THOMAS LINCOLN CASEY LIBRARY 1925 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ERRATA. TRANSACTIONS. Page 39, last line, for fodicus read fodiens. Page 40, last line, for etaon? read eatont. Page 70, line 17 from bottom, for Hourath read Honrath. Page 87, line 9 from bottom, for Gymonpleurus read Gymnopleurus. Pages 191, 195, 196, 197, 199, for band read brand. Page 263, line 24 from top, for Caucathal read Cauca Valley. Page 272, line 22 from top, for Carilla read Carrillo. Page 352, line 16 from top, for PRASONOTUS RUFICANDIS read PRASONOTUS RUFICAUDIS, Page 453, line 12 from bottom, for Columbia ead Colombia. Page 478, line 2 from bottom, for Laelia read Lelia. Page 648, line 13 from top, for Astatus read Astata. Page 733, line 3 from bottom, for Zeitschrift vead Zeitung. PROCEEDINGS. Page liv, line 4 from top, for 4-Fasctata read 4-fasciata. Page liv, line 11 from bottom, for Gangelbauer read Ganglbauer. Page lxxx, lines 18, 21 from top, for Cherocampid read Chcerocampid. THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON ROR Te .¥Y EAR 1904. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY. SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND ©CO., PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK. 1904-1905. DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. Part I. (TRANs., pp. 1-158, Proc., i-xxiv) was published 27th April, 1904 Petia", 159-898, Pe -,,. 820-676, iw. Cr 6772750, 1 29 ” Pl ” XXV-XXXV1) XXXVi-xlvili) xlix—]xxx) Ixxxi-clxxxv) 29 ” ” ” 15th June, __,, 30th Sept., ,, 23rd Dec., » 16th Mar., 195. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. FouNDED, 1833. INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885. OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1904-19085. President, Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice=Presidents, Dr. THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.ZS. Dr. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D. THe Rev. FRANCIS DAVID MORICEH, M.A. Treasurer, ALBERT HUGH JONES. Secretaries, HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S. HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A. Librarian, GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.ZS. Otber Members of Council. CotoneL CHARLES T. BINGHAM, F.ZS. ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A. JAMES EDWARD COLLIN. HAMILTON H.C. J. DRUCE, F.ZS. WILLIAM JOHN LUCAS, B.A. Tore Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S. Dr. DAVID SHARP, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS. CoLoneL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S. Cotonen JOHN W. YERBURY, R.A., F.Z.8. Resident Librarian. GEORGE BETHELL. a>) THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1834—1904. The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows at the following reduced prices :— PUBLIC, FELLOWS. First Series, 4 volumes (1834—1849) ......... Price £4 13 0 £3 10 0 Second Series, 5 volumes (1850—1861)......... S70) 0 515 0 Third Series, 5 volumes (1862—1869) ......... WhO. 410 0 The Transactions for the year 1868 ............ 10550 3 5 S69. ccxsceseces Ib Ay) , ; US (Oversee: if @ 25 (U) ; aS eeeerreacees 1 50 53 5 USTD sekesiteste ik 4 3 sp SiG eeancarnence Likes @ - is USA: cces anaes ile} @) 5 5 INTS}((3) eeoaeneceeeo Ie 2) 3) 070 a 5 ISW(@igaeeeosaccec 112 0 fi x ee ae 1% 00 $ 5 UST Siereccs ces ORO 015 0 5 x ISHS) Soesereoriode ih ee 0) 016 6 3 3 S80). 3542. deers OOO 014 3 : ; USS ile eacretcese 116 0 1 i 10 “6 ; W882) cence estnns 11K) 0) LEZ : . L883 « catsccsees eg Ww Olas é 58 W884) oc. senesnas bs 0 1 sO ; os 1885. taccgesese 1G es0) 019 6 : 4 USSG ceccepecceee ib ay 0) 019 6 +5 Pe shell Maseorceen eee e476 019550 - - USS 8e es aseetent toy 10 L Gr 3 3 TSS OMe scesceete WG Hy + 7 INSWYO) cecoacnenoes 119 0 1100 ¥ be ice) Soe ae 116 0 1 7 0 = i Tega a + Ve 193.0 1 1 *9 ‘s q ISOS aeons 1 5 6 019 3 j ; NS O4 wtescaces 106 Be ila 25 5, L895) eee es Lian: 1. dig - S96.ne ee 110 0 1 26 ‘ if PSO een Lda 018 0 a5 56 SOS) seeaenceeccs LS aG J die : ; US OO Reese cases 110 0 L256 % > NOOO eres serene LOO it SG 55 Pd TOOL eieeete 116 0 Gaal _ 5 OOD! acters 2 2 6 Halil 1X0) D 53 V908. seeecceseees 2216 ihe ale; a 5 TOOLS ceaseadeus 211 6 114 0 Any single volume from 1862 to 1877 half-price to Fellows. First Series, vol. v., is out of print. First Series, vols. i.—iv., and Second Series, vol. iv., cannot be sold separately. The other volumes may be obtained separately, also the ee : 0 1 Pascoe’s ‘ Longicornia Malayand?.....c.ceseereeeee £2 12 0 Baly’s *‘ Phytophaga Malayana, Pt. 1., Aposta- SUCOREME eect ces scis San ca cesece oedema: 016 0 012 0 Saunders’ ‘British Heterogyna and Fossorial FLY MENGptenane Wc.uene seesep eee seseesne sear cee 0-456 03 4 Saunders’ ‘ Synopsis of British Hymenoptera,’ Orb. Seeston s a ay Pay XL) MEMOIRS. I. On the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. By II. iBT Vie We Wi: xaniTs XIV. . Notes on the Life History of Gongylus gongyloides, a Mantis of . A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. By FREDERICK Murr, F.E.8., and Dr. Davip SHarp, M.A., RIS ets. aes wee Boe ee Sac nae aes wats Illustrations of the male terminal segments and armatures in thirty-five species of the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. By the Rev. Francis D. Mortcs, M.A., F.E.S. ... Ses eee On some Aberrations of Lepidoptera. By Percy I. Latuy, Notes on Heterogynis canalensis, n. sp. By Dr. THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.8. Bee or ie ae An Entomological Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain, by GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.; with some remarks on the habits of Xyleborus dispar, Fabr., by Dr. Tuomas ALGERNON Cuapman, M.D. F.Z.S8. ... a3y act ee Bis ae Descriptions of New Species of Cryptine from the Khasia Hills, Assam. By PETER CAMERON. Communicated by GxrorGE ALEXANDER James Roruney, F.E.S. ... ‘ . 103 ._ A New Species of Bembex from the Khasia Hills, Bembex Khasiana, sp. nov. By PETER CAMERON. Communicated by G@rorGE ALEXANDER JAMES ROTHNEY, TSI OSIS eee the Tribe Empusides and a Floral Simulator. By Captain Cartes E. Witttams, M.A., M.B., Indian Medical Service. Communicated by Dr. Davip Suarp, M.A., BRS: «.. «.. 125 . New Species of Eastern, Australian and African Heterocera in the National Collection. By CoLonEL CHARLES SwINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., ete. ... : WiiaM James Kaye, F.E.S. With an Appendix by J. Guppy 159 On some new or imperfectly-known forms of South African Butterflies. By Ro~ranp TRIMEN, M.A., F.R.S., etc. ae pil _ A Revision of the Sub-family Pelidnotine of the Coleopterous family Rutelide, with descriptions of new genera and species. By the late FrepErick Bares. Communicated by GILBERT J. Arrow, F.E.S. ... me 208 bce on ao ... 249 Observations on the Dermatoptera, including revisions of several Genera, and descriptions of New Genera and Species. By Matcorm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.5., TASS oe : ae Further Notes on Hydroptilida belonging to the Huropean Fauna, with descriptions of new species. By Kenneru J. Morton, F.E.S. — és fos ase ah Ae 277 323 (oh PAGE XV. Notes on Australian and Tasmanian Cryptocephalides, with Descriptions of New Species. By ArtHuR M. Lea, F.E.S. 329 XVI. New Species of South American LE? ynge. = Percy I. Latuy, F.Z.8., F.E.S. ae 500 . 463 XVII. A Classification of the Australian Lymantriate By ‘Dr. A. JEFFERIS TuRNER, M.D., F.ES. : . 469 XVIII. Notes on Maternal Teatnst in Richie, By isos P. Dopp. Communicated by OLIvER JANSON, F.E.S. -. 483 XIX. A Note on Elymnias borneensis, Wallace. By Rote We G: SHELFORD, M.A., F.L.S., C.M. Z.8. With a Note ah COLONEL Cuaries T. BINGHAM, PZS. os . 487 XX. On three collections of Rhopalocera fort Fiji, ae one fits Samoa. By Gustavus A. WATERHOUSE, B.Sc., B.E., F.C.8. 491 XXI. On the Geometridx of Tropical Africa in the National Collec- tion. By CotoneL CHARLES SwinHOE, M.A., F.L.S., ete. ... 497 XXII. Hymenoptera aculeata from Majorea (1901) and Spain (1901-2). By Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S. With an Introduction, Notes, and Appendix by Prof. Epwarp B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.S. 591 XXIII. Additions to a knowledge of the eras Cicadide. oT, WituiAm L. Distant a... . 667 XXIV. Synepigonic series of Papilio cenea 1 (1902-3) aa Hi snatinneiat misippus (1904), together with observations on the life-history of the former. By Grorcr F. Leicu, F.E.S. With notes by Professor Epwarp B. Pourron, D.S8c., F.R.S., and an Appendix by Rotanp Tren, M. A, F.R.S. a . 677 XXY. New species of African Striphnopterygide, Notodontidse aii Chrysopolomidw in the British Museum, described by Prof. CHRISTOPHER AurtIvituius, Hon. F.E.S., F.M.Z.S., ete. ... 695 XXVI. Some breeding experiments on Catopsilia pyranthe and notes on the migration of Butterflies in Ceylon, by ee NEVILLE Manvers, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ach . 701 XXVII. Sound-production in the Lamellicorn Beetles. By Chics BERT J. ; Arrow, F.E.S. ate iad oy 05 . 709 Proceedings for 1904 _..... ase Re ee es ae .. i—Ilxxxix Annual Meeting ... Re a SF af ee See aay EXC President’s Address is os she ae ae Pr en XCY, General Index ... wes nie oes sez ass Bs ee. CXXXili Special Index ede aes oes ee es Mee aR fo eal EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PlatesI to V. See pages 1—23 Plate XXVII. See pages 463—468 Plates VI to IX. ri 25—63 Plate XXVIII. » 483—486 Plate X. e 65—70 Plates — &? 667—676 Plates XI to XIV. _,, 71—79 a 2 ee Plates XV & XVI. _,, 81—102 | Plates XERI Ns ’ 677694 Plates XVII. & 159229 6.9.4 AY ey XVIII. ; » Tie: Plate XX XIII. » 695—700 Plates XIX & XK. ;, 231—247 | Plates XXXIV-&} 701-708 Plate XXI. » 323—328 Xxxy. Plates XXII ) Plate XXXVI. » 109—750 to Xoxv IL. s ” 3829—461 Hist of Fellotvs OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Date of HONORARY FELLOWS. Election. 1900 AuvRtiviLLtvs, Professor Christopher, Stockholin. 1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France. 1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland. 1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 1884 OstTEN SACKEN, Baron C. R., Bunsenstrasse 8, Heidelberg. 1884 PacKkarD, Dr. Alpheus S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. 1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Tertusse 2, Geneva. 1895 ScuppsEr, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 1885 SNELLEN, Pieter Carl T., Rotterdam. 1893 WarrenwyL, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28, Vienna. 1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden. FELLOWS, Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. Date of Election. 1901 + Aparr, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay. 1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria- street, S.W. 1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N. 1902 ApKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent. 1885 ADKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, S.E. 1904 Aaar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies. 1904 AtpeERsoN, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts. _1899 Anprews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.0., Kent. 1901 Awnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 1899 | ARRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromawell-road, S.W. 1886 (9) Armong, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn. 1850 | AveBuRY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S8., F.LS., F.GS., 1901 1904 1905 1886 1890 1886 1895 1887 1902 1894 1904 etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent. Bacot, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E. BAGNALL, Richard 8., The Grove, Winlaton-on-Tyne, Durham. Baupock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex. Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham. Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.8., The Warren, Cromer. BarGacut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1, Florence, Italy. BarKER, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa. BarkER, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, 8.E. BaRRAUD, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford. + Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. Bayne, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu- tion, Buenos Ayres. 1896 + BEARE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc. F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace, 1851 1899 1903 1904 1897 1885 1895 1880 1895 1891 1904 Edinburgh. + Beaumont, Alfred, Gosfield, Halstead, Essex. BEDWELL, Ernest C., Elmlea, Clevedon-road, Norbiton, Surrey. Bewu-Maruey, H. W., Agincourt, Currie-road, Berea, Natal. BENGTSSON, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ; Curator, Entomological Collection of the University. Bennett, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings. BreTHuUNE-BakeER, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbastor, Birmingham. Bevan, Lieutenant H. G. R., R.N., H.M.S. “ Excellent,’ Portsmouth. BIGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash. BincHAM, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps, 6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, 8.W. BuaBer, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W. Buack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles. 1894 | BLackBuRNE-Mazp, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury. 1889 BLANDFORD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens, Ladbroke-grove, W. Buatuwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Eagle House, Batheaston, Bath. Buss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelicr-road, Ealing, W. BLOOMFIELD, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., G'uestling Rectory, Hastings. Bogus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Shepton Mallet Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth. Borre, Alfred Preudhomme de, Villa la Fauvette, Petit Saconnex, Geneva. ( xi) 1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G8., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint, Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex. 1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs. 1904 Bourceso!s, Jules, Ste. Marie-awa-Mines, Markisch, Germany. 1892 BovuskE.uL, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton. 1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst. 1894 + BowxEs, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, §.E. 1893 Brapant, Edouard, Chéteau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord), France. 1904 Brinceman, The Hon. Richard O. B., Westow Park, Shifnal, Salop. 1877 Briaes, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon. 1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon. 1894 Bricut, Percy M., Chumar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth. 1897 BricHrweEn, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore. 1890 Bristowg, B. A., The Cottage, Stoke D’ Abernon, Cobham, Surrey. 1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand, 1902 Brovueuton, Captain T. Delves, R.E., Alderney. 1886 Brown, John, 5, King’s Parade, Cambridge. 1892 Browne, Major Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Lahore, India. 1904 Browne, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B. 1898 + BucHan-Herpurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton- Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 1883 Buckron, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.S., Weycombe, Haslemere, S.0., Surrey. 1902 Buxuer, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand. 1896 + Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8., Royal Societies Club, St. James's, 8.W., and 23, Blomfield Gardens, Maida Vale, W. 1868 + Burtzr, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Lilies, Penge-road, Beckenham. 1883 Burner, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc., 53, Tollington Park, N. 1902 Burier, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 1904 Byarr, Horace A., B.A., The Colonial Office, Whitehall, 8.W. 1886 Catvert, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili. 1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N. Gunnery. School, Sheerness. 1885 CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &¢., Brynllwydwyn, Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. 1898 Canpize, Léon, 64, Rue de l Ouest, Liége. 1880 CanspALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E. 1889 Cant, A.,57, Umfreville-road, Harringay, N.; and ¢/o Fredk. DuCane Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1890 CappER, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool. 1894 1892 1895 1898 1868 1890 1895 1900 1900 1903 (#50 7) Caracciono, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, Kiplin, Northallerton. CaRPENTER, G. H., B.Se., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. CarPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead. CaRRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford. Carrer, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S., Clif End House, Scarboro’. Carrer, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C.; and Government House, Nassau, Bahamas. Carter, J. W., 25, Glenholme-road, Manningham, Bradford. Cassat, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballangh, Isle of Man. Carrie, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Cuistor, Lincolnshire. 1889 + Cave, Charles J. T., Binstead, Cambridge. 1900 1871 1891 1902 1890 1897 1898 1902 CuaMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. Cuampion, George C., F.Z.S., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell, Woking ; and 10, Ohandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. Cuapman, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., Vicz-PResipEnt, Betula, Reigate. CHaRNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston, Lancashire. CHATTERTON, Frederick J.S., 5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W. CHawneER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. Cuawner, Lawrence C., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 63, Railway-street, Durban, Natal. 1891 } Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, 8.W.; and Hiunt- 1889 ingfield, Faversham, Kent. Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth. 1886 + CLarK, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N. 1867 1886 1891 1904 1873 1899 1901 1900 1892 1886 1867 1895 1888 1890 CLARKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earl's Court, S.W. CLARKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., 13, Kew Gardens-road, Kew, S.W. CuarkE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man. Cockayne, Edward A., 30, Bedford Court Mansions, W.C. Coxr, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. CoLiin, James E., Sussea Lodge, Newmarket. Connoup, Edward, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea. Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens. Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 10, Buckingham- street, Strand, W.C. CoweEtL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library), William Brown-street, Liverpool. Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs, Eve, 125, Harley-street, W. CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. Crecor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. —EE € =x) 1880 + Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., Treasurer L.8., 17, Throgmorton- 1902 1901 1873 1900 1886 1903 1898 1875 1887 1895 1903 1891 1885 1873 1845 1899 1884 1867 1900 1894 1883 1890 1865 1904 1902 1886 1884 1900 1900 1886 1903 1878 avenue, E.C., and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames. CrUTTWELL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme Rectory, Wallingford. Dapp, Edward Martin, Bismarckstrasse 1, Charlottenburg, Germany. Day, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset. DaueuisH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow. Dannatt, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E. Day, F. H., 27, Currock-road, Carlisle. Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford. Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,8.E. Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of Wadham College, Vick-PRESIDENT, Wadham College, Oxford. Doxsson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, 8.0., Surrey. DoutiMaNn, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.8., 58, Kensington-mansions, South Kensington, 8.W. Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., c/o Messrs. P, Macfadyen & Co., Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C. Doria, Marchese Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genoa. Dovatas, John Wm., 61, Craven Park, Harlesden, N.W. Drewitt, Frederic G. Dawtrey, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.ZS., 14, Palace Gardens-terrace, Kensington, W. Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Druck, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking. Dupgxon, G. C., Holta, Kangra Valley, P.O. Palimpur, Punjab, India. Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford. Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming. Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-voad, West Worthing, Sussex. EckForD, George, 3, Crescent Avenue, Plymouth. EDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elis, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. EpwaRDs, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 15, St. Germans-place, Black- heath, 8.E. ; Exuiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W. Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham. Ex.is, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool. ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., Eastgarth, Westoe, South Shields. Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS. F.LS. F.Z.8., Colesborne, Cheltenham. 1886 1903 1899 1890 1900 1861 1886 1889 1898 1878 1900 1874 1886 1900 1898 (awe) Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 42, Salisbury-road, Bexley, Kent. ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewn, Sydney, N.S.W. FarmporouaH, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N. Fary, Albert Brydges, Mount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent ; and Medical Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W. Fetruam, H. L. L., P. O. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal. Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E, Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher. FERNALD, Prof, C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. Finer, F. £., 122, Stockwell Park-road, Brixton, S.W. Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W. Firtu, J. Digby, F.L.8., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. Firou, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon. Fircu, Frederick, Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park, N. Fiemync, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co. Waterford. Fuercuer, T. Bainbridge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealand.” Special Service. 1883 + FretcHer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 1885 1900 1898 1880 1883 1896 1888 1903 1891 1855 1900 1884 1898 1904 1887 1892 1890 Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands. Fourxes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop. Founrtaineg, Miss Margaret, 7, Lansdowne-place East, Bath. Fow1er, The Rev. Canon, M.A., D.Sc, F.LS., Early Vicarage, near Reading. FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock. FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. FREMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone. Frencu, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Victoria, Australia. Frouawk, F. W., Ashmownt, Rayleigh. Fry, Alexander, F.L.S., Thornhill House, Dulwich Wood Park, Norwood, 8.E. Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. Fuutuer, The Rey. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, Sydenham, 8.E. Fuuuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. Furnivat, Thomas F., Hondwras Cottage, Bushey Heath. GanHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell- road, S.W. GarRDE, Philip de la, R.N., 2, South View, Teignmouth, Devon. GARDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool. 1901 + GarpNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales. 1899 GaAYNER, Francis, 20, Queen-square, W.C. Gizy.) 1899 GeELDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford. 1902 GriLanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick. 1904 Grurat, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex. 1865 + GopMaN, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor- square; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W. 1890 GoxnptHwalrt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E. 1886 + Goopricu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern Link, Malvern. 1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent. 1898 Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire. 1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown- shire. 1855 Gornam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.8., The Chestnuts, Shirley Warren, Southampton. 1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., Secretary, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill, Surrey. 1886 GrRegy, A. P., c/o 8. Green, Esq., 1, Gordon-place, Kensington, W. 1891 + Green, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. 1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 1850 GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol. 1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W. 1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, Bellevue, Riffel-road, Willesden Green, N.W. 1893 + GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Sandhill Lodge, Fordingbridge, Salisbury. 1888 GrirriTHs, G. C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol. 1894 GrimsHAw, Percy H., Natural History Department, Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. 1900 Groom, Prof. Perey, M.A., F.LS., Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill, Staines. 1869 Gross-SmitH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, Hyde Park, W. 1899 Gunninc, Montague, Narborough, Leicester. 1897 Hacus, Henry, 2, Woodland Avenue, Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. 1890 +t Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 1885 Hatz, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon. 1898 Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Toowoomba Grammar School, Queensland, Australia. 1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope- gardens, S.W. 1891 Hawnpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E. 1903 Harz, E. J., 8, Hillsborough-road, East Dulwich, S.E. ( xy) 1904 Harris, Edward, 2, Churdmore-road, Upper Clapton, N.E. 1897 + Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South Woodford, Essex. 1889 Harrison, John, 7, Gawber-road, Burnsley. 1892 Heaptzy, Charles Burnard, Two Elms, Alexandra-road, Stoneygate, Leicester. 1881 Henry, George, 38, Wellington-square, Hastings. 1903 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds. 1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural. History), Cromwell-road, S.W. 1888 Hiaes, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.S., Mine Office, Venterskroon, Transvaal. 1876 + Hitumayn, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes. 1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive, Lytham. 1902 Horn, R. S., Indian Forest Service, c/o Messrs. King, King and Co., Bombay. 1887 Howttanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg, Penn., U.S.A. 1898 Hoxtman-Hunt, C. B., Aneimundi Esp., Munaar, P.O., Travancore, S. India. 1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen. 1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road, Rosslyn Hill, N.W. 1876 + Horniman, Fredk. John, M.P., F.LS., F.Z.8., &e., Surrey Mount, Forest Hill, S.E. 1903 Hovceuton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop. 1900 Howes, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand. 1865 + Hupp, A. E., Clinton, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol. 1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand. 1902 Hurron, Captain Frederick W., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. 1897 Images, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Fitzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W. 1893 Inpy, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.Z.5., 14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent's Park, N.W. 1891 IsaBELL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Coriwall. 1886 Jacosy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead, AE 1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes. 1899 Jenninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. (oa =) 1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire. 1889 Jonnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, Co. Armagh. 1888 Jones, Albert H., TREasureEr, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent. 1894 + JorDAN, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring. 1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading, 1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House, Monaghan. 1884 Kappes, A. W., F.L.S., Hilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W. 1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds. 1896 + Karn, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. 1902 Kemp, Stanley W., Trinity College, Dublin. 1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent. 1898 KerrsHaw, J. A., Macao, China. 1901 KerrsHaw, John C. W., c/o F. W. Styan, Esq., Shanghai, China. 1900 Krys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth. 1889 Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin- side, Glasgow. 1861 Krrey, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W. 1893 KrrKaupy, George Willis, Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1889 KwnapALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia. 1887 + Kuetn, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Hatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate. 1876 Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin. 1901 Lang, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E. 1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford. 1900 Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea. 1901 Larny, Percy I., 18, Somerset-street, Portman Square, W. 1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania. 1900 Lerroy, H. 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M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. b ( xvi) 1903 LirrLer, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Launceston, Tasmania. 1865 + Lurwetyn, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A, F.LS., Penllergare, Swansea. 1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor. 1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Balham, 8.W. 1903 LorrHousE, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 1904 Lonostarr, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. 1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape Town, S. Africa. 1894 Lows, The Rey. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. 1893 Lower, Oswald B., Devonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia. 1901 Lower, Rupert S., Bantley Crescent, Wayville, South Australia. 1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on- Thames. 1904 Lurr, W. 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H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, 8.W. 1903 1896 1889 1901 1890 1900 1904 1886 1893 1886 1878 1895 1869 1877 NEAVE, 8. A., B.A., Magdalen College, Oxford. Neswaw, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W. Nevinson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 3, Tedworth-square, Chelsea, S.W. Nevinson, E. B., 5, Bentinck-terruce, Regent’s Park, N.W. NewsteaD, R., The Museum, Chester. NicHo.t, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Nicuoxson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B. NicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes. NonFRIED, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia. Norris, Herbert E., 15, Warket-place, Cirencester. Nortipa®, Thomas, Ashford, Kent. Nursk, Major C. G., Indian Staff Corps, Quetta, Baluchistan, India. OpseERTHUR, Charles, Rennes (Ile et Vilaine), France. OBERTHUR, René, Rennes (Ille et Vilaine), France. 1893 + OcLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire. 1893 1873 OuiIveR, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton. 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STEARNS, A. E., 99, Glowcester-terrace, Hyde-park, W. Sreppine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and Co., Calcutta. STEBBING, Henry, 134, Westbowrne-grove, W. Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury. STRICKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester. Srupp, HE. A. C., Downton, near Salisbury. Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter. Swate, Harold, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand. Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks. SwiyHoE, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 42, Campden House Court, Campden Hill, W. SwinHog, Ernest, 37, Addison-gardens, Kensington, W. Swinton, A. H., c/o General Callender, Vineyard, Totnes. Taytor, Charles B., 503, West 148th-street, New York City, U.S.A. TayLtor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutthew’s Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia. Taybor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds, Tompson, Matthew Lawson, 2, Thorneliff Villas, Saltburn-by-the-Sea. THORNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.L.8., South Leverton Vicarage, Lincoln. TomuIn, B., M.A., Hstyn, Chester. 1859 + TRiMEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., c/o Edward Trimen, Esq., 61, 1895 1897 1898 1893 1894 1886 1904 1898 1904 1866 1897 1895 1901 St. John’s Park, N. TUNALEY, Henry, 13, Beemere-road, Streatham, S.W. TunstaLL, Wilmot, Caverlon, Greenlow, Drive, Paisley. Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia. TurNeER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-roud, St. Catherine's Park, Hatcham, 8.E. TuRNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon. Turt, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S.E. TyLecotE, Edward F. §., M.A., 3, Castle-road, Deal, Kent. Uricu, Frederick William, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West Indies. VauGHAN, W., Denton Dene, Ealing. VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. VicE, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester. WacHER, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury. Wappineron, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds. 1899 1897 1870 1878 @ aii) Wangs, Albert, 20, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire. Watnwnicat, Colbran J., 45, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth, Birmingham. Watker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.8., Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W. WALKER, James J., R.N., F.L.8., Aorangi, Lonsdale-road, Summer Toun, Oxford. 1863 + Watuacz, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z,S., Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset. 1866 | WaALSINGHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS., 1886 1869 1901 1900 1904 1893 F.Z.8., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, Merton Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, 8. W. WarREN, Wmm., M.A., 61, Wilton-avenue, Chiswick-lane, W. WATERHOUSE, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue-gardens, Acton, W. ; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 5.W. WaTERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Royal Mint, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Watkins, C. J., King’s Mill House, Painswick, Stroud, Gloucestershire. Watson, Rev. W. Beresford, St. Jlartin’s Vicarage, St. Philip, Barbados, W. Indies. Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, 8.E. 1876 + WestTERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W. 1886 1884 1903 1896 1894 1904 1894 1900 1881 1901 1899 1891 1888 1892 1904 WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich. Waite, William, 75, Thurlow Park-road, West Dulwich, S.E. Wiacins, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Kisumu, Lake Victoria Nyanza, British East Africa. Witemay, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Kobe, Japan. Witson, Edwin, Mill-lane, Cambridge. WINTERSCALE, H., F.Z.S., Ravanagan, Kedah, c/o Messrs. Paterson, Simmons and Co., Penang, Straits Settlement. Wo.utey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada. Woop, H., The Old Grammar School, Ashford, Kent. Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth Common, 8.W. WooprorpsE, F. C., Market Drayton. Woo.ttey, H. 8., 7, Park-row, Greenwich, S.E.; and P. 0. Box 1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A. Wroveuton, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest Service, c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105, Victoria-street, S.W. Yersury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. Youpatg, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth. Youne, L. C. H., Rampart Row, Bombay. ("axav ) ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY DurinG THE YEAR 1904. APFELBECK (V.). Die Kaferfauna der Balkanhalbinsel, mit Beriicksichtigung Klein Asiens und der Insel Kreta. Erster Bd. Caraboidea. 8vo, Berlin, 1904. Purchased. ASHMEAD, (W.H.). Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Hymeno- ptera from the Philippine Islands. [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904.] The Smithsonian Institution. Banks (Nathan). Treatise on Acarina or Mites. [Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904.] The Smithsonian Institution. Barrett (Charles G.). The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Vol. IX. 4to, London, 1904. The Publishers. Bemis (Florence E.), The Aleyrodids, or Mealy-winged Flies of California. [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII. ] Bucxton (G. Bowdler). A Monograph of the Membracidz. 4to, London, 1903. The Author. BreARE (T. H.) and DontstHorpe (H. St. J. K.). Catalogue of British Coleoptera, 8vo, London, 1904. The Authors. BENGTSssoN (Simon). Biologiska Undersékningar ofver Nunnan (Lymantria monacha, Lin.). 8vo, Stockholm, 1902. The Author. Studies Och Jakttagelser 6fver Humlor. 8vo, Stockholm, 1903. The Author. Minnistenkning 6fver C. G. Thomson. The Author. Till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata. 4to, Lund, 1897. The Author. Ueber Sogen, Herskérper ber Insecten larven. 8vo, Stockholm. 1899. The Author. Undersokningar Rorande Nunnan ar 1900. [Entom. Tidskr, Arg. 22, Heft. 3, 1901.] The Author. Bericht tiber die wissenschaftligen Leistungen in Gebiete der Entomologie. [See Lucas (Dr. Robert.) ] BuiaNnprorpD (W. F. H.). [See Gopman (F. D.) Biologia Centrali-Americana.] Bruner (L.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. ] @izxvy °) Burr(Malcolm). On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made in 1895 and 1897, by Mr. C. V. A. Peel, F.Z.S., in Somaliland, with descriptions of new species. [Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900. ] Notes on the Forficularia, Parts V, VII, VIII. [Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), Vols. V, X, 1900, 1903.] Auguste de Bormans, Obituary Notice. [Ent. Record and Journal of Variation, Vol. XIIT, 1901.] The Earwigs of Ceylon. Parts I and II. [Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XIV, 1902.] On the Forficularia of the Hungarian National Museum of Budapest. [Termes. Fiizetek, Vol. XXV, 1902. ] Busck (August). Tineid Moths from British Columbia. [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904. ] CAMERON (P.) Hymenoptera Orientalia. Part IX. The Hymenoptera of the Khasia Hills. Part II. [Manchester Memoirs, Vol. XLVII, 1903. ] G. A. James Rothney. Papers on Indian Hymenoptera. [Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1902—03.] G. A. James Rothney. CaupEtt (A. N.). Two Orthoptera Hitherto Unrecorded from the United States of America. [Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904. ] The Smithsonian Institution. Campion (G. C.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. | Cowan (T. W.). The Honey Bee. Second Edition. 12mo, London, 1904. The Author. Distant (W. L.). Fauna Transvaaliensia. Parts V and VI. 1904. Purchased. DonisTHoRPE (H. St. J.). Ten Years’ Captures of New British Beetles. [Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soe., Vol. VIII, 1904. | The Author. [See Beare (T. H.)] Drvuce (Herbert). New Species of Butterflies, Family Erycinide, from Tropical South America. [Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, Vol. I.] The Author. Dyar (H.G.). Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia. Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904. The Smithsonian. Institution. Fiercuer (Philena B.). [See StincERLAND (M. VY.).] Foret (A.). Ants and some other Insects, 8vo. Chicago, 1904. The Author. Note sur les Fourmis du Musée Zoologique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences a St. Petersburg. [Ann. du Mus. Zool. de l’Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pet., 1903.] Fourmis des Musée de Bruxelles. [Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique, T. XLVIII, 1904. ] See ULE (H.). The Author. Fow er (W. W.). [See Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Ceutrali-Americana. ] (\ eva) GANGLBAUER (Ludwig). Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa, Vol. IV, Halfte 1, 1904. Purchased. Gopman (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Parts CLXXXI— CLXXXV. The Editor. Arachnida Araneidea and Opiliones, by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge. Insecta, by W. F. H. Blandford, L. Bruner, G. C. Champion, and W. W. Fowler. GREEN (E. Ernest). The Coccide of Ceylon. Part III, 1904. Notes on some Ceylon Butterflies. [Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. II, Part VI, 1904. ] The Author. HinE (James 8.). ‘Tabanidee of the Western United States and Canada. [Ohio Naturalist, Vol. V, 1904.] The Author. Hurton (Capt. F. W.). Index faunae Nove Zealandiz. 8vo, London, 1904. The Editor. Kettoce (V. L.). New Mallophaga. I—III. [Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory.] The Net Winged Midges (Blepharoceridz) of North America. [Proc. California Acad. Sci. Zool. 3 Ser., Vol. III.] The Development and Homologies of the Mouth parts of Insects. [American Naturalist, Vol. XXXVI.] The Author. Kertesz (C.). Catalogus Dipterorum Hucusque Descriptorum. Vol. I. 8vo, Leipzig, 1902. [Mus. Nat. Hungariam. ] Purchased. Kuwana (S. I.). Coccidae (Scale Insects) of Japan. [Proc. California Acad. Sci., Zool. 3 Ser., Vol. III.] The Author. Lucas (Dr. Robert). Bericht ther die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in Gebiete der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres, 1900. Hymenoptera und Lepidoptera. 8vo, Berlin, 1904. Purchased. NEEDHAM (James G.). New Dragon Fly Nymphs in the U. 8. National Museum. [Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904. ] The Smithsonian Institution. Osporn (Herbert). Notes on South American Hemiptera-Heteroptera. [Ohio Naturalist, Vol. V, No.1. Nov. 1904.] The Author. Packarp (Alpheus 8.). Studies on the Transformation of Saturnian Moths. [Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sci., Vol. XX XIX, 1904.] Opisthenogenesis, or the Development of Segments, Median Tubercles and Markings a Tergo. [Journal New York Ent. Soc., 1904.] The Author. Parrott (P. J.) and Strrine (F. A.). Fall spraying with sulphur washes. [New York Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. No, 254, Aug. 1904. ] The Authors. Perincuery (L.). Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Two Parts. [Trans. 8. African Phil. Soc., Vol. XII, 1903—1904.] By Exchange. ( xxv ) Porritt (G. T.). List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera, 2nd Edit., 1904. The Author. Roruney (G. A. James). The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, Bengal. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1903. | The Author. SremeENow (Andreas). Dermatoptera nova aut minus cognita. IT. [Revue Russe Ent., Vol. IIT, 1903, No. 1.] The Author. SrRRINE (F. A.). See Parrorr (P. J.). SLINGERLAND (M. V.). The Grape Leaf-hopper. [Bull. No. 215, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Jan. 1904.) The Grape-Berry Moth. [Bull. No. 223, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Nov. 1904. ] Two Grape Pests. [Bull. No. 224, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Nov. 1904.] and PatvenaA B. Fietcurer. The Ribbed Cocoon-maker of the Apple. [Bull. No. 214, Cornell Univ. Expt. Station Coll. Agric., Dec. 1903. ] The Authors. Swezey (Otto H.). Preliminary Catalogue of the Described Species of the Family Fulgoridz of North America, North of Mexico. [Ohio Dept. of Agriculture, Bull. No. 3, 1904.] The Author. THEOBALD (F. V.), Second Report on Economic Zoology. 8vo, London, 1904. [Published by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.)]. By Exchange. Description of a New North American Culex. [Canad. Ent., Aug. 1903.] Notes on Culicide and their larvee from Pecos, New Mexico, and description of a New Grabhamia. [Canad. Ent., Novy. 1903.] New Culicidz from the Federated Malay States. {Entomologist, 1903. ] The Author. THomson (C. G.). Memoir of, and Bibliography of his works. [See BENGTs- son (Simon). | Tort (J. W.). British Lepidoptera. Vol. IV, 1904. Purchased. Utz (E.) and Foret (Aug.). In und mit Pflanzen lebende Ameisen aus dem Amazonas-Gebiet und aus Peru. 8vo, Jena, 1904. The Authors. Unirep Srates DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (Division of ENroMoLoGy). Bull. No. 39. The Culture of the Mulberry Silkworm. By H. A. Kelly. Bull. No. 40. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Associ- ation of Economic Entomologists. Bull. No. 44. Some Miscellaneous Results of the Work of the Division of Entomology. Bull. No. 46. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists. Bull. No, 48. Catalogue of the Exhibits of Insect Enemies of Forests and Forest Products at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Mo., 1904. By A. D. Hopkins. Bull. No. 49. Report on the Habits of the Kelep, or Guatemalan Cotton-Boll-Weevil Ant. By O. F. Cook. ( xvi -) Waker (James J.). Antipodean Field Notes. 1. New Caledonia, the New Hebrides and Adjacent Islands. [Entom. Monthly Mag., XIII.] Antipodean Field Notes. 2. A Year’s Insect Hunting in New Zealand, [Entom. Monthly Mag., XV.] Some Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Curtis Collection of British Insects. [Entom. Monthly Mag., XV. ] The Author. WartrrRHouss (C.O.). Supplementary List of Generic Names. 8vo, London, 1904. The Author. Witxrnson (8. J.). The British Tortrices. Svo, London, 1859. Mrs. Brightwen. Wiuutamson (E. B.). The Dragon-flies (Odonata) of Burma and Lower Siam.—I. Subfamily Calopterygine. [Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VIIT, 1904. ] The Smithsonian Institution. ¢ sem’) Periodicals and Publications of Societies. AFRICA. Carr Town. South African Philosophical Transactions, Vol. XIII. The Society. AMERICA (NORTH). CANADA. Lonpbon, Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XXXVI, 1904. By Exchange. MontreAt. Royal Society of Canada. Proceedings and Transactions, Ser. 2, Vol. IX, 1903. The Society. Ontario, Entom. Soc. Ontario. 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Annuaire du musée zoologique de Vacadémie impériale des sciences _ de St. Petersburg. T. VII, No. 4, 1903. TT. VIII, 1903. T. IX, Nos. 1—3, 1904. EF, D. Godinan. SWEDEN. Stockuotm. Arkiv. for Zoologi. Bd. I, Hft.3 and 4. 1904. By Exchange. Entomologisk Tidskrift. 1903. By Exchange. SWITZERLAND. GENEVA. Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires. Vol. XXXIV. Part 4. By Exchange. TRANSACTIONS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LONDON For THE YEAR 1904. T. On the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. By Freperick Murr, F.E.S., and Dr. Davip SHarp, M.A., F.RS., ete. [Read Oct. 7th, 1903.] Pears: £1. ci Vv aANnD® Vi. THE egg-cases described below have all been discovered by Mr. Muir in 8. Africa. In the course of working at the mode of their formation he has also become acquainted with the larvae, and as these are of a highly remarkable character we have concluded that an illustrated account of them would be acceptable to entomologists, as an addition to our account of the oothecas. One new species is described on p. 13. Although the eggs of insects are in many instances of a very beautiful and elaborate character, it is only in a few exceptional forms that oothecas or egg-cases are used. The best known examples of these structures are found among Orthoptera, in the Mantidz and Blattide. The German naturalist Verhoeff has recently formed these two families into a separate Order, and has named it Oothecaria. Until attention was called to these Coleopterous oothecas by exhibition of some of Mr. Muir’s specimens at a meet- ing of the Entomological Society of London it was not known that such structures existed in Cassidide. In the TRANS, ENT, SOC. LOND. 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 1 2 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on most recent work on the family, Weise, in reviewing what is known as the Natural History of the family, says that “the longish eggs are deposited in small clumps fastened to a leaf and surrounded with excrement so that they may not become too dry.” In the case of the African forms here described the eggs are placed in a case that is built of membranes formed ot a peculiar substance. In Cassida mwirana and the forms allied to it the extremely small and imperfect ootheca is covered with excrement, and I think1it probable that obser- vation of European Cassidas will show that the excrement is not really placed directly on the eggs, as it is said to be in books, but as in African forms, is placed on an imperfect ootheca. The ootheca is of various degrees of perfection in accordance with the species that forms it ; and in the ootheca of Aspidomorpha puncticosta the struc- ture is so elaborate and perfect that it surpasses even the comb formed by bees and wasps. We will describe this ootheca at some length, and sub- sequently deal with the less perfect structures formed by some other 8. African species. OOTHECA. 1. Aspidomorpha puwneticosta. Pl. I, figs. 1—6 and 9. Fig. 1 gives a very good idea of this ootheca as it appears attached to a fragment of the leaf of Jpomaa pescapre and magnified two times. Fig. 2 gives a hori- zontal section and fig. 3 a perpendicular one. It is seen from fig. 2 that a large number of cells exist, and the figures show that in four of the rows each of the cells contains an egg. In the ootheca figured there are about 80 eggs. ‘The outer row of cells on each side of the egg-case is different in form from the four rows in the middle and contains no eggs. The struc- ture is formed of nearly two hundred separate and distinct membranes. One of these membranes is shown in fig. 4, and two together in fig. 5. Before attempting to explain the structure in greater detail, it will be well to give the description of the mode in which the Insect pro- ceeds in its formation. The beetle selects a suitable spot, generally on the under-side of a leaf of J. pescapre. Having taken up her position, she plants her anterior feet firmly, and the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 3 does not move them during the whole operation. The pos- terior * pair of legs are held up so as to be out of the way. The abdomen is then extended and the oothecal plates extruded. Placing the tips of the plates against the surface of the leaf she exudes a small quantity of colleterial fluid which adheres to the leaf. Then compressing the oothecal plates together and moving the abdomen upwards + this fluid is drawn out between the plates as a thin membrane. Having attained the limit of the upward movement, the two oothecal plates are moved laterally upon one another, so that the membrane is cut off. It rapidly dries and becomes hard on exposure to the air, and is then tough and elastic. To form a second membrane she brings the tip of the abdomen again to the surface of the leaf, but a little on one side of the point of attachment of the first membrane, again exudes some colleterial fluid, and elevating the abdo- men, another membrane is formed. Having thus fastened a few membranes firmly to the leaf, the beetle now begins to add the deposition of eggs to the process. An egg after passing down the oviduct becomes covered with colleterial fluid. This egg is placed about the middle of the membrane behind it (it is of course one previously deposited: the formation of the ootheca proceeds from behind forwards). The egg adhering in this position, the abdomen is moved downwards (7. ¢. towards the leaf), but when it has reached the limit of movement in this direction it does aot touch the leaf, but, moving in a parallel direc- tion with that of the preceding membrane, is turned up- wards so that the membrane is doubled, and the movement continuing upwards the end of the membrane is left free at the top, when the limit of upward movement is reached. A point of considerable interest may now be referred to. It should be recollected that the ootheca is so formed that when the eggs it contains have hatched the young have an easy road for exit left at the top, but cannot escape at the bottom of the ootheca. A similar condition exists as to the egg-case of Mantidee, and has given rise to much diffi- culty as to how it is brought about. The two authors of this paper are not in agreement as to the mode in which * In other divisions of Chrysomelide the hind-legs play a very important part in the formation of the egg-envelope. + In this description of the process it is for the sake of clearness supposed that the beetle is working right-side up on the upper- surface of a leaf. Usually, Mr. Muir says, this is not the position. 4 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on the closure of the under-surface is effected in the case of A, puncticosta, but both are agreed that no special act of intelligence is required to effect it. Mr. Muir thinks that at the moment the abdomen has reached the limit of its downward movement and is just turning upwards another structure comes into play.* “ Another plate in the abdo- nen, similar in form to the lower oothecal plate, comes into play. Itis similar in shape to the lower oothecal plate, and passes over the newly-formed membrane, giving the pressure necessary” to make this, while still soft, the re- quisite shape, and also to make it retain by adhesion this form and the position given to it. It appears possible, however, that the matter is even simpler than this, and that the closure and consolidation of the floor of the case may be due simply to the delay at the moment of reversing the movement of the abdomen, sup- plemented by the exudation, then, of a rather larger amount of material, sufficient to fill any gap or irregularity; the position given being maintained by the elasticity and pressure of the parts previously constructed. With regard to the fact that the case is so constructed as to leave an exit for the larva only above, and none below, we may add that there does not appear to be any advan- tage in this limitation of modes of egress for the larva. The advantage, if it existed, would consist in limitation of modes of ingress for enemies. But in the case of the exits that do exist, these are amply protected by the long free ends of membranes curling over, while at the bottom it will be recollected there are no free ends; for each mem- brane forms there a fold. It is the connections of, or between, these folds that close the floor of the case and that have to be accounted for. See Pl. I, fig. 9. The egg and membrane having been thus deposited, another egg is placed by the side of the first (and of course on the anterior face of the membrane), and the process is repeated. ‘The series of four rows of eggs is attained by means of slight lateral movement of the abdomen, as will be comprehended by the diagrammatic figure (fig. 6, Pl. I.) showing the sequence of the position in which 8 suc- cessive eggs are placed. Jt will be noticed that though * Mr. Muir considers that this is the 7th ventral plate of the abdo- men ; plates 7-10 being, he considers, invaginated and used for these mechanical purposes, the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 5 only two eggs are placed in a row by the Insect they form actually four series. The special structures of the female Asp. puwnetizosta.* (Pl. I, figs. 7, 8.) The external orifice of the cloacal chamber is transversely elongate, and its lips are sur- rounded by short hairs, When the lower lip is forced open two oothecal plates can be seen. A pair of colleterial glands, in addition to a spermatheca, the oviduct, and the intestine openinto this chamber. The structure considered to be a spermatheca is a chitinous chamber, with a long slender spiral chitinous tube connecting it with the base of the oviduct. It is very different from any spermatheca Mr. Muir has observed in other Insects: but according to Stein + this form is probably specially characteristic of Cas- sidide. The two diagrammatic figures, 7 and 8, give an idea of the relations of these parts. With the aid of this brief description of the actual mode of proceeding, and a similarly brief review of the structures used, it is possible to understand the nature of the ootheca. The shape of a single membrane is very peculiar (Pl. J, fig. 4); it is narrow where it is attached to the egg, and becomes broader as it gets to its end. The exact shape cannot be perfectly ascertained, as we have failed to isolate them without tearing, after they have been stuck together by the Insect. They are clearly very far from being all alike, but the general shape can be gathered from the diagram fig. 4, which shows one of them isolated, and from fig. 5, which shows two of them together but isolated from their neighbours. The membranes are soft and pliable when extruded from the oothecal cavity, and rapidly become solid, and thus retain the form they are made to assume during the con- struction. The cells are made to a large extent by the eggs pushing apart the membranes in some places, and pushing them together in others, but they are partly due to the shape of the membranes, which are, each one, curvate, and moreover are doubled so that sometimes two concave faces are brought together; in other cases the outside edge of a membrane projects somewhat, and thus keeps the * This account is entirely due to Mr. Muir. The dried specimens at my disposal do not enable me to form any idea as to the rather complex structures involved.—D. 8. + Stein ; Geschlechts-Organe bei den weiblichen Kafern, 1847, p. 1aQ; Pl. VII, fig. xvii. 6 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on next membrane a little way off. These various facts are seen by examining those cells, at the two ends, that contain no eggs: at these places the cellular structure still exists, though i in more irregular fashion than in the area of the egg-containing cells. The outer row of cells on each side is quite different in form and never contains any egg. Though this outer layer (fig. 2, Pl. I) appears to consist of closed cells, it is very easy to convince oneself that the apparent cells are not really such, but are merely due to the curling of the membranes where they have a free projection externally. A very remarkable feature of the membranes is that at the edges they are often provided with a delicate in- crassation or margin. This adds greatly to their strength, and assists their retention of the shape given to each membrane at the moment of its being added to the edifice. Before considering some points of general interest we will give some brief particulars as to other Cassid oothecas discovered by Mr. Muir in Natal near Durban. 