III, and not so | dark as latter. June 25. | (June 22. ) As| As before. All | (E. B. P.) | before. All at rest | on spills, | (on twigs. July 1. | As before: all | (June 27.) All (June 27.) Re-fed. (E. B. P.) | on twigs. (15 dark brown, | | | | | July 6. 2 at rest on| 9on aig, lon) All15 ontwigs. 13 on twigs, 3. Careful com- | green, 13 on twigs. | green, 2 not noted. | All very dark. on green. Dark, parison on = All very black. — | All 12 of a uniform | but much lighter white paper. | ‘dark purplish- | and less constant (EB E)) | black. | than III. ae ere eee at ij | | | July 10. 2 at rest on! Sonspills,4don| 14 on twigs, 1 | 15 on twigs, 1 | | (W. Holland. ) July 12. (W. Holland. ) green, 13 on twigs. | All very black. 15 on twigs. /green, All very|ongreen. Alldark on green. The, dark. purplish-brown. larve remain lighter in tint ‘than 1a, 9 on spills, 30n| 13 on twigs, 2 | green. ; on green. /on leaves. | 13 on twigs, 3 between lepidopterous larve and their surroundings. 323 V. Reddish-brown twigs. 17 young larve introduced, | Vile Lichen-covered sticks, | | 14 young larve introduced. AUT | Weathered pale grey barkless twigs. VIII. Green leaves and shoots of food-plant (Populus nigra). | | ix | Orange paper spills. (June 3.) 15) 15 young larve young larve in-/| introduced. troduced, 15 young larvee introduced. __ All 17 evidently _ becoming like the twigs. brown | | iN | (June 9.) Re-fed. Apparently be- coming light /brownish and ap- proaching colour of twigs. Brown like the twigs. As before. 14 on twigs, green, 1 uncertain, 2 on! 14 larvee ; vari- able, with no marked resem- blance to lichen. iG} brown, on twigs, 1 on muslin roof, 1 on green. All closely resemble twigs. All 15 very | | pale brown (June 17.) All very pale some faintly greenish. 6 on spills, 1 on muslin root, 8 on green. All very light brown. on green. Some distinctly varie- gated light and dark brown, but no green marks yet. 10 on sticks, 4 (June 22.) 10 on twigs, 1 on muslin, 3 on green, before. (June 22). As 14 on spills, 1 on green. Colour as before. a |__ All 17 on twigs. They become much ‘lighter when changing skin. 9 on sticks, 5 on green. Larvee still very varie- gated. 13 on twigs, 1 on green. 17 on twigs. Distinctly brown, and not purplish like III and IV. 12 on sticks, 2 on green. jinw A. a SSS es = Sa EE aoa! Half of the larve| 20 counted. Afew| 3. betularia, pale _becoming purplish. | becoming reddish- | yellowish - green. 15 July 12. | _ brown. bidentata variegated. | | | | | | | July 15. Re-fed. | Re-fed. 20 counted. Re-fed. 3 and 15! counted, — eee SUE FS aes |e ck | 9 on twigs, 4 on 10 on twigs, 8 on) 2 betwlaria, mature. | July 18. green. -green. Larvie becom-|14 bidentata, all | ing dark reddish-| darkish, variegated. brown and variegated. | (July 24.) 12 on | 15 on twigs, 1 on| Last betularia ‘twigs, 1 on green. | green, 1 on muslin. | mature. 10 bédentata , | Almost all dark, | As before. on bark, 1 on green, 3 July 23. | on muslin. All varie- July 28. | variegated; 3 paler on muslin. 8 changed | 12 on twigs, 1 on green. 10 dark brown, | and less variegated, | gated brown, slightly | touched with green | and with white dashes (July 27.) 12 on| twigs, 4 on green, 1 skin and of a more uniform brown colour. along sides. 13, all on bark (as also on Aug. 1). About half darker, but all still variegated. All except 2 with more | or less green. | Aug, 3. | | i11-.on twigs, 2 on green. 11 dark brown ‘and more uniform. than before, 2 rather |paler. One or two have patches of pale | green, (July 31.) 14 on| twigs, 1 on green. 8 brown like the twigs; 4 paler and Jess uniform ; 3 varie- gated and patched with green. (Aug. 4.) 12 on bark, 1 on muslin. As before, but have become darker. This is the darkest set of Experi- ments XII to XV. 12 on twigs, 2 on green, 1 on muslin. 'As before. | \ eh ea i Se a ee between leprdopterous larve and their surroundings. XIII. Bark covered with bluish-green lichen, probably Physcia pulverulenta. XIV. Bark covered with orange lichen, probably Physcia parictina, combined with P. pulverulenta. XV. Lichen-covered sticks. The lichen probably Ramalina farinacea. 3 betularia, about 12) mm. long, introduced. 12 bidentata, about 6) mm. long, introduced, mostly changing skin. 4 betularia and 10 about 7 mm. long, intro- | bidentata introduced. duced. 1 changing first; Both similar to those in or second skin, others | XIII. rather larger. 8 bidentata, | ‘about 6 mm. long, in-| troduced. | a | | ——~ = ll ——— —————— fa 3 betularia pale, 3 betularia yellowish- 2 betularia yellowish- | | green, 1 brownish-green. mn (June 25.) 4 betwlaria, yellowish-green, 1 grey FE green, 1 dark brownish- 110 = bidentata much | mottled with brown. 2. green. Bidentata ‘variegated, much smaller than others. | mottled. | Bidentata rather pale, | yariegated. | | 2 Sy Re-fed. 3 and 10; 2 yellowish - green) 4 and 10 counted, counted. | betudars ia still feeding. | | Betularia as before. Betularia, all mature. | of these genera, I can detect no distinctive points in any of them sufficient to differentiate it. Both sexes of typical Dasychira have peculiar dorsal tufts of hairs on the abdomen, and a second characteristic is the enlarged and truncate formation of the anal segment of the abdomen, especially noticeable in the female. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART IL (OCT.) 376 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Sir George Hampson, in his able work on the Moths of India, has included in this genus, under separate sections, moths otherwise agreeing, but without these particular characteristics, and I have followed him; but I should here point out that the species without dorsal tufts on the abdomen have likewise the anal segments pointed in both sexes, and that therefore these sections are to that extent divergent from the type. I have, however, been content to separate merely into sections those species with tufts and those without, as a guide for future workers. The species of the Australian genus Anthela = Colussa = Darala = Newmania differ in the neuration of the hind-wings from typical Lymantriide; veins 7 and 8 are divergent from base, and never approximate at any point of the cell. In one species, Anthela (Colussa) varia, the type of the genus Colussa, these veins are united by a strong bar. ‘This disposition of the veins 7 and 8 of the hind-wings is the same as in the Hupterotide; but vein 5 of both wings rises below the middle of the discocellulars, whereas in Lupterotide it should arise from, or from above the middle. This Australian genus therefore appears to claim a place for itself intermediate between the true Lymaniriide and the Eupterotidxy, and though included in the former in this paper, must be considered as partially abnormal. Genus DENDROPHLEPS, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 491 (1892). DENDROPHLEPS SEMIHYALINA. Dendrophleps semihyalina, Hmpsn., |. ¢. 1 Z, Khasia Hills (type). 1 9, Sikhim. Genus CARAGOLA, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 46 (1879). CARAGOLA IMPRESSA. Leucoma impressa, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xx, p. 8, pl. 1, f. 1 (1877). Redoa impressa, Kirby (part), Cat. Moths, 1, p. 435 (1892). 1 9, Sandakan. 1 9, Fergusson Isl. Snellen’s type came from Java. It is just as distinct from cygna, Moore, as rinaria, Moore, is from dica, Swinh. ; I have both sexes from Java and Amboina; the male has acute fore-wings like the males of ochripes, Moore. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 377 CARAGOLA RINARIA. Redoa rinaria, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., u, p. 336 (1859). Caviria rinaria, Hmpsn. (part), Moths, India, i, p. 490 (1892). Leucoma margaritacea, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxix, p. 35, pl. 1, f. 2, 2a (1886). Arctornis snelleni, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 432 (1892). 1 ¢, Sumatra. 3 3,1 9, Java, including the type. Snellen’s type came from Sumatra. CARAGOLA DICA. Redoa dica, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 478. Caviria rinaria, Hmpsn. (part), Moths, India, 1, p. 490 (1892). 1 2, Khasia Hills (type). I do not think the sinking of this form to the Island species is justifiable ; dica is much larger, and has rounded hind-wings, whereas the hind-wings of vinavia are more or less square, the margin being straight from vein 2 to vein 7; Ihave both sexes from the Khasia Hills in my own collection. CARAGOLA CLARA. fRtedoua clara, Walker, xxxii, 343 (1865). Caviria clara, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 490 (1892). i$) Hong: Kone... 3.2, type. ' CARAGOLA CYGNA. Caviria cygna, Moore, P. Z. §., 1877, p. 601. Caviria eygna, Hmpsn., Moths, India, 1, p. 489 (1892). 1 g, Ceylon (type). 1 2, Andamans (type). CARAGOLA MARIA. Redoa maria, Kirby, Ann, Mag. N.H. (6), xviii, p. 383 (1896). 1 g, Mtzbe, E. Africa (type). CARAGOLA SERICEA. Stilpnotia sericea, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 45 (1879). Caviria sericea, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 490 (1892). 1 $,39,Masuri. 2 ¢,2 2, Sikhim, including the types. 42, Thibet. 4 9, Kashmir. 5 ¢, Sikhim, including the 378 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the CARAGOLA OCHRIPES. Stilpnotia SEES) Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 45 (1879). Denar ophleps ‘semil: yalina, o. Swinh, (nec Hmpsn. »; Thine Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 14. 1 g, Moupin, W. China. 1 9, Chin Hills. 1 2, Khasia Hills. The type from Darjiling is in coll. Staudinger. Genus Leucoma, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, p. 64 (1829). Rtedoa, Walker, iv, 826 (1855). Kanchia, Moore, Lep, Ceylon, 1, p. 92 (1883). LEUCOMA SUBMARGINATA. Redoa submarginata, Walker, iv, 826. Leucoma submarginata, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 487 (1892). Redoa transiens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 128 (1862). Leucoma hipparia, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii, p. 214 (1893). 2 ¢, Sarawak, Borneo, including the type of transiens. 1 ¢,Sandakan. 1 ¢, Pulo Laut. 3 ¢,1 2, Singapore, including the type of ese (as oh ok Se lan eon | ote Fergusson Isl. 2 N. Guinea. 1 ¢, N.Ireland. 1 ¢, NaBritam, 2 fy i Java. 1 ¢, Chusan Isl. 1 ¢, Ichang, W. China. t,19, Darjiling. 2 3, 19, Cachar. 5 f, Trevandrum. 3 au Ceylon. 1 #, Maulmein. 1 @, 1 2, Silhet (types). 2 $, Burma. 1 ¢,Andamans. 1 @, Nilgiri Hills. LEUCOMA CYGNA. Redoa cygna, Moore, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 401. ftedoa cymbicornis, Butler, Ill. Het., v, p. 48, pl. 89, f. 2 (1881). Redoa nigricilia, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 478. 1 9, India (type). 2 9, Yokohama. 1 ¢, Pu-tsu-fong, China. 5 ¢,1 2, Sikhim, including the type of cymin- cornis. 1 2, Khasia Hills (type nigricilia). 1 3, Nilgiri Hills. 1 ¢, Andamans. 3 ¢, Penang. 1 ¢, Borneo. 1 gf, Singapore. 2 2, Queensland. g,N i Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 379 LEUCOMA FLAVESCENS. fedoa flavescens, Moore, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 600. Leucoma flavescens, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 488 (1892). Redoa sericea, Moore, |. c. 3 $, Andamans, including both types. 1 7,19, Nilgiri Hills. 2 ¢, Travancore. LEUCOMA PRUINOSA. Leucoma pruinosa, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 236 (1879). Arctornis pruinosa, Kirby, Cat. Mothis, i, p. 433 (1892). 1 2, Madagascar (type). LEUCOMA NITIDA, nov. 6, 2. Palpi, fore-legs and frons orange ochreous; top of head, middle and hind legs, body and wings above and below pure white ; antenne with the shaft white, branches ochreous grey ; thorax of the male suffused with orange ochreous ; fore-wings with a beautiful silvery sheen, with thin longitudinal curved waves in certain lights; the first runs from base to apex, the second from hinder margin near base to outer margin above the middle, and the third from the middle of the hinder margin to outer margin below the middle. Costal line and cilia ochreous grey ; hind-wings without the sheen and without any markings. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,8,, 9 2.3, inches. gf 2, types, Old Calabar (S. D. Crompton and F. W. Sampson). 1 2, Ogove River. 1 9, Lagos (H. Strachan). 1 2, Sapele, River Niger. 1 2, Gold Coast (W. Ef. Johnston). LEUCOMA LUTEIPES. Stilpnotia luteipes, Walker, 1v, 843, 2 (1855). Homeomeria luteipes, Kirby, Cat. Moths., i, p. 437 (1892). Redoa laba, Schaus and Clements, Lep. Sierra Leone, p. 25, pl. 1, f. 4 g (1893). ftedoa ogovensis, Holland, Ent. News, Phil., 1893, p. 63, pl. 3, f. 12, 13. 2 $,2 2, Sierra Leone, including the type. 1 7, Old Calabar. 1 2, Ogove River. There can be no doubt that Jaa is its male; the locality and description fit it exactly; and I have compared an example from Mr. Druce’s collection, given him by Dr. Holland as ogovensis, with Walker's type: these are also identical. 380 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the LEUCOMA EGERINA. Leucoma egerina, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xu, p. 214 (1893). 4 4,12, Singapore, including the type. LEUCOMA MARGINALIS. Redoa marginalis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 128 (1862). Leucoma marginalis, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 202 (1892). 1 2, Singapore. 3 7,Sarawak. 1 7,1 2, Kuching. The type from Sarawak is in Mus. oe LEUCOMA ALBA Aroa alba, Brem., Bull. Acad. Pet., iii, p. 478 (1861). Aroa alba, Brem., Lep. Ost. Sib., p. 41, pl. 5, £ 18 (1864). Leucoma alba, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 143. Redoa sinensis, Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 92 (1s77). =e ie 2 China, including Moore’s type. 1 ¢ oS Oo} Shanghai. ie 192, Fusan. 2 ¢,1 2,Gensan. LEUCOMA MOOREI. Leucoma moorei, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 1453. Redoa alba, Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 92 (1877) (preoce.). 1 2, Shanghai (Moore’s type). 3 7, Ichang. 12, Chang Yang. 2 2,12, Omeishan. 3 a , Moupin. 1 Q, Wa- Shan. LEUCOMA MINUTISSIMA, nov. 4. Pure white; frons, pectinations of the antennz, and the tarsi tinged with greyish ochreous; a very small black dot at the end of the cell of the fore-wings ; otherwise the insect above and below is entirely without markings. Expanse of wings 4 inch. Hah, SARAwAk, Borneo (Wallace). I should think it is the smallest species of the genus; the example is in excellent condition. LEUCOMA DIVISA. Euproctis divisa, Walker, iv, 836 (1855). 1 Z, Silhet (type). 1 7%, Bhutan. 2 7, Donat Range, Burma. 5 7,1 2, Singapore. 1 f,1 2, Penang, 17, 12, Java. 2 7, Pulo Laut. 1 27, Sarawak. Walker described two perfectly distinct moths as male and female of his species; I take his type to be the first one, following his description; it isa female from Nepal, a true Huproctis; the next is a male from Silhet, a Leucoma, and as the name is not preoccupied and his deseription is sufficient, it must stand. LEUCOMA SILHETICA. Penora sthetica, Walker, xxxii, 341 (1865). 1 7, Khasia Hills. 1 2, Silhet (type). This is a common form in the Khasia Hills: it is almost completely hyaline, and is quite distinct from divisa, which is well clothed in both sexes. LEUCOMA DIAPHANA. ftedoa diaphana, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 46, no. 1051, ¢ (1879). Redo lactea, Moore, |. c., no. 1053 2. 3 2, Bengal 2 ¢, Kulu. 1 7,1 Q, Omeishan. Moupin. 1 2, Kwei-Chow. LEUCOMA PELLUCIDA, nov. 3, 2- White; palpi and top of head orange ; frons white ; antennz and thorax tinged with orange in the males; wings very thinly elothed, almost hyaline ; the costal line orange ; cilia tinged with orange ; a small, rather promment, black mark in the middle of the discoidal vein of fore-wings ; fore-legs orange, hind-legs white. Expanse of wings ¢ 135, 2 2 3, imehes. Hab. Kuasts HILts. I have two from the same locality in my own collection ; one I have had for some years unnamed. LEUCOMA TIPHIA, nov. 3; 2. Antenne black, the shaft speckled with white; palpi black with some ochreous hairs ; frons with some ochreous hairs in the male ; pectus ochreous in the male, and the thorax below covered with ochreous brown hairs ; legs white ; fore tibiz striped with black in front in both sexes ; head, bedy, and wings above and below pure white sparsely covered with shining scales, semi-hyaline : costal line 382 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the of fore-wings black for one-third of its length from the base above and below, but below the whole costal space is also tinged with ochreous ; no other markings. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,%,, 2 144 inches. Hab. Natropt Forest, Kikuyu, British E. Africa (Crawshay), 4 $,1 @. LEUCOMA USEBIA, nov. ¢. Antenne black, shafts whitish ; frons, fore-legs, and hind tibia ochreous; otherwise the insect is pure white without any markings whatever above or below ; veins 6 and 7 of the hind-wings are on a long stalk. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches. 5 ft, Lake Nyassa (de Jersey). LEUCOMA CROCIPES. Cypra crocipes, Boisd., Faune.Madag., p. 87, pl. 12, f. 2 (1833). Cypra crocipes, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 438 (1892). 2 ¢, Madagascar. LEUCOMA TAVETENSIS. Leucoma tavetensis, Holland, Ent. Suppl. xxv, p. 93 (1895). Antiphella telesilla, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), iui, p. 469 (1889). The type came from the Taveta Forest, Kilimanjaro (Abbott), and is in the U.S. Nat. Mus.: in the B. M. there isone male from the same locality (Hannington), and two males from Lagos (Strachan); there is no apparent difterence between the Eastern and Western examples ; Druce’s type is from Zanzibar; it is rather larger than the continental examples, but otherwise identical. LEUCOMA GRACILLIMA. Leucoma gracillima, Holland, Ent. News, Phil., 1893, p. 64, pls, 1. o. 1 Z, Ogove River. 1 2, Old Calabar. LEUCOMA VATA, nov. ¢. Antenne and frons orange ; legs white, orange-grey in front ; head, body, and wings above and below silky white ; costal line of fore-wings orange ; no other markings; fore-wings rather long and Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 383 narrow, the outer margin being longer than the hinder margin, the hinder angle well rounded. Expanse of wings 1,5 inches. Hab. River NIGER, Sapele (&. W. Sampson). LEUCOMA RUFIMARGINATA, Nov. S, °. Pure silky white ; palpi and branches of antenne, body beneath, and legs ochreous grey, the last with some dark brown spots ; costa of fore-wings rufous; a spot of that colour at the end of the cell, and the outer margins and cilia of both wings rufous, except at the angles. Expanse of wings ¢ 1 inch, 2 1% inches. 2, 1-2, Pulo Laut: Allied to LZ. submarginata, Walker, but has no white frons, and no black and yellow spots and markings on the fore-legs. LEUCOMA PRIMULA, nov. ¢, ¢. Palpi chestnut-brown, whitish beneath and on the inner sides ; antenne grey, the shafts pale primrose ; frons dark chestnut- brown ; legs, body, and wings above and below of a uniform pale primrose colour ; fore-wings with the apical third of the costa and the outer margin, including the cilia, dark chestnut-brown, a small space just before the hinder angle not coloured ; hind-wings with the outer marginal line and cilia from a little before the middle to near the anal angle similarly coloured ; a very small brown dot in the middle of the discoidal vein of the fore-wings. The fore-wings are broad, and the hinder margin is nearly as long as the costa. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,4, 2 3; inches. Hab, SANGIR (Doherty). LEUCOMA MICACEA. Redoa micacea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., vi, p. 127 (1862). Leucoma micacea, Swinhoe, Cat. Hee Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 203 (1892). 4%, Sarawak, Borneo, including the type. LEUCOMA FLORA, nov. ¢. Palpi and antennx pale chestnut ochreous, shaft of antenne grey speckled with white ; frons pure white ; top of head white ; space between the antenne chestnut-brown ; fore-legs with brown TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART III. (OCT.) 26 384 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the patches, tarsi ochreous ; body and wings white tinged with primrose; thorax and fore-wings slightly irrorated with chestnut-brown atoms ; a suffused lunular mark of that colour at the end of cell; the costa near apex and the upper middle portion of the outer marginal space both rather darkly suffused with the same colour; on the hind- wings, which are otherwise unmarked, there are triangular marks on the outer margin, and the cilia are of paler chestnut-brown. Expanse of wings 1,}, inches. Pulo Laut, 2 $ (Doherty); Sandakan, 1 gf (Pryer). LEUCOMA DISCIRUFA, nov. Antenne, palpi, head, body, and fore-wings above ochreous fawn colour ; fore-wings with a large ochreous red mark at the end of the cell ; the costal margin and outer marginal line and cilia of both wings of the same colour ; hind-wings with the costal half whitish, the lower half the same colour as the fore-wings ; a few minute black irrorations in the fore-wings ; underneath, body, legs, and wings pale yellow, nearly white, the wings with the margins and cilia red. Expanse of wings | inch, Hab. PuLo Laut (Doherty). LEUCOMA SATURNIOIDES. Laelia saturniordes, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxii, p. 105, pl. 8, f. 7, 7a—c (1879). Leucoma saturnioides, Snellen (part), Iris, vii, p. 139 (1895). The type came from Celebes: it is in the B. M. from Singapore. The venation is well figured by Snellen ; it is not quite typical, but very nearly so, vein 5 arising a ‘Little above the lower end of the cell instead of from it: it certainly is nota Laelia. Snellen says Leucoma fenestrata, Hmpsn., Il. Het., ix, p. 78, pl. 160, f. 6 2 (1893), is the same thing; but in this I am convinced he is wrong; Hampson’s and Snellen’s figures are both good ; both the types are females, so is the example of satuwrnioides from Singapore ; and they appear to me to be quite distinct one from the other. LEUCOMA FENESTRATA. Leucoma fenestrata, Hmpsn., Moths, India, 1, p. 489 (1892). Macrauzata fenestrata, Hmpsn., Il. Het., ix, p. 78, pl. 160, f. 16 (1893). 1 , Ceylon (type). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection, 385 LEUCOMA SUBVITREA. Leucoma subvitrea, Walker, xxxil, 344 (1865). Kanchia subvitrea, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 1, p. 93, pl. 113, f. 5 (1883). 1 3,4 9,Hong Kong. 1, Bengal (type). LEUCOMA L-NIGRA. Bombyx l-nigrum, Miill., Faun. Fridr., p. 40 (1764). Bombyx v-nigrum, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 577 (1775). Leucoma v-nigra, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, p. 64, pl. 16, £2 &, 2, Tokio, Japan (Pryer), and many European examples. LEUCOMA COMMA. Ocinara comma, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1865, p. 330. Leucoma comma, Hmpsn. (part), Moths, India, 1, p. 487 (1892). 2°, Masuri, including the type. 1 9, Darjiling. LEUCOMA AURIFRONS. Euproctis aurifrons, Moschler, Abh. Senck. Ges., xv, p. 75, f. 3 (1887). 1 2, Eb Urru, British E. Africa (Betton). Moschler’s type, a male, came from Aburi on the Gold Coast. Though he called it a Huproctis the venation of his figure is that of a Lewcoma; and as his description corre- sponds exactly with the female Lewcoma from Eb Urru I feel sure my identification is correct, though the localities are very far apart; but we have many instances of Kast and West Africa having the same forms of moths. Genus CREAGRA, Wallengr., K. Vet. Akad. Handl., (2), v, (4), p. 38 (1865). CREAGRA DEALBATA. Liparis dealbata, Herr.-Schaff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett, i, f. 111 (1854). Creagra dealbata, Wallengr., |. ¢. Creagra dealbata, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 460 (1892). 12 ¢,1 2,South Africa. 2 $, 2 9, Knysna. 386 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Genus CaLruRA, Moore, P. Z.S., 1879, p. 401. CALTURA ALBA. Caltura alba, Moore, 1. c. Caltwra alba, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 98, pl. 114, f. 2, 2a, b (1883). Cispia alba, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 493 (1892). 3 gf, 1 92, Ceylon. The type, from Ceylon, is in Mus. Dublin. CALTURA FLAVIPES. Cispia flavipes, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 493 (1892). 1 9, Sikhim (type). CaLTURA PUNCTICILIA. Naxa puncticilia, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1872, p. 575. Cispia puncticilia, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 493 (1892). Caltura puncticilia, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. 204 (1892). 1f,1 9, Nilgini Hills (co-types). The types from the Nilgiri Hills, both males, are in Mus. Oxon. Genus Naroma, Walker, vii, 1744 (1856). Hysibada, Walker, xxxii, 497 (1865). Zarfa, Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg., 1, p. 338 (1869). NAROMA SIGNIFERA. Naroma signifera, Walker, vii, 1744 (1856). Naroma signifera, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 716 (1892). Hysibada varipes, Walker, xxxii, 498 (1865). Zarfa lunifera, Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg., 1, p. 339. 1 g, Sierra Leone (type). 2 ¢, Accra. 2 J, Old Calabar. 1 3,2 2, Natal, including type of varies. 19, Congo (type lunifera). 5 f, 2 9, South Africa. 1 Z, Uganda. 14,8. Nigeria. Genus Hrmata, Moore, Lep. Atk., i, p. 57 (1879). HIMALA ARGENTEA. fiedoa argentea, Walker, iv, 827 (1855). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 38T Himala argentea, Moore, 1. e. Himala argentea, Butler, Ill. Hep., v, p. 49, pl. 89, f. 6 | (1881). Dasychira ilita, Moore, Cat. Lep. KE. I. C., u, p. 341 (1859). 1 ¢, Kangra. 1 gf, Dalhousie. 1 ¢, Dehra Doon. 1 g¢,1 , Darjiling, including Moore’s type 9. 1 4%, Assam (type). Genus GAZALINA, Walker, xxx, 398 (1865). Oligoclona, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 94, f. 10 (1868). GAZALINA APSARA. Dasychira apsara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., u, p. 341 (1859). Gazalina venosata, Walker, xxx1i, 398. Oligoclona nervosa, Felder, |. c., pl. 95, f. 8. 1 9, Subathu. 1, Dalhousie. 1 ¢, Dharmsala. 1 9, North India (type). 1 3,19, N.E. Himalayas. 5 ¢, 7 9, Sikhim, including Walker’s type. GAZALINA CHRYSOLOPHA. Liparis chrysolopha, Kollar, Hiig. Kasch., iv, p. 470 (1844). Dasychira antica, Walker, iv, 867 (1855). Gazalina antica, Butler, Ill. Het., v, p. 49, pl. 89, f. 4 (1881). Oligoclona chordigera, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 94, f. 10 (1868). 1 g,N. India (type anizca). 1 2, Dalhousie. 1 ~,1 9, Murree. I ¢, 1 $, Dharmsalay I 9, Kangra. 8 7, 2 ¢, Sikhim. I f¢, 1 2, Washan. 1 $, Chang Yang. 1 ¢, Pu-tsu-fong. 1 ¢, Kwei-chow. GAZALINA INTERMIXTA. Gazalina intermixta, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), vi, p. 306 (1900). 1 Z, Jaintia Hills. A very distinct form; the wings are much shorter than the wings of chrysolopha, the bands more erect, the inner band almost upright and not oblique; I have a nice series of both sexes. 388 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Genus IVELA, nov. Palpi short, covered with hair, last joint depressed ; abdomen cylindrical, of male slender, just reaching the end of hind-wings in both sexes; antennz bipectinate, the pectinations ciliated ; fore- wings with the costa slightly arched, apex rounded, outer margin convex, not oblique, hinder margin slightly rounded, nearly as long as the costa, making the wing somewhat triangular ; vein 2 from middle of cell, 3 from one-sixth before end, 4 and 5 from end, discoidal angled inwards, 6 from upper end, 7, 8, and 9 stalked from end of cell, 10 from one-third before end, 11 from a little beyond the middle. Hind-wings rounded, 2 from beyond middle, 3 from one-sixth before end of cell, 4 and 5 from lower end, their origins not quite touching, discoidal with the lower arm produced and angled, its upper portion erect, 6 and 7 on a short stalk. Type, Zvela auripes (Leucoma), Butler, from Japan. IVELA AURIPES. Leucoma auripes, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 402 (1877). Leucoma awripes, Butler, Ill. Het., u, p. 9, pl. 24, f. 1 (1878). Sitvia denudata, Swinhoe (nec Walker), Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon), p: 20214892). S $, 5 9, Japan, including the type. 1 ¢, Omeishan, W. China. Genus STRACENA, nov. Q. Palpi short, upturned, and hairy; antenne bipectinate with cilia and fine spines at the ends of the branches ; fore-wings long, rather narrow, costa arched before apex, which is rounded, outer margin curved, oblique, hinder angle rounded, hinder margin nearly straight ; vein 2 from near middle of cell, 4 and 5 from lower angle, 3 from half-way between 2 and 4, discoidal angled inwards, 6 from upper angle of cell, 7, 8, 9, and 10 stalked, 11 from one-third before end of cell ; hind-wings with the outer margin rounded ; vein 2 from one-third before end of cell, 3, 4, and 5 from end, but not touching each other at their origin ; discoidal having its lower half produced and angled, its upper portion erect ; vein 6 and 7 from upper angle. Type, S. fuscivena, nov. STRACENA FUSCIVENA, nov. 2. Antenne, palpi, and legs black; head, frons, pectus, and shoulders ochreous ; thorax, abdomen, and wings dull white, tinged slightly with grey, the costa of fore-wings tinged with ochreous ; Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 389 costal line, the median vein, discoidal, and veins 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 and 7 brown ; hind-wings with the veins grey near the outer margin ; both wings are semi-hyaline, and have very minute grey irrorations ; no other markings. Expanse of wings 23 inches. Hab. River Nicsr, Sapele, 5 2 (Sampson). STRACENA PROMELENA. Sulychra promelena, Holland, Ent. News, Phil. iv, p. 61, jolla ae IDNs) 1 2 from R. Gaboon. Genus SAPELIA, nov. d, ¢. Palpi upturned and hairy, very short in the female ; antenne bipectinated, with cilia and fine spines at the ends of the branches ; fore-wings with the costa nearly straight but rounded before apex, which is also rounded, the outer margin curved, not very oblique, but nearly as long as the costa and rounded at the hinder angle, the hinder margin also rounded ; vein 2 from middle of cell, curved hindwards in its middle, 4 from angle of cell, 3 from half-way between 2 and 4, 5 from a little above the angle, discoidal angled inwards, 6 from upper angle, 7, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 from just before end of cell, 11 from one-third; hind-wings rounded, vein 2 from a little beyond middle of cell, 3 from a little before end, 4 and 5 from the end, but their origins not quite touching, discoidal angled inwards, 6 and 7 stalked, the stalk about half the length of the veinlet. Type, Sapelia limpida, nov. SAPELIA LIMPIDA, nov. ¢, ¢. Antenne black, body above and below, legs and wings pure white; wings of the male very thinly clothed, of the female hyaline ; costa of fore-wings and veins of both wings more or less covered with ochreous scaling, making them somewhat prominent ; the male has a grey dot at the lower extremity of the end of the cell ; no other markings. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,%, 2 2:°; inches. Hab. River NIGER, Sapele (Sampson). SAPELIA FLAVIPECTUS, nov. 9. Like limpida, but the antenne are only blackish at the tips, the rest being yellowish ; the head, frons, entire body below, and 390 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the femora are bright yellow, the tibize and tarsi white ; the veins of the wings are more prominent and more ochreous, and veins 6 and 7 of the hind-wings are on a long stalk ; in the other forms of this genus the stalk is short. Expanse of wings 24 inches. Hab. SAPELE, Niger River (Sampson). Genus Sitvia, Walker, xxxu, 387 (1865). Kettelia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2), 1, p- 560 (1879). SITVIA DENUDATA. Sitvia denudata, Walker, xxxui, 388. Kettelia lowii, Butler, |. c. 1 f#, Malacca. 1 9, Penang. 5 ¢, 1 2, Borneo, in- cluding type of lowit. Walker’s type from Malacca is in Mus. Oxon. Genus OLaPa, Walker, iv, 823 (1855). Antiphella, Walker, vii, 1743 (1856). OLAPA FLABELLARIA. Phalena jlabellaria, Fabr., Mant. Ins., 11, p. 188 (1787). Liparis erocicollis, Herr.-Schaft., Ausser-Kur. Schmett., 1, f. 110 (1854). Olapa temperata, Walker, iv, 823. Antiphella vecontia, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ili, p. 469 (1899). 7 g, 10 2 from Abyssinia, Knysna, Natal, and the Cape. Druce’s type came from E. Africa; it is smaller than usual, but one of the Natal examples is still smaller. OLAPA ARGENNA. Cypra argenna, Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ivin, p. 725 (1899). 1 gf, Madagascar. Mabille does not give the sex of his type, neither does he give the measurement, but his description exactly corresponds with this example; it isa true Lymantrid, and not a Cypra, Boisd. = Cozistra, Walker, the type of which, delicatula, Boisd., is a Boarmid, as shown in my Memoir on the Geometers in the National Collection, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 633. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 391 OLAPA (?) ATRINOTATA. Antiphella atrinotata, Butler, P. Z. S., 1896, p. 854, pl. 43, it, 1 ¢, Nyassaland (type). This species does not appear to belong to this genus, but as Sir George Hampson is writing a paper on the moths of Africa south of the Zambesi, I leave it to him to determine its genus. Genus Ocoa, Walker, vii, 1768 (1855). OGOA SIMPLEX. Ogoa simplex, Walker, vii, p. 1764, 2. 1 g,1 2, Natal, including the type. 3 2, Brit. H. Africa. Genus Cropera, Walker, iv, 825 (1855). CROPERA TESTACEA. Cropera testacea, Walker, iv, 826, 2. 1 g,2 2, But. Es Africas 5: #)6) 2 Nataltand Cape Colony, including the type. CROPERA ADSPERSA. LIiparis adspersa, Herr.-Schaff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., f. 109 (1854). Laelia prolixa, Wallengr., Wien. ent. Mon., iv, p. 162 (1860). Gr ee Natale CROPERA FULVINOTATA. Olapa fulvinotata, Butler, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 678. 5 g¢, Zomba, including the type. 7 ¢,1 2,58. Africa. Genus CrorEeMA, Walker, iv, 811 (1855). CROREMA MENTIENS. Crorema mentiens, Walker, iv, 811. Cispia (2) obliqua, Walker, vii, 1734 (1856). Euproctis ampla, Walker, xxxil, 346 (1865). 1 3,1 9, Old Calabar. 4 7,3 9, Sierra Leone, including all three types. 1 9,8. Nigeria. 1 #, Gold Coast. 392 . Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Genus TopomMEsa, Walker, xxxv, 1921 (1866). TOPOMESA SUBINANIS. Topomesa subinanis, Walker, xxxv, 1921. Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 469 (fig.), (1892). 2 ¢, Java, including the type. J 2, Borneo. 2 ¢, Singapore. 2 ¢, Tenasserim. ” ) TOPOMESA DISCOLOR. Topomesa discolor, Hmpsn., Moths, India, iv, p. 490 (1896). 2 ¢, Ceylon, including the type. Genus CoBANILLA, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 11, p. 120 eee) CoBANILLA MARGINATA. Cobanilla marginata, Moore, |. ¢., p. 121, pl. 124, f. 4. 2 ¢, Ceylon, including the type. Genus PorTHESIA, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent, Haust., 11, p. 65 (1829). Chionophasma, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 384. PORTHESIA SIMILIS. Phalena similis, Fuessl., Verz. Schweiz. Ins., p. 35 (1775). Bombyx chrysorrhea, Esper. Schmett., 1, pl. 39, f. 1, 2 (1785). Bombyx auriflua, Hiibn., Bomb., f. 68, 69 (1800). 9 ~,5 2, Japan and Corea. 1 3,Shanghai. 3 J, 1 9, W. China. Besides many European examples. PORTHESIA VIRGUNCULA. Huproctis virguncula, Walker, iv, 836 (1855). ELuproctis marginalis, Walker, vii, 1731 (1856). 3 ¢,5 92,N. India, including both types. 2 ¢,2 $, Kutch. 1 2, Trevandrum: 34,22, Burma. 4°35 3°92 Java. 1 ¢, Sumatra, ? PORTHESIA PARADOXA. Chionophasma paradoxa, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, Dao, pl..9; £2, 2 Cisse): Porthesia panabra, Turner, Tr. Roy. Soc., S. Austral., 1902, p. 176. 2 ¢,3 2, Queensland, including the type. 2 ¢,1 $, Bondin Island. 29, Damma Island. 1 9, Queen’s Island. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 393 Hardly separable from virguncula, but uniformly smaller. One of the males from Queensland was received from Dr. Turner as panabra. PORTHESIA GALACTOPIS. Porthesia galactopis, Turner, Tr. Roy. Soc., S. Austral., 1902, p. 176. 2 ¢, 1 9, Queensland. PoRTHESIA ENTHYSANA. Porthesia enthysana, Turner, Tr. Roy. Soc, 8S. Austral., 1902, p. 175. 1 f#, Queensland (Turner). PORTHESIA MIXTA. Porthesia mixta, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ix, p. 88 (1882). Leucoma mixta, Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 445 (1892). 2 9, Tasmania, including the type. PORTHESIA FIMBRIATA. Teara fimbriata, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., 1891, SD: Porthesia fimbriata, Turner, Tr. Roy. Soc., 8. Austral., 1902, [Oe Itsy: 2 ¢, Queensland (Turner). PORTHESIA ALIENA. Porthesia aliena, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 386. Leucoma aliena, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 445 (1892). 1 g, Peak Downs (type). PORTHESIA MELANOSOMA. Porthesia melanosoma, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1x, p. 87 (1882). Leucoma melanosoma, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 445 (1892). 1 g, Melbourne (type). PORTHESIA NIGRIFINIS, nov. ¢. Antenne ochreous-grey, shafts white ; head, body above and below, legs, and wings above and below pure white, without any markings. There is a very slight ochreous tinge on the thorax and 394 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the the costal and basal portions of the fore-wings ; the last segment of the abdomen is black above and golden yellow below, and there is a black stripe underneath. Expanse of wings 1,% inches. Hab. Kikuyu, Machakos to Neugia (Crawshay). The only African Porthesia in the National Collection, and, I believe, the first one recorded. PORTHESIA PRODUCTA. Huproctis producta, Walker, P. Z. 8., 1863, p. 168. Porthesia depauperata, Mab., Comptes-Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXlll, p. xvii (1880). 1 ¢, 4 9, Madagascar, including the type. PORTHESIA VARIA. Nola varia, Saalm., Ber. Senck. Ges., 1880, p. 176. & » Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 372 (1892). Hab. Nosst BE. Not in B. M. PORTHESIA PULVEREA. Porthesia pulverea, Ampsn., Monograph Christmas Isl., p09; pl. OF tI 00): 8 $,6 @, Christmas Isl., including the types. PORTHESIA IRRORATA. Huproctis irrorata, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ui, p. 347 (1859). Leucoma wrrorata, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 445 (1892). 1 2, Java (type). PORTHESIA XANTHORRHGA. Liparis xanthorrhwa, Kollar Hugel’s Kasch., p. 470 (1844). Luproctis subdita, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 400. Luproctis flavonigra, Moore, l.c., pl. 32, f. 11. Euproctis subnigra, Moore, Lep. Atk., i, p. 48 (1879). 74, Punjab. 3 ¢, N. W. India. 14%, Sultanpore. 2 ¢, Umballa. 1 2%, Kangra, 2 $, Nepal, including type of flavonigra. 1 ¢, Jawar Hills. 1 3, Khasia Hills (type submgra). 1 3, Travancore. 3 f, Ceylon, including type of suwbdita. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 395 PORTHESIA LUTEA. Bombyx lutea, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 574 (1775). Porthesia lutea, Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc.,S. Australia, 1902, ps live Artaxa chrysophila, Walker, xxxii, 334 (1865). Porthesia iobrota, Meyrick, Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Australia, 1891, p. 194. Artaxa wbrota, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N. 8. W. (2), vii, p. 251 (1892). 2 9,1 2, Queensland. 3 $f, Australia, including Walker’s type. 1 2, St. Aignan, Louisiade Islands. 2 2, Kapaur, N. Guinea. The Fabrician type and another are in the Banksian Cabinet, both females. Artaxa varians, Walker, doubtfully referred to this species by Turner, and luci/uga, Lucas, have vein 5 of the hind-wings present, and are true Luproctis. PORTHESIA FULVONIGRA, nov. d 2. Antenne blackish; palpi, frons, head, thorax, and fore- wings above ochreous ; hind-wings black with the border broadly ochreous ; abdomen black, anal tuft of female yellow ; body below, legs and wings yellow ; both wings with the interior portions suffused with black. The males somewhat vary; one has a great deal of blackish suffusion on the fore-wings, another has it slightly, and there is a melanistic variety entirely black above and below, the wings with some yellow in the cilia, the frons, palpi, and legs yellow. Expanse of wings ¢ 1 inch, 2 1,%; inches. Hab. GUADALCANAR ISLAND, Solomons (Jeck), 4 2,1 9. PORTHESIA AURANTIACA. Porthesia aurantiaca, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 485 (1892). 1 g, Sikhim (type). PORTHESIA STIGMATIFERA. Porthesia stigmatifera, Hmpsn., Moths, India, iv, App., p. #91 (1896). 1 2, Bhutan (type). Genus Euproctis, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 159 (1818), Lacipa, Walker, iv, 790 (1855). Artaza, Walker, iv, 794. 396 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Antipha, Walker, iv, 806. Dulichia, Walker, iv, 809. Lopera, Walker, iv, 919. Arna, Walker, v, 1176 (1855). Somena, Walker, vu, 1734 (1855). Utidava, Walker, xxvi, 1689 (1862). Cozola, Walker, xxx1i, 390 (1865). Adlullia, Walker, xxxu, 392. Themaca, Walker, xxxii, 394. Orvasea, Walker, xxxul, 502. Bembina, Walker, xxxul, 505. Microgymna, Wallern., K. Vet. Akad. Handl., 2 (v), 4, p. 38 (1865). Gogana, Walker, xxxv, 1920 (1866) (preocc.). Cherotricha, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 98, Erk., p: 3 (1874). Terphothriz, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 474 (1893). EUPROCTIS NEGRITA. HLuproctis negrita, Hmpsn., Moths, India, 1, p. 471 (1892). 4 f, Sikhim. The types ¢ 2 from Sikhim are in coll. Elwes. EUPROCTIS JOSIATA. Orgyia josiata, Walker, xxxii, 326 (1865). Artasxa josiata, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 453 (1892). Cherotricha nobilis, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 98, f. 17 (1868). 1 g, Celebes (type). EUPROCTIS SUBNOBILIS. Porthesia subnobilis, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxiv, p. 128 (1881). Artaxa subnobilis, Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 455 (1892). Artaxa simulans, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xi, p. 200 (1884). 1 ?, Amboina (type simulans). 2 2, Key Island. EUPROCTIS NIGRIBASALIS, nov. 2. Palpi, head, fore part of thorax and shafts of antenne orange colour ; branches of antenne, rest of thorax, and abdomen above and below black ; pectus and legs pale yellow; wings nearly white, tinged faintly with primrose; a black spot at the end of the cell on fore-wings, and some slight blackish suffusion at the base; on the hind-wings nearly the entire basal half is black, in which the black Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 397 cell spot can be traced ; the under-side is more distinctly primrose ; there is a black spot at the end of each cell, and nearly the entire basal half of both wings is suffused with black. Expanse of wings 1,%; inches. Hab. KINA Bau. EUPROCTIS RENOMINATA, Charnidas wniformis, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 56, pl. 140, f, 4 (1891) (preocc.). Euproctis renominata, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 471 (1892). 1 f, Nilgiri Hills (type). EUPROCTIS LEUCOMELAS. Huproctis leucomelas, Walker, iv, 838 (1855). EHuwproctis obsoleta, Walker (nec Fabr.), iv, 839. ss zs Swinh., Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 192 (note) (1892). A long series from Hobart, Tasmania; N. Holland; and Melbourne. The Fabrician obsoleta, the type of which is in the Banksian Cabinet, is a Lelia, and was misidentified by Walker ; dewcomelas is a very variable insect. EUPROCTIS DIVISA. Huproctis divisa, Walker, iv, 836 (1855). i. » Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p, 471 (1892). Te Nepal (type), gs ieee pollsimiecin peo ae W. China. EUPROCTIS LATIFASCIA. Leucoma latifascia, Walker, iv, 831, 2 (1855). Euproctis latifascia, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 472 (1892). Huproctis antica, Walker, iv, 835, 2. Euproctis postica, Walker, xxxii, 348, f (1865). Euproctis abdominalis, Moore, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 398, 2. 1 gf, N. India (type postica). 1 f,1 2, Dharmsala (type abdominalis). 29, Kangra. 1 2, 2 9, Nepal (types antica and latifascia). 1 9, Sikhim. 1 9, Bhutan. EUPROCTIS SUBFASCIATA. Artaxa subfasciata, Walker, xxxii, 332 (1865). Euproctis subfasciata, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 472 (1892). 398 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the 2 $2 9 Sikhims- 72/4, Assam. 179; Cachan, auld) any, Nilgiri Hills. The type from Darjiling is in coll. Staudinger. EUPROCTIS SIGNATA. Liparis signata, Blanch. Jacquemont, Voy. Inde, iv, Ins., p. 24, pl. 1, f. 7 (1844). 1 ¢, Murree. 1: ¢, Punjab Hills. 1 ¢, Skardo. EUPROCTIS CHIONITIS. Euproctis chionitis, Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Australia, 1902, p: 177. 2S, S. ED Australia. plas 2) @ucensland (Turner). EUPROCTIS VIRGO, nov. ¢. Antenne ochreous, shafts white; head, body, and wings above and below uniform white, rather dull in colour; anal! tuft ochreous ; a pale greyish suffusion on the costa of fore-wings above, and a dark brown costal stripe below, though the margin itself is white ; fore-legs striped with brown on their inner sides, tarsi with grey marks. Expanse of wings 1 inch. 1 f, Mandalay (type). 4 ¢ from Katha and Thyetmyo, Upper Burma, collected by the late Capt. E. Y. Watson, and 1 ¢, Rangoon. EUPROCTIS TENUIS, nov. ¢ @. Antenne, frons, head, thorax, and legs greyish-ochreous ; shafts of antennw white ; wings white, thinly clothed ; an ochreous costal stripe on fore-wings in the male only ; a very slight tinge of ochreous all over both wings ; no other markings. Expanse of wings ¢ +4, @ 1 inch. Hab. SAMBAWA (Doherty). There is also a male from Kapaur, N. Guinea, collected by Doherty, and a male from St. Aignan, one of the Louisiade Islands, collected by Meek, which do not appear to me to be separable from the Sambawa species, only differing in being without the ochreous tinge. EUPROCTIS BIMACULATA. Euproctis bimaculata, Walker, iv, 836 (1855). ELuproctis bigutta, Walker, 1v, 837. Old World Lymantriudx in the National Collection. 399 EHuproctis lutescens, Walker, iv, 837. Huproctis celsa, Walker, xxxv, 1915 (1866). 19, Shanghai. 5 ¢,49,W. China. 1 3, India (type lutescens, f). 1 g, Poona. 2 3, 1 9, Kanara, including type bigutta, g. 19, Nilgiri Hills. 1 9, Ceylon (type). 29,1, Burma. 1 9, Philippines (type ce/sa). EUPROCTIS ALBESCENS. nom. nov. Euproctis immaculata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1884, p. 358 (preoce. ). 2 9, Sikhim, including the type. 1 g, Bhutan. 1 8, Java. 1 2, Levuka. This immaculate white insect must be distinct from bimaculata. EUPROCTIS TITANIA. Luproctis titania, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 237 (1879). - - Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 444 (1892). 1 f, 1 2, Madagascar (types). EUPROCTIS LUNATA. Euproctis lunata, Walker, iv, 837 (1855). if » Dubler dl -Hety vp. 50; pl 189, £9 (1881). 1 % Subathu. 29, Kangra. 1 ¢,2 9; Umballa. 1.2, 1 9, N. India (type). 19, Bengal. 42, Poona. 2 7, 2 9, Madras. EUPROCTIS CONSOCIA. Euproctis consocia, Walker, xxxu, 347 (1865). Artaxa modesta, Schaus and Clem., 8. Leone Lep., p. 26 (1893). 1 g,1 9, Sierra Leone (type). 2 g, Brit. E. Africa. 6 , 1 2, Machakos. EUPROCTIS SEMISIGNATA. Cispia semisignata, Walker, xxxii, 3856 (1865). Artaxa citrina, Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 344 (1877). Artaxa leithiana, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 399, pl. 32, f 9 Artaxa erecta, Moore, l.c., p. 399, pl. 32, f. 6. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART III. (OCT.) 27 400 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Artaxa brevivitta, Moore, |. c., p. 400, pl. 32, f. 10. 19 ¢,11 Q from various parts of India, including all the types except citrina. EUPROCTIS ILLANTA. Euproctis illanta, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 13 1 f, Poona, 1 2, Alibagh, Bombay (types). A small pure white form, without any markings. EUPROCTIS HOWRA. Artaxa howra, Moore, Lep. Atk., 1, p. 51 (1879). Artaxa rhoda, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 138. Artaxa obsoleta, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., vin, p. 57, pl. 140, f. 12 (1891). 1 g, Calcutta (type). 1 ¢, N. Kanara (type rhoda). 1 g, Nilgiri Hills (type obsoleta). 1 g, Burma. 2 ¢, Andamans, EUPROCTIS ENDOPLAGIA. Euproctis endoplagia, Hmpsn., Journ. Bo. N. H. Soc., xi, p. 295 (1897). 1 f, Khasia Hills (type). 1 $, Ichang. 1 $, Moupin. EUPROCTIS PAUPERATA. Euproctis pauperata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 138. 2 £,2 2, Moupin, including the types. EUPROCTIS ZEBOE. Artaxa zeboe, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 350, pl. 9a, f. 7 (1859). 1 g, Java (type). EUPROCTIS SULPHURESCENS. Artaxa sulphurescens, Moore, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 399. 5 f,Subathu. 3 2, 2 9, Kangra, including the types. 1 2, Dharmsala. 1 ¢,Sikhim. 2 ¢,Sultanpore. 1 6, Burma. EUPROCTIS MONTIS. Artazxa montis, Leech, Entom., xxiii, p. 111 (1890). 2 ¢, Chang Yang, including the type. 1 2, Chia-kow- ho (type). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 401 EUPROCTIS INCONCISA. Artaxa inconcisa, Walker, xxxii, 332 (1865). 5 ¢, 49, Sikhim, including the type. 1 2, Sultanpore. 1 2, Khasia Hills, EUPROCTIS INCONSPICUA. Luproctis inconspicua, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 133. 1 2, Kia-ting-fu (type). 1 2, Omeishan. EUPROCTIS VENOSA, Artaxa venosa, Moore, Lep, Atk., p. 50, pl. 2, f. 5 (1879). 1 2, Tenasserim. The type from Sikhim is in coll. Staudinger. EUPROCTIS FULVIPUNCTA. Euproctis fulvipuncta, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 474 (1892). Lopera fulvipuncta, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 76, pl. 159, ff. 2-8; pl. 175, f. 14 (larva) (1893). 1 f, 4 9, Ceylon, including the types. EUPROCTIS BIFASCIA. Luproctis bifascia, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 58, pl. 141, f. 18 (1891). 1 ¢, Nilgiri Hills (type). 1 2, Travancore. EUPROCTIS IDONEA, nov. g. Antenne (including shafts), palpi, frons, body above and below, and legs ochreous ; wings above and below whitish, slightly tinged with ochreous, the fore-wings rather darker than the hind- wings, with the costal and hinder borders, the outer marginal line and cilia darker ochreous ; two thin transverse bands, composed of blackish-brown atoms, antemedial and discal, both stopping short of the costa; under-side uniform pale ochreous white, the apical portion of the fore-wings tinged with fuscous ; otherwise both wings are unmarked. Expanse of wings 1,2; inches. Hab. SHERLOCK RIveR, W. Australia (Clement); two examples. EUPROCTIS IMPUNCTA. Lacipa impuncta, Butler, P. Z.8., 1898, p. 427, pl. 32, f. 6. 3 ¢,5 9, Brit. E. Africa, including the types. 402 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the EUPROCTIS POSTINCISA. Huproctis (?) postincisa, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 400, pl. 32, ioe 2 2, N.E. Bengal, including the type. EUPROCTIS BIZONOIDES. Lacipa bizonoides, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 677. 1 2, Zomba (type). EUPROCTIS KARGALIKA. Huproctis kargalika, Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), 1, p. 231 (1878), = k Moore, 2d. Yark. Miss. Lep., p. 7, pl. Piel SAG S7T 9): ie oe varkand., ol fralso-eiumai let. eee oaiie = Kanda 2, Purkistan, | Wea eo? Amani The types from Yarkand are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. EUPROCTIS NOBILIS. Panthea (?) nobilis, Herr.-Schiff, Ausser-Eur. Schmett, f 980 (18a): Lopera nobilis, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 463 (1892). 1 $, Cape Colony. 1 9, Knysna. EUPROCTIS GEMMATA. Lacipa gemmata, Distant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 200 (1897). eee? Natal: The types, from the Transvaal, in coll. Distant. EUPROCTIS OSTRA, nov. 2. Fulvous above and below ; legs striped with dark brown above, tarsi brown ; fore-wings darker than hind-wings ; orange spots on the hinder portion of the wings, showing indications of three trans- verse bands, subbasal, antemedial, and discal ; five black spots from near the lower end of cell in a row towards apex, the outer orange spots connected with this row of black spots hindwards ; under-side with the interior of the wing suffused with brown; no other markings. Expense of wings 1;'5 inches. Old World Lymantiriide in the National Collection. 403 1 2, Machakos (Crawshay) (type). 4 ¢, Kibanui, Brit. E. Africa (Crawshay). It belongs to the group of nobilis, Herr.-Schaff., and the male has probably got the orange bands complete, the outer one running through the row of black spots. EUPROCTIS QUADRIPUNCTATA. Lacipa quadripunctata, Dew., L.-C. Akad., xlu, p. 67, pl. 3, f. 4 (1881). Lacipa seepunctata, Distant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 201 (1897). Lacipa quinquepunctata, Distant, |. c. (7), 1, p. 117 (1898). 5 $,3 2, South Africa. EUPROCTIS FLORIDA, Dov. ¢d. Antenne grey, shafts white; palpi ochreous, black at the base ; head and thorax white, pale yellow at the sides ; abdomen yellow, with broad black segmental bands, anal tuft yellow ; thorax beneath and legs grey, the latter striped with black ; fore-wings silvery white ; costal and outer marginal line yellow; two thin transverse orange bands, antemedial and discal ; the former bent. outwards above its middle, the latter nearly straight, from hinder margin one-fourth before the angle to the costa near the apex ; spots deep black and prominent, one subbasal, below the costa, another at one-fourth, below the middle, three, with indications of a fourth, at the end of cell, two smaller spots on the interior margin of the outer orange band a little above its middle, and a submarginal row close to the margin ; hind-wings pale yellowish without markings ; under- side pale yellowish ; fore-wings suffused with brown, hind-wings with a brown spot at end of cell. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches. Hab. Natrosi Puains, Kikuyu, Brit. E. Africa (Craw- shay). Allied to £. quadripunctata, Dewitz. EUPROCTIS SUNDARA, nov. ¢. Antenne ochreous grey, shafts white; palpi and frons dark ochreous orange, the former striped with black below ; head orange, collar white; thorax orange in front ; abdomen pale orange, the base and middle marked with grey; under-side of body and ‘legs ochreous; tarsi brownish ; wings white, not shining; fore-wings with the bands and spots bright orange ; bands subbasal, antemedial, and discal, all more or less sinuous and outwardly curved ; a row of somewhat triangular marginal spots of a darker orange than the 404 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the bands, three (and indications of a fourth) similarly coloured smaller spots at the end of the cell ; hind-wings with all but a broad outer marginal space suffused with pale blackish-brown ; under-side white; fore-wings with all but the margins suffused with darker blackish- brown, and the hind-wings similarly suffused at the base. Expanse of wings 5% inch. Hab. Katesa, Uganda, Brit. E. Africa (Betton). EUPROCTIS GRACILIS. Lacipa gracilis, Hopff., Peter’s Reise Zool., v, p. 430, pl. ff. 4, 5 (1862). 1 g, Brit. E. Africa, 1 9, Lake Nyassa. Le) fore) EUPROCTIS PUBESCENS, nom. nov. Lacipa pulverea, Distant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), i, p. 117 (1898) (preocc.). 4 g, Natal. 1 ¢, Zululand. Pulverea is pre-occupied, Leech having employed the name in 1888 for a Chinese Luproctis. EUPROCTIS PICTA. Liparis picta, Boisd. Delagorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr., 11, p. 599 (1847). 3 ¢,Knysna. 1 f, Cape. 2 f, Natal. EUPROCTIS DERSA. Euproctis dersa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I.C., ii, p. 347 (1859). 1 3, 2 9, Java, including the types. EUPROCTIS HOLOXUTHA. Euproctis holozutha, Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Australia, 1902, p. 178. 1 g, Adelaide River. 3 2, Townsville, Queensland. Dr. Turner has not described the female; it resembles the male, except that the last four segments of the ab- domen have broad black bands above, and the tip of the anal tuft is pale blackish, or dark grey ; one example has the fore-wings dark deep orange like the male; the other two are paler, the fore and hind-wings being almost con- colorous; it is quite distinct from crocea, Walker. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 405 EUPROCTIS PURA, nov. 3 ¢. Palpi, frons, pectus, under-side of body, and legs bright ochreous ; antennz, thorax, and fore-wings of a uniform clear lilac grey ; abdomen above with the base and anal tuft ochreous, the remain- ing portions deep black ; actually the four last segments are banded with black, the bands in the ¢ type specimen being quite close together, while in the others there are slight indications of ochreous segmental lines ; the hind-wings are ochreous, without any markings in either of the males, and with some black suffusion in the abdominal marginal third in the female ; the under-side is pale uniform ochreous, with no markings in the males, and black suffusion in the female as on upper side. Expanse of wings g 14, ? 2,1; inches. 1 #,1 9, Townsville, Queensland, bred (Dodd). 1 f, Queensland (Raynor coll.). I cannot find that this has been described by any one in Australia, probably because it stands in collections as £. edwardsii, Newman; but we have Newman’s type, and in my opinion it is quite a different insect, being more nearly allied to E. holoxutha, Turner; Newman’s type is well figured in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1856, pl. 18, f. 10, and any one comparing it with this beautiful Queensland species will see that it is quite different. EUPROCTIS EDWARDSII. Teara edwardsii, Newm., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1856, p. 284, pl. Spt. Os LO: 1 ¢, Australia (type). EUPROCTIS OCHREA, Gogana ochrea, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), i, p. 459 (1878). Nygmia ochrea, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 449 (1892). 1 f,1 9, Madagascar (types). EUPROCTIS CROCEA. Teara crocea, Walker, xxxii, 355 (1865). Nyginia crocea, Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 449 (1892). Artaxa arrogans, Lucas, Proc. Roy. Soc., Queensland, xv, p. 140 (1900). Type 2, Moreton Bay. Lucas’ types came from Cairns; his description exactly suits Walker’s type. 406 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the EUPROCTIS PULVEREA. Artazxa pulverea, Leech, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 623, pl. 31, f 5. 2 Z, 2 2, Satsuma, including the types. 2 ¢, Nagasaki. 2 Z,1 2, Loo Choo Islands. 1 ¢, Gensan. 12, Kia- ting-fu. EUPROCTIS FLAVINATA. Artaza fiavinata, Walker, xxxii, 331 (1865). Luprocis flavinata, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 475 (1892). ELuproctis recurvata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., ae p. 138. ; 2,1 2, Shanghai, including the type. 2 7, Chusan. : $, Ningpo. 3 z, Chang Yang, ers peers type. 1 2, Sarawak. 2 7,1 9°, Nilgiri Hills. , 1 2, Ceylon. 1 2, Maulmein. . EUPROCTIS ARGENTATA. Euproctis argentata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 139. 1 27, Japan (type). EUPROCTIS CALVA, nov. 3 ¢. Antenne, palpi, head, body, and fore-wings dark bright orange ochreous without any markings; hind-wings pale whitish ochreous, also without any markings. : Expanse of wings ¢ 14, 9 15 inches. 1 7, Sambawa (Doherty) (type). 1 2, Bali, Low Country (Doherty) (type). 1 2, Lombok The species is much like £. holoxutha, Turner, from Australia, but that species has a pale spot at the end of the cell of the fore-wings, the hind-wings are dark orange ochreous instead of being whitish, and the abdomen of the female has broad black bands. EUPROCTIS FULVA. Artaxza fulra, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), x, p. 227 (1882). 1 2, Duke of York Isl (type). 1 2,N. Britain. 1 7, Port Darwin. 1 2, Queensland. EUPROCTIS VARIANS. Artaza varians, Walker, iv, 796 (1855) Euprocis pygmxa, Moore, Lep. Atk, p- 48 (1879), (preocc.). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 407 Artaza pusilla, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 1, p. 86, pl. 112, f. 4 (1883). 26 ¢, 14 2 from various parts of China, India and Ceylon, including the types of varians and pygmea. EUPROCTIS PYGMAA. Aroa pygmea, Walker, iv, 793 (1855). 5 f, Sierra Leone, including the type. 3 ¢, Accra. 1 g, Congo. 13, Gold Coast. 1 3, Old Calabar. EUPROCTIS SCOTOCHYTA. Euproctis scotochyta, Turner, Tr. Roy. Soc., S. Austral., 1902, p. 178. 1 gf, Adelaide River. EUPROCTIS CERVINA. Artaxa cervina, Moore, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 345 GUS: 6 $,3 2, Ceylon, including the type. EUPROCTIS CHRYSOPHEA. Orgyia chrysophea, Walker, xxx, 324 (1865). Notolophus chrysopheus, Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 493 (1892). Abyssinia, type 2. Veins 3 and 4 of the hind-wings are on an unusually long stalk. EUPROCTIS MAZA, nov. ¢. Primrose yellow ; body and legs without markings ; fore-wings darker and brighter yellow ; a large round subbasal red spot near the hinder margin ; a broad red discal band, divided by the veins into elongated marks, acutely angled in its middle towards the outer margin, which it does not touch ; it also stops short of the costa > there are likewise indications of a central band of scales darker than the ground colour of the wing, in two examples more pronounced than in the others. Expanse of wings 3; inch. Four examples from Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty) ; it is closely allied to £. titania, Druce, from Fergusson Isl. ; there is a female in the collection from N. Guinea with erange streaks between the veins, but with some of the 408 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the transverse markings distinguishable ; it may be the female of this species. EUPROCTIS DRUCEI, nom. nov. Euproctis titania, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ili, p. 469 (1899), (preocc.). 2 7, Fergusson Island. Titania is pre-occupied in the genus by Butler fora Madagascar Luproctis. EUPROCTIS DANA, nov. ¢. Palpi, antennz, head, body above and below, and legs brown- ish ochreous, paler and brighter below than above ; fore-wings much the same colour but inwardly suffused with brown, with two in- distinct transverse pale lines beyond the middle rather close together, forming a band which in some examples is darker than the rest of the wing, as in E. cervina, Moore, from Ceylon ; hind-wings blackish- brown ; cilia of both wings rather long and bright ochreous. Expanse of wings ,{, inch. 6 ¢, Dana, Kashmir, June 1888 (WeArthu7). Two of the examples have the fore-wings almost clear of the brownish suftusion and the transverse pale lines nearly obsolete, the insect thus looking very like JZ. chrysophea, Walker, from Abyssinia. EUPROCTIS LUCIFUGA. Artaxa lucifuga, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., 1892, p. 250. Luproctis chrysophea, Turner (nec Walker), Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Australia, 1902, p. 178. 3 ¢, Mackay, Queensland. This is not the same as Walker’s Abyssinian species, the type of which is now before me, and it is hardly to be expected that it would be ; the fore-wings of chrysophea are perfectly smooth dull orange colour, and the under-side of both wings pale bright orange without any suffusions, whereas Juwcifuga has the fore-wings more or less covered with brown irrorations, which give the wings a fuscous orange appearance, and on the under-side both wings are dark brown with orange borders. EUPROCTIS FULVISTRIATA, Nov. ¢ ¢. Bright orange ochreous, with darker orange streaks in the interspaces, leaving the veins pale yellow ; two indistinct pale yellow Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 409 transverse lines, medial and discal, both curving outwards; abdomen with whitish segmental lines, the last segment entirely whitish ; anal tuft grey ; legs with the tarsi whitish ; under-side of wings pale ochreous yellow without any markings. Expanse of wings ¢ 13%, 2 1y‘s inches. Hab. St. AIGNAN Isz., Louisiade Group (Meek). EUPROCTIS ARCLADA, nov. 2. Much larger and darker in colour than filvistriata ; the anal end of the abdomen is narrowly white ; the legs are orange ochreous without any white on the tarsi ; the orange stripes on the fore-wings are similar, but the hind-wings are much darker than the fore-wings, being of a curious vermilion orange colour. Expanse of wings 2,2; inches. Hab. WooDLARK ISLAND (Jeez). EUPROCTIS APICALIS. Bembina apicalis, Walker, xxxu, 505 (1865). 1 $,2 2, Ceylon, including the type 9. EUPROCTIS FERVIDA. Artaza fervida, Walker, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 168. . 2 Saalm., Lep. Madag., p. 185, pl. 7, ff. 115, 116 (1884). 1 $, Madagascar (type). EUPROCTIS SUBFUSCULA. Artaxa subfuscula, Hmpsn., ll. Het., viii, p. 56, pl. 140, ff. 5-11 (1891). 3 9,3 2, Nilgiri Hills, including the type. EUPROCTIS TERMINALIS. Aroa terminalis, Walker, iv, 794 (1855). 9 9, 1 9, Natal, including the types. EUPROCTIS SQUAMOSA. Lopera squamosa, Walker, iv, 920 (1855). 1 ¢,1 2, Natal (types). EUPROCTIS PUNCTIFERA. Aroa punctifera, Walker, iv, 792 (1855). Lopera gaudens, Walker, xxxui, 357 (1865). 1 f, Caffraria (type). 7 3,19, Natal, including the type of gaudens. 410 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the EUPROCTIS CROCATA. Liparis crocata, Boisd. Delagorgue, Voy. Afr. Austr., i, p. 599 (1847). Ss » Herr.-Schiff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., i, f. 112 (1854). Sot, 2 Os, Airiea: EUPROCTIS PALLIDA. Cropera pallida, Kirby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xviii, p. 384, Peel ost ondisoG)): 1 ¢, Mozambique (type). 1 3, Mandala. 1 ¢, Delagoa Bay. 47,5 9, Natal. “2 ¢, Mashonaland. EUPROCTIS MONOSTICTA. Lopera monosticta, Butler, P. Z.S., 1898, p. 428, pl. 32, f. 7. 1 ¢, Taru, E. Africa (type). 1. gf, Machakos. EUPROCTIS FASCIATA. Dulichia fasciata $, Walker, iv, 809 (1855). Artaxa squamiplaga 9°, Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, i, p. 338 (1869). Euproctis susanna, Staud., Iris, vu, p. 258, pl. 9, f. 9 (1894). Euproctis torrida f, Distant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 202 897): Euproctis stellata 2, Distant, 1. ¢.- Twenty-two examples of both sexes from Natal, Zulu- land, Congo (including type of sqguamiplaga), Old Calabar, Sierra Leone (type), Aden, and Palestine. KEUPROCTIS JONASI. Aroa jonasi, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 402 sigh): P > Butler, TI Het. ai, p, fOM pk Za ws 78): 8 ¢, Japan, including the type. EUPROCTIS UNIPUNCTATA. Euproctis wripunctata, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 136. 2 g, 5 9, W. China, including the types. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 411 EUPROCTIS TRIFASCIATA. Artaxa trifasciata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 51 (1879). 1 g¢, Kangra. 2 g, Umballa. 1 fg, Darjiling. 1 Z, Assam (type). 2 $, Cachar. 1 g, Bhamo. 1 @, Chia- kow-ho. EUPROCTIS DIGRAMMA. Bombyx digramma, Guérim, Icon. R. Anim., Ins., p. 508, pl. 86, f. 4 (1830). 12, Hone Kone, see bhutan. 1 9 Nepal 254) 3 Ceylon. 1 ¢, Burma. 1 %,Sumatra. 3 f,1 9, Java. Kirby puts this as a synonym to flava, Fabr.; I have examined the two specimens in the Banksian Cabinet, put with a query as types; they are too faded and discoloured for purposes of identification. EUPROCTIS UNIMACULA- Artaxa unimacula, Moore, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 399. 1 f, 2 2, Khasia Hills, including the type. EUPROCTIS GUTTATA. Artaza guttata, Walker, iv, 795 (1855). 1 2, N. India (type). 2 2,1 2, Dharmsala. 1 9, Kangra. EUPROCTIS PELONA. Artaxa pelona, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 138. 2 $, Khasia Hills, including the type. There is a form from Ceylon, which appears to me to be different from either guttata or pelona, but we want more material for decision. EUPROCTIS FRATERNA. Artaxa fraterna, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 85 (1883). 2 ¢,Subathu. 1 $,Sahibgunge. 1 ¢,1 2, Bombay. 5 f, 5 9, Ceylon, including the types. EUPROCTIS SASTRA. Artaxa sastra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 11, p. 351 (1859), 2 4, Java, including the type. EUPROCTIS INCOMMODA. Artaxa incommoda, Butler, Cist. Ent., 111, p. 11 (1882). 1 gf, Madagascar (type). 412 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the EUPROCTIS COMMUTANDA, nom. nov. Aroa immaculata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), x, p. 227 (1882) (preocc.). 1 2, Duke of York Island (type). EUPROCTIS CHEELA, nov. ¢. Ochreous yellow ; palpi, antenne, head, and body dark bright chrome yellow; branches of the antenne, thorax, and basal third of fore-wings suffused with pale brown; hind-wings pale yellow ; under-side whitish, just tinged with yellow, a little blackish suffusion on fore-wings near the base on the hinder margin ; no other markings above or below. Expanse of wings 1,%; inches. Hab, SINGAPORE (fid/ey). EUPROCTIS MUNDA. Euproctis munda, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 129 (1862). 2 gf, Sarawak, including the type. 1 9, Nias. 1 f, Singapore. EUPROCTIS CIVITTA. Euproctis civitta, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), xii, p. 195 (1903). 1 f, Kuching, Borneo. EUPROCTIS LODRA. Euproctis lodra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 1, p. 349, pl. 9a, f. 6 (1859). 2 4 semper, Het. Philipp., p. 471 (1898). 1 9, Java (type). EUPROCTIS INTENSA. Artaza intensa, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 402 (1877). Butler, Il, Het! 11, p. 10) pl 23, f£ 12 (1878). 6 4 2 9, Central China, 6356 2% Japan. 5 ¢) 2-9, Corea. >P) ”? EUPROCTIS VITELLINA. Tiparis vitellina, Kollar, Hugel’s Kasch., iv, p. 471 (1844). Euproctis gamma, Walker, vii, 1731 (1856). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 413 Artaxa princeps, Walker, xxxui, 331 (1865). Themaca comparata, Walker, xxxu, 395. 3 2, 1 2, Murree, 4 2, Dalhousie. 1 2, Dharmsala. 26,3 9, Kanera. 2 ¢, 3 9, N. India, including all Walker’s types. 