2. Aspidomorpha tecta. This ootheca is much smaller than that of A. puncticosta ; it contains only from 14 to 20 eggs. It is attached to the leaf of the food-plant—lpomaa holosericea in a very different manner. One membrane only is attached to the leaf, and by its broad face; this membrane is folded at the bottom and the part that is reflexed up- wards is very much curved, so that the rest of the mem- branes repose in it as if it were a cup. The transverse section of this ootheca is composed of only a single membrane —not of six as in A. puncticosta—and there appear to be only seven or eight membranes in the whole structure. The differentiation between the first and last of these membranes is very remarkable. We have no particulars as to the mode of construction, and have seen so few specimens that we cannot set forth its intimate structure. 3. Aspidomorpha cunfinis. ELA, figs. Opals The ootheca (figs. 10, 11) is small, it is attached to the leaf of the food-plant, Zpomaa holosericea ; the first mem- brane has a wide attachment to the leaf, but is destitute the egg-cases and carly stages of some Cassidide. 7 of the remarkable form it possesses in A. ¢ecta, differing indeed very little from the other membranes: of these there are only eight or ten used in the formation of the complete ootheca. There are no marginal cells and each membrane extends the whole width of the ootheca. There are spaces for about 14 eggs in a case, and the eggs are rather irregularly placed, so that the cells are also irregular. After the eggs have been laid only about two membranes are laid free on them : as these free membranes can be easily turned back their form can be readily seen. This ootheca on account of its comparative simplicity is a very instructive one. 4, A. tigrina. Pl. II, figs. 12, 13. The ootheca (figs. 12, 15) is in general similar to that of A. confinis; it differs in several unimportant details and in one very interesting point, viz. that the membranes project much at the sides, and thus exhibit a very irregular set of marginal spaces. The membranes appear to be—notwithstanding the considerable width of the ootheca—each not very broad; the width of the case and the considerable projections of the membranes laterally is apparently due simply to the fact that one membrane is laid a good deal to one side of the middle line, another membrane much to the other side, and so on; by this means the case can be made to be in some places nearly twice the width of a single membrane. 5. Basipta stolida. Pl) Ob fies! 14, 15, 16. The ootheca of this species is a remarkable structure totally different in plan (using the word in our interpreta- tive fashion) and mode of execution from those previously described. ‘The ootheca is occasionally attached to the surface of the leaf of the food-plant—Brachylena discolor —but much more frequently it is attached to the stem and built around this, so as to form a very convex body, somewhat like a sphere of which about one-third has been cut away. It is formed of very delicate membranes. The cells, some twenty or thirty in number, are placed so that there is no membrane intervening between the leaf-surface, or twig-surface, and the membranes that form the first 8 Mr. F, Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on series of cells. After the thirty cells have been formed and the eggs laid, there is then applied a thick chitin- ous covering* forming a hard shell. Outside this shell numerous delicate membranes are applied so as to form many cells about the circumference. A very peculiar structure is thus produced. It has somewhat the shape of an ant-hill or termitarium. Not only is the structure itself different in form from the oothecas of the genus Aspidomorpha, but even a single membrane shows characteristic distinctions; there is a thickening along the middle of each (fig.16), like the mid-rib of a leaf, and instead of being curvate in transverse section each membrane is slightly angulate. This is due to the shape of the oothecal plates which Muir describes as “indented with a V-shaped cut, the sides of which hardly meet at the apex” of the V (fig. 17). 6. Cassida mutrana. Pl IE, figs) 185-19: The ootheca of this species is a very small structure consisting of about fourcells. It is laid flatly on a leaf and covered with a layer of excrement, from under which the membranes project a little on each side. 7. Cassida unimacula. This species is fairly common at Durban, but we can give very little information as to the ootheca. A specimen of it laid two eggs in a folded membrane in Mr. Muir's breeding cage. So that it is probable the ootheca will prove to be a very small structure as in the case of Cassida muirana. Both of the eggs were subsequently found to be parasitized. 8. Laccoptera excavata. The ootheca is small and usually contains only two eggs, but sometimes four. It is attached to the surface of a leaf of Ipomea holosericea by a membrane. One or two mem- branes destitute of eggs are placed on the exposed surface, and then the whole is covered with a layer of excrement * Mr. Muir thinks this is due to a number of membranes plastered firmly together. It may, however, be due to a quantity of colleterial matter applied in some other special manner. the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 9 so as to entirely conceal it. This small structure is there- fore like those of the genus Cassida, though the insect, having pectinated claws, is considered to be allied to Aspidomorpha. METAMORPHOSES. Much attention has been attracted to the extraordinary nature and habits of Cassididx larvee, and yet information on the subject is extremely limited. The observations here given add therefore considerably to our knowledge. The following brief descriptions are supplemented by the figures on Plates IIJ—V. 1. Aspidomorpha puneticosta. BR aes 200—207, The larva is about 7 mm. long when hatched out and undergoes four moults at intervals of four or five days with very slight alteration except in size; at the fifth moult it becomes a pupa, and remains in that condition for a week or ten days before the imago comes forth. The pronotum is well developed, and the head can be entirely retracted beneath it. It has four pairs of fleshy spikes, two pointing cephalad and two laterad. The meso- and metathorax are both well developed and each bear two pairs of lateral spikes similar to those on the prothorax, The abdomen consists of ten visible segments. The first nine each bear a pair of spikes similar to those of the thorax. The eighth pair is slightly more ventrad than the others, and the ninth pair greatly enlarged and much more dorsad. When the larva is first hatched out the ninth abdominal spikes are 15 mm. long, nearly twice the length of the larva, These long spikes are carried over the back by the last two segments being turned upwards. When annoyed or alarmed several sharp flicks are given with them. At each ecdysis the old skin is not cast entirely away, but is retained on the ninth abdominal spikes and carried over the back, thus a full-grown larva will have four old skins of varying sizes to carry over its back and flick about when annoyed. The tenth segment bears a pair of small beadlike pro- tuberances, homologous to the spikes on the other segments, 10 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on ae can be seen by turning the ninth spikes over the ack. The first thoracic and first eight abdominal segments bear a pair of spiracles each which are white and raised up above the body surface. They are s:tuated above the fleshy spikes. The larva is of a whitish colour and bears two large dark chitinous plates on its pronotum. The following segments have two dark marks on each side, and the abdominal segments a dark dorsal mark. These marks vary in size and often coalesce laterally, and the colour varies from light grey to black, against which the white spiracles show up distinctly. Pupa. In the pupa the pronotum is greatly enlarged and extends beyond the head. The thorax has lost all trace of spikes. The first five abdominal spikes become spatulate and curved, and the outer surface covered with glandular hairs which secrete an oily substance. The other four pairs of spikes become greatly reduced in size, the ninth pair becoming short, thick and curved at the tips, to which the five larval skins still adhere and hang over the back. The tenth urite is evidently withdrawn into the body. 2. Aspidomorpha tecta. Pl. LV, fies. 20a, 200: The larva of this species when first hatched is yellowish and flattish. It bears the same number of spikes as A. puncticosta, and the ninth abdominal pair is greatly enlarged and retains the cast skin at each ecdysis. The tenth abdominal segment is capable of being extended and then forms a tube down which the excre- ment is slowly passed and hardens upon exposure to the air, and forms long slender filaments. During the first two instars the filaments are attached to the ninth ab- dominal spikes, in a radiating manner. During the following instars the filamentous excrement is dropped, the tenth abdominal segment being too short to reach to the base of the ninth abdominal spikes. The pupa is delicate semi-transparent green or yellow. The pronotum is greatly expanded and has a series of little spikes all round its edge, two pairs being larger than the others. The mesa- and metanotum are well developed but bear no spikes. The number of visible abdominal the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 11 segments is the same as in A. puneticosta. The first five abdominal spikes are expanded horizontally into trans- parent lanceolate membranes beset around by spikelets. The remaining four are greatly reduced, but the ninth still carry the larval skins. Food-plant—Lpomwa holosericea. This larva differs from those of A. tecta and A. tigrina by the fact that it retains in later life only the excrementi- tious filaments of the earlier stadia, there being apparently an anatomical difference in structure that renders this species incapable of the feat that makes some of its con- geners so remarkable. 3. Aspidomorpha confinis. Pl. IV, fig. 22a, 226, The larva of this species is flattish, and of the same shade of green as the upper surface of the leaf of its food-plant (Lpomea holosericea). It bears the same number of spikes as its allies, and the old larval skins are retained on its ninth abdominal spikes. The skins are delicate and dry up and are carried out straight behind, and in no way hide the insect as in other species, It generally feeds upon the upper-surface of the leaves and may possibly find sufficient protection in its colour. The pupa is green, and the first five abdominal spikes flattish, and, except in colour, differs little from A. tecta. It is to be noticed that this species retains the old skins in a manver similar to its congeners, but that the partial inability of A. tecta to make use of excrementitious filaments is in A. confinis complete. 4, Aspidomorpha tigrina. Pl. IV, figs. 23a—28d. The larva of this species feeds generally on the under- side of the leaf. In colour it varies from a light yellow to green. It is surrounded with spikes similarly to 4. puncticosta, and the ninth abdominal spikes are enlarged. The tenth abdominal segment is very mobile and retractile, and the excrement passes out in long slender filaments and hardens on exposure to the air. When the filament has reached a certain length the tenth segment is curved upwards and the filament tixed to the base of the ninth abdominal spikes. 12 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on At each ecdysis the old skin is retained on the ninth abdominal spike and also the filaments attached to it. The long black filaments shown in figures 23a, 0, ¢, d, are the excrement of the creature. They are, of course, not present when the larva is first hatched out; but all the filaments that are subsequently produced are retained till the imago emerges; the crop of them pro- duced during each stadium remaining attached to the old larval skin. We do not know how these filamentous ex- crements are produced, and there appears to be no authentic information on the subject in literature. The pupa varies from yellow te green in colour. The spikes round the pronotum and abdomen are slightly bordered with black, and a dark mark runs down each side of the back. The pronotum is expanded into a semi- transparent shield surrounded with fine spikelets, two pairs of which are ofttimes larger than the rest. The pro- and metanotum lose all traces of spikes. The first five abdominal spikes become flattened into thin transparent lancoelate membranes surrounded with small spikes. The remaining four pair of spikes are greatly reduced in size,and the ninth pair hold the cast larval skins and attached, intestinally-made filaments. The use of excrementitious filaments reaches its maxi- mum* in A. ¢tigrina, and the larva with its array of bristles and its complex series of excrementitious ap- pendages is a truly wonderful object. 