1 3, 2 9, Sultanpore. EUPROCTIS LIMONEA, Cherotricha limonea, Butler, Cist. Ent., i, p. 11 (1882). 1 ¢, Madagascar (type). EUPROCTIS STRAMINEA, Euproctis straminea, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 135. 1 2, Chia-kow-ho (type). 1 2, Omeishan (type). EUPROCTIS CONSPERSA, Artaxa conspersa, Butler, Cist. Ent., ii, p. 117 (1882). Huproctis conspersa, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 140. 5 ¢, 7 2, Japan, including the type. EUPROCTIS INEPTA, Artaxa inepta, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, p. 228 (1887). 1 g, 2 9, Alu, including the types. EUPROCTIS ANGULIGERA. Artaxa anguligera, Butler, P. Z.8., 1886, p. 385. 1 f, Murree (type). 1 ¢, Andamans. EUPROCTIS AMPHIDETA, Euproctis amphideta, Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Australia, QO 2F pele 1 2, Townsville, Queensland. Turner’s description is not quite clear, but I think I have properly identified the insect, and the size and locality agree ; moreover, as Turner says, this species has vein 7 of the fore-wings absent: but in the specimen before me the grey portion of the fore-wing is limited by a sordid pink band, which runs along the costa with a spot in its centre, then submarginally to the hinder margin, having a tooth outwards in the centre, not at “two fifths of termen” as Turner says. 414 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the EUPROCTIS PECLA, nov. ¢. Antenne, palpi, head, thorax, and fore-wings dark bright yellow ; two bands composed of blackish-brown, minute scales ; first before the middle, interrupted but erect, consisting of a small piece on the hinder margin and a spot in the cell ; the other discal, also erect, but dentated above the middle, with a prolonged tooth that reaches the outer margin ; abdomen, hind-wings, and under-side whitish, slightly yellow-tinged, with no markings, Expanse of wings 1 inch. Hab. Mune Bay, New Guinea (Meek). EUPROCTIS LIVIA, nov. do. Pale yellow ; palpi ochreous ; antennz grey ; head and body pale yellow ; fore-wings with chestnut grey bands covering nearly the whole surface ; the first occupying more than the basal third, divided from the second by a thin yellow outwardly curved band ; the second narrower, also with a narrow yellow outer margin, which is acutely bent outwards above the middle ; there is a yellow spot on the costa, attached to it, and the outer portion of the wing is grey on the costa and at apex, and thinly on the outer margin ; its inner portion yellow, with two prominent black spots at the end of the angle of the outer margin of the second band, these spots being joined together by a line of black scales ; cilia pinkish-yellow ; hind-wings and under- side pale yellow, nearly white, without markings. Expanse of wings 3% inch. Hab. MILNE Bay, New Guinea (Jeek). KUPROCTIS BASALIS. Artaxa basalis, Moore, Lep. LALIA BUANA. Phragmatobia buana, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 358 (1859). 1 f, Java (type). LALIA FRACTA. Lelia fracta, Schaus and Clements, Sierra Leone Lep., p. 26, pl. 1, f£. 12 (1893). 3 2,2 9, Sierra Leone. LALIA VENOSA. Lelva venosa, Moore, P. Z.8., 1877, p. 601, pl. 59, f. 1. 3 ¢, Andamans, including the type. 1 9, Singapore. LA&LIA ATESTACEA. Lelia atestacea, Hmpsn., Moths, India, 1, p. 443 (1892). Harapa testacea, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 47, pl. 2, f. 15, 2 (nom. preocc.). 1 g, Khasia Hills. There is a female in coll. Pilcher from Sikhim, and both sexes in my own coll. from the Khasia Hills. The type came from Darjiling, and is in coll. Staudinger; it is the largest species in the genus, even larger than adalia, Swinhoe. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 443 LALIA LAVIA, nov. ¢. Olive-brown ; palpi with black hairs beneath ; frons, antenne, head, and thorax dark brown ; shafts of antenne white ; fore-wings pale olive-brown, darkest on the margins ; a discal outwardly curved row of seven black spots, and a blackish lunule at the end of the cell ; abdomen and hind-wings paler, evenly coloured ; a blackish lunule at the end of the cell; under-side dull pale olive-grey ; a brown lunule at the end of each cell ; legs ochreous with brown stripes. Expanse of wings 1,%; inches. 2 ¢, Lavi, Brit. E. Africa (Betton). L#LIA EXCLAMATIONIS. Euprepia exclamationis, Kollar, Hugel’s Kasch., iv, p. 469 (1844). Repena cervina, Walker, iv, 800 (1855). Lacida rotundata, Walker, iv, 802. Cycnia rubida, Walker, xxxi, 297 (1864). Lymantria disjuncta, Walker, xxxii, 366 (1865). 9 f, 12 ¢, from various parts of India and Ceylon, including the types of votwndata from Ceylon, and disjuncta from South India. The type of cervina from India is in Mus. Oxon., the type of rubida from Ceylon was in Layard’s lost collection. LALIA ADALIA. Lxlia adalia, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), vi, p. 307 (1900). 1 f,1 ¢, Jaintia Hills (types). Put with exclamationis in the B. M., but it is certainly more nearly allied to atestacea; it is a good and distinct form, and one of the largest of the genus. I have a nice series of both sexes, L2ALIA TESTACEA. Cycnia testacea, Walker, 111, 683 (1855). Lelia wniformis, Hmpsn. (2 only), Il. Het., viii, p. 56, pl. 140, f. 20 (1891). Charnidas colon, Himpsn., l. c., f. 3, 19. 1 2, N. India (type). 1 9, Allahabad. 1 2, Bombay. 19, Mhow. 2 g, 4 9, Nilgiri Hills, including both of Hampson’s types. 1 2, Travancore. 44.4 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the LALIA ADARA. Procodeca adara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 11, p. 337 (1859). 1 9, Java (type). LALIA JUVENIS. Ptilomacra juvenis, Walker, v, 1099 (1855). Fondella juvenis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 144, pl. 137, f. 4 (1883). 2 f, 2 9, Ceylon, including the type. A very peculiar and distinct form. LALIA LITURA. Charnidas litwra, Walker, iv, 797 (1855). 2 4,Subathu. 1 gf Kangra. 1 g, Nepal (type). 2 3, Sultanpore. LA&LIA FURVA. Ocneria furva, Leech, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 631, pl. 31, f. 10. ea? Ichane:. 19s Pekin: I cannot find the type. LALIA HETEROGYNA. Lelia heterogyna, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 443 (1892). 12 7, 6 2, Dras, Kashmi, including the types. The females have aborted wings. Genus DacryLoRHYNCHA, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 470 (1892). DACTYLORHYNCHA PALLIDA. Charnidas pallida, Umpsn., Ill. Het., vii, p. 56, pl. 140, f. 10 (1891). 2 ¢, Nilgini Hills, including the type. DACTYLORHYNCHA LUTEIFASCIA. Dactylorhyncha luteifascia, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 292. 1 f, Pauk Yaw, Burma (type). Old World Lymantrudx in the National Collection. 445 Genus ANTHELA, Walker, iv, 853 (1855). Darala, Walker, iv, 886. Colussa, Walker, xxi, 288 (1860). Leptocneria, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 386. Newmania, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 199 (1892). ANTHELA RUBICUNDA. Darala rubicunda, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ix, p. 419 (1st June, 1902). Anthela phenicias, Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Australia (1st July, 1902), p. 182. 1 g, Roebourne (type). 4 g, Sherlock River. 1 ¢, Queensland. Turner's type came from Roebourne. ANTHELA PUDICA. Darala pudica, $, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), 1x, p. 419 (Ist June, 1902). Anthela aspilota, 2, Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia (Ist July, 1902), p. 182. 1 f, Roebourne (type). 6 ¢, 2 2, Sherlock River. ANTHELA RUBESCENS. Darala rubescens, Walker, xxxui, 370 (1865). 1 g, Australia (type). ANTHELA ELIZABETHA. Odonestis clizabetha, White, Grey, Journ. Exped. Austral. ii, p. 478 (1841). 2 f, King George’s Sound. ANTHELA ADRIANA. Darala adriana, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ix, p. 419 (1902). 3 ¢, Sherlock River, including the type. ANTHELA PARVA. Darala parva, Walker, iv, 892 (1855). 1 g, Sydney. 1 3, Tasmania (type). 2 3%, 6 9, SE. Australia. 1 2, Victoria. Very near fer7ruginosa. 44.6 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the ANTHELA FERRUGINOSA. Anthela ferruginosa, Walker, iv, 854 (1855). 1 9, Tasmania (type). 1 9,8.E. Australia. 19, Sydney ANTHELA ADDITA. Darala addita, Walker, xxxii, 372 (1865). 1 9, Tasmania (type). ANTHELA VENOSA. Colussa venosa, Rosenst., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvi, p. 384 (1885). 1 9, S. Australia (type). ANTHELA CLEMENTI. Darala clementi, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ix, p. 81 (1902). 3 7, 2 2, Sherlock River, including the types. ANTHELA GUENEI. Teara guenéi, Newman, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1856, p. 284, fol: US yats wo: Newmania guenéi, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 199 (fig.) (1892). 1 f, 2 §, Australia, including the type. ANTHELA FIGLINA. Darala figlina, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ix, p. 81 (1902). 3 7, Sherlock River, including the type. ANTHELA BINOTATA. Leptocneria binotata, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 386, Ole Beat oe 1 3, Peak Downs (type). 1 9, 2 9, Port Darwin. ANTHELA REDUCTA. Darala reducta, Walker, iv, 888 (1855). 4 7, 3 9, Australia, including the type 2. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 447 ANTHELA OCELLATA. Darala ocellata, Walker, iv, 887 (1855). Ommatoptera tetrophthalma, Herr.-Schiiff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., f. 506, 507 (1856). 7 f, 12 9, Australia, including the types. It is a somewhat variable insect. ANTHELA DENTICULATA. Teara denticulata, Newman, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1856, p. 283. Darala basigera, Walker, xxxii, 372 (1865). Darala undulata, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 98, f. 11 (1868). 1 2, Adelaide (type). 1 ¢, Melbourne. ANTHELA OSTRA, nov. ¢. Antenne black, shafts white ; palpi, frons, head, and shoulders bright ochreous ; thorax blackish-brown ; wings dark black ; fore- wings with a minute spot in the cell, a round spot at end, both yellow, as also are the costal margin, the outer half of cilia, and a sub- marginal row of dots; hind-wings with the entire cilia yellow, and arow of larger spots near the margin, and extending into it ;, abdomen dark dull orange ; under-side of body and legs bright ochreous ; fore-wings yellow, with the reniform distinct, the disc blackish, intersected by a yellow transverse line, the outer margin slightly suffused with black ; hind-wings deep black, with a yellow cell spot, and broad marginal yellow border. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches. Hab. ADELAIDE RIVER. ANTHELA UNISIGNA, nov. ¢. Antenne blackish-brown, shafts. whitish ; palpi and frons blackish-brown ; thorax covered with dark bright chestnut-brown hairs, variegated with pure chestnut colour ; abdomen pale crimson,, anal tuft white ; fore-wings pale ochreous-grey ; a transverse erect and straight brownish-grey band beyond the middle, in which is a prominent pure white spot ringed with blackish-brown at the end of the cell, another more attenuated similar band in the disc, followed rather closely by a broad brownish-grey marginal band ; hind-wings paler, nearly white, with a similar broad outer marginal band ; under-side of wings white, with the first band of fore-wings and cell spot, the cell itself suffused with ochreous ; hind-wings with a TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART III. (octr.) 30 448 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the small brown lunular mark at upper end of cell; pectus and legs brownish-grey, with some crimson hairs; abdomen white. Expanse of wings 2,3, inches. Hab. SHERLOCK River, W. Australia (Clement). Of the shape of stygiana, Butler. ANTHELA STYGIANA. Darala stygiana, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ix, p. 88 (1882). 1 $, Melbourne (type). ANTHELA TRITONEA, NOV. ?. Antenne black, shafts pale red; palpi and frons black, ochreous at the sides; head brown; thorax and abdomen covered with very dark blackish-chestnut hairs with a bronzed tint ; in the female the thorax is covered with grey and white hairs; the abdomen is coloured like that of the male, but the segments are ringed with long crimson hairs ; fore-wings black, minutely and very densely irrorated with grey, crossed by three black bands rather close together in the middle of the wing, the first outwardly and irregularly curved, the other two nearly erect, the last including a small pale spot at the end of the cell ; another transverse black band in the disc, sinuated, almost crenulate, outwardly edged with white, and close to it a prominent white semi-dentate band, which runs from close to apex toa little in front of the hinder angle ; hind- wings pale brown tinged with ochreous, especially towards the base, where there is a bunch of dark chestnut hairs in the male ; a broad darker brown transverse straight band before the middle, a duplex whitish sinuated thin band before the blackish border ; under-side whitish irrorated with pale black; a white spot in cell of fore- wings, another at the end, both ringed with brown ; a brown even band across end of cell, and continued across both wings; a discal sinuate thinner band; an inner brown spot on hind-wings ; thorax and legs dark chestnut-brown, with some crimson hairs ; abdomen white, Expanse of wings ¢ 4, @ 4 -¢ inches. Hab, QUEENSLAND. These examples were presented in 1896 by Mr. Wailley : they seem to be allied to A. magnifica, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2), vi, p. 286, but differ in many characters from Lucas’s description ; they are the largest examples of the genus I think yet recorded. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 449 ANTHELA CONNEXA. Darala connexa, Walker, iv, 898 (1855). Darala Jervens, Walker, iv, 898. Darala zonata, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 99, f. 1 (1868). 5 $,5 9, Tasmania, including types of connewa and fervens. The type of zonata from Australia is in coll. Rothschild. ANTHELA POSTICA, Darala postica, Walker, iv, 899 (1855). 1 2, Australia (type). ANTHELA NICOTHOE. Bombyx nicothoé, Boisd., Voy. de | Astrolabe, i, p. 226 (1882). Darala adusta, Walker, iv, 897 (1855). Lelia australasivw, Herr.-Schaff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett,, f. 386 (1855). 9 3, 8 9, Australia, including Walker’s type. ANTHELA REPLETA. Darala repleta, Walker, iv, 896 (1855). 1 f, 2 9, Tasmania, including type ff. ANTHELA CINERASCENS. Darala cinerascens, Walker, iv, 900 (1855). 2 J, 1 9, including type 9. ANTHELA RUFIFASCIA. Darala rufifascia, Walker, xxxui, 370 (1865). 2 , 1 9, Tasmania, including type 9. ANTHELA FERRUGINEA. Darala ferruginea, Walker, iv, 890 (1855), Ommatoptera diophthalma, Herr.-Schiff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., f. 508 (1856). 4 ¢, Tasmania, including type. ANTHELA ACUTA. Darala acuta, Walker, iv, 889 (1855). 3. ¢, New Holland, including the type. 5 2 S.E. Australia. 450 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the ANTHELA DELINEATA. Darala delineata, Walker, xxxil, 371 (1865). 1 ¢, Melbourne. 1 @, Australia (type). ANTHELA SUBFALCATA. Darala subfaleata, Walker, iv, 894 (1855). 1 ¢,2 9, Tasmania, including the type ¢. ANTHELA HAMATA. Darala hamata, Walker, iv, 895 (1855). Darala latifera, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1862, p. 266. Colussa uvaria, Walker, xxxv, 1576 (1866). 12,3, Moreton Bay, including types of Jatifera and wvaria. 1 9, Sydney (type). ANTHELA VARIA. Darala varia, Walker, iv, 890 (1855). Colussa odenestaria, Walker, xxi, 288 (1860). 2 ¢, New Holland, including the type. 1 ¢, SE. Australia, 2 9, Australia, including the type of odenestaria. ANTHELA SIMPLEX. Darala simplex, Walker, iv, 891 (1855). 1 ¢, without locality (type). 2 ¢, 3 9, Sydney. ANTHELA PLANA. Darala plana, Walker, iv, 892 (1855). 1 g, Australia (type). In poor condition, and without antenne, doubtfully distinct from simplex. ANTHELA CANESCENS. Darala canescens, Walker, iv, 901 (1855). Dreata deficiens, Walker, xxx, 874 (1865). 1 2, Australia (type). 1 2, S.E. Australia. 2 9, Swan River. 1 ¢, N. Australia (type deficiens). 1 2,Carnarvon, W. Australia. They are of different shades of colour, but not more so than is common in the genus, and their markings are all identical. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 451 ANTHELA CARNEOTINCTA, nov. 3g, 9. Of a uniform ochreous-grey, tinged with flesh colour, the female rather darker than the male and tinged with pink ; antenne, palpi, pectus, under-side of body, and legs more or less ochreous ; on the sides of the abdomen of the male there are some brown patches ; on the fore-wings a brown dot in the middle of the cell and a brown spot at the end; a very indistinct, more or less crenulated grey line across the dise of both wings and even with the margins ; cilia of both wings ochreous; in the female there is, in addition, an inner discal duplex band in the fore-wings and indica- tions of asimilar band in the hind-wings, and very faint indications of an inner band across both wings; the under-side is evenly coloured like the upper-side, but yellower in the male and pinker in the female, with a brown spot in the cell and another at the end in both wings, and indications of the upper transverse bands. Expanse of wings, ¢ 275, 9 33 inches. 2 f, 1 2, Freemantle, bred March, 1891 (Walker). ANTHELA CRENULATA, nov. 2. Palpi brown-pink ; antenne, head, body, and wings above and below of a uniform ochreous-grey colour, with a slight shade of pink in it ; fore-wings with a small brown spot in the cell, and larger spot at the end; an ante-medial transverse brown band, inside the first spot, bent outwardly in an irregular manner in the middle, and continued in a very indistinct form across the hind-wings ; a discal band across both wings formed by a very evenly crenulated line ; cilia of both wings ochreous ; under-side with only the crenulated discal band, and a brown spot in the cell and another at the end in all the wings; fore-legs brown above. Expanse of wings, 2,55 inches. Freemantle, bred March, 1891 (Walker). Of a beautiful tint of colour; but this colour varies much, and in two examples is more yellow, and in two others bright yellow; the markings are identical, though in some examples more distinct than in others. They were all bred at the same time and place. ANTHELA CONSPERSA. Darala conspersa, Walker, iv, 891 (1855). Darala quadriplaga, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1862, p. 269. Ennomos (2) potentaria, Walker, xxvi, 1519 (1862). 452 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the 1 ¢, without locality (type). 19, New Holland. 1 9, S.E. Australia. 1 9, Australia (type potentaria). The type of quadriplaga marked Australia is in Mus. Oxon. ANTHELA EXCISA. Darala excisa, Walker, iv, 889 (1855). 4 $, 1 9, Sydney, including the type 2. Very near conspersa. ANTHELA CONSORS. Darala censors, Walker, xxxii, 369 (1865), (ex err. typ.). Darala consors, Walker, xxxv, 1917 (1866). 3 g, S. Australia, including the type %. 1 3, S.E. Australia. ANTHELA EXCELLENS. Darala excellens, Walker, iv, 902 (1855). 1 Z, 1 2, Australia, including the type &. ANTHELA INTEGRA. Darala integra, Walker, iv, 893 (1855). 1 $, New Holland (type.) 1 2, Australia. ANTHELA LIMONEA. Darala limonea, Butler, Cist. Ent., i, p. 291 (1874). 1 Z, 1 2, Rockhampton (types). ANTHELA INORNATA. Darala inornata, Walker, iv, 901 (1855). 1 g, Swan River (type). ANTHELA FLAVALA, nov. @. Of a uniform rather bright yellow colour; upper-side of palpi brown ; both wings with a grey spot in the cell, and another at the end; indications of an inner outwardly curved transverse line, and a post-medial broader line, followed by two thin crenulated lines ; under-side same as upper-side. Expanse of wings, 13’; inches. Hab. SHERLOCK River, W. Australia (Clement). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 453 There is also a still brighter yellow female, collected by Dr. Clement at the same place, with very similar markings (which are however very indistinct), in which the cell spots are somewhat closer together. ANTHELA PINGUIS. Darala pinguis, Walker, xxxii, 372 (1865). 1 f,1 9, Australia, including the type 9. ANTHELA OBSCURA. Trichiura obscura, Walker, vi, 1481 (1855). 1 gf, Australia (type). Not a typical Anthela, quite a small insect ; as it is an unique example, its proper position can only be determined when more specimens are obtained. Genus PTEROLOCERA, Walker, iv, 883 (1855). PTEROLOCERA AMPLICORNIS. Piterolocera amplicornis, Walker, iv, 884. 1 g, Adelaide (type). 13, Melbourne. 5 2, Australia. PTEROLOCERA INSIGNIS. Pterolocera insignis, Herr.-Schaff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., f, 459 (1856). 1 Z, Australia. Genus Aroa, Walker, iv, 791 (1855). Baziza, Walker, xxx, 398 (1865). AROA MAXIMA. Aroa maxima, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 74, pl. 159, f. 9 (1893). 1 f, Ceylon (type). AROA MAJOR. Aroa major, Hmpsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 74, pl. 159, ff. 3,5 (1893). 1 g, 1 9, Pundaloya, Ceylon (types). 1 g, Ceylon. 1 2, 1 2, Trevandrum. 454 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the AROA PLANA. Orgyia (?) plana, Walker, iv, 786 (1855). Charnidas junctifera, Walker, xxxui, 334 (1865). 1g; Ne india (type): 25a, 2 8, Nolo Ells, one Trevandrum. 4 2, 1 2, Ceylon. AROA OCHRACEA. Charnidas ochracea, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 44 (1879). 1 Z,1 9, Nilgini Hills. 1 2, Calcutta (type). AROA SIENNA. Avoa sienna, Ampsn., Ill. Het., viii, p. 55, pl. 140, f. 29 (1891). 23,19, Nilgiri Hills (type). 4 3, Ceylon. AROA SUBNOTATA. Lacida subnotata, Walker, iv, 803 (1855). 5 $, 39, Ceylon, including the type #. 12, Nilgiri Hills. AROA FLAVICOLLIS. Crinola flavicollis, Leech, Entom., xxiii, p. 111 (1890). 6 f, Chang Yang, including the type Z. 2 9, Chia-kou- ho, including the type &. AROA ATRELLA. Aroa atrella, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 489 (1892). 1g, Sikhim. 1 2, Khasia Hills. The type, from Margharita, is in coll. Elwes. AROA ATRESCENS. Aroa atrescens, Hmpsn., Journ. Bo. N. H. Soc., xi, p. 294 (1897). 1 g, Khasia Hills (type). AROA CINNAMOMEA. Charnidas cinnamomea, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 44 (1879). Charnidas aurantiaca, Warren, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 296. 3g, Kunawar, including the type. 1 3, Attock (type aurantiaca). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 455 AROA SAGRARA. Aroa sagrara, Swinhoe, P. Z.8., 1885, p. 299, pl. 20, f. 13. 4 2, Belgaum, including the type. 2 2, 1 9, Jubbulpore. 1 9, Rajputana. AROA CLARA. Aroa clara, Swinhoe, P. Z.8., 1885, p. 299, pl. 20, f. 10. 2 f, 2 2, Bombay, including the type. AROA SIMPLEX. Orgyia simplex, Walker, xxxui, 325 (1865). 1 3g, 8. India (type). 2 3, Nilgiri Hills. AROA XERAMPELINA. Gynxphora cerampelina, Swinhoe, P.Z.8., 1885, p. 299, pl. Pak tis fe), 1 g, 2 $, Poona, including the types. 1 2, Deccan. 1 f, Bombay. 1 2, Nilgiri Hills. AROA FLAVEOFUSGCA. Aroa flaveofusca, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ix, p. 80 (1902). 1 f, Lawas, Borneo (type). 1 ¢, Sandakan. AROA MIRMA, nov. ¢. Orange-yellow ; branches of antennze black ; head and thorax brown ; fore-wings with a rather large brown spot at the end of the cell, and dark brown irrorations forming a broad band at the apex ; some paler brown spaces on the costa, base, and hinder margin, the irrorations being less thick, leaving only a small place in the middle of the wing clear ; hind-wings with the costal space broadly dark brown ; under-side without any irrorations, except at the apices of both wings, but the brown spaces more limited on the hind-wings, there being merely a brown apical patch ; body and legs pale whitish- yellow. Expanse of wings 1 inch. 2 f, Sumatra (Lricson), With the wings rather broad and short and Wee apices rounded as in flaveofusca, Swinhoe, from Borneo, 456 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the AROA COMETARIS. Aroa cometaris, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xix, p. 223 (1887). 1 ¢, Alu (type). 2 3, Guadalcanar Island. AROA DISCALIS Aroa discalis, Walker, iv, 792 (1855). 14,8. Africa (type). 13, Kilimanjaro. 1 g, Zomba. 22 2, Natal, Mashonaland and Zululand. Kirby, p. 463, sinks dificilis, Walker, to this species, but difficilis is a Dasychira. AROA BISTIGMIGERA. Aroa bistigmigera, Butler, P. Z. S., 1896, p. 847, pl. 42, Lea. 3%, Nyassaland, including the type. 2 g, Zululand. 2¢, Port Ugowe. 2%, Basutoland. 2 ¢, Natal. 1 3, Transvaal. 6 ¢, Neugia, Brit. E. Africa. AROA DREGEI. Orgyia dregei, Herr.-Schiff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., 1, f. 114 (1854), 2 g, Cape. AROA MELAXANTHA. Orgyia melaxantha, Walker, xxxii, 324 (1865). 1 ¢, Cape (type). AROA SUBSTRIGOSA. Aroa substrigosa, Walker, iv, 794 (1855). MA 7 Butlers wy ket. vp 4) pl, COmatae® (1886). Aroa pyrrhochroma, Walker, xxxui, 329 (1865). 28 2, 5 2, from parts of North India and China, including both types. Typical pyrrhochroma with its broad black outer marginal band looks very distinct from typical swbstrigosa, which has no band whatever, but I have received both forms and any number of intergrades from the Khasia Hills, where the species is quite common, and I am convinced that they are both one and the same very variable form. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 457 AROA SOCRUS. Gynzephora socrus, Geyer, Zutr., v, p. 12, ff 837, 838 (1837). 4 f, Java. The “East Indies,” which Geyer gives as his locality, undoubtedly meant the Dutch East Indies; his figures correspond with the Javan form, which is quite different from the Indian. AROA RISORIA, nov. ¢. Antenne black, shafts white ; palpi and frons ochreous ; head, body, and fore-wings pink-grey, with pale blackish-brown indistinct streaks along the interspaces above and below the cell, and near the hinder margin ; hind-wings brownish-grey, paler towards abdominal margin, in one example pale yellowish-white and very uniform in tint ; cilia of both wings dark brown-pink ; under-side paler, both wings uniformly coloured, the apex of fore-wings with an obscure grey space ; body and legs grey, strongly tinged with pink. Expanse of wings 2%; inches. 3 f, Arjuno, Java, 3000 feet (Doherty). Belongs to the socrws group. AROA CHARAX. Neurophana charax, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvii, p. 352 (1896). 1 g, Nyassaland. The type from E. Africa is in coll. Druce. AROA OCHRACEATA. Aroa ochraceata, Walker, xxxil, 327 (1865). 1 9, Natal (type). 4, Salisbury, Mashonaland. 2 9, Zomba. AROA SIGNATA. Aroa signata, Walker, xxxii, 328 (1865). 6 9, Natal, including the type. 1 2, Port Ogowe. Genus TrIA, Walker, iv, 803 (1855). TEIA ANARTOIDES. Teia anartoides, Walker, iv, 804. 5 g, Tasmania, including the type. 2 2, S.E. Australia. 458 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the TEIA PUSILLA. Tcia pusilla, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ix, p. 88 (1882). 1 g, Melbourne (type). 7 2g, Sydney. 1 2, SE. Australia. Genus OrGyYIA, Ochs., Schmett. Eur., i111, p. 208 (1810). Notolophus, Germ., Prodr., 11, p. 35 (1812). Gynephora, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 161 (1818), Acyphas, Walker, iv, 797 (1855). Micropterogyna, Ramb., Cat. Lep. Andalusie, p. 281 (1866). Clethrogyna, Ramb., |. ¢. Thylacogyna, Ramb.,1. ec. Apterogynis, Guen., Stat. Sci. d’Eure et Loire, p. 78 (1876). ORGYIA NIGROCROCEA. Orgyia nigrocrocea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 124 (1862). 4, Sarawak, including the type. 1 2, Matang, Borneo. ORGYIA NIGRIPLAGA. Orgyia nigriplaga, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), xii, p. 194 (1908). 1 ¢, N. Borneo (Fruhstorfer) (type). 1 2, Perissiu, Borneo. ORGYIA TURBATA. Orgyia turbata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2), 1, p. 560 (1879). 1 g, Malacca (type). 1 g¢, Province Wellesly. 1 4, Tenasserim. 1 g¢, Heipaw, Burma. ORGYIA GONOSTIGMA. Bombyx gonostigma, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 585 (1775). Orgy ia approximans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 10. 1 gf, Tokio (type approvimans). 1 g, Oiwake. Besides many European examples. ORGYIA NUCULA. Orgyia nucula, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 435 (1894). Old World Lymantrudxe in the National Collection. 459 Orgyia nucula, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 7, pl. IL Se IB 1%, Khasia Hills (type). 1 g, Fort Stedman, Shan States. ORGYIA LEECHI. Orgyia prisca, Leech, Entom., xxiii, p. 111 (1890) (preoce.). Notolophus leecht, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 495 (1892), 2 ¢, Chang Yang, including the type. 10 3, various parts of Western China. ORGYIA SENICA. Orgyva senica, Hmpsn., Journ. Bo. N. H. Soc., xiii, p. 234, pl. B, f. 23 (1900). 1 g, Chitral (type). ORGYIA THYELLINA. Orgyia thyellina, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 10, ¢. : » leech iRs ZS: 1883;) p625, ple sl f° 7, (hy Sh 1 f, Tokio, Japan (type). 3g, Yokohama. 1 2, Oiwake. 5 f, 6 2, marked Japan. ORGYIA VIRIDESCENS. Acyphas viridescens, Walker, iv, 798 (1855). 2 $, Ceylon, including the type. ORGYIA DEWARA, nov. ¢. Antenne, body, and wings dark brown-pink ; branches of the antenne black; thorax and fore-wings with many pale pinkish markings very difficult to describe ; fore-wings crossed by a number of dark brown very irregular bands, and with a submarginal series of large brown spots on a pale ground, all very obscure ; hind-wings without markings, of a uniform colour, much darker than the fore- wing, nearly black ; cilia of both wings with ochreous-white tips ; under-side much paler brown ; both wings uniform in colour and without markings ; palpi, body beneath, and legs dull ochreous, the legs with some dark brown stripes. Expanse of wings 1,5 inches. Hab. Kapaur, N. Guinea (Doherty). The fore-wings are narrower than is usual in this genus. 460 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the ORGYIA POSTICA. Lacida postica, Walker, iv, 803 (1855). Orgyia postica, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 437 (fig.) (1892). r es Pag., Zoologica, xxix, p. 40 (1900). Orgyia ceylanica, Nietner, Ed. New Phil. Journ., xv, p. 34 (1862). Orgyia ocularis, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 44 (1879). Orgyia ludekingit, Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent., xxii, p. 104, pl. 8, f. 5 (1879): One from Hong Kong, 1 Formosa, 2 Calcutta, including Moore’s type of ocularis, 5 Ceylon, 1 Maulmein (type), 1 S arawak, 5 Java, 1 New Guinea, 1 Yorubaland, all males. ORGYIA AUSTRALIS. Orgyia australis, Walker, iv, 787, 2 (1855). Orgyia canifascia, Walker, xxxii, 325, $ (1865). 2 2,1 9, Australia, including both types. ORGYIA TISDALA, nov, ¢. Brown, with a slight pink tinge ; palpi on the inner sides, body beneath, and legs very pale, nearly white ; wings with the veins brown, rather prominent, rather thinly clothed, the costal and outer marginal spaces of fore-wings dark brown ; a large dark brown spot at the end of the cell. Expanse of wings 34 inch. 3g, Arjuno, Java (including type), (Doherty). 2 3, Sumatra (de Nicéville). A very small example of the genus; the outer margins of fore-wings much rounded. Genus Lacuana, Moore, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 397. LACHANA LADAKENSIS. Lachana ladakensis, Moore, 1. ¢., p. 398. ms “ Butler, Ill. Het., vii, p. 30, pl. 121, f. 6 (1889), 1 g, Ladak (type). 1 3, Skardo. Genus Icta, Walker, iv, 922 (1855). IcTA FULVICEPS. Icta fulviceps, Walker, iv, 922. 2 ¢, Australia, including the type. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 461 Genus VARMINA, Moore, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 405. VARMINA INDICA. Gluphisia (?) indica, Walker, v, 1039 (1855). 1 gf, Simla. 2 7,19, Kangra. 1 fg, 19, Dharmsala. 1 g, 1 3, Umballa. The type marked India is in Mus. Oxon. Genus CASAMA, Walker, xxxui, 611 (1865). CASAMA VILIS. Euproctis vilis, Walker, xxxii, 348, f. Casama indeterminata, Walker, xxxii, 611, 9. 1 3,1 9,58. India (types $2). 1 g, Nilgiri Hills. 2% Ceylon. 14,2 2, Muscat, Arabia. 1 3, Somaliland. 1 ¢ Abyssinia. Hind-wings with costal and sub-costal nearly touching at the middle, 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 stalked. ? ? Genus TuracipAs, Walker, v, 1027 (1855). THIACIDAS POSTICA. Thiacidas postica, Walker, v, 1028, 2. Dirymonia (2) denotata, Walker, xxxui, 414, 2 (1865). FHeterocampa (2) nigroscripta, Walker, xxxii, 423 9. Cnethocampa (?) curvata, Walker, xxx1i, 429, 2. Cnethocampa (2) basifurca, Walker, xxxii, 430. 12 ¢, 11 9, from various parts of India, including all the types. Costal and sub-costal touching close to base, 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 from the angles of the cell. Genus Dasycuira, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, p. 58 (1829). Psalis, Hiibn., Zutr., 11, p. 19 (1823) (non descr.). Olene, Hiibn., 1. c. (non deser.). Arestha, Walker, iv, 805 (1855). Melia, Walker, iv, 808 (preocc.). Anaxila, Walker, iv, 810. Argila, Walker, iv, 811. Nioda, Walker, v, 1069 (1855). Dediama, Walker, v, 1074. Rilia, Walker, v. 1075. 462 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Phineca, Walker, vii, 1746 (1856). Ilema, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 341 (1859) (preocc.). Anchyneura, Felder, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien., xliii, p- 331 (1861). Janassa, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 135 (1862). Thelde, Walker, 1. c., p. 139. Boreconia, Walker, xxxii, 460 (1865). Turriga, Walker, Char. Undescr. Lep. Het., p. 15 (1869). Tearosoma, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 100, f. 6 (1868) (non descr.). Cadrusia, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 54 (1879). Calliteara, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 12. Ludasychira, Mosch, Abh. Senck. Ges., xv., p. 75 (1889). Pseudonotodonta, Mosch., 1. ¢., p. 76. cura, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 389 (1893). Euproctidion, Holland, |. c., p. 414. Notohyba, Holland, |. c., p. 434. Thamnocera, Holland, 1. c., p. 454. Bathmochtha, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xxi, p.368 (1895). SECTION I, WITHOUT DORSAL TUFTS ON ABDOMEN. DASYCHIRA SECURIS. Psalis securis, Hiibner, Zutr., 111, p. 9, ff. 291, 292 (1823). Arestha antica, Walker, iv, 805 (1855). Rigema falcata, Walker, xxxii, 437 (1865). Rigema tacta, Walker, xxxii, 438. Anticyra approximata, Walker, xxx1i, 440. 14 2, 13 92, from many parts of India, Ceylon, Java, Australia, and Africa, including all Walker’s types. DASYCHIRA OLEARIA. Olene olearia, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8., 1885, p. 297, pl. 20, ff. 14, is 1 Z, 1 9, Poona (types). 5 9, Nilgiri Hills. DASYCHIRA FUSCA. Anthora fusca, Walker, iv, 918, 7 (1855). Boreconia subviridis, Walker, xxxii, 460, 2 (1865). Old World Lymantriidz in the National Collection. 463 17,1 2, South Africa (types $2). 127,Cape. 43,19, Knysna. The type example of subviridis is a female, not a male as stated by Walker. DASYCHIRA CCERULEIFASCIA. Thamnocera ceruletfascia, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 469 (1893). 12, Ogove River (Holland). 67, 22, River Niger (Ff. W. Sampson). Holland’s type, a female, came from the Ogove River. DASYCHIRA ROBUSTA. Aecyphas (2) robusta, Walker, iv, 799 (1855). 1 Z, Sierra Leone (type). DASYCHIRA DELICATA. Notohyba delicata, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 451, pl. 18, f. 4 (1893). \ / 1 Z, Ogove River (Holland). The type from Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA CITANA. Utidava (?) citana, Schaus and Clements, Sierra Leone Lep., p. 26, pl. i, £10 (1893). 1 Z, Sierra Leone. DASYCHIRA PUNCTIFERA. Erastria (?) punctifera, Walker, xu, 809 (1857). 1 f, Congo (type). DASYCHIRA PECULIABRIS. Mardara (2) peculiaris, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 240 (1879). 1 3, Madagascar (type). DASYCHIRA BASISTRIGA. Phineca basistriga, Walker, vu, 1747 (1856). 1 2 without locality (type). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1905.—PART UI. (ocT.) 31 464 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the DASYCHIRA ANTICA. Dediama antica, Walker, v, 1074 (1855). Bathmochtha albilunulata, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xxi, p. 368, pl. 4, £ 12 (1895). 1 2, without locality (type). Karsch’s type came from the Cameroons. DASYCHIRA LIGNEA. Nioda lignea, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 241 (1879). 1 Z, Madagascar (type). SECTION II, WITH DORSAL TUFTS ON ABDOMEN. DASYCHIRA MENDOSA. Olene mendosa, Hiibner, Zutr., u, p. 19 ff. 293, 294 (1823). Antipha basalis, Walker, iv, 806 (1855). Nioda fusiformis, Walker, v, 1070 (1855). Rilia lanceolata, Walker, v, 1075. Dasychira sawanta, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 340, ¢ (1859). Dasychira divisa, Walker, xxxii, 368, ¢ (1865). Dasychira basigera Walker, xxxii, 363, 2. Rilia distinguenda, Walker, xxxil, p. 435, 2. Olene basivitta, Walker, xxx, 436 9. Turriga invasa, Walker, Char. Undescr. Lep. Het., p. 15, (1869). 9 f, 13 9, from various parts of India and Ceylon, includ- ing the types of lanceolata, fusiformis, and basivitta. 1 f Singapore, 1 f 1 ¢ Borneo, 2 f1 2 Java, including the type of savanta ; 1 f Christmas Isl., 4 26 2 Australia, includ- ing the types of basalis, divisa, invasa, distinguenda and basigera. DASYCHIRA BASALIS. Argila basalis, Walker, iv, 811 (1855). 1 fg, Sierra Leone (type). DASYCHIRA ORIMBA. Olene orimba, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, p. 435 (1894). 1 g, 1, Khasia Hills (types). Old World Lymantride in the National Collection. 465 DASYCHIRA INVARIA. Repena (?) invaria, Walker, vii, 1724 (1856). Dasychira inclusa, Walker, vii, 1737. Thelde patula, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 140 (1862). Dasychira dalbergix, Moore, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 399. 1 2, Philippines (type). 8 3, 8 2, Java, including type Zt of inclusa. 29,Sambawa, 2 2, 3 2, Dharmsala, includ- ing type f of dalbergix. 22%, Bengal. 1 9, Hong Kong. DASYCHIRA ASVATA, Dasychira asvata, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 340 (1859). 1 Z, 1 9, Java (types). 1 2, Dinding Isl., Malaya. DASYCHIRA FLAVIMACULA. Dasychira flavimacula, Moore, P. Z.8., 1865, p. 804. 1 f, Bengal (type). 43,2 9, Darjiling. 1 3,1 2, Yatong, Thibet. The Yatong examples are not quite typical; the mark- ings are practically the same, but the fore-wings are shorter and the outer margin rounder, especially in the female, the wings not being elongated, with a very oblique outer margin, as in the Sikhim and Bengal examples. DASYCHIRA RENDALLI. Dasychira vendalli, Distant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 203 (1897). 3%, Mashonaland. 1 7, Natal. The type from the Transvaal is in coll. Distant. DASYCHIRA MUNICIPALIS. Lelia municipalis, Distant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 200, ai (1897): Lacipa diffusa, Distant, |. ¢., 2. 13 3,6 2, Cape. 19, Natal. 2 92, Nyassaland. The types from the Transvaal are in coll. Distant. DASYCHIRA EXTORTA. Dasychira extorta, Distant, Arn. Mag. N. H. (6), xx, p. 203 Gisam): 4.66 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Lymaniria hera, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), i, p. 209 (1898). 1 Z, Brit. E, Africa. 17, Natal. 5 4192, Mashonajand. The type from the Transvaal is in coll. Distant, and the type of hera from British E. Africa in coll. Druce. DASYCHIRA NUBIFUGA. Notohyba nubifuga, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 451, pl. 18, f. 33 (1893). 2, Ogove River (Holland). The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA MISERATA. Llema miserata, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 471, pl. 17, f. 3 (1893). 1 2, Ogove River (Holland). 1 9, Lokoja. The type from Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA OCELLIFERA. Occura ocellifera, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 454, pl. 18, f. 5 (1893). 1 3, Ogove River (Holland). The label on this example has got on it Notopriota ocellifera, Holland, co-type, but I can find no reference to any such genus, except on Holland’s plate; the genus does not seem to have been described. The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA MALIGNA. Parorgyia maligna, Butler, Cist. Ent., ii, p. 17 (1882). 1 f, Madagascar (type). DASYCHIRA PHASIANA. Parorgyia phasiana, Butler, Cist. Ent., i, p. 17 (1882). 1 $, Madagascar (type). DASYCHIRA CHALANA. Dasychira chalana, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 1, p. 339 (1859). Lacida costiplaga, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 126 (1862). Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 467 47%, 3 9, Java, including the type 9. The type of costiplaga f from Sarawak is in Mus. Oxon. DASYCHIRA MISANA. Dasychira misana, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 340, pl. 9a, t 271859): 2 f, Java, including the type. _ DasYCHIRA WHITEI. (Ecura whitei, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), i, p. 209 (1898). 1 2, Old Calabar. 2 ¢, Natal. 1 ¢, Durban. The type from W. Africa is in coll. Druce. DASYCHIRA GOODII. (Eeura goodii, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 390, pl. 9, ff. 3, 4 (1893). 1 f, Ogove River (Holland). 3 9, Sierra Leone. The types from the Ogove River are in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA COSTALIS. Melia costalis, Walker, iv, 808 (1855). 3 2, 7 2, Java, including the type 2. 1 3, Heipaw, Burma. DASYCHIRA CROMPTONI, nov. ¢. Antenne grey, shafts white ; palpi, frons, and thorax greyish- ochreous ; fore-wings ochreous fawn colour; two black subbasal marks, a brown obscure spot in the cell, a white lunule at the end with a white dot above and another below it, an antemedial semi- dentate erect brown line, a postmedial brown band from centre of hind margin straight to the costa one-fourth from apex, where it curves in; within this band there isa very fine semi-dentate blackish line with pale points; an oblique row of blackish-brown spots parallel to the second line ; the lower portion of the space between the first line and the band brighter ochreous than the rest of the wing; hind-wings pale ochreous-grey, without markings ; under-side of wings uniform ochreous-grey, with an oblique grey line in the disc of each wing ; body and legs ochreous ; tarsi with black spots. Expanse of wings 1,3, inches. 1 2, Old Calabar (Crompton) (type). 2 2, River Niger (Sampson). The Niger examples are without any ochreous tinge, but the markings are identical. 468 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the DASYCHIRA TENEBROSA. Dasychira tenebrosa, Walker, xxxii, 361 (1865). 1 fy) 9, Dalhousie, 5 45 Yatong, Ehibet.| Aras =, Darjiling, including the type. 5 ¢, W. China. DASYCHIRA BHANA, Dasychira bhana, Moore, P. Z. §., 1865, p. 804. 4 ft, Darjiling, including the type. The same size as tenebrosa, but can at once be distin- guished by its large dull ochreous spot at the end of the cell of fore-wings, instead of the black stigma of that species. DASYCHIRA NIGRITULA. Dasychira nigritula, Walker, xxxii, 360 (1865). 1 3, 2 9, N. India, including the type. Much larger than the two preceding forms, the ochreous spot at the end of the cell very large, in some examples in the form of a patch, prominent in fresh examples. DASYCHIRA FEMINULA. Mardara feminula, Hmpsn., Il. Het., viii, p. 58, pl. 141, ff 1, 7 (1891). 6 3, 7 9, Nilgini Hills, including the type. This is the South India form of the bhana group; the great difference in the female is quite enough to differ- entiate it; the male is as large as migritula, and the ochreous markings on the transverse bands of the fore- wings are more distinct and conspicuous. DASYCHIRA CHINENSIS, nov. 4, @. Greyish-brown ; palpi black above ; antennz with whitish shafts ; fore-wings variegated with greyish-white in both sexes, more especially on the outer half; four transverse, indistinct, brown lines, subbasal and medial both sinuous, discal dentated and recurved, submarginal line lunular, followed by a marginal row of lunules with whitish inner parts, and brown spear-shaped marks pointing inwards; hind-wings brown, with indications of a darker discal band; cilia of both wings ochreous with brown patches ; under-side pale olive-grey ; a double discal thin brown band across both wings ; a large brown lunular mark at the end of the cell of hind-wings, cilia as above. Expanse of wings g 44mm., 2? 56 mm. Old World Lymantrudx in the National Collection. 469 1 2,1 2, Moupin (types). 13,1 9, Ta-chien-lu, 10,000 feet (Pratt). 1 3, Kwei-chow. Belongs to the bhana group, but is different from any of the Indian forms; its coloration is peculiar, and the trans- verse lines on fore-wings are differently shaped. DASYCHIRA MAGNALIA. Dasychira magnalia, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), xii, p. 198 (1903). 1 ¢, 1 2, Khasia Hills (types). DASYCHIRA NIGRA. Dasychira nigra, Hmpsn., Journ. Bo. N. H. Soc., xiii, p. 416, pl 2a. 1941900): 1 2, Sikhim (type). DASYCHIRA GWELILA, nov. ¢. Antenne black; palpi, frons, and head brown; body and fore-wings very dark grey, nearly black, caused by very minute black irrorations closely packed on a grey ground colour ; veins more or less prominent ; faint indications of antemedial, postmedial, and discal transverse bands, and a submarginal series of more prominent black spots close to the outer margin; hind-wings white, without markings ; under-side of fore-wings grey, becoming white hindwards ; hind-wings white, with no markings; body and legs whitish, the latter with some brown stripes. Expanse of wings 1,', inches. Hab. GWELIL, Brit. E. Africa (Betton). DASYCHIRA ALBIBASALIS. Llema albibasalis, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 470 (1898). 1 f, Ogove River (Holland). The type from Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA GABUNICA. Euproctidion gabunica, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 414, pl. 10, f, 19 (1893). 1 g, Ogove River (Holland). The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. 470 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the DASYCHIRA GONOPHORA. Ilema gonophora, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 470, pl. 17, f. 1 (1893). Lelia curvivirgata, Karsch, Ent. Nachr., xxi, p. 372, pl. 4, f. 6 (1895). 1 f, Ogove River (Holland). 1 9, Cameroons. The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA ALBINOTATA. Thamnocera albinotata, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 469 (1898). 1 f$, Ogove River (Holland). The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA STRIATA. Notohyba striata, Holland, Bee vi, p. 452, pl. 17, f. 28 (1893). 1 g, Ogove River (Holland). The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland, very close to if not identical with albinotata, DASYCHIRA BRUNNEICOSTA. Tlema brunneicosta, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 471, pl. 17, f. 10 (1893). 1 f, Ogove River (Holland). The type from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA HORRIDA, nov. ¢. Dark brown; thorax blackish-brown in front ; abdomen with the first and last two segments smeared with white ; fore-wings tinged with olive; an inner, outwardly curved, transverse, rather sinuous blackish-brown line; a lunule at the end of the cell; a nearly straight and erect discal line; marginal spots black, flecked with white ; hind-wings a little paler ; marginal line dull ochreous, otherwise without markings; under-side uniform pale brown; a lunule at the end of each cell, a discal thin even band across both wings, and indications of a similar band between that and the margin. Expanse of wings 1 inches. Hab. OLD CALABAR (Crompton). ee ee Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 471 DASYCHIRA PLAGIATA. Anaxila plagiata, Walker, iv, 810 (1855). 1 f, without locality (type). DASYCHIRA VARIA. Dasychira varia, Walker, iv, 868 (1855). » Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 219, note (1892). Dasychira maruta, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 339 (1859). 1 2, Darjiling (type maruta). 1 9, Subathu. 6 %, Dalhousie. DASYCHIRA LUNULATA. Dasychira lunulata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 403 (1877). i Butler, Ill. Het., ii, pl. 24, f. 8, oy Dasi yohir a solitaria, Staud., Rom. sur Lep., iii, pl. 2, 2 (1878). Dasychira acronycta, Oberth., Etud. d’Ent., v, p. 35, pl. 5, tine, (LSSih): 3 2, 6 2, Japan, including the type ¢. DASYCHIRA ALBESCENS. Dasychira albescens, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 59 (1879). 3,1 9, Darjiling. The type from Darjiling is in coll. Staudinger. DASYCHIRA CINCTATA. Dasychira cinctata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 59 (1879). ig 2 Darling: The type from Darjiling is in coll. Staudinger. DASYCHIRA AMPLIATA. Dasychira ampliata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ii, p. 460 (1878). 1 2, Madagascar (type). DASYCHIRA ANGULATA. Dasychira angulata, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 292. ig, cikhim (ype). 1 2) Upper Burma. 1. 7, 2 9; Khasia Hills. 472 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the I put the Khasia Hill specimens very doubtfully with this form; they are white instead of dull ochreous, and the lines seem to be different; but the lines are not very distinct in the type, and we must await more Sikhim examples. DASYCHIRA PSEUDABIETIS. Calliteara pseudabietis, Butler, Cist. Ent., iii, p. 118 (1885). Calliteara abietis, Leech, P. Z.8., 1888, p. 631. Dasychira pryert, Butler, l.c., p. 119. Dasychira pudica, Staud., Rom. sur Lep., ii, p. 204 (1887). Dasychira modesta, Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 483 (1892). 6 f, 4 2, Japan, including both of Butler’s types. 1 2, 1 $ from Amur. Staudinger’s type came from the Amur; the name pudica was preoccupied in the genus, and therefore Kirby re-christened it modesta ; but the Amur and Japan examples are not separable. DASYCHIRA POSTFUSCA. Dasychira postfusca, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 9, Pl pr 2: 1 g, Khasia Hills (type). DASYCHIRA THWAITESI. Dasychira thwaitesi, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, 1, p. 98, pl. 116, f. 1, la, b (1883). Dasychira pudica, Moore, |. ¢., 11, p. 538 (1887). 1 g, 1 9, Ceylon (types), 1 3,1 9, Trevandrum. 1 32; Nilgiri Hills. The type of pudica is a dwarf female. DASYCHIRA GROTEI. Dasychira grote’, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 11, p. 338 (1859). Dasychira kausalia, Moore, P. Z. §., 1879, p. 401. Dasychira varia, 2 only, Walker, iv, 868 (1855). 1 f, Kasaoli (type kausalia, ). 1 3, Subathu. 1 3,14, Dharmsala. 1 ¢,1 9, Kangra. 1 9, N. India (type). 14, Himalayas. 2 9, Darjiling. . 1 9, Calcutta. 1 9, Moupin, W. China. Old World Lymantrude in the National Collection. 473 DASYCHIRA HORSFIELDII. Arctia horsfieldit, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1851, p. 162, play 2,, tie 1.2. Dasychira arga, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 11, p. 339 (1859). Dasychira longipennis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 13 (1862). Dasychira nilgirica, Ampsn., Il. Het., viii, p. 58, pl. 114, ff. 13, 14 (1891). 1 2, 2 2, Nilgiri Hills, including Hampson’s types. 3 2, 29,Ceylon. 4 3,19, Java, including Moore’s types. 1 2, 2 9, Singapore. Saunders’ and Walker’s types should be in Mus. Oxon., but I have been unable to find them; Walker's type was a female, and his description well agrees with this form. DASYCHIRA GEORGIANA. Dasychira georgiana, Fawcett, Trans. Zool. Soc., xv, p. 314, pl. 49, ff. 19, 20, 21 (1900). 2g, £ 2, Natal” 1 2) Wransvaal! DASYCHIRA CERIGOIDES, Janassa cerigoides, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vi, p. 135 (1862). a 5 Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 297, pled; & O1892): 1 2, Borneo. The type $ from Sarawak is in Mus. Oxon. DASYCHIRA GRANDIDIERI. Calliteara grandidiert, Butler, Cist. Ent., 111, p. 14 (1882). 1 $, Madagascar (type). DASYCHIRA VIBICIPENNIS. Dasychira vibicipennis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 239 (1879). 1 f, 1 2, Madagascar (types). DASYCHIRA GENTILIS. Dasychira gentilis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 239 (1879). 2 9, Madagascar, including the type. 474 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the DASYCHIRA ACRISIA. Deiopeia (?) acrisia, Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xli, p. 83 (1880). Dasychira acrisia, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 484 (1892). Dasychira crausis, Druce, P. Z.S., 1884, p. 228, pl. 17, £5, 9. 1 f, Acera. 1 3, Old Calabar. The type came from W. Africa, the type of crausis from the Lower Niger. DASYCHIRA ELEGANS. Calliteara elegans, Butler, Cist. Ent., 11, p. 13 (1882). 1 f, Madagascar (type). DASYCHIRA MGRENS. Calliteara merens, Butler, Cist. Ent., 11, p. 14 (1882). 1 g, 1 9, Madagascar (types). DASYCHIRA PUMILA. Calliteara pumila, Butler, Cist. Ent., iii, p. 16 (1882). 2 ¢, Madagascar, including the type. DASYCHIRA ARGENTATA. Dasychira argentata, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 12. 5 t, 1 9, Japan, including the type &. DASYCHIRA ASPERSA. Tearosoma aspersa, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 100, f. 6 (1868). 2 2, Natal. Felder’s type, a female without locality, is in coll. Rothschild. DASYCHIRA ROTUNDATA. Teara rotundata, Walker, iv, 851 (1855). 1 gf, Tasmania (type). 1 3, Australia. 1 g, Moreton Bay. DASYCHIRA SUBLUTESCENS. Dasychira sublutescens, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 433 (1898). 1 2, Ogove River (Holland). The types ¢ ¢ from the Ogove River are in coll. Holland. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 475 DASYCHIRA SUBFLAVA. Anaxila subflava, Walker, iv, 918 (1855). 1 f, Ashanti (type). The type has a female body put on it wrong side forward ; it is a mere fragment, but was evidently once a Dasychira. DASYCHIRA DIFFICILIS. Aroa diffcilis, Walker, xxxii, 328 (1865). 3 2, Natal, including the type. Walker described this type example as a male. DASYCHIRA ENOS,. Aroa (?) enos, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xvui, p. 353 (1896). 1 9, Sapele, Niger River. The type, a female, from Old Calabar, is in coll. Druce. DASYCHIRA STRIGATA. Dasychira strigata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 58 (1879). - fs Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 449 (1892). is » swithoe, Ann, Mag, N: . (7), xu, p- 197 (1903). Dasychira niveosparsa, Butler, Il. Het., v, p. 59, pl. 91, f. 7 (1881). 1 2, Masuri (type). 1 9, Darjiling (Butler’s type). 1 3, Khasia Hills. I have it also from the last-named locality; the male does not differ much from the female; the transverse duplex bands on the fore-wings are less sinuous, and the abdomen and hind-wings are more ochreous. Expanse of wings 2), inches. DASYCHIRA VIOLA. Calliteara viola, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 240 (1879). 2 f, Madagascar, including the type. DASYCHIRA CHLOROPTERA. Dasychira chloroptera, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 450 (1892). 1 Z, Khasia Hills (type). 476 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the DASYCHIRA VIRESCENS. Cadrusia virescens, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 54, pl. 3, f. 16 (1879). Dasychira virescens, Hmpsn., Moths, India, i, p. 451 (1892). 2 2, Darjiling, including the type. DASYCHIRA MASCARENA. Dasychira mascarena, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), ui, p. 294 (1878). Dasychira cangia, Druce, P. Z.8., 1887, p. 674. ¥ = Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 567, pl. 10, f. 12 (1893). 1 Z, 1 9, Madagascar (types). The types f 2 of cangia from Delagoa Bay are in coll. Druce; I do not see how they can be separated from Butler’s species. DASYCHIRA PASTOR. Calliteara pastor, Butler, Cist. Ent., iii, p. 15 (1882). 1 Z,1 2, Madagascar (types). DASYCHIRA CATOCALOIDES. Mardara catocaloides, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 126. 1 7, Moupin (type). 1 2, Ta-chien-lou. DASYCHIRA PRASINA. Calliteara prasina, Butler, Cist. Ent., iii, p. 16 (1882). 2 ¢, Madagascar, including the type. DASYCHIRA BARUNA. Somena baruwna, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I. C., ii, p. 346 (1859). x » Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 55 (1892). Dasychira viridis, Druce, Aun. Mag., N. H. (7), iii, p. 470 (1899). 3 2, Java (Horsjield), including the type. 1 7, Penang (Flower). The type of viridis came from Perak and is in Mus. Druce. Old World Lymantrudz in the National Collection. 477 DASYCHIRA GNAVA, nom. nov. Pseudonotodonta virescens, Moschler, Abh. Senck. Ges., xv, p- 77, f. 6 (1889) (preocc.). 1 f, Old Calabar (Sampson). Moschler’s type, a female, came from Aburion the Gold Coast: it cannot be generically separated from Dasychira. DASYCHIRA INFIMA. Somera infima, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 479, pl. 17, f. 29 (1893). 1 f, Ogove River (Holland). The type 2 from Ogove River is in coll. Holland. DASYCHIRA REMOTA. Dasychira (?) remota, Druce, P. Z. S., 1887, p. 675. 4 9, Niger River. The type, a female, from Gambia is in coll. Druce. DASYCHIRA VARIEGATA. Dasychira variegata, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 568, pl. 18, f. 13 (1893). 1 2, Ogove River (Holland). The types 7 2, from the Ogove River are in coll. Holland. SECTION III, ABDOMEN CLOTHED WITH LONG HAIR AND WITHOUT DORSAL TUFTS. DASYCHIRA COMPLICATA. Dasychira complicata, Walker, xxxii, 365 (1865). Trisula pustulifera, Walker, xxxii, 576. 49,29, Darjiling. 17%, Sikhim. 2 g,N. India (types). SECTION IV, ABDOMEN SMOOTHLY SCALED, WITHOUT DORSAL TUFTS ; WINGS VERY BROAD; FEMALE WITH BRANCHES OF ANTENNA UNUSUALLY LONG. DASYCHIRA LINEATA. Lymantria lineata, Walker, iv, 875 (1855). 1 9, Silhet, including the type. 1 2, N. India. The type was described as a male; but the male of this species is unknown to me. 478 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Genus MunycurvylA, Walker, xxxii, 395 (1865). MUNYCHRYIA SENICULA. Munychryia senicula, Walker, xxxii, 396. 1 $, Moreton Bay (type). Genus ANEPA, nov. Palpi porrect, slightly bent downwards ; frons, head, and thorax covered with long hair ; abdomen with dorsal tufts on each segment ; antennee bipectinate to the tips, the branches long, ciliated, and with bristles at their ends; wings shaped as in Dasychira of the Olene group; fore-wings with veins 7, 8, and 9 stalked, 10 and 11 co- incident and form the cell; hind-wings with veins 6 and7 on a long stalk ; hind-legs with two pairs of spurs. Type A. fusca, Walker (Acyphas). ANEPA FUSCA. Acyphas fusca, Walker, iv, 798 1855), 2 ia Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 472 (1892). 2 f, Australia, including the type. 1 ¢, Tasmania. Kirby has left out from his genus Acyphas the type of the genus viridescens, Walker, from Ceylon, which is an Orgyia. ANEPA FULVICEPS. Charnidas fulviceps, Walker, iv, 797 (1855). 4 7, Tasmania, including the type. Genus Urocoma, Herr.-Schaff., Ausser-Eur. Schmett., 1 p. 82 (1855). UROCOMA LIMBALIS. Urocoma limbalis, Herr.-Schatf., 1. c., f. 389. 4g, 19, Sydney. UROCOMA BALIOLALIS. Urocoma baliolalis, «Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, pelo. pl6, ©.4 @s92): 1g, Moreton Bay. 1 2,29, Australia. 1 $, Sydney. The type f from Australia is in Mus. Oxon. Old World Lymantrudx in the National Collection. 479 UROCOMA MARGINALIS. Trichetra marginalis, Walker, iv, 845 (1855). 1 f, Tasmania (type), 1 2%, Australia. Genus ABYNOTHA, nov. ¢. Antenne bipectinated to the tips, the branches long, with cilia and with spines at their ends; palpi upturned, thickly clothed, the last joint short; fore-wings with vein 3 a little before end of cell, 4 from end, and 5 from a little above it; 6 from the upper angle ; 7, 8 stalked, 9 from 10, anastomosing with 7 and 8 to form the areole ; hind-wings with veins 3, 4, and 5 as in fore-wings, 6 and 7 from upper angle of cell. Types A. preussi, Mab. (Liparis). ABYNOTHA PREUSSI. Tiparis (?) preusst, Mab., Vuill. Nov. Lep., i, p. 57, pl. 9, f. 5 (1892). Lymantria (?) preussi, Aurivillius, Ent. Tidsk., xii, p. 194, (fig.) (1892). Phxgorista (?) preussi, Kirby, Cat. Moths, i, p. 918 (1892). 4 f from the Cameroons. Genus PacuycispiA, Butler, Cist. Ent., iui, p. 11 (1882). PACHYCISPIA PICTA. Pachycispia picta, Butler, l.c., p. 12. 3 ¢, Madagascar, including the type. Genus CiruNA, Walker, v, 1172 (1855). Baryaza, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 45 (1879). CIFUNA LOCUPLES. Cifuna locuples, Walker, v, 1173. 1 9, Silhet (type). 1g, N.E. Bengal. 2 ¢, Khasia Hills. 62,39, Japan. 1 fg, Gensan. 1 gf, Chang Yang. 4 f, iS Acar The Amur examples are very dark. CIFUNA BIUNDULANS. Cifuna binndulans, Hmpsn., Journ. Bo. N. H. Soce., xi, p- 294 (1897). 1 f, Khasia Hills (type). TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART UI. (OCT.) 32 480 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Genus HETERONYGMIA, Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 414 (1893). HETERONYGMIA RHODAPICATA. Heteronygmia rhodapicata, Holland, |. ¢., p. 416, pl. 10, f. 15. 1 2, Ogove River (/olland). The type ¢ from the Ogove River is in coll. Holland. HETERONYGMIA CHISMONA, nov. g. Palpi covered with crimson hairs; antenne grey; head, thorax, and fore-wings pale fawn colour, covered with very minute grey atoms; three very indistinct transverse grey upright bands; hind-wings white, without markings ; abdomen above and below pale crimson ; under-side of wings white without markings ; pectus and legs yellowish-grey. Expanse of wings 1,5 inches. 2 g, Aburi, Gold Coast, 1880 (Carter). Genus Lomaponta, Holland, Psy che, vi, p. 417 (1893). LOMADONTA ERYTHRINA. Lomadonta erythrina, Holland, |. ¢., pl. 10, f. 1. 1 g, Ogove River. The types f 2 from the Ogove River are in coll. Holland. LOMADONTA JOHNSTONI, nov. ¢. Antennz ochreous ; palpi, frons, head, and thorax with the ground colour covered with crimson - hairs ; fore-wings ochreous, washed with crimson, the costal and outer margins dark red ; two semi-hyaline indistinct whitish spots in the lower disc ; the entire wing covered with well-separated red striz ; a brownish line from the costa a little beyond the middle to the upper whitish spot, where it is outwardly angled, then straight down to the hinder margin ; a submarginal line of brown lunules ; hind-wings white tinged with crimson, especially towards the outer margin, which is dull crimson ; cilia of fore-wings purplish, of the hind-wings crimson ; under-side whitish ochreous, crimson-tinged, with the marginal lines dark ; a dark lunule at end of cell of fore-wings, a spot at end of cell of hind-wings ; pectus and fore-legs covered with crimson hairs. Expanse of wings 14 inches. Hab. Conco Forest, July, 1900 (H. H. Johnston). Allied to LZ. erythrina, Holland, the type of the genus from Ogove River. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 481 Genus L&vapia, Butler, Ann. Mag..N. H. (5), iv, p. 238 (1879). LALAPIA NOTATA. Lelapia notata, Butler, |. ¢. 6 7, 1 2, Madagascar, including the type @. Genus ACLONOPHLEBIA, Butler, P. Z. S., 1898, p. 428. ACLONOPHLEBIA FLAVINOTATA. Aclonophlebia flavinotata, Butler, l.c., pl. 32, f. 8. 2 f, Brit. E. Africa, including the type. Genus NUMENOIDES, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p- 238 (1879). NUMENOIDES GRANDIS. Numenoides grandis, Butler, 1. ce. 2 2, Madagascar, including the type. Genus Maracuitis, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 291. MALACHITIS MELANOCHLORA. Malachitis melanochlora, Hmpsn., |. ec. . _ Dudgeon, Journ. Bo. N. H. Soc., xi, p. 413, pl. 1, f. 7 (1900). 1 f, Bhutan (type). Genus ENomE, Walker, iv, 883 (1855). ENOME AMPLA. Enome ampla, Walker, iv, 883. 4 ft, Ceylon, including the type. 3 #, Calcutta. 1 2, Malabar. 3, Bangalore. 1 ¢, Burma. ENOME INCERTA. Lymantria incerta, Walker, iv, 880 (1855). 1 , N. India (type). 2 3, Kangra. 1 2, Jubbulpore. 5 2, Nilgiri Hills. I cannot find the type of Lymantria aryama, Moore, from Canara, which Hampson puts as a synonym to this species. 482 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the ENOME DETERSA. Lymantria detersa, Walker, xxxui, 365 (1865). Enome detersa, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8., 1885, p. 300, pl. 21, ff. 3, 4. Lymaniria costalis, Walker, xxxii, 365. 2 4,8. India (types of both.) 7 3, 19, Mhow. 9 2, Poona. 4, Belgaum. The locality for detersa in Walker's Catalogue is entered as Mauritius, the insect from the Entomological collection ; but this is a mistake: the example came from the East Indian Museum, and the locality label on it is India. This form belongs entirely to South India; I have bred many specimens from larvze in Poona. ENOME OBFUSCATA. Lymantria obfuscata, Walker, xxxui, 367 (1865). 1 9, N. India (type). 2¢ N.W. Himalayas. 9 3, Murree. 1 Z, Kangra. 1 3, Campbellpore, Punjab. 1 9, Kalu. 1%, Sultanpore. 2 2, Karis, Cashmir. 1 f, Skardo. Genus LyMANTRIA, Hiibner Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 160 (1818). Liparis, Ochs., Schmett. Eur., ii, p. 186 (1810) (preoce.). Porthetria, Hiibner, |. ¢. Hypogymna, Steph., Il. Brit. Ent. Haust., 11, p. 55 (1828). Psilura, Steph., |. ¢., p. 57. Pegella, Walker, xxxv, 1922 (1866 Nagunda, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 53 Barhona, Moore, 1. ¢., p. 55. ) (1879). LYMANTRIA MCRENS. Dasychira (?) merens, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 99, f. 4 (1868). 1 f, 1 2, Ceylon. The type from Ceylon is in coll. Rothschild. LYMANTRIA DISPAR. Bombyx dispar, Linn. Syst. Nat., x, p. 501 (1758). Porthetria umbrosa, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 10. 2 4,3 2, Japan, including Butler's types. Many examples from different parts of Europe. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 483 LYMANTRIA JAPONICA. Liparis dispar, var. japonica, Motsch, Etud. d’Ent., 1860, p. 31. Porthetria hadina, Butler, Trans, Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 11. 8 2,5 2, Japan, including Butler’s types. 4 7,1 2, ee Though closely related to dispar it is a uniformly distinct form. LYMANTRIA EURYDICE. Porthetria ewrydice, Butler, Cist. Ent., ii, p. 118 (1885). Dasychira amata, Stand.,Rom.sur Lep., iii, p. 206, pl. 12, f. 2 2 (1887). 1 7, Choyama (type). 1 2,1 9, Japan. Staudinger’s type came from the Amur. LYMANTRIA ATLANTICA. Liparis atlantica, Ramb., Faune Ent. Andal., ui, pl. 15, f. 7 (1842). 1 7, N. Africa. LYMANTRIA FUMIDA. Lymantria fumida, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 402 (1877). » Butler, TH, Het., 11, pl. 24, f. 4 2 (1878). Lymantria sinica, Moore, P.Z. S., 187 9, p. a 4 7,4 9, Japan, including the types. t, N. China (type sinica). 2 7, Formosa. LYMANTRIA RHODINA. eas rhodina, Walker, xxxii, 366 (1865). = Sean Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., 1, p. "222 (note) (1892). 1 7, India (type). LYMANTRIA CEREBOSA, nov. ¢d, 2. Antenne orange-ochreous ; palpi and frons dark brown with some white hairs ; head, body, and fore-wings dark olive-grey, irrorated with white atoms ; markings darker grey and very indis- tinct ; a lunular double line at end of cell, and four transverse duplex lines, more or less sinuous but erect, subbasal, antemedial, 484 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the discal, and submarginal ; whitish lunules on the outer margin ; hind-wings dirty white or pale greyish-white ; a grey spot at the end of the cell; under-side pale grey ; a lunular mark at the end of each cell; an indistinct and incomplete grey discal straight band across both wings ; tarsi with whitish spots. Expanse of wings, ¢ 115, @ 2 inches. Hab. Soon, Simla (Reed). LYMANTRIA MOESTA, nov. ¢, @. Palpiand antenne brown ; head, thorax, and fore-wings dark grey ; two transverse darker grey lines on the fore-wings, one ante-medial, angled outwards above the middle and crenulated, the other discal, even with the margin, rather close to it, and semi- dentate ; a grey lunular mark at the end of the cell ; all these very indistinct ; abdomen and hind-wings paler grey, tinged with pink, without markings; under-side uniform pale grey, no markings. Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, 9 11% inches. 1 2, Kasaoli (Reed). 1 9, Kangra Valley (Dudgeon). LYMANTRIA FURVA. Ocneria furva, Leech, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 631, pl. 31, f. 10. 5 2, 6 2, Japan, including the type. 1 2, 2 2, W. China. LYMANTRIA DISSOLUTA, nov. ¢, @. Antenne, palpi, frons, and head brown; thorax and fore-wings dark brownish-grey ; transverse sinuous lines brown, first antemedial, angled outwards above the middle, second discal slightly recurved, dentated in parts, third submarginal ; a large angled dark brown mark on the discoidal vein; cilia grey with blackish-brown patches ; hind-wings and both wings on the under- side of a uniform paler grey colour, without markings; on the upper-side the wing is slightly darker towards the outer border in some specimens ; abdomen pale dull crimson. Expanse of wings, ¢ 14, 2 2 inches. 1 gf, 2 9, Hong Kong (Walker). Belongs to the obsoleta group. LYMANTRIA TURNERI, noy. nom, Lymantria aurora, Walk. (?), Turner, Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Australia, 1902, p. 181. 1 gf, Cape York. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 485 Butler in Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), 'xx, p. 403 (1877) described a Lymantria aurora from Japan; the name aurora for this form cannot therefore stand. The history of this name is rather curious: on this insect, which was purchased from Mrs. Higgins in 1867, is a Jabel with the following, “Lymantria aurora, W.,n.s. named on a spec. of Mr. Chapman.” Some one must have taken a specimen to Australia which had been named from Mrs. Higgins’ Cape York example, and ever since this insect has been called Lymantria aurora, Walker, in Australian collections; but where the writer of the label containing the name aurora, Walker, got it from it is impossible to say; cer- tainly Walker never published any description of this form. Turner has well described it; there are several examples in coll. Druce from Cooktown. It is, however, only a form of antennata, Walker, differing merely in colour. LYMANTRIA ANTENNATA. Lymantria antennata, Walker, iv, 881 (1855). 1 g, Richmond River (type). 2 ¢, Moreton Bay. LYMANTRIA OBSOLETA. Lymantria obsoleta, Walker, iv, 880, f (1855). Lymantria bhascara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., i, p. 345, OGsa9)): Lymantria vinacea, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 408, §. 2° Hone Kone. 1 22) Bormosa. fg, N. india (type). 2 9, Silhet. 19, N. India (type bhascara). 2 g, Calcutta. I 3,1 9, Bombay. 19, Poona. 1 92, Madras. 29, Trevandrum. 1 JZ, Ceylon. This is a South Indian form, and I doubt the localities of Silhet and N. India on the old examples; I have never got it from any northern locality; I cannot find the type ? vinacea from Canara. LYMANTRIA ALBOLUNATA. Lymantria albolunata, Moore, P. Z.8., 1879, p. 405. 1 gf, 1 2, Dharmsala (type 3). 1 2, Simla (type).. 44,1 9, Dalhousie. 3 2, Subathu. The northern form of obsoleta, but easily separable : there are two diminutive examples from Omeishan and Moupin in the National Collection, which come very near to this form. 486 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Levision of the LYMANTRIA SOBRINA. Lymantria sobrina, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 402. 1 f, Dharmsala (type). 1 9, N. India (type). Quite distinct I think from obsoleta, where it is put in the B. M. collection; I do not consider it to be near enough allied to that species, even to put it in the form of what is called a sub-species. LYMANTRIA SEMICINCTA. Alope semicincta, Walker, 111, 620 (1855). Nagunda semicincta, Butler, Hl. Het., v, p. 54, pl. 90, f. 7 (1881). 1 9, N. India (type). 3 9, Darjiling. I do not know the male of this form. LYMANTRIA MONACHA. Bombyx monacha, Linn., Syst. Nat., x, p. 501 (1758). Af, 5 9, Japan. Many examples from European localities. LYMANTRIA CONCOLOR. Lymantria concolor, Walker, iv, 876, 2 (1855). F - Butler, Ill. Het., v, p. 55, pl. 90, ff. 8, 9 (1881). Lymantria superans, Walker, iv, 876, 9. Lymantria micans, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 99, f. 2, 2 (1868). Lymantria carnecolor, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 399. ig cimla, 1a Dalhousie, 1925272) Dharmsalas 3.7 3 2, Kangra, including type f carnecolor. 1 3,1 9, Sultan- pore: 1 ):9) «Abbottabad. 1) 23. Manipur. ae Sikhim, including both of Walker’s types. 1 ¢, Kujiar. 1 f, Jawai Hills. This form is common in the Khasia Hills, from whence I have received many examples of both sexes; Felder’s type from Silhet is in coll. Rothschild. LYMANTRIA TODARA. Lymantria todara, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 402, pl. 33, f (6. 2 $,2 9, Nilgiri Hills, including the types ¢ 9. 1 2, Shevaroy Hills. 1 9, Travancore. 1 9, Malabar. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 487 LYMANTRIA SIMILIS. Lymantria similis, Moore, P. Z.8., 1879, p. 402, f. Lymantria cara, Butler, Ill. Het., v, p. 56, pl. 90, f. 13, 2 (1881). 1 2, Calcutta (type). 1 2, Bengal. 1 9, Bhotan (type CUT). I think it may be fairly assumed that these are conspe- cific, though the examples do not come from the same locality; the differences in the sexes are similar to those usually occurring in the concolor group, and the double band on the hind-wings is similar in both sexes. LYMANTRIA BEATRIX. Bombyx beatriz, Stoll, Suppl. Cram., pl. 40, f. 2 1791). 1 9, Java. Stoll’s figure is excellent; I have three females from Java in my own collection, all identical with the B. M. example and with Stoll’s figure, and have seen many others ; it appears to me to be very distinct from the Indian forms put under it in the B. M. LYMANTRIA GANAHA, nov. 2. Fore-wings, upper-side of a uniform purplish-grey colour, slightly tinged with pink, and with a glazed appearance ; markings and hind-wings the same as beatria ; in beatrix the fore-wings are pure white. Expanse of wings 2,°,-—3 inches. 49, Java. 1 9, Kuching, Borneo. A form of beatriz, Ihave 3 2 in my own collection from Java and 3 7, and there are three Javan males in the B. M.; but without breeding I do not think it is possible to say whether they belong to this form or to beatriz, but they are quite different from the males of various Indian forms sunk under beatriz. LYMANTRIA MARGINATA. Lymantria marginata, Walker, iv, 877 (1855). Lymantria pusilla, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 99, f.3 (1868). Lymantria nigra, Moore, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 399. 1 ¢, Bengal. 1 9, Silhet (type). 2 9, Sikhim. 1 9, Burma. 3 2,3 9, Kangra (including Moore’s types). 2 2 Masuri. 2 Z, 2 9, Sikhim. y s 488 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the The males vary much in size, but are quite different from the Javan males; they vary also much in shade of colour, but none of them have any tinge of yellow; the females vary in the width and intensity of the medial band of the fore-wings ; their hind-wings are always pure white, with a black border ; I have this form in my own collection from Dharmsala, Sikhim, and the Khasia Hills. LYMANTRIA FULIGINOSA. Lymantria fuliginosa, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1883, p. 17. 5 f, 2 2, Bombay, including the types. 1 9, Ceylon. I have it also from Bombay where I have bred this form; there is a general yellow tinge in the male; it is nearer to the Javan form than any of the other Indian forms; the hind-wings are always more or less yellow ; the hind-wings of the female are always entirely suffused with black; I have never seen an exception. The type of Moore’s wmbrina I have not seen, it is also included by Hampson under beatriz without any mention of the differ- ences between the forms, just as if they ran into each other, but this they do not do. There are 1 2,3 2 from Moupin, and 1 2 from Chang Yang, and 1 ¢, 2 from Penang which appear to repre- sent two more forms, and I have no doubt that there are many otber forms of this species, or group, still unknown. To call them all beatrix is very misleading. LYMANTRIA VELUTINA. Orgyia (Dasychira) velutina, Mab., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., iu, p. 90 (1878). 1 gf, Madagascar. LYMANTRIA AURORA. Lymantria aurora, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 403 (1877). * - Butler, Il]. Het., ui, pl, 24, f. 5 (1878). Lymantria aurora, var. fusca, Leech, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 629. 1 gf 1 §, Japan (types). 13,19, Yesso. 4 3, Naga- hama, including type fusca. Sunk to mathura inthe B. M. collection, but it is a distinct form, the male being uniformly blackish-brown. Butler's male type example is an old worn and faded Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 489 specimen ; whether his female type is really the female of this form is I think very doubtful. LYMANTRIA MATHURA. Lymantria mathura, Moore, P.Z.8., 1865, p. 806. 1 ¢, N. India (type). I ¢, 1 2, Kangra. I 9, Dehra Doon. 2 2)1 9) sikh 02) NH. Eimalayas: 93°) 02 Loo Choo Islands. 1 2, Chefoo, China. 2 9, Omeishan. 2 f, 3 Q, Japan. LYMANTRIA VIOLA. Lymantria viola, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8., 1889, p. 406. 1g, 9 2, Thanna, Bombay, including the types. 2 @, Jubbulpore. LYMANTRIA GRANDIS. Lymantria grandis, Walker, iv, 874, § (1855). * as Butler, Ill. Het., v, p. 57, pl. 91, ff. 1, 2 (1881). Lymantria maculosa, Walker, iv, 881, ¢ (1855). Lymantria metarhoda, Walker, xxxui, 365, f (1865). 1 ¢, 2 2, Ceylon, including the type. 1 ¢ marked N.S. W. The type of metarhoda from Ceylon is in Mus. Oxon. LYMANTRIA SUBROSEA, nom. nov. Lymantria rosea, Ampsn., Ill. Het., ix, p. 76, pl. 158, f. 28 (1893). 1 f, Ceylon (type). Butler’s Lymantria rosea from Madagascar (1879) ante- dates this. LYMANTRIA LUCESCENS. Porthetria lucescens, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 11. 1 f, Hakodate, Japan (type). 1 ¢, Tokio. 2 2, Oiwake. LYMANTRIA MANICATA. Lymantria manicata, Aurivill., Ent. Tidskr., xiii, p. 193, 2 (1892). 2 9, Old Calabar. 1 9,Sapele, River Niger. The type from Cameroons is in Mus. Stockholm. 490 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Levision of the LYMANTRIA XYLINA, nov. ¢. Antenne black ; palpi brown, white on the inner sides ; head, body, and wings creamy white ; some crimson hairsat the base of the antenn ; collar crimson ; fore-wings with a blackish-brown sub- costal dot near the base, a small spot on the middle of the costa, a red- brown, rather pale, sinuous, erect transverse thin band beyond the middle ; hind-wings with some brown suffusion on the costal space ; both wings with brown marginal dots between the veins; under-side dirty white, with indications of a transverse band on both wings, ex- tending to lower end of cell on hind-wings, and some brownish suffusion in and near cell of fore-wings ; face, pectus, body, and legs crimson. Expanse of wings 2,%; inches. Hab. FORMOSA. LYMANTRIA GALINARA, Nov. ¢. Antenne ochreous-grey ; palpi black, white inside ; body and wings white ; thorax with three black spots ; abdomen with blackish segmental bands ; fore-wings with five transverse, upright, more or less sinuous bands, similar to those in the fore-wings of J. lepcha, Moore, from India ; hind-wings with a grey submarginal band and some slight pinkish suffusion near abdominal margin ; under-side white, without markings ; face black ; body and legs white. 2. Antenne ochreous-grey; palpi brown; head, body, and wings dull white ; fore-wings rufous grey, irrorated with white atoms ; indications of central, discal, and submarginal rufous grey transverse bands; a ringed lunular mark at the end of the cell, and sub- marginal whitish lunules ; hind-wings and under-side of both wings, body, and legs dull white without markings. Expanse of wings ¢ 2:45, 2 3;°5 inches. 1 2,19, Singapore (fzdley) (types). 1 2, Bali, low country (Doherty). 1 %, Tambak, Borneo. I have both sexes from Java, and a very large female from New Mecklenburgh measuring 5,5, inches in expanse. Semper records it from the Philippines under the name of Lymantria lepcha, Moore ; and the female at p. 460 of Het. Philippines he doubtfully identifies as the female of Dasychira grossa, Pagenstecher. LYMANTRIA LEPCHA. Porthetria lepcha, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 54, f (1879). Barhona carneola, Moore, |. ¢., p. 56, 9. 3 2, 6 9, Sikhim, including both types. Old World Lymentriide in the National Collection. 491 LYMANTRIA BRUNNEIPLAGA, nov. ¢. Palpi black with white thick hairs at the tips ; antenne# brown, shafts white at the base ; head, thorax, and fore-wings white ; costa with four brown spots, the first and second large, third small, fourth composed of two streaks ; a large brown patch on the middle of the hinder margin; some brown dots near the base: two dentated transverse brown lines across the middle; another submarginal ; some rather large brown spots on the outer margin ; abdomen pink, with a dorsal row of brown spots ; hind-wings grey ; a slightly darker marginal border and white cilia; under-side, pectus brown ; legs white with black spots ; fore femora crimson and some crimson hairs on the white thorax. Q. With wings shaped as in the female of lepcha; head and thorax chocolate brown ; fore-wings chocolate grey, the central and sub- marginal transverse dentated lines of the fore-wings as in the male, also the large brown patch on the middle of the hinder margin and the brown spots on the outer margin, which however are on both wings ; the hind-wings of a pale grey colour. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,5, 2 2,5, inches. 1 $1 9, Java (types). 2 fg, Borneo. 1 J, Sumatra. 1 9, Penang. Unfortunately in describing cara, Butler queried these Bornean males as probably the males of his species, and consequently these examples have remained over the cara label ever since, and so stand in many collections ; but they have no connexion with cara, which Hampson was perfectly justified in putting as the female of similis. LYMANTRIA LUNATA. Bombyx lunata, Stoll, Pap. Exot., iv, pl. 369, f. C (1782). Pegella wchorina, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xiii, p. 201 (1884), 2 2, 2 9, Amboina, including Butler's type. 1 2, Celebes. 1 9, Aru. I have it also from Celebes, Amboina, New Guinea, and Kast Java. LYMANTRIA CURVIFERA. Pegella curvifera, Walker, xxxv, 1922 (1866). Lymantria curvifera, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon., i, p. 223 (note) (1892). Lymantria lunata, Semper, Het. Philipp., p. 461, pl. N, ff. 5, 7 (larva and pupa) (1898). 492 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the 1 2, 1 9, Philippines, including Walker’s type 2, which Walker described as a male. I have it from Gilolo and Batjan under Staudinger’s MS. name batjana. There are apparently two forms of lunata on all the different islands: the large typical male with well-marked wings, and the small form lke the Philippine male of curvifera, the bands in which are straighter and all the markings ill-defined; the breadth of the middle transverse bands on the fore- wings of the female is very variable in both forms ; sometimes it is a mere line, often broad and commences extended inwards on the hinder margin. LYMANTRIA PLUMBALIS. Lymantria plumbalis, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1895, p. 292. ft, Tinlin- Yaw, Burma (type), LYMANTRIA ASCTRIA. Lymantria asetria, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett., u, ff. 1-4 (1818). Dasychira antica, Walker, vii, 1739, 2 (1856). Lymantria pramesta, Moore, Cat. Lep. EK. I. C., 1, p. 344, pl. 9a, £. 3 (1859). 1%, Maulmein. 19,Thyetmyo. 62, 7 9, Java, includ- ing the types of antica and pramesta. LYMANTRIA NARINDRA. Lymantria narindra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 342 (1859). Kirby, Cat. Moths, 1, p. 479 (1892). Lymantri ia hilari is, Voll, Tijd. v. Hnt., vi, p. 143, pl. 10; ff. 2, 3 (1863). 1,1 2, Java, including the female type. I have in my own collection a female from Java and a male from Sumatra (where Vollenhoven’s types ¢ 9 came from); the two names undoubtedly belong to the same species. LYMANTRIA GRISEA. Lymantria grisea, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 55, pl. 3, f 5 (1879). Old World Lymantrvide in the Naticnal Collecticn, 498 1 gf, N.E. India. 1 9, Darjiling (type). 1 3, N. Chin Hills, Burma. LYMANTRIA SILCA. Lymantria silea, Swin hoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), xii, p. 197 (1903). 1 f, 1 2, Fergusson Isl. (types). 12%, Fergusson Isl. 1 2, Milne Bay. 1 2,19, Kapaur, New Guinea. LYMANTRIA GANARA. Lymantria ganara, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., ii, p. 344 (1859). 4 ft, 2 9, Java, including the type 2 1 2, Sumatra. 5%, Borneo. 1 f¢, Singapore. 2 ¢, Burma. LYMANTRIA BIVITTATA. Pegella bivittata, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 57 (1879). 1 2, Darjiling (type). 1 9, Silhet. I do not know the male of this form. LYMANTRIA VACILLANS. Lymantria vacillans, Walker, iv, 873 (1855). 1 2, Congo (type). LYMANTRIA DULCINEA. Lymantria dulcinea, Butler, Cist. Ent., iii, p. 12 (1882). 1 Z, 2 $, Madagascar (types). LYMANTRIA ROSEA. Lymantria rosea, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), iv, p. 239 (1879). 1 Z, 1 9, Madagascar (types). LYMANTRIA LUGARDI, nov. 2, d. Palpi brown, under-side yellow ; antenne black ; frons brown ; thorax chestnut-brown; abdomen crimson ; fore-wings purple brown, in the female almost purplish slate colour; some dark brown, irregular and wavy, transverse bands; one at the base ; a very broad one in the middle, with very irregular sides, and containing a large nearly white irregular square with its upper edge against the costa, and in the middle of it a black 494 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Levision of the spot at the end of the cell ; a pale sinuous discal line, and some pale yellowish elongated spots in the disc ; all these markings more or less obscure and contracted in the male, prominent in the female ; cilia yellow with brown spots; hind-wings ochreous without markings, Expanse of wings ¢ 1 2 $, 3 9, N’Gami Country (Lugard). > 10 ? liv inches. LYMANTRIA BANANA. Lymantria bananx, Butler, P. Z.8., 1896, p. 848, pl. 42, f. 9. 1 Z, Nyassaland (type). LYMANTRIA TOTTEA, nov. gd. Palpi with the lower and under parts white, tips and last joints black, and a tuft of black hairs immediately below ; antennwe grey ; frons brown, with the edges greyish-ochreous ; head and thorax greyish-ochreous ; fore-wings pale brownish-grey with a tinge of yellow ; a broad whitish band divided by the veins into eight square-shaped large spots, and a large square spot at the end of the cell, divided from the band by a thin band crossing the discoidal vein ; a small round spot in the middle of the disc outside the band ; abdomen pale greyish-yellow ; hind-wings white tinged with yellow ; under-side white without markings ; pectus and fore-legs ochreous ; legs white with black tips. Expanse of wings 1,5; inches. Hab. OLD CALABAR. Allied to banane with which I found it, but very different, except superficially. LYMANTRIA MOSERA. Lymantria mosera, Druce, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), i, p. 208 (1898). 1g, 1 9, Delagoa Bay. 22,19, Natal. 1 ¢, Rhodesia. LYMANTRIA EDDELA, nov. ¢. Antenne black, shafts white; frons, head, thorax, and fore- wings pale pinkish buff; a black spot at base of fore-wings, and three other spots close toit ; antemedial and discal transverse lines of black spots, erect but slightly sinuous ; three black spots at the end of the cell ; abdomen orange with a dorsal row of black spots ; hind-wings paler than the fore-wings, nearly white; a broad marginal black Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 495 band ; under-side of body and legs blackish ; both wings of the colour of the fore-wings above ; fore-wings with an apical and outer marginal grey band, which narrows hindwards ; hind-wings with a broad black band as above. Expanse of wings 1,5, inches. Hab. Fwameo, Tanganyika, LYMANTRIA CARRIALA, nov. ?. Frons, antenne, thorax, and fore-wings pale blackish-brown ; two white spots on the thorax ; fore-wings with a large white patch on the middle of the hinder margin, with a white spot immediately above it, and with four small black spots inside it almost in the form of a square ; two or three indistinct pale spots in the upper disc ; hind-wings pale pink ; a rather broad apical pale blackish-brown band, which stops abruptly half-way down the outer margin ; abdomen yellow, with dorsal and lateral black spots ; under-side, wings as above, very thinly clothed ; body and legs blackish. Expanse of wings 1,5 inches. Hab. ANGOLA. Belongs to the group of LZ. mosera, Druce, from Natal. LYMAXTRIA GONDONA. ?. Thorax and fore-wings pale grey, nearly white, the latter with four darker grey transverse bands, limited by brown lines; the first basal, the second before the middle and bread, the limiting lines rather sinuous, the third discal, a little narrower than the second, bent outwards above the middle, the limiting lines semi-dentate, the fourth apical ; the inner margin very sinuous ; hind-wings white without markings; cilia with pale brown spots ; abdomen pink. Expanse of wings 1} inches. Hab. SABAKI VALLEY, Brit. E. Africa. Genus Dura, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 56 (1879). DURA ALBA. Dura alba, Moore, |. e. 1 9, Darjiling (type). 2 f without locality. The type ¢ from Dazjiling is in coll. Staudinger. DURA ALBICANS. Dasychira albicans, Walker, vii, 1739 (1856). 1 2, Celebes (type). 4%, Borneo. 1 2, Singapore. TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART TI. (OCT.) 33 496 Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision of the Genus Imavs, Moore, Lep. Atk., p. 54 (1879), IMAUS MUNDUS. Lymaniria munda, Walker, iv, 875 (1855). 1 4 49; Sikhim. 1 9, Silhet (type). 29, Java. Genus: PyrAMOocERA, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., xv, p. 85 (1880). PYRAMOCERA FULIGINEA. Pyramocera fuliginea, Butler, |. ¢. (fig.). 1 f 1 Y, Madagascar (types). Genus PotymMona, Walker, iii, 768, 2. Morasa, Walker, iv, 859 (1855). Sarothropyga, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 100, f. 23, 3 (1868) (undeser.). POLYMONA RUFIFEMUR. Polymona rujifemur, Walker, ui, 768, &. Morasa lorimeri, Butler, P. Z.S., 1878, p. 387, &. 1 & Africa (type). 2 2, Natal, including Butler's type. | 1g, Rhodesia. 1 3, Nyassaland. 1 2, Mashonaland. POLYMONA MODESTA. Morasa modesta, Walker, iv, 859 (1855). Sarothropyga rhodopepla, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 100, f. 23, 2 (1868). 1 9,8. Africa (type). 5%, 8 2, Natal. Genus NatTaxa, Walker, v, 1179 (1855). | Dicreagra, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 100, f. 2 (1868) (undeser.). NATAXA FLAVESCENS. Perna (2) jflavescens, Walker, v, 1128. Natazxa flavijascia, Walker, v, 1179. Diereagra ochrocephala, Felder, 1. ¢. 1 Z, Australia (type). 1 2, Tasmania (type flavifascia). 17,19, Melbourne. 5 9,S.E. Australia. Old World Lymantriide in the National Collection. 497 NATAXA RUBIDA. Nataxa rubida, Walker, xxxui, 512 (1865 ). 1 f, Australia (type). It differs from flavescens in having no central band, only a yellow spot on the costa where the band commences in the other form. The following genera have been removed from the Lymantriide in the National collection, but I have been unable to find them. The numbers are those of the genera in Kirby :-— 44. Comana, Walker, xxx, 495. 90. Xanthodura, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), v, p. 384. 103. GEnosandra, Newman, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1856, p. 286. 112. Murcipa, Walker, iv, 807. 156. Epipyrops, Westw., Proc. and Trans. Ent. Soc., 1876, pp. xxiv, 522, 163. Sarsina, Walker, iv, 800. Genera in Kirby’s Catalogue wrongly included in the Lynantrude :— 1. Geodena, Walker, vii, 1691 . Belongs to the Aganaide. 2. Soloé, Walker, 1, 557 é : Pe 1 é 3. Isine, Walker, 11, 545 = Chione- ma, Herr.-Schiff., Ausser- Eur. Schmett., p. 20 . d - PF Lithosiide., 13. Lerna, Walker, xxxiil, 805= Castulo, Walker, i, 562. 5 ss Fi 27. Cypra, Boisd., Voy. de l’Astro- labe, p. 201 . ‘ : ‘ s » Boarmiide. 28. Deroca, Walker, iv, 822 . : Fe » Drepanulide. 41. Trichetra, Westw., Mod. Class. Ins. Gen. Syn., p. 92 . ; s » Lupterotide. 42. Marane, Walker, xxxii, 397. iS 7 1 43. Apina, Walker, ili, 756 . : % 35 Noctwide. 51. Phiala, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Mon., iv, p. 165 . : : D » Lupterotide. 72. Raphipeza, Butler, Ann. Mag. N.H. (5), v, p. 386. : 5s . Lasiocampide. 73. Chrysopsyche, Butler, 1. ¢. p. 387. 5 a + Colonel C. Swinhoe’s Revision, ete. . Trisula, Moore, Cat. . Lep. Hol. Ci, ai, p. 420 . Trisuloides, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vii, p. 36 . Rhanidophora, Wallengr., CEf- vers. Vet. Akad. Forh., xv, p. 213 . . Amsacta, Walker, iv, 804 . Teara, Walker, iv, 846= Agla- osoma, Scott, Austral. Lep., p. 14 . Ochrogaster, Felder, Reise Nov., pl. 94, f. 5 }. Sitina, Walker, iv, 854 . Callia, Walker, vi, 1482 . . Amana, Walker, ii, 661 . . Vanga, Walker, xxxii, 453= Smyriodes, Guen., Phal., i, p- 223 ° Beralade, Walker, lv, 852 . Cebysa, Walker, 11, 486 . Castulo, Walker, 11, 561 . Cluaca, Walker, xxxi, 268 . Lecriolepis, Butler, Ann. Mag. IN; @EE(5), Vv; Pp. Beco . Laganda, Walker, xxxii, 389 . Ticilia, Walker, xxxii, 394 . Cosmethis, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett, p. 179= Arycanda Walker, vii, 1775 Belongs to the Noctwide. ” ” ” a0) 5 Arctiide. » LHupterotide. ” ” », Lasiocampide. ” aed) * Uraniide. 55 Boarmiide. ,», Lasiocampide. Tineide. ss Lithosiide. oe) ” », Lasiocampide. s Bombycide. » Drepaniulide. » Boarmiide. OcToBER 5TH, 1903. | | | | | a a a ( 499 ) XX. On the antenne of Hepialidee—Lepidoptera Jugate. By AMBROSE QUAIL, F.E.S. [Read October 7th, 1903. ] jy oe. © DD. THE characters which separate Jugatx from other Lepido- ptera in the imago stage are well known to be definite and constant, being essentially the structure of the wings, which have nervures more numerous than prevails with other Lepidoptera, and a “jugum” or lobe near the base of the fore-wings which may be noted among Neuro- ptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, but not elsewhere among Lepidoptera. The Hepialid group have neither maxillary palpi nor tibial spurs, which characters are well developed among other Jugate. The species which comprise the well-defined Hepialide have great diversity of antennal structure, which I have examined, so far as my material permits, to observe whether inter se there is evidence indicating which is the older and more primitive form; I believe the subject will interest others. To properly examine the antennal structure one must remove and mount in balsam, or other media; for this reason one is confined to insects in one’s own collection, and in consequence many of my otherwise perfect specimens are minus antenne. In my previous yaper I did not note the presence of scales on the Hepialid antenna, having devoted attention to the pectination per se; the scaling, however, is very obvious. The large proximal joint (scape) is invariably scaled more or less completely, the scales are long—often overlap one or more further segments—striated, slender, attenuated throughout when viewed sideways, and look very like a hair; in fact, as Bodine puts it, “the scale is a hair flattened out.” The segment next the scape (pedicel) is smaller and sometimes clothed with scales similar to those of the scape, but usually with shorter and broader scales approximating to the scales of the wings, and this kind of scale prevails on the other (clavola) segments of the antenna. TRANS, ENT. SOO, LOND. 1903.—PART IV. (DEC.) 34 500 Mr. A. Quail on On the surface of the segments there are minute “hairs,” which may be sparsely scattered as on the scape, or closely cover the surface of the segment as on the clavola; those of the scape are perhaps more bristle-like, and remind one of the minute hairs on the Hepialid wing membrane. One cannot help thinking that these are the original antennal “hairs,” antecedent to all other hairs and scales on the Lepidopterous antenna; those which we find on the clavola segments everywhere, scaled or not, are, I take it, these ‘primary ” hairs, perhaps somewhat modified ; they serve probably the function of protection. Amongst the “primary” hairs others arise which are longer and tapering, not rigid, usually fine but sometimes stout with socket rims at base; these are probably “sense ” hairs, and appear to be in some way associated with reduced scaling. The sensory hairs appear to be confined to the clavola segments. One has, however, some diffidence in deciding whether some forms of “sense” hairs are not bristles. There are short, pointed, socket-rimmed bristles at the base of both scape and pedicel, and scattered among the scales are longer bristles; there are always bristles on the clavola segments. The transition from pale-coloured, fine scape bristles to red-tinted, robust, rigid clavolar bristles, I have demonstrated on the antenna of Porina fuscomaculata. The bristles on the antenna of one species may resemble the “sense ” hairs on the antenna of another species, but all the “sense” hairs on any given antenna differ from the bristles of that antenna. There appear to be good reasons for believing the primitive form of Lepidopterous antenna to have been one closely covered with scales—such forms one finds among the lower groups of Lepidoptera—the scales after- wards replaced by “‘sense” hairs, but amongst the scales there were semi-erect bristles, and, it may be remarked, similar bristles, whatever their functions, occur on different parts of the “scale-covered” wings. The bristle is probably older therefore than “sense ” hairs. The scape and pedicel retain comparative rotundity with remarkable constancy throughout the Hepialidz known to me, with the exception of Oncoptera (intricata), in which the scape is remarkably elongate. The scape and pedicel are never pectinate in the Hepialide. The segments of the clavola vary greatly in number, form, and dimensions in Hepialide, The proximal joint the antenne of Hepialide—Lepidoptera Jugatz. 501 is usually smaller than succeeding segments, being as it were a transition between the pedicel and clavola, each with its definite functions; this joint has usually only rudi- mentary appendages on antenne with pectinations; rarely is true pectination developed, and never does it attain proportional length. The proximal joint of the clavola, at least, lags behind the others in the onward march of specialization. The sexes on the whole agree as to number of clavola segments per species, for instance Hepialus humula, 8, § , and var. Hethlandica, have an equal number; sometimes a variation in number occurs, but such has been noticed mostly in the female sex. It is an interesting fact that sometimes segments are partially or wholly coalesced, the sutures being obliterated, but hairs, bristles, etc., are normal. I have noted this in Charagia virescens, C. daph- nandre, Hepialus argenteo-maculata, Cibyra sylvinus. The division of the clavola into more or less segments does not seem of first importance, their functions being collective. As far as possible several specimens of each of the following species have been examined, to arrive at the probable typical number of clavola segments. HEPIALUS = unpectinate antennee. humauli. 20 clavola segments, a few scales on five basal segments. velleda. 23 clavola segments, a few scales on first basal segment. lupulinus. 24 clavola segments, one or two scales on first basal segment, also single scales per segment on apical thirteen. hectus 3. 12 clavola segments, one or two scales on first and second basal segments, Subg. STHENOPIS = unpectinate antenne. argenteo-maculata. 21 clavola segments, a few scales on six basal segments. Subg. CHARAGIA = unpectinate antenne. daphnandre. 28 clavola segments, numerous scales on four basal segments and dorsal scales on next fivesegments ¢ ; dorsal scales on nine basal segments 9. virescens. 39 clavola segments, numerous dorsal scales on six basal segments ¢ ; few dorsal scales on six basal 9. 502 Mr. A. Quail on eximic, 28 clavola segments, dorsal scales on four basal segments. ramsayi. 35 Pa A ar A lignivora. 24 clavola segments, few dorsal scales on four basal segments. Snbg. CipyrA = — Jatero-ventral enlargement of antennal segments, sylvinus. 23 clavola segments, dorsal scales from base to tip of antenna. ONCOPTERA = unpectinate antenna. intricata. 17 clavola segments, numerons scales on nine basal segments, with dorsal scales on others to apical segment. ( ?) = ventral enlargement of antennal segments. bacotii 50 clavola segments, devoid of scales. GORGOPIS = _ bipectinate antenne. libania. 41 clavola segments, devoid of scales. HECTOMANES= bipectinate antenne. Susca. 30 clavola segments, dorsal scales from base to tip of antenna, simulans. 34 = - - es erocet. 34 clavola segments, dorsal scales on basal thirteen segments. PORINA = semi-tripectinate antenne. cervinata, 36 clavola segments, devoid of scales. despecta. B10 on -s umbraculata, 38 clavola segments, one or two dorsal scales on three basal segments. signata. enysit ¢. ee 40 clavola segments, devoid of scales. 49 clavola segments, one or two dorsal scales on four basal segments. 45 clavola segments, a few dorsal scales on six basal segments. fuscomaculata ¢. 56 clavola segments, one or two dorsal scales on first basal segment. TRICTENA = tripectinate antennze 7, unipectinate 9. labyrinthica. 71 clavola segments, dorsal scales on four basal segments, PIELUS = ventral enlargement of @ antennal segments. hyalinatus. 54 clavola segments, few dorsal scales on seven basal segments. Evriocrania admitted on other grounds—embryological the antenne of Hepialide—Lepidoptera Jugatx. 503 and imaginal—to be more ancient than Hepialide, and accepted as such by Bodine and Chapman in respect to antennal structure, has (subpwrpurella) elongated scape and fully-sealed clavola—forty- one segments in number— the scales bidentate, alignment not definite, the outer row of scales overlap base of next segment ; the segments are circular in transverse section, and are clothed with a erowth of primary hairs, the apical segment an elongated cone with scales, “ primary ” hairs and numerous bristles. An associated genus Mesarchea (hamadelpha) furnishes a form with short scape, fully-scaled clavola, the scales bidentate, overlapping. Palwomicra (chalcophanes) furnishes a form with short scape curiously swollen at both ends, the clavola having on each segment a few remarkable broad leaf-like scales placed in pairs, one of each almost covering its fellow; on the segments bristles rise from beneath, between and beyond the scales. We have the support of our authorities in selecting the eriocranid form of antenna as being probably the most generalized. Examining our material among the Hepialidx, Oncoptera arrests our attention. Two or three basal segments are not unlike the eriocranid in shape, circular in transverse section, apparently fully scaled on all aspects ; the segments beyond gradually become less eriocranid-like, shorter, broader, and developing towards the apical segment a ventral ridge. Completely scaled as are the basal segments with. typical flat, striated, bidentate scales, align- ment not definite ely two rows,* the outer scales overlapping next segment, localization of hairs commences on a ventral area of the third clavola segment, where there are only “primary” hairs and one or two bristles, gradually the scales are replaced on a larger ventral area, “sense” hairs develop, the scales becoming dorsal only. We find associ- ated with the scaled clavola of Oncoptera an elongate scape ; we suspect that with fuller material others would be found with elongate scape and somewhat fully-scaled clavola ; meanwhile we look upon these as primitive characters retained by Oncoptera, which has, however, somewhat specialized on the other clavola segments. The clavola segments of Hepialus and Charagia are circular in transverse section, and the apical segment of some species, like Hriocrania, isan elongate cone; H.humuli * IT cannot detect alternate lines of scales and hairs, there appear to be only scales except for occasional bristles. 504 Mr. A. Quail on is typical in this respect. The majority of species of Charagia have only a few dorsal scaleson not more than half-a-dozen basal segments, the scales of the antenna like those cf the wing being green in colour, striated, not dentate, and the segments have numerous pits bearing superficial resemblance to sockets of long-lost scales. C. daphnandrex preserves some basal segments scaled dorsally and laterally, with “primary” and “sense” hairs and bristles located on a ventral unscaled area; the segments beyond are devoid of scales, “sense” hairs are not numer- ous on the dorsum, they are so, however, both laterally and ventrally, with bristles on all aspects at the distal end of the segments. C. lignivora has gone a long way ahead, the scales having almost completely vanished, and “sense ” hairs are numerous on all aspects. European Hepialus have likewise gone a long way towards complete loss of clavola scales. H. /upulinus retains single scales per segment curiously enough on the apical half of the clavola, the scales are not dentate and are longer than ordinary clavolar scales; one finds here “sense” hairs on the dorsum as on other aspects. The antennal scales of H. lupulinus suggest that Hepialus, which now so generally have only a few clavolar scales, somewhere in the past had antennz scaled from base to tip. The subgenus Cibyra preserves exactly this condition, and must have separated from Hepialus when the antenne were scaled to tip; it is not in the least likely that Cibyra has since developed scales after Hepialus once lost them. Cibyra then retains this character, but has developed latero- ventral enlargement—the beginnings of pectination—there- by increasing the “sensory” area, which indeed is wholly covered with “primary” and “sense” hairs, there being pone of the latter on the scaled dorsum. The latero-ventral enlargement of Cibyra is not properly unipectination although in profile it appears to be so, it is a widening and ventral lengthening of the segment as a whole. Definite ventral unipectination does exist else- where among Lepidoptera (Jnewrvaria muscalella), and may be observed among Diptera (Zipulidz). Among the latero-ventrally enlarged forms known to me the clavola segments of bacotii (Gorgopis ?) are most special- ized; “sense” hairs completely cover the segments on all aspects together with “primary” hairs, even the bristles are reduced in size, so that the clothing of the segments 1s Lepidoptera Tugate. 505 the antennx of Hepialide remarkably uniform. We have here a form of Hepialid antenna answering the Jordan requirements of an antenna covered with hairs and devoid of scales ; this form, however, from our standpoint 1 is reached by. specialization, and therefore is not primitive. Indeed it seems abundantly evident that the tendency in the Hepialide has been to completely get rid of the clavola scales. This seems at first sight somewhat at variance with the tendency shown by the majority of the Lepidoptera, which generally preserve the dorsal scales; but Hepialidx are a very distinct and somewhat isolated group, moreover the antenne are admitted to be “sense” organs, and it seems only reason- able to conclude that on the antenne and on the wings the function of scales is identical, and it can hardly be as aiding any special sense, such as we believe to be centred in the antenne, for similar sense can hardly be supposed to exist in the wings. It is not illogical to believe that when the primitive Lepidopteron developed scales—how- ever far back we may have to go, the development com- menced somewhere, and has since extended and become a permanent and characteristic feature of the Lepidoptera— the scales spread over the several organs, proving to be an encumbrance on the antennae, although of some utility to many groups of Lepidoptera, since not only are scales retained on the dorsum of the shaft, but they are spread over the dorsa of pectinations; but the effects of elimination can be traced everywhere in the localization of the scales instead of their general distribution over the clavola segments, which is to be observed among the very primitive groups, as for instance the eriocranid already discussed. Complete loss of scales by elimination has been the ultimate result on the antenne of many Hepialide. Hectomanes have bipectinate antenne generally scaled from base to tip on the dorsum of the clavola, the scales not dentate, with “ primary ” hairs, ventral “sense” hairs, and numerous ventral pits. The pectinations of Hecto- manes are essentially lateral extensions, short and curved ; one can hardly say whether highly specialized or no, judg- ing from the scales they are not. The bipectinate, unscaled antenna of Gorgopis (libania) is a very highly-specialized form. The pectinations are long slender appendages, provided with ‘ primary” hairs, “sense” hairs on the inner side, and bristles on the outer side; on the dorsum of the shaft the ‘primary ” hairs are modified or replaced 506 Mr. A. Quail on by sharp-pointed spines, of which I do not know the like elsewhere among Hepialidx. I erred in placing bacotii in the genus Gorgopis; although both are highly specialized, as regards the antennee the structure is so different. The antennz of Porina are interesting. Viewed from the side clavola segments are apparently uniform, with sight ventral extension, “sense” hairs encircling the anterior rim of the segment, and others gathered over a ventral posterior area; a transverse view shows the seg- ments are somewhat quadrangular with posterior append- ages; viewed from above, the lateral angles of the quad- rangular figure appear now to be the tips of lateral bipectination, and the shaft of the segment is small and constricted. The appearance of pectination is greater beyond the middle of the antenna, where the shaft is smaller and the lateral elongations are longer, still how- ever preserving the quadrangular form tr ansversely ; the apical segment presents a much-specialized structure. Porina fuscomaculata has an antenna which in the ¢ has complete bipectination, which supports our view of the specialized form being like Gorgopis; on the ventral surface there is, however, a “sensory ” tubercle which brings this definitely bipectinate Porina in line with the other species of the genus. The bristles appear to be always placed irrevularly on the different segments of the clavola in Hepialide, and P. fuscomaculata is a convenient species to examine in this connection. On the dorsum of Ist clavola segment are some half-dozen bristles (slender) ; 2nd has several slender and one large bristle on dorsum, and one large bristle on one of the pectinations ; 3rd, four slender bristles on dorsum, two large bristles on one pectination; 4th, two slender, two large bristles, on dorsum; 5th, one slender bristle middle of dorsum, one near pectination, three large bristles at intervals on pectin- ation, and two ditto on opposite pectination ; 6th, two slender bristles on dorsum, four large on pectination, one on opposite pectination ; 7th, one slender bristle in front, one large one at middle of dorsum, three large on one pectination, one on opposite. In addition to large bristles placed irregularly on the pectinations, succeeding seg- ments have on the dorsum of shaft, one large bristle on Sth; next has two large bristles, then three segments have one bristle each; next has two bristles; thirteen consecutive segments have one bristle each; next has two; next one; Pam the antennx of Hepialide—Lepidoptera Jugate. 507 next one; next two; four segments have one each; next two, and so on. Not only is the irregularity in number and position interesting, but the transition from slender bristles to stout ones is also. Nowhere in Porina do we find the ventral “sensory ” area develop into a definite appendage, but the centring of “sense” hairs on a ventral area which is a feature of Porina antennal structure, suggests that such ventral development might occur, and that we find such in Trictena is most interesting. The female antenna of 7'rictena (labyrinthica) is remark- able in the appendage—distinctly ventral—being very much larger than the shaft of the segment ; this antenna presents a very near approach to unipectination in the remarkable slender appendage. The swollen area above is, however, the rudiment of lateral pectinations, which we find highly developed in the male, which has probably the most specialized Hepialid antennz. Decidedly the male of Trictena, with its tripectinate antenna, is more highly specialized than the female. We may then regard a laterally-pectinated antenna as specialized, and look back consistently, touching Porina by the way, to the latero- ventral forms—Pvielus, bacoti, Cibyra, thence to Hepialus and Oncoptera. We suggest divergence in several direc- tions from some such form as Oncoptera (but not Oncoptera itself). It is unlikely there has been convergence from a number of points represented by several forms of pectinated antenne, and some others. We can indeed corroborate to some extent the conclu- sions arrived at from a study of the antenne, by examination of the wing neuration. Oncoptera, Hepialus, Charagia, Gorgopis, bacotii, Trictena, are of one pattern; from a previous paper I make the following quotation—“ It is as nearly certain as anything of the sort can be that the Hepialus-Trictena pattern of neuration is a generalized pattern, from which the wing patterns of Hectomanes, Palpiphorus, and of Hepialiscus, and Porina, have been derived.” Fig. <3) or ” 10. Wik, 12. 13. 14. 15, 16, ie 18. MS). 20. 21. (508) EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. Eriocrania subpurpurella. ”) » Palxomicra chalcophanes. Oncoptera intricata. ” 9 Charagia virescens. % ” ” ” 2 97 » fuscomaculata. Hectomanes crocea. Gorgopis libania. a hn ) bacolit. ) Pielus hyalinatus. Trictena labyrinthica. ” ” Scape, pedicel, first clavola segments x 200. Clavola segment x 200 ” ” ) Scape, pedicel, two clavola segments x 100. Clavola segment x 200 Scape, pedicel, first clavola segment xX 50. Base of scape showing bristles x 200. Clavola segment lateral view x 200. Clavola segment transverse x 200. Clavola seginent terminal x 200. Clavola segment lateral view x 200. Clavola sesyment transverse x Ps ) ; 7 tite= sees « XXVI. Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimiery, Common Warning Colours, and Sexual Selection. By Apssorr H. THAYER. Communicated by Pror. Epwarp B. Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S, [Read October 21st, 1903.] THE following paper records an artist’s examination of the principles of butterflies’ coloration, and shows how the results tend to restrict the fields heretofore claimed for Mimicry and Common Warning Colours, and to place them on a basis of Concealing Coloration. It contains also several arguments tending to restrict the hypothesis of Sexual Selection. It does not attack the obvious fact that every possible form of advantageous adaptation must somewhere exist. It is obvious to its writer that there must be unpalata- bility accompanied by Warning Coloration,—as apparently in the cases of the Hornbills and Wood Hoopoes reported by Mr. Frank Finn, and probably in many Corvidee, for instance,—and equally plain that there must be Mimicry, both Batesian and Miillerian. Yet every case demands special examination, for the reasons that I shall show herein; and no apparent conspicuousness of coloration is sure to prove such when examined on the principles established in this article. First, it seems necessary to establish the artist’s claim to be the judge of all matters of visibility, and the effect, upon the mind, of all patterns, designs, and colours. If even the artist is limited in this, his own field, what hope is there for others? Fullest wisdom on the part of naturalists would make them adjourn all matters of animals’ appearance to us artists, just as any wise ruler gathers about him the most highly specialized minds, to widen, through them, his own scope. An artist reads design wherever it occurs, just as a composer reads a score, without playing it, or hearing it. He perceives that every juxtaposition of spots, or shapes, or colours, or of dark and light, and of degrees of these, TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART IV. (DEC.) 554 Mr. A. H. Thayer on is just so much representation of some structure, whether the representation be accidental or intentional. He sees at a glance in marble-veins, the grain of wood, etc., not imaginary, but actual representations of natural objects and perspectives, and weighs the correctness of these. Nature has evolved actual Art on the bodies of animals, and only an artist can read it. When he examines the colour and colour-pattern of the animal kingdom, he sees that zoologists are hopelessly off the track in Y their general conception as to which coloration is to be called con- spicuous, 7.c. rendering its wearer so. Any coloration or pattern would be conspicuous somewhere, and Nature cannot prevent animals from straying beyond the environ- ments that would most perfectly harmonize with their colour and pattern. But let us take the broadest possible survey, and we cannot doubt that most animals wear on their coats pictures of their habitat. As I before pointed out, even the under-sides of the wings and tails of hawks bear the general twig-patterns so common on forest birds, as if Nature found it worth while to efface the white silhouette their wings’ under-sides would make when they extended them while perching. We see how completely such patterns (when couched, of course, as they always are, in the effacive gradation) ilo help to obliterate a partridge, grouse, woodcock, hare, or any other of almost all the species in every order; since they prove to be actual animated pictures of hen environment. As I said before, in my paper on so-called “ Banner-marks,” * these forest- like patterns are found on forest creatures, and not on desert creatures, or ocean creatures. Sand-birds are usually marked in longitudinal, delicate patterns, very like those the sand assumes when seen at the same angle at which one observes the birds themselves. Tigers and zebras are resolved into pictures of tall, strong ‘flags, grasses, and bamboos, while the hon is a picture of The desert. (It will some day be plainly understood that the effacive gradation is the essence of the success of these pat- terns. Were they not arranged to compose one perfect counter-gradation, from top-dark to under-white, they would appear merely as what artists call “lines of quantity,’ like the hoops of a barrel, emphasizing the rotundity, not effacing it.) Now, let me prove that aay pattern would somewhere be * ©The Auk,’ vol. xvii, 1900, p. 108, Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, ete. 555 conspicuous. I once saw a skunk (Mephitis americanus) crossing a snow-field near at hand. This animal is_black (with the slight amount of effacive gradation found even in black animals), with a large white pattern on top. He was totally unrecognizable, because his white against the snow was undistinguishable. His black was left to form a most grotesque silhouette. Had he been against black, it would have been this black part that disap- peared, and one would have seen only an unrecognizable, moving white thing. Naturalists’ lack of understanding this principle’s immense import has gone far to strengthen the present Mimicry and Warning-Colour theories, which may prove to have been evolved, largely, in the eftort to explain supposed conspicuousness, where such did not exist. A tiger in the desert sands, though his gradation would still, more or less, efface his solidity, would never- theless show his pattern. His bamboo-vistas would be plainly a failure against the sand. The lion in the bamboos would, when not covered by them, tend to present an unac- countable flat silhewette,—a lion-shaped section of desert- landscape, out of place. On the same principle, a white patch on striped cloth or a striped patch on white cloth would be conspicuous. We see on all hands evidence that Nature cannot help moving forward to the utmost com- pleteness of protective devices ;—that, in fact, she cannot grope or blunder. A marvellous, turquoise, emerald-green and red-coral-marked Mediterranean fish looks conspicuous on the fishmonger’s slab; but follow him to the sun-lt ocean grottos which he inhabits, and of which he is a wonderful picture! No, the whole use of the word con- spicuous 1s mainly born of the zoologist’s lacking the artist’s sight. Let us now turn to the field in which the naturalists are most conspicuously at fault, that of the butterflies and moths. One glance of an artist,—that is, of an artist accustomed to lifelong looking at vegetation and butterfly- life,—at a world’s collection of butterflies, shows him that they are mainly either flying pictures of various com- binations of flowers and their backgrounds, pictures of the shadow under foliage, with delicate patterns of vegetation or flowers drawn across it, as, for instance, in the North American Papilo polydamas, and the dark Satyrine,—or that they are wonderful representations of flowers them- selves, as in the Pierinx (all but their usually narrow dark 556 Mr. A. H. Thayer on border), many of which even bear a representation of six stamens (counting their two antennz), and, what is very common in butterflies, a wonderfully perfect shading on that part of the wings next the body, grading toward it in a way that makes it appear like the bottom of a con- cavity. My photographs of Limenitis (Basilarchia) arthemis show the flower-form, the appearance of the mm of its cup being carried across the butterfly, as in the species of Precis which wear a large, bright semicircular bar, cutting them as the skunk’s white cuts him. I should have placed at the beginning this axiom: Only wnshiny, bright monochrome is intrinsically a revealing coloration. As soon as patterns begin, obliteration of the wearer begins, as shown in the case of the skunk. Nature does not blunder, and Natural Selection would evolve the monochrome, instead of a patterned surface, were simple conspicuousness her aim. Also, she would, if she used patterns mainly as badges for identification of the wearer, fo) have omitted the delicate subtilties that go to make up Ss the patterns of most butterflies. Let us apply the skunk- lesson to the many dark butterflies which wear more or less bright, clean-cut patterns. As they rest on flowers, their dark matches very closely the shadew-depths between the flowers, especially when seen from above or outside the flower-mass; and, in fact, the delicate general gradation and faint detail existing even in these parts, appear to an artist to represent the near vistas under the flowers; while the bright pattern is likely to echo the notes of the flowers themselves. Only artists understand this colour- echoing. The artist’s sight is conscious, as it ranges over a scene, of every recurrence of each colour-note. This colour-note, wherever seen, seeks, as it were, i/s own, in lis brain,—just as a violin-string rings when its note is sung. In a book we are writing on protective coloration, my son and I shall show larve that resemble things (already well known), larvee that disappear, larvae that appear to be extensions of leaves; and larve with many other startling and dissimilar concealment-schemes. What wonder if in butterflies there prove to be as many different forms of concealment? It is impossible to lay too much stress on the fact that all patterns which look so striking and bizarre, when off duty, are, when on duty, up to the moment of detection, precisely the workers of the magical illusion that conceals, It is inconceivable that birds should Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, ete. 557 more easily recognize minute patterns than colour, when we realize that the perfect colour-adaptation of innumerable forms of life, from mammals to larvee, proves that the lower animals see colour (since otherwise such adaptation would not be necessary for their concealment). In each form of protective coloration there exist cases so pronounced as to leave no doubt of their use. Each of these has been assumed to be mimicked, or, at least, echoed, for some reason, by other species than the one in which it is most perfect. Let us look at the dead-leaf pattern, i.e. the pattern that represents, in the most minute degree, substance of the colowr and thickness of dead leaves, and lying as near the ground as dead leaves usually he. This pattern is marvellously perfect on the Copperhead snake (Trigonocephalus contortrix), on some Boas, on that form of domestic cat which has the most tiger-cat-like black and grey pattern (as well as, in fact, on tiger-cats them- selves), and on several Sphinx moths. Of course, when this leaf-representation occurs on the rotundity of animals’ bodies, as in the cats or snakes, it exists only in co-operation with the regular effacive gradation, but on the flat plane of a Sphinx’s upper-wing-surface it has and needs no such co-operation. In the Sphinx-moth photograph which I have sent Professor Poulton, this reproduction of thin material casting a shadow on the surface it lies on is past all mistaking. This artifice is present on many moths, and its elements are traceable in such butterfly genera as Vanessa, Grapta, and many others. To know at what point in the long series of somewhat similarly marked species the original function has ceased, would require impossible study. While it is plain that a hundred needs may each be represented in the pattern- and colour-schemes of animals, it is also plain to an artist’s eye that in most butterflies all visible details of colour, pattern, and form are essential parts of the representation of flower-scenery. And it is surely conceivable that, in a certain region, one particular form of flower-scenery-representation may furnish such advantages to butterflies as to cause many widely-separated species to become modified till they wear a common aspect; and it is conceivable also that. there would be one common form of wing which would best lend itself to this scheme. Surely we do not know enough of the habits of these insects or of the regions that may be their strongholds to 558 Mr. A. H. Thayer on feel sure that this hypothesis is absurd; and were it correct, it would complete a chain of seemingly perfect evidence. After we see how inexplicable it would be if butterflies did not either resemble flowers, or represent some portion of flower-scenery, why should we, in view of the endless variety of flower-forms, stick at any form or pattern in the butterfly that frequents them ? One must constantly remember that any pattern is less conspicuous than bright, unshiny monochrome. Therefore, “conspicuous” is not the right word for the character of patterned butterflies, Now since the Jthomiine, Heliconiny, and Danaine, such for instance as the similarly coloured cow-red and chrome-yellow, black-bordered J/elinwa, Heliconius, and Lycorea (and equally, in other colour-schemes, all the other so-called mimicking groups), are in every way com- pletely painted by Nature into these three tones,—the note of shadow under vegetation making their borders, which it occupies, coalesce with the shadow under the flowers, and disappear, while the red and chrome wonder- fully reproduce the colours and patterns of such flowers as Odontoglossum triumphans, who shall say that it is not to this flower—which perhaps, by its abundance, dominates the region—that these cow-red and chrome- yellow butter- flies owe their common appearance? Some such flower may be overwhelmingly attractive for its honey. Perhaps the most conclusive of all our evidence is to be seen in the transparent winged members of these mimicry groups. Dismorphia orise, for instance, with its green transparencies enclosed in a pattern of the same velvety dark fuscous that I have already described. What conceivable artifice could offer greater opportunity for frequently remaining unnoticed amidst flowers and leaves ? These httle green windows must of course allow any bright object to show through them, while the fuscous cuts the aspect to pieces by representing a shadow far below the insect. The very word transparent wrecks any theory of conspicuousness or adaptation suitable for a badge. Add to this the present belief that the trans- parency has been attained through selection, and ought not those who hold this theory to “believe that concealment was obviously the goal of a change toward invisibility ? It is hard to conceive of a better device for representing little green leaves than by these glossy green, leaf-shaped, Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimacry, ete. 559 and leaf-veined windows, bordered with imitation back- ground, and ever ready to look like glossy leaves the moment they are extended over a bright flower or other bright object. Professor Poulton has already noticed the efficacy of the imitation hole in the wing of Grapia (a device similar in effect to the gold dots on some pupe). During the writing of this article I have been learning that iridescence itself is an immense factor of conceal- ment, far greater than I at first realized. I have lately had excellent opportunity to study several species of golden-brown butterflies with sheeny black tips spotted with white, and I begin to realize the wonderful power of this combination. The white dots stand changeless, while upon the black, in bright sunlight, faint rainbow sequences dissolve the actually flat wing-surface into liquid depths, apparently wholly detached both from the insect and from the white spots, which appear, as I before said, to be shiny points like dewdrops down in the spaces below the buttertly. If butterflies were mimicking each other, Mr. Blandford’s objection (Proceedings of the Entomological Society, 1897) that the resemblances would be hypertelic would seem true. Since an attempt on Nature’s part to give common colours and patterns to a group of insects involves no need that any one of them shall have sharp delicate contours of spots, or have subtle gradations, these species would, if their object were to resemble each other in their colour and markings, stop short of such sharp contours, ete. On the other hand, if they are representing flowers or any organic forms instead of merely patterns, etc., on forms, they would profit by the utmost minute finish of every part of their design, since just this finish, this microscopic- ally perfect smoothness and minuteness of detail is an essential characteristic of flowers and even of leaves. Upon my hypothesis, the many “ warning-colour” species that have dull-contoured spots instead of sharp ones, would seem (as they do to the supporters of Mimicry) to be species in process of adaptation, but to the aspect of flowers, instead of to that of each other. As soon as the advocate of the Mimicry theories sees that to wear the region’s prevailing pattern tends to con- ceal, his case looks bad; since we see throughout the animal kingdom common coloration, and often common 560 Mr. A. H. Thayer on form in widely separated orders, plainly accompanying common environment and habits. The Salmon’s silver, grading upward into dusky, and downward to purest white, is identical with that of countless fish in many groups, and no one doubts that environment and habits are the cause. Among birds, Lmberiza miliaria, Anthus pratensis, Alauda arvensis, and Alauda arborea are four species of three genera for all four of which one minutest colour-and-pattern-description would almost suffice; and the same colour-scheme and pattern with slight varia- tions is found on a great many other species throughout the world, both of Passeres and even Scolopacide and (alline, telling plainly of life on the grownd amidst grasses. Among the Scolopacidx, many females and young of the Anatidxy, and the Laridx, Nature betrays, in the main, great lack of variety in design, easily accounted for by the lack of variety im the aspect of the environment. In a broad survey of the animal kingdom we perceive that everywhere the degree of colour-and-pattern difference between different members of an order, family, or genus keeps pace with the degree of variation in their environ- ment’s aspect. Why may not the circumstances of a group of butterflies furnish them similar needs to wear a common livery, even if we cannot see the reason? Might they not tend also to have their flavour similarly affected by similar food ? The Spruce Grouse (Canachites canadensis) is saturated with spruce flavour, and the world is full of such cases. Even the amazing similarity between members of these groups is no proof they may not, for reasons which we have not discovered, profit each by exactly the same form of concealing-coloration. It should be borne in mind that it is not a flower that these mimics evidently represent, but a certain combination of the flower’s aspect with that of its surroundings. Hence there may be one best way to render this. Butterflies on wing are conspicuous, but are wonderfully protected by their jerky flight, which is completed by their wings being so large as necessarily to throw the body up and down at every movement. This latter advantage, attainable by no other conceivable means, may be a great factor in the whole matter. In flight they are doubtless practically safe, 7.¢. too trouble- some a quarry to be seriously decimated. I send, for Professor Poulton to exhibit, photographs of a number Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, etc. 561 of so-called conspicuous butterflies (dead specimens), the examples having been placed as far as possible without an unfair attempt to favour my argument, except in a few cases where the attempt is obvious. Surely they speak eloquently. Could they be seen in their colour- coalition, they would speak even more so, Any one care- fully examining them will see that, in most cases, their dark parts are not distinguishable from the background (although the average person, wnaccustomed to analyze his sight, will, by recognizing the butterfly through its pattern, fancy he sees every part). The very keynote of the zoologist’s error is psycho- logical, One sees only what is out of place ;—that which is in place is harmonious and unnoticed. We know how many of these concealed animals we sce, but we do not dream of how many we pass by. By tracing back to so palpable an example as our Sphinx-moth photograph, we see that the various com- binations of sharp-edged markings with delicate blendings, exactly resembling the combination of patterns made by any sharp-edged fabric lying near a ground on which its shadow falls, do vepresent such combinations of form ; so that we must believe that so elaborate and delicately complete a design would scarcely exist merely to identify a species as unpalatable. We find on several Preces, as on many Vanesse, and Papiliones, very highly developed cases of the varied combinations of design worn by multi- tudes of the most obviously protected birds, and other animals ;—slight variations of representation either of near objects casting a shadow on the background, as in the cats, snakes, and moths mentioned, or of near objects relieved against more distant, fainter ones, as in the Kuropean ‘Woodcock’s wings, many female Pheasants, and male Pheasants’ tails, such as that of the Copper Pheasant. Doubtless each species has some particular headquarters, as it were,—some region which it fits best,— aud unless we chance to study it in this very region, and at the most favourable season, we shall never witness the full operation of its protective colour-scheme. Mr. Frank M. Chapman has already pointed this out in a paper entitled mOn the Birds of the island of Trinidad,” published Feb. 1894, in the “ Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,” a paper containing some very prophetic glances into the future of protective coloration. 562 Mr. A. H. Thayer on Apparently Nature has two main _protective-colour schemes; one of which is closely imitative of the very near environment of the animal, and applicable to such species as sit close, and keep still, for concealment, as do the tree- toads, moths, goatsuckers, certain snakes, and, among butter- flies, the species of Grapta. (The latter, at least, keep very still when resting, and expose at such times only the rock or bark representation on the under-side of their wings.) Among those butterflies, on the other hand, which have no pronounced habit of protecting themselves in this manner, Nature seems to have been forced to a_ bolder, more positive way by furnishing them an upper-side bearing a sort of conventionalized representation of the predominant details among which they are destined to move. Flowers, of course, must almost always be present. And always the notes of the conventionalization are perfect. Here is a most impressive argument, viz., so-called con- spicuous butterflies have the body, head and all, exquisitely effacively graded. Would it not be absurd for Nature to spend energy in effacing the body while making the wings conspicuous? The multitude of species, the world over, whose main colour is largely the peculiar fuscous of shadow under vegetation, have in most cases not merely this shadow-colour, which so perfectly coalesces with the shadow and apparently vanishes from the insect, but also a system of exquisitely delicate perspectives within the patches of shadow-colour; as in the genus Caligo es- pecially. I mean that Calig go is an exquisitely developed representation of the perspectives which an artist sees in peering down through the openings between the flowers. The parts of the world which I know well do not yet furnish me a clear vision why so many butterflies, such as several Preces, and Anosia plexippus, for instance, have these delicate perspectives done in golden brown instead of either shadow-colour or the more delicate flower-colour ; but that this delicate design does represent perspective, and would be wasted if used for any attempt at conspicu- ousness, and that it is entirely akin to the perspectives rendered on perfect shadow-colour in so vast a number of species, is reason enough for’ trusting it to prove to be some form of concealment device ; and on red flowers these species show surprisingly little. I myself suspect that butterflies of the A. plexippus type represent half a concave flower. Watch any butterfly of this class, or any Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, ete. 563 of the classes in which the pattern, when the wings are open, arranges itself in amphitheatre-like semicircles of stripes or dots, ete. When such a butterfly rests with open wings on a flower, its head is at the centre, its antennz form two stamens, and these semicircles seem to belong to half the flower of which its head is the centre. In several Preces, and many other butterflies, there is a general representation of something like a bunch of stamens casting their shadow deep under them in the flower’s cavity. Usually a butterfly’s upper-side has the exact colour-note characteristic of flowers and flower- scenery seen from right overhead (take, for example, Papilio turnus) ; while its under-side is a picture of such greater distance as would be seen from the s7de position necessary for beholding it when the wings are in their characteristic vertically-folded position; and this is the position from which enemies on neighbouring bushes would see it. So-called “conspicuous” butterflies have, in short, their upper-side designed with the full strength “values” of the nearest flowers looked into from above, and their under surfaces designed in notes more delicate, to counterfeit the distance, and a perfectly effacively- graded body. Their under-side is also more delicately finished, as if against the nearer inspection possible from neighbouring bushes. In fact, they wear every conceivable aspect to fit them into the background from each point of view, and make you think you see through them; or else, seen from above, to make you think, as in the case of the Pierine, that you see a flower itself. How can such a case call for a theory that is based on the hypothesis that they are conspicuous? One very important fact is that we have abundant proof that animals, including birds, have totally different sight from ours; and the existence of these patterns, etc., unless 1t can be denied that they even tend to eftace, should be taken as proof that they sufficiently succeed in effacing. Otherwise, why are they there, when almost the whole animal kingdom does need concealment? A fox,a deer, a bear, a grouse, a turkey, or any small bird or mammal, may come almost to one’s feet if one stay still, yet flee wildly on seeing any motion. Ts not this sufficient proof that even if we were usually able to detect a Papilio when it is effacively situated, it is no sign that a bird could do so, if the insect kept its place ? TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1903.—PART IV. (DEC.) 38 564 Mr. A. H. Thayer on Butterflies very often remain unobserved amidst flowers or other vegetation, by any one approaching (especially if he be not keenly in search of them) until once flushed. Of course our yellow and our white Pierine are pretty sure to catch the eye of the person approaching, if, as very commonly, they are found amidst dark vegetation. Yet their colours are precisely those of our most abundant flowers, just as they are our most abundant butterflies. This fact harmonizes with my argument that, however conspicuous in many situations, few animals are so in the place or region to which they doubtless owe their abund- ance. We see largely the overflow individuals from a concealing region into a less favouring one, and erroneously think of the species as typical of the region where it is visible to us. The gentle waving of the wings, so common among butterflies when they are feeding, seems plainly a protective imitation of the swaying of leaves and flowers in the breeze. Any one who has photographed outdoor vegetation knows how seldom it stands still. To sum up, the general aspect of each animal’s environ- ment, throughout the animal kingdom, is found painted upon his coat,in such a way as to minimize his visibility, by making the beholder think he sees through him. How has it chanced that, while this fact has long been recog- nized, in a crude way, in many fields of zoology, it has remained essentially unnoticed in butterflies? Their most critical moments being passed upon flowers, the aspect of flowers combined in various proportions with the dark vistas down among them to the shadowy earth beneath, is exquisitely painted upon a vast majority of the world’s butterflies, and on none more plainly than on those called conspicuous. The Pierine are mainly representations of flowers, though surrounded by a dark border which appears to belong to the shadows beneath it. On the other hand, there are a vast number of dark species which represent a portion of this shadow-under- vegetation, with bits of yellow vegetation, or of flowers, seen against it (these of course being rendered by the hight markings), Could small, bright | patterns on dark possibly be more perfect generalizations of small blossoms, buds, and stems ? I cite the followmg examples of the various colorations described. Among the Brassoline, Caligo, eurylochus is a marvel of Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimiery, ete. 565 wholly effacive design, so subtle as to make it absurd to suppose that Nature could be trying to have him conspicu- ous, or to use such delicate gradations for zdentification. Caligo telamonius and Caligo demosthenes are even more wonderful examples. Cynthia has a wonderful multiplicity of perspectives represented on its surface. Black and green Nymphaline are notably orchid-like in design. Their dark tips disappear, uniting with the shadows. Dione has good near-scenery on its upper-side, while the silver spots of its under-side appear in a side view to cut holes through its wings. The Danaine butterfly ZLimnas chrysippus is covered with design which I am not prepared to interpret. Whether or not it is a flower, the four interior spots on the upper-side of the hind-wings may pass for stamens, as may also, of course, the antenne ; and whether or not the yellow-red ground counterfeits the colour of a flower, it represents a flower’s form. Caduga melaneus has the colour- scheme of the skunk, with, of course, similar advantages. The Satyrine, i.e. the dark ones, with strong, light patterns, have also the skunk’s colour-principle. The Danaine, Ithomiine, and Heliconine of South America, Lycorea, Melinza, and Heliconius, for imstance, display marvellous mutual resemblance, yet their likeness to Odontoglossum triumphans, when their dark tips are cut out by coalescing with the shadow, is most impressive. Among the transparent Satyrine I may mention Pierella nereis. Unmistakably the whole surface of this insect (and likewise that of Citherias menander) pictures a single flower. Pierella astyoche represents flower-scenery (likewise Pierella rhea). In the Oriental Danaine genus Luploca we see exquisite shadow-perspective over which white spots relieve. The blue sheen, seldom or never occurring on both wings at once, additionally effaces. In the Lycenide the exquisite blue species represent flower-cups, their black border of course detaching into the background. The above examples I have chosen from all the families I have lately examined, which do not include the Skippers, or the great mass of Papilionide. Let me add a few more reflections, all harmonious with my theory. 566 Mr. A. H. Thayer on The act of flight tends to obliterate pattern, by the too quick substitution of one colour for another before the eye. A black-and-white butterfly, therefore, tends to look simply grey in flight. It is not necessary to conceive that a bird must find the imitation flower on its proper plant, if the flower represent a type common in the neighbourhood. A vast majority of butterflies, including most members of Mimicry groups, have the common dark wing-tips of the /wscows colour which causes this portion to seem lacking from the butter- fly, leaving the lighter-coloured parts to represent a more flower-like form. The white dots, so common on these black tips, surprisingly aid the representation of space below the flower by supplying the average sharp details that are to be seen down in the shady under-spaces,— little glints of light on twigs, etc.—and their dark ground is rendered additionally transparent in appearance by iridescence. If the foregoing arguments prove that the so-called Warning-colours commonly cited do not exist mainly to make their wearer conspicuous, it does not follow that they may not still serve secondarily as Warning-colours. When, for instance, they happen to fail to conceal, they may then serve to warn. My main point is that they first of all conceal. I suspect that the same principles apply to striped wasps and hornets, and many other insects called conspicuous. The yellow pattern unmistak- ably allies their appearance to the pollen-covered flower- interiors, making them far less conspicuous than an unmixed need to be seen would have them. Yet when seen, they may well profit by the pattern’s recognizability. Can any one, once shown, as I here show, that butterflies’ patterns are 7o¢ intrinsically the thing to make the wearer conspicuous, and shown that they ae wonderful representa- tions of the flower-scenery I describe, believe that Natural Selection has bungled, and wasted design of the most intricate kind? No, it is the beauty of the whole thing that absolute fitness is the goal of all changes by Natural Selection :—is, in fact, the only motive-power; changing all forms steadily toward itself. We see, then, that butterflies are imitation flowers, or pictures of flower and background. This has escaped the eye of zoologists. They see that fish wear representations of under-water scenery; that forest animals are forest- Protective Coloration in its relation to. Minicry, etc. 567 patterned ; beach animals, beach-patterned, etc., through the whole animal kingdom. But this other obvious case has escaped them. What other equal hope were there for insects that feed in full sunlight on masses of bright flowers ? In another paper I shall extend this criticism on the animal-conspicuousness-theory to the field of birds, and to strengthen the present paper by showing reasons to sus- pect that this theory is also not well intrenched in the bird part of its field, I append the following examples of the material to be used in the next paper. Several of the most apparently conspicuous details of the exteriors of male birds can be shown to be such as would aid them to escape their enemies, and it is plain that simple life-preservation must for ever take precedence in the scale of importance of animals’ needs. It is a mild statement to say that if the animal kingdom is to survive, females have greater need of the mere existence of mates than of any particular attribute in them, and if this state- ment is true, in all its immense import, it is among the most primitive needs of the male, that we should search for the explanation of his present attributes. All the nuptial developments, either of feathers or fleshy growths on beaks, etc., are much more rationally explicable along the simple lines of utility, than those of direct Sexual Selection, since it is apparent that every appendage, and every brilliancy of colour or costume adds to the formid- ableness of a warrior’s aspect. One male conquers another partly through overawing him by superior splendour, and actually looking larger by means of his appendages, and when these gaudy-feathered braves flaunt before their females, why are they not presumably appealing to the females’ love of a good fighter,—a sentiment so dominant, even in the human race,—and a simple sense of what con- stitutes a husband full-equipped for the rough work devolving on all feudal lords? In fact, from which end of the animal scale is this human sentiment traceable ? If from the lower, as seems obvious, it must exist there. I believe that a material need for any existing thing will always be found to precede the spiritual, just as simply as a man must catch before he can eat, and will then think. These arguments suggest, at least, that the nuptial superficial developments are for the direct use of the male who wears them. Let us look at the iridescent splendours 568 Mr. A. H. Thayer on ot the Peacock family. An artist can see that whereas unshiny monochrome reveals its wearer to the utmost, iridescence, on the other hand, destroys visibility of surface, by substituting for a normal light-and-shade gradation, a totally new succession of colour and light notes, and above all one that changes its character with every movement of the bird, and every change of the beholder’s standpoint. Add to this in the Peacock’s case, for instance, his habitual resort to dense cover, and his gorgeous blue and green gleams, through its interstices, present merely the aspect of foliage-colours and hints of flower-masses. I feel sure that Peacock hunters will testify that this bird is hard to see when lying close. Let us imagine an animal stalking this bird. He will look wholly for motion :—(such at least is the habit of all predatory creatures I know). Now it is the peculiar property of sheen, that it will stand sti// while the thing it is on moves. This means that a Peacock can move his brilliant neck, while its sheen stands stil/—just as the gleam on the telegraph wires keeps pace with the railway train as one sees it from the window. And since this gleam of the bird’s neck must be the most visible thing, the possibility of the neck’s gliding along behind it, while at stands still, must often save the Peacock ; (for the balance between the evolved skill of the hunter and the evolved skill of the hunted must always be close, and smallest advantages must often tip the scale). While the fore-part of the bird is beginning to move, unnoticed, his conspicuous tail, a yard behind his vital parts, catches the tiger’s eye, in its earliest motion, and the tiger, seeing no other part so distinctly, springs at these long feathers, whose design is arranged for conspicuousness in motion. These gorgeous birds will prove to be additionally con- cealed, not revealed, by their costumes. It is worth men- tioning here, in connection with the Warning-Colour theory, that while Peacocks and Pheasants are iridescent plumaged birds, and would be called conspicuous in the highest degree, they are not wapalatable ;—a fact that goes to strengthen my argument. The next thing to be pointed out is that the general tendency of birds to wear longitudinal markings forward, and transverse ones aft, is an important factor of protec- tion, especially in the case of the Pheasants and Peacocks, among whom this arrangement is very highly developed. 3 Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, ete. 569 Any one who has tried to catch a snake in the grass will see at a glance why Nature tries to direct an enemy's attention behind the animal he is hunting. The snake for ever proves to be further on. It is hard to set one’s foot far enough ahead as he moves, just as a wing-shot tends to shoot behind. Now Nature, realizing this, offers the enemy the utmost inducement to strike too far back. The strong cross-bars of the Reeves or the Copper Pheasant, while visually they cut the tail to pieces when it is still, are, as with the Peacock, by far the most visible part of the bird as soon as he moves. The reason of this is that in forward motion the longitudinal markings scarcely show, while the transverse ones become conspicuous. To prove this, any reader has only to blacken a few points an inch or so apart on a white cord, and then move the cord longi- tudinally, drawn tight across some aperture a few yards away, the cord being only visible where it crosses the aperture. He will see that its motion is distinguishable much farther off when the spots are in sight than when the wamarked cord is passing. The spots correspond to the tail-marks of the Pheasant, and the cord where it is not spotted represents the bird’s longitudinal markings, 7. e. his body-markings. Before closing I beg to say that I do not mean that I am convinced that Mimicry and Common Warning Colours have no hand in these resemblances. I merely point out that the coloration of every individual of the “ mimicking groups” of butterflies seems to be the best conceivable for effacing the aspect of its wearer, and also that it is per- fectly conceivable that an external influence, like super- abundance of certain very sweet flowers, could do the whole thing. 570 Professor E. B, Poulton on Ir. Thayer's XXVII. A brief discussion of A. H. Thayer's suggestions as to the meaning of colour and pattern in insect bionomics. By PROFESSOR EDWARD B, PoULTON, M.A., D.Sce., F.R.S., ete. [Read October 21st, 1903.] THE discoverer of the meaning of the white under-sides of animals is entitled to a respectful hearing on any question of animal coloration. Furthermore, by his discovery, he has proved the benefits which the artist can confer on the naturalist, benefits which we naturalists are only too pleased to receive with gratitude. Our only difficulty is that so few artists seem disposed to consider our problems seriously. In order to be able to do so they must become, at least in spirit, naturalists as well as artists. The more numerous the men of creative power who can occupy, as Mr. Thayer does, the double standpoint, the better it will be for both domains. I therefore express my cordial agreement with Mr. Thayer’s claim for the artist. I now propose to make a few comments upon the details of his interesting paper. Every naturalist will agree that “any coloration or pattern would be conspicuous somewhere.” We have often called attention to the fact that colour, pattern, shape, and attitude can only be understood in the natural environ- ment. In fact, Mr. Thayer’s own suggestions are, I think, most open to criticism when he is speaking of animals in countries he has not visited; when, for instance, he sug- gests the kind of concealment brought about by the stripes of the zebra. The lion is the zebra’s great enemy, and in spite of their very different kind of colouring they are both adapted to the same general environment. The propor- tion of dark and light stripes, Francis Galton told us long ago, “is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” So too the suggestion that the groups of similar South American butterflies have gained their resemblance by a common (syneryptic) likeness to some flower which they chiefly frequent would be more plausible if Mr. Thayer had studied them in their native haunts. I have asked Mr. suggestions as to insect colours and patterns, 571 W. J. Kaye if he can remember the colour of the tlowers visited by the black, cow-red, and yellow Melinxa group and its mimics in British Guiana, and he tells me they are either white or cream-coloured. Further- more, Mr. Thayer treats this group as though it were uniform throughout tropical South America, dis- regarding the extraordinary changes of colour and pattern undergone by its representative species as we pass from one part of the Neotropical region to another. It is almost inconceivable that the following features, which are characteristic of whole groups in particular areas, can be due to the special flowers of those areas. The barred form of Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela, the black hind-wing of the Guianas, the bright yellow band of Eastern Brazil, the chestnut ground-colour of Ega on the Amazon, the black marked fulvous of the Napo River, passing on into the black forms with fulvous marks which constitute so large and characteristic a group in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. In all these cases, nothing short of actual evidence on the spot can warrant the improbable suggestion that we are dealing with syncryptic groups, changing as the species of flowers are replaced by others in passing from one district to another. Moreover, the theory of a syncryptic resemblance to flowers fails to account for certain broad characteristics of the groups in question, which on the other hand receive a ready explanation on the theory of common warning (synaposematic) coloration. These are (1) the predomin- ance of forms belonging to the sub-families Jthomiine, with the allied Danaing, and Heliconine, with the allied Acrwing : (2) the fact that the predominant members of the chief groups in all the other tropical parts of the world are also contributed by the Danaine and Acreine : (3) the flaunting flight, exposure at rest, and general want of alertness exhibited by the species of these sub- families as compared with others: (4) the more or less exact similarity of the pattern on the under to that on the upper surface, an arrangement comparatively rare in other Rhopalocera: (5) the experimental evidence of the un- palatability of these very sub-families to a large number of the enemies of insects. Hence, until positive evidence is obtained on the spot in favour of Mr, Thayer’s suggestion of syncryptic resem- blance, I must regard such an interpretation as highly 572 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mr. Thayer's improbable, in the case of the groups hitherto explained by the Miillerian or Batesian theories. Of course close syncryptic resemblances between bark-like moths, lichen- like moths, grass-like and pine-needle-hke larve, etc., have been known and admitted for many years. Leaving the tropics we find a beautiful example of mimicry, Batesian, or more probably Miillerian, which has arisen in Mr. Thayer’s own region, and has never wandered much beyond it, an example moreover very well known to the American artist-naturalist, viz. the resemblance of the northern Limenitis (Basilarchia) archippus (misippus) to the Danaine intruder from the tropical south, Axnosia plexippus. In this case there is little doubt that the Nymphaline has been actually drawn away from an ancestral appear- ance, much like that now borne by ZL. avthemis, explained by Mr. Thayer as promoting concealment by likeness to flower-masses and their background. If therefore Mr. Thayer is compelled to admit all this effect produced by the Danaine intruder in his own northern region, why should he not be ready to accept far more extended effects of the same kind in the crowded luxuriant life of the tropics ? I do not think that naturalists Lave so entirely misunder- stood the principle of a cryptic pattern resembling some object in the environment combined with the eftacive gradation so admirably explained by Mr. Thayer. His illustrations cf tiger, lion, brilliantly-coloured fish, appear- ance of forest and shore birds, ete., all these are accepted at once and have been accepted for a long time. But naturalists have regarded the skunk as conspicuous, and I feel sure that Mr. Thayer will admit that it falls into another category from that which includes the forms just named. If concealment is brought about by the beautiful and delicately adjusted effacive gradation from upper dark to under white, as is now generally admitted, surely the “slight amount of eftacive gradation” of the black skunk cannot be the same thing, or belong to the same class. We must admit Mr. Thayer’s main conclusion, that the forms we call conspicuous might be more conspicuous, and also accept the statement that a pattern is less conspicuous than the monochrome. Admitting all Mr. Thayer says, at least of the butterflies suggestions as to insect colours and patterns. 573 he knows in the living state, and of the skunk, he cannot contend, I think, that his criticisms are powerful enough to transfer these examples into the bionomic group which con- tains the well-known examples of cryptic colouring—the skunk into the same category as the hare or ptarmigan, the under-side colouring of the Danaine butterflies, or the Nym- phaline genus Limenitis (Basilarchia) into the samecategory with that of Grapta or Kallima, etc. I believe the whole of his criticism of warning colours can be accepted, and can be reconciled with the existing hypotheses. All animals with warning colours have enemies, all are liable to special attacks, in times of exceptional hunger, by enemies which would at other times neglect them. Even the skunk has special bird enemies. Provided such forms are easily seen and avoided by enemies which respect their special modes of defence, it is clearly an advantage to be as far as possible concealed from those which do not respect them. Hence conspicuousness, but, as Mr. Thayer tells us, something very far short of ideal conspicuousness. The black and white pattern of the skunk is probably glaring and conspicuous enough to all enemies near at hand, but at the immense distance covered by the long-range sight of a predaceous bird it may melt into an inconspicuous grey. The same kind of interpretation probably holds for a cryptic element whenever it exists in the appearance of butterflies belonging to distasteful sub-families. It is the probable meaning of the transparency so widespread in the Ithomtine, although I do not think it is so effective in concealing as Mr. Thayer supposes. We must remember that many of these transparent species are excessively abundant, flying in clouds often made up of the individuals of several species and different genera. I quite recognize that the transparency may protect such forms against distant enemies, but I should be much surprised if the species of Methona and Thyridia, as well as Dismorphia orise, of which they are the models, are not rendered extremely conspicuous to enemies close at hand, by their numbers, habits of flight, and attitudes of rest. As Mr. Thayer has said, the black and white markings will melt into an elusive grey on a rapidly vibrating wing ; but the specially protected groups have developed a sailing flight which shows off the elements of pattern to perfection. When the body in such groups is effacively graded the 574 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mr. Thayer's explanation may well be that it is advantageous to direct attention to the wings rather than the vital parts; but it is precisely in these groups that the black body, and some- times the head, are so often marked with white or red. -Sie™ )) upon which it now feeds. These older leaves are blue-green in colour and covered with white spots. The resemblance of the pupa to the leaf is so perfect, that I have failed to notice them upon twigs which I had picked for food, until they were revealed upon the bare stems from which all the leaves had been stripped. I believe that Col. Fawcett has described and illustrated this example of protective resemblance. “The larva of Charaxes citheron exactly resembles its food- plant in colour and markings, whereas C’. varanes has yellow markings, which render it very conspicuous. CC’. ethalion also, with its one or two black-bordered yellow bands, is conspicuous, as is C. brutus with its large orange spot. Of all the Charaxes larve with which I am acquainted none equal C. neanthes in the perfection of its protective disguise. This larva when at rest upon the stem—its characteristic position during the last two stages—is so well concealed by colour and markings that it is almost impossible to detect. The small green dumpy pupe of this species exactly resemble some of our berries. “The larve of Acreas buxtoni, cabira, petrea, natalica, encedon, and doubledayi, as also that of Limnas chrysippus, use no disguise, and are certainly unpalatable and avoided by birds, hornets, spiders, and Mantides. “Tt is however in the larvee of moths that the cryptic char- acters are chiefly seen, and, strange as it may appear, most of all in those that congregate together during the day. J/eta- nastria aculeata, for instance, exactly resemble the bark of the tree upon which they rest by day, crawling up to eat the leaves at night. The larvee of Musgravia leight also vary in colour—grey, green, yellow or brown—according to the colour of the bark or lichen upon which the hours of daylight are passed. Their food is not even supplied by the leaves of the tree, but by a mistletoe growing upon it. Another species of Metanastria (as yet unnamed) rests by day upon the trunks of trees in large patches of one hundred to two hundred larve. Each patch so exactly resembles the bark that it entirely escapes notice. In nearly every instance where I have found them it has been owing to the conspicuous appearance of the indi- viduals attacked by Ichneumonide, and covered with their small white larve. When desirous of rearing any of these, I visit (exalt!) the patch each morning and remove all the infected individuals. It is almost impossible to induce these Jarvee to feed in con- finement, and I conclude their long journey each night is necessary for their health. The larvee of Matarbela sp. exactly resemble the droppings of birds, and is also armed with a tele- scopic appendage that les prone upon the back when at rest. As soon however as the caterpillar is touched, it whips this structure backwards and forwards, behaving like the larve of Cerura vinula, although the appendage is in quite a different position and placed far more anteriorly. This caterpillar is the most curious of any I have yet seen. The larva of Homoptera glaucinans—a green and silver half-looper—almost exactly resembles the stem of the Acacia upon which it feeds. The caterpillar of Vephele variegata in its young stages is reddish- brown, exactly like the young leaves of its food-plant, the fig-tree. It turns green in its last stage, thus reversing the history of the colour-changes in almost all the Sphingide. In spite of its strong cryptic colouring it is one of the most ichneumoned larve with which I am acquainted. Bunxa caffraria and belina are most conspicuous larve, and birds will not eat either, although they are very foud of another species of the same genus, Buna tyrrhenx, which exactly resembles the colouring of the leaves of its food-plant. In spite of its size this caterpillar is so difficult to find that it is necessary to look for the feces upon the ground, and then carefully to search the under-side of the branches over the spot. It is inter- esting to note that the eggs of this species are laid upon the upper-side of the leaves, whereas those of the other Bunzeas with freely-exposed larve are always placed upon the under-side. The caterpillar of Argema mimosx is also very difficult to detect and exactly resembles its food-plant in colour, although the beautiful silvery cocoons are very conspicuous upon the bare twigs of the trees during the winter months. The larve of Gonometer postica, Metanastria cuneilinea, Jana edulis, Ludia delagorguet, and L. smilax are all extremely conspicuous, and sting very badly. They are attacked by ichneumons, but birds, etc. always avoid them. In fact I do not know any yellow and black or black and white larve which birds will eat, and these are by far the commonest colours for larve out here. (| ty) Stauropus mediata is another very brilliant larva which nothing will eat. Its colours are green, bright yellow, blue and black. The moth is however far from common, owing to the attacks of Ichneumonide. The larve of Hublemmistis chlorozonea is also well concealed in the last stage by the adoption of allocryptic methods. It feeds upon lichen and is white in colour: when full-fed it completely covers itself with the lichen, and uses the same to form its cocoon, which is suspended from the branches or trunk of the tree upon which its food-plant grows. The moth itself when at rest exactly resembles the lichen, and is most difficult to find, “The larva. of Lophostethus dumolinii is certainly a distinct case of mimicry, as it is far more likea Saturniid larva than one of the Sphingide, and does not even rest in the manner usual among Sphinx larvee. It is greatly persecuted by ichneumons, and very difficult to rear unless taken full-fed or at any rate in the last stage. ‘*Ophiusa mormoides and echo, large half-loopers, almost exactly resemble the bark of the trees upon which they rest, and their colour varies so as to match that of the particular tree on which the larve are found. Ophiusa indeterminata, on the other hand, is conspicuous, and does not possess the power of colour adjustment, so that three or four different forms may be found upon the same food-plant : it is moreover refused by birds. The very common larve of J. armigera also appears in three or four different forms, which are relished by birds. These larvee however prefer to feed concealed inside lilies and the pods of peas. The conspicuous black and white larva of Diaphone dominica also feeds inside the thick leaves of lilies, but this garden pest is unfortunately refused by birds. _ ‘‘Geometers I need not refer to, as they are much the same as at home, only far less numerous. “There are a great many other larve which might be mentioned, but, as they produce moths as yet unnamed, I will leave for another occasion, when the species have been determined or described. “The general conclusion may be accepted that black and ( xv) yellow, and black and white larve are distasteful to birds, Mantides, hornets, etc., as also are moths, butterflies, beetles, and flies of these colours in almost every instance. “The greatest enemies of larve here after birds are Fossorial wasps and Mantides. I have found nests of the Fossores full of larvee, generally but a single species ina single nest. Some- times as many as twelve green geometrid larve may be found in one nest. Spiders of the family Attide are also frequently found eating larve. When disturbed the Attid will jump away, carrying its caterpillar prey with it. “In conclusion I desire to express my thanks to Sir G. F. Hampson for naming the moths which I have succeeded in breeding. A great deal of work still remains to be done in this direction in Natal. Not one quarter of the larve are at present known, and yet as a result of the work that is pro- ceeding, new species of moths are appearing almost every week.” The PresipENT said that it was of great interest to hear the conclusions, as to the general meaning of the colouring of Natal larvee, reached by one of their Fellows who had so wide and intimate an experience as Mr. Leigh. It was interesting to observe that Mr. Leigh considers the larva of Papilio nireus to be conspicuous, when its pupa possesses a wonderful power of colour adjustment, as was first shown and figured by Mrs. M. E. Barker in our Transactions (1874, p. 519). The first account of the larve and pupe of Papilio dardanus (Merope, cenea) was given by Mr. Mansel Weale (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 131). The combination of many larve to producea patch of colour like the bark on which they rest is very interesting, as also is the “homing” instinct which leads the larvze to return to the same spot at the end of each night. It would be useful to experiment in order to ascertain the cause which enables them to return and collect together, whether following the clue afforded by a thread or otherwise. A gregarious habit in order to promote concealment by the production of a brown patch has been described in the young larvee of Mania typica (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 241). The adjustment of the colours of the larva of JL. leighi to PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., III. 1908. C (xxvii ®) the trunk of a tree on which it does not feed is a further and very interesting proof to the many already supplied that this colour-relation is in no way associated with food. A careful drawing of the larva of Matarbela sp. and an investigation of the structure of its dorsal appendage would be valuable. When Mr. Leigh considers that the conspicuously-coloured Heterocerous larve are the most abundant in Natal, is it not likely that sufficient allowance is not made for the far greater difficulty in finding the others and for the immense number of cryptic species of which the larve are as yet undiscovered ! It is probable that the spines of the larva of Lophostethus dumolinii are not mimetic of Saturniide, but an indication of real affinity. All Smerinthine larve and many. other Sphingidee may be seen by the lens to be covered with spines during the first stage, and these spines are often forked. A drawing of the young larva of Macroglossa fuciformis, magnified a few diameters, would show a most astonishing form apparently very different from anything that we are accustomed to regard as a Sphinx. (See Trans. Ent. Soe. 1887, pp. 568-74, together with the references cited. ) Professor PouLron then exhibited the cocoonsof Lublemmistis chlorozonea sent by Mr. G. F. Leigh in illustration of his paper. He also showed a specimen of Polygonia (Grapta) C-album in the attitude of prolonged repose, together with specimens of Anxa moeris set in different ways to illustrate its probable resting position, and upon these specimens he read the following notes :— “Many years ago I came to a conclusion as to the probable meaning of the ‘C’ or ‘comma’ on the under surface of the hind-wings in butterflies belonging to the genus Polygonia (Grapta). 1 believe that it represents, in bright, strongly-reflecting ‘body-colour, the light shining through a semi-circular rent in a fragment of dead leaf,—the rent pro- duced when a little segment of leaf has broken away along a curved line, but still remains connected with the rest across the chord of the arc. Unless such a segment remains precisely in the plane of the leaf, light may pass through © xxvil) a curved and often a semi-circular slit-like window. Such curved cracks are extremely common in old weather-beaten dead leaves. They are probably produced by drying and shrinkage after much wetting and some decay. “On April 23rd last I had the opportunity of testing how far the whole attitude of Polygonia C-album, during profound re- pose, is consistent with the interpretation suggested above. By a curious coincidence I had been speaking of the differences between temporary and prolonged resting attitudes in butter- flies, at the meeting of the Entomological Society of France on the evening of April 22nd, and the very next morning saw for the first time in my life the position of this species during complete repose. The day was excessively cold for this time of the year, and the butterfly was hanging perfectly torpid from the horizontal rail of a wood fence in a street at Passy. Several excellent but very small photographs were taken with my daughter’s camera: enlargements have been made, and from these the actual specimen has been set and photographs of the natural size taken by Mr. Robinson in the Oxford University Museum. “The specimen which is now exhibited affixed to a piece of stick in precisely the same manner in which it hung from the rail, shows that the two anterior wings are held so far forward that a deep wedge-shaped notch appears between them and the hind-wings. On each side of this notch the well- known ragged outline of the wings is extremely distinct. The two posterior pairs of legs by which the butterfly clings to the supporting surface are light-brown in colour and unexpectedly conspicuous. The antennz are concealed, and the contour of the head does not break that of the costal margin of the anterior wings so as to interfere in any way with the general effect. The whole appearance is consistent with a single interpretation—concealment effected by resem- blance to a weather-beaten fragment of dead leaf, deeply notched and ragged, and hanging by two denuded fibro-vascular ‘veins’ standing out far beyond one of the edges. The kind of injury suggested by the ‘comma’ only adds another convincing detail to a perfectly harmonious cryptic effect. “Tt is interesting to compare this mode of concealment with (| xxvii) that which is far commoner in Nymphaline genera (Kallima, Doleschallia, Anxa, Precis, ete.), viz. the resemblance not to a fragment but an entire dead leaf, with midrib and suggestion of lateral oblique venation. In this latter form of disguise, holes are frequently suggested in the apparent leaf, either by opaque ‘body-colour’ as in Doleschallia, by transparent windows as in Kallima, or by actual discontinuity, as is probably the case in certain species of Anwain which the deeply-cut bay in the inner margin of the fore-wing may be converted into the likeness of a hole by closure along its open side by the costal margin of the hind-wing, in the manner indicated in one of the specimens exhibited. In certain parts of the under surface of Kallima a hole is suggested by ‘body-colour,’ in other parts by transparency, and the latter is undoubtedly the more recent and more highly-specialized method ; for when the transparent window is examined under the microscope scattered opaque white scales can still be seen in abundance over its surface, not thickly placed so as to prevent the passage of light, but witnesses to an earlier and less perfect representation of light shining through a hole. “Tt is interesting to note that the holes represented in these apparent dead leaves seem to have been produced by gnawing, whereas in the leaf-fragment suggested by C-album the forces of the inorganic environment, which by their prolonged action have produced the wear and tear of the margin, have also been responsible for the more centrally-placed dis- continuity. Comparing various species of the genus Polygonia (Grapta), it is seen that the curved C-like window occurs in several; in some the suggested rent is V-like, while occasionally the mark appears to represent a hole of a reniform shape.” Professor Poutron also exhibited a pair of Hypolimnas misippus taken “in coitu” on Feb. 3rd, 1903, by Mr. Horace A. Byatt, B.A. (Lincoln College, Oxford), near his highland home ata height of 4500 to 5000 feet, in Dedza,Central Angoni- land, British Central Africa. The specimens are remarkable in that the female is excessively worn and old, far more so than the male. Such an observation tends towards the con- clusion that pairing occurs more than once in the life of an individual of this species. ( sax 3) Mr. Byatt writes (Feb. 15th, 1903) concerning the species —‘‘Close round my house 7. misippus is in vast numbers just now, but other species are not very numerous. You will see that at Dedza ZL. chrysippus is quite rare—at least at this season. I have sent you only two, I think, and my eyes are always open for it.” This observation of relative abundance certainly suggests the Miillerian rather than the Batesian interpretation of the mimicry of the former for the latter species ; although quite near to Dedza the proportions may be entirely different. The following passage shows how rapidly My. Byatt can pass from one kind of area into another. ‘ You must understand that I have two distinct climates to work in. T am about 4500 to 5000 feet up—the top of Dedza is 7000 and I drop straight down into what is really tropical Africa on the lake level : tropical foliage, swamp, damp atmosphere and intense heat. This station might be in S. Africa the Orange River Colony. Consequently Lepidoptera are widely different: in this open country they are fewer and more sober say in colouring ; down below they are plentiful, more varied, larger and more gaily coloured. Pyrecis so far seems to be below 3000 feet, and extremely rare up here.” The observations of another friend further to the north in Africa also show the great abundance of H. misippus and how far it is from occupying the subordinate numerical position assigned to mimics by the late H. W. Bates. Between January 20th and 25th of the present year Mr. C. A. Wiggins captured at Kisumu, near the terminus of the Uganda line, on the N.E. shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, the following specimens of this model and mimic :— Limnas chrysippus. Hypolimnas misippus (females). Type-form 10, Type-form 27. klugii-form 20. inaria-form 16. And again at the end of January and the beginning of February :— L. chrysippus. H, misippus (females). Type-form 73. Type-form 18. Hdugiiform 85. | inaria-form 15. These results are roughly compiled from the unset specimens, (7 xx @) but no serious modification of the proportions is to be expected. Mr. Wiggins’ very large and interesting series of captures, bearing upon many bionomic problems of the highest interest, are now being studied in the Hope Department by Mr. 8. A. Neave, B.A., of Magdalen College. Paper. Mr. G. A. J. RotHney communicated ‘ Descriptions of twelve new genera and species of Jchneumonide, and three new species of Ampulex from India,” by Peter Cameron. Wednesday, June 3rd, 1903. Professor E. B, Poutron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair, Exhibitions. Mr. G. C. CHampion exhibited numerous specimens of Coccinella distincta, taken during the past few days in the pine woods of Woking. They were found, as usual, running about the ground in company with Formica rufa, and were perhaps wanderers from some other locality. Mr. Donts- THORPE said the species was still common at Weybridge in the nests of Formica rufa, and that he had observed it also at Bexhill, while Mr. Cuartrry noted its former occurrence in Blean Woods in great numbers. The life history of the larva, he said, had not been worked out. Mr. CHAMPION suggested that it might pick up stray aphids dropped by the ant. Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorre exhibited a very remarkable melanic form of Halyzia 18-quttata, L., black with white spots, the type, which was also exhibited, being light brown with white spots. The former was taken at Oxshott on the 22nd May. He also exhibited Stilieus fragilis, Gr., a melanic form with a black thorax instead of red as in the type, taken at Shirley on May 15th; and Staphylinus fulvipes, Scop., taken by himself at Bamber Forest on June Ist, a new locality for this rare beetle. (Gazi ®)) Dr. T. A. CHapman exhibited two full-grown larve of Thestor ballus, sent by Mr. H. Powell, from Hyeres. In its previous stages the back, except the dorsal line, is bright yellow, from the metathorax to the sixth abdominal segment, the ends being reddish, giving the larva a very brilliant appearance, while the conspicuous black spiracles on the top of the seventh and eighth (abdominal) segments give very much the appearance of a mammalian head to these segments. In this last skin the colours are much darker and more red- purple, and the posterior spiracles less obvious. The front of the larva has now much more the aspect of a head, say of a wild boar, largely owing to the uniform colour, black spiracles, and depression of the prothoracic plate which characterises the larva throughout. There are two eversible glands behind the last pair of spiracles as well as the glandular line across the preceding segment. The lenticles are very inconspicuous. The Prestpent remarked that the terrifying appearance usually occurred in large insects. Dr. CHapmaN also exhibited a larva of Heterogyna paradoxa, full fed, reared from the egg at Reigate, and a cocoon of Orgyia auro-limbata, with parasite Braconid. In this instance a larva produced an imago and the parasite. The cocoon when opened last October showed the cocoon of a Braconid within it ; adense oval-ribbed cocoon of whitish silk, with longitudinal darker flutings. One compartment of the O. awro-limbata cocoon was quite empty and flattened, the other contained larva-skin of Orgyia, pupa-skin of Orgyia,a small shrivelled 9 of Orgyia denuded of wool and containing eggs (perhaps a dozen), and the microgaster cocoon, which was well coated with and entangled amongst the loose wool of the moth. The cocoon looked as if made first and mixed up in the hairs afterwards. If this be correct, then the microgaster larva emerged from the pupa, and the moth nevertheless emerged afterwards. As against this, the cocoon was loosely, if at all, attached to the eccoon of the moth, as one would expect it to be if it emerged from the pupa. In that case it must have emerged from the moth. Im any case, the microgaster and the moth both came from the same larva, and the moth, though containing few eggs and (not being fertilised) laying none, (xo) was nevertheless energetic enough to denude herself of all her clothing. An imago and a parasite from the same larva have not infrequently been recorded, but very often doubt has been thrown on the occurrence. In this instance this is impossible, since the apterous female of O. aurolimbata not only never leaves her cocoon, but never makes an opening in it, that being done by the male. In this case the cocoon had no opening in it, and nothing had gone in or out since the larva spunit. The miserable development of the female showed that it had suffered some serious malady, and there was no trace of a second larva having been in the same cocoon. Some Fellows may like to be assured that the wretched fragment exhibited is really the imago of a moth. Such as it is, it is precisely like the ordinary female of O. awrolimbata after she had laid her eggs and denuded herself of her wool and died in the cocoon. The only difference is that this specimen never had any eggs to lay. The Presipent exhibited the dry form of Precis actia bred by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall from an egg laid by a female of the wet form. The parent was captured by Mr. Marshall at Salisbury, Mashonaland (5000 ft.), on February 14th, 1903 ; the egg was laid on the following day. It hatched February 20th, the larva pupated March 16th, the perfect insect, a male, emerged March 28th. The differences between these two forms are as astonishing as those between the two phases of Precis antilope, bred, the dry from the wet, by Mr. Marshall last year (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, pp. 418-20). In fact, upon the upper surface of the wings the differences are much greater than in this latter species, the dominant colour upon the black background of the dry form of actia being blue, as it is in the dry form of sesamus, while the red is of so deep a shade as to be sombre and inconspicuous. In the wet form these blue markings are only represented by marginal, submarginal, and apical traces, while the dull red becomes a bright and vivid reddish-brown, which forms a startling contrast with the background and the row of black spots which crosses both wings. Within these spots, in the position of the chief blue band of the dry form, the reddish- brown band of the wet form passes into a brilliant pearly white @ Fcc) in the female, into a pale reddish-brown in the male,—forming in each case a startling contrast with the nearly black basal half of both wings against which it terminates abruptly. Intermediate forms are probably much commoner than in P. sesamus. In one dry male out of four in the Hope Depart- ment, the chief blue band is in large part replaced by an intrusion of dull red. The extraordinary differences in shape are the same as those between the two forms of P. antilope (compare Fig. 3 on Plate XII of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, with Figs. 3a and 36), and much greater than those between the forms of P. sesamus (compare Fig. 1 with la or 2 with 2a on the same plate). In the dry phases of actia and antilope the hooked tip of the fore-wing is even more recurved than in that of sesamus, while the prolongation of the anal angle of the hind-wing which is so marked a character in the two former is wanting in the latter species. These characteristic features in the contour of the wings in the dry antilope and actia are related to the beautiful and detailed resemblance of their under-sides to dead leaves, while the greenish-black under- side of the dry sesamus is well concealed by a general harmony with the dark shady environment which it seeks for pro- longed rest, rather than by any detailed special protective resemblance. Hence the necessity for a profound modification of shape is far less imperative in this latter, It has been pointed out that the upper-side differences between the two phases of actia are greater than in antilope. As regards their under-sides the reverse is the case, because this surface is so much less conspicuous in the wet phase of the former when compared with that of the latter species. It is, however, very far from being cryptic, attaining nearly the same degree _of conspicuousness as Precis triment which Mr, MarsHa.y considers to be another of the wet forms of antilope (/.c. pp. 419, 420). The representation of a dead leaf by the under- side of the dry acéia is slightly more elaborate than in antilope. Both species have an equally beautiful mid-rib-like stripe, but the former alone possesses the representation of two holes, the posterior minute, near the tip of the simulated leaf—due to white semi-transparent spots. KEqually elaborate detail is seen in P. cwama, of which P. triment is the wet form. In Mr, PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1903. D (Saxe) Marshall’s opinion, however, P. antilope and P. cuama are two dissimilar dry forms and simia and triment two dissimilar wet forms of a single species. It is much to be hoped that the point will soon be settled by breeding. Mr. Marshall is to be warmly congratulated on this third South African species of the genus Precis, in which he has produced incontrovertible evidence of the specific identity of forms widely separated in colours, patterns, shape, relation of upper- to under-side, etc., and even instinct, including the selection of a particular type of country. The PresIDENT also showed a small series of ants, part of a much larger collection made by the late W. J. Burchell in Brazil between the years 1825 and 1850. They were obtained with his other vast zoological and botanical collections at Rio or its neighbourhood, or in the course of the long journey from Santos to Para. Considering their great age the specimens were wonderfully well preserved and are accompanied by remarkably exact and detailed data, and, in many cases, interesting notes on habits, instincts, etc. Hardly anything in the whole of the zoological material, all of which was pre- sented by Miss Anna Burchell to the University of Oxford in 1865, has as yet been published. Arrangements were now being made to ensure that these interesting results may, with as little delay as possible, be given to the scientific world. The PrestpEnt then gave a summary of his paper on the effect of lichen-covered bark, etc., upon certain Lepidopterous larve. He explained that these results were now being brought forward about ten years after the experiments had been begun. The delay was to be explained by the dis- organization of the library and papers of the Hope Department during the building operations in 1894, As a result the notes of the Professor and Mr. Holland, as well as the beautiful water-colour drawings made by Mr. P. J. Bayzand, were mis- laid, and when everything necessary had been recovered the press of other work for a time prevented this memoir from being undertaken, The chief object of the investigation was to test the efliciency of lichen-covered bark as a stimulus for the production of a lichen-like appearance in certain larve. It was found that (oe xxocven) Gastropacha quercifolia was highly sensitive to such a stimulus up to the beginning of hybernation, but that during and after hybernation, all such susceptibility entirely ceased. The larvee were also sensitive, during the same period, to brown and black bark, which caused the appearance of corresponding tints. In all experiments the food made use of was the same, viz. the leaves of the hawthorn. Odontopera bidentata was also sensitive to the same sur- roundings, lichen in the environment producing the well- known green patches on the dorsal surface. The rigid restriction of the sensitive period to the earlier part of larval life in the case of quercifolia suggested a set of transference experiments on the highly sensitive larva of Amphidasis betularia, carried out in the summer of 1896. The result was to prove that this species remains sensitive, at least to the strongest stimuli, viz. those provided by dark bark, for nearly the whole of larval life. Papers. Mr. O. E. JANson communicated a paper “On the genus Theodosia, and other Eastern Goliathides, with descriptions of some new species.” Colonel C. SwinHor communicated a paper on ‘ New genera and species of the family Lymantriide in the National Collection.” Mr. G. W. Kirkatpy communicated a ‘Memoir on the Rhynchota collected by Dr. Arthur Willey chiefly in Berara and Lifu.” Professor E. B. Poutron read an account of ‘‘ Experiments in 1893, 1894, and 1896 on the colour-relation between certain lepidopterous larve and their surroundings, and especially the effect of lichen-covered bark upon Odontopera bidentata and Gastropacha quercifolia.” Wednesday, October 7th, 1903. Professor E. B. Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. (e xxoay laa) Election of Fellows. Mr. F. M. Lirriter, Althome, High Street, Launceston, Tasmania; Mr. H. Sware, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand ; Col. Jesse Gricas Piucuer, J.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133 Gloucester Road, Kensington, 8.W.; Mr. 8. A. Nzavs, B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford; and Mr. C. A. Wiaarns, Kisuma, Lake Victoria Nyanza, British East African Pro- tectorate, were elected Fellows of the Society. Hehibitions. Mr. G. C. CHampion exhibited on behalf of Professor Hudson Beare some specimens of a Viptus new to the British list, captured at Messrs. Horsnaith and Reynolds’ granary, Strood, on May 11th, 1901. The specimens were found crawling about on empty sacks inside the building, and were probably numerous ; the insect being mistaken for another, only a few were taken. Mr. C. O. Warteruouse exhibited on behalf of Mr. Charles Pool specimens of a beetle of the genus Niptus closely resembling WV. crenatus, but with distinct shoulders, and more parallel elytra which also are less strongly striated. They were found in large numbers in a corn-chandler’s at Edmonton. The insect had no doubt been introduced, but whence it was impossible to say. It was new to the Museum collection, and Mr. Warsrnousr had not been able to find — it described. Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorre exhibited specimens of Apha- nisticus emarginatus, a beetle new to the British list, from Parkhurst Forest, where it occurred plentifully this year, and a Scymnus new to science, from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Mr. M. Burr exhibited a living adult male earwig, Labidura riparia, Pall., captured near Boscombe at the end of August 1903. He said that the very noticeable pale coloration be- comes darker after death, sometimes nearly black, which might account for some of the numerous ‘ colour-varieties.”’ He had observed that the insect used its forceps with great agility to seize a very active bluebottle which was placed with it. It greedily devours flies, leaving the chitinous shell and horny parts sucked dry. (xxxvil ”) Dr. Norman Joy exhibited a specimen of Argynnis selene, taken last year in Berkshire, showing a remarkable tendency to melanism. He also exhibited Coleoptera taken in the same county during 1903, including Dinarda dentata, from a nest of Formica sanguinea at Wellington College; and Notothecta confusa, Miirk, from the nest of Formica fuliginose from the same locality. Also Aleochara mexrens, Gyll., from fungi; Philonthus fuscus, Grav., from a Cossus-infected tree at Bradfield ; Scopxus sulecicollis, Steph., from a sandpit at Bradfield; Diplocelus fagi, Gaer., from Streatley ; Apha- nisticus pusillus, Ol., from Aldermaston ; Colon dentipes, Sall., from Bradfield; and later elongatulus, Ol., from an old fir- stump at Mortimer. Sir Georce Hampson exhibited a collection of Norwegian butterflies made by him on the Dovrefjeld, on the Alten fiord, at Bossekop, and other localities this year, and remarked how greatly the dates of emergence appeared to differ from those experienced by Staudinger and other collectors. The speci- mens included fine series of Colias hecla, Lef., Chrysophanus hippothie, var. stieberi, Gerh., Qneis norna, Thnb., Melitea, var. Norvegica, Auriv., the Norwegian form of J/. aurelia, Argynnis freyqa, Thnb., and A. frigga, Thnb., a Labrador, arctic, and North American species, now found further south at Kongsvold for the first time. Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of Lrebia christi, taken this summer in the Laquinthal, and of the species of Erebia to which it is allied; Satyrus actxa, var. cordula, captured last July at Sierre, having four equal-sized pupilled eyes on the fore-wings, probably a local form peculiar to this warm locality ; a short series of Chiysophanus dorilis (type) and (. var. subalpina from the Laquinthal, with P. hippothée, var. eurybid, showing the strong resemblance on the upper surface, which the 9? of this latter species bears to the 9 subalpina. Mr. A. J. Curry exhibited specimens of a Proctotrupid which he said approached Ponera constricta, Laty., in appear- ance, and might be an Jsobrachium. If so, it was new to the British list. He also showed a specimen of Pieris nape, and the head of a Bombus, severed from the body when found by C xxxvin 3) him, but still alive, and opening and shutting its jaws, illustrating the manner in which these insects are attacked by their enemies. Mr. H. Witiovensy Exuis exhibited Criocephalus polonicus, Motsch, a Longicorn beetle new to Great. Britain, and also specimens of all stages from the egg to the imago, to illustrate the life-history of the species which he explained. The insects were taken in Scotch fir-trees this year in the New Forest ; and the fact that the larva was found plentifully seemed to prove that the colony had been in existence for some considerable time. He also exhibited specimens of Asemum striatum, L., with larva and pupa, accounted heretofore rare in the New Forest, but this year occurring in abundance. Mr. AmprosE QUAIL exhibited cases showing the life-history of some Australian Hepialide. Dr. D. SHarp, F.R.S., exhibited specimens illustrative of the egg-cases, and life-histories of eight species of South African Cassididx as described in a paper by Mr. F. Muir, and himself. The larvee displayed, with one exception, the peculiarity of retaining the cast larval skins as accumulations on the long anal processes with which the larve are provided. The exception is the larva of Basipta stolida. In this species the anal tails are more robust and better developed than usual, but they do not carry the exuvie, and are probably used for some other purpose. The egg-cases showed a very interesting series of degrees of perfection; some of them consisting merely of a few membranes enclosing two or three eggs, and covered with a patch of excrement; while in the case of Aspidomorpha punceticosta the odtheca is among the most remarkable and perfect structures produced by any animals. Both the larve and eggs are extensively destroyed by parasitic Hymenoptera. Mr. W. L. Distant also showed the pupa cases of some African species of the genus Aspidomorpha, South, with the cast heads of the larve. Sir Grorce Hampson said that in the case of some Nolide these cast skins acted as a protection, the enemy attacking them instead of the insects themselves. Mr. Rouanp Trimen, F.R.S., exhibited some cases of mimi- cry between butterflies inhabiting the Kavirondo-Nandi (cod be 1) district of the Uganda British Protectorate, particularly that in which Planema poggei, Dewitz, is imitated by an apparent variety of Pseudacrxa kiinowit, Dewitz, and also by a hitherto undescribed form of the polymorphic 2 Papilio merope, Cram. He mentioned that both Planema poggeit and Pseudacrea kiinoww were described and figured by Dewitz in 1879 from single specimens taken by Dr. Pogge in Angola, and added the interesting fact that the only other example of the unde- scribed mimicking form of the Q Papilio merope known to him—in the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum—is ticketed ‘‘ Angola; Rogers, 1873.” Now, all three butterflies had been found as far to the eastward as Uganda, the Planema apparently not uncommonly, but its two mimickers very rarely indeed, by Mr. C. W. Hobley, of Kisumu. This case wasof special interest because it was the first brought to notice of the mimicry of one of the Acrvinxe by a 2 Papilio of the merope-group of the genus, members of the Danaine genera Amauris and Danais being the known models copied. Yet it must not be forgotten that the extremely rare form of 9 of the Abyssinian Pap. antinorii, Oberthiir, named Ruspine by Kheil, mimicked the moth Aletis helcita more closely than it did Danais chrysippus ; and the large number of variations in various directions from the principal and pronounced mimicking forms of the merope-group indicated plainly how plastic and adaptable they remain for modification in any advantageous direction. Planema pogget was one of the largest species of its genus, and must be very conspicuous in life owing to the very broad postmedian transverse rich ochre-yellow band of the fore- wings in contrast with the white median band of the hind- wings. The Pseudacrea—which Mr, Trimen referred with some hesitation to Ps. kiinowii, on account of the different markings on the under-side of the fore-wings in the premedian area except in the narrower white band of its hind-wings. In Mr. Hobley’s large collection only one example (2) of this Pseudacrexa occurred, and similarly only one of the undescribed form of the 9 Pap. merope. was an excellent mimic of the Planema in every way, ( 3%) The characters of the last mentioned were the following, vid. :— Fore-wing: markings rich deep ochre-yellow,—the sub-apical bar, disco-cellular streak, and much narrowed, but superiorly prolonged inner-marginal patch being confluent into a wide discal band very irregular in outline; some slight fuscous sealing on yellow band between 2nd and third median nervules indicates the normally wide separation between the sub-apical and inner-marginal markings ; ordinary apical spot wanting ; two small sub-marginal spots respectively above and below 2nd median nervule of the same ochre-yellow as the discal band. Hind-wing: white patch from base outward much restricted, barely reaching middle and extending only just beyond extremity of discoidal cell ; sub-marginal spots ali dull ochre-yellow except the three next apex which are white. Under-side: Apex of fore-wing and all outer area of hind-wing of a paler brown than in the form Hippocoon. Fore-wing : ochre-yellow bar as above but rather paler, and with scarcely any fuscous scaling between 2nd and 3rd median nervules ; an additional sub-marginal very small ochre-yellow spot close to posterior angle. Hind-wing: restricted white patch as above, but much duller. The second example (from Angola) of this form of the 9 merope agreed very nearly with the Uganda specimen above described, only differing in the rather duller ochre-yellow of the band in the fore-wings ; in the presence in the same wings of a very small ochre-yellow apical spot, and of a similar spot close to the posterior angie on the upper-side ; and on the under- side the increase of the fuscous scaling about 2nd median nervule, so as almost to interrupt the yellow discal band. This made the fourth pronounced known form of the 9 Papilio merope. The usual and generally distributed form of this sex throughout Tropical Africa was that named Hippo- coon, by Fabricius—an excellent mimic of Amauris niavius, L. ; all the other forms appeared to be very rare, and two of them —Dionysos, Doubl., and the form from Zanzibar described in Mr. Trimen’s Presidential Address to the Society on January 19, 1898—were not direct mimics of any other butterflies, but were least divergent from the non-mimetic coloration and pattern es (Sexe *) of the male. The form which he now brought to notice was, on the contrary, a direct and unmistakable mimic of Planema pogget; and, as it was inconvenient to refer to the mimetic forms without assigning names to them, he proposed to style this form Planemoides. The PresipENT congratulated Mr. Trimey on the exhibit, and the special interest attaching to an interpretation of this remarkable form of the female merope. The Society would sympathize with the feelings of the author of the original discovery brought before the scientific world, more than thirty-five years ago, of the most remarkable of all examples of mimicry in Rhopalocera, that of merope and its allies, as he saw before him for the first time this mysterious form accompanied by its model. At the same time it was only just to a younger worker, who had been in great part guided by Mr. Trimen’s classical monographs, to point out that the interpretation so convincingly illustrated that evening had been made out last spring by Mr. 8. A. Neave, B.A., of Magdalen College, Oxford, who had just become a Fellow of their Society. Mr. Neave had exhibited this form of the female merope together with Planema pogget as its model at both soirées of the Royal Society in May and June, a time when Mr. Trimen’s absence from England unfortunately prevented him from seeing them. Mr. Neave had shown at the same time another most striking and interesting member of the same group, a species of Hlymnias, almost certainly a form of F. phegea, Faby. He had formed the group in the course of an investigation into the bionomics of a very fine set of butterflies from the north-eastern shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza, presented to the Hope Department by Mr. C. A. Wiggins. Still later Mr. Wiggins had captured and presented further consignments, including a small but very interesting set of specimens from Entebbe. Among the later series, and especially that from Entebbe, Mr. Neave had another found additional members of the same group: Acreine butterfly, viz. A. auwrivillii, Staud., synaposematic with the principal model, P/anema poggei; the Pseudacrea, exhibited by Mr. Trimen, P. kiinowii, Dewitz, var.; and a second probably undescribed species. All the above are (xii) obvious and strongly characterized members of the “ Planema pogget group”: a more outlying, but apparently distinct member was found in the female of Precis rawana, Grose- Smith. Dr. T, A. CHApMAN exhibited butterflies taken last summer near Biarritz, and in Spain, in the Logrono Sierra. These he suggested were probably examples of homceochro- matism. Little attention has been directed to homeceochro- matism in European butterflies, and these were certainly not examples of the detailed mimetism we are now familiar with in Miillerian groups from the African and neotropical regions. The first of these sets of associated species has, however, some of the aspects of a Miillerian group. It contains three species, which are all on the wing together in very restricted habitats, into which the numerous other butterflies flying at the same time in the immediate vicinity do not intrude. They have the same general appearance and coloration when flying; a peculiarity which none of the outside species happen to possess, They are dark, almost black on the. upper-side, a colour rather unusual amongst European butterflies, and besides these three, only found, I think, in Aphantopus hyperantus, and in Satyrus actea and S. cordula; in the two latter without the dingy brownish tone of the species exhibited. The locality is at Guéthary, a most pleasing little watering- place near Biarritz, and the date July 29-30, 1903. The three butterflies are Canonympha wdipus—of course of the southern (western) French form, rather larger and better marked than the type—J/eteropterus morpheus, and Satyrus dryas. ‘They are confined to small boggy or swampy hollows an acre or two in extent—rarely more than five or six—often a mile or two apart. The two first species do not leave these hollows, and if by any chance a specimen is driven a few yards up the surrounding slopes, it at once begins to work its way back again. The third species, S. dryas, is extremely abundant in some of these swamps, and seems to be really equally confined to them, though its abundance and comparative large size and powers of flight lead to its making short excursions up the ( xiii) slopes, and an odd one or two was even seen on the levels above. The only other butterflies seen in the bogs at the same time are comparatively rare—viz. a few Brenthis euphrosyne and Augiades sylvanus, The country around and above abounds in various common butterflies ; the common “whites,” Lep- tidia sinapis, Colias edusa, and C. hyale, several Vanessas, Satyrus arethusa abundant, and Lpinephele tithonus in swarms ; Pararge xgeria, Cenonympha arcania, Chrysophanus phleas, ete. None of these visit the swamps except by rare accident, C’. edusa, which goes straight across everything, being in fact almost the only species doing so. Last year, at St. Jean de Luz, we found S. dryas and H. morpheus on very similar ground, but C. e@dipus was wanting. This was in a swamp or bog at nearly sea-level in the open river valley. C. @dipus appears to require the protection afforded by the steep slopes, surrounding on all sides the hollows in which we found it. These hollows are the upper ends of small streams, perhaps a couple of miles from the sea, and the little valleys wind enough for one to say that the swamps are surrounded on all sides by very steep slopes of 100 to 300 feet, rising to the general low undulating country behind Guéthary, the highest point of which cannot be of more than 500 feet elevation. I have found S. dryas in various localities, generally on low-lying or shady, and, I imagine, more or less boggy ground. Here and there, as at Aix, I have met with it where I thought it abounded on dry slopes, but I suspect it must really have belonged to damp places adjacent. Nor have I anywhere else than at Guéthary been so impressed by its slow, floppy flight. I must confess, however, that I have usually regarded it as too common a butterfly to be worthy of much attention. In the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 1894, p. 221, Mr. W. E. Nicholson notes the association of these three butterflies in a marsh near the Lac de la Négresse, near Biarritz. He places with them S. arethusa and S. statilinus, not, perhaps, thinking it necessary to mention, what he tells me is stated, however, in his diary, that these two butterflies (OP xiv) occupied drier ground close by. At Guéthary S. arethusa was abundant on the higher open ground. The Lac de la Négresse is well sheltered from the sea by an intervening hill. I do not know, but the European distribution of morpheus and edipus suggests them as frequent associates, whilst dryas is probably always common enough to join the group. If not so rare in the §.E. of France as they are (@dipus is, I believe, absent), it is certainly not so widely distributed there as elsewhere. Without forming any theory as to the cause of the homeochromatic separation of these butterflies from the other species of the district, it seems difficult to believe that it is merely fortuitous. Assuming for the sake of argument that it is an instance of Miillerian association, several points may be worth noting. The three butterflies are of very much the same colour on the wing, and no other of the butterflies flying in the country around at the same time are at all like them. They keep together, and are not mixed up with their neighbours. They fly in a slow, floppy manner, and are captured with the greatest ease. Not to be misunderstood, I must add that even C’. wdipus can mend its pace at need, whilst H. morpheus has the capacity for a sudden and almost mysterious disappearance that many skippers possess, and S. dryas is, when it likes, a very strong flier. To associate the three forms together, as differing from everything else, must be as inevitable to the bird or other predaceous enemy, as to the entomologist. Equally, however, it must happen that such enemy, if it were useful to him to do so, could not possibly fail to discriminate between them with the greatest facility. S. dryas is at once separated by its great size, whilst the peculiar hopping, dancing flight of H. morpheus, in which it shows the colour and even marking of its under-side, is unmistakable. We have here none of the detailed agreement of colour and markings that we are now so familiar with in neotropical groups. I do not know of any association of European butterflies that is quite parallel to this one, nor has it before occurred to me to regard any other association of butterflies I have seen, as being of homeecchromatic significance, whatever that may ‘be. “ Blues” often swarm together, but they seem to be blue ( oxlv. ) because they can’t help it, and not of any set purpose. Similarly one finds Chrysophanus virgaurexe and C. var. rutilus together, and Z'hecla spini and 7’. ilicis, and so on. The Hrebias are perhaps less accidental: several of the “grass” Hrebias are generally found together, usually I imagine fortuitously; but . eriphyle, which I found in Carinthia established in localities by itself, rarely occurs in Switzerland except with, and possibly protected by, 2. pharte. Again a few years ago I found at Guarda (Lower Engadine) E. pharte and FE, manto, forms usually abundantly distinct, equally common. on the same ground, and most specimens of such approximating forms as to require some little care to ’ Erebias are discriminate them. But all these “ grass’ apparently very closely related. This year I found associated in Spain two Hrebias that belong to very different sections of the genus—viz. H. evias and L. stygne. In the district examined these were always on the same ground; if one was found you might be sure very soon to see the other. . evias is an early species, At Digne and Locarno I have found it in April, #. stygne usually at the beginning of July. But these dates must be largely a matter of elevation in each locality. Central European specimens are certainly rarely taken together, and they differ much in habits of flight and especially in size. Riihl gives stygne as 38-42 mm., and evias 45-49 mm., and though both vary rather more, and evias is usually 50-55 mm., this fairly represents their ordinary relative size. Our specimens from Canales and elsewhere present the two species as very much the same in size, stygne indeed being if anything the larger and closer together in colour and marking than the usual Swiss or French specimens. Evias was perhaps a week earlier than stygne, but both flew together all the time we observed them, perhaps about a fortnight. The evias, though not quite agreeing with description, are no doubt substantially of Zapater’s var. hispanica, whose leading difference is its smaller size than the type. The stygne are not so large, or otherwise quite the same as my var. bejavensis, but are rather intermediate between the type and that local race. ( xlvi_) Zapater says nothing of stygne, which was not reported from Spain, till taken last year by Mrs. Nicholls and by us. We did not see evias last year when taking stygne, var. bejarensis. So that the association of the species in Spain is far from universal. I may remark, by the way, that the ground where bejarensis was found was very different from that affording the species this year. Nevertheless, it seems highly probable that this association has something to do with Spanish evias being small and stygne larger. The homeochromatism here consists in these two Lrebias, so very distinct in their ordinary habitats and belonging to different sections of the genus, when they oceur in Spain on the same ground, doing so at the same time, and making a considerable approach to each other in markings and an almost absolute coincidence in size. I have placed with them some bejarensis for comparison. It will be noticed that it goes much beyond the Canales form in the direction in which that has varied. Looking at the under-sides, one would say the 2 bejarensis were forms of evias and not of stygne. Might one suggest that, in Spain, evias attracted stygne and led to its variation to the form before us, and by this assistance enabled it to get over the intermediate ground, and to pass on when dissociated again from evias to the bejarensis form ? I note some specimens of evias vary very much towards the form, size, and colour of EZ. zapateri. There is no evidence known to me of these species ever being associated (zaputert is much later than evias), so that this resemblance must be one entirely due to climate and locality. Erebia stygne in Spain will obviously repay more study ; there is the curious problem of the large (high level) and small (low level) forms taken last year at approximately the same dates, and in adjacent localities near the Picos de Europa by Mrs. Nicholls. Has association with £. evias anything to do with this as yet unexplained phenomenon ? I propose that the present form of Z. stygne be called var., or at least local form, Azspanica, as parallel to H. evias, var. hispanica, It is rather darker and more strongly marked than the type, and has an average expanse of 48 mm., ranging from 45 mm. to 51 mm. ( xlvii_ ) Dr. CuapmAN also exhibited living imagines of Crinopteryx familiella. These had just emerged at Reigate; where they and their parents, descended from pup brought from Cannes in March 1901, had lived out of doors during their active existence, being brought into the house only during their pupal estivation. This seemed noteworthy in so southern (Mediterranean) a species. ‘The experiment seemed quite likely to continue successful for the next generation. Papers. Mr, Amprose Quaru read papers “ On the antenne of the Hepialide,” and “ On Epalxiphora axenana, Theyr.” Mr. Gitpert J. Arrow read a paper “On the Laparestict Lamellicorn Coleoptera of Grenada and St. Vincent, West Indies.” Mr. Thomas Haroup Taytor, M.A., communicated ‘ Notes on the Habits of Chironomus (orthocladius) sordidellus.” Mr. F. Du Cane Gopman, D.C.L., F.R.S., communicated ‘* Descriptions of some new species of Lrycinidx.” Mr. W. L. Distant communicated “ Additions to the Rhynchotal Fauna of Central America.” Dr. D. Sarr, M.A., F.R.S., read a paper ‘‘On the E cases and Karly Stages of some Cassididx.” oo- foto) Wednesday, October 2ist, 1903. Professor EH. B. Poutron, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (President), in the Chair. Election of a Fellow. Mr. Montacue Austin Puiuuips, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., of 22 Petherton Road, Canonbury, N., was elected a Fellow of the Society. Kaxhibitions. Mr. J. H. Keys sent for exhibition a black variety of Carabus nemoralis, Miill., from Dartmoor, recently recorded by him in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. Mr. G. C. Cuampron exhibited a series of Rosalia alpina, -( xlvii ) Linn., found by himself on old beech-trees at Moncayo, North Spain, in July last. Mr. A. J. Cairry exhibited a larva of Drilus flavescens, taken by Mr. Pencott, the schoolmaster of Eastling, Kent, near the school buildings. Dr. T. A. CaapmMan exhibited an album containing several series of photographs of the development of the embryo within the egg of Psammotis hyalinalis, taken in 1901-2 by My. W. H. Hammond of Canterbury, and Mr, W. R. Jeffrey. The depth of focus obtained, and the consequent amount of detail exhibited in the photographs was remarkable. Col. J. W. Yersury exhibited (1.) 4 9 2 of Gastrophilus nasalis, Linn., taken at Torcross, Devonshire, from the 19th to the 3lst of August last. He said that as this rare species differed in a marked degree in its mode of flight, ete., from the common Horse Bot-fly, Gastrophilus equi, it would be as well to draw attention to these differences. Gastrophilus equi when flying round a horse visits as a rule the belly and the fore legs. The @ carries her ovipositor almost horizontal, and she looks when on the wing like the lower two-thirds of the letter Z (L). G. nasalis, on the other hand, carries the ovipositor tucked under the belly and almost parallel to the axis of the body, this gives her when on the wing a peculiar ball-like appearance; G. nasalis too always flies to the horse’s head. While at Torcross during August and September 20 Bot-flies, 4 9 92 G. nasalis, and 12 92 9, 4 & 6 of G. equi, were taken round the same horse. The flies came up wind to the horse, G. equi always appearing under the belly between the fore and hind legs, while G. nasalis would appear in the triangle formed by the fore legs, the neck, and the ground. As a rule, the horse paid no attention to G. equi, but G. nasalis caused him great alarm. The eggs of G. equi were in hundreds on the shoulders and fore legs of this cart- horse, but although the face and nostrils were searched carefully no signs of eggs or larvee could be found thereon. Exhibiting (2.) Chersodromia hirta, Walker, Col. Yerbury said these little Empids were common on the shore near Prawle Point : some were obtained by sweeping over seaweed, while others were taken running about over the sand. Although these (Gexiise ”) insects were loth to take flight, still they were by no means easy to catch as they ran very fast, and even when covered by a glass-bottomed box stuck to the ground rather than run up the box to the glass ; they were therefore very difficult to box. Col. Yersury also exhibited (3.) Pamponerus germanicus, Linn., from Barmouth, taken on the 27th and 30th of June (1 ¢ and 4 9 9), and from Porthcawl ¢, on the 3rd of the same month. He said this rare species appeared to be struggling to keep its place in the British List. Mr. Verrall took it some years ago in fair numbers at the first-named locality, while Mr. Dale reported it as taken by Capt. Bloomer at Bridgend fifty or sixty years ago. The second locality was probably the same as Capt. Bloomer’s. This insect appeared to frequent the marram grass on the sand hills,and a ? taken at Barmouth 27th June was preying on a beetle. Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited specimens of Melitaa deione from the Basses Alpes, Jf athalia from the Cévennes, Upper Engadine, Lago di Loppio near Riva, and JM. var. navarina from Lugano. Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown exhibited IM. didyma, M. athalia, M. deione from Digne ; and M. aurelia, M. parthenie and var. varia, with M. asteria, from various alpine localities. Dr. T. A. Coapman exhibited specimens of the same genus from Spain, and Mr. R. W. Luioyp specimens from the Engadine, and eastern Switzerland. A discussion on the probable affinities of the several named species took place. Dr, CHapMAN said that he was really very ignorant of these species, but had come to the conclusion that M. athalia, M. aurelia and M. parthenie, and even perhaps JM. asteria, were local or seasonal forms of the same species quite distinct in some localities, difficult to separate in others. The larve as described vary very little. The difference of the under-sides in the specimens examined by him was quite within the ordinary limits of variation. His own specimens of W/. athaha taken in Spain appeared to differ but very little from the typical British form. Mr. J. W. Turr said he was quite unable to distinguish specifically between various specimens that had been sent to PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Iv. 1903. E Cle) him from Switzerland at various times uuder the names of Melitxa athalia, M. parthenie and M. aurelia, and he was inclined to think that almost all the specimens caught in the Rhone valley proper and the lower lateral valleys branching therefrom were referable to one species. This, however, he was unprepared to assert, as I. parthenie was always recorded as a double-brooded species, and MW. athalia as a single-brooded one, and only those lepidopterists who could deal with the life-histories of these two so-called species in these districts (1) by breeding, (2) by comparison of the eggs, larvee and pupe, could determine the matter. It was to be remembered that in the Rennes district (teste Oberthiir) and Havre district (teste Dupont) typical M. parthenie occurred as a double- brooded species in April, May and August, with typical J/. athalia, appearing, practically on the same ground, as a single- brooded species between these broods, viz. in June. It was also recorded as occurring similarly in Fontainebleau Forest, and certainly, in June 1897, he had found typical J/, athalia in great abundance there, and, in August 1899, two or three specimens of what might be well considered the double-brooded parthenie, but this was the extent of his practical experience with the species in this locality. His doubts as to these species were, however, most increased by the capture of a large number of a Jelitxa,in the meadows of Grésy-sur-Aix, in late July and August, 1894-1900. Here the time of appearance suggested that the specimens captured must be the second- hood of AL. parthenie, and this view was further strengthened by the fact that in early May 1897, Dr. Chapman had taken a fine large typical J/, athalia in the same place, showing that, at any rate, J/, athalia occurred here earlier in the year ; but the July—August specimens of Grésy-sur-Aix, whilst furnishing some examples with the particular facies that experts associate with MW, parthenie (and existing in the most marked manner in the specimens obtained in the higher alps and known as var. varia), are, on the whole, particularly characteristic JZ. athalia, and, so far as can be judged, most are quite indistinguish- able from British and Continental specimens of undoubted J/. athalia ; nor mustit be overlooked that Dr. Chapman found, as just noted, a large typical MV. athalia in early May at Grésy,when (i) M. parthenie should have occurred, for, at this time, Callophrys rubi, Syrichthus malve, and the ordinary early spring butterflies were only just showing there ; it is therefore most difficult to come to a conclusion on the July—August specimens captured, and it really becomes a matter of first importance that some lepidopterist with leisure should stay at Aix-les-Bains one season long enough to determine whether (1) J. parthenie (as the species is known at Rennes and Havre) occurs at Greésy- sur-Aix in April—May, (2) JL parthenie is followed by the single-brooded MV. athalia of typical form, (3) J. parthenie or M. athalia produces the second brood which has been found so abundantly in the district in July—August. The only place in which he had captured what he considered more or less typical M. parthenie in spring was at Digne in April 1897, but he un- fortunately knew nothing about the J/. athalia reputed to occur at Digne in May—June, or whether a second brood of what he presumed to be JZ. parthende occurred in July. These points exhibit the weakness of any scientific conclusions based on the haphazard way in which British lepidopterists work on the Continent. We go to the Continent, collect “holiday ” series, sort them out maybe according to Dr, Lang’s plates, in some cases put on one side the doubtfuls and fill a cabinet series of very typical-looking examples. That at least is the general conclusion one comes to after examining many series in the cabinets of British collectors. What we want are longer series of specimens, and longer rests in the same district. As to MW, berisalensis, which has heen referred to J. athalia, the facies of three very fine examples from Martigny given Mr. Turr by Mr. Sloper, had led him to suggest that the insect does not even appear to belong to the athalia group. His impression was that it came very close to J/. deione, although at present he knew too little of both insects, to wholly support Mr. George Wheeler, who in his recently-published work on ‘“ The Butter- flies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe,” had come to the conclusion that berisalensis was a mere Swiss form of the southern species. Mr. H. Rowtanp-Brown said that he did not remember having observed J/. athalia and JM. deione flying together at Digne in June, but that he had noticed MW. athalia and M. (Cain) aurelia on the same slope if not actually overlapping in the mountains about Susa, Piedmont. The PRESIDENT; who also exhibited some forms of J/. aurinia taken by Mr. A. H, Hamm at Basingstoke and elsewhere, and specimens of MV. athalia, M. didyma, and M. phoebe from Asia Minor and Persia, continued the discussion, in which Mr. M, Jacosy and other Fellows joined. The Presipent inquired of any Fellow present whether it was the case that the dead leaves upon the ground in tropical countries tended to warp and curl in the dry season, but lay flat in the wet. He suggested that the remarkable tendency in the dry phases of many species of butterflies, with dead- leaf-like undersides, to develop an elongated and hooked or bent apex to the fore-wing, and a greatly produced anal angle to the hind-wing, might thus receive its interpretation. The development certainly could not be explained by affinity, occurring as it did in the Nymphaline genera Aallima and Precis, the Satyrine genus Melanitis, and as Dr. Dixey has recently shown in the Pierine genus. The Prestpent further stated that Mr. H. C. Robinson had informed him that it was certainly the case in northern Australia that the dry-season dead leaves were warped and the wet ones flattened. In reply Mr. W. J. Kaye stated that he had been in Trinidad in the dry season, and noticed that the dead leaves were curled and bent, whereas in British Guiana which he visited in the wet season they were flat like damp blotting- paper. Paper. The Presipent gave an account of a paper by Mr. Anporr H. THAYER on “ Protective Coloration in its relation to Mimicry, Common Warning Colour, and Sexual Selection,” and made comments thereon. Wednesday, November 4th, 1903. Professor E. B. Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. ( hii ) Election of Fellows. : Mr. W. A. Boausr, Wilts and Dorset Bank, Shepton Mallet ; Mr. G. R. Batpocx, 71 Hertford Road, Lower Edmonton ; Mr. Rogert Erueripce, Junior, Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales; Mr. Cuarites FREncuH, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria, Australia; Mr. J. T. Hoventon, Worksop, Notts; Mr. G, Lykrtn, Junior, Gisborne, Victoria, Australia; and Mr. Wriii1am Herron, the Horticultural College, Swanley, Kent, were elected Fellows of the Society. The SecreTary announced that in some copies of Part TI of the Transactions recently issued, the numbers to the figured species on Plate IX were accidentally omitted, and that Fellows returning Part III to Messrs. R. Clay & Sons, Bungay, might have the same printed in without additional expense, Exhibitions. Mr. H. J. Ewes, F.R.S., exhibited a small collection of butterflies made in July last in Saltdalen, Norway, within the Arctic Circle, Owing to the continued dull, wet weather and extreme lateness of the season he had not procured some of the arctic fjeld butterflies which occur there, such as Colias hecla, C'. werdandi and Lycena aquilo. He said that it was remarkable to find such plants as Cypre- pedium caleeolus, and such butterflies as Pararge mxra in this high northern latitude close to such arctic insects as Hrebia disa, of which he took a fine series on the one fine day that occurred during his stay. He also took a series of Cartero- cephalus sylvius, which, so far as he knew, had been taken no- where else in Norway. Pieris rape was in the female sex extremely variable, here some of them, though much suffused, being more like Scotch specimens than the var. bryonix which is found in the Alps and in the extreme north of Norway. Mr. A. J. Cutrry exhibited living specimens of Anthribus albinus, Showing the way in which this beetle mimics its sur- roundings. The resemblance to the lichened bark was most striking, the species choosing the inside holes of hazel twigs intertwined in hedges, and generally covered with lichen. @ hy 4 Mr. J. W. Turr exhibited a number of series of the genus Melitza to illustrate his remarks made at the last meeting. The discussion on the affinities of the several named species was continued, and in reply to a question by Mr. Turr, Mr. H. J. Etwes said that so far as he knew no systematic examination of the genitalia had yet been made. The PRESIDENT suggested that the real physiological test by which to determine and differentiate the several species of the genus was by breeding, and he impressed upon entomologists resident in favourable localities, as in Switzerland, the desirability of making these experiments, Mr. H. J. Etwes mentioned that he was at present engaged in the classification and arrangement of the Meliteas and Argynnids in the British Museum, and appealed to collectors to bring their series there to be looked over, and to present such specimens as might be useful for the completion of the group. The Prestpenr exhibited a set of 323 butterflies from British Guiana, all captured on one day, August 28th, 1903, between the 9th and 10th mile from the Potaro River to the gold-mines. The road starts from the river-side at a point about 30 miles above the confluence with the LEssequibo. This opportunity of studying the proportions of the various constituents of the Miillerian group was owing to the kindness of Mr. W. J. Kaye. The specimens constituted the entire catch of a single day, and all were taken by the road-side, on the white blossoms of a large-leaved plant which springs up wherever the bush is cut down. The catch represented a full day’s work. August 28th was a particularly dry day in one of the driest months in the year. The butterflies were most plentiful from 6 to 11 am. and from 3 to 6 p.m., retiring into the thick bush during the hottest part of the day. The dominance of the black-hind-winged group is seen in the fact that it included no less than 295 specimens belonging to the following species :— ITHOMIIN®. Melinxa mneme—253. Mechanitis polymnia—9. > erameri—8, n. sp.—10. be) » egina—d9. CMa) DANAIN. Lycorea ceres—1. - pasinuntia—3. HELICONINE. Heliconius vetustus—1. Eueides, n. sp.—l. Thus a single species, Jf, mneme, entirely dominates the group. Beautiful series exhibiting transition from the barred to the black-hind-wing were seen in this species, and in the 3 individuals of LZ. pasinuntia. The single ZL. czres was an intermediate example. One specimen of Melinza crameri was broadly barred, and another faintly so. In Mr. Kaye’s experience this species had hitherto always been black. Mechanitis n. sp. included a fine transitional series, but, as in other examples from this district, the black mark- ings were very heavy even in the lightest forms. Mechanitis polymnia was, as usual, an antithesis to the last-named, the blackest hind wings being still distinctly barred. Comparing these and other specimens in the Hope Depart- ment, and Mr. Kaye’s fine series, with Oxford specimens of the same or representative species from Surinam, it appears certain that the Potaro district must stand on the fringe of the area where this black-hind-winged group is developing. The ancestral barred pattern and the various grades of intermediates which occur so abundantly with the black on the Potaro road are apparently far less common in Surinam, and are probably less common still in French Guiana. We do not, however, know the distance to which the group extends along the coast or into the interior. The apparent anomaly of the dominant Melinxa mneme exhibiting the most ancestral series of any species in the group may be merelya result of this position on the fringe of the area. Extended observations are greatly needed ; for, so far as it is possible to judge from the facts before us, more could be learnt of the origin and more inferred as to the bionomic significance of this black-hind-winged group of the Guianas than any other in the world. The remaining specimens, with the exception of a single Hesperiid, were all Jthomiine. They included 5 Scada theaphia, ( lvi ) but no other member of its group; | Jthomia zarepha, but in this case also no other member of the group; 16 ceratinia vallonia, 1 Napeogenes pheranthes, another obvious member of the same group, and 4 ceratinia bari, a more outlying member. The Hesperiid Hesperia syrichthus was the only butterfly out of the 323 which did not fall into one of the Ithomiine combinations, Mr. J. C. KersHaw communicated a note on the larva and pupa of Clerome ewmeus, Drury, as follows :— ‘“No recent description has, I believe, been published on the habits of Clerome ewmeus, Drury, and, so far as I am aware, the larva has never been figured or described. “For the following references to the literature on this insect I am indebted to Mr. Francis A. Heron :—Pupa described by J. J. Walker in Trans. Ent. Soe., 1895, p. 450 ; Drury’s ‘Illus. Exotic Ent.,’ vol. i (1773), and Cramer’s ‘Pap. Exot.,’ vol. 11 (1777), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1858, p. 183. The larva is smooth, cylindrical, Indian or salmon-red on the entire upper surface, the articulations of the segments marked in black. Sides and back sprinkled with whitish hairs. Under surface and legs black. Head black, upper part of clypeus bifid. About 1} inches in length when full-grown. The spiracles indistinctly marked. The larva feeds on Smilax lancexfolia, 2 common climbing plant in South China, growing as a rule amongst thick jungle—a smooth-stemmed creeper, with large lanceolate shiny green leaves, broad and rounded at the base, of thick texture and glaucous beneath. “The larve usually feed in little colonies, and have a habit — when not feeding of resting side by side on the under surface of a leaf, perhaps half-a-dozen together, so closely packed as to touch one another. “The pupa is smooth, of a light pea-green, the apex of abdomen, from which the pupa is slung without a girdle, blue bifid, tips yellow. The insect is more or less on the wing throughout the year, having several broods, some emerging in January and February, the larvee feeding in November and December. ‘““Clerome ewmeus is very common in the districts round Hongkong and Macao, and may sometimes be seen in the ( Ivii ) streets of those towns. It haunts damp and shady localities, flitting between the tree-trunks and undergrowth, and often settling on the ground amongst dead leaves. It is to some extent crepuscular, though it is on the wing throughout the day in shady spots. There is no noticeable variation in the insect between the wet and dry seasons, The butterfly appears to be distasteful to birds and lizards ; though very common in parts of South China and fairly conspicuous both flying and at rest, when it closes its wings, I have never seen it attacked. Its flight, though slow and rather flabby—the wings of this butterfly are what may perhaps be termed ‘limp ’—is erratic, and it delights in threading its way through thick cover, being a wandering insect, and seldom returning to the same resting-place after once leaving it.” Papers. Mr. W. J. Kaye contributed “A Catalogue of the Lepi- doptera-Rhopalocera of Trinidad, with an appendix by G,. L. Guppy.” Mr. P. I. Laruy, F.Z.S., communicated a paper “On some Aberrations of Lepidoptera.” Wednesday, November 18th, 1903. Professor E. B, Poutton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Election of Fellows. Mr. Jonn Rowtianpd Carrie, of Nettleton Manor, Caistor, and 59 Chancery Lane, E.C., and Mr. E. J. Hare, of 8 Hillsboro’ Road, East Dulwich, S.E., were elected Fellows of the Society. Obituary. Mr. G. C. Caampion announced the death of Mr. Pariip Brookes Mason, M.R.C.S., F.L.8., one of the oldest members of the Society, and on the motion of Canon W. W. Fow ter, seconded by Mr. Cuampton, it was unanimously resolved to express on behalf of the Society sincere sympathy with Mrs. Mason in her bereavement, ( lviii) Nomination of Officers and Council for 1904. Mr. H. Goss, one of the Secretaries, then announced that the Council had nominated the following Fellows as Officers and members of the Council for 1904, in accordance with the new Bye-laws :—President, Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S. Treasurer, R. McLachlan, F.R.S., F.LS. Secretaries, H. Goss, F.L.S., and H. Rowland-Brown, M.A. Librarian, G.C. Champion, F.Z.8. Other Members of the Council, Colonel C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., BZ... A.J. Chitty, MAS J. Hy Collin, Dro Wa AS Dixey, M.A., M.D., Hamilton C. J. Druce, F.Z.S., W. J. Lucas, B.A., the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, MEAS) hi S28 254) Dr. Da Sharp.. MEAG Heh ee balnos. Colonel C. Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Colonel J. W. Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.S. Hehibitions. Mr. G. C, Cuampion exhibited numerous specimens of both sexes of Vyleborus dispar, from Moneayo, Spain, taken out of beech-stumps. Canon Fow er said that the late Miss Ormerod, who found this beetle abundantly in orchards at Evesham, had prophesied that it would become a pest. Asa matter of fact the insect is now extremely rare, and there appear to be hardly any Qs in the collections of the United Kingdom. Mr. O. E, JANSEN said he had found it in pear-trees. Mr. F. B. Jennines exhibited (1.) on behalf of Mr. H. Britten, of Great Salkeld, Cumberland, a specimen of Z'ropi- phorus tomentosus, Marsh., from Great Salkeld, showing the deciduous false mandibles intact ; (2.) a 9 specimen of Ancho- menus parumpunctatus, F., from the same locality, showing a malformation of the middle right tibia which was abnormally thin, and bent in the centre, but thickened at the base; the right antenna also had the last seven joints flattened and dilated. Myr. Jenninas also exhibited on his own behalf Apion sanguineum, De G., taken at Brandon, Suffolk, in August last, on Rumex. Commenting on (2) the Rev. F. D. Morice remarked that similar malformations occurred in Hymenoptera. The abdomen in the specimen exhibited appeared to be normal, but he had found in hymenopterous (dlike %)) insects, segments of the abdomen distorted in such a manner as hardly appeared consistent with life. Mr. JENNINGS said that some years ago he had taken a weevil, Sitones regentsteinensis, with a double club to one antenna, and Mr. M. Burr said that it was not uncommon to find mal- formations in the forceps of Earwigs which were not also hermaphrodites. Later in the discussion, replying to Mr. Morice and Dr. CHAPMAN, the President said that during the past summer he had been experimenting on the eyes of the larvee of Hnnomos autumnaria. In the attempt to ascertain the physiological significance of the eyes, some of these larve had been blinded with a photographic varnish rendered opaque with lamp-black. It seemed impossible to imagine a more innocent material, and furthermore the application was but of short duration, for the varnish did not adhere well to the smooth chitin, and was soon rubbed off—probably an accidental result of the ordinary movements of the larve. Nevertheless, when the corresponding imagines emerged the speaker was intensely surprised to find that the majority of them were devoid of eyes, and that the antenne were generally rudimentary. He could only suppose that something in the varnish, perhaps the spirit, penetrated pores in the chitin and injured the subjacent tissues. Mr. H. St. J. K. DonistHorre exhibited Apion sorbi, 2, taken this year at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, and said that the ¢ of this species was extremely rare. Mr. M. Burr exhibited two 9s and two ds of the largest known earwig, Anisolobis colossea, Dohrn., from New South Wales, representing the extremes of size, the average size being between these two extremes. Mr. A. J. Currry exhibited a specimen of the beetle Homalium testaceum taken in Blean Wood in 1900, and a pair of bees Nomada qguttulata, of which the ¢ has never been recorded hitherto in Britain, taken by him at Huntingford, Kent, in May last. Dr. Norman Joy exhibited (1.) Huconnus Miklini, Mannerh., taken at Bradfield in July 1901, new to the British list of Coleoptera, and (2.) a series of beetles taken at Bradfield at the ( Ix ) exuding sap of trees attacked by Cossus ligniperda; includ- ing Philonthus fuscus, Grav.; Thamiarea hospita, Mirk. ; Thalycra sericea, Sturm. ; Cryptarcha strigata, F.; Cryptarcha imperialis, F.; a series of Epurxa 10-guttata, F., and £. diffusa, Bris.; and some apparently intermediate forms ; Quedius ventralis, Ar.; and Atomaria elongatula, Ky. Colonel J. W. Yrersury exhibited (1.) ZLeptopa filiformis, Zett. He said that as this insect stood in italics in the last edition of Verrall’s List, the confirmation of its occur- rence within the British Isles was worthy of note. Haliday (‘ Entomological Magazine,’ Vol. iv. p. 150, 1837) described it under the name of Cordylura flava, from specimens taken at Holywood near Belfast in the month of June, and its record as a British insect probably rests on this, for no subsequent account of its occurrence can be traced, nor do specimens of it exist in any of our great collections. Leptopa filiformis was not uncommon at Porthcawl from May 26th to June 4th of this year; it frequented meadow-sweet under the shade of some old poplars, where the capture of a chance specimen led to a thorough overhaul of the neighbourhood both by searching and sweeping, resulting in a bag of twelve specimens (10 ¢ and 2 9). Though a shade-loving insect, it was only to be caught between the hours of 12 noon and 2 p.m., many attempts made both earlier and later in the day being alike unsuccessful. Exhibiting (2.) Thyreophora Jurcata, F., Col. Yersury said that though probably not an uncommon insect, this was one of the least known of our native Diptera; it stood in italics in the first edition of Verrall’s List, but was confirmed from specimens taken in Mount Edgecumbe Park (17th and 24th April, 1889), on a dead donkey. The late Dr. Meade (E. M. M., Oct. 1889, p. 224) referred to a specimen found by the Rey. L. Jenyns near Ely, and to this specimen its reputed occurrence in the British Isles was probably due. Dr. Meade was apparently ignorant of its subsequent capture, though the three specimens referred to above had been in the British Museum collection since 1893. The attractions for Thyreophora furcata appear to be an open space and the carease of a large animal; it occurred in some numbers on the Kenfig Sand Hills (Porthcawl) from 13th (eli) to 18th May, 1903, on the carcass of a cart-mare ; 7 oy 2 being taken between those dates. In Verrall’s List this species was included among the Cordyluridx, but as its affinities appeared to be with the Helomyzidex near Blepharoptera modesta, probably the best plan would be to give it a family heading Thyreophoride all to itself. Hendel (Zeit. f. Hym. u, Dipr. iii, Jahrg Heft. iv, p. 215, July 1903) had recently pro- posed the new genus “ Centrophlebomyia ” for this species, and with reason, for the two species Thyreophora furcata and 7’ cynophila seemed to be generically distinct. In our present knowledge of diptera, where genera could only be looked upon as artificial groups got together for the purpose of facilitating identification, this separation of single species from numerically weak genera was of doubtful utility. As regards collecting 7’. furcata, it might be pointed out that a stern sense of duty was necessary to keep one for any length of time in the neighbourhood of its haunts. Colonel YErsury also exhibited 13 Pelidnoptera nigripennis, F’., and said that although only two or three records existed of the occurrence of this species within the British Isles, still it was very abundant at Porthcawl from 24th May to 3rd June of this year. The species was first recorded as British by Mr. Verrall (E. M. M., July 1894, p. 145) from two specimens taken as follows: Dolgelly, June 13th, 1887, and Muchalls, near Aberdeen, June 4th, 1884; a third specimen taken May 17th, 1893, has been in the B. M. collection since 1893. In April 1899 (E. M. M., p. 102), under the heading ‘“ British Diptera unrecorded or undescribed by English Authors,” Dr. Meade recorded a specimen taken by Miss Prescott-Decie at Chagford, Devon, in 1881. He had apparently overlooked Verrall’s previous record, while it is probable that he was ignorant of the existence of the third specimen referred to above. Of (4) Lucina fasciata, also shown by him, Col. YERBury said that this was another rare insect which had almost been lost sight of. Recently however Mr. Lamb had met with it in some numbers at Padstow and Weston-super-Mare, while it was stated still to exist in Haliday’s old locality, Portmadoc near Dublin. The specimen exhibited was taken at Porthcawl (11th May, 1903), seated on a blade of marram grass, but ( Ixii_ ) neither searching nor sweeping produced further specimens, though the attempt was repeated again and again. Dr. T. A. CHapman exhibited specimens of Chiysophanus philxas—(1.) a ? captured at Reigate; small spots and narrow hind margin to fore-wing, broad copper band to hind-wing running up the veins, the copper bright and rather pale. (2.) 15 specimens reared from eggs laid by this 9, and kept at a temperature of 85° Fahr. (egg and larva), rising to 95° for the pupe. These were a little smaller than the parent. The black spots were much enlarged, forming in some specimens an antemarginal band by confluence, and much restricting the copper area. Hind-margin broader than in the parent, but still not broad. Copper of hind-wing more or less reduced, in one specimen almost to four or five spots. The tails in nearly all specimens were very long; the copper bright, somewhat suffused basally, but in only two or three was it suffused on the apical half of the wing. The dark costal shade almost wanting in the parent was marked, and to the series of three most apical spots two more were added between the more costal veins ; of these the parent had no trace. All the spots were in most specimens very well defined—three specimens whose pup were kept very damp are not distinguishable from the others whose pupe were kept very dry. The exhibit also included (3.) three specimens taken at Locarno in May 1902, just after a very cold, wet spell, that affected the whole district. These had the spots small; the copper area large. One large specimen (34 mm.) was reminiscent of the Lapland form which Staudinger identifies with the American representative hypophixas. (4.) Three specimens from Locarno, April 1903, after ordinary weather, one of which, with the copper a little reduced, might be an ordinary British specimen. The other two had the spots more or less confluent, the margins of the fcre-wing are very wide, leaving very little copper outside the spots. The tails also were short and there was little suffusion. (5.) 16 specimens from various parts of Spain illustrating various forms of suffusion and darkening, but none perhaps typical eleus. The darker ones differed from (2) and (4) in the spots being ill-defined, surrounded by a ring of less deep black (suffused), and in the black hind-margin of the (baie) fore-wing being very broad. In few were the tails as well- developed as in (2). In the darkest the copper still preserved some brightness along the discal cell and the two cells beyond it, whilst two or three might have been ordinary English specimens. Mr. G. J. Arrow showed specimens and diagrams in illustration of a point mentioned in his paper on “The Laparostict Lamellicorn Coleoptera of St. Vincent and Grenada.” This had reference to a remarkable kind of variability noticed in beetles of the 'l'rogid genus Acantho- cerus. These beetles have the faculty of rolling themselves into a ball in the interior of which all the vulnerable parts are enclosed. The head forms a large triangular plate in which the eyes appear half on the upper and half on the lower surface. In some examples of the species exhibited (Acantho- cerus relucens, Bates) the upper division of the eyes forms a large, nearly circular mass, while in others it is reduced to a mere thin vestige, and in extreme examples of another species of the genus Mr. Arrow had even found it to vanish altogether. The Presipent showed an exhibit sent by Mr. A. H. Thayer, of Monadnock, N.H., U.S.A. The greyish silhouettes of two butterflies were represeuted in a tint nearly the same as the background, but sufficiently distinct to be easily recognizable. On one side of one silhouette a row of white spots had been placed in a submarginal position. It was evident that the adjacent border was thereby rendered far less distinct than that of the opposite side of the silhouette, or of both sides of the other silhouette. The spots in position and shape were approximately as in Papilio polydamas, and Mr. Thayer con- sidered they possessed a similar significance in this butterfly. The dark ground-colour of many Rhopalocerous species he thought represented shadow under vegetation, the white sub- marginal lines and dots a generalization of flowers and flower- masses, But these markings also had a second meaning in that they tended to obliterate the tell-tale margin of the wings. Professor Pounron also exhibited specimens of Drurya antimachus, together with the butterflies which he suggested as forming a group synaposematic with it. The central species (“Ixy >) appeared to be Acrwa egina, round which clustered a number of other species of the same genus so much alike as to be probably indistinguishable upon the wing. Examples of these were exhibited, viz. A. zetes, perenna, rogerst, and pharsalus. Another beautiful Papilionine member of the group, P. ridleyanus, was also shown. Its pattern, in both sexes, was nearest to that of the male A. egina. In fact, so close was the resemblance that Godart had been entirely misled by it, and had described the Papilio under the name of ztdora as the female of Acrea eyina. My. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., had recently called the speaker’s attention to this, and had in- formed him that the specimen of the Papilio in the Dufresne Collection at Edinburgh bears the MS. label “ z¢dora, fem., Egina, Cram.,” probably in Godart’s handwriting. Godart’s mistake had been recently pointed out by Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw, and Mr. Trimen had himself recognized it from Godart’s description, and had made a note of it in his copy of the work. An obvious Nymphaline member of the group was Pseud- acrea boisduvalii, the male, like the last-named Papilio, resembling most closely the male of Acrea egina. It was the under-side of the female Psewdacrea which first suggested to the speaker the idea that antimachus was a member of the same group. While the upper-side of the Papilio seemed obviously mimetic of the male of Acraa egina, the under-side of its hind-wings possessed a remarkable and characteristic ochreous ground-eolour distinguishing it from any other member of the group except the female Psewdacrexa, in which a distinct resemblance was manifest. That the approach has been from the side of the latter seemed clear on comparing the female of the western form with that of its south-eastern close ally Pseudacrea trimeni, in which no trac of this peculiar tint was to be found. Such deutero-synaposematic resemblance between these two mimics of the egina type of colouring and pattern had been doubtless encouraged by the fact that they were the two largest members of the whole group, the female Pseudacrxa serving as a link between the immense Papilio and the comparatively small but dominant and central Acrzine members. The inclusion of antimachus, in spite of its size, in a. ( lxv ¥) this powerful combination seemed more satisfactory than Mr. Trimen’s supposition in 1868 that it “is possibly an instance of special modification in imitation of some gigantic Acrexa as yet unknown, or perhaps extinct”? (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi, 1870, p. 503). Professor Poutron suggested that it was possible that the remarkable bluish-grey patches on the under- side of the fore-wing of antimachus were traces of descent from an ancestor common to it and the other equally extraordinary and equally isolated species of the genus Drurya,—D. zalmoxis. In the discussion which followed the exhibit Professor PouLton suggested that the struggle for existence against the attacks of young, inexperienced enemies,—the kind of selective attack to which ex hypothesi Miillerian (synaposematic) resem- blance was due—was in reality far more severe than appeared at first sight because of the pressure of the struggle upon the enemies themselves. This pressure was chiefly felt by the young, and it was so excessive that comparatively few individuals in the fresh wave sent forth at each breeding season, survived to become mature and experienced. It followed from this fact that the amount of selective pressure exerted by inexperienced enemies of insects was ten, twenty, a hundred, at any rate many times as great as that which was due to the educational period of the mature enemies existing at any moment. With reference to the PresmpENT’s remarks, on the great size of Drurya antimachus compared to that of the other members of the synaposematic group, Mr. F. A. Heron sug- gested that, in the recognition of prey by sight, size,—within considerable limits,—might be of minor importance to color- ation,—the term being used to cover every kind of pattern and marking. The size of an insect, as correlated with the idea of its distance, was, in natural surroundings, under varying atmospheric conditions, extremely difficult of exact estimation, though it might be easily observable in a group of other insects of known size in a standard cabinet drawer. Distance, and its correlative size, might perhaps be especi- ally hard of determination by animals which, like the majority of insect-hunting birds, had their eyes placed somewhat laterally and not frontally, as in the anthropoids in carnivora and in owls and similar predatory birds, PROC. ENT, S80C, LOND., Vv, 1903, F ( Ixvi ) for, unless the two eyes could be simultaneously focussed on the same object the estimation ef distance, which deter- imined the idea of size, could only take place by the knowledge of the effort made to secure the focus of one eye, instead of by the system of unconscious trigonometrical survey, which was one of the main sources of the knowledge of distance employed by frontal-eyed animals; unless, indeed, it were considered that the angle was measured first with one then with the other eye by quick movement of the head. With monocular vision, where the distance was not exactly known, a small object nearer the beholder might subtend a greater angle than a larger similar one further off, and, if unfamiliar, be mistaken for the greater. The idea of distance was one of the more slowly-acquired concepts ; but the eyes of the young of all animals were quickly taken by conspicuous pattern. Coloration, at one extreme, served to break up the apparent mass and protectively obscure it, while at the other it invited attention as some glaring label ; a Porson label, which would denote danger to the consumer of the contents of the object bearing it, and, as in the case of the Porson label, the danger would exist irrespective of the size of the ‘“label’’ and the object it protected. Perhaps it might not be too strong an assumption to consider that the young inexperienced enemy, tasting the gaudily-coloured, distasteful Acrawa, would be impressed, more by the coloration—by the Portson label— than by the size of the object, and afterwards would avoid similarly-coloured objects which crossed its field ‘of vision, without taking any conscious account of their size. Paper. Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., contributed “A Supple- mentary Note to a Paper entitled ‘Hymenoptera Aculeata collected by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, M.A., in Madeira and Tenerife, in the Spring of 1902.’” Wednesday, December 2nd, 1903. Professor Epwarp B. Pouuron, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., Pre- sident, in the Chair, ( ixvii ) Election of Fellows, Mr. F. H. Day, of Carlisle, The Rev. Tuomas Prinsrp Levert, of Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorkshire, and Parkington Hall, Lichfield, and Mr. Roserr C. L. Perkins, B.A., of Honolulu, were elected Fellows of the Society. Nomination of Officers and Council for 1904. Mr. H. Goss, one of the Secretaries, again read the names of the Officers and Members of the Council proposed for election at the General Meeting. Exhibitions. Mr. G. T. Porrirr exhibited, on behalf of Mr. T. Ashton Lofthouse, a specimen of Xylophasia zollikoferi taken at Sugar, near Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, on the 26th September last. He said he believed that this was only the second specimen which had been recorded as having been taken in Britain. Mr. Mclacuian, F.R.8., said the strongest evidence existed that a very large immigration of insects from the nearest Continental coast took place during the exceptional (for this year) spell of warm and calm weather prevailing towards the end of September, and he was of opinion that the specimen of NXylophasia zollikoferi, taken by Mr. Lofthouse in Yorkshire, formed an item in this migratory swarm, Mr. Kacue Crarke had witnessed such immigration when staying on board the Kentish Knock lightship for the purpose of studying bird-migration, He had witnessed a considerable immigration of Vanessa cardui, for instance, amongst many other insects, and not the least remarkable of his observations was the fact that V. cardui flies at night during migration as well as by day. Mr. MclLacu.an re- marked that the laws governing migration in insects were at present little understood, and urged upon entomologists the necessity of obtaining a clearer insight into their working. The Presiwent and Mr. Jacosy continued the discussion. Mr. Matcotm Burr exhibited, and remarked on, a specimen of Dinarchus dasypus, llig., belonging to a family of five or six species confined to the Balkans, The Prestpent exhibited a series of photographs sent by Mr. A. H. Thayer to illustrate his views on the significance ( Ixviii_ ) of the colours and patterns of butterflies’ wings. The insects had been photographed on masses of foliage and flowers, and it was obvious that the dark ground-colour harmonized with the dark shadow behind and under the vegetation, while the light markings stood out as conventionalized representations of single flowers and flower-masses. The PrestpENt also exhibited the eyeless imagines and pupa-cases of Hnnomos autumnaria, in illustration of his remarks at the meeting on November 18th. Imagines pro- duced by unblinded larvee were also shown for comparison. Dr. CHAPMAN made some remarks on the specimens exhibited by the President. Papers. The Rev. Francis D. Moricr, M.A., read a Paper entitled “ Tllustrations of the male terminal ségments and armatures in thirty-five species of the Hymenopterous genus Colletes.” ANNUAL MEETING. January 20th, 1904. Professor Epwarp B. Poutton, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Mr. Ropert Wynter Lioyp, one of the Auditors, read the Abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts, showing a balance in the Society’s favour of £47 2s. Td. Mr. Herpert Goss, one of the Secretaries, read the following : Report of the Council. During the Session 1903-1904 five Fellows have died, viz. Mr. Frederick Bates, the Rev. John Hocking Hocking, M.A.., the Rev. Thomas A. Marshall, M.A., Mr. Philip Brookes Mason, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., and Mr. John S. Stevens; eight Fellows have resigned; and twenty-three new Fellows have been elected. As was the case last year, the number of Fellows who have died is below the average, as is also the number of those who have resigned ; whilst the number of new Fellows is the same ( Ixix ) as last year, and six less than in 1901. The Council hope that the Fellows will during the coming Session display more energy and secure a considerable addition to the Society’s list of members. At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows, and four hundred and seventy-one Life and Subscribing Fellows, making a total of four hundred and eighty-three, which, notwithstanding the losses by death and resignation, is an increase by eleven on last year’s list, and represents a membership greater than in any previous year of the Society’s existence of seventy-one years. The Transactions for the year 1903 form a volume of 575 pages, containing twenty-seven Memoirs, contributed by the following authors: Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow, Mr. Peter Cameron (two papers), Mr. G. C. Champion and Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. G. C. Champion, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. Lionel Crawshay, Mr. W. L. Distant, Dr. Frederick A. Dixey, Mr. Henry J. Elwes, F.R.S. (two papers), Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, F.RB.S., Sir George Hampson, Bart., Mr. Martin Jacoby, Mr. Oliver Janson, Mr. Percy I. Lathy, Professor Edward B. Poulton, F.R.S. (two papers), Mr. Ambrose Quail, Mr. G. A. James Rothney, Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. (two papers), Colonel Charles Swinhoe (two papers), Mr. T. H. Taylor, Mr. Abbott H. Thayer, and Mr. Charles Owen Waterhouse. Of these twenty-seven papers, six relate to Coleoptera, one to Diptera, one to Hemiptera, six to Hymenoptera, and nine to Lepidoptera. In addition, there are four papers which cannot be identified with any one order of insects, viz. Mr. Champion’s paper entitled “ An Entomological Excursion to Bejar,” which, in addition to an account of his travels with Dr. Chapman in Central Spain, contains lists of his captures of Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera ; Professor Poulton’s very interesting paper on his experiments upon “The Colour Relation between Lepidopterous Larve and their Surroundings,’ Mr. Abbott H. Thayer’s paper on “ Protective Coloration in its Relation to Mimicry, Common Warning Colours, and Sexual Selection,” and Professor Poulton’s paper entitled ‘‘ A Brief Discussion of A. H. Thayer’s Suggestions as to the meaning of Colour and Pattern in Insect Bionomics.” C Alix?) It is to be regretted that no papers on Neuroptera or Orthoptera have been published during the year, and only one paper on Diptera and one on Hemiptera ; but it is satisfactory to have published so many papers relating to Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera, in addition to several papers of interest to students of insect bionomics. The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated by twenty- three plates, of which fifteen are coloured. Towards the cost of Plate VIII Mr. Herbert Adams and Mr, Lathy contributed the greater portion. Half the cost of Plates IX, XII, XIII, XIV, and XV was paid by Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., two- thirds of the cost of Plates XVI, XVII, and XVIII have been contributed by Professor Poulton, F.R.S., and the entire cost of Plates XX, XXI, XXII, and XXIII has been defrayed by Mr. F. Du Cane Godman, F.R:S. The interest shown by the Fellows during the past year by their exhibitions and discussions has enabled the Secretaries to double or treble the Reports of the Proceedings, which up to the present date extend to sixty-four pages, and thus compare very favourably with those for any previous year of the Society’s existence. During the past year twenty-six volumes—in addition to periodicals, pamphlets, and reprints—have been added to the Society’s Library. The increased use of the Library is proved by the fact—according to the Resident Librarian’s Report — that three hundred and thirty-four volumes have been borrowed by Fellows during the year. The Treasurer reports that after carrying forward to 1904 the sum of £18 18s. Od. for subscriptions paid in advance in 1903, and investing in Consols the sole Life Composition received during the year, making the total sum so invested £744 18s. Od., there remains a genuine cash balance in the Society’s favour of £47 2s. 7d. The subscriptions received for 1903 slightly exceed those for 1902, and are therefore the highest on record. The amount of arrears received has exceeded expectations. ‘The admission fees have been less than usual, not because a fewer number of new Fellows were elected, but because many of these are resident in the Colonies, and are therefore exempt from admission fees. The most (> ixxis 9} notable feature of the balance sheet is the large sum received for Sales of Publications. The increase under this heading came opportunely during the last quarter. On the whole the financial position is perfectly satisfactory, and the Fellows have to be congratulated on the increased and increasing prosperity of the Society. ENTOMOLOGICAL Society, 11, CHANDos STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. 20th January, 1904. The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to substitute other names for those contained in the list prepared by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the Council for 1904-1905: Lieut.-Colonel Charles Bingham, F.ZS. ; George C. Champion, F.Z.8.; Dr. Thomas A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S.; Arthur John Chitty, M.A.;.James Edward Collin ; Dr. Frederick A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.; Hamilton H. C. J. Druce, F.Z.S.; Herbert Goss, F.L.8.; William John Lucas, B.A. ; Robert McLachlan, F.R.S. ; The Rev. Francis D. Morice, M.A.; Professor Edward B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. ; The Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.L.S.; Henry Rowland- Brown, M.A.; Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S. ; Colonel Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S.; Colonel John W. Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.8. The following are the Officers elected: President, Professor Edward B. Poulton; 7reaswrer, Robert McLachlan; Secretaries, Herbert Goss and Henry Rowland-Brown ; Librarian, George C. Champion. The Balance Sheet and Report having been unanimously adopted, Professor Poulton, the President, delivered his Address, A vote of thanks to the President for his Address and for his services as President during the past year was moved by Dr. F. A. Dixey, seconded by Canon Fowler, and carried. The President replied. Mr. G. H. Verrall moved a vote of thanks to the other Officers of the Society. This was seconded by Mr. A. J. Chitty, and carried. Mr. Goss and Mr. Rowland-Brown replied. ( Ixia) )) ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Balance Sheet for the Year 1903. RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS. G5 Gh iS Gh Oh Balance in hand, Ist Jan., Printing Transactions, ete. 242 5 6 1903 ‘ ... 2610 7 | Plates, etc. e epee Subscriptions for 1903 . 870 13 O | Rent and Office Ex- Arrears 33 12 0 penses 5 IBY) Admission Rees 33 12 0 | Books and Binding... 2817 1 Donations ... 59 12 2 | Investments in Consols... 15 15 0 Sales of Transactions, etc. 117 7 10 | Subscriptions in advance, Interest on Investments :— per contra, carried to Consols ... ... £18 4 8 1904 1818 0 Westwood Bequest6 16 0 Balance 47 2 7 25.0 8 Subscriptions in advance 1818 0 Life Composition ilsy lbs 2 (0) £701 1 3 £701 1 3 ASSETS. Subscriptions in arrear considered good (say) £21 0 0 Investments :— Cost of £752 6s. 6d. Consols ... F .. £744 18 0 Cost of £239 12s. 4d. Birmingham 38 per Sea 250 0 0 Balance in hand 47 2 7 NO ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES. Ropert McLAcunan, Treasurer. 13th January, 1904. Examined and found correct. A. Huau Jonss. GEO. S. SAUNDERS. Hamitton H. Druvce. J. W. YERBURY. R. Wyuiz Luioyp. ( Ixxii ) THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. GENTLEMEN, It is a great pleasure to congratulate the Society at the close of another successful year. The repetition of this con- gratulation in successive Annual Addresses is happily almost monotonous. It is a monotony which will never weary us, and in itself an indication that no other monotony has prevailed. The meetings have been well attended, there have been numerous, varied, and interesting exhibits leading to animated discussions, Our Transactions do not reach the phenomenal dimensions attained in 1902, but still form a noble volume, containing 23 plates and well over 600 pages. There is a pleasing variety in the papers, and the domination of the Lepidoptera is less pronounced than usual. An important share of the space is occupied by memoirs on the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Insect Bionomics, while the Diptera and Rhynchota are also represented. I should wish to refer again to the warmth of the greeting received as your President at a meeting of the Entomological Society of France on April 22nd. The cordial friendship between the followers of science in all lands is of happy augury for the advancement of the researches in which we find common aims and mutual sympathy and respect. On this, the first occasion on which I have the honour of addressing you formally, I cannot resist the temptation of calling attention to a remarkable coincidence of a personal nature—the fact that the present occupant of this Chair and his immediate predecessor should be members not only of the same University, but of the same College, and that not a large one. When this fact was explained to a friend he said it was easily understood, because the study of natural history is infectious. This suggestion, plausible as it is, fails to account for the fact ; inasmuch as Canon Fowler left Jesus College, ( lxxiv. ) Oxford, in June 1873, while I did not matriculate until October of the same year, so that, as undergraduates, we never saw each other. Before speaking of the losses which have fallen so heavily upon our community during 1903,—the brother Fellows who have gone from our midst,—I feel bound to allude to the grief which we share with the whole intellectual world at the passing away, towards the close of the old year, of the great thinker to whom we owe far more than we can realise. I well remember the sudden access of light received when, between the age of seventeen and eighteen, Herbert Spencer’s works were first placed in my hands. The whole of science seemed illuminated, the whole outlook broadened. It was the most sudden and by far the greatest intellectual awakening I have ever experienced. And, as we know well, it has been the same with thousands. After Shakespeare, no man has done more to bring together the English* of the Old World and the New. And not only among ourselves, but everywhere in the civilised world the writings of Herbert Spencer have stirred enthusiasm and compelled admiration, They have left strong, indelible, beneficent after-effects even in those who are unable to believe in the enduring stability of the Synthetic Philosophy—a fabric as fair and stately as any created by the mind of man. Since the above paragraph was written Mr. Herbert Spencer’s will has been made known in the 7imes for January 14th. I am sure that every Fellow of our Society keenly appreciates the expression of confidence which is implied in the gift which will hereafter be offered to us by the Trustees of the will—a gift which we shall regard as a solemn trust, to be so carried out as to secure the greatest possible advantage to the science we serve. Freperick Bates, F.E.S., joined the Society as a ‘‘sub- seriber” in 1867. Subsequently withdrawing, he again entered the Society as a Fellow in 1897. He was born at Leicester in 1829, and his death occurred at Chiswick on the 6th of October, in his 74th year. Like his distinguished * For the justification of this use of the word see Sir Michael Foster’s Presidential Address to Section D of the British Association at Toronto (Report for 1897). (© lxxy=)) brother, H. W. Bates, F.R.S., he was especially devoted to the Coleoptera, although his interests were wide and embraced many aspects of natural history, both zoological and botanical He was the author of many papers, chiefly dealing with the Heteromera, in our Transactions and in the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.” His exceedingly fine collection of Heteromera is nowin the British Museum, while his collection of British Coleoptera was a gift to his intimate friend Mr. Horace Donisthorpe. Many friends mourn the loss of a keen and able naturalist, a many-sided and genial personality.* THe Rev. Joun Hocxine Hockine, M.A., J.P., F.ES., Rector of Copdock-with-Washbrook, near Ipswich, was elected a Fellow in 1896. His death occurred on the 10th of December last, at the age of 69. He was an ardent collector of the Lepidoptera, but having only recently joined the Society was unfortunately known to but few of the Fellows.t THe Rev. THomas AnseLL Marsuatu, M.A., F.E.S., joined the Society in 1865. By his death on April 11, 1903, at Ajaccio, one of the few authorities upon the parasitic Hymen- optera is lost to science. Mr. Marshall was born at Keswick on March 18, 1827, the son of Thomas Marshall, an original member of the Entomological Society. He took a scholarship at Trinity College, Oxford, and passed through the Classical Honours course. With great powers asa linguist, and a student of Hebrew and Sanskrit, he worked for a time on the staff of the British Museum Library. Subsequently he took Holy Orders, and after engaging in scholastic work, held livings in various parts of England, interrupted only by his appoint- ment as Bishop’s chaplain in Antigua. In this island he was bereft of his wife, and was himself in serious danger from an attack of fever. Upon his return to England he was presented, in 1889, to the living of Botus Fleming, Cornwall, which he retained until 1897, when he retired to Corsica, and devoted the remainder of his life to his favourite science. T. A. Marshall’s earliest important work dealt with the Coleoptera (Journ. Linn. Soc. 1865). The first of the series of memoirs * See the Obituary notice in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record,” vol. xv, No. 12, by Horace Donisthorpe ; and that in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” Nov. 1903, p. 286. + See also the Obituary notice in the ‘‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine ” for Jan. 1904, p. 19. ( Ixxvi ) by which his name will be chiefly known was published in 1870, ‘“Ichneumonidum Britannicorum Catalogus,” followed by the valuable monographs on the British Parasitic Hymen- optera, which appeared in the Transactions of this Society between 1872 and 1889. He published an important volume on a portion of the Braconide in André’s “Species des Hyménopttres d’Europe,” and was still at work on the subject at the time of his death. He was an accomplished draughts- man and a clear and admirable writer. The loss of so able a student of an important but much-neglected group will be long and deeply deplored.* Puitie Brookes Mason, M.R.C.S., F.LS., F.E.S., a Fellow of our Society since 1874, died on November 6, 1903, at Burton-on-Trent. His death is a sad loss to his profession, to the neighbourhood in which he laboured, and to a wide circle of naturalist friends. Mr. Mason was born at Burton on January 2, 1842. After a medical education of unusual distinction and variety of valuable experience, he made his permanent home at his native town in the Midlands. The British fauna and flora formed the chief interest of his life, and he possessed magnificent collections of both. With his sympathetic genial nature, it was his delight to welcome his brother naturalists to share in the well-nigh unique advantages which he possessed. And as he was a skilled and honoured member of the healing profession, so he was ever ready to lend the weight of his influence and the power of his persuasion to promote peace and friendliness. As the Society concerned with the branch of natural history to which he was chiefly devoted, we recognise, with grief, that a strong influence for good has passed from us.t Joun Sanpers Srevens, F.E.S., became a Fellow in 1862. His death at Woking, on July 15, makes a sad break in the ranks of the senior Fellows of the Society. * See also the Obituary notice in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Maga- zine,” June 1903, p. 152, by R. McLachlan, F.R.S. ; and that in the ‘‘ Ento- mologist’s Record,” vol. xv, No. 7, p. 190, by G. C. Bignell. + See also the Obituary notice in the ‘‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” Jan. 1904, pp. 17, 18, by the Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler; also ‘“‘The Lancet” for Nov. 13, 1903. ~ See also the Obituary notice in the ‘“‘Entomologist’s Monthly Maga- zine,” Sept. 1903, p. 229. ( Ixxvii ) Outside the number of our own Fellows, we miss four well- known names from the ranks of British entomologists :— Witiram Duppa Crorcn, M.A., F.L.S., a keen student of the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera; Epwarp Roserr Date, son of the eminent J. C. Dale, and himself an eager entomologist in his younger days; THe Very Rey. Canon BernarD Smita of Great Marlow, an enthusiastic collector and breeder of the British Lepidoptera ; Samce: James WILKINSON, author of the celebrated “ British Tortrices,” published in 1859. We sympathise deeply with our brethren on the continent in their grief for the eminent men who have passed away in 1903 :—Jonannes Faust, the eminent authority upon the Curculionide, whose collection contained over 13,000 species, of which more than 2000 were described by himself ; Pro- FEssor Aucustus Rapcuirre Grote, A.M., the celebrated student of the Lepidoptera. “WHAT IS A SPECIES?” The late Professor Max Miiller, in an eloquent speech delivered at Reading in 1891, spoke of the necessity of examining, and, as time passes by, re-examining the meaning of words. He referred as an illustration to the man at the railway station who taps the wheels with his hammer, test- ing whether each still rings true or has undergone some change that may mean disaster. In almost the same way, the speaker maintained, a word may slowly and unobtrusively change its meaning, becoming, unless critically tested to ascertain whether it still rings true, a danger instead of an aid to clear thinking, a pitfall on the field of controversy. He then went on to say, that Darwin had written a great work upon the Origin of Species, and had never once explained what he meant by the word Species. So decided an utterance —the statement was made emphatically—ought to have in- volved a careful and critical search through the pages of the work that was attacked. However this may be, it is quite certain that the search was unsuccessful; and yet a few minutes’ investigation brought me to a passage in which the meaning attached by the author to the term Species is set ( Ixxvili ) down in the clear, calm, and simple language which did so much to corvinee an unwilling world. Darwin is speaking of the revolution which the acceptance of his views will bring about. “ Systematists will be able to pursue their labours as at present; but they will not be incessantly haunted by the shadowy doubt whether this or that form be in essence a species. This, I feel sure, and I speak after experience, will be no slight relief. The endless disputes whether or not some fifty species of British brambles are true species will cease. Systematists will have only to decide (not that this will be easy) whether any form be suffici- ently constant and distinct from other forms to be capable of definition, and if definable, whether the differences be sufficiently important to deserve a specific name. This latter point will become a far more essential consideration than it is at present ; for differences, however slight, between any two forms, if not blended by intermediate gradations, are looked at by most naturalists as sufficient to raise both forms to the rank of species. S/ereafter we shall be compelled to acknowledge that the only distinction between species and well-marked varieties is, that the latter are known, or believed, to be connected at the present day by intermediate gradations, whereas species were formerly thus connected. Hence, without quite rejecting the consideration of the present existence of intermediate grada- tions between any two forms, we shall be led to weigh more carefully, and to value higher, the actual amount of difference between them. It is quite possible that forms now generally acknowledged to be merely varieties may hereafter be thought worthy of specific names, as with the primrose and cowslip ; and in this case scientific and common language will come into accordance. In short, we shall have to treat species in the same manner as those naturalists treat genera, who admit that genera are merely artificial combinations made for con- venience. ‘This may not be a cheering prospect, but we shall at least be freed from the vain search for the undiscovered and undiscoverable essence of the term species.” I have quoted from pages 484, 485 of the original edition (1859), and have italicised the sentences in which Darwin defines a species and distinguishes it from a variety. (lexi 9) Max Miiller’s special criticism falls to the giound, but his general exhortation remains, and I think we shall do well to be guided by it, and attempt to apply it to this difficult and elusive word SPECIES. The passage I have quoted was Darwin’s prediction of the meaning which would be attached to the word “species ”’ by the naturalist of the future. Nearly half-a-century has passed since those words were written. For more than a generation the central ideas of the “Origin” have been an essential part of the intellectual equipment, not only of every naturalist, but of every moderately intelligent man. What then is the meaning of the word “species” to-day, and how does it differ from that of the years before July 1, 1858, when the Darwin- Wallace conception of natural selection was first launched upon the world ? The present occasion is especially favourable for this inquiry, because we have just been given two additional volumes of the letters of Charles Darwin. After the- three volumes published in 1887, naturalists were certainly unprepared for the welcome revelation of such a mine of wealth. The work is all the more valuable because it contains many letters from Alfred Russel Wallace and Sir Joseph Hooker, thus giving both sides of a part of their correspondence with Darwin. Then in 1900 the “ Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley ” appeared, so that we are now admitted “behind the veil,” and can read, as never before, the central thoughts of the great makers of biological history. On the publication of the last- named work, I took occasion to combat the view that the thousand closely-printed pages might have been reduced by omitting and condensing many of the letters. The serious student of those stirring years requires the opportunity of thinking over and comparing all the available thoughts and opinions of the chief actors in the memorable scene ; and the very repetition of certain ideas, which proves their persistence and dominance in the writer’s mind, is a matter of deep importance and interest. However it may be to the general reader, the student would deprecate the omission or condensa- tion of any of the writings of Darwin or Huxley. The special interest and value in the letters of these men depend on the (Or lxeaxa) fact that their inmost convictions on matters of the deepest scientific importance are to be read, often in the compass of a brief sentence. There we find, as we cannot find in any other way, the real core of the matter, with all accessory and surrounding considerations stripped away from it.* A care- ful study of the two recent volumes of Darwin’s letters, and a re-study of the three earlier volumes, with a view to this Address, have shown how Darwin’s thoughts were again and again occupied upon subjects bound up with the problem I have ventured to bring before you this evening. The interest reaches its height when we find that strongly-marked differ- ences of opinion on fundamental questions are threshed out in the correspondence, when we see, as I shall have occasion to point out in greater detail in the later pages of this Address, Darwin differing sharply from Huxley on the one hand, and with Wallace on the other, as to the significance and history of sterility between species. In such episodes we are permitted to become the witnesses of a supremely interesting struggle, where the central figure of modern biological inquiry is contending with his chief comrades in the great fight,—with the co-discoverer of natural selection, with the warrior hero who stood in the forefront of the battle. The correspondence of Charles Darwin has a further deep interest for us. We see the means by which a gentle, sympathetic, intensely human nature overpassed the stern limits imposed by health, and was able to impart and to receive fresh ideas, and a stimulus ever renewed—the im- pulse to varied and unceasing research. I have lately been studying with keen interest the life of another great English- man, William John Burchell,t than whom no better equipped or more learned traveller ever explored large areas in two continents. When I state that searching inquiry has only brought to light a dozen of his letters, and that he was known to hardly any of the great naturalists of his day, we see the reason for the sad, unproductive, brooding close of a career which opened with almost unexampled brilliancy and * “Quarterly Review,” January 1901, p. 258. + ‘Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’’ January 1904, p, 45. (lex 3) ; promise. The time which we give to Societies such as this— time we are sometimes apt to grudge—is well spent. Here, and in kindred communities, a ‘‘man sharpeneth the counten- ance of his friend,” and there is born of the influence of mind upon mind thought which is not a mere resultant of diverse forces, but a new creation. The scientific man who shuts himself away from his fellow- men, in the belief that he is thereby obtaining conditions the most favourable for research, is grievously mistaken. Man, scientific man perhaps more inevitably than others, is a social animal, and the contrast between the lives of Darwin and Burchell shows us that friendly sympathy with our brother naturalists is an essential element in successful and continued investigation. I do not suppose that it is necessary to justify a discussion of the term “species” as the subject of the Anniversary Address to the Entomological Society of London. The students of insect form and function hold an exalted place among naturalists. The material of their researches enables them, almost compels them, to take the keenest and most active interest in broad questions affecting the history and course of life on our planet. Naturalists engaged upon other groups may reasonably inquire why insects, above all other animals, should be so especially valuable for the elucidation of the larger problems which deal, not only with the species of a single group, but with every one of the innumerable and infinitely varied forms, vegetable no less than animal, in which life manifests itself. ‘The answer is to be found in the large number of offspring produced by each pair of insects, and the rapidity with which the generations succeed each other, many cycles being completed in a single year in warm countries; in the severity of the struggle for life which prevents this remarkable rate of multiplication from becom- ing the cause of any progressive increase in the number of individuals; and finally, in the character of the struggle itself, which is precisely of that highly specialised kind between the keen senses and activities of enemies, and the means of concealment or other modes of defence of their insect prey, which leads, by action and answering reaction, to PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1903. G ( Ixxxi ) a progressive raising of the standard in both pursuer and pursued. This is why it is that insects mean so much to the naturalist or to the philosopher who desires to look beneath the surface for the forees which have moulded existing forms of life out of earlier and very different forms. The wings of butterflies, it has been said, serve as a tablet on which Nature writes the story of the modification of species.* But the careful study of insects tells us even more than this; for it gives us the clearest insight we as yet possess into the forces by which these changes have been brought about. Light is thrown upon the causes to which organic evolution is due no less than upon the course which organic evolution has pursued. And I think we shall find that a consideration of the numerous distinct categories of forms presented by the insect world is especially advantageous in an attack upon the difficult question—“ What is a species!”, while properly-directed observation of insects, and experiments upon insects afford the most hopeful prospect of a final answer. And here I am compelled to say a word in defence of the Lepidoptera from this point of view. Undoubtedly it is most unfortunate that the obvious attractions of the group have led entomologists to neglect other Orders ; for this can be the only explanation why naturalists have so often preferred to do over again what others have done already, apparently oblivious of fields comparatively empty and unexplored. It must further be admitted, that the greater visibility of structure, and the more urgent necessity for the study of structure in other groups, render them better instruments of zoological education. But although the Lepidoptera are inferior in this respect, although they lack the unique interest of the Hymenoptera and the social Neuroptera, and can- not claim any of the respect due to venerable age like the Aptera, Orthoptera and Neuroptera—in spite of their many demerits they stand at the head, not only of all insects, but * H. W. Bates, quoted by A. R. Wallace in ‘‘ Natural Selection,” London, 1875, p. 132. The original passage may be found in ‘‘ The Naturalist on the Amazons” (London, pp. 347, 348 of the 1879 edition). + This justification for the study of insects was urged by the present writer in the Hope Reports, vol. iii, 1903, preface, pp. 4, 5. (> ia.) of the whole organic world, as the registers of subtle and elusive change—ever going on, yet never seen,—by means of which forms are slowly becoming different from what they have been in the past. It is the existence of a complex pattern composed of several colours, which renders butterflies and to a less extent moths such a remarkably delicate record of change. As we trace the representative individuals of a community of butterflies over any wide range, the trained eye, and often the inexperienced eye, can detect differences which are not seen to anything like the same extent in the individuals of other Orders with corresponding ranges. If the wings of Hymenoptera, Diptera, or Orthoptera possessed the same elaborate patterns as the Lepidoptera, we cannot doubt that they too would exhibit the same differences in various parts of their areas. These continual changes which we find as we study the distribution of Lepidopterous forms in space, is undoubtedly a measure of the speed with which they have occurred in time. Rapidity of change is essential if it is to keep its adjustment with nicety to the fleeting details of distribution.* Hence we may confidently believe, that if we * It is to be observed that I speak of the details as fleeting. The aeneral area of distribution is doubtless extremely ancient in most cases. Thus, although a species of Heliconius, etc., may have originated within the South American tropics, and never have wandered beyo..d them, the complex shape of its actual area of distribution at any one time cannot be regarded as fixed or ancient. Yet in many a species the variation of the constituent individuals is adjusted with precision to the geographical details of the existing range. Mr. Roland Trimen, on reading the above footnote, writes to me January 24, 1904 :—‘‘ Your note reminds me of the recent appearance on the Natal coast of several conspicuous East-African butterflies, vid. : Pieris spillert, Crenis rosa, and Godartia wakefieldii, all of which are shown to have not only extended their range to a point where they were previously quite unknown, but to have also established themselves in the fresh area. This is a good case, as Durban has had, for the last twenty- five years at least, a number of keen collectors of Lepidoptera, whom such conspicuous forms could not possibly have escaped had they inhabited the neighbourhood. Besides these species, the last butterfly that my friend and collaborator, the late Colonel Bowker, sent to me (1898) was the large and extremely conspicuous black-and-white Acrea satis, which he took at Malvern, near Durban. This is the only example known to me to have occurred in Natal; but Bowker, who noted the resemblance on the wing to Papilio morania, wrote that he had seen one other for certain, and thought that he might very possibly have passed over more examples for the common Papilio named, This last case is of special interest (should it prove one of extended range like the three mentioned), because the Acree are so exceptionally slow-flying and gregarious, that they must spread very slowly indeed into fresh areas.” (7 Uisxcxay =) could wake up in say a thousand years, we should be able to detect changes in the patterns of some butterflies. Although T am afraid the advance of science is not likely to be sufficiently rapid in our time for me to hold out any prospect of such an experience for any of you, there is every reason why we should afford this opportunity to posterity. A critical examination of the fragments of many species of butterflies captured ninety years ago by Burchell in 8. Africa, and gnawed to pieces during his Brazilian travels from 1825 to 1830, renders it probable, nay, almost certain, that with moderate care, insect pigments will endure for an indefinite period in our museums. One important justification for the great and permanent outlay required to bring together and maintain large collec- tions of insects is, that we are allowing our successors the chance of detecting and measuring the rate of specific change.* And, as I have already said, for this purpose the Lepidoptera stand pre-eminent. For the purpose of the inquiry this evening, our instances will be drawn from the Lepidoptera rather than other Orders of insects, because of the numberless examples of subtle distinction between forms which but yesterday, so to speak, became separate ; because of our knowledge, insufficient but considerable, of their geographical ranges; because of our experience, excessively imperfect and scanty, but still much larger than in other Orders, of inter-breeding and of descent from parent to offspring. First among the attempts to define species must be placed that which we rightly associate with the name of Linnzus. It has been admirably pointed out by the late Rev. Aubrey L. Moore, + that the dogma of the fixity of species is entitled to none of the respect which is due to age. “It is hardly credible to us,” he wrote, ‘that Lord Bacon, ‘the father of * Karl Jordan argues with great force in favour of specialisation in this direction by our museums. (See ‘‘ Novitates Zoologice,” vol. iii, December 1896, pp. 431-433.) The Burchell collection from Brazil is only seventy-four to seventy-nine years old, but the species are numerous, and often represented by long series. An account of the butterflies by Miss Cora B. Sanders will shortly appear in the ‘‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History”; and it will then be seen that the evidence of change in certain forms is by no means wanting. + ‘Science and the Faith,” London, 1889, pp. 174 et seq. ( Ixxxv ) modern science’ as he is called, though he was only a school- man touched with empiricism, believed not only that one species might pass into another, but that it was a matter of chance what the transmutation would be. Sometimes the medieval notion of vivification from putrefaction is appealed to, as where he explains the reason why oak boughs put into the earth send forth wild vines, ‘which, if it be true (no doubt),’ he says,* ‘it is not the oak that turneth into a vine, but the oak bough, putrefying, qualifieth the earth to put forth a vine of itself.’ Sometimes he suggests a reason which implies a kind of law, as when he thinks that the stump of a beech tree when cut down will ‘put forth birch,’ because it is a ‘tree of a smaller kind which needeth less nourishment.’ t Elsewhere he suggests the experiment of polling a willow to see what it will turn into, he himself having seen one which had a bracken fern growing out of it!{ And he takes it as probable, though it is inter magnalia nature, that ‘whatever creature having life is generated without seed, that creature will change out of one species into another.’ Bacon looks upon the seed as a restraining power, limiting a variation which, in spontaneous generations, is practically infinite, ‘for it is the seed, and the nature of it, which locketh and boundeth in the creature that it doth not expatiate.’” And the author also shows that much earlier than the date at which Bacon wrote, theologians were by no means unanimous in accepting “ special creation ”’ ; that St. Augustine even distinctly rejected it, and propounded an idea which was evidently considered tenable by the greatest of the schoolmen, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Thomas’ words, quoted by Mr. Aubrey Moore, are as follows :—‘‘ As to the production of plants, Augustine holds a different view. For some expositors say that, on this third day (of creation), plants were actually produced each in his kind—a view which is favoured by a superficial reading of the letter of Scripture. But Augustine says that the earth is then said to have brought forth grass and trees causaliter— z.e. it then received the power to produce them.” § * “CO Nat. Hist... Cent. vi, 522, fol. ed: tf 2. ¢. p.-523: ae Up jay WUE § St. Thomas Aquinas, ‘Summa Theol.” Prima Pars. Quaest., ]xix, Art. 2. ( lxxcevai 5) How then did the fixity of species become an article of belief in later years? Aubrey Moore traces it to the influence of Milton’s account of creation in the seventh book of “Paradise Lost” (1. 414, e¢ seg.), and Professor Huxley had still earlier suggested the same cause in his ‘‘ American Addresses.” I cannot help thinking that the belief had even more to do with the spirit of the age which spoke, and spoke for all time, with Milton for its interpreter,—the spirit of the Puritan movement, with its insistence on literal interpreta- tion and verbal inspiration. John Ray was Milton’s younger contemporary, and many writers, including Aubrey Moore, have thought that with him began the idea of the fixity of species. Sir William Thiselton Dyer has, however, recently pointed out, that a conception similar to Ray’s may be traced to Kaspar Bauhin (1550-1624) and to Jung (1587-1657).* From Ray we pass to Linneus with his often- quoted definition, “Species tot sunt, quot diversas formas ab initio produxit Infinitum Ens, quae formae, secundum generationis inditas leges produxere plures, at sibi semper similes.” Of the Ray-Linneus-Cuvier conception of species, which found its most precise and authoritative expression in the above-quoted latin sentence, Dr. F. A. Dixey has well said that it ‘‘ left order where it found confusion, but in substituting exactness of definition for the vague conceptions of a former age, it did much to obscure the rudimentary notions of organic evolution which had influenced naturalists and philosophers from Aristotle downwards.” + At the same time it is by no means improbable, as Dixey has suggested, that the Linnean concep- tion “of the reality and fixity of species perhaps marks a necessary stage in the progress of scientific enquiry.” { The Linnean idea of special creation has no place in the realm of science ; it is a theological dogma. The formation of species, said Darwin in a letter to Lyell, ‘has hitherto been viewed as beyond law ; in fact, this branch of science * «The Edinburgh Review,’ Oct. 1902, p. 370. + ‘‘Nature,” June 19, 1902, p. 169. For the history of these early ideas upon evolution see ‘‘ From the Greeks to Darwin,” by H. F. Osborn, New York, 1894. + ‘Church Quarterly Review,” Oct. 1902, Art. II, p. 28. ( Ixxxvii ) is still with most people under its theological phase of develop- ment.” * And this explains the intense opposition at first encountered by the principles of the “ Origin.”” The naturalist whose genius sympathised most fully with the Linnean con- ception would feel that he was admitted, like a seer of old, into the presence of the Maker of the Universe. His ) convictions as to species were to him more than the conclu- sions of the naturalist; they were a revelation, stirring him to “break forth and prophesy.” Do we not sometimes recognise a lingering trace of this phase of thought in the serious shake of the head and tone of profound inner conviction with which we are sometimes told that the speaker is decidedly of the opinion that so-and-so is a perfectly good species ? We recognise the same sharp antagonism between two irreconcilable sets of ideas when the late W. C. Hewitson expressed such horror at Roland Trimen’s remarkable dis- covery of the polymorphic mimetic females of the Papilio merope group. The wonderfully acute detection of minute but significant resemblance hidden under the widest possible superficial difference, which enabled the great South African naturalist to unravel the tangled relationships, was to Hewitson but one of ‘‘ the childish guesses of the . . . Darwinian School.” To meet the carefully-thought-out argument, the only objec- tions that could be urged were that the conclusion stretched too severely the imagination of the writer, and that it shocked his notion of propriety ! 7 * Letter 132 to C. Lyell, Aug. 21, 1861. ‘‘More Letters of Charles Darwin,” London, 1903, i, p. 194. + See an account of the controversy in Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1874, p. 137. The passages I have alluded to are as follows :—‘“‘ P. merope, of Madagascar, has a female the exact image of itself; and it would require a stretch of the imagination, of which I am incapable, to believe that the P. merope of the mainland, having no specifie difference, indulges in a whole harem of females, differing as widely from it as any species in the genus. . . . In the two species of Papilio which have lately been united, Torquatus and Candius, and Argentus and Torquatinus, though much unlike each other, there is quite sufficient resemblance not to shock one’s notions of propriety.” A little later Mr. Hewitson himself received evidence of the truth of the conclusion he so disliked; for he told how his collector Rogers had sent ‘‘ Papilio merope and P. hippocoon, taken by him in copulation, another illustration of the saying that ‘truth is stranger than fiction.’ I find it very difficult (even with this evidence) to believe that a butterfly, which, when a resident in Madagascar, has a female the image of itself, should, in West Africa, have one without any resemblance to it at all” (‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” Oct. 1874, p. 113). (Gibse cain) In leaving the dogma of “special creation,” and the assump- tion of “ fixity of species” with which it is bound up, it is only right to point out how completely the logical foundations of both were undermined by the great thinker who has just passed away. Years before the appearance of the Darwin- Wallace essay, and of the “Origin,” Herbert Spencer wrote on “The Development Hypothesis.” * Although of course wanting the great motive power to evolution supplied by natural selection, this essay is a powerful and convincing argument for evolution as against special creation. It is astonishing that it did not produce more effect. I may appro- priately conclude this section of the Address by quoting the results of Herbert Spencer’s critical examination, from every point of view, of the Linnean conception of species. ‘ Thus, however regarded, the hypothesis of special creations turns out to be worthless—worthless by its derivation ; worthless in its intrinsic incoherence; worthless as absolutely without evidence ; worthless as not supplying an intellectual need ; worthless as not satisfying a moral want.” ¢ If then the Linnean conception of species—separately created and fixed for all time at their creation—has been abandoned, what have we to put in its place? In a letter to Hooker, Dec. 24, 1856, Darwin gave a list of the various definitions he had met with. “I have just been comparing definitions of species, and stating briefly how systematic naturalists work out their subjects. . . . It is really laughable to see what different ideas are prominent in various naturalists’ minds when they speak of ‘species’; in some, resemblance is everything, and descent of little weight—in some, resemblance seems to go for nothing, and creation the reigning idea—in some, descent is the key—in some, sterility an unfailing test, with others it is not worth a farthing. It all comes, I believe, from trying to define the indefinable.” { As regards the work done by the systematist, we find that Darwin did not agree with those of his friends who thought * In the Leader, between January 1852 and May 1854, reprinted in ‘*Kssays Scientific, Political, and Speculative.” London, 1868, vol. i, De Ode + ‘*The Principles of Biology.” London, 1864, vol. i, p. 345. + “‘Life and Letters of Charles Darwin ” London, 1887, vol. ii, p. 88. (Gocxix) that a belief in evolution would entirely alter its character. Thus he wrote to Hooker, Sept. 25, 1853 :—“ In my own work I have not felt conscious that disbelieving in the mere permanence of species has made much difference one way or the other ; in some few cases (if publishing avowedly on the doctrine of non-permanence) I should ot have affixed names, and in some few cases should have affixed names to remark- able varieties. Certainly I have felt it humiliating, discussing and doubting, and examining over and over again, when in my own mind the only doubt has been whether the form. varied to-day or yesterday (not to put too fine a point on it, as Snagsby would say). After describing a set of forms as distinct species, tearing up my MS., and making them one species, tearing that up and making them separate, and then making them one again (which has happened to me), I have enashed my teeth, cursed species, and asked what sin I had committed to be so punished. But I must confess that perhaps nearly the same thing would have happened to me on any scheme of work.” * The essentially subjective character of the results reached by the systematist stands out with remarkable force in this as in other passages of Darwin’s letters. A few years later, on July 30, 1856, he wrote to the same friend :—‘‘I differ from him [Lyell] greatly in thinking that those who believe that species are not fixed will multiply specific names: I know in my own case my most frequent source of doubt was whether others would not think this or that was a God-created Barnacle, and surely deserved a name. Otherwise I should only have thought whether the amount of difference and permanence was suflicient to justify a name.” T Disregarding for the moment the term species, it is convenient to consider the various groupings of individual animals and plants, 1. Forms having certain structural characters in common distinguishing them from the forms of other groups. Groups thus defined by Diagnosis may be conveniently called Syndi- agnostic (ovv, together ; diudyvwors, distinction). * «Tife and Letters,” vol. ii, p. 40. + bid. vol. ii, p. 81. ( xc ) 2. Forms found together in certain geographical areas and not in other areas. Such groups may be called Sympatric (ovv, together ; zarpa, native country). The occurrence of forms together may be termed Sympatry, and the discontinuous distribution of similar forms Asympatry. 3. Forms which freely inter-breed together. These may be conveniently called Syngamic. (cvv, together; ydpos, marriage). Free inter-breeding under natural conditions may be termed Syngamy; its cessation or absence, Asyngamy (equivalent to the Amiwxia of Weismann). 4, Forms which have been shown by human observation to be descended from common ancestors. Such groups may be called Synepigonic (ovv, together; ériyovos, descendant). Breed- ing from common parents may be spoken of as Epigony or the production of Epigonic evidence.* My friend, Professor E. Ray Lankester, to whom I owe so much, in this as in many other subjects, is inclined to think that we should discard the word species not merely momentarily but altogether. Modern zoology having aban- doned Linnzeus’ conception of “species” should, he considers, abandon the use of the word. In his opinion the “ origin” of species was really the abolition of species, and zoologists should now be content to describe, name, draw, and catalogue forms. Furthermore, the various groups of forms briefly defined above should be separately and distinctly treated by the zoologist, without confusion or inference from one to the other. The systematist should say, “I describe and name certain forms a, 6, ete.” ; and then he or another may write a separate chapter, as it were :—‘‘I now show that the forms ab, ac, ad (form names) are syngamic:” at another time he may give reason for regarding any of them as related by epigony. I fear that this suggestion is a ‘counsel of perfection,” impossible of attainment, although there would be many * My friend Mr. Arthur Sidgwick has kindly helped me by suggesting the appropriate Greek words. The use of émiyoves I owe to my friends Mr. Arthur Evans and Mr. R. W. Macan. The adjectival termination is made -ic throughout for the sake of convenience, although Sympatriote or Sympatrid would have been more correct. (xc) and great advantages in thus making a fresh start and in the abandonment of “species,” or the restriction of the word to the only meaning it originally possessed before it was borrowed from logic to become a technical term in zoology.* Professor Lankester in former years published (I cannot at this moment lay my hands upon the communication) the suggestion that the term species should be limited to a group which includes all the forms derived from common ancestors within human experience, or inferred to be so derived within the possible period of human observation. Thus if the common ancestry of two forms has to be traced back to a period be- yond the late pre-historic times (or beyond any other arbi- trary line which is agreed upon), then they are not members of the same species. Professor Lankester is the first to admit that the practical application of this as of every other con- ception of species would very often mean a great deal more than we can prove, in fact, hypothesis. It is evident too that Darwin regarded persistence of form as an important criterion of aspecies. We recognise this in the definition I have quoted from the “ Origin ” (see p. Ixxviii), and it is stated with even greater force in the following passage, where persistence is placed beside other distinguishing marks of a species and given the pre-eminence. In a letter to Hooker (October 22, 1864) Darwin says :—‘‘I will fight to the death that as primrose and cowslip are different in appearance (not to mention odour, habitat, and range), and as I can now show that, when they cross, the intermediate offspring are sterile like ordinary hybrids, they must be called as good species as aman and a gorilla. The power of remaining for a good long period constant I look at as the essence of a species, combined with an appreciable amount of difference.” It is now necessary to examine in some detail the most usual conception of a species, a conception based upon distinguishing structural characters, or diagnosis. This idea of a species is clearly expressed by Sir William Thiselton Dyer, when he speaks of the older writers who * See F, A. Dixey in ‘‘ Nature,” June 19, 1902, p. 169. t ‘More Letters,” vol. i, p. 252, Letter 179. ( xeii ) employed “the word species as a designation for the totality of individuals differing from all others by marks or characters which experience showed to be reasonably constant and trustworthy, as is the practice of modern naturalists.” * This conception of a species is founded upon transition. Whenever a set of individuals can be arranged, according to the characters fixed upon by the systematist, in a series without marked breaks, that set is regarded as a species. The two ends of the series may differ immensely, may diverge far more widely than the series itself does from other series; but the gradual transition proclaims it a single species. If transitions were all equally perfect of course there would be no difficulty. But transitions are infinite in their variety ; while the subjective element is obviously dominant in the selection of gaps just wide enough to constitute interspecific breaks, just narrow enough to fuse the species separated by some other writer,—dominant also in the choice of the specific characters themselves.? Looking back upon the interval between Linnzus and Darwin, it seems remarkable that the mutability of species was not forced upon systematists as the result of their own labours. It is astonishing that many a naturalist was not driven by his descriptive work to the conclusion which Darwin stated to Asa Gray on July 20, TS SG as an honest man, I must tell you that I have come to the heterodox conclusion, that there are no such things as independently created species—that species are only strongly defined varieties.” { For, as I have said above, every describer of species made continuity and transition in characters the test of a variety, discontinuity the test of a separate species. And in difficult cases no two of them agreed in their conclusions. Many passages in Darwin’s correspondence convincingly prove how essential an element is this continuity, and how inevitable B jls Cop. O05 + How important this choice may be is well shown by Karl Jordan in ‘* Novitates Zoologice,”’ vol. iii, Dec. 1896, pp. 428-430. Characters are subject to independent variation as well as correlated variation. Hence there may be the widest discrepancy between the transitions constructed by naturalists making use of different characters. + ‘Life and Letters,” vol. ii, p. 79. ( xelll ) is the dominance of the subjective element. Thus he writes about his descriptive work on Cirrhipedes to Hooker, October 12, 1849 :—‘T have of late been at work at mere species describing, which is much more difficult than I expected, and has much the same sort of interest as a puzzle has; but I confess I often feel wearied with the work, and cannot help sometimes asking myself what is the good of spending a week or fortnight in ascertaining that certain just perceptible differences blend together, and constitute varieties and not species. As long as | am on ahatomy I never feel myself in that disgusting, horrid, ewt bono, inquiring humour.” * On another occasion, when Darwin was anxious to ascertain the ‘‘ close species” in the North American Flora, and wrote for information to Asa Gray, he frankly adopted the sub- jective criterion in order to explain exactly what he meant. He wrote, June 8, [1855]:—‘“The definition I should give of a ‘close species’ was one that you thought specifically dis- tinct, but which you could conceive some other good botanist might think only a race or variety ; or, again, a species that you had trouble, though having opportunities of knowing it well, in discriminating from some other species,” + Asa Gray’s reply is also very interesting from the same point of view. He-wrote, June 30, 1855 :—“‘Those thus connected” [he had bracketed the “ close species” in a list of the Flora], “ some of them, I should in revision unite under one, many more Dr. Hooker would unite, and for the rest it would not be extraordinary if, in any case, the discovery of intermediate forms compelled their union.” { Darwin was evidently in high spirits when he wrote the following passage which bears on the same subject. The “Origin”? had been published on November 24, 1859, and the whole edition of 1250 copies sold on the day of issue. On November 29 he wrote to Asa Gray :—‘ You speak of species not having any material base to rest on, but is this any greater hardship than deciding what deserves to be called a variety, and be designated by a Greek letter? When I * “TVife and Letters,” vol. i, p. 379. + Ibid., vol. ii, p. 64. + ‘More Letters,” vol. i, p. 421, Letter 324. ( “uxcive #>) was at systematic work I know I longed to have no other difliculty (great enough) than deciding whether the form was distinct enough to deserve a name, and not to be haunted with undefined and unanswerable questions whether it was a true species. What a jump it is from a well-marked variety, pro- duced by natural cause, to a species produced by the separate act of the hand of God! But I am running on foolishly. By the way, I met the other day Phillips, the paleontologist, and he asked me, ‘ How do you define a species?’ I answered, ‘T cannot.’ Whereupon he said, ‘ At last I have found out the only true definition—any form which has ever had a specific name !’”’ * The idea of a species as an inter-breeding community, as syngamie, is, I believe, the more or less acknowledged found- ation of the importance given to transition. This will become clearer from the consideration of a concrete example. The common black-and-white Danaine butterfly, Amauwris niavius of West Africa, is represented on the East and South-East Coasts by a very similar butterfly, distinguished by the greater size of the largest white patch, and of the white spot in the cell of the fore-wing. Both forms are very constant in the areas over which they were known, and on these constant easily recognisable characters the eastern butterfly was described as a distinct species under the name of A. domini- canus. Aurivillius, however, in his valuable Catalogue refuses to recognise this latter as a distinct species, and considers it as the dominicanus variety of niavius. Through the kind- ness of Mr, C. A. Wiggins and Mr, A. H. Harrison, the Hope Department has recently been presented with an exceedingly fine series of butterflies from both east and west of the northern shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza. These have been carefully studied by Mr. 8. A. Neave, B.A., of Magdalen College, Oxford, who finds that the typical néaviws occurs in great abundance to the west of the lake, while on the east he meets, in both collections, with varieties beautifully inter- mediate between it and dominicanus. These varieties, occurring precisely in the zone where the eastern form meets the western, complete for the systematist the transition which * ** More Letters,” vol. i, p. 127, Letter 79. (= xev) >) renders dominicanus a variety of niavius and not a distinct species. But it is clear that they do more than this; they make it almost certain that the two forms freely interbreed, and constitute but a single syngamic community. This is one of the remarkably clear examples. In many cases we know the transition, but the extremes are not sorted out in different parts of the total area of distribution. Never- theless if complete enough the transition of forms on the same area always raises the strong presumption that we are dealing with a syngamic community. Probably the most remarkable series of transitional varieties ever depicted is that shown in the eleven quarto plates of the last part of Monsieur Charles Oberthiir’s great “ Etudes d’Entomologie,” entitled “ Variation des Heliconia thelxiope et vesta”’ (Rennes, February, 1902). The method of diagnosis, at its clearest and simplest, is always consistent with, and often strongly suggests, an under- lying syngamy. There are, however, numberless examples belonging to various categories in which a rigid adherence to diagnosis cannot avail. In these cases the systematist frankly appeals to syngamy or synepigony as decisive; and if he has not direct: proof of the existence of either of these, indirect evidence is, at any rate provisionally, regarded as sufficient. I. Dimorphism, Polymorphism :—In an _ ever-increasing number of examples an assemblage of individuals is regarded as a single species, although split up into two or more widely different and sharply separated groups, between which transi- tional varieties are excessively rare or even unknown. For instance, the extremely abundant, widely distributed butterfly Limnas chrysippus wncludes among other forms one in which the black-and-white tip is wanting from the fore-wing, the dorippus (=klugit) form. This variety is sharply cut off from the type form. Although faint traces of a former white bar can be made out in dorippus, I have never seen, among thousands of individuals, the material out of which a good transitional series between it and chrysippus could be con- structed. In this case the evidence of syngamy is strong and complete ; for Col. Yerbury has recorded the fact that the ( xevi ) two forms certainly occur im copuld.* But if this evidence were wanting there would still be strong presumptive evi- dence that the forms are associated by syngamy and synepigony. Thus, so far as our knowledge extends, dorippus occurs as the only form in certain parts of N.E. Africa alone. From this, its metropolis, dorippus spreads on all sides, its individuals existing intermingled with those of chrysippus, becoming less and less numerous until they finally die out. Thus if we trace the two forms eastward we find them both abundant at Aden; further east, at Karachi, dorippus is well known, but very scarce as compared with chrysippus; in Southern India it is a great rarity, if indeed it is known at all on the mainland ; in Ceylon a single specimen was captured by Col. Yerbury in 1891, and since then others have been taken. Further east I have never heard of a specimen. Similarly when it is traced southward in Africa, dorippus is dominant in the coast strip of British East Africa, where it constitutes about three-quarters of the total number of individuals. Further to the south it becomes rarer and rarer, until in Natal and the Cape, if it occurs at all, it is even rarer than in Ceylon.{ Such a distribution is consistent with the inter- pretation that dorippus and chrysippus are two forms in one syngamic community. It is difficult on any other hypothesis to account for the facts which we observe on the outskirts of * Speaking of his experience at Aden, Col. Yerbury says: ‘‘I have taken them [the forms of chrysippus] i coitw in every possible com- bination.” (Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vii (1892), p. 209.) + See Major N. Manders, F.Z.S., in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xiv (1902), p. 716 :— ‘The first specimen of this insect [dorippus=klugit] in Ceylon was captured by Lieut.-Colonel Yerbury at Trincomalie, April 15th, 1891. . .” Of five or six more recent examples Major Manders writes, ‘‘ These speci- mens were captured by Mr. Pole at Puttalam on the east coast and Ham- bantotte on the south coast in the dryest and perhaps most arid portion of the island. It is evidently widely distributed in the desert portion of the island and is possibly not uncommon.” ‘The distribution of this insect in India cannot yet be fully known ; it is rare in Canara, but is not yet reported from the plains of the Deccan, or Southern India, so far as I am aware, though it probably exists.” The occurrence of dorippus at Bombay, Kutch, and Sind had been previously published by Major Manders and the late Mr. de Nicéville in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. Ixviii, Pt. ii, No. 3, 1899, p. 170. ~ Mr. Roland Trimen tells me that he knows of only three South- African dorippus :—two from Durban and one from Pretoria. The latter and one of the former were taken by Mr. W. L. Distant (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. i, 1898, pp. 48, 49). Caxcvin =) the range of dorippus—the occasional appearance of single individuals in the swarms of the type form. And if the two are syngamic on the outskirts, the gradual transition in pro- portions towards the metropolis of dorippus suggests that they are syngamic throughout. Common as the species is— probably the commonest butterfly in the world,—the evidence from epigony has never been obtained, although from the point of view of heredity the investigation promises to be of the deepest interest. The remarkable forms of the females of the Papilio merope group already alluded to afford another excellent example, although in this case good transitional series can be constructed. The evidence of syngamy was first obtained by Hewitson (see p- Ixxxvii), but is now well known. The evidence of epigony has fortunately been obtained in 1902 and again within the last few weeks by one of our Fellows at Durban, Mr. G. F. Leigh. Eggs from a female of the commonest cenea form yielded a synepigonic group, including a large majority of forms like the parent, but also examples of the very different hippocoon form. Still more recently seven eggs from the rarest of the forms, trophonius, produced, in addition to males, two females of the cenea variety, and not one resembling the parent. These differences, although only of colour and pattern, greatly exceed those between ordinary close species. When we deal with other kinds of dimorphism or polymorphism involv- ing important structural differences, such as those of the social Hymenoptera and Neuroptera, the discriminating characters between nearly related genera are commonly equalled or exceeded. IL. Seasonal Dimorphism :—In certain exceedingly interest- ing examples of dimorphism the relation between the forms is epigonic and not syngamic ; for rare and occasional inter-breed- ing is not syngamy. I refer to the most strongly-marked cases of seasonal dimorphism in butterflies, especially the wonderful examples proved to be epigonic by Guy A. K. Marshall. In some of the forms the two seasonal phases were not even regarded as closely related species. In these extraordinary cases, where the widest difference in colour and pattern exists, in combination with others which are far more deep-seated, PROG. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1903. H (, Exc ey) IT urged upon Mr. Marshall that the few recorded examples of capture or observation 77 coitw were insufficient evidence of specific identity, and that nothing short of epigony would suffice. In seasonal dimorphism, in the dimorphism of social insects, and doubtless in a large proportion of other examples, it is probable, indeed often certain, that the different forms are produced in response to some stimulus which acts at a speci- ally susceptible period of the life-history ; but from the point of view of the systematist the mature individuals can only be known as forms which, structurally widely different, must nevertheless be placed within the limits of a single species. The investigation of the probable physiological causes of differ- ence is, however, of the utmost importance from other points of view. Altogether apart from*its bearing upon dimorphism, the effect of individual susceptibility to stimulus requires treatment in a separate category. Il. Individual Modification :*—One of the most striking developments of recent years has been the growth in the number of these very cases in which an individual animal or plant has been rendered by natural selection susceptible to some stimulus associated with each one of its possible normal environments. Every individual of such species comes into the world with two or more very distinct and very different possibilities before it, each of which will be realised only in the appropriite environment—realised as the response to some stimulus provided by the environment itself. We can see clearly that this idea was in Darwin’s mind, although there were then but few facts which pointed in its direction. Thus in Schmankewitsch’s experiments Crustacea of the species Artemia salina were described as gradually changing in the course of generations, as the result of a progressive freshening of the water in which they were kept, until they took on the characters of the genus Bran- chipus. On this subject Darwin wrote to Karl Semper, February 6, 1881 :—‘‘ When I read imperfectly some years * “A structural change wrought during the individual’s lifetime (or acquired), in contradistinction from variation, which is of germinal origin (or congenital).”” Dict. of Phil. and Psych., ed. by J. Mark Baldwin, New York and London, vol. ii, 1902, p. 94. (e excixe™) ago the original paper, I could not avoid thinking that some special explanation would hereafter be found for so curious a case. I speculated whether a species very liable to repeated and great changes of conditions might not assume a fluctuating condition ready to be adapted to either conditions.” * I venture to express the prediction that this class of cases, already very numerous, will hereafter be immensely enlarged, and will become especially important in the vegetable king- dom.t Although Hooker at one time took the opposite side, and thought that plants were never ‘‘changed materially by external conditions—except in such a coarse way as stunting or enlarging,” | Darwin considered that ‘“ physical conditions have a more direct effect on plants than on animals.” § Un- doubtedly the view at the time was that of Buffon, the idea of an operation of the environing forces almost as direct as those which produce the weathering of rocks or the whitening of an exposed flint. But it is probable that the more in- timately we know of the conditions of plant-life, the more fully it will be recognised that all such changes are adaptive. * “More Letters,” vol. i, p. 391, Letter 303. + See ‘‘Stimulus and Mechanisin as Factors in Organisation” by J. Bretland Farmer, F.R.S. (the New Phytologist, vol. ii, Nos. 9 and 10, Novy. and Dec. 1903), Professor Farmer speaks of the probable prevalence in the plant-world of ‘‘a constant specific mechanism that is able to be actuated in different ways by different kinds of stimuli.” Although for the purpose of his paper Professor Farmer is concerned with the train of physico-chemical sequences which is set going, utility orno utility, when- ever the mechanism of an individual is stimulated, he fully admits that the mechanism itself has come to be a character of the species by the oper- ation of natural selection. ‘‘ Naturally,” he says, ‘‘only those species whose inner character expressed itself in making these ‘suitable’ adjust- ments to the environment were able to survive.” Toward the close of his paper Professor Farmer seems to bring the con- siderations that have regard to the species into somewhat unnecessary conflict with those that have regard to the individual. Thus he says that ‘‘current literature still teems with teleo’ogical explanations that realiy explain nothing, but rather bar the way of scientific enquiry.” A properly loaded, well-constructed modern gun goes off, for disadvan- tage no less than for advantage, when its trigger is pulled ; but the very existence of the gun depends upon a long succession of past stages, eich of which was more advantageous than its predecessor. The recognition of this history does not bar the way of enquiry, but rather stimulates and suggests a searching and intelligent study of the latest mechanism with all its intricacy. + See the letter from Hooker to Darwin, March 17, 1862, in ‘* More Letters,” vol. i, p. 197. § See the letter from Darwin to Lyell [June 14, 1860], ‘‘ Life and Letters,” vol. ii, p. 319. (oh) I will mention merely by way of illustration, that my attention has been called in recent years to the dwarfing effect of the prevalent south-western winds on the vegetation of the exposed chalk downs of the Isle of Wight. It has occurred to me as a mere suggestion, but one worth investigating, that the effect of wind upon a tall flower-head might be such as to render less easy and less frequent the visits of insects. If this were so, it would perhaps explain why certain species of entomophilous plants liable to grow in such situations have gained a special susceptibility to the stimulus provided by constant winds during some particular period of growth. The absence of this stimulus would also correspond to a condition in which the plants would gain in the conspicuous- ness brought about by increased height. The further growth of a class already proved to be large, would play havoe with a definition of species rigidly based upon discriminating structural characters alone. IV. Geographical Races or Sub-Species :—If we depend upon unaided diagnosis there is no means of discriminating between species and those sub-species of which the whole mass of in- dividuals are distinguished by recognisable characters. Here again the mere beginning of the difficulty is in sight; for as museums recognise more and more the necessity for long series of specimens with exact geographical data, so will the compara- tively simple conception of the single species be replaced again’ and again by the far more complex but much truer idea of sub-specific groups still fused by syngamy into a single species, but as it were trembling on the edge of disruption, ever ready, by the development of pronounced preferential mating or by the accumulated incidental effects of isolation prolonged beyond a certain point, to break up into distinct and separate species. V. Results of Artificial Selection ;—These obvious difi- culties encountered by a mechanical adherence to defini- tion by diagnosis naturally lead to the consideration of the further difficulties presented by domestic races of animals and plants. The wide structural differences be- tween the forms accumulated by human selection greatly impressed Darwin. Thus he wrote to Hooker, September 8, [1856]:—* By the way, I have been astonished at the ( ci) differences in the skeletons of domestic rabbits. I showed some of the points to Waterhouse, and asked him whether he could pretend that they were not as great as between species, and he answered, ‘ They are a great deal more.’ How very odd that no zoologist should ever have thought it worth while to look to the real structure of varieties. ...”’* Then again, the differ- ences between many of our domestic breeds, and between them and the nearest wild species, are, as is well known, generic rather than specific. Why do we not consider such races to be of different species and genera? Because of the criterion sug- gested by Lankester; because we have reason to believe in their descent from common parents within the historic period ; because, in spite of their wide differences, they are still syngamic. What is the practical bearing of these criticisms upon the definition of species by diagnosis and diagnosis alone? The systematist, confronted by his series of specimens in a museum cannot do otherwise than arrange them in groups which he will describe and name as species. But much would be gained if he admitted at the outset that his conclusions are provisional, if he said with Dr. Karl Jordan, “The actual proof of specific distinctness the systematist as such cannot bring; ... we work, or we ought to work, with the mental reservation that the specific distinctness of our species nove deduced from morphological differences will be corroborated by biology.” T The advantage of thisattitudeis obvious. Work would goon as at present. Powers of acute observation and good judg- ment would still furnish descriptions of species to be hereafter confirmed, or confirmed at the time by observation and experi- ment upon the living material. But the systematist would not only receive our gratitude for the performance of these important and necessary duties: he would also be seeking in every direction for the evidence of syngamy and of epigony. The museum would become a centre for the inspiration of researches of the highest interest to the investigator himself, of the greatest importance to the whole body of naturalists. * “¢ More Letters,” vol. ii, p. 210, Letter 543. + “Novitates Zoologice,” vol. iii, Dec. 1896, pp. 450, 451. I here desire to express my indebtedness to the author of this learned and valuable paper. (Ee )) We now turn to the consideration of interspecific sterility, which many have supposed to be an _ infallible criterion. Huxley himself felt this so stron gly that he was, in consequence, never able to give his full assent to natural selection. The grounds of his objection were the subject of prolonged correspondence with Darwin. In order to prove that natural selection has produced natural species separated rigidly, as he believed, by the barrier of sterility, Huxley maintained that we ought to be able to produce the same sterility between our artifi- cially selected breeds ; and until this had been done he could not thoroughly accept the theory of natural selection. This objection he expressed, or implied, in many speeches and writings up to within a few months of his death. One of the simplest statements is contained in a letter to the late Charles Kingsley. Huxley wrote, April 30, 1863, “ Their produce [viz. that of Horse and Ass] is usually a sterile hybrid. “So if Carrier and Tumbler, e. g., were physiological species equivalent to Horse and Ass, their progeny ought to be sterile or semi-sterile. So far as experience has gone, on the contrary, it is perfectly fertile—as fertile as the progeny of Carrier and Carrier or Tumbler and Tumbler. “From the first time that I wrote about Darwin’s book in the 7%mes, and in the Westminster, until now, it has been obvious to me that this is the weak point of Darwin’s doctrine. He has shown that selective breeding is a vera causa for morphological species; he has not yet shown it a vera causa for physiological species. “ But I entertain little doubt that a carefully devised system of experimentation would produce physiological species by selection—only the feat has not been performed yet.”* It was against this same view, as expressed in Huxley’s ‘Lectures to Working Men” in 1863, that Darwin argued with convincing force in many letters. The main facts with which he confronted Huxley again and again were the artificially selected races of certain plants which are sterile inter se. The position is clearly expressed in the following amusing, vehement passages from two letters :— * «Tife and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley,” vol. i, p. 239. ( ciii_ ) “ Dec, 18, [1862.] “Do you mean to say that Gartner lied, after experiments by the hundred (and he a hostile witness), when he showed that this was the case with Verbascwm and with maize (and here you have selected races): does Kolreuter lie when he speaks about the varieties of tobacco? My God, is not the case difficult enough, without its being, as I must think, falsely made more difficult? I believe it is my own fault— my d fuss about these most careful experiments.” * d candour: I ought to have made ten times more ‘*{ Jan. ]10, [1863.] “Tn plants the test of first cross seems as fair as test of sterility of hybrids, and this latter test applies, I will maintain to the death, to the crossing of varieties of Verbascwm, and varieties, selected varieties, of Zea. You will say, Go to the Devil and hold your tongue. No, I will not hold my tongue; for I must add that after going, for my present book [Variation under Domestication], all through domestic animals, I have come to the conclusion that there are almost certainly several cases of two or three or more species blended together and now perfectly fertile together. Hence I conclude that there must be something in domestication,— perhaps the less stable conditions, the very cause which induces so much variability,—which eliminates the natural sterility of species when crossed. If so, we can see how unlikely that sterility should arise between domestic races. Now I will hold my tongue.” fT Darwin made attempts to ‘‘produce physiological species by selection,” and thus meet his friend’s criticism. He thought out and suggested a plan of experiment to W. B. Tegetmeier,{ and gave a brief account of the scheme to Huxley, December 28, [1862]:—“I have [Tegetmeier] the result of my crosses of the birds which he proposes to try, and have told him how alone I think the experiment could be tried with the faintest hope of success— namely, to get, if possible, a case of two birds which when given him * “More Letters,” vol. i, p. 230, Letter 156. + Ibid. vol. i, pp. 231, 232, Letter 157. + Ibid. vol. i, pp. 223, 224, Letter 153, [1862, Dec. ] 27. (cia) paired were unproductive, yet neither impotent. For instance, I had this morning a letter with a case of a Hereford heifer, which seemed to be, after repeated trials, sterile with one particular and far from impotent bull, but not with another bull. But it is too long a story—it is to attempt to make two strains, both fertile, and yet sterile when one of one strain is crossed with one of the other strain. But the difficulty . . . would be beyond calculation.” * The experiment was evidently unsuccessful,—perhaps was never seriously undertaken,—and a few years later Darwin added the following postscript to a letter to Huxley, January 7 [1867]. ‘““P.S.—Nature never made species mutually sterile by selection, nor will men.” t This was probably only an offhand expression of opinion, not intended to be taken seriously. An altogether hopeless attitude would not be reasonable until the suggested scheme had been applied many times, and in several parts of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. But the positive results demanded by Huxley, even if obtained, would by no means justify his far-reaching conclusions, If the barrier of sterility were thus artificially produced, we should be very far from the proof that its exist- ence in nature is due to the same kind of cause, viz. selection. If Darwin was right in his controversy with Wallace, if ‘““Nature never made species mutually sterile by selection,” the suggested experiment would merely do by artificial selection what is not done by natural selection. It is by no means difficult to understand the mutual sterility which is usual between natural species as an incidental result of their separation by asyngamy for a long period of time. In the process of fertilisation a portion of a single cell nucleus from one individual fuses with a portion from another in- dividual, the two combining to form the complete nucleus of the first cell of the offspring, from which all the countless cells of the future individual will arise by division. Each part-nucleus contains the whole of the hereditary qualities * “* More Letters,” vol. i, pp. 225, 226, Letter 154. + Ibid. vol. i, p. 277, Letter 197. xs) received from and through its respective parent, and must therefore be of inconceivable complexity. We can only speak in generalities about processes of which so little is known, but we cannot be wrong in assuming that sterility is some- times due to the fact that the complex architecture of one part-nucleus fails in some way to suit the equally complex structure of the other. The individuals of an inter-breed- ing community form a biological whole, in which selection inevitably keeps up a high standard of mutual compati- bility between the sexual nuclei. Individuals whose sexual nuclei possess a structure which leads to sterile combinations with those of other individuals are excluded from contributing to the generations of the future. As soon, however, as a group of individuals ceases, from any reason, to breed with the rest of the species, there is no reason why the compati- bility of the sexual nuclei of the two sets should be retained. Within each set, selection would work as before and keep up a high standard of compatibility ; between the sets, com- patibility would only persist as a heritage of past selection, gradually diminishing as slight changes of structure in either or both of the sets rendered them less and less fitted to produce fertile combinations.* It is probable that of all the nice adjustments required in the living organism, the mutual adjustment of these incon- ceivably complex part-nuclei is the most delicate and precise. Now, delicately adjusted organs, such as those of sight, rapidly become incapable of performing their functions when in any species they have been withdrawn from the operation of natural selection ; similarly it is suggested, that the adjustment of sexual nuclei to each other would sooner or later give way * T must guard against the inference that the only explanation of sterility is here set forth. It is indeed maintained that incompatibility of the sexual part-nuclei is the inevitable outcome of enduring asyngamy, and is the almost certain cause of the sterility of hybrids. And it may be suggested that sterility is a result of the combination of two incom- patible germ-plasms in the sexual cells of the hybrid. When the incompatibility is not strongly marked we can understand how such sexual cells may be capable of fertile fusion with the cells of either parent, but not with those of another hybrid. But short of these ultimate effects it must not be forgotten that there are many obscure factors of asyngamy—causes of various kinds which interfere with the fusion under normal conditions or entirely prevent the meeting of the sexual cells. (eva) when no longer sustained by selection, If, then, mutual fertility be the result of unceasing selection, and mutual sterility the inevitable, even if long-postponed, consequence of its cessation, it is obvious that Huxley’s difficulty is solved, while his suggested experimental creation of sterility by selection would not reproduce any natural operation: it would afford a picture of a natural result but would be produced in an unnatural way. This criticism of Huxley’s contention was advanced by the present writer three years ago,* the final conclusion being stated in the paragraph printed below :— “Tf, then, we cannot as yet reproduce by artificial selection all the characteristics of natural species-formation, but can only imitate natural race-formation, we can nevertheless appreciate the reasons for this want of success, and are no more compelled to relinquish our full confidence in natural selection than we are compelled to adopt a guarded attitude towards evolution because our historical records are not long enough to register the change of one species into another.” f It was therefore with intense interest and pleasure that I> read the following sentences in a letter written by Darwin to Huxley, Dee. 28, [1862]—sentences which show that criticism practically identical had been made by the illustrious naturalist nearly forty years earlier. ‘“We differ so much that it is no use arguing. To get the degree of sterility you expect in recently formed varieties seems to me simply hopeless. It seems to me almost like those naturalists who declare they will never believe that one species turns into another till they see every stage in progress.” { After reading, in the first volume of ‘More Letters,’’ the often-repeated refutation of Huxley’s objection so clearly and strongly expressed in letters received by the objector himself, it is surprising that no effect was produced, and that reference should have been nearly always made to this supposed flaw in the theory of natural selection, whenever the great compara- * “The Quarterly Review,” No. 385, January 1901, pp, 368-371. ds Ch Ps Ol Ls ~ ‘More Letters,” vol. i, p. 225, Letter 154, ( evii ) tive anatomist had occasion to speak or write on the broader aspects of biological inquiry.* Darwin also considered that there was something in the very conditions of domestication which tended to promote fertility between races and even between distinct species. Thus he followed Pallas in believing that the domestic dog has been derived from more than one wild species, although he did not trace existing differences to this cause but to artificial selection.t However, as regards the origin of the dog, “the evidence is, and must be, very doubtful,” as he wrote to Lyell, August 11, [1860]. The fact which Darwin “ considered the most remarkable as yet recorded with respect to the fertility of hybrids,” was the fertility of the offspring of the Common and Chinese Goose, originally described by Eyton, and confirmed by Goodacre and by Darwin himself. ‘The two species of goose now shown to be fertile inter se are so distinct that they have been placed by some authorities in distinct genera or sub- genera.” } Another interesting and excéedingly difficult experiment in hybridisation has been carried through by the Rev. P. St. M. Podmore, F.Z.S., who in Sept. 1899, after numerous failures, succeeded in rearing a healthy male hybrid between the Ring Dove (Columba palumbus) and the domestic pigeon. On May 27, 1903, this male was mated with a Blue Homer hen, which produced healthy offspring. § * For several instances see Poulton’s ‘‘ Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection,’ Lond. 1896, pp. 124-141. + “Though I believe that our domestic dogs have descended from several wild forms, and though I must think that the sterility, which they would probably have evinced, if crossed before being domesticated, has been eliminated, yet I go but a very little way with Pallas & Co. in their belief in the importance of the crossing and blending of the aboriginal stocks. * * * * * * * ‘Although the hound, greyhound, and bull-dog may possibly have descended from three distinct stocks, I am convinced that their present great amount of difference is mainly due to the same causes [artificial selection] which have made the breeds of pigeons so different from each other, though these breeds of pigeons have all descended from one wild stock ; so that the Pallasian doctrine I look at as but of quite secondary importance.” **More Letters,” vol. i, pp. 127, 128, Letter 80, to Lyell, Oct. 31, [1859]. + “‘ Life and Letters,” vol. ili, p. 240. § ‘*The Zoologist,” Nov. 1903, p. 401. ( eviii_ ) A comparison between the difficulty of producing such a cross and that of obtaining hybrids between the Ring Dove and the Rock Pigeon, the ancestor of the domestic breeds, would probably throw much light on the Pallasian hypothesis. If the view here proposed be sound—that syngamy lies behind, and is at least provisionally implied in the transition which means so much to the systematist, and is his only real evidence when the structural test breaks down, the conclusion is suggested that the real interspecific barrier is not sterility but asyngamy. Nevertheless, as argued on pages civ-cvi, asyngamy will infallibly lead to sterility, although the result may be long delayed. This latter view, which was that of Darwin, is the exact opposite of the “ physiological selec- tion” of Romanes, in which sterility is supposed to arise spontaneously, asyngamy being not the cause, but the consequence. Asyngamy may be brought about in various ways, of which the most obvious is geographical separation. But asyngamy is by no means the necessary result of geographical discon- tinuity or asympatry. Thus Darwin considered that there is regular inter-breeding between Madeiran and continental birds of the same species. He wrote to Hooker, August 8 [1860]: “I do not think it a mystery that birds have not been modified in Madeira. Pray look at p. 422 of Origin [ed. iii]. You would not think it a mystery if you had seen the long lists which I have (somewhere) of the birds annually blown, even in flocks, to Madeira. The crossed stock would be the more vigorous.” * An even more striking case is that of Pyrameis cardui, which ranges over nearly the whole world. The singular absence of local geographical races in this abundant butterfly is almost certainly due to the astonishing powers of dispersal which enable intermittent syngamy to prevail over the whole vast area of its distribution. An interesting and curious cause of persistent asyngamy is the ‘‘ Mechanical Selection” so thoroughly explained and abundantly illustrated by Karl Jordan.f The complex genital armature of Lepidoptera is during syngamy kept constant by * “More Letters,” vol. i, pp. 487, 488, Letter 370. + de p. 518-522, (seix ) unceasing selection. Comparatively brief isolation of a group of individuals may lead to a departure from the specific type of apparatus prevalent in other areas, and may thus mechanic- ally prevent syngamy if from any cause members of the group became again sympatric with those of the parent species. A very different but exceedingly interesting origin of asyngamy is suggested by observations which support the conclusion that varietal forms may show a tendency towards preferential inter-breeding. H. W. Bates believed that he had strong evidence for the existence of this tendency in the races of certain tropical American butterflies. He stated this in his epoch-making paper on the butterflies of the Amazon valley,* and it is interesting to observe in the published letters how Darwin instantly fixed upon the point and tried to elicit the data upon which the conclusion was formed. Thus he wrote to Bates, Noy. 20 [1862] :—“ No doubt with most people this [viz. the interpretation of Mimicry] will be the cream of the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi- complete species, is not really more, or at least as valuable, a part. I never conceived the process nearly so clearly before ; one feels present at the creation of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the pairing of similar varieties ; a rather more numerous body of facts seems here wanted.” + Then a few days later we find Darwin still thinking of the subject, and writing to Hooker [1862, Nov.] 24:—“TI have now finished his [Bates’] paper . . .; it seems to me admir- able. ‘lo my mind the act of segregation of varieties into species was never so plainly brought forward, and there are heaps of capital miscellaneous observations.” { He also again wrote to Bates, probably on the following day, Nov. 25 [1862 4], asking for the solid facts which are so greatly wanted :— ‘Could you find me some place, even a footnote (though * Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii (1862), p. 495. + ‘‘ Life and Letters,” vol. ii, p. 392. ‘* More Letters,” vol. i, p. 214, Letter 147. ( ex ) these are in nine cases out of ten objectionable), where you could state, as fully as your materials permit, all the facts about similar varieties pairing at a guess how many you caught, and how many now in your collection? I look at this fact as very important ; if not in your book, put it somewhere else, or let me have cases.” * Remembering that Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., had expressed the same opinion as the result of his wide and long experience of South African butterflies, [ asked him if he would kindly furnish me with a statement. His reply, dated Dec. 28, 1903, is as follows :— “* Dec. 28, 1908. “T have noticed the tendency of the sexes of a variety to pair together rather than with other varieties in the numerous cases of captured pairs sent to me by correspondents in South Africa, and sometimes in cases of the same kind which occurred to myself when collecting. The species which particularly attracted my notice in this way during my visit to Natal was Hypanis acheloia (= Gétzius, Herbst, part), which is curiously variable on the underside, from pale creamy to deep chocolate. I did not know of its seasonal variation at the time, but I was in Natal just at the change of season from wet to dry, when the intermediate gradations were about, and I was struck with the close resemblance of the sexes in pairs that I caught. I am sorry to have nothing more definite to give on this head ; it is a point much requiring exact and prolonged observation.” Mr. Trimen furthermore entertains no doubt that much, if not all, of the material upon which he based the conclusion that the individuals of the same race tend to interbreed, exists, distinctively labelled, in the South African Museum, at Cape Town. It is greatly to be hoped that collectors will in future carefully label all specimens captured im cottu, and that the fact will be recorded on the labels in museums and in private collections. It is tantalising to reflect upon the number of interesting and important questions which could be now decided if this practice had prevailed during the past fifty years. The question of the possible origin of species * More Letters,” vol. i, p. 215, Letter 148. (Ga!) from races by preferential syngamy is of such high import- ance that we may confidently hope that the attention here directed to the question, and especially the quotation of Darwin’s letters to Bates, may lead to that “exact and prolonged observation,’ accompanied by careful records, with- out which a safe decision cannot be reached. In the meantime the decided impressions of two such naturalists as H. W. Bates in South America and Roland Trimen in South Africa render it in every way probable that the conclusion will be established on a firm foundation.* It is also possible that asyngamy may be brought about by the breaking of what we may call “a syngamic chain.” In the case of large and widely-distributed interbreeding communities, it is an open question whether syngamy would freely take place between the most distant of the outlying sections if directly brought into contact, and whether, even if syngamy prevailed, there wotld be any diminution in fertility. Limnas chrysippus, perhaps the commonest butterfly in the world, forms a probably continuous syngamic chain stretching from the Cape of Good Hope at least as far as Southern China. It is even reported from Japan, The far Eastern forms are readily distinguishable by the greater size of a single white spot, giving quite a different appearance to the fore-wing. If pup or eggs were transferred from Hong-Kong or Macao to South Africa, would the perfect butterflies freely interbreed * Dr. T. A. Chapman sends me the following interesting and suggestive note :— ‘‘T met lately with a curious instance that deserves following up, of some bearing on the question of selective mating of varieties. ‘*T saw some broods of P. phlxas lately that differed from each other, but each brood was remarkably uniform. There were three broods, all bred in the same conditions, in a greenhouse (by Mr. Carpenter of Leatherhead). It seems difficult to explain this, unless both parents of each brood were very nearly identical. ‘‘Mr. Frohawk, who has bred the species largely, tells me he has noticed similar facts. ‘*When I bred Acronycta tridens and psi largely, some fifteen or more years ago, I noticed that each brood had its own pairs, and suggested that tridens was now trying to break up into separate species just as some ancestor split into psi, tridens and cuspis. ** Another fact I observed in Acronycta rather bears on the other side of the question. Of A. strigosa I reared a large brood, which paired readily and frequently together, but no eggs were laid. I then got some captured males, which paired with equal readiness with the bred females, and as a result obtained plenty of fertile eggs.” (exit, 9%) with the indigenous forms of chrysippus ? We do not know ; but it is an experiment well worth trying, and one which would yield results valuable in many ways. If inter-breeding did not take place, or if the unions were sterile, then we should have the interesting case of a single species which would instantly become two if through any circumstance a central link dropped out of the chain. Even if chrysippus yielded negative evidence in this respect, it is highly probable that other widely-distributed species would, under these cir- cumstances, fall into two or more groups, each held together by inter-breeding, and divided from others by asyngamy. Sterility, if present in any degree, would have been brought about quite independently of selection ; for in such cases each link of the chain would be freely syngamic with the links on either side, and asyngamy or sterility would only be. revealed by artificially bringing together the widely-separated ends of the chain. I cannot but think, therefore, that such experiments made upon many carefully-selected species would probably bring important additional evidence to bear upon the controversy as to whether sterility between species is, as Wallace believes, a selected quality, or, as Darwin held, an incidental one. The deep interest of this question is realised when we thus re- member that the two discoverers of natural selection held widely different opinions about it. We cannot read the letters on both sides, printed in the first volume of “ More Letters,” without realising how deeply this divergence—one of the principal differences between them—was felt by the two great naturalists. This is one of the many reasons for which I plead with Mr. Roland Trimen for the establishment of tropical bio- logical stations where work of the kind could be carried on. Such establishments should be associated with and be under the control of museums at home, where the experiments could be directed and the results studied and made available for all time for the researches of the naturalist. Just as Harvard has her main Observatory at the University, but also maintains an outlying institution in the Peruvian Andes, where certain kinds of research, unsuited to New England, (" cx) can be carried on under the most favourable conditions, so our chief museums should be provided with the means of establishing temporary stations in the most favourable parts of the tropics. When I say temporary, I do not refer to the means, but to the position of the station, which should be freely movable in response to the call of important problems as they present themselves for solution in other localities. Another urgent reason for the establishment of biological stations is forced upon us by the inadequacy of diagnosis for the separation of very variable species, such as many of the African Acreinx. I cordially agree with the view often expressed to me by my friend Mr. F. A. Heron, that we shall never reach a secure foundation until synepigonic series have been obtained on a large scale. To achieve this end a temporary station would be required. In this way our museums could receive, and should keep for permanent study, the whole of the offspring reared from the eggs of a single parent. If several species were thus represented by one or more large synepigonic series, we should know what to expect and what to allow for; and diagnosis in general would gain the most helpful guidance. Asyngamy, as regards particular lines of union, has also been incidentally brought about by certain adaptations for cross-fertilisation in plants, and such asyngamy has in some cases persisted long enough to have led to sterility in greater or less degree. Of all Darwin’s work, that upon the fertilisation of heterostyled plants threw most light, he considered, upon sterility between species. As Francis Darwin has stated, “ He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between hybridisation and certain forms of fertilisation among heterostyled plants. So that it is hardly an ex- aggeration to say that the ‘illegitimately ’ reared seedlings are hybrids, although both their parents belong to identically the same species. In a letter to Professor Huxley, given in the second volume [of ‘Life and Letters’], p. 384, my father writes as if his researches on heterostyled plants tended to make him believe that sterility is a selected or acquired quality. But in his later publications, e.g. in the sixth edition of the ‘Origin,’ he adheres to the belief that sterility PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1903. I (cxv >) is an incidental rather than a selected quality. The result of his work on heterostyled plants is of importance as showing that sterility is no test of specific distinctness, and that it depends on differentiation of the sexual elements which is independent of any racial difference.” * The different forms of a heterostyled plant are adapted for cross-fertilisation by insects, and each individual of each form is by the same means excluded more or less completely from fertilisation by another of the same form. In the former case the sexual cells and the accessory apparatus have been kept by selection during long generations of syngamy in a high state of mutual compatibility ; in the latter asyngamy, partial or complete, has produced a large measure of the sterility which is its inevitable even if long-delayed result. This argument has, I admit, carried me much further than I originally intended, and it will be a pleasure to me if the following criticism can be overthrown. If the special adaptation of heterostyled plants for particu- lar lines of syngamy has incidentally resulted in lessened fertility, when the unions discouraged by these adaptations are artificially secured, and in this case without appeal to the physiologically injurious effects of self-fertilisation, why should we not similarly explain these effects whenever manifest in the self-bred 7 offspring of any plant especially adapted for cross-fertilisation ? Darwin tells us in the Autobiography that as soon as his ‘attention was thoroughly aroused to the remarkable fact that seedlings of self-fertilised parentage are inferior, even in the first generation, in height and vigour to seedlings of cross-fertilised parentage,” | he entered upon a series of experiments which lasted eleven years, appearing in 1876 as ‘‘Kittects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.” Of this work he wrote in 1881, “the results there arrived at explain, as I believe, the endless and wonder- ful contrivances for the transportal of pollen from one plant to another of the same species.’’§ It is here suggested that * “Life and Letters,” vol. iii, p. 296. + See Francis Darwin on ‘‘The Knight Darwin Law,” Nature, October 27, 1898, p. 680. t ‘‘ Life and Letters,” vol. i, p. 96. Siibids; Viol. 1p Oe (Grex s these injurious results have been not the cause but the con- sequence of specialisation for cross-fertilisation. In such plants fertilisation is mainly brought about along the line for which special adaptation is made: self-fertilisation is relatively infrequent, often very rare, sometimes perhaps absent altogether. May not the less successful results have followed from a condition in which self-fertilisation is but little tried by the fires of selection? * It would be of much interest to compare a long series of experiments on the cross- fertilisation of plants which are habitually self-fertilised, and on the self-fertilisation of plants in which the adaptations for cross-fertilisation are made use of in widely different degrees. This criticism, should it be sustained, would of course throw much light upon the case of the Bee Orchis and the numbers of tropical Orchidacez, etc., which are now known to be regularly self-fertilising without apparent physiological injury. It might also have a bearing upon an intrusive set of facts which must often have weighed upon the minds of naturalists, as they reflected upon the commonly received hypothesis that assumes the dangers of continued breeding between near of kin. A. R. Wallace speaks of these facts in “Darwinism,” f and I have drawn attention to them in dis- cussing the meaning of insect migration, although, as will be seen in the following passage, without any serious doubt as to the physiological significance of cross-fertilisation. { ““We may well inquire why it should be necessary for such emigration, with a possible successful issue in colonisation, to require the services of countless individuals when the importa- tion of half-a-dozen rabbits or a few specimens of Pieris rape will, for the naturalist, change the face cf a continent. The results of these unintentional, or intentional but ill-considered, experiments do indeed shake the belief in the paramount necessity for crosses and the dangers of in-and-in breeding ; but the end is not yet, and the teeming colonies which have arisen from such small beginnings may in time vanish from the operation of deep-seated causes. The varied adaptations for cross-fertilisation and the prevention of in-and-in breeding * See also A. R. Wallace in ‘‘ Darwinism,” London, 1889, pp. 321-326. + p. 326. ~ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 460-465, (Svexvil)) are so evident in nature, that we are compelled to believe that they meet and counteract serious dangers which sooner or later would menace the very existence of the species. And among other adaptations it is significant that the instinct under discussion should lead to the streaming of large popula- tions, and not of small batches of individuals, from an area of high-pressure.” * It is impossible to consider the advantages which may have favoured cross-fertilisation, if hereafter the generally accepted physiological necessity turn out to be a delusion. Brief reference may, however, be made to the special advant- ages of community which are possible through syngamy alone. By inter-breeding the favourable variations arising in one direction are combined with others arising in different direc- tions ; by the kaleidoscopic changes produced by inter-breeding more varied results are presented for selection, and the bene- ficial qualities arising in one part of the mass may quickly become the heritage of the whole; by inter-breeding excessive spontaneous variation is checked, and the whole community of the species advances surely and with stability into adjust- ment with the progressive changes of the environment. Weall remember Darwin’s beautifully elaborated metaphor fT by which the past history of evolution is shown forth in the form and branching of a great tree. Darwin represented species by the “green and budding twigs,” and we may suppose that the leaves stand for individuals, and that syn- gamy is represented by the contact of leaf with leaf when the branches sway in the wind. And just as contact may run through large and small, irregular and compact masses of leaves, so syngamy binds together groups of varying size and distribution. So too a mass of foliage breached by a sudden storm pictures for us the splitting of a syngamic chain into two species by the disappearance of an intermediate link. It has been a pleasure to me that the central idea which I have endeavoured to bring before you should be represented, I trust without violence to the imagery, by means of ‘the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with fy its ever-branching and beautiful ramifications.” } * le. p. 464. + ‘‘Origin of Species,”+1859, p. 129. t Zc. p. 130. ( cxvli_ ) INDEX. The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings’ The President’s Address is not separately indexed. COLEOPTERA. ABACETUS, 171 abdominalis (Dibolia), 4 (Hyperacantha), aby ssinica (Megalognatha), oe Acanthocerus, Txiii, 516, 517, Acmeeodera, 169, 173 aculeata (Mordella), 175 acuminata (Akis), 175 acuticollis (Dapsa), 172 acutipes (Clueotus), 519 Adalia, 179 Adimonia, 179 adspersula (Acmeodera), 174 {egidium, 515 wneicollis ey zenescens (Olibrus), zeneus (Paracymus), 1 wthiops (Apion), 178 affinis (Chrysobothrys), 174 (Dibolia), 5 (Gynandrophthalma), 1 (Homapterus), 176 », (Polydrusus), 167, 176 africana (Lypnea), 14 Agabus, 168, 172 Agapanthia, 169, 178 Agrilus, 167, 174 Airaphilus, 172 Akis, 175 albinus (Anthribus), lii albipilis (Haplocnemus), 174 albonotatus (Lionychus), 171 aleyoneum (Apion), 178 Aleochara, xxxvii, 170, 172 alpina (Rosalia), xlvii 174 172 = (2 99 78 99 29 amabilis (Gynandrophthalma), 16 Amara, 166, 169, 171 Amauronia, 167, 174 americana (Chrysomela), 179 ammios (‘Trichodes), 174 Ammeecius, 173 amori (Zonabris), 176 _aquila (Triodonta), 173 | aranea (Arsoa), xx amplicollis (Corymbites), 174 (Hister), 173 Anaspis, 175 Anchomenus, lviii Ancistrosoma, 520 angustulus (Agrilus), 174 Anisoplia, 173 Anisorrhynchus, 177 Anomala, 169, 173 Anthaxia, 168, 173 | Anthicus, 175 | Anthobium, 172 Authribus, iii antillarum (Onthophagus), 510, 511 Aphanisticus, xxxvi, xxxvii, 174 | Aphodius, 167, 169, 170, 173, Gilat Aphthona, 9, 10, 11, 179 apicipes (Hyperacantha), 18 53 (Longitarsus), 8 Apion, lviii, lix, 87, 167, 178 Apophylia, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27 Apteropeda, 179 ey arcuatus (Plagionotus), 178 », (Scymnus), 179 areolatus (Perileptus), 171 argentatum (Apion), 167, 178 argus (Epilachna), 179 Arsoa, XX | ascanii (Lixus), 177 Asemum, Xxxvili Asida, 166, 167, 169, 175 | Aspidomorpha, xxxviil Astenus, 172 Atactogenus, 176, 177 | Ateenius, 509, 511, 512, 513 ; 178 | | Ateuchus, 167, 173 ater (Stenopterus), 178 | Athous, 166, 167, 174 | Atomaria, v, Ix | Atopocerus, 303 atra (Hispa), 179 -atraphaxidis (Clythra), 178 atratus (Philonthus), 172 atripes (Danacia), 174 » (Lagria), 175 Attagenus, 172 Attalus, 174 Aulacophora, 17 aurata (Theodosia), 304, 305 auritus (Exochomus), 179 avellane (Rhynchenus), 178 azare (Pterostichus), 166, 171 beetica (Anisoplia), 173 balyi (Eurycycla), 32 banksiz (Carpophagus), xiii Baris, 178 barkeri (Aphthona), 9, 10 »» (Exosoma), 25 », (Longitarsus), 7 ,, (Weiseana), 16 Barypithes, 167, 176 Basipta, xxxvili batesi (Psammobius), 514 Bembidium, 166, 170, 171 bicostata (Megalognatha), 30 bicostatus (Deronectes), 168, 172 bidens (Cleeotus), 518 bidentata (Diacantha), 17 Bidessus, 168, 172 biguttata (Titubcea), 178 biguttatus (Agrilus), 167, 174 bilineatus (Hydroporus), xx, 168 billbergi (Coryna), 176 : bimaculata (Aphthona), 11 KA (Dibolia), 4, 5 bimaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 179 sf (Drasterius), 174 binghami (Ingrisma), 308, 310 bipunctata (Megalognatha), 29 A (Paleophylia), 23 bipunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 179 bipustulatus (Agabus), 172 biseutelatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 1 bisignatus (Olibrus), 172 bispinosa (Diacantha), 17 exvill_) | | bubalus (Bubas), 173 Bubas, 173 bugabensis (Clceotus), 519 Buphonella, 37 Buphonida, 37 Byrrhus, 166, 173 cerulea (Monolepta), 34 czesus (Pleurophorus), 173 Calamobius, 178 campestris (Cicindela), xv Candezea, 35, 36, 37 _cantabricum (Apion), 178 capensis (Candezia), 35 ,, (Iphidea), 35 Carabus, xlvii, 171 Cardiophorus, 167, 169, 174 cardui (Agapanthia), 178 Sp bixus) Sali /7/ carinatus (Deronectes), 168, 172 carinipennis (Crepidodera), 12 carinula (Sciaphilus), 167, 176 carpetanum (Bembidium), 171 Carpophagus, xiii castanipes, (Melanotus), 174 eastellana (Asida), 166, 169, 175 celtibericus (Cryptocephalus), 179 Cephalocosmus, 307 Ceraspis, 520 Cerocoma, 168, 169, 170, 176 cervus (Lucanus), 173 Cetonia, 173 Ceuthorrhynchidius, 177 Ceuthorrhynechus, 177 Cheetocnema, 179 | Charopus, 174 _Chasmatopterus, 167, 173 | Chlenius, 166, 169, 171 | chlorizans (Pseudocanthon), _chlorophana (Cheetocnema), 510 179 _chloroptera (Apophylia), 22 if | | | | bituberculata (Hyperacantha), 17, 18 blattariz (Cionus), 178 Bledius, 169, 172 bohemani (Megalognatha), 27 bonvouloiri (Aphodius), 167, 169, 173 borrei (Paleeophylia), 23 Brachyderes, 167, 176 braunsi (Candezea), 35, 36 brevicorne (Trimium), ix brevipennis (Aleochara), 172 brevirostre (Apion), 178 Brontes, 172 brunneus (Agabus), 168, 172 brunnipes (Clceotus), 518 a (Silaria), 175 Cheeridium, 509 Chrysobothrys, 174 Chrysochloa, i, xiv, 245-261 Chrysomela, 179 Cicindela, xv, 171 cinctus (Agrilus), 174 Cionus, 178 circumfusus (Luperus), 179 Cleeotus, 517, 518, 519 clypeatus (Ccelometopus), 175 Clytanthus, 169, 170, 178 Clythra, 167, 178 Cneorane, 27 Cneorrhinus, ix, 167, 169, 170, 176, He fe, coarctata (Tachyusa), 170, 172 Coccinella, xxx, 179 Ccelodes, 516 Ciexice s) Ccelometopus, 175 Ceelostoma, 172 ccerulescens (Cryptocephalus), 179 colombianum (Aigidium), 515 Colon, xxxvii concolor (Gynandrophthalma), 178 confluens (Polydrusus), 176 confusa (Notothecta), xxxvii constrictus (Zabrus), 166, 171 Coptocephala, 178 Coreebus, 167, 168, 174 coruscans (Geotrupes), 169, 173 Corymbites, 166, 167, 174 Coryna, 176 Coryphocera, 307 coxalgica (Mecynodera), xiv crassicollis (Cleeotus), 518 crassus (Cryptocephalus), 179 crenatus (Niptus), xxxvi - crenulatus (Peecilus), 171 Crepidodera, 12, 13, 14 eribratum (Agidium), 515 crinitus (Sitones), 176 Criocephalus, xxxviii eristatus (Sciaphilus), 176 Cryptarcha, lx Crypticus, 175 Cryptocephalus, 167, 168, 169, 179 Ctesias, 173 eumingi (Pheedimus), 303 cuniculus (Aphodius), 511 cuprea (Haltica), 2, : cupreola (Ingrisma), 307 eyanescens (Apion), 178 eyanicollis (Haltica), 3 cyanocephala (Lebia), 171 eyanoptera (Psylliodes), 179 Cymindis, 166, 169, 171 Danacwa, 167, 174 Dapsa, 172 Dasytes, 167, 174 10-guttata (Epurea), Ix decemlineata, 249, 250 dejeani (Dorcadion), ix, 166, 167, 169, 178 ,, (Zonabris), 176 Dendarus, 175 dentata (Dinarda), xxxvii denticornis (Helionica), 305 denticulatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 177 dentipes (Colon), xxxvil ,, (Otiorrhynchus), 166, 176 depilis (Byrrhus), 166, 173 Deronectes, 168, 172 Diacantha, 17 Mibolia, 3; 4; 5; 179 Dichillus, 175 didymus (Agabus), 168, 172 didymus (Scopzeus), 172 diffusa (Epureea), 1x | Dima, 170 Dinarda, xxxvii | Diploccelus, xxxvii | discoidea (Acmeodera), 174 discolor (Donacia), 178 _ dispar (Cneorrhinus), 176 tI} (Xyleborus), lviii var. meleagris (Cneorrhinus), 177 | distineta (Coccinella), xxx | dives (Chlenius), 166, 169, 171 Donacia, 178 Dorcadion, ix, 166, 167, 169, 170, 178 Dorcus, 173 Doryphora, 249, 250 Drasterius, 174 dregei (Diacantha), 17 Drilus, xlviii, 39-51 dubia (Scraptia), 175 dunbrodensis (Longitarsus), 8 dunbrodyensis (Luperus), 20 durieui (Nanophyes), v, 87-91, 168, 178 duvivieri (Apophylia), 24 ,, (Hyperacantha), 18 Dytiscus, 172 Ebeus, 167 Elater, xxxvii, 167, 174 elegans (Amauronia), 174 re (Megalognatha), 27, 31 elegantula (Apophylia), 27 3 (Atomaria), Ix elegantulus var. gracilis (Ceuthorrhyn- chus), 178 elongata (Buphonella), 37 elongatissimum (Apion), 178 elongatulus (Elater), xxxvii elongatum (Bembidium), 171 elongatus (Aphanisticus), 174 emarginatus (Aphanisticus), xxxvi, 174 Emblethis, 169 Emenadia, 175 Epicometis, 173 Epilachna, 179 Epurea, 1x equiseti (Cardiophorus), 174 Ergana, 38 erinaceus (Strophosomus), 167, 176 erosus (Cryptocephalus), 169, 179 estrellanus (Zabrus), 171 Euconnus, lix Euryeycla, 32 euryrrhina (Heterarrhina), 307 EKutornus, 6 Exochomus, 179 Exosoma, 25 fagi (Diploccelus), xxxvii (Sexy) fasciatus (Corcebus), 168, 174 Gymnopleurus, 167, 173 Faula, 520 Gynandrophthalma, 167, 178 femorata (Ingrisma), 309 Gyrinus, 168, 172 fenestratus (Ilybius), 172 hemapterus (Corymbites), 166, 174 ferrugineus (Aphodius), 173 hematura (Candezea), 36 festiva (Diacantha), 17 Haliplus, 172 ficus (Hypoborus), 178 Halticay 1 25,3, 167,09 filum (Calamobius), 178 | Halyzia, ex flagellatus (Gymnopleurus), 173 | Haplocnemus, 167, 174 flaveola (Candezea), 36 Harpalus, 169 flavescens (Drilus), xlviii, 39-51 Helhonica, 303 Ap (Sitones), 176 Heliopates, 166, 175 », var. cinnamomeus (Sitones), | Helochares, 172 6s © Helophorus, 172 flavicornis (Hemixantha), 32 Helops, 167, 175 5 (Rhamphus), 178 hemisphxricum (Nanophyes), 88 flavipes (Hydroporus), 168, 172 Hemixantha, 32 », (Oniticellus), 173 Henicopus, 167, 174 fontenayi (Leptura), 169, 178 Hespera, 5, 6 2 foveicollis (Cneorane), 27 Heterarrhina, 307 foveolatus (Olocrates), 175 Heterocerus, 170 ; fracticornis (Bledius), 172 heydeni (Agabus), 163, 172 fragilis (Stilicus), xxx », (Henicopus), 174 frater (Ateenius), 512 hirta (Epicometis), 173 fulvipes (Ergana), 38 -,, (Lagria), 175 », (Staphylinus), xxx | hirticollis (Megalognatha), 28 funerula (Anthaxia) 173 | hirtulus (Chasmatopterus), 173 furcatus (Onthophagus), 173 hispanicum (Anthobium), 172 fuscipes (Aleochara), 172 Fa (Bembidium), 171 », (Pederus), 172 2% (Calostoma), 172 fuscitarsis (Diacantha), 17 hispidulus (Bledius), 172 fuscus (Meligethes), 172 es (Chasmatopterus), 173 ,, (Philonthus), xxxvii, lx Hister, 173 geminata (Zonabris), 176 Homalium, lix generosa (Diacantha), 17 Hoplia, 173 geographicus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 177 | hospita (Thamiarza), 1x Geotrupes, 167, 169, 173 howitti (Theodosia), 304 ghiliani (Steropus), 169, 171 », (Westwoodia), 803, 304 gibbicollis (Corcebus), 174 hungarica (Anthaxia), 168, 173 glaciale (Bembidium), 166, 171 hungaricus (Onitis), 173 clobicollis (Cryptocephalus), 168, 179 | hybrida (Cicindela), 171 gloriosa (Diacantha), 17 Hydrena, 172 Glyptolus, 22 Hydrochus, 172 godarti (Athous), 174 Hydrocyphon, 174 Gonocephalum, 175 Hydroporus, xx, 168, 172 goudoti (Asida), 175 Hymenalia, 175 gougeleti (Ceuthorrhynchus), 178 Hymenoplia, 173 Ss (C Rote, 167, 174 Hypebeeus, 174 gracilis (Ateenius), 5 Hyperacantha, 17, 18, 19 graellsi aoe 174 Hyperaspis, 179 »5 (Cneorrhinus), 177 hyperici (Agrilus), 174 granularis (Hydroporus), xxi Hypoborus, 178 granulicollis (Megalognatha), 28 | hypocrita (Geotrupes), 175 granulosa (Apophylia), 25 hypomelena (Anthaxia), 173 a (Paleophylia), 24 ibericuin (Bembidium), 171 grenadensis (Saprosites), 514 ilieis (Rhynchenus), 178 grenieri (Lagria), 175 illesum (Cheeridium), 509 gressorius (Sitones), 176 imbecilla (Megalognatha), 28 imbricatus (Atenius), 513 immaculata (Pseudolognatha), 31 immune (Apion), 178 imperialis (Cryptarcha), 1x ap (Cryptocephalus), 179 impressipennis (Podagrica), 11 inequalis (Hister), 173 incanus (Brachyderes), 176 », (Limnichus), 173 incertus (Omophlus), 175 incilis (Trechus), xxi inconspicuus (Luperus), 22 indica (Podagrica), 12 inermis (Mycteristes), 306 infuscata (Candezea), 36 Ingrisma, 307, 308, 309 inornata (Monocida), 26 insularis (Faula), 520 Iphidea, 35 iridis (Cixis), 177 khasiana (Mycteristes), 307 kiesenwetteri (Corymbites), 174 koyi (Cryptocephalus), 167, 179 kraatzi (Apion), 178 », (Crypticus), 175 Labidostomis, 178 Laccobius, 172 Lachnea, 167, 178 leeve (Lasioderma), 174 lievicollis (Notothecta), 172 leevigatum (Apion), 178 levigatus (Geotrupes), 173 leviuscula (Clythra), 178 Lagria, 168, 175 laminatus (Philonthus), 172 Lampyris, 174 Larinus, 177 larvata (Emenadia), 175 larvatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 177 Lasioderma, 174 lata (Lagria), 175 laterale (Bembidium), 171 Lathrobium, 170, 172 laticollis (Ateuchus), 173 aon (Elelops) iy i75 latus (Carabus), 171 », (Corymbites), 174 Lebia, 167, 171 lepidus (Hydroporus), 168, 172 leprieuri (Stenus), 172 Leptura, 169, 178 Leucocelis, 173 leucopsideus (Trichodes), 174 Limnebius, 172 Limnichus, 173 Lionychus, 171 Liopterus, 172 lividus (Luperus), 179 ( exxi ) Livolia, 15 Ibreqney, 1/7 longimama (Arsoa), longitarsis (Stenus), Longitarsus, 7, 8, 179 Lucanus, 173 Luperodes, 20, 35 Luperus, 20, 21, 22, 167, 179 luridus (Aphodius), 511 20. 172 | lusitanica (Labidostomis), 178 lusitanicum (Malacosoma), 179 Lypnea, 14 lythri (Nanophyes), 87, 178 Lytta, 167, 176 maculata (Dibolia), 4 a (Strangalia), 178 maculatum (Bembidium), 171 maculicollis (Hespera), 5, 6 a6 (Paleophylia), 23 madagascariensis (Rhagiosoma), xiii mierens (Aleochara), XxxXvii magnifica (Theodosia), 304, 505 majalis (Meloe), 167, 175 major (Hister), 173 miklini (Eucounus), lix Malachius, 167, 174 Malacosoma, 25, 179 malvernensis (Haltica), 1 Malaxia, 22, 23 Malthinus, 167, 174 malvernensis (Luperus), 21 marginalis (Dytiseus), 172 marginata (Apophylia), 24 marginatus (Platynus), 171 | marginicollis (Onthophagus), 511 ;marshalli (Crepidodera), 13 Mastigus, 172 Mecynodera, xiv Megalognatha, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 | Megalopus, xx melaleucus (Neophedimus), xxi melancholicus (Carabus), 171 | melanocephala (Cymindis), 171 Ar (Megaloenatha), 29, 30 melanostictus var. murinus (Ceuthor- rhynchus), 177 Melanotus, 167, 174 Meligethes, 172 melipona (Megalopus), xx Meloe, 167, 175 metallicus (Cloeotus), 519 /microphyllus (Mycteristes), 307 Micrositus, 175 nulitaris (Hyperacantha), 19 millefolii (Anthaxia), 173 minutissimus (Bidessus), 168, 172 minutum (Anthobium), 172 moewisi (Cephalocosmus), 307 ( Mombascia, 37 Monocida, 26 Monolepta, 33, 34 montanum (Bembidium), 171 mori (Cryptocephalus), 179 Mordella, 175 Mordellistena, 175 morio (Cetonia), 173 murina (Apophylia), 23 mutabilis (Adalia), 179 mutata (Serica), 168, 173 Mycteristes, 306 Nanophyes, v, 87-91, 168, 178 nanus (Stenus), 172 natalensis (Megalognatha), 29 Nebria, 166, 170, 171 neglectus (Zabrus), 171 nemoralis (Carabus), xlvii Neophedimus, xxi niger (Aphodius), 173 », (Luperus), 179 », (Nanophyes), 178 5, (Orphilus), 173 nigerrimus (Elater), 174 nigra (Strangalia), 178 nigripennis (Ccelodes), 516 nigrita (Pterostichus), 171 nigritarsis (Paleophylia), 23 nigritula (Longitarsus), 7 nigrocerulea (Candezea), 37 nigrofasciata (Megalognatha), 30 nigrofasciatus (Luperus), 167, 179 nigrosuturalis (Candezea), 35 nigrotibialis (Luperodes), 20 Niptus, xxxvi nitidus (Agabus), 172 nivicola (Corymbites), 174 nobilitata (Apophylia), 23 Notothecta, xxxvii, 172 Notoxus, 175 oblonga (Cetonia), 173 Ochthenomus, 175 18-guttata (Halyzia), xxx octomaculatum (Bembidium), 171 octopunctatus (Trichodes), 169, 174 (Kdemera, 176 Olibrus, 172 olivacea (Phytodecta), 179 Olocrates, 166, 167, 169, 175 Omophlus, 175 Oniticellus, 173 Onitis, 173 Onthophagus, 173, 510 Oochrotus, 175 ooptera (Amara), 166, 169, 171 Orchestes, 168 Orectochilus, 168, 172 Orina, i, xiv, 170, 245-261 CxxH })) | Orphilus, 173 Otiorrhynchus, 166, 176 Pachybrachys, 168, 179 Pachytychius, 168, 177 Pederus, 169, 170, 172 Paleophylia, 23, 24 pallida (Hespera), 6 paludosus (Agabus), 168, 172 pandellei (Trechus), 166, 171 papalis (Mastigus), 172 Paracymus, 172 parallelopipedus (Doreus), 173 parallelus (Saprosites), 514 Parnus, 170, 172 parumpunctatus (Anchomenus), lviil parvula (Lagria), 175 parvulum (Aégidium), 515 parvulus (Ccelodes), 516 (Psammobius), 514 , . (Tachys), 171 paulinoi (Bembidium), 171 pazi (Nebria), 171 ; perakensis (Theodosia), 304, 305 Perileptus, 169, 171 ” | Pheedimus, 303 Philhydrus, 172 Philonthus, xxxvii, lx, 170, 172 Philorhinum, 172 _Phylobius, 167, 176 Phyllotreta, 179 Phymatodes, 178 | Phytodecta, 179 Phyteecia, 178 picea (Diacantha), 17 piceipes (Hemixantha), 33 ,, (Omophlus), 175 picturatus (Eutornus), 6 pilipes (Megalopus), xx pilularius (Gymnopleurus), 173 Pimelia, 167, 175 pineticola (Rhizotrogus), 173 Plagionotus, 178 planatus (Brontes), 172 Platycerus, 167, 178 platycerus (Notoxus), 175 Platynaspis, 179 Platynus, 171 Platyxantha, 33 Pleurophorus, 173 | Podagrica, 11 Pecilus, 171 politus (Philonthus), 172 polonicus (Criocephalus), xxxXviil Polydrusus, 167, 176 polyglyptus (Atéenius), 515 posticus (Cleeotus), 518 preeusta (Tetrops), 178 (Zonitis), 176 99 (Sexxin =) preustus, var. aurileculus (Elater), 167, 1 Psammobius, 514 Pseudapophylia, 23 Pseudocanthon, 510 Pseudolognatha, 31 Pseudophlceus, 169 Psylliodes, 179 pteromelas (Pachybrachys), 179 Pterostichus, 166, 171 Ptinus, v pubescens (Lachneea), 178 punctatum (Lathrobium), 172 puncticosta (Aspidomorpha), xxxvill punctipennis (Monolepta), 33 punctulatum (Bembidium), 171 punctus (Philonthus), 172 pusillus (Aphanisticus), xxxvil putoni (Apion), 178 pygialis (Rhizotrogus), 173 pygmeus (Cryptocephalus), 179 3 (Uroxys) 510 pyriformis (Cneorrhinus), ix, 176, 177 pyritosa (Haltica), 2, 3 14-pustulata (Coccinella), 179 quadriguttatum (Bembidium), 171 quadriguttatus (Anthicus), 175 quadripunctata (Zonabris), 176 quadripunctatus (Cryptocephalus), quadripustalatum (Bembidium), 17 Quedius, Ix quercus (Rhyncheenus), 178 rasuta (Ingrisma), 307 reflexa (Trachys), 174 regentsteinensis (Sitones), lix, 176 relucens (Acanthocerus), Ixiil, 517 reppensis (Hyperaspis), 179 Rhagiosoma, xiil Rhagonycha, 167, 174 Rhamphus, 178 rhenana (Atomaria), v Rhizotrogus, 173 Rhynchenns, 178 rivularis (Trechus), xxi rodriguesi (Anthicus), 175 Rosalia, xlvii roscidus (Agrilus), 174 rothschildi (Theodosia), 304, 305 rubida (Lagria), 168, 175 rubricus (Nanophyes), 178 ruficollis (Cymindis), 171 (Liopterus), 172 9p (Megalognatha), 31 ( ( 516, Omophlus), 175 oF Peederus), 170, 172 ruficornis (Clytanthus), 178 rufipennis (Aleochara), 170, 172 179 1 rufipes (Cardiophorus), 169, 174 », (Hymenalia), 175 rufiventris (Megalegnatha), 28 rufopiceus (Cloeotus), 517 rugatipennis (Anomala), 169, 173 rugosicollis (Henicopus), 174 rugulosa (Orina), 170, 245 rutilipennis (Silesis), 174 sacer (Ateuchus), 173 salisburiensis (Pseudolognatha), 31 salzmanni (Abacetus), 171 sanguineum (Apion), viii Saprosites, 514 Sardoides, 26, 27 saxeticola (Olocrates), 175 saxicola (Olocrates), 175 scabricollis (Pachytychius), 168, 177 scalptifrons (Atzenius), 513 Seaurus, 167, 175 schiefferi (Sisyphus), 173 schdnherri (Apion), 178 schreberi (Cerocoma), 168, 169, 176 », (Onthophagus), 173 Sciaphilus, 167, 176 Scopeus, xxxvil, 172 scopolina (Coptocephala), 178 Seraptia, 175 scrofa (Aphodius), 173 scutellata (Candezea), 36 Seymnus, 179 sedi (Apion), 87, 88 semirugosa (Apophylia), 24 senegalensis (Aphthona), 10 Serica, 168, 173 sericea (Asida), 175 pee (CUbalyera)) sel serra (Ctesias), 173 setifrons (Polydrusus), 176 sexmaculata (Titubcea), 178 sexmaculatus (Cryptocephalus), 179 sexpunctata (Lachneea), 178 6-pustulata (Diacantha), 17 sexstriatus (Tachys), 171 Sibinia, 178 siculus (Nanophyes), 88 signatus (Cardiophorus), 167, 174 Silaria, 175 Silesis, 174 Supha, 172 silphoides (Zabrus), 171 Silvanus, 172 similis (Aphthona), 10 simplex (idemera), 176 sinuatus (Hister), 173 Sisyphus, 167, 173 Sitones, lix, 167, 176 smaragdina (Apophylia), 22, 23 ns (Orina), i, 245-261 ( smaragdinipennis (Pseudapophylia), Smicronyx, 168 solieri (Agrilus), 174 sorbi (Apion), lix, 178 sordidum (Philorhinum), 172 sordidus (Atzenius), 513 sparsus (Rhynchenus), 178 sparsutus (Pachytychius), 168, 177 spartii (Lixus), 177 spinifer (Platycerus), 167, 173 spinipes (Cneorrhinus), 177 spinosa (Diacantha), 17 squamulatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 177 Staphylinus, xxx steinheili (Atenius), 513 Stenoplatys, 17 Stenopterus, 178 Stenus, 172 Steropus, 169, 171 stictica (Leucocelis), 173 Stilicus, xxx stolida (Basipta), xxxviil Strangalia, 178 striatum (Apion), 178 5 (Asemum), XXxxviil striatus (Scaurus), 175 strigata (Cryptarcha), lx. strigicauda (Atenius), 511, 512 Strophosomus, 167, 176 Stylosomus, 179 suavis (Philonthus), 172 subcostatus (Dichillus), 175 suberosus (Trox), 516 sulcicollis (Livolia), 15 ss (Scopzeus), XXXvil. sulcifrons (Barypithes), 167, 176 sulphuripennis (Luperodes), 20 Sunius, 172 suturalis (Megalognatha), 29 Tachys, 171 Tachyusa, 170, 172 teniata (Acmeodera), 169, 173 tamarisci (Nanophyes), 88 tanaceti (Adimonia), 179 telephii (Nanophyes), 87, 88 Telephorus, 174 telifer (Theodosia), 304, 305, 306 tenebrosus (Atenius), 509, 512, 513 ae (Melanotus), 174 Tentyria, 166, 167, 174 terminalis (Atenius), 512 tessellatus (Hydroporus), 172 testaceum (Homalium), lix testaceus (Phymatodes), 178 testudinaria (Diacantha), 17 Tetrops, 178 thalassina (Donacia), 178 Thalyera, 1x. Cxxiva5) 23 | Thamiarea, lx Theodosia, xxxv, 303-310 thoracica (Dibolia), 3 », (Monocida), 26 Thylacites, 170, 177 | Timarcha, 166, 179 | timida (Baris), 178 | 4, (Dibolia), 179 | Titubcea, 178 | tomentosus (Tropiphorus), lviii _tonkinensis (Coryphocera), 308 torquatum (Anthobium), 172 | Trachys, 174 | transvalensis (Sardcides), 26 Trechus, xxi, 166, 171 Trichodes, 169, 174 tricincta (Diacantha), 17 tricolor (Apophylia), 22, 25 », (Paleophylia), 23 trifasciata (Silaria), 175 trifasciatus (Attagenus), 172 55 (Clytanthus), 169, 170, 178 ee (Notoxus), 175 trimaculata (Lebia), 167, 171 Trimium, ix _Triodonta, 173 'tristis (Anthicus), 175 », (Orina), i., 245-261 ys Var. smaragdina (Chrysochloa), i, xiv, 245-261 »» var. smaragdina (Orina), i, xiv, 245-261 | Tropiphorus, lviii Trox, 516 | tuberculifer (Phyllobius), 176 tugelaensis (Luperus), 21 turbatus (Thylacites), 177 ulyssiponensis (Micrositus), 175 11-punctata (Diacantha), 17 unicolor (Oochrotus), 175 / unidentatus (Silvanus), 172 | unifasciata (Diacantha), 17 _unifasciatus (Ochthenomus), 175 _uniformis (Crepidodera), 14 unipunctata (Diacautha), 17 urens (Ceuthorrhynchidius), urinator (Gyrinus), 168, 172 Uroxys, 510 variabilis (Coccinella), 179 | (Phytodecta), 179 varians (Aphodius), 173 varicornis (Platyxantha), 33 _variolosa (Cymindis), 171 varius (Hydroporus), 172 var, bimaculatus (Philonthus), —_ ~sI ~I | 5, 172 velutinus (Chlenius), 171 | ventralis (Quedius), 1x verticalis (Luperus), 21 verticicornis (Onthophagus), 173 vescicatoria (Lytta), 167, 176 vicarius (Acanthocerus), 517 vicina (Lachneza), 178 villosa (Platynaspis), 179 villosulus (Chasmatopterus), 173 villosus (Orectochilus), 172 vincentie (Agidium), 515 SG (Ateenius), 513 5 (Uroxys), 510 violaceus (Cryptocephalus), 179 virescens (Phytcecia), 178 viridicollis (Helionica), 305 .; (Sardoides), 37 viridicupreus (Platynus), 171 viridiniteus (Paleophylia), 23 viridipennis (Clcotus), 519 viridissimus (Pachybrachys), 179 waterstradti (Helionica), 304 Weiseana, 16 westwoodi (Helionica), 303, 304, 305 eA (Theodosia), 304, 305 Westwoodia, 303 whiteheadi (Theodosia), 307 Xyleborus, lviii Xylopertha, 174 Zabrus, 166, 169, 171 Zonabris, 167, 170, 176 Zonitis, 176 HYMENOPTERA. abdominale (Rhynchium), 106 aberrans (Cremastogaster), 98 absoluta (Prosopis), 107 Acantholepis, 99 acasta (Polyrhachis), 99 acutipennis (Xylocopa), 109 adusta (Nomada), 108, 116 advena (Nomada), 108 edilis (Pompilus), 102 edipus (Mutilla), 100 fnictus, 96 zstuans (Xylocopa), 109, 116 affinis (Pheidologeton), 98, 110 s, (Vespa), 107 agelia (Mutilla), 101 agilis (Astata), 103 albescens (Halictus), 132 albifrons (Megachile), 108 albipes (Technomyrmex), 98 albofimbriata (Nomia), 108 alecedo (Halictus), 214 allaborans (Sima), 98 Allodape, 108 alluaudi (Anthophora), 551 »> (Podalirius), 551 cxxv ) | Alyson, 105 | amatorius (Gorytes), 105, 113 Amblyopone, 97 | Amblyteles, 230 _amethystina (Xylocopa), 109 | Ammophila, 104, 210 | Ampulex, xxx, 105, 110, 112, 234-238 analis (Liacos), 101 » (Mutilla), 100 », (Pompilus), 102 | anceps (Iridomyrmex), 98 Ancyra, 228, 229 | Andrena, 215 angustifrons (Halictus), 215 annulata (Elis), 101 annulipes (Alyson), 105 Anochetus, 96 Anthidium, 108 Anthophora, 95, 109, 116, 551 anthracina (Notogonia), 104, 117 antoni (Odynerus), 107 apicalis (Megachile), 216 Apis, 109, 116 | Aporus, 102 _appendiculata (Cenolarra), 104 | appendiculatus (Pison), 104 _architectus (Eumenes), 106 | arctifrons (Halictus), 215 arcuata (Eumenes), 106 _ardens (Crabro), 106 argentatum (Rhynchium), 106 argentatus (Crabro), 106 | argentea (Polyrhachis), 99 | argenteobalteata (Nomia), 108 | argenteofacialis (Lyroda), 103 _argentifrons (Ceelioxys), 108 _argentipes (Mutilla), 100 argyreus (Tachysphex), 103 ariadne (Pompilus), 102 ariel (Mutilla), 101 ,, (Pseudagonia), 102 | armata (Solenopsis), 110 | arrogans (Camponotus), 99 | artifex (Iearia), 107 _assamensis (Ampulex), 236, 238 Astata, 103 atomus (Monomorium), 97 Atopomyrmex, 98 atra (Prosopis), 212 atripes (Ammophila), 104 atroalba (Podalirius), 216, 217 atropus (Salius), 103 auratus (Liris), 104 / aureipennis (Scolia), 101 aureobalteata (Nomia), 108 aureo-rubra (Mutilla), 100 auriceps (Tachysphex), 103 auripennis (Xylocopa), 109 ( aurulentus (Sphex), 105, 112 balearicus (Podalirius), 217 basalis (Ammophila), 104 (Ccelioxys), 108 (Notogonia), 104 (Vespa), 107 9) 3 basimacula (Rhynchium), 107, 115, 114 bellicosa (Prosopis), 107 bellus (Crabro), 106 Bembex, 105, 113 bengalense (Rhynchium), 107 bengalensis (Aporus), 102 - (Halictus), 108, 131 (Melipona), 109 (Notogonia), 104, 123 (Oligomyrmex), 98 (Plesia), 101 5 (Prenolepis), 99 Benyllus, 232 bicincta (Anthophora), 109, 116 bicolor (Megachile), 108, 116 (Meranoplus), 97, 110 (Methoea), 101 (Polyrhachis), 99 5, (Trypoxylon), 106 bidens (Mutilla), 100 bimaculata (Andrena), 215 binghami (Gastrosericus), 104, 113 bipartita (Acantholepis), 99 5p (Andrena), 215 bipartitus (Salius), 103 bipustulatus (Odynerus), 107 bituberculata (Tachysphex), 127 blanda (Pseudagenia), 102 blandinus (Stizus), 105 Bombus, xxxvii, 207, 217, 218, 551 Bothriomyrmex, 98 Bothroponera, 96 Brachyponera, 97, 109 brevicornis (Ainictus), 96 3 (Ampulex), 238 brevipennis (Elis), 101 a (Tachytes), 103 - (Tiphia), 101 brunnea (Myrmicaria), 97, 110 brunneum (Rhynchium), 106 bryorum (Xylocopa), 109 Buathra, 233, 234 buddha (Bembex), 105, 113 (Crabro), 106 », (Eumenes), 106 _;, (Trypoxylon), 106 Ceenolarra, 104 cerulea (Pseudagenia), 102 >, (Trirhogma), 105 calopteryx (Stizus), 105 Camponotus, 95, 99, 111, 208 canaliculatum (Trypoxylon), 106 >) oe) 9? +] be] 2) exxvi ) canariensis (Podalirius), 216, 551 canescens (Oxybelus), 106 canifrons (Pompilus), 102 capensis (Acantholepis), 99 capitata (Scola), 101 cara (Mutilla), 100 carbonaria (Parevaspis), 108, 116 earbonarium (Monomorium), 209 Cardiocondyla, 98 carinifrons (Ampulex), 237, 238 Ap (Halictus), 132 Caspipina, 219 , Cataulacus, 97 cellularis (Pompilus), 102 | Cemonus, 105 | Ceratina, 108 Cerceris, 105, 106, 113 ceylonica (Nomada), 108 _ceylonicus (Atopomyrmex), 98 i (Eumenes), 106 tes (Halictus), 131 chinensis (Lobopelta), 97 Chrysis, 96 cincta (Anthophora), 109, 116 5, (Vespa), 107, 114 cinerascens (Sphex), 105 ciris (Halictus), 108, 130 clavipes (Dolichurus), 105 cleonyma (Mutilla), 100 clypeata (Nomia), 108 clypeatum (Rhynchium), 107 | Ccelioxys, 108, 109 | cognata (Ampulex), 238 | cognatum (Trypoxylon), 106 collaris (Xylocopa), 109 Colietes, xviii collina (Trigona), iv, 133, 134, 136 Colobopsis, 99 ecompactilis (Mutilla), 100 compressa (Ampulex), 105, 112, 237, 238 (Sima), 98 99 compressus (Camponotus), 95, 99, 111 cona (Mutilla), 100 confinis (Ponera), 97 », var. aitkeni (Ponera), 97 confusa (Ceelioxys), 108 conica (Eumenes), 106, 113 constancez (Rhinopsis), 113 constricta (Ponera), xxxvil contemta (Crematogaster), 98 contracta (Ponera), 209 coromandelicum (Sceliphron), 104 cotesi (Aporus), 102 (Chrysis), 96 » (Mutilla), 101 Crabro, 106 crassicornis (Pison), 104 2? ( exxvii ) crassicornis (Sphecodes), 107 ferruginea (Icaria), 107 Cremastogaster, 95, 98 festinata (Pseudagenia), 102 Crocisa, 95, 109, 116 fianna (Mutilla), 100 eruentatus (Odynerus), 212 flavinerva (Leptolarra), 104 cuneata (Ceelioxys), 108 flavipes (Oxybelus), 106 curvipes (Nomia), 108, 115 flavomaculata (Ancyra), 229 cylindricus (Halictus), 215 54 (Stelis), 108 Darachosia, 221, 222 flavomarginatum (Rhynchium), 107 deceptrix (Pseudagenia), 102 flavopicta (Cerceris), 105 denticulatum (Tetramoriuin), 97 Pe (Eumenes), 106 depredator (Philanthus), 105 flavus (Salius), 103 destructor (Monomorium), 97 florea (Apis), 109, 116 Diacamma, 95, 96, 97, 109 floricola (Monomorium), 97 Didineis, 105 fodiens (Myrmicaria), 97 diffinis (Odynerus), 107 Formica, xxx, Xxxvii dilecta (Mutilla), 100 forticeps (Losgna), 230 dimidiata (Ammophila), 104 fortinata (Mutilla), 100 5 (Plesia), 101 frauenfeldi (Acantholepis), 99 _ diminuta (Lobopelta), 97, 109 frederici (Nomia), 108 discipiens (Celioxys), 108 fulgidipennis (Salius), 103 discreta (Mutilla), 100 fuliginose (Formica), xxxvii disjuncta (Megachile), 108, 116 fulvipennis (Salius), 103 disparilis (Chrysis), 96 fulvipes (Darachosia), 222 dissimilis (Xylocopa), 109 ,, (Legnatia), 226 diversus {Pheidologeton), 98 fulviventris (Osmia), vi, viii dives (Mutilla), 101 fulvopicta (Liacos), 101 Dolichoderus, 99 fulvopilosus (Oxybelus), 106 Dolichurus, 105 funebrana (Mutilla), 100 dorsata (Apis), 116 funeraria (Mutilla), 100 Dorylus, 96, 109 furiosa (Chrysis), 96 dryta (Mutilla), 100 fuscipennis (Cemonus), 105 durga (Mutilla), 101 op (Ccelioxys), 109 eatoni (Miscophus), 209 - (Notogonia), 104 egregia (Mutilla), 100 fuscistigma (Notogonia), 104, 122 electus (Salius), 103 gallicus (Polistes), 211 Elis, 101, 112 Gastrosericus, 104, 113 elliotii (Nomia), 108 geminata (Solenopsis), 95, 98, 110 emancipata (Mutilla), 101 geniculatum (Trypoxylon), 106 emarginata (Crocisa), 109, 116 germanica (Vespa), 211 Enchisiades, 220 gnoma (Mutilla), 101 erraticum (Tapinoma), 208 Gorytes, 105, 113 erxia (Mutilla), 100 gracilipes (Dolichoderus), 99 erythrocephala (Ammophila), 104 guttulata (Nomada), lix erythrogaster (Larra), 104 hematodes (Odynerus), 212 erythropoda (Notogonia), 104 hemorrhoidale (Rhynchium), 106 93 (Nysson), 105, 113 Halictus, 108, 130-132, 208, 213, 214, escuriens (Eumenes), 106 215 Eucera, i hebreus (Polistes), 107, 114 Eumenes, 106, 113 hecate (Pompilus), 102 Eutanyacra, 227 Hedychrum, 96 Evirchoma, 222, 223 hero (Pompilus), 102 excellus (Salius), 103 Heterogyna, xxxi excisus (Iridomyrmex), 98 hieroglyphica (Ceratina), 108 fallax (Anthophora), 109 himalayensis (Ampulex), 238 feai (Prosopis), 107 hindostanus (Odynerus), 107 femorata (Megachile), 108 hirsuta (Ammophila), 210 fenestrata (Xylocopa), 109 » (Elis), 101 ferruginea (Caspipina), 219 », (Psammophila), 210 ( histrio (Crocisa), 109, 116 Holcomyrmex, 97, 110 hortorum (Bombus), 217 humbertiana (Cerceris), 105 humeralis (Scolia), 101 Icaria, 107 Ichneumon, 231 idyia (Mutilla), 100 illa (Mutilla), 100 implactibilis (Pompilus), 102 incognitus (Pompilus), 102 indica (Apis), 109, 116 (Bembex), 105 (Notogonia), 104, 120 (Pheidole), 98 (Prenolepis), 99 5, . (scolia), 1005 112 instabilis (Cerceris), 105 intermedia (Notogonia), 104, 118 interrupta (Mutilla), 100 interstitialis (Ampulex), 238 Be (Halictus), 108, 130 iridipennis (Larra), 103 (Melipona), 109 _ (Salius), 103 Iridomyrmex, 98 Isobrachium, XXXvVil itinerans (Halictus), 108, 150 jaculatrix (Notogonia), 104, 126 javana (Pheidole), 98 jerdoni (Brachyponera), 97, 109 junctus (Camponotus), 99 khasiana (Ampulex), 234, 238 kitteli (Lobopelta), 97 labiena (Mutilla), 100 laboriosa (Notogonia), 126 laboriosus (Pheidologeton), 98, 110 lata (Mutilla), 1012 letus (Halictus), 214 leevissima (Polyrhachis), 99, 111 lamellata (Nomia), 108 lanata (Megachile), 108, 116 Larra, 103, 104 lascivus (Pompilus), 102 Lasius, 208 lateralis (Stizus), 105 latifrons (Ampulex), 258 latinoda (Monomorium), 97 ,, (Pheidole), 98 latipes (Nomina), 108 5, (Xylocopa), 109 latreillei (Osmia), 216 latro (Oxybelus), 210 Legnatia, 222, 225, 226 lena (Mutilla), 100 Leptolarra, 104 Leptothorax, 98, 209 lethargia (Mutilla), 101 29 9) be) 29 9 CXxvili_) Liacos, 101 liodomus (Halictus), 131 Lioponera, 97 Liris, 104 lobatus (Sphex), 105, 112 Lobopelta, 97, 109 longicollis (Ampulex), 234, 238 longicornis (Eucera), 1 a (Larra), 103 ~ (Prenolepis), 99 longipes (Plagiolepis), 99 longitarsis (Leptolarra), 104 longitarsus (Lioponera), 97 Lophomyrmex, 98 Losena, 229, 230 ludovica (Mutilla), 100 lugubre (Hedychrum), 96 lunata (Bembex), 105, 113 luteipennis (Sphex), 105, 112 Lyroda, 103 Macromeris, 102 maculicornis (Mutilla), 100 maculipes (Pompilus), 102 maculitarsis (Tachytes), 103 maderz (Ammophila), 210 ,, (Podalirius), 216 madraspatanum (Sceliphron), 104, 112 madraspatanus (Salius), 103 mandibularis (Pramha), 231 marcia (Mutilla), 100 marginata (Allodape), 108 marginella (Elis), 101, 112 martialis (Mutilla), 100 megacephala (Pheidole), 209 Megachile, 95, 108, 116, 216 melanocephalum (Tapinoma), 98 Melipona, 109, 135 melleus (Stizus), 105 mendicalis (Chrysis), 96 Meranoplus, 97, 110 Methoca, 101 minchini (Cremastogaster), 98 5, (Lobopelta), 97 minutula (Andrena), 216 mirandus (Salius), 105 Miscophus, 104, 209 mithila (Mutilla), 101 mitis (Camponotus), 99 », var. fuscithorax (Camponotus), 99 modesta (Tachytes), 103 monetaria (Tachytes), 103 Monomorium, 97, 209 montana (Ampulex), 238 morio (Halictus), 214 morna (Pseudagenia), 102 Mutilla, 95, 100, 101, 111 mutua (Pseudagenia), 105 (Gmrexexix yh) Myrmicaria, 97, 110 Myzine, 95, 101 nanus (Crabro), 106 niger (Lasius), 208 nigra (Sima), 98, 110 nigricans (Ampulex), 238 5 CAlstata) 03 »» (Megachile), 108 nigripes (Ammophila), 104 nigritarsis (Polistes), 107 nigriventris (Larra), 104 nitidulum (Rhynchium), 106 nitidus (Crabro), 106 nodicornis (Steganomus), 108, 115 Nomada, lix, 108, 116 Nomia, 108, 115 Notogonia, 104, 117-126 nuda (Cardiocondyla), 98 Nysson, 105, 113 obesum (Tetramorium), 97 ocellata (Mutilla), 101 ocellifera (Lobopelta), 97 », (Pheidologeton), 98 oculata (Chrysis), 96 odontophorus (Crabro), 106 Odynerus, 107, 129, 212 (cophylla, 95, 99, 111 Oligomyrmex, 98 orientale (Monomorium), 97 orientalis (Bembex), 105 5 (Cereeris), 105 a (Chrysis), 96 ee (Crabro), 106 55 (Didineis), 105 + (Dorylus), 96, 109 af (Methoca), 101 5 (Pison), 104 = (Planiceps), 102 ,» (Pompilus), 102 5, (Vespa), 107, 115 ornatipes (Tachytes), 103 Osmia, vi, xx, 216 ovalis (Odynerus), 107 oxybeloides (Nomia), 108 Oxybelus, 106, 210 pachycerus (Mnictus), 96 pallidicoxis (Eutanyacra), 227 pallidimaculata (Evirchoma), 223 pamphia (Mutilla), 100 paradoxa (Heterogyna), xxxi Parapison, 104 Parevaspis, 108, 116 paria (Camponotus), 99 Parnopes, 96 parthenia (Mutilla), 101 parva (Notogonia), 104, 119 ,, (Pheidole), 98 parvula (Stelis), 108 PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1903. Passaloecus, 105 pedalis (Pompilus), 102 pedunculata (Pseudagenia), 102 pentadonta (Cerceris), 106 peregrina (Mutilla), 101 peregrinus (Salius), 103 perfecta (Chrysis), 96 perturbans (Pompilus), 102 perversa (Mutilla), 100 petiolata (Eumenes), 106 Pe (Plesia), 101 pheenna (Mutilla), 100 pharaonis (Monomorium), 97 Pheidole, 98, 110, 209 Pheidologeton, 98, 110 Philanthus, 105 Piagetia, 103 picipes (Notogonia), 104, 125 pictipes (Prosopis), 212 pictiventris (Cerceris), 105 pictus (Gorytes), 105, 113 pileatum (Trypoxylon), 106 piliventris (Notogonia), 104, 118 pilosa (Ampulex), 238 ,, (Notogonia), 104, 125 pinguis (Bembex), 105 Pison, 104 Plagiolepis, 99, 208 Planiceps, 102 Platythyrea, 96 Plesia, 101 Podalirius, 216, 551 poesia (Mutilla), 100 Polistes, 107, 114, 211 Polyrhachis, 99, 111 Pompilus, 102 Ponera, xxxvli, 97, 209 Pramha, 231 Prenolepis, 95, 99 principalis (Chrysis), 96 propinquus (Sphecodes), 107 Prosopis, 107, 208, 212 pruinosus (Sphex), 105 Psammophila, 210 Pseudagenia, 102, 103 Pseudamblyteles, 227 pulcherina (Mutilla), 100 pulchra (Cerceris), 105 pulchriceps (Ampulex), 238 punctata (Ammophila), 104 Ap (Eumenes), 106 puncticeps (Tachysphex), 103, 127 punctiventris (Anochetus), 96 . (Lobopelta), 97 punctum (Odynerus), 107 purpureolineata (Nomia), 108 pygmea (Notogonia), 104, 124 », (Plagiolepis), 208 K pygmeum (Trypoxylon), 106 4-carinata (Mutilla), 100 quadrifasciatus (Podalirius), 216 quadrimaculata (Icaria), 107 quadripustulata (Scolia), 101 quadrispinosa (Kumenes), 106 4-spinosus (Lophomyrmex), 98 quadristrigatus (Halictus), 213 rabula (Cremastogaster), 98 rasorum (Anthidium), 108 redacta (Mutilla), 101 redtenbacheri (Scolia), 101 reflexus (Pompilus), 102 reculatum (Rhynchium), 106 reticulata (Leptolarra), 104 reticulatus (Passaloecus), 105 reversus (Stizus), 105 Rhinopsis, 105, 110, 113, 238 rhombinoda (Pheidole), 98, 110 Rhynchium, 106, 107, 113 robustus (Oxybelus), 106 rogenhofferi (Cremastogaster), 98 rothneyi (Amblyopone), 97 oe (Ampulex), 238 Pr) (Cerceris), 105 (Colobopsis), 99 * (Cremastogaster), 98 oe (Gastrosericus), 104, 113 . (Miscophus), 104 _ (Mutilla), 101 . (Oligomyrmex), 98 Be (Parapison), 104 3 (Plagiolepis), 99 ia (Polistes), 107 os (Pompilus), 102 is (Salius), 103 He (Stigmatomma), 97 (Tachytes), 103 rubiginosa (Scolia), 101, 112 rufa (Formica), xxx rufescens (Stizus), 105 ruficornis (Ampulex), 110 . (Melipona), 135 vs (Piagetia), 108 i (Rhinopsis), 105, 113 = (Trigona), iv, 135 ruficoxis (Ampulex), 238 rufipes (Enchisiades), 220 », (Larra), 104 rufitarsis (Spanolarra), 104 rufiventris (Buathra), 234 rufo-facies (Sycaonia), 224 rufoglaucus (Camponotus), 208 rufolineatus (Polistes), 107 rufonigra (Sima), 95, 98, 110, 113 rufus (Benyllus), 232 rugosus (Nysson), 105, 113 ,» (Pison), 104 bed le) al va a ~- sabellica (Mutilla), 100 saggitarius (Polistes), 107 Salius, 103 salomonis (Monomorium), 97 nO r. subopacum (Monomorium), 209 sanguinea (Formica), xxxvil scabiose (Halictus), 213 scabriceps (Haleomyrmex), 97, 110 Sceliphron, 104, 105, 112, 210 Scolia, 101, 112 seulptum (Diacamma), 96, 97 scutellata (Nomia), 108 selma (Mutilla), 100 serena (Mutilla), 100 sericeus (Camponotus), 99 »> opaceventris (Camponotus), 99 sexmaculata (Ccelioxys), 108 a (Mutilla), 100, 111 sibilans (Odynerus), 107, 129 sicheli (Odynerus), 107 signata (Prosopis), 208, 212 Sima, 95, 98, 110 simillima (Larra), 103 simillimum (Tetramorium), 97, 209 simillimus (Pompilus), 102 simonyi (Tachysphex), 209 simplex (Polyrhachis), 99, 111 sinensis (Tachytes), 103 smaragdina (cophylla), 99, 111 smithi (Tetramorium), 97 smithii (Melipona), 135 | smythiesi (Pheidole), 98 AA var. bengalensis (Pheidole), 98 Solenopsis, 95, 98, 110 soroensis (Bombus), 207, 551 Spanolarra, 104 spathifera (Pheidole), 98 speculare (Monomorium), 97 Sphecodes, 107 Sphex, 105, 112 spinigera (Polyrhachis), 99, 111 splendidum (Stilbum), 96 x var. amethystinum (Stil- bum), 96 squamosus (Oxybelus), 106 Steganomus, 108, 115 Stelis, 108 stigma (Polistes), 107 Stigmatomma, 97 Stilbum, 96 Stizus, 105 strenua (Prosopis), 107 striaticollis (Notogonia), 104, 121 striatidens (Triglyphotrix), 97 striativentris (Pheidole), 98 striolata (Tachysphex), 103, 126 (Ge 1c xexext a) subaurata (Halictus), 215 subearinata (Myrmicaria), 97, 110 submicans (Osmia), 216 subnuda (Cremastogaster), 98 subtessellata (Notogonia), 104, 125 suspiciosus (Pison), 104 Sycaonia, 222, 224 Tachysphex, 103, 126-128, 209 Tachytes, 103 Tapinoma, 98, 208 taprobanie (Cataulacus), 97 rf (Dolichoderus), 95 tarsata (Tachytes), 103 taylori (Camponotus), 99 A (Leptothorax), 98 Technomyrmex, 98 tegularis (Oxybelus), 210 tenuscapa (Xylocopa), 109 terrestris (Bombus), 207, 208, 218, 551 tesserinoda (Bothroponera), 96 Tetramorium, 97, 209 thoracica (Elis), 101 ” (Nomia), 108 thrinax (Polyrhachis), 99, 111 tibialis (Polyrhachis), 99 tincta (Pseudogenia), 102 Tiphia, 95, 101 tisiphone (Larra), 103 trepanda (Bembex), 105, 113 trichiosoma (Ampulex), 238 Triglyphotrix, 97 Trigona, iv, 183-136 trigona (Ampulex), 238 3-maculata (Mutilla), 101 Trirhogma, 105 tristis (Cerceris), 106 Trypoxylon, 106 tubericeps (Polyrhachis), 99 tubifex (Sceliphron), 210 tydei (Ammophila), 210 », (Psammophila), 210 umbripennis (Megachile), 108 umbrosus (Sphex), 105, 112 unifasciata (Leptothorax), 209 unifasciatus (Pompilus), 102 vagabundus (Pompilus), 102 vagans (Diacamma), 96, 109 valida (Mutilla), 101 varihirta (Tachysphex), 103, 128 varipilosa (Notogonia), 104, 122 vastator (Monomorium), 97 veda (Pseudagenia), 102 versicolor (Diacamma), 97 AS (Megachile), 216 verticalis (Xylocopa), 109 Vespa, 107, 114, 115, 211 vicina (Tachytes), 1038 vicinus, var. rothneyi (Sphex), 105 } victoriz (Platythyrea), 96 viligans (Cerceris), 106 villosulus (Halictus), 214 violacea (Anthophora), 109 +9 (Macromeris), 102 violaceum (Sceliphron), 105, 112 viridis (Halictus), 214 ,, (Parnopes), 96 viridissima (Ceratina), 108 vischnu (Cerceris), 105 AA (Pompilus), 102 vishnu (Halictus), 130 vivax (Pompilus), 102 vulgaris (Vespa), 211 watsoni (Pheidole), 98 westwoodii (Nomia), 108 wroughtoni (Bothriomyrmex), 98 xanthomelana (Osmia), xx xanthopterus (Sphex), 105 Xylocopa, 95, 109, 116 yerburyi (Prenolepis), 99 zebrata (Nomia), 108 zebrus (Halictus), 213 zeus (Pompilus), 102 zonata (Anthophora), 109 zonatulus (Halictus), 108 LEPIDOPTERA. Abantis, 203 abdera (Acrea), 186 ! abdominalis (Euproctis), 397 abietis (Calliteara), 472 Abisara, 194 abjecta (Cyclopides), 204 (Euproctis) 425 », (Somena), 425 abraxas (Pentila), 196 abraxata (Nyctemera), 61 abraxoides (Deilemera), 59, 60 3 (Pitasila), 59 absurda (Deilemera), 79 absurdum (Leptosoma), 79 5 (Nyctemera), 79 Abynotha, 479 abyssinica (Belenois), 145 accepta (Deilemera), 79 acceptum (Leptosoma), 79 acheemenes (Charaxes), 206 achine (Teracolus), 157 Aclonophlebia, 481 Acnissa, 429 Acrea, xxii, xli, lxiv, Ixv, 149, 150, 151, 155, 185, 186, 206 acreina (Deilemera), 67 (Nyctemera), 67 be) 2? acrisia (Dasychira), 154, 474 », (Deiopeia), 474 acronycta (Dasychira), 471 acta (Satyrus), xi actia (Precis), XXxli, XXXill Actinote, 195 actinotina (Telipna), 194, 206 aculeata (Metanastria), xxii acuta (Anthela), 449 5, (Darala), 449 Acyphas, 458, 459, 463, 478 adala (Leelia), 443 adamsi (Jolaus), 199, 206 adara (Lelia), 444 », (Procodeca), 444 addita (Anthela), 446 », (Darala), 446 Adlullia, 396, 417, 418, 419 admatha (Acreea), 185 adriana (Anthela), 445 », (Darala), 445 adspersa (Cropera), 391 5 (Liparis), 391 adusta (Charaxes), 193 »» (Darala), 449 wgeria (Pararge), xliil worota (Deilemera), 56 wgrotum (Leptosoma), 56 a (Nyctemera), 57 wres (Deilemera), 62 ,, (Leptosoma), 62 africana (Lepasta), 433 » (Mardara), 433 agagles (Leptosoma), 84 agatha (Neptis), 150, 151, 189 », (Papilio), 189 Aglages, 68 Aglaosoma, 498 agraphis (Monotrichtis), 185 Agrotis, lxvii Agyrta, v, vi alba (Aroa), 380 (Caltura), 386 (Cispia), 386 (Deilemera), 83 », (Dura), 495 (Euproctis), 428 (Leucoma), 380 (Nyctemera), 83 (Redoa), 380 alberti (Baoris), 204 albertus (Monethe), 539 albescens (Dasychira), 471 5 (Euproctis), 399 albibasalis (Dasychira), 469 i> (Ilema), 469 albicans (Dasychira), 495 9? ( var. cordula (Satyrus), XXXVil CXXxil ) albicans (Dura), 495 albifascia (Orgyia), 438 or (Pantana), 438 albilunulata (Bathmochtha), 464 albinotata (Dasychira), 470 5 (Thamnocera), 470 albipuncta (Deilemera), 56, 85 _albodentata (Euproctis), 427 56 (Pida), 427 | albofascia (Lymantria), 432 | albofasciata (Riodina), 535, 549 albolunata (Lymantria), 485 alcesta (Leptosia), 201 », (Papilio), 201 alcippe (Atella), ii alcippina (Acrea), 186 nsw alemzeon (Ariecoris), 547 . | Aletis, xxxix aliena (Leucoma), 393 _;, (Porthesia), 393 Alope, 486 alternata (Deilemera), 70 os (Nyctemera), 70 aluensis (Deilemera), 73, 76, 78 (Nyctemera), 76 as var. (Deilemera), 77 amalfreda (Charis), 544 Amana, 498 / amarah (Lycenesthes), 148 amata (Dasychira), 483 ; Amauris, xxxix, xl, 184 amazonica (Caria), 538 ambiorix (Neomcenas), 279 35 (Neosatyrus), 283, 284 amelia (Teracolus), 147 amenaida (Pentila), 195 americanus (Hesperia), 294, 299 - (Syrichthus), 294 americensis (Strymon), 290, 299 so (Thecla), 290 amica (Deilemera), 68 », (Nyctemera), 68 amicus (Aglages), 68 amosa (Deilemera), 59, 85 Amphidasis, xxxv, 311-367 amphideta (Euproctis), 413 amphitrite (Callidryas), 290 ampla (Enome), 481 (Euproctis), 391 ;, (Pantana), 437 amplata (Dasychira), 471 amplicornis (Pterolocera), 453 amplificata (Deilemera), 82 (Tanada), 82 (Tripheromera), 82 99 99 | 9 99 alcippoides (Limnas), 148, 145, 149 alcippus (Limnas), 143, 145, 146, 149, { exxxii ) Amsacta, 498 amulia (Crenis), 189 », (Papilio), 189 anacardii (Papilio), 188 of (Salamis), 188 Ana, Xxvili anartoides (Teia), 457 Anatole, 545 Anaxila, 429, 461, 471, 475 Anchyneura, 462 andina (Scolitantides), 264, Anepa, 478 angulata (Dasychira), 471 angulifera (Procodeca), 441 anguligera (Artaxa), 415 5 (Euproctis), 413 angustata (Catuna), 189 angustatum (Euomma), 189 anna (Argynnis), 287 5, (Kuproctis), 417 annulata (Deilemera), 68 5 (Nyctemera), 68 annulatum (Leptosoma), 68 annulifer (Oxypalpus), 204 annulitera (Lemonias), 542 Anomceotes, 435 Anosia, 562, 572 antalus (Deudorix), 198 », (Dipsas), 198 antarctica (Satyrus), 279, 280 antareticus (CEneis), 281 antennata (Lymantria), 485 Anteros, 535, 549 anthedon (Diadema), 188 90 (Hypolimnas), 188 Anthela, 376, 445-453 Anthora, 439, 462 anthracinum (Leptosoma), S4 Anthrocera, 248 antica (Arestha), 462 », (Dasychira), 464, 492 (Dediama), 464 », (Kuproctis), 397, 429 (Gazalina), 387 », (Lacida), 429 auticlea (Charaxes), 193 », (Papilio), 193 Anticyra, 462 antifaunus (Hypolyciena), 199 antigone (Teracolus), 142, 161 Antigonus, 203 antilope (Precis), X, Xil, XXXil, Xxxili, 20.0.5 Ilsy/ antimachus (Drurya), Ixiti, lxiv, Ixv antinorii (Deilemera), 67 (Nyctemera), 67 (Papilio), xxxix Antipha, 396, 429, 464 > antiphates (Euproctis), 429 | Antiphella, 382, 390, 391 antra (Rajacoa), 435 aolwnsis (Nyctemera), 72 apensis (Nyctemera), 84 Aphantopus, xlii Aphneus, 199, 200, 206 apicalis (Arna), 425 (Artaxis), 425 (Bembina), 409 (Deilemera), 66 » (Euproctis), 409, 425 (Nyctemera), 66 a) (aida). 43m Apina, 497 Apodemia, 545, 546, 550 Apoprogones, xiv, 137, 138 Aporia, 1 Appias, 202 approximans (Orgyia), 458 approximata (Anticyra), 462 aprilina (Odontopera), 312 apsara (Dasychira), 387 », (Gazalina), 387 Apterogynis, 458 aquilina (Lycena), 242 aquilo (Lycena), liii, 242’ arcania (Ceenonympha), xliii archesia (Precis), xii, 157 archippus (Basilarchia), 572 sa (Limenitis), 572 arclada (Euproctis), 409 arctata (Deilemera), 64 » (Nyctemerw), 64 Arctia, 473 Arctornis, 377, 379 arcuata (Charis), 539, 550 arcuatum (Nyetemera), 78, 83 Arestha, 461, 462 arethusa (Satyrus), xliii, xliv arga (Dasychira), 473 Arge, 281 Argema, Xxiil argenna (Cypra), 390 », (Olapa), 390 argentata (Dasychira), 474 - (Euproctis), 406 argentea (Himala), 386, 387 A (Redoa), 386 argenteo-maculata (Hepialus), 501 (Sthenopis), 501 274, +B) 29 99 99 argenteus (Argyrophorus), 298 3 (Chionobas), 282 argia (Eronia), 206 Argila, 461, 464 argiope (Caria), 588 | Argopteron, 295, 299, Nee 282, 300 ( Argynnis, lii, xxxvii, 241, 242, 244, | 264, 277, 286, 287, 299 argyrocyclus (Aphneus), 200 argyrodice (Tatochila), 292, 293 Argyrophenga, 279, 284 Argyrophorus, 274, 282, 298 Aricoris, 546, 547, 548, 550 Arna, 396, 425 Aroa, 380, 407, 409, 410, 412, 415, 432, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 475 arrogans (Artaxa), 405 Artaxa, 395-427 artemis (Nyctemera), 56 arthemis (Basilarchia), 556 a (Limenitis), 556, 572 aryama (Lymantria), 481 Arycanda, 498 asclepia (Cricosoma), 540, 550 55 (Symmachia), 540 Aslauga, 197 ascetria (Lymantria), 492 aspersa (Dasychira), 474 a (Tearosoma), 474 Aspilates, 243 aspilota (Anthela), 445 assimile (Deilemera), 70, 71 (Leptosoma), 70 (Nyctemera), 70 assimilis ((Hneis), 240 asteria (Melitiea), xlix astyoche (Pierella), 565 asvata (Dasychira), 465 atahualpa (Polyommatus), 289 Atasca, 54, 55, 56, 57 Atella, ii, 142, 187, 206 Aterica, 189 atestacea (Leelia), 442 athalia (Melitea), xlix, 1], li, li ,, var, navarina (Melitiea), xlix atlantica (Liparis), 483 5 (Lymantria), 483 atolmis (Acriea), 155 atomaria (Artaxa), 425 re (Euproctis), 416, 425 atralba (Nyctemera), 53, 80 atrella (Aroa), 454 atrescens (Aroa), 454 atrinotata (Antiphella), 391 % (Olapa), 391 atripuncta (Euproetis), 428 atrisignata (Euproctis), 423 atrosquama (Huproctis), 416 Pe (Gogana), 416 Augiades, xiii aurantiaca (Charnidas), 454 (Eurygona), 531 “ (Porthesia), 395 aurata (Eupheedra), 191 9? 93 99 | aurelia ( cxxxiv ) aureipennis (Argopteron), 295, 299 (Syrichthus), 295 Melitea), xlix, 1, hi » var, norvegica (Melitea), xxxvii aureofasciata (Huphdra), 191 auriflua (Bombyx), 392 aurifrons (Euproctis), 385 ap (Leucoma), 385 aurimna (Emesis), 536 aurinia (Meliteea), li auripes (Ivela), 388 ;, (Leucoma), 388 aurivillii (Acrea), xli rs (Nyctemera), 83 aurivina (Ceenina), 154 auro-limbata (Orgyia), Xxxi, XxXii aurora (Lymantria), 484, 485, 488 ,, var. fusea (Lymantria), 488 australasiz (Lelia), 449 australis (Orgyia), 460 authe (Hurygona), 532, 549 autodice (Synchloe), 292 5 (Tatochila), 292, 299 autumnaria (Ennomos), lix, lxvili auxo (Teracolus), 157, 162 axenana (Epalxiphora), xlvii axenus (Lemonias), 545, 550 Axiocerses, 200 Azanus, 148 bacotii (Gorgopis), 504, 507 », (Oncoptera), 502, 504, 508 Beotis, 545 bieticus (Cupido), 201 (Papilio), 201 », (Polyommatus), 144 baliolalis (Urocoma), 478 ballus (Thestor), xxxi bammakoo (Elymnias), 184 a (Melanitis), 184 banane (Lymantria), 494 Baoris, 204, 205, 206 barbara (Euproctis), 417 Barhona 482, 490 barii (Ceratinia), lvi baruna (Dasychira), 476 », (Somena), 476 Baryaza, 479 basalis (Antipha), 464 (Argila), 464 ( ( ( 39 Artaxa), 414 Dasychira), 464 Euproctis), 414 5, (Perina), 480 basifurea (Cnethocampa), 461 basigera (Darala), 447 », (Dasychira), 464 Basilarchia, 556, 572, 573 basistriga (Dasychira), 463 2? 9 9? ( cxxxy, ) basistriga (Phineca), 463 basivitta (Olene), 464 baswana (Pantana), 437 Bathmochtha, 462, 464 batjana (Lymantria), 492 baulus (Deilemera), 55, 75, 76 », (Leptosoma), 75 beatrix (Bombyx), 487 (Lymantria), 487, 488 beckeri (Cymothoé), 192 », (Diadema), 192 Belenois, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155 belina (Buna), xxiii bella (Mesosemia), 529, 530 beltiana (Cremna), 531 Bembina, 396, 409 Beralade, 498 berisalensis (Melitza), li betularia (Amphidasis), xxxv, 311-367 bhana (Dasychira), 468 bhascara (Lymantria), 485 bias (Papilio), 293, 299 bibulus (Lachnocnema), 206 bicolor (Lyczna), 289 », (Orgyia), 437 5, (Pantana), 437, 439 », (Thecla), 289, 290, 299 Bicyelus, 184 bidentata (Euproctis), 414 5 (Odontopera), xxxv, 311-370 bifascia (Euproctis), 401 bifasciata (Beeotis), 545 biformis (Deilemera), 66 », (Nychthemera), 66 », (Nyctemera), 66 bigutta (Euproctis), 398 », (Marbla), 437 », (Soloé), 437 bijunctella enone) 58, 60 (Pitasila), 5 bimaculata (Deudorix), S6 Ls (Euproctis), 398 - (Myrina), 198 binotata (Anthela), 446 », (Leptocneria), 446 bipartita (Cherotricha), 423 PP (Euproctis), 423 bipunctapex (Euproctis), 424 (Somena), 424 Birnara 437, 489 bissexguttatus (Butleria), 297, 299,300 55 (Steropes), 297 bistigmigera (Aroa), 456 biundulans (Cifuna), 479 bivittata (Lymantria), 493 » (Pegella), 493 bizonoides (Euproctis), 402 bizonoides (Lacipa), 402 blanchardii (Tatochila), 295 boguensis (Belenois), 147, 148 boisduvalii (Diadema), 189 (Erebia), 284, 285 (Hipparchia), 285 (Pseudacreea), lxiv, 189 boleora (Adlullia), 419 Bombyx, 385, 392, 395, 411, 417, 430, 434, 435, 440, 449, 458, 482, 486, 487, 491 bonasia (Acreea), 186 », (Papilio), 186 bodpis (Precis), 142 boothii (Colias), 111, 242, 244 borbonica (Parnara), 206 bore, var. taygete ((neis), 240 Boreconia, 462 brahami (Aphneeus), 199 brasidas (Papilio), xxi brassolis (Liphyra), x brenda (Terias), 202 Brenthis, xliii brevicornis (Leucoma), 441 ” 29 | brevivitta (Artaxa), 400 brigitta (Terias), 150, 151, 155, 206 brunneicosta (Dasychira), 470 “3 (Ilema), 470 brunneiplaga (Lymantria), 491 brutus (Charaxes), 193 », (Papilio), 193 buana (Lielia), 442 », (Phragmatobia), 442 Bunea, xxi buquetii (Leuceronia), 152 burica (Deilemera), 58 », (Nyctemera), 58 butleri (Erebiola), 283 Butleria, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300 buxtoni (Acriea), xxii Byblia, 143, 189 cabira (Acriea), XX1i Cadrusia, 462, 476 Caduga, 565 eecias (Charis), 539 excilia (Acreea), 206 Ceenina, 154 caffra (Nyctemera), 53 », (Otroeda), 53 caffraria (Buna), xxiii cafra (Bombyx), 434 ,, (Nyctemera), 434 calais (Teracolus), 158 calamaria (Lielia), 442 c-album (Grapta), xxvi » (Polygonia), xxvi, xxvii, xXxvili calesia (Euproctis), 420 caliginosa (Deudorix), 197, 206 ( exxxvi ) Caligo, 562, 564, 565 Callia, 498 Callidryas, 290, 299 calligramma (Mardara), 433 calligraphum (Cricosoma), 540 calliope (Stalachtis), iv pe tbevene) 289 Calliteara, 462, 472, 473, Callophrys, li Caltura, 386 calva (Euproctis), 406 calvertii (Elina), 275, 298, 301 Calydna, 541 calypso (Papilio), 202 san (eieris) 202: camiena (Acrea), 185 camerona (Deudorix), 197 camerunica (Planema), 187 camillus (Cyrestis), 189 ao (Papilio), 189 candida (Lelia), 441 pee (Anthela}, 450 Ae (Darala), 450 cangia (Dasychira), 476 canifascia (Orgyia), 460 cara (Lymantria), 487, 491 Caragola, 376, 377, 378 carausius (Anteros), 536 cardinalis (Lelia), 442 cardui (Papilio), 187 », (Pyrameis), 187 », (Vanessa), Ixvii, 144 Caria, 538, 549 carissima (Deilemera), 63, 64 carmentis (Acrzea), 186 carnecolor (Lymantria), 486 carneola (Barhona), 490 carneotincta (Anthela), 451 earriala (Lymantria), 495 Carterocephalus, lili, 297 carus (Anteros), 535, 536, 549 carye (Pyrameis), 287, 299 Casama, 461 castor (Charaxes), 193 »» (Papilio), 193 castrensis (Malacosoma), viii Castulo, 497, 498 Catacroptera, 188 catala (Euproctis), 416 catilla (Catopsilia), 157 catocaloides (Dasychira), 476 x, (Mardara), 476 Catopsilia, 156, 202 Catuna, 189 Caviria, 377, 378 cebrene (Precis), 143, 145, 206 cebron (Pieris), 202 Cebysa, 498 Celenorrhinus, 206 cellularis (Pseuderesia), 196 celsa (Deilemera), 81 5, (uproctis), 399 ,, (Nyctemera), 81 celsum (Leptosoma), 81 cenea (Papilio), xxl, xxv cenis (Deilemera), 55, 68 », (Phalena), 68 censors (Darali), 452 cepha (Aricoris), 548 cerasina (Euproctis), 426 Ceratinia, iv, lvi cerebosa (Lymantria), 483 ceres (Kuphedra), 190 », (Lycorea), iv, lv », (Papilio), 190 cerigoides (Dasychira), 473 (Janassa), 473 Cerura, xxiii cervina (Artaxa), 407 », (Euproctis), 407 », (Repena), 443 cervinata (Porina), 502, 508 cerymica (Hesperia), 205 », (Ploetzia), 205 ceylanica (Orgyia), 460 Cheerotricha, 396, 413, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 423 chalana (Dasychira), 466 chalcis (Euryphura), 192 », (Harma), 192 chalcophanes (Paleeomicra), 503, 508 chalybe (Ismene), 205 », | (Rhopalocampta), 205 chameleon (Pamphila), 205 at (Platylesches), 205 Chamvelimnas, 534, 549 Chapra, 146, 204 Charagia, 501, 503, 504, 507 charax (Aroa), 457 ,, (Neurophana), 457 | Charaxes, xxii, 193, 194, 206 chariclea (Argynnis), ili, 241, 244 5, (Papilio), 241 Charis, 539, 544, 550 charma (Cispia), 430 Charnidas, 397, 489, 442, 443, 444, 454 | cheela (Euproctis), 412 | Chilades, 143, 145 | chilensis (Lyczna), 289 » (Scolitantides), 289, 299 », (Terias), 290, 299 chiliensis (Cosmosatyrus), 280, 281, 298 », (Satyrus), 280 », var. (Cosmosatyrus), 301 chinensis (Dasychira), 468 i (| exxxvil Chiotiema, 497 chione (Colias), 243 chionitis (Euproctis), 398 Chionobas, 240, 282 Chionophasma, 392 chirunda (Euproctis), 422 chismona (Heteronygmia), 480 chloris (Mylothris), 201 », (Papilio), 201 chloroptera (Dasychira), 47 chlorozonea (Eublemmistis) chordigera (Oligoclona), 38 chorimene (Precis), 188 93 (Vanessa), 188 christi (Erebia), xxxvii chromis (Deilemera), 67 », (Nyctemera), 67 chrysame (Caria), 538 chrysippus (Danais), xxxix, 184 (Limnas), xi, xxii, xxix, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151. 152, 565, 574 7 (Papilio), 184 chrysolopha (Gazalina), 387 ee (Liparis), 387 chrysophia (Euproctis), 407, 408 i (Orgyia), 407 chrysophzeus (Notolophus), 407 Chrysophanus, xxxvii, xliii, xlv, Lxil chrysophila (Artaxa), 595 Chrysopsyche, 497 chrysorrheea (Bomby x 5) Cibyra, 501, 502, 504, 507 Cidaria, 243 Cifuna, 479 Cimola, 435 cinctata (Dasychiva), 471 cinerascens (Anthela), 449 fj (Darala), 449 cinerea (Euproctis), 420 > cinnamomea (Aroa), 454 5 (Charnidas), 454 cireumdata (Genusa), 437 Cispia, 386, 391, 399, 418, 430 citana (Dasychira), 463 », (Utidava), 463 Citheerias, 565 citheron (Charaxes), xxii citrina (Artaxa), 399 Citrinophila, 196 civitta (Kuproctis), 412 clara (Aroa), 455 », (Caragola), 377 », (Caviria), 377 clathrata (Deilemera), 70 clathratum (Leptosoma), 70 a (Nyctemera), 70 celaudianus (Euryphura), 192 F . XX1V, Xxvl ? / 2) ) | clelia (Papilio), 187 », (Precis), 151, 187 clementi (Anthela), 446 », (Darala), 446 cleodora (Eronia), 148 Clerome, lvi Clethrogyna, 458 cloantha (Catacroptera), 188 », (Papilio), 188 Cluaca, 498 Cnethocampa, 461 Cobanilla, 392 coccinata (Cymothoé), 193 59 (Harma), 193 coctei (Epinephele), 277, 298 », (Erebia), 277 ccelestina (Euagra), vi oy _{ IPAREXGrIS)), 5:< ccenobita (Hesperia), 189 », (Pseudoneptis), 189 Ccenonympha, iii, xlii, xliii, xliv, 241 ccenonymphina (Neomeenas), 277, 298 cceruleifascia (Dasychira), 463 (Thamnocera), 465 coleta (Deilemera), 54, 55, 64 (Nyctemera), 53, 64 », (Phalena), 64 Colias, iii, iv, xxxvii, xliil, 243, 244, 264, 291, 299 collina (Lycena), 288 », (Scolitantides), colon (Charnidas), 443 columbina (Atella), 206 Colussa, 376, 445, 446, 450 Comana, 497 combinata (Euproctis), 430 cometaris (Aroa), 456 comma (Leucoma), 385 », (Ocinara), 385 commutanda (Euproctis), 412 comparata (Genusa),437 5p (Themaea), 413 complens (Lacida), 429 complicata (Dasychira), 477 concolor (Lymantria), 486 confluens (Nyctemera), 83 confusum (Leptosoma), 70 conica (Nyctemera), 68 connexa (Anthela), 449 », (Darala), 449 consanguinea (Planema), 187 consobrina (Deilemera), 78 Pr (Nyctemera), 78 consocia (Euproctis), 399 consors (Anthela), 452 Darala), 452 Deilemera), 65 Leptosoma), 65 be) liii, 242, 288, 299 +) ( Se an ( ( > (| exxxvill ) conspersa (Anthela), 451 Cyenia, 443 a (Artaxa), 413 cydippe (Nyctemera), 82 (Darala), 451 | eyena (Caragola), 377 5 (Euproctis), 413, 421 | 5, (Caviria); 376; 347 contracta (Nyctemera), 83 », (Leucoma), 378 cordula (Satyrus), xlii », (Redoa), 378 corynetes (Eresina), 197 cymbicornis (Redoa), 378 Cosmethis, 498 _cymodoce (Kallima), 188 Cosmosatyrus, 274, 279, 280, 281, 298, rr (Papilio), 188 301 Cymothoé, 192, 193 Cossus, x, xxxvii, lx cynorta (Papilio), 202 costalis (Antipha), 429 Cynthia, 565 »» .(Dasychira), 467 cynthia (Charaxes), 193 5, (Euproctis), 429 Cypra, 382, 390, 435, 437, 497 », (Lymantria), 482 Cyrestis, 189 ,, (Melia), 467 eytheris (Argynnis), 286, 287, 299 costiplaga (Lacida), 466 », (Papilio), 286 Cozola, 396, 422 Dactylorhyncha, 444 crambis (Chionobas), 240 deedalus (Hamanuinida), 190 ,, (Ckneis), 240 », (Papilio), 190 crameri (Melinza), iv, liv, lv daira (Acrva), 151 crateegi (Aporia), ii », (Teracolus), 145, 146, 147, 155, crausis (Dasychira), 474 160, 161, 162 Creagra, 385 dalbergiz (Dasychira), 465 Cremna, 530, 549 .| dana (Euproctis), 408 Crenis, 189 danae (Teracolus), 157 crenulata (Anthela), 451 Danais, xxxix, 184 creona (Papilio), 202 daphnandre (Charagia), 501, 504 5, (Pieris), 202 Dapidodigma, 199 crescens (Nyctemera), 80 Daplasa, 428, 430 Cricosoma, 540, 550 Darala, 376,420, 445-453 Crinola, 454 dardanus (Papilio), xxi, xxv, 202 Crinopteryx, 1, xlvii darwinia (Mimacriea), 196 crocale (Catopsilia), 156, 157 Dasychira, 154, 375, 387, 461-477, 482, crocata (Euproctis), 410 483, 488, 492, 495 », (Liparis), 410 dealbata (Creagra), 385 crocea (Euproctis), 405 », (Liparis), 385 », (Hectomanes), 502, 508 debilis (Mesene), 541 », (Nygmia), 405 decolorata (Cyclidia), 431 ,, (Teara), 405 5 (Pida), 431 crocicollis (Liparis), 390 decora carye (Hamadryas), 287 crocipes (Cypra), 382 decorata (Pseudarbessa), vi s, (Leucoma), 382 », (Stibomorpha), 278 crockeri (Euphiedra), 191 decussata (Cheerotricha), 417 cromptoni (Dasychira), 467 Dediama, 461, 464 Cropera, 391, 410 deficiens (Dreata), 450 Crorema, 391 deficita (Euproctis), 421 cruentata (Aricoris), 548 » (Teara), 421 cuama (Precis), Xxxili, xxxiv Deilemera, iv, 53-85 cuneilinea (Metanastria), xxiii | deione (Melitzea), xlix, li cunninghami (Colias), 291 Deiopeia, 154, 474 Cupido, 201, 206 ' delagorguei (Ludia), xxiii curvata (Cnethocampa), 461 | delicata (Dasychira), 463 curvifera (Lymantria), 491 », (Notohyba), 463 », (Pegella), 491 delicatula (Cozistra), 390 curvivirgata (Lielia), 470 delineata (Anthela), 450 Cyclidia, 431, 433 45 (Darala), 450 Cyclopides, 204, 295, 296 (Genusa), 437 ( delius (Hypanartia), 187 », (Papilio), 187 », (Parnassius), lil demodice (Pieris), 292 », (Tatochila), 292, 293, 300 demodocus (Papilio), xxi, 202 demosthenes (Caligo), 565 Dendrophleps, 376, 378 denotata (Drymonia), 461 denticulata (Anthela), 447 . (Teara), 447 dentifascia (Nyctemera), 84 denuba (Antigonus), 203 », (Eagris), 203 denudata (Sitvia), 388, 390 depauperata (Porthesia), 394 dermaptera (Myrina), 198 Deroca, 497 dersa (Euproctis), 404 desjardinsii (Terias), 202 _ (Xanthidia), 202 desolata (Monotrichtis), 206 despecta (Porina), 502 detersa (Enome), 482 ,, (Lymantria), 482 Deudorix, 197, 198, 206 devestita (Lielia), 440 aA (Odagra), 440 dewara (Orgyia), 459 dexamene (Argynnis), 287 Diadema, 188, 189, 192 diaphana (Leucoma), 381 », (Redoa), 381 Diaphone, xxiv dica (Caragola), 377 ,, (Redoa), 376, 377 Dicreagra, 496 didyma (Melita), xlix, hi Diestoyyna, 192 difficilis (Aroa), 456, 475 »» (Dasychira), 475 diffusa (Lacipa), 465 digramma (Bombyx), 411 _ (Euproctis), 411 Dilina, xiv Dione, 565 dionysos (Papilio), xl diophthalma (Ommatoptera), 449 Dipsas, 198 disa (Erebia), liii, 239 », (Papilio), 239 disealis (Aroa), 456 discinota (Euproctis), 416 discirufa (Leucoma), 384 discivitta (Heracula), 431 discolor (Topomesa), 392 disjuncta (Lymantria), 445 Cxxxix |) 299, Dismorphia, 558, 573 dispar (Bombyx), 482 ,, (Deilemera), 73 », (Lymantria), 482 », (Pantana), 437 », var. japonica (Liparis), 483 disparilis (Numenes), 432 Ye var. separata (Numenes), 432 disrupta (Deilemera), 58, 60 dissoluta (Lymantria), 484 distincta (Deilemera), 58, 69, 72, 85 », (Nyctemera), 69 », (Osmodes), 204 distinguenda (Rilia), 464 distracta (Artaxa), 427 », | (Euproctis), 427 divisa (Dasychira), 464 .,, (Hloria), 436 ,, (Euproctis), 380, 397 5, (lostola), vi 5, (Leucoma), 380 », (Marbla), 436 Doleschallia, xxviii doleta (Ypthima), 185 dominica (Diaphone), xxiv doriz (Nyctemera), 57 dorilis (Chrysophanus), xxxvil », var. subalpina (Chrysophanus), XXXViL- dorippus (Limnas), 142, 143, 149, 151, 574 dorothea (Monotrichtis), 185 re, (Papilio), 185 doryssus (Mechanitis), iv doubledayi (Acreea), xxii s (Nyctemera), 68 Dreata, 450 dregei (Aroa), 456 », (Orgyia), 456 drucei (Deilemera), 73 5, (Kuproctis), 408 Drurya, ]xiii, xv drya (Callidryas), 290, 299 5, (Papilio), 290 dryas (Epinephele), 276 », (Satyrus), xli, xliii, xliv dryinopa (Hybocampa), 249 Drymonia, 461 dryope (Eurytela), 188 », (Papilio), 188 dubius, (Hypolimnas), 188 », (Papilio), 188 dukinfieldia (Charis), 539, 550 dulcinea (Lymantria), 493 Dulichia, 396, 410 dumolinii (Lophostethus), xxiv, xxvi Dura, 495 dynamene (Teracolus), 158 Eagtis, 203 eanes (Mesene), 540, 550 echo (Ophiusa), xxiv eddela (Lymantria), 494 edmondsii (Elina), 275 a (Epinephele), 276, 298 BS (Neomcenas), 279, 298 edulis (Jana), xxiii edusa (Colas), xliii edwardsii (Euproctis), 405 re (Teara), 405 effinia (Eurygona), 532 egerina (Leucoma), 380 egesta (Cymothoé), 192 », (Papilio), 192 egina (Acrea), Ixiv, 185 »» (Melinzea), iv, liv so) CRapilio) 185 egregia (Kuproctis), 419 eleala (Deudorix), 197 5, (Hypolycena), 197 elegans (Calliteara), 474 », (Dasychira), 474 elegantula (Abantis), 203 eleus (Chrysophanus}, 1xii », (Eupheedra), 190 ,, (Papilio), 190 eleuteria (Bombyx), 435 », (Cimola), 435 », (Cypra), 435 Elina, 274, 275, 298, 301 elizabetha (Authela), 445 Ae (Odonestis), 445 elmira (Eurygona), 531 Eloria, 436 elpinice (Lemonias), 542, 550 Elymnias, xli, 184 emesina (Symmachia), 537 Emesis, 536, 537, 549 encedon (Acriea), xxii, 151, 186 », (Papilio), 186 endoplagia (Euproctis), 400 Endromis, ix endymion (Lyciena), 288, 289 Knnomos, lix, lxvili, 451 Enome, 481, 482 enos (Aroa), 475 »» (Dasychira), 475 enotrea (Ergolis), 188 », (Papilio), 188 enthysana (Porthesia), 393 enysil (Porina), 502 epiea (Papilio), 186 », (Planema), 186 Epalxiphora, xlvii epaphia(Appias), 202 », (Papilio), 202 ephyne (Mesosemia), 530 exl ) | epigone (Teracolus), 147, 148 epijasius (Charaxes), 193 Epinephele, xliii, 276, 277, 298 Epipyrops, 497 Erastria, 463 Erebia, xxxvii, xlv, xlvi, lili, 239, 240, 244, 277, 284 Erebiola, 283 erecta (Artaxa), 399 Eresina, 197 Ergolis, 188 Eriocrania, 502, 503 Eriogaster, 246 eriphyle (Erebia), xlv eris (Teracolus), 157 ‘| ero (Erebia), 240 Eronia, 148, 206 erythrias (Haplopseustis), 429 erythrina (Lomadonta), 480 Esthemopsis, v etesipe (Charaxes), 193- », (Nymphalis), 193 ethalion (Charaxes), xxii -etheocles (Charaxes), 194 | », - (Papilio), 195 | ethosea (Mesoxantha), 188 », (Papilio), 188 Etobema, 439 Euagra, v Eublemmistis, xxiv, Xxvi eubule (Kurygona), 532 eucharis (Teracolus), 157 Eudasychira, 462 Eueides, iv, lv euhemerus (Eurygona), 532 eumeus (Clerome), lvi Euomma, 189 eupale (Charaxes), 194 », (Papilio), 194 eupepla (Kurygona), 533 Eupheedra, 190, 191, 192, 206 euphrosyne (Brenthis), xliii eupiola (Hurygona), 533 Eupleea, 565, 575 eupompe (Teracolus), 146, 147, 148, 150, 152 Euprepia, 443 Euproctidion, 462, 469 Euproctis, 380, 385, 391, 392, 394-450, 460 Euptera, 193 Euptoieta, 286, 299 | eurinome (Euxanthe), 195 | 37 (Papilio)5 193 eurissus (Jolaus), 199 se (Bapilio) 3199 eurydice (Emesis), 536, 549 (Lymantria), 483 +] (exli >) eurydice (Porthetria), 483 eurygania (Pantana), 459 Eurygona, 529, 531, 532, 533, 549 eurylochus (Caligo), 564 Euryphene, 192, 206 Euryphura, 192 Eurytela, 188 eurytus (Papilio), 189 », (Pseudacrea), 189 Euschemon, xiv, 138 Eusemia, 431 euthria (Calydna), 541 Euxanthe, 193 euxanthe (Colias), 264, 291, 299 evagore (Teracolus), xii, 142, 160, 161, 162 evarne (Teracolus), 147, 148, 152 evergista (Deilemera), 54, 61, 62 aA (Phalena-Geometra), 61 evias (Erebia), xlv, xlvi ve hispanica (Erebia), evippe (Papilio), 202 »» (Teracolus), 202 excellens (Anthela), 452 3 (Darala), 452 excisa (Anthela), 452 >, (Darala), 452 exclamationis (Euprepia), 443 oe (Leela), 443 eximia (Charagia), 502 exornatus (Carterocephalus), 297 extendens (Deilemera), 72 Aa (Nyctemera), 72 extorta (Dasychira), 465 fabia (Eurygona), 533, 549 faceta (Euproctis), 427 falcata (Rigema), 462 falkensteinii (Cupido), 201 fallax (Deilemera), 65 », (Nyctemera), 65 familiella (Crinopteryx), 1, xlvil famula (Nyctemera), 53 fannia (Lemonias), 545, 550 fasciata (Deilemera), 75 (Dulichia), 410 (Erebia), 239, 244 (Euproctis), 410 (Leelia), 440 (Lielioides), 440 », (Nyctemera), 75, 83 fasciolata (Hesperia), 294 55 (Hylephila), 294, 299 fastidiosa (Emesis), 536 fatima (Symmachia), 537 Faunula, 282, 283, 298, 301 faunus (Oxylides), 198 », (Papilio), 198 feminula (Dasychira), 468 9 xlv, xlvi 39 be) be) 29 feminula (Mardara), 468 fenestrata (Leucoma), 384 (Macrauzata), 384 | ferruginea (Anthela), 449 5 (Darala), 449 ferruginosa (Anthela), 446 fervens (Darala), 449 fervida (Artaxa), 409 », (Euproctis), 409 figlina (Anthela), 446 (Darala), 446 », (Lelia), 440 fimbriata (Porthesia), 893 (Teara), 393 flabellaria (Olapa), 390 a (Phalna), 390 flammeola (Heteroygmia), 432 flava (Aroa), 415 flavala (Anthela), 452 flaveofusca (Aroa), 455 flavescens (Leptosoma), 84 (Leucoma), 379 (Nataxa), 496 (Perna), 496 . (Redoa), 379 flavicollis (Aroa), 454 A (Crinola), 454 flavicosta (Euproctis), 425 flavifascia (Nataxa), 496 flavimacula (Dasychira), 465 flavinata (Artaxa), 406 », (Euproctis), 406 flavinotata (Aclonophlebia), 481 flavipectus (Sapelia), 389 flavipes (Caltura), 386 », (Cispia), 386 flavociliata (Euproctis), 422 flavomaculata (Lycenesthes), 200 LB) 99 99 by) flavomaculatus (Butleria), 296, 297, 299 (Syrichthus), 296 flavonigra (Euproctis), 394 flesus (Papilio), 203 », (Tagiades), 203 flora (Hipparchia), 275 (Leucoma), 383 », (Pedaliodes), 275, 298 », (Satyrus), 275 florella (Catopsilia), 202 », (Papilio), 202 florida (Euproctis), 403 florus (Lemonias), 543, 545 Fodinoidea, 431 forbesi (Cypra), 435! », (Rajacoa), 435 forestan (Papilio), 205 », (Rhopalocampta), 205 fracta (Artaxa), 429 2? ( exlii_ ) fracta (Lelia), 442 fractifascia (Neomcenas), 278, 298 franklinii (Lyceena), 242 fraterna (Artaxa), 411 ,, (Kuproctis), 411 freija (Argynnis), XXxvil frigga (Argynnis), ili, XXXxvii », (Papilio), 242 5, var. improba (Argynnis), 242 fruticolens (Butleria), 295, 299, 300 3 (Cyclopides), 295 Fa var. pulcher (Cyclopides), 296 . var. ae ae (Cyclo- pides), 2 3 var. Pe ate (Cyelo- pides), 296 fuciformis (Macroglossa), xxvi fuliginea (Pyramocera), 496 fuliginosa (Lymantria), 488 fulleri (Deilemera), 67 5, (Nyctemera), 67 fulva (Artaxa), 406 », (Euproctis), 406 », (Hesperia), 295 (Hylephila), 295, 299, 300 ,, var. (Hylephila), 300 fulvescens (Charaxes), 194 fulviceps (Anepa), 478 AD (Charnidas), 478 ae (Icta), 460 fulvinotata (Cropera), 391 re (Olapa), 391 faleinincts (aproctin’ 401 es (Lopera), 401 fulvistriata (Euproctis), 408 fulvonigra (Porthesia), 395 fulvovittatus (Hesperia), 294, 299 (Pyrgus), 294 fulvus (Oxypalpus), 203, 206 fumida (Lymantria), 483 funeralis (Euproctis), 421 - (Nisoniades), 298 ‘i (Thanaos), 298, 299 furva (Lelia), 444 », (Lymantria), 484 », (Ocneria), 444, 484 fusca (Acyphas), 478 :, (Anepa), 478 », (Anthora), 462 », (Dasychira), 462 ,, (Heetomanes), 502 », (Hesperia), 293, 299, 300 fuscipenne (Leptosoma), 84 fuscivena (Stracena), 388 fuscomaculata (Porina), 502, 506, 508 fusiformis (Nioda), 464 gabunica (Dasychira), 469 gabunica (Euproctidion), 469 galactopis (Porthesia), 393 galbana (Deilemera), 80 galbanum (Leptosoma), 80 = (Nyctemera), 80 galena (Lemonias), 542 galene (Aterica), 189 5, (Papilio), 189 galenus (Celenorrhinus), 206 galinara (Lymantria), 490 gamma (Euproctis), 412 ganaha (Lymantria), 487 ganara (Lymantria), 493 Gastropacha, xxxv, 311-373 gaudens (Lopera), 409 gayi (Pieris), 290 Gazalina, 387 Gegenes, 143, 144 gemmata (Euproctis), 402 A (Lacipa), 402 gentia (Euproctis), 414 gentilis (Dasychira), 473 Genusa, 437, 438 Geodena, 497 Geometra, 433 georgiana (Dasychira), 473 germainii (Tetraphlebia), 279, 286, 298, 301 gerontes (Abisara), 194 » (Papilio), 194 gerra (Deilemera), 63, 85 gidica (Belenois), 145, 147, 150, 152 gigantea (Lelia), 441 glacialis (Colias), 242 glandulosa (Cheerotricha), 416 glaphyra (Anatole), 545 3H (Apodemia), 545 glaucinans (Homoptera), xxii globifera (Cherotricha), 419 (Nygmia), 419 Gluphisia, 461 glycera (Teracolus), 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 152, 161 gnava (Dasychira), 477 Gnophodes, 184 godarti (Emesis), 536 Gogana, 396, 405, 416 gondona (Lymantria), 495 Gonometa, Xxill gonophora (Dasychira), 470 - (Ilema), 470 gonostigma (Bombyx), 458 (Orgyia), 458 goodii (Dasychira), 467 », (CKeura), 467 gordoni (Psenderesia), 196, 296 Gorgopis, 502, 504, 505, 506, 507 Gorgyra, 203 ( .cxlii ) gotzius (Byblia), 189 », (Papilio), 189 gracilis (Euproctis), 404 », (Lacipa), 404 gracillima (Leucoma), 382 grande (Nymphidium), 546, 550 grandidieri (Calliteara), 473 “a (Dasychira), 473 grandis (Lymantria), 489 (Numenoides), 481 29 Grapta, xxvi, xxvill, 557, 559, 562, 573, 574 grisea (Lymantria), 492 grossa (Dasychira), 490 erotei (Dasychira), 472 guenéi (Anthela), 446 (Newmania), 446 ,, (Teara), 446 gundlachia (Precis), xii ‘ (Pyrisitia), 157, 162 guttata (Artaxa), 411 ,, (Euproctis), 411 guttistriga (Euproctis), 422 guttulata (Euproctis), 419 cuttulosa (Deilemera), 61 (Nyctemera), 61 - (Pitasila), 61 gwelila (Dasychira), 469 Gynephora, 439, 455, 457 hadina (Porthetria), 483 hahni (Neosatyrus), 284, 285 hamadelpha (Mesarchea), 503 Hamadryas, 287 Hamanumida, 190 hamata (Anthela), 450 hampsoni (Euproctis), 423 Haplopseustes, 429 Harapa, 439, 442 harea (Deilemera), 81 , (Leptosoma), 81 Harma, 192, 193 harpalyce (Euphedra), 191 3 (Papilio), 191 harpax (Axiocerses), 200 », (Papilio), 200 hatita (Hypolycena), 198 heeate (Amauris), 184 ,, (Danais), 184 hecla (Colias), ili, xxxvii, liii, 242 Hectomanes, 502, 505, 507 hectus (Hepialus), 501 helcita (Aletis), xxxix helice (Aricoris), 548 Heliconius, iv, lv, 558, 565 Heliochroma, 290, 299 heliodora (Aricoris), 548 Hemaris, xxi Hepialiscus, 507 9 99 Hepialus, 501, 503, 504, 507 hera (Lymantria), 466 Heracula, 431 herce (Nyctemera), 81 _herklotsii (Nyctemera), 75 Hesperia, Ivi, 189, 199, 201, 203, 204, 205, 298, 294, 295, 299, 300 hesperia (Geometra), 433 (Nyctemera), 53, 433 », (Otroeda), 53, 433 hesperistis (Apoprogones), xiv, 137, 138 hetiwerina (Symmachia), 538 Heterocampa, 461 heterogyna (Lelia), 444 Heteronygmia, 432, 433, 480 Heteropterus, xlii, xliii, xliv hiarbas (Eurytela), 188 », (Papilio), 188 hilaris (Lymantria), 492 5, themis (Najas), 190 Himala, 386, 387 Hipparchia, 240, 275, 285 hipparia (Leucoma), 378 hippocoon (Papilio), x1 hippocrate (Aricoris), 547, 550 hippocrates (Cupido), 206 hippodice (Symmachia), 537, 549 hippothoe, var. eurybia (Chrysophanus), XXXVli var. stieberi (Chrysophanus), XXXVil holoxutha (Euproctis), 404 Homceomeria, 379 Homceonympha, 284 Homoptera, xxiii Hondella, 439 horites (Nyctemera), 72 horrida (Dasychira), 470 horsfieldii (Arctia), 473 (Dasychira), 473 hortensia (Argynnis), 286 5 (Euptoieta), 286, 299 howra (Artaxa), 400 », (Kuproctis), 400 humilis (Neomcenas), 279, 298 », (Stygnus), 279 humuli (Hepialus), 501, 503 var. hethlandica (Hepialus), > 99 Dh) 501 hyale (Colias), xliii hyalinalis (Psammotis), xl viii hyalinatus (Pielus), 502, 508 Hybernia, ix Hybocampa, 249 Hylemera, 436 Hylephila, 294, 295, 299, 300 hymen (Dapidodigma), 199 ( yexliv 5) hymen (Papilio), 199 indeterminata (Casama), 461 Hypanartia, 187 (Ophiusa), xxiv hyperantus (Aphantopus), xlii indica (Gluphisia), 461 Hyphilaria, 531, 549 », (Varmina), 461 Hypogymna, 482 inepta (Artaxa), 413 Hypoleucis, 204 », (Euproctis), 413 Hypolimnas, xxviii, xxix, 142, 188 infima (Dasychira), 477 Hypolycena, 197,198, 199 ;, (Somena), 477 hypophleus (Chrysophanus), [xii infuscata (Leptosoma), 70 hypoxantha (Heteronygmia), 433 a (Nyctemera), 70 (Numenes), 433 ino (Argynnis), iii Hypsophila, 243 inornata (Anthela), 452 Hysibada, 386 > Warala), 452 iwris (Chamielimnas), 534 ;, (Neomeenas), 278, 298, 301 iasis (Mesene), 540, 550 insignis (Numenius), 432 ichorina (Pegella), 491 s, (Pterolocera), 453 icilia (Bombyx), 417 insulare (Leptosoma), 65 ,, (Euproctis), 417 insularis (Deilemera), 65 Ieta, 460 integra (Anthela), 452 idmon (Lemonias), 542 », (Darala), 452 idonea (Euproctis), 401 »5 (Deilemera), 76, 85 ignita (Oxypalpus), 204 », (Leptosoma), 76 ignobilis (Mycalesis), 185 | ,, (Nyctemera), 76 Ilema, 462, 466, 469, 470 intensa (Artaxa), 412 ilicis (Thecla), xlv », (Euproctis), 412 ilita (Dasychira), 387 | intercisa (Deilemera), 62 ilithyia (Byblia), 143 Fe (Nyctemera), 62 illanta (Euproctis), 400 interjecta (Pantana), 438 illepida (Rilia), 429 interlectum (Nyctemera), 68 illustris (Deilemera), 77 intermixta (Gazalina), 387 Imaus, 496 intricata (Oncoptera), 500, 502, 508 immaculata (Cherotricha), 416 invaria (Dasychira), 465 3 (Euproctis), 399, 416 », (Repena), 465 impressa (Caragola), 376 invasa (Turriga), 464 .s (Leucoma), 376 iobrota (Artaxa), 395 as (Redoa), 376 ,, (Porthesia), 395 improba (Argynnis), ili, 242 ione (Teracolus), 157 impuncta (Euproctis), 401 lostola, vi ae (Lacipa), 401 iphis (Ceenonympha), iil inaria (Hypolimnas), xxix », (Papilio), 205 incerta (Enome), 418 »» (Rhopaloeampta), 205 5, (Lymantria), 481 irrorata (Daplasa), 430 ;, (Pamphila), 205 », (Euproctis), 394 5, (Pardaleodes), 205 5» (Leucoma), 394 inclusa (Dasychira), 465 ,, (Porthesia), 394 incommoda (Artaxa), 411 ;, (Somena), 424 (Euproctis), 411 irroratum (Cricosoma), 540, 550 incompta (Euproctis), 420 Isapis, 534 incomptaria (Utidava), 429 isca (Liptena), 196 inconcisa (Artaxa), 401 ,, (Pseuderesia), 196 ,, (Euproctis), 401 Isine, 497 inconspicua (Euproctis), 401 isis (Cupido), 201 inconstans (Deilemera), 57, 60 », (Papilio), 201 x (Nyctemera), 78 Ismene, 205 3 (Pitasila), 57 Ithomia, lvi Incurvaria, 504 itonia (Ypthima), 206 indecora (Euproctis), 421 Ivela, 388 a (Teara), 421 Ixias, 156 ( exly*) Jana, xxili Janassa, 462, 473 janetta (Euphiedra), 191 »- (Romalwosoma), 191 janirioides (Epinephele), 276, Janiroides (Neosatyrus), 286 japonica (Lymantria), 483 jesous (Azanus), 148 jodutta (Acriea), 186 jodutta (Papilio), 186 johnstoni (Lomadonta), 480 Jolaus, 199, 206 jonasi (Aroa), 410 », (Kuproctis), 410 jonesi (Nyctemera), 433 », (Otroeda), 433 josiata (Artaxa), 396 », (Euproctis), 396 », (Orgyia), 396 -jJoviana (Chamelimnas), 534, 549 »» (Isapis), 534 junctifera (Charnidas), 454 Junonia, 187 justicie (Artaxa), 424 juvenis (Hondella), 444 », (Lelia), 444 », (Ptilomacra), 444 kala (Artaxa), 426 5, (Deilemera), 75 », (Euproctis), 426 ,, (Leptosoma), 75 Kallima, xxviii, lii, 188, 573 Kanchia, 378, 385 kapaurensis (Deilemera), 73, 85 kargalika (Euproctis), 402 kausalia (Dasychira), 472 keiskamma (Teracolus), 157 Kettelia, 390 kinabalina (Deilemera), 81 3 (Nyctemera), 81 kinagananga (Deilemera), 76 klugii (Limnas), xxix, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 574 kondeka (Deilemera), 72, 77 kondekum (Leptosoma), 77 kiinowii (Pseudacriea), xxxix, xli laba (Redoa), 379 labdaca (Libythea), 194 labyrinthica (Trictena), 502, 507 Lachana, 460 Lachnocnema, 206 Lacida, 429, 439, 443, 454, 460, 466 Lacipa, 395, 401, 402, 403, 404, 465 lactea (Lielioides), 440 », (Redoa), 381 lacticinia (Deilemera), 74 os (Leptosoma), 74 3 (Nyctemera), 53 298 PROC, ENT, SOC. LOND., Vv. 1903. lacticinia (Phalena-Geometra), 74 ladakensis (Lachana), 460 Lelapia, 481 Lelia, 384, 391, 397, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 449, 465, 470 Lielioides, 439, 440 leeta (Pseudomesa), 432 letitia (Euryphene), 192 Laganda, 498 lagus (Aricoris), 547 lampeto (Caria), 538 Lampides, 289, 299 lanaria (Kuproctis), 428 » (Terphothrix), 428 lanceolata (Rilia), 464. laodice (Charaxes), 194 », (Papilio), 194 », (Precis), 187 laon (Jolaus), 199 larydas (Lyceenesthes), 200 », (Papilio), 200 Lasaia, 541, 550 lasea (Pirga), 435 », (Xenosoma), 435 Lasiommata, 274 lasthenes (Lemonias), 545 latemarginata (Deilemera), 68, 85 (Nyctemera), 68 lathonioides (Argynnis), 264, 286, 299 latifascia (Euproetis), 397 Fe (Leucoma), 397 3 (Nyctemera), 84 latifera (Darala), 450 latistriga (Deilemera), 78, 79 7 (Leptosoma), 78 _ (Nyctemera), 75, 78 var. fasciata (Nyctemera), 75 laufella (Hesperia), 205 »» (Pteroteinon), 205 lavia (Lelia), 443 lebona (Hypolycena), 199 Lecriolepis, 498 leda (Melanitis), 184 »» (Papilio), 184 leechi (Notolophus), 459 2” (Orgyia), 459 lefebvrei (Elina), ee role 298 45 (Satyrus), 27 leighi (Mania), xxv », (Musgravia), xxii leithiana (Artaxa), 399 Lemonias, 542, 543, 544, 545, 550 leo (Teracolus), 145, 146, 148 leonidas (Papilio), 203 Lepasta, 433 lepcha (Lymantria), 490 », _ (Porthetria), 490 Leptidia, xliii ( exlvi ) Leptoeneria, 445, 446 leptoneuroides (Cosmosatyrus), 274, 279, 280, 298, 301 50 yar, plumbeolus (Cos- mosatyrus), 298 Leptosia, 201 Leptosoma, 55-84 Lerna, 497 lesbia (Colias), 291, 299 », (Papilio), 291 Leuceronia, 152 leucocyana (Lemonias), 542, 543 leucoglene (Faunula), 283, 298, 301 Leucoma, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 388, 393, 394, 397, 415, 441 leucomelas (Euproctis), 397 leuconoe (Deilemera), 55, 65 (Leptosoma), 65 ns (Nyctemera), 65 leucopheearia (Hybernia), ix leucospila (Cheerotricha), 422 (Cozola), 422 (Euproctis), 422 leucospilota (Deilemera), 60 (Nyctemera), 60 A (Pitasila), 58, 60 leucostigma (Leptosoma), 84 leucothea (Heliochroma), 290, 299 (Papilio), 290 leuctra (Deilemera), 62, 63, 85 libania (Gorgopis), 502, 505, 508 libyra (Aroa), 432 », (Numenes), 432 Libythea, 194 licinia (Eurygona), 531, 532, 549 lignea (Dasychira), 464 », (Nioda), 464 ligniperda (Cossus), x, 1x lignivora (Charagia), 502, 504 lilacina (Leelia), 440 liliana (Pinacopteryx), 153 Limacodes, 246 limbalis (Urocoma), 478 limbata (Artaxa), 424 Limenitis, 556, 572, 573 Limnas, xi, xxii, xxix, 142, 148, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 565, 574 limonea (Anthela), 452 (Cherotricha), 413 (Darala), 452 », (Euproctis), 413 limonias (Satyrus), 276 limpida (Sapelia), 389 jineata (Dasychira), 477 5, (Lymantria), 477 lineosa (Etobema), 439 2? 2? 2) 99 Js) | lineosa (Pantana), 439 lingeus (Cupido), 201 », (Papilio), 201 linta (Artaxa), 426 ,, (Euproctis), 426 Liparis, 385, 887, 390, 391, 394, 398, 404, 410, 412, 437, 479, 482, 483 Liphyra, x Liptena, 196, 197, 206 litura (Charnidas), 444 »» (Lelia), 444 livia (Kuproctis), 414 livida (Dendorix), 198 I-nigra (Leucoma), 385 l-nigrum (Bombyx), 385 Locharna, 431 locuples (Cifuna), 479 lodra (Euproctis), 412 Lomadonta, 480 lombokiana (Deilemera), 71 Be (Nyctemera), 71 longipennis (Dasychira), 473 Lopera, 396, 401, 402, 409, 410, 441 Lophostethus, xxiv, xxvi lorimeri (Morasa), 496 lorisona (Deudorix), 198 »» (Myrina), 198 losinga (Euphiedra), 192 », (Romaleosoma), 192 lowii (Kettelia), 390 | lucescens (Lymantria), 489 % (Porthetria), 489 lucifuga (Artaxa), 395, 408 ,, (KEuproctis), 408 lucilla (Neptis), iii lucretia (Papilio), 189 oy (Pseudacriea), 189 luctuosa (Deilemera), 80 luctuosum (Leptosoma), 80 luctuosus (Satyrus), 276 luctus (Riodina), 535 ludekingii (Deilemera), 67 (Leptosoma), 67 » _ (Orgyia), 460 Ludia, xxiii lugardi (Lymantria), 493 lugubris (Pedaliodes), 276 29 /lunata (Bombyx), 491 (Euproctis), 399 », (Lymantria), 491 lunifera (Zarfa), 386 lunulata (Dasychira), 471 Iupulinus (Hepialus), 501, 504 lutea (Bombyx), 395 », (Porthesia), 395 luteiceps (Pantana), 438 luteifascia (Artaxa), 423 (Dactylorhyncha), 444 99 2? luteifascia (Euproctis), 423 luteipes (Homceomeria), 379 5 (Leucoma), 379 », (Stilpnotia), 379 lutescens (Euproctis), 399 Lycena, liii, 201, 242, 288, 289 Lyczenesthes, 148, 200, 206 lycoa (Acreea), 186 Lycorea, iv, lv, 558, 565 Lymantria, 432, 443, 466, 481-496 lyrnessa (Lyczena), 288 lysimon (Cupido), 206 lysippus (Riodina), 535 lysistratus (Riodina), 535 mabillei (Nyectemera), 66 me kieana (Nyctemera), 84 macklotti (Leptosoma), 84 Maecrauzata, 384 Macroglossa, xxvi maculata (Deilemera), 62 5 (Fodinoidea), 431 a (Nyctemera), 62 maculosa (Lymantria), 489 55 (Nyctemera), 64 maculosum (Leptosoma), 58 madagascariensis (Junonia), 187 (Precis), 187 madana (Euproctis), 417 mieon (Lemonias), 542, 550 meonoides (Lemonias), 542, 550 mera (Pararge), lili mieris (Lasaia), 541 magna (Euproctis), 423 » (Pirga), 436 », (Somena), 423 magnalia (Dasychira), 469 magnifica (Anthela), 448 Mahoba, 433 maia (Aricoris), 547, 550 major (Aroa), 453 Malachitis, 481 Malacosoma, viii malathana (Cupido), 201 4% (Lyceena), 201 maligna (Dasychira), 466 33 (Parorgyia), 466 malis (Cremna), 530, 549 malve (Syrichthus), li mancinus (Erebia), 239 Mania, xxv: manicata (Lymantria), 489 manifesta (Nyctemera), 434 manto (Erebia), xlv Marane, 497 Marbla, 436, 437 Marcipa, 497 mardania (Euryphene), 192 exlvii_) 477, 479, mardania (Papilio), 192 Mardara, 433, 463, 468, 476 margaritacea (Leucoma), 377 marginalis (Euproctis), 392 a (Leucoma), 380 ap (Redoa), 380 - (Trichetra), 479 Be (Urocoma), 479 marginata (Aslauga), 197 es (Cheerotricha), 418 Pr (Cobanilla), 392 - (Euproctis), 418 3 (Liptena), 197 Ke (Lymantria), 487 maria (Caragola), 377 », (Redoa), 377 marianne (Ixias), 156 marsyas (Caria), 538, 549 martia (Lemonias), 543, 550 maruta (Dasychira), 471 mascarena (Dasychira), 476 Matarbela, xxill, xxvi mathias (Chapra), 146, 204 - (Hesperia), 204 mathura (Lymantria), 488, 489 maxima (Aroa), 453 maza (Euproctis), 407 Mechanitis, iv, liv, lv mediata (Stauropus), xxiv medon (Hupheedra), 191 », (Papilio), 191 medusa (Leptosia), 201 », (Papilio), 201 melaleuca (Artaxa), 415 melaneura (Deilemera), 65 _ (Leptosoma), 65 x var. melas (Nyctemera), 83 melaneus (Caduga), 565 Melanitis, lii, 184 melanochlora (Malachitis), 481 ss (Mesenopsis), 533 melanosoma (Leucoma), 393 a5 (Porthesia), 393 melaxantha (Aroa), 456 (Orgyia), 456 Melia, 461, 467 melia (Lemonias), 544 melicerta (Neptis), 189 55 (Papilio), 189 Melineea, iv, liv, lv, 558, 565, 571 Melita, ili, xxxvii, xlix—lii, liv menander (Cithierias), 565 mendosa (Dasychira), 464 Fe (Olene), 464 menes (Nyctemera), 84 menestheus (Papilio), 203 mentiens (Crorema), 391 mercedis (Pontia), 292 (Vexlyin se) meris (Lasaia), 541 merita (Lasaia), 541, Merope, xxv merope (Papilio), xxxix, xl, xli Mesarchiea, 503 Mesene, 540, 550 Mesenopsis, 533, 549 550 mesentina (Belenois), 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 155 mesolychna (Nyctemera), 83 Mesosemia, 529, 530, 549 Mesoxantha, 188 metallica (Neocastnia), Metanastria, xxii, xxiii metarhoda (Lymantria), 489 Methona, 573 micacea (Leucoma), 383 », (Redoa), 383 micans (Lymantria), 486 », (Parnara), 204 micilia (Agyrta), v, vi micra (Calydna), 541 microcale (Teracolus), 147 microdice (Pieris), 292 55 (Tatochila), 299, 300 Microgymna, 396 Micropterogyna, 458 micyelus (Cupido), 201 es (Papilio), 201 milhauseri (Hybocampa), 249 milonia (Precis), 187 milyas (Monotrichtis), 185 », (Mycalesis), 185 Mimacriea, 195, 196 mimosie (Argema), xxii minimus (Neosatyrus), 283 minuscula (Colias), 291 minutissima (Euproctis), 425 (Leucoma), 380 mirabilis (Euproctis), 415 36 (Pirga), 435 mirma (Aroa), 455 mirza (Cupido), 201 misana (Dasychira), 467 miserata (Dasychira), 466 . (Ilema), 466 misippus (Basilarchia), 572 (Hypolimnas), xxviii, 142, 188 (Limenitis), 572 = (Papilio), 188 mixta (Leucoma), 393 » (Porthesia), 393 mneme (Melina), iv, liv, lv mocquerysii (Gorgyra), 203 modesta (Anatole), 545 (Argynnis), 287, 299 (Artaxa), 399 39 2? 29 29 KK, | modesta (Dasyehira), 472 (Morasa), 496 3 (Polymona), 496 meerens (Calliteara), 474 (Dasychira), 474, 482 », (Lymantria), 482 moeris (Anza), XXvVi moesta (Lymantria), 484 moina (Colias), 243 molione (Monethe), 539, 550 monacha (Bombyx), 486 *5 (Lymantria), 486 monachus (Epinephele), 276, 298 (Satyrus), 276 ue (Stibomorpha), 276 Monethe, 539, 550 monosticta Gee 410 (Lopera), 410 Monotrichtis, 185, 206 monticolens (Cosmosatyrus), 281, 298, 301 A (Satyrus), 281 montis (Artaxa), 400 », (Euproctis), 400 montroilii (Elina), 274 (Lasiommata), 274 (Satyrus), 274 29 9? 99 99 99 | Monura, 194 moolaica (Pitasila), 57 moorei (Euproctis), 424 », (Leucoma), 380 morania (Papilio), xxi Morasa, 496 mormoides (Ophiusa), xxiv morpheus (Heteropterus), xlii, xliv mosera (Lymantria), 494 mozambica (Aphneus), 200 (Spindasis), 200 xiii, | miilleri ( (Deilemera), 63 (Euproctis), 416 », (Leptosoma), 63 multiplaga (Apodemia), 546, 550 multipunctata (Pentila), 195, 206 munda (Euproctis), 412 ,, (Lymantria), 496 mundipicta (Deilemera), 55, 74 (Leptosoma), 75, 76 55 (Nyctemera), 75 mundus (Imaus), 496 Munichryia, 478 municipalis (Dasychira), 465 PA (Leelia), 465 muscalella (Incurvaria), 504 Museravia, xxii mutabilis (Deilemera), 62 2? 29 3 (Nyctemera), 62 Mycalesis, 184, 185 ( mycone (Nymphidium), 546 Mylothris, 201 Myrina, 198, 206 mys (Eurygona), 531, 532 Nagunda, 482, 486 Najas, 190 nape (Pieris), XXXVii Napeogenes, lvi narindra (Lymantria), 492 Naroma, 386 nastes (Colias), 243 natalensis (Precis), 160 natalica (Acreea), Xxil Nataxa, 496, 497 Naxa, 386 neanthes (Charaxes), xxi nebulosa (Monotrichtis), 185 35 (Mycalesis), 185 neemias (Emesis), 587, 549 negrita (Euproctis), 396 nemetes (Neptis), 189 Neocastnia, 139 Neomeenas, 274, 277, 278, 279 301 neomyrioides (Elina), 274, 275, 298, 301 3 (Satyrus), 274 Neosatyrus, 283, 284, 285, 298, 301 Nephele, xxii Neptidopsis, 188 Neptis, i, 150, 151, 189 nereis (Pierella), 565 neriene (Zeritis), 206 nerina (Nyctemera), 53 », (Otroeda), 53 nervosa (Oligoclona), 387 netopha (Baoris), 205 », (Hesperia), 205 Neurophana, 457 neustria (Malacosoma), viil x eastrensis (Malacosoma), | vill Newmania, 376, 445, 446, niavius (Amauris), xl, 184 5, (Papilio), 184 nicevillei (Neocastnia), 139 nicias (Hyphilaria), 531 nicippe (Xanthidia), 156 nicothoé (Anthela), 449 5 (Bombyx), 449 nigra (Dasychira), 469 », (Lymantria), 487 nigribasalis (Euproctis), 396 nigricilia (Redoa), 378 nigrifinis (Porthesia), 393 nigriplapa (Orgyia), 458 nigritula (Dasychira), 468 bP) exis) nigrocrocea (Orgyia), 458 nigrolimbata (Pantana), 438 nigroscripta (Heterocampa), 461 nigrovena (Deilemera), 74, 85 nigrovenosa (Deilemera), 64 nilgirica (Dasychira), 473 Nioda, 461, 464 | niphonis (Chierotricha), 418 », (Euproctis), 418 nireus (Papilio), xxi, xxv, 202 nisa (Deilemera), 77, 85 Nisoniades, 298 ‘nitida (Leucoma), 379 by niveosparsa (Dasychira), 475 nobilior (Ploetzia), 205 nobilis (Cheerotricha), 396 ” (Euproctis), 402 (Lopera), 402 (Panthea), 402 2) ” | nohara (Acrea), 155 Nola, 394 'nomenia (Deudorix), 206 298, | nomia (Lemonias), 544 /nomion (Deudorix), 197 _numata (Heliconius), /oaxes (Pedaliodes), nigrocilia (Euphedra), 190, 206 norna ((Eneis), Xxxvil nostrodamus (Gegenes), 143, 144 notata (Anaxila), 429 (Leelapia), 481 », var. valdiviana (Hesperi Notohyba, 462, 463, 466, 470 Notolophus, 407, 458, 459 nouna (Teracolus), 162 noviespunctatum (Nyctemera), 62 nubecula (Leptosoma), 84 nubifuga (Dasychira), 466 », (Notohyba), 466 nubila (Birnara), 439 nucula (Orgyia), 458, 459 nuda (Bombyx), 430 © 9 a), 294 Jy 2? iv Numenes, 432, 433 numenes (Charaxes), 194 Numenoides, 481 nurma (Euproctis), 420 Nychthemera, 66 Nyctemera, 53-84, 433, 434 nycteropus (Neosatyrus), 285, 298, 301 nycteus (Nymphidium), 546 Nygmia, 405, 419 | Nymphalis, 193 nymphea (Phulia), 292 Nymphidiuin, 546, 550 nymphula (Phulia), 264, 292 299 a (Pieris), 292 nyses (Cypra), 437 (Marbla), 437 ” a7 af obfuscata (Enome), te obfuscata (Lymantria), 482 obliqua (Cispia), 391 obseura (Anthela), 453 (Artaxa), 424 (Euproctis), 424 », (Trichiura), 453 obsoleta (Artaxa), 400 (Bombyx), 440 (Euproctis), 397 (Lelia), 440 », (Lymantria), 484, 485 obtusa (Deilemera), 78 »». (Nyctemera), 78 occidentis (Nyctemera), 434 AS (Otroeda), 53, 434 ocellata (Anthela), 447 ee (Warala) 447 ocellifera (Dasychira), 466 (Notopriota), 466 », (Oecura), 466 ochracea (Aroa), 454 », (Charnidas), 454 ochraceata (Aroa), 457 ochrea (Euproctis), 405 (Gogana), 405 5 (Nygmia), 405 ochreipennis (Teracolus), 163 ochreivittatus (Neosatyrus), 284 ochripes (Caragola), 378 (Caviria), 378 », (Stilpnotia), 376, 378 ochrocephala (Dicreagra), 496 Ochrogaster, 498 Ocinara, 385 Ocneria, 444, 484 octavia (Papilio), 187 »» (Precis), 187 ocularis (Orgyia), 460 Odagra, 439, 440 odana (Deudorix), 197 odenestaria (Colussa), 450 Odontopera, xxxv, 311-370 (Ecura, 462, 466, 467 cedipus (Cceenonympha), xlii, xl, xliv (Kneis, xxxvii, 240, 244, 281 Cinosandra, 497 Ogoa, 391 ogovensis (Redoa), 379 ogrugana (Baoris), 204, 206 oileus (Lasaia), 541, 550 Olapa, 390, 391 olearia (Dasychira), 462 », (Olene), 462 Olene, 461, 462, 464 Oligoclona, 387 olivata (Euproctis), 427 Ommatoptera, 447, 449 omphale (Teracolus), 157 99 9 2) 29 9 39 29 3) cl Oncoptera, 500, 502, 503, 507 onetha (Deilemera), 80 ,, (Leptosoma), 80 opalina (Cimola), 435 ophione (Neptidopsis), 188 », (Papilio), 188 | Ophiusa, xxiv ophiusa (Hesperia), 204 », (Hypoleucis), 204 optata (Deilemera), 82, 85 orbitulus (Papilio), 242 " var. franklinii (Lycena), 242 orbona (Mesosemia), 530, 549 orcas (Aphneeus), 199 », (Papilio), 199 orciferaria (Aspilates), 243 oreosaura (Adlullia), 418 s, (Euproctis), 418 orestes (Cherotricha), 417 », (Euproctis), 417 orestia (Acriea), 186 Orgyla, xxxi, xxxil, 396, 407, 437, 438, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 488 orientalis (Tascina), 139 orimba (Dasychira), 464 ,» (Olene), 464 orise (Dismorphia), 558, 573 ormea (Euproctis), 426 oroya (Deilemera), 59, 85 orsedice (Hyphilaria), 531, 549 Orvasea, 396, 424 osiris (Cupido), 201 », (Lyceena), 201 Osmodes, 204 ostra (Anthela), 447 5, (Euproctis), 402 osuna (Euproctis), 419 otlauga (Liptena), 197 Otroeda, 58, 54, 433, 434 ovada (Deilemera), 82 Oxylides, 198 Oxypalpus, 203, 204, 206 Pachycispia, 479 pagenstecheri (Nyctemera), 83 Paleeomicra, 503 pales (Argynnis), iii, 241 », (Papilio), 241 », (Satyrus), 277 Palla, 194 pallens (Leptosoma), 84 pallida (Charnidas), 444 (Cropera), 410 (Dactylorhyncha), 444 (Euproctis), 410 », (Lelia), 440 pallipes (Euproctis), 419 Palpiphorus, 507 Pamphila, 205 99 ” ”) (eli es) panabra (Porthesia), 392 paniscoides (Butleria), 297 pansa (Chameelimnas), 534, 549 Pantana, 437, 438, 439 Panthea, 402 Papilio, xxi, xxv, xxxix, xl, ]xiii, lxiv, 150, 184-205, 239, 241, 242, 286, | 290, 291, 293, 299, 555, 561, 563 paradoxa (Chionophasma), 392 a (Porthesia), 392 Pararge, xliii, ii Pardaleodes, 205 parmeno (Gnophodes), 184 Parnara, 204, 206 Parnassius, iii, iv Parorgyia, 466 parrhasia (Acreea), 186 35 (Papilio), 186 parthenie (Melita), xlix, ], li Re var. varia (Melita), xlix, ] partita (Numenes), 432 parva (Anthela), 445 », (Darala), 445 », (Telipna), 194 pasinuntia (Lycorea), iv, lv pastor (Calliteara), 476 ,, (Dasychira), 476 patrana (Numenes), 432 patula (Thelde), 465 pauli (Pentila), 195 pauperata (Euproctis), 400 peartize (Cneis), 240 pecla (Euproctis), 414 peculiaris (Dasychira), 463 se (Mardara), 463 Pedaliodes, 275, 276, 298 pedaria (Phigalia), ix pedias (Siseme), 534, 549 Pegella, 482, 491, 493 pelarga (Papilio), 187 ee (recs) sal(Sif pelidne (Colias), 243 pellex (Atasca), 56 », (Deilemera), 56 ,, (Leptosoma), 56 pellucida (Leucoma), 381 pelona (Artaxa), 411 », (Euproctis), 411 peneleos (Acrea), 186 Penora, 381 pentapolis (Acraea), 186 Pentila, 195, 196, 206 perenna (Acrea), lxiv Perina, 430 Perna, 496 perplexa (Euproctis), 422 perspicua (Deilemera), 66 59 (Nyctemera), 66 petiverana (Danais), 184 petreea (Acriea), xxii, 155 petulca (Phalena), 80 | phace (Mesosemia), 529, 549 | phzea (Euproctis), 429 pheedon (Aricoris), 547 Phiegorista, 479 Phalena, 64, 68, 80, 390, 392 », (Geometra), 61, 74 », (Noctua), 56 phalantha (Atel!a), 142, 187 a (Papilio), 187 | phalanthus (Bicyelus), 184 phaola (Appias), 202 »> (Pieris); 202 pharsalus (Acriea), Ixiv, 186 pharte (Erebia), xlv phasiana (Dasychira), 466 », (Parorgyia), 466 phegea (Elymnias), xli, 184 5, (Papilio), 184 pheranthes (Napeogenes), lvi Phiala, 497 | Phigalia, ix philippii (Butleria), 296, 299 +5 (Cyelopides), 296 _philippus (Hesperia), 199 », (Hypolycena), 199 Phineca, 462, 463 phisadia (Teracolus), xii, 145,146, 157, 163 phleas (Chrysophanus), xliii, bxii phlegyas (Teracolus), 146, 157 pheebe (Melitiea), iii, li pheenicias (Anthela), 445 Phragmatobia, 442 phranza (Euryphene), 206 phryne (Triphysa), iit Phulia, 264, 292, 299 phyleus (Hylephila), 295 picata (Deilemera), 81 picatus (Secusio), 81 picta (Euproctis), 404 », (Liparis), 404 ,, (Pachycispia), 479 Pida, 427, 431 Pielus, 502, 507 Pierella, 565 Pieris, xxxvil, lili, 202, 290, 292, 293 Pinacopteryx, xi, 142, 152, 153, 154 pinguis (Anthela), 453 », (Darala), 453 pirene (Lemonias), 544, 550 Pirga, 435, 436 Pitasila, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 plagiaria (Aricoris), 546, 550 plagiata (Anaxila), 471 », (Cispia) 418 ( eli plagiata (Dasychira), 471 - (Euproctis), 418 plagiatum (Leptosoma), 68 plagidotata (Cyclidia), 433 7 (Mardara), 433 plagifera (Deilemera), 67 », (Nyctemera), 67 », (Tripheromera), 67 plana (Anthela), 450 », (Aroa), 454 ., (Cherotricha), 416 (Darala), 450 (Euproctis), 416 (Orgyia), 454 Planema, D@;o:ab.gy ond hy ove BIE planemoides (Papilio), xli Plastingia, 205 Platylesches, 205 plautilla (Euryphene), 192 », (Euryphura), 192 pleione (Teracolus), 146 plexippus (Anosia), 562, 572 plinius (Cupido), 201 », (Hesperia), 201 ploetzi (Hesperia), 203 Ploetzia, 205 plumbalis (Lymantria), 492 plumbea (Scolitantides), 288 plumbeola (Tetraphlebia}, 279, 280 - var. duseni (Erebia), 280 pluto (Gynzphora), 439 53 (Pantana), 439 poggei (Planema), xxxix, xli, xhi polaris (Argynnis), 241 policenes (Papilio), xxi, 203 polydamas (Papilio), Ixili, 555 Polygonia xxvi, XXVii, XXvViii polymnia (Mechanitis), liv, lv Polymona, 496 Polyommatus, 144, 145, 150, 289 polyspilus (Butleria), 297, 299, 300 ae (Carterocephalus), 297 pomona (Catopsilia), 156 Pontia, 292 popiya (Deilemera), 69, 85 populi (Smerinthus), xiv Porina, 502, 506, 507 Porthesia, 392, 393, 394, 395, 416, 418 Porthetria, 482, 483, 489, 490 postfusca (Dasychira), 472 postica (Anthela), 449 (Darala), 449 (Euproctis), 397 ,, (Gonometa), xxili ,, (Lacida), 460 (Orgyia), 460 s, (Thiacidas), 461 postincisa (Euproctis), 402 +B] 186, 187 be) ”) ) postnigra (Euproctis), 421 potentaria (Ennomos), 451 preecurrens (Adlullia), 419 5 (Euproctis), 419 pramesta (Lymantria), 492 prasina (Calliteara), 476 ;,» (Dasychira), 476 Precis) xX, Kil, SGKViily Kx OCD aTe lii, 142, 143, 145, 151, 157, 158, 159, 160, 187, 188, 206, 556, 561, 562, 563 preussi (Abynotha), 479 (Liparis), 479 (Lymantria), 479 », (Phegorista), 479 prima (Darala), 420 primula (Leucoma), 383 princeps (Artaxa), 413 - (Lycenesthes), 206 principalis (Anteros), 536 prisca (Orgyia), 459 ~ Procodeca 439, 440, 441, 442, 444 producta (Euproctis), 394 », (Porthesia), 394 progne (Symmachia), 537, 549 prolata (Lelia), 440 prolixa (Lelia), 391 promaucana (Satyrus), 286 promelena (Stracena), 389 < (Sulychra), 389 propria (Deilemera), 71 proprium (Leptosoma), 71 », (Nyctemera), 71 Proterpia, xl preterpia (Pyrisitia), 157, 162 protoclea (Charaxes), 193 > 9 | protomedia (Teracolus), 145, 147, 152 pruinosa (Arctornis), 379 (Leucoma), 379 pryeri (Dasychira), 472 Psalis, 461, 462 Psammotis, xlviii pseudabietis (Calliteara), 472 % (Dasychira), 472 Pseudacreea, xxxix, xli, lxiv, Pseudarbessa, vi pseudegina (Acrea), 186 Pseuderesia 196, 206 Pseudomesa, 432 Pseudonotodonta, 462, 477 Psilura, 482 189 | psittacus (Caria), 538 | psyttalea (Amauris), 184 _ Pterolocera, 453 Pteroteinon, 205 Ptilomacra, 444 pubescens (Euproctis), 404 pudica (Anthela), 445 ( pudica (Darala), 445 5, (Dasychira), 472 puellaris (Teracolus), xii, 157, 163 puelme (Argopteron), 295, 299, 300 », _ (Cyclopides), 295 pulchella (Deiopeia), 154 3 (Mesenopsis), 533, 549 pulver ea (Artaxa), 406 », (Euproctis), 406 pulverea (Lacipa), 404 - (Porthesia), 394 pumila (Calliteara), 474 », (Dasychira), 474 punctatus (Cupido), 201 puncticilia (Caltura), 386 An (Cispia), 386 vie (Naxa), 386 punctifascia (Cispia), 430 punctifera (Aroa), 409 A (Dasychira), 463 - (Erastria), 463 pe (Euproctis), 409 punctulata (Lelia), 441 % (Lopera), 441 pura (Euproctis), 405 ,, (Perina), 430 pusilla (Artaxa), 407 », (Homceonympha), 284, 285 ,, (Lymantria), 487 5, (Teia), 458 pustulifera (Trisula), 477 pygmea (Aroa), 407 s (Euproctis:, 406, 407 pylades (Papilio), 150, 203 Pyrameis, 187, 287, 299 Pyramocera, 496 pyrene (Ixias), 156 Pyrgus, 294 Pyrisitia, 157, 162 pyrisitia (Proterpia), xii pyrrhias (Acnissa), 429 pyrrhochroma (Aroa), 456 quadrangularis (Cherotricha), 418 quadriguttata (Deilemera), 71 quadriguttatum (Leptosoma), 71 (Nyctemera), 71 cliii ) } | quadrimaculata (Thecla), 289, 290, 299 quadriplaga (Atasca), 57 i (Darala), 451 ms (Deilemera), 57 quadriplagiata (Pseudomesa), 432 quadripunctata (Euproctis), 403 on (Lacipa), 403 quaternarium (Nyctemera), 83 quercifolia (Gastropacha), xxxv, 373 quinquepunctata (Lacipa), 403 raddei (Porthesia), 418 311- radiata (Deilemera), 70 ,, (Leptosoma), 70 », (Nyctemera), 70 », (Pentila), 195, 206 _rafflesia (Euschemon), xiv, 138, 139 Rajacoa, 434, 435 _ramsayi (Charagia), 502 | rapee (Precis), liii ,, var. bryonie (Pieris), liii | Raphipeza, 497 rasana (Nyctemera), 84 rauana (Piecis), xlii recraba (Euproctis), 428 | recurvata (Euproctis), 406 Redoa, 376, 383, 386 377, 378, 379, /reducta (Anthela), 446 ” (Darala), 446 regina (Teracolus), 157 _regularis (Deilemera), 81 ,, (Leptosoma), 81 ,, (Nyctemera), 81 | reichenowi (Pardaleodes), 205 (Plastingia), 205 remota (Dasychira), 477 rendalli (Dasychira), 465 renifera (Euproctis), 425 renominata (Euproctis), 397 Repena, 439, 443, 465 repleta (Anthela), 449 ,, (Darala), 449 restricta (Deilemera), 66 restrictum (Leptosoma), 66 9 (Nyctemera), 66 reedi (Neosatyrus), 285, 298 ,, (Stibomorpha), 275, 280 ;, var. fuscescens (Neosatyrus), 285 Rhanidophora, 498 rhea (Pierella), 565 rhesa (Lemonias), 544 rhoda (Artaxa), 400 rhodapicata (Heteronygmia), 480 rhodina (Lymantria), 483 rhodogyne (Eurygona), 532, 549 rhodope (Appias), 202 ;, (Papilio), 202 rhodopepla (Sarothropyga), 496 Rhopalocampta, 205 Ricine, 439, 441 ridleyanus (Papilio), lxiv, 203 Rigema, 462 Rilia, 429, 461, 464 rinaria (Caragola), 377 », (Caviria), 377 ;, (Redoa), 376, 377 Riodina, 535, 549 risoria (Aroa), 457 robusta (Acyphas), 463 380, 381, robusta (Dasychira), 463 rogersi (Acreea), Ixiv Romaleeosoma, 190, 191, 192 rorus (Teracolus), 163 rosea (Lymantria), 489, 493 rossi (Colias), 243 » (Erebia), 240 », (Hipparchia), 240 rotundata (Dasychira), 474 3 (Lacida), 443 be (Teara), 474 rubescens (Anthela), 445 55 (Darala), 445 rubi (Callophrys), li rubicunda (Anthela), 445 as (Darala), 445 rubida (Cyenia), 443 », (Nataxa), 497 rubripennis (Leelioides), 440 ruficeps (Mardara), 433 rufifascia (Anthela), 449 a (Darala), 449 rufifemur (Polymona), 496 rufimarginata (Leucoma), 383 rumia (Kallima), 188 ruspina (Eupheedra), 190 ss (Romaleosoma), 190 ruspine (Papilio), xxxix rutilans (Colias), 291 safitza (Monotrichtis), 185 », (Mycalesis), 185 sagaris (Mesene), 540 sagrara (Aroa), 455 sagroides (Euproctis), 425 an (Somena), 425 Salamis, 188 sandace (Monotrichtis), 185 », (Mycalesis), 185 sangaica (Leela), 441 Sapelia, 389 Sarangesa, 203 Sarothropyga, 496 Sarsina, 497 sastra (Artaxa), 411 5, (Euproctis), 411 saturnioides (Lelia), 384 of (Leucoma), 384 Satyrus, xxxvii, xlii, xlii, xliv, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 286 saucia (Agrotis), Ixvii sawanta (Dasychira), 464 saxeus (Teracolus), 142, 161 Seada, lv Scelothrix, 294 scintillans (Euproctis), 424 56 (Somena), 424 Scolitantides, 264, 288, 289, 299 scotochyta (Euproctis), 407 ( cliv ) -sexmaculatum (Leptosoma), secundaria (Deilemera), 68 secundarium (Leptosoma), 68 securis (Dasychira), 462 », (Psalis), 462 seis (Acreea), 185 selecta (Deilemera), 60 3 (Nyctemera), 60 selene (Argynnis), iii, xxxvil Selenia, 159 semicincta (Alope), 486 (Lymantria), 486 (Nagunda), 486 semidea (Hipparchia), 240 (CEneis), 240, 244 9) 9 semihyalina (Dendrophleps), 376, 378 semilucida (Pantana), 439 semire (Papilio), 189 », (Pseudacreea), 189 semisignata (Cispia), 399 op (Euproctis), 399 semperi (Deilemera), 57° senegalensis (Terias), 150, 152 senica (Orgyia), 459 senicula (Munychryia), 478 separata (Nyctemera), 56 serica (Aricoris), 546 sericea (Caragola), 377 oa (Cawaitia). 304 »» (Redoa), 379 », (Stilpnotia), 377 sericina (Esthemopsis), v servilia (Neomcenas), 278, servilis (Artaxa), 420 5, (Euproctis), 420 298 | sesamus (Precis), xxxii, xxxiil, 160 setinoides (Lielia), 441 severina (Belenois), 147, 148, 152, 154, 155 sexmacula (Euproctis), 415 sexmaculata (Deilemera), 72 Land 76 sexpunctata (Lacipa), 403 _sibylla (Scolitantides), 289 sienna (Aroa), 454 _siga (Argynnis), 286 -signata (Aroa), 457 274, | siletti (Numenes), », (Deilemera), 56 ;, (Euproctis), 398 » (Hesperia), 294 (Liparis), 398 », (Nyctemera), 56 (Porina), 502 signifera (Naroma), 386 silea (Lymantria), 493 silenus (Myrina), 198 (Papilio), 198 432 silhetica (Leucoma), 381 99 ( silhetica (Penora), 381 simana (Pinacopteryx), 154 simia (Precis), xxXiv similis (Artaxa), 424 », (Chamelimnas), 534 », (Citrinophila), 196 », (Euproctis), 424 », (Lymantria), 487, 491 » (Phalena), 392 simplex (Anthela), 450 », (Argyrophenga), 279, 284 a (Atroa)s) 455) », (Atasca), 57 », (Darala), 450 », (Neomeenas), 274 », (Neosatyrus), 284, 298 », (Nyctemera), 57 » (Ogoa), 391 », (Orgyia), 455 (Pantana), 438 simplicia (Liptena), 196 = (Ypthima), 185 simulans (Artaxa), 396 a (Hectomanes), 502 simulatrix (Deilemera), 74 a (Leptosoma), 74 As (Nyctemera), 74 sinapis (Leptidia), xliii sinensis (Leelia), 441 », (Redoa), 380 sinica (Lymantria), 483 », (Pantana), 438 sirene (Euptera), 193 Siseme, 534, 549 Sitina, 498 Sitvia, 388, 390 smaragdina (Caria), 538, 549 Smerinthus, xiv smilax (Ludia), xxiii Smyriodes, 498 snelleni (Arctornis), 377 5 (Porthesia), 416 sobrina (Lymantria), 486 socrus (Aroa), 457 5, (Gynephora), 457 solitaria (Dasychira), 471 Soloé, 437, 497 Somena, 396, 423, 424, 425, 476, 477 sontica (Deilemera), 79 sonticum (Leptosoma), 79 a (Nyctemera), 79 sophia (Papilio), 187 », | (Precis), 187 sophus (Euryphene), 192 », (Papilio), 192 sordida (Stilpnotia), 437 sotoi (Butleria), 296, 299 , (Cyclopides), 296 clv_ ) speciosa (Scolitantides), 288 specularis (Deilemera), 61 0 (Nyctemera), 61 (Pitasila), 61 spica (Mylothris), 201 Spindasis, 200 spini (Thecla), xlv squamiplaga (Artaxa), 410 squamosa (Cheerotricha), 418 3 (Euproctis), 409 (Lopera), 409 Stalachtis, iv statilinus (Satyrus), xliii staudingeri (Chierotricha), 418 - (Euproctis), 418 rH (Fodinoidea), 431 a (Lemonias), 543, 544 Stauropus, xXiv stellata (Euproctis), 410 stelligera (Faunula), * 282, 298, 301 Steropes, 296, 297 Sthenopis, 501 Stibomorpha, 275, 276, 278, 280 stigmatifera (Por thesia), 395 Stilpnotia, 377, 378, 379, 4380, 437 stirasta (Adlullia), 417 5, (Euproctis), 417 Stracena, 388, 389 straminea (Euproctis), 413 striata (Dasychira), 470 (Notohyba), 470 », (Pseudacrea), 189 strigata (Dasychira), 475 strigifimbria (Antipha), 429 si (Euproctis), 429 strigipennis (Locharna), 431 - (Pida), 431 Strymon, 290, 299 stygiana (Anthela), 448 », (Darala), 448 stygne (Erebia), xlv, xlvi 5, var. bejarensis (Hrebia), xlvi Stygnus, 279 subdita (Euproctis), 594 subfaleata (Anthela), 450 (Darala), 450 subfascia (Orgyia), 438 3s (Pantana), 458 subfasciata (Artaxa), 397 (Euproctis), 397 subflava (Anaxila), 475 », (Aroa), 415 », (Dasychira), 475 », (Euproctis), 415 ? xlv, » var. piperita (Leucoma), 415 subfuscula (Artaxa), 409 os (Euproctis), 409 ( subinanis (Topomesa), 392 sublutescens (Dasychira), 474 submacula (Liptena), 196, 206 submarginata (Leucoma), 378, 383 FS (Redoa), 378 subnigra (Euproctis), 394 subnobilis (Artaxa), 396 ce. (Euproctis), 396 <5 (Porthesia), 396 subnotata (Aroa), 454 3 (Lacida), 454 as (Orvasea), 424 subornata (Myrina), 198, 206 subpurpurella (Eriocrania), 503, 508 subrana (Artaxa), 427 », (Euproctis), 427 subrosea (Anthora), 439 », (Lelia), 439 ,, (Lymantria), 489 subrufa (Leelia), 439, 441 substrigosa (Aroa), 456 subtincta (Stilpnotia), 430 subvelata (Deilemera), 70 “5 (Nyctemera), 70 subyelatum (Leptosoma), 70 subviridis (Boreconia), 462 subvitrea (Kanchia), 385 a (Leucoma), 385 sudias (Lemonias), 543, 544 suffusa (Lelia), 441 », (Ricine), 441 sulitelma (Colias), 242 sulphurescens (Artaxa), 400 5 (Euproctis), 400 sumatrensis (Nyctemera), 80 sundara (Euproctis), 403 superans (Lymantria), 486 Surattha, 154 susanna (Euproctis), 410 sybaris (Tarucus), 148 sylvana (Heliconius), iv sylvanus (Augiades), xliii 54 (Lycnesthes), 200 a (Papilio), 200 sylvinus (Cibyra), 501, 502, 508 sylvius (Carterocephalus), lii Symmachia, 537, 549 Synchloe, 292 synestalmenus (Antigonus), 203 5 (Sarangesa), 203 Syntomis, 154 Syrichthus, li, 294, 295, 296, 297 syrichthus (Hesperia), Ivi syrnia (Deilemera), 72, 85 tacta (Rigema), 462 teenias (Mycalesis), 184 Tagiades, 203 Tanada, 82 elvi ) tarinta (Eurygona), 529, 533, 549 Tarucus, 143, 144, 148, 151 Tascina, 139 Tatochila, 292, 293, 299, 300 tavetensis (Leucoma), 382 taygete (CEneis), 240 Teara, 393, 405, 421, 446, 447, 474, 498 Tearosoma, 462, 474 Teia, 457, 458 telamonius (Caligo), 565 telesilla (Antiphella), 382 telicanus (Lampides), 289 ka (Tarucus), 144 Telipna, 194, 206 temesa (Symmachia), 537 temora (Salamis), 188 temperata (Olapa), 390 tenebrosa (Dasychira), 468 tenera (Hylemera), 436 tentyris (Euryphene), 192 tenuifascia (Nyctemera), 84 tenuis (Euproctis), 398 Teracolus, xi, xii, 142, 148, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 152, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 202 terea (Papilio), 187 », (Precis), 187 Terias, 150, 151, 152, 155, 202, 206, 290, 299 terias (Aricoris), 548, 550 terminalis (Area), 409 ar (Euproctis), 409 | terminata (Genusa), 438 Ha (Pantana), 438 Terphothrix, 396, 428 terpsichore (Acrea), 186 As (Papilio), 186 (Pyrameis), 287, 299 5p (Vanessa), 287 tertiana (Nyctemera), 75 testacea (Cropera), 391 °F (Cyenia), 443 (Harapa), 442 (Lelia), 443 ,, (Procodeca), 440 tetralunaria (Selenia), 159 Tetraphlebia, 279, 286, 298, 301 tetrophthalma (Ommatoptera), 447 Thamnocera, 462, 463, 470 Thanaos, 298, 299 thara (Lemonias), 544 theaphia (Scada), lv Thecla, xlv, 289,290, 299 Thelde, 462, 465 thelestis (Acriea), 186 Themaca, 396, 413 themis (Euphedra), 190 hed 3 ”) ( elvii ) theobene (Cymothoé), 192 a (Harma), 192 theodice (Pieris), 292, 293 », (Tatochila), 292, 293, 299 theodora (Riodina), 535, 549 theognis (Kuryphene), 192 theophrastus (Tarucus), 143, 144, 148, 151 thera (Mesosemia), 530, 549 Thestor, xxxi thetis (Mesosemia), 530 Thiacidas, 461 thwaitesi (Dasychira), 472 thyellina (Orgyia), 459 Thylacogyna, 458 thymiathis (Anomeceotes), 435 Thyridia, 573 Ticilia, 498 _tilie (Dilina), xiv tiphia (Leucoma), 381 tiphon (Ceenonympha), iii » var. mixturata (Coenonympha), 241 tircis (Chamelimnas), 534 tiridates (Charaxes), 194 », (Papilio), 194 tisdala (Orgyia), 460 titania (Huproctis), 399, 407, 408 tithonus (Kpinephele), xlii todara (Lymantria), 486 topha (Teracolus), 157, 162 Topomesa, 392 torrida (Euproctis), 410 tottea (Lymantria), 494 tragiscus (Satyrus), 277 transiens (Redoa), 378 transversa (Artaxa), 422 $3 (Euproctis), 422 Trichetra, 479, 497 Trichiura, 453 tricolor (Deilemera), 66 », (Leptosoma), 84 Trictena, 502, 507 trifasciata (Artaxa), 411 3 (Euproctis), 411 trigemmatus (Lampides), 289, 299 trimeni (Precis), XXXili, XXX1V », (Pseudacreea), lxiv Tripheromera, 55, 56, 64, 67, 82 Triphysa, iil tripunctaria (Deilemera), 80 35 (Nyctemera), 53 35 (Phalena), 80 tripunctatus (Steropes), 296 trisignatus (Hesperia), 294, 299, 300 “3 (Scelothrix), 294 Tristania, 56 tristis (Argynnis), 277 tristis (Epinephele), 277, 298 », (Satyrus), 275, 277 5, _ (Stibomorpha), 275 | Trisula, 477, 498 | Trisuloides, 498 trita (Deilemera), 69 ,, (Nyctemera), 69 tritoides (Nyctemera), 84 tritonea (Anthela), 448 tritum (Leptosoma), 69 trochilus (Caria), 538 3 (Chilades), 143, 145 _turbata (Orgyia), 458 turneri (Lymantria), 484 turnus (Papilio), 563 Turriga, 462, 464 typica (Mania), xxv tyrrhenz (Buna), xxiii | umbra (Papilio), 187 », (Planema), 187 umbraculata (Porina), 502 umbrina (Charnidas), 442 . (Leelia), 442 5p (Lymantria), 488 5 (Procodeca), 442 umbrosa (Porthetria), 482 undularis (Liptena), 197 undulata (Darala), 447 uniformis (Cherotricha), 420 x (Charnidas), 397 aA (Deilemera), 84 “ (Euproctis), 420 Re (Lelia), 443 unimacula (Artaxa), 411 v (Euproctis), 411 uniplaga (Deilemera), 61, 85 unipunctata (Kuproctis), 410 unisigna (Anthela), 447 Urocoma, 478, 479 urticee (Vanessa), x1x usebia (Leucoma), 382 Utidava, 396, 429, 463 utilis (Euproctis), 415 uvaria (Colussa), 450 vacillans (Lymantria), 493 vagata (Nyctemera), 83 valdivize (Epinephele), 276 valdivianus (Butleria), 297, 299, 300 ss (Syrichthus), 297 vallonia (Ceratinia), lvi Vanessa, xix, lxvii, 144, 188, 287, 557, 561 vanessoides (Elina), 274, 298 vapa (Scolitantides), 288 varanes (Charaxes), xxii, 194 », (Papilio), 194 », var. fulvescens (Palla), 194 varia (Anthela), 450 varia (Darala), 450 (Euproctis), 418 (Nola), 394 ,, (Porthesia), 394 varians (Artaxa), 395, 406 ,, (Deilemera), 57 ,, (Kuproctis), 406 », (Nyctemera), 57 oa (Pitasila) 957 variegata (Artaxa), 425 (Daplasa), 428 (Dasychira), 477 (Euproctis), 428 a (Nephele), xxiii variolosa (Deilemera), 60 (Nyctemera), 60 Be (Pitasila), 60 varipes (Hysibada), 386 Varmina, 461 varuniea (Nyctemera), 434 55 (Otroeda), 434 vashti (Amauris), 184 ,, (Danais), 184 vata (Leucoma), 382 vauthieri (Colias), 291, 299 vecontia (Antiphella), 390 vectigera (Fodinoidea), 431 velans (Deilemera), 71 (Leptosoma), 71 », (Nyctemera), 71 velleda (Hepialus), 501 velutina (Aricoris), 547 = (Dasychira), 488 * (Lymantria), 488 a (Orgyia), 488 2) 9? venatus (Pinacopteryx), xi, 153 venosa (Anthela), 446 ;, (Artaxa), 401 », (Cispia), 430 », (Colussa), 446 », (Euproctis), 401 », (Lelia), 442 venosata (Gazalina), 387 veritabilis (Ceratinia), iv veronica (Diestogyna), 192 », (Papilio), 192 versicolora (Endromis), ix vesagus (Erebia), 284 », (Neosatyrus), 284, 301 vesperina (Nyctemera), 434 ss (Otroeda), 53, 434 vestalis (Acrea), 187 », (Planema), 187 vetustus (Heliconius), iv, lv vibicipennis (Dasychira), 473 (Dasychira), 471, 472 (. clviii_ ) | vicina (Butleria), 296 vilis (Casama), 461 ,, (Euproctis), 461 viluiensis (Colias), iv vinacea (Lymantria), 485 vinidia (Acrea), 149, 150, 186 vinula (Cerura), xxiii viola (Calliteara), 475 5, (Dasychira), 475 ,, (Lymantria), 489 violacea (Lemonias), 543 violaceus (Neosatyrus), 284 virescens (Cadrusia), 476 35 (Charagia), 501, 502 54 (Dasychira), 476 i (Pseudonotodonta), 477 virgaureze (Chrysophanus), xlv 5 var, rutilus (Chrysophanus), xlv virgo (Euproctis), 398 _ virguncula (Euproctis), 392 N hs 1 MONIC] / Trans. Ent. Soc Lond .1903. PLVUL. R.Mintern del-et lth, Mintern Bros.Chromo oT New Species of Rnopalocera from Nigeria. a U Trans Ent. Soc .Lond 1903 .PULX. Mintern Bros. chromo. n OoO- CF | Ue, Gu o 15) is) 5} (aa) a) “fi ld) S) < 4 rm us) wv G a z : o oO 3 8 inl **Westwood Bequest.” “Westwood Bequest.” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1908. Pl. XI. Isis Al. F. N. Clark, Phot. Mintern Bros., Eng. Orina tristis, var. smaragdina. , x 7 = ® : os == : Fa : : a4 = _ i = ; 1 F - i 7 { 2 ay ts 5 , — >, i = 7 * f PF : ; “~ | : AL f = . t e i. i 5 oat - 4 == = > ji Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903. Pl. XI. Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh, Limited. Chilean Butterflies. Trans Ent. Soe Lond. IW Pl NIM. ~~ 8 10 14 16 Horace Koug ht del Mintern Bros.Chromo Chilean Butterfhes. eee) ra «“ a “, es! a fost 7 a : ! es a 4 . - S a ' fi i , 4 >) f vi P r r j ' ' F + . i i; : a, ‘ ¥ \ ii al _ 3 ——=z : > ¥ ~~ ie e omy me re f : nf j w p j F R ' - — = } / 1 / ‘ , : ‘ pF, her oe E a Horace Knight, del. Trans. Ent. Soc. Chilean Butterflies. Lond., 1907. Plate XIV. André & Sleigh, Limited. Horace Knight, del. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903. Plate XV. André & Sleigh, Limited. Chilean Butterflies. Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 19037. Pl. XVI. P.J. Bayzand, del. André & Sleigh, Limited Results of Experiments in 1893 upon the Colour-relation between the larve of Odontopera bidentata and their environment. Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1903. Vet QW. P. J. Bayzand, del. André & Sleigh, Limited. Effects of lichen, of black twigs, and of reddish brown sticks upo: the larve of Gastropacha quercifolia (1893-4). Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1903. Pl. XVIII. P. J. Bayzand, del. André & Sleigh, Linut Effects of lichen and of reddish brown sticks upon the larve o Gastropacha quercifolia (1893-4). Trans.Ent.Soc.Lond 1903. Pl. XIX. A.Quail del Mintern Bros. hth. Segments of Antenne of Hepialide. race Knight ad nat. lith (“ ant ] ann Sanit ft \merinrgay } Tay a aia ia & 4 Gentral ana poultn AMEr1Can bryoitiia ' , - 4 ay ‘ ; 2 it 5 : , oe | \ \ we R 4 ~ ee r P Brute ? 7“ i Deen } ? ose { | ¢ reel ‘ , ; . 4 _e A i Me ; t =a i ' f + i f f s A 7 “¢ ae ee ae 2 TT - S Tats Gian s Tad © ey, 7 OQ fa “>} Diy AVS Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,1908. PI. XX. Se N eC & OOC nN Bi’ Js [TQAMS. 1 7 a b ' = be ro » er a 1 = . . ¥ th 7 ee ? Fa ~ os ’ WES EG eae ral Gs iS; POL sealants ea relies AR, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIB ui iuniiiiitin | 3 9088 00843 3302 ac idl j 54