5. Basipta stolida. Pl. V, figs. 24a—24d. The adult larva of this species is whitish, the thorax being marked with brown and a dark mark runs down each side of the back. When first hatched out it is nearly all black. The spikes surrounding the larva are numerically the same asin A. puncticosta but are proportionally smaller and not so beset with bristles. The ninth abdominal spikes are greatly enlarged, thick, strong and curved at the tips; they are a dark colour below and hght above, so * That is to say, so far as the species we are here dealing with are concerned. The Brazilian Porphyraspis tristis far surpasses A. tigrina, but uses the wonderful filaments it produces in a totally different manner. the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidida. 13 that when carried over the back the colour harmonizes with the black. Generally they are carried out straight behind, and when the insect is annoyed it sharply flicks them over its back and head. The ecdysis of this species is complete and the old skin is not retained on the ninth abdominal spikes; neither is the excrement retained. In the pupa the pronotum is greatly enlarged and the thoracic spikes disappear. The tirst five abdominal spikes become thicker and flatter. The remaining spikes are greatly reduced in size and even the ninth pair are quite small, The last larval skin is retained on the end of the abdomen, and with the chitinous skin of the ninth ab- dominal spikes lies over the back. This form is highly exceptional in the larval state. The great development of the robust anal callipers (fig. 24), though these are not used for the purposes they are put to in Aspidomorpha and in Cassida, is extremely peculiar, It should be noticed that these callipers are comparatively as largely developed in the young larva (fig. 247) as in the adult. Their robustness in the newly-hatched form is a striking character of this species. In the pupa the last larval skin is retained at the base of the callipers, not upon them. Both the callipers and these appurtenances drop off before the imago emerges. This larva is a quite isolated form amongst the Cassidid larvee at present known, and a careful study of it would be of great interest. 6. Cassida muiranda, n. sp. PNG, fees 256: Parva, parum convexa, haud nitida, pallide testacea; antennis articulis ultimis quatuor nigris; elytris late nigricantibus fortiter punctatis, Long 4mm. Lat. 33-35 mm. Thorax with very little punctuation, the punctures appearing merely as very minute spots of a brownish colour, the lateral angles distinct and not rounded though very obtuse, the scutellar lobe broadly truncate. Elytrashort and broad, humeral angles extending only very slightly more outwards than the angles of the thorax ; the punctuation coarse, deep and irregular though quite distinctly serial ; the colour pallid, but very extensively marked with black in asome- what variable manner ; the summit, always pallid ; the dark colour in front extends forwards and outwards to the margin, but leaves a 14 Mr. F. Muir and Dr. D. Sharp on minute spot at the humeral angle pale ; behind the middle the dark colour extends outwards again to the margin, leaving a large pallid spot at the side between itself and the anterior outward extension ; near the summit of this spot the surface is rather deeply depressed. The black colour may be so much extended as to nearly obliterate the lateral pallid mark. There is trace of hairs on the surface, which is rough and not shining. The under-surface is vaguely variegate with black ; the colour of the epipleural dilatation being the same as on the upper-surface. T am indebted to Herr Julius Weise for the information that this species is undescribed and allied to C. innotata, Boh. It lives at Durban ona species of Solanum, but has only once been met with.—D. 5S. I have only taken one batch of this species, and the larva and pupa (figs. 25a, 25), Pl. V.) are similar to Cassida wnimacula, being hidden under a shield of excrement.—F. M. 7. Cassida unimacula. > 9? ; Pi. VY, ties, 25a, 26e. This larva is flattish and dark in colour, with the spikes and edge of the body of a lighter colour. The larva is surrounded with spikes as in A. puncticosta, but the spikes are flattish and edged with spikelets. The ninth abdominal spikes are larger than the others, and shortly after hatching become covered with excrement. At each ecdysis the old skin is retained on the ninth abdominal spikes, and is soon covered over with excrement and forms a triangular shield, which is carried over its back and completely covers the larva. J have often mistaken this larva for the excre- ment of snails, which are very plentiful on its food-plant (Brachylena discolor). Pupa. The pronotum is greatly enlarged in the pupa, and its edge is surrounded with little spikes, two pairs of which are larger than the rest. All traces of spikes on the meso- and metanotum are lost, and the first five abdominal spikes become thin flat spade-shape membranes, edged with spikelets. The system of using the excrement is in this species the same as it is in the European congeners, and is totally different from that adopted by the species of Aspidomorpha ; the egg-cases and early stages of some Cassidide. 15 the mode in which it is attached is similar in the two genera. The excrement in Cassia accumulates in a solid mass, which is held flat on the back of the larva. In fig. 26a, Pl. V, the excrementitious shield is shown folded backwards, so as to allow the shape of the larva to be seen. 8. Laccoptera excavata. This larva is very dark, in some instances quite black. The spikes surrounding it are proportionally small compared with A. puncticosta. The ninth abdominal spikes are larger than the others. Shortly after hatching, these ninth abdominal spikes are covered with excrement, and before the larva is two days old a “shield” is formed, under which the larva can hide itself. At each ecdysis the old skin is worked into the shield and covered with excrement. These larvze expose themselves quite freely upon the upper-surface of their food-plant (Jpomea holosericea), and unless one is acquainted with their habits, he would never think the black blotches were living creatures. The pupa is of a golden colour, marked with black. The pronotum is enlarged and edged with spikelets, a pair of which is larger than the rest. The first five abdominal spikes are flattened into thin membranes edged with spikelets. The other spikes are greatly reduced in size. In the larval structure and habits this insect is a Cassida—not an ) from special glands. In Cassididw both excrementitial and glandular coverings are applied to the eggs, and the glandular part of the epichorion comes from a special gland. Nothing appears to be known as to the chemical properties of these very remarkable glandular epichorions. It is possible that they may prove to be some special kind of chitin. PostscripT.—According to a paper communicated to the Society by Captain Williams and published by the Society in this Part of the Transactions, the egg-case in Mantide is composed of two substances of dissimilar nature. The material of which the central part of the ootheca is formed appears to be like that used by Aspidomorpha. The foam that is concomitantly used by the Mantis is constantly brushed away from the middle to the sides, and finally forms an outer covering to the egg-case. Cf. WILLIAMS, p. 130, postea. EXPLANATION OF PLATES I—YV. PEATE i Fra. 1. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha puncticosta attached to a leaf of Ipomcea pescaprx ; seen laterally. x 2. Horizontal section of same. x 3. In one of the series of chambers eggs, in section, are seen. 3. Perpendicular longitudinal section of same. x 3. 4. One of the membranes of which the ootheca is composed, separated with its attachment to the egg. x 4. bo to to Explanation of Plates. 5. Two such membranes showing relative positions and mode of connection, x 4. 6. Numbered diagram to show the order in which the eggs are arranged by the insect when constructing the case. 7. Diagram of a longitudinal perpendicular section of the abdomen, showing the parts concerned in the formation of the ootheca; la to 10a dorsal plates of abdomen, 10a being the upper oothecal plate ; 1b to 10b ventral plates of the abdomen, 9b the lowez oothecal plate; c, colleterial (or accessory) gland; 7, intestine; 0, oviduct; s, spermatheca with twisted duct. 8. Diagram of structures opening into the oothecal division of the cloaca ; a, line pointing to exit of intestine ; b, line pointing to exit of oviduct ; ¢, c, colleterial glands (of one group, only the ducts are left) ; 7, intestine ; 0, ovaries (tubes cut away) ; s, spermatheca. 9. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha puncticosta ; diagram to show mode of closure of case below ; a, b, line of junction of bottom of case: the parts above this line are supposed to be seen in section (like Fig. 3), the parts below the line show mode of arrangement of lower surface of the egg- case and are in a plane at right angles with that above the line a, b; ¢, point of fold of a sectionized membrane ; d, exposed part of a fold ; e, egg. Preane dil: 10. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha confinis. 11. Transverse section of same. 12. Ootheca of Aspidomorpha tigrina. » 3. Transverse section of same ; one or two of the outer mem- branes lifted. 14. Ootheca of Busipta stolida on a twig. 15. ‘Transverse section of same ; h, hole of twig. [In this figure the layer separating the two kinds of cells is not satis- factorily shown. ] 16. A single membrane of same. 17. Oothecal plates of the female Basipla ; a, lower plate ; b, upper plate. 18, Ootheca of Cassida muirana, with covering of excrement ; a, membranous margin, not covered with excrement; |, excrement, 19, Transverse section of same ; a and J, as in fig. 18. Explanation of Plates 23 PLATE III. Iilustrating the metamorphosis of Aspidomorpha punceticosta. Fie, 20. a, newly-hatched larva ; b, second instar ; c, adult larva; d, pupa, dorsal view ; e, pupa, ventral view ; f, imago. Pate LV. 21. Aspidomorpha tecta : 21a, larva, with caudal appendage reflexed over dorsum, showing the series of the retained cast skins, only one of which bears excrementitial fila- ments ; 21b, imago. 22. Aspidomorpha confinis: 22a, adult larva, with caudal appendages extended, showing series of the retained cast skins, none of which bear excrementitial filaments ; 22h, imago, 23. Aspidomorpha tigrina : 23a, 3rd instar, with caudal append- age extended ; 23b, adult larva, dorsal view, showing the series of cast skins, four of which bear excrementitial filaments ; 23c, profile of adult larva ; 23d, pupa, dorsal view ; 23e, imago. N.B.—The lines showing the length of these figures are of little use, as they have been taken from shrivelled specimens. Prare V. 24. Basipta stolida: 24a, 1st instar; 24b, adult larva; 24e pupa; 24d, imago, 25. Cassida muirana: 25a, larva, with caudal appendage bent back ; 25b, pupa ; 25c, imago. 26. Cassida unimacula : 26a, adult larva, with caudal append- age bent back ; 26b, pupa, with caudal appendage in natural position on dorsum ; 26c, imago. Laccoptera excavata: 27a, larva, 3rd instar, with caudal appendage turned off back; 27b, pupa, with caudal appendage in natural position ; 27¢, imago. bo =I et edie: : ne or * Cai i Pe ia) ‘sea ee ' Das, Pd bl var han ee, ve) i ? = 9 AP AS , ‘i's 1 t id 2 ‘ e; a ¥ ‘i eee? 8 oe > aie ; r bel fl ‘ i i Pike o\ Al ' . - ¢ Nao ! f ' wy ove p (gh ay ih oT \ ‘i of TK alt - wil) (ie ede i¥ ides teat habe There a ae iwetoud cfu’ Hees y | r2zey Il. Lllustrations of the male terminal segments and arma- tures in thirty-five species of the Hyimenopterous genus Colletes. By the Rev. Francis D. Morice, M.A., FES. [Read December 3rd, 1903. ] EnATEs Vil Vile VEL, ann 2X. Ir has long been known that the “armures copulatrices ” of Colletes f ¢ yield remarkable specific characters. Mr. Saunders’s Synopsis (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882) figured them for the six British species then known, and in 1891 (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xxv) Radoszkowski published a “ Révision,” with two Plates, representing in all about twenty palzearctic species. It is so hard to find really satisfactory specific characters in this genus, that Radoszkowski’s work might have been extremely useful if its execution had been somewhat more careful, But even the best of his figures are far too slight and diagrammatic to give an adequate idea of the very complicated objects which they represent. Certain features of these—not always the most characteristic—are empha- sized and even exaggerated in his figures, but so many others are ignored that the total impression conveyed to us is often quite unlike that made by the objects themselves. (The manner in which he deals with the bases of the saqitte in these figures is particularly unsatisfactory—the two or three hard lines on a flat field which are meant to suggest their shape being never adequate for that purpose, and sometimes really unintelligible.) Occasionally some attempt is made in the text to explain the characters which the author meant to indicate in his figures, but these explanations often by no means suffice to clear up doubts and difficulties produced by the lack of suggestive- ness in the figures themselves. And it must be said further that the “new species” brought forward in this Revision are very poorly characterized, and that his identifications are often questionable, and sometimes certainly wrong. I am as convinced as Radoszkowski himself can have TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART I. (APRIL) 26 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal seginents and been, that Colletes # armatures have usually characters of their own, by which the species can be certainly, and some- times easily, recognized. But these characters do not . depend simply on the outlines assumed by certain portions of the structure in certain positions. Those outlines are often only the somewhat illusory and variable horizons of solid objects viewed accidentally in this or that aspect, they depend partly on the focussing adopted, partly on the position of the armature as a whole, and partly on that of each different part of it in relation to the others. This last may depend on a variety of accidents, since the parts are not all equally rigid, so that one or more of them may easily be somewhat distorted or displaced by causes which leave the rest of the structure unaffected. I do not think that Radoszkowski sufficiently realized this fact, which in itself seems to render his diagrammatic way of treating the subject inapplicable. Besides this—or perhaps because of it —he seems too ready to content himself with noting certain arbitrarily selected details, which are often not sufficiently distinctive to bear the weight he lays upon them. Other parts of the structures he dismisses—one might almost say, impatiently, giving the impression that he had studied them not at all or only in certain species. Thus he says that the volsellw “ne présentent aucune particular- ité,’ which is quite curiously untrue in this genus, though no doubt their position renders it difficult to make much use of the characters exhibited in them. And in speaking of the cowvercle génital, as he calls it, he defines it in the introductory part of his paper as composed of “ two pieces, the siath” (!) “and eighth segments”; but he figures it both there and afterwards (in the only two cases where he figures it at all) as consisting not of these two segments, nor of either of them, but simply of the seventh ventral- plate! This is the more curious, because in his earlier paper on the J/utillides (1885) he says quite correctly, that the couvercle génital has been shown by Mr. E. Saunders to consist of the seventh and eighth ventral plates; and he figures accordingly, as such, those two plates (clinging together as they often do) both there, and also in a paper published a year later (Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., xx, 1886). It would seem, then, that between 1886 and 1891—the date of the “ Révision’”—he must have somehow lost interest in the cowvercle, or he would hardly have blundered about its composition as stated above. He adds one further armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 27 remark in the Revision, and one only, on the cowvercle génital: viz. that its “form appears to be stable.” That, if he means what I suppose him to mean by it, is doubtless true: but it certainly cannot be said to exhaust the subject, nor to indicate that the author had studied it carefully throughout the genus he was revising. Perhaps the best thing in Radoszkowski’s “ Révision ” is his recognition of a distinct group of species in which the stipites of the armature are simple, 7. ¢. not divided by a deep sulcation into two apparently distinct portions—an apical and a4 basal. This is an easy character to see, and I think it is an important one, though I do not believe that all the other species—those with “divided stipites ”— should also be regarded as forming a single group. The species with simple stipites are certainly, to some extent, united by other characters also; and I believe that they are confined to the warmer parts of the palzearctic region. None of them occur in Great Britain, nor, apparently, in Scandinavia. On the other hand, species with divided stipites are found throughout the whole region, and among them are some which seem to have hardly anything else in common (e.g. cunicularius and fodiens). Still, if it be necessary to classify Colletes-armatures dichotomically, this is perhaps the best “ fundamentum divisionis” with which to start. And, as far as I know, Radoszkowski was the first to point it out, But to return to the subject of the above-mentioned “seventh ventral plate”; it was, I think, particularly unfortunate that Radoszkowski, when dealing with Colletes, should have dismissed it with such slight and inaccurate treatment, instead of figuring it—or at least describing its form—in each of the species with which he dealt. For, in fact, this segment is generally at least as characteristic for specific purposes as the “armure” itself, and its characters are (for reasons presently to be given) easier both to recognize, to figure, and to describe. One chief object of this paper is to call attention to the very distinctive forms assumed by this segment in different species, and I figure it accordingly, together with the armature, in such palearctic species as I possess—thirty-five in all—and likewise in an American species, which I cannot name, but which differs evidently from any of them, communicated to me from Massachusetts by Prof. C. T. Bruce of New York. (See Pl. IX, 57, 58.) 28 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and Though I am far from feeling competent to attempt a complete monograph of palzearctic Colletes-spp., I hope I may render some service to the future monographist by publishing along with these figures some notes on the insects examined, and a synoptic table of such further distinguishing characters as I have been able to find in their external structure. There does not, I believe, exist as yet any work which deals with nearly as many species as now lie before me. My materials have been partly collected by myself in England, France, Germany, the Alps, and nearly all countries round the Mediterranean, including Algeria, Egypt, and Syria; partly received from various friends and correspondents, especially Professor Perez, Dr. Schmiedeknecht, and Messrs. Friese, Kohl, Alfken, Vachal, and Edward Saunders. To Professor Perez above all—with whom I have been throughout in constant communication, and who has supplied me most liberally with material, including many of his own new species— any value that my work may have will be chiefly due. With regard to one of the great difficulties connected with this genus, the obscure and entangled state of its “synonymy, I must say at once that I can do almost nothing to remove it. The original descriptions of their species by early authors are nearly always quite insufficient to fix their identity for certain, and I have had no oppor- tunity for examining any “types” of them that may still exist. In calling species, therefore, by the old and familiar names of suwccinctus, L., ligatus, Er., etc., I express no opinion of my own as to the correctness of these identifica- tions, but merely accept what I take to be the view generally current among hymenopterists. Even when I have reason to doubt this view, though I shall say so, I shall not always discard the name that is commonly adopted. Such insects as are unknown to any of my correspondents I shall treat as “new species,’ even if I know some old vague description to which they might possibly be referred. I think that, as matters stand at present, less confusion will be created by employing a name that may ultimately have to sink as a synonym, than to fix an old name on to a species to which it does not really belong. What I aim at is to ascertain, as far as I can, how many real species lie before me, and how they may be distinguished from one another. How they are ultimately to be called in our lists is another question, which must be armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 29 settled by the future monographist of the genus, and to him I leave it. Still I do occasionally mention points which seem to me deserving to be considered when that question comes up for definite settlement. Let us now consider in a general way (a) the concealed abdominal plates in Colletes f f, and () the armature proper. The concealed abdominal plates—Of these some are dorsal, some ventral. They all lie, normally, enclosed within the apex of the abdomen and immediately adjacent to the “armature.” To this, I believe, they both act as a protective sheath, and also in some way co-operate with it in its special functions (clasping, etc.). For these purposes they are always extraordinarily modified from what we must suppose to have been their original form, viz. that of semi-annuli, And it may be noticed here, that at least on the ventral side this sort of modification commences in a rudimentary way even in the preceding (unconcealed) segments. The sixth, especially, when mounted in balsam and rendered semi-transparent, is seen to be far from uniform in its structure and chitinization, and is often tuberculated and foveated in a manner which probably bears some relation to the forms of the organs underlying it. (Cf Pl. IX, figs. 49, 50, 52, 53.) From between the armature and the seventh dorsal plate may be extracted (though seldom unbroken) the object which I figure in Pl. IX, 40. This, following Dr. K. Zander, I take to consist of a pair of dorsal plates—the eighth and ninth of the abdomen reckoning from the constriction, 7. ¢. exclusive of the propodeum. I have not found any specific characters in them; and they are so extremely fragile and difficult to study, that I confine myself to figuring a single successful extraction of them. The concealed ventral plates are the seventh and eighth of the abdomen (exclusive of the ventral plate, if such exists, which answers to the propodeum—lI have never succeeded in finding any trace of one !). The eighth plate seems very similar in all species. (See Pl. IX, 44.) It has none of the paradoxical variations of form which make this segment so characteristic in some species of Prosopis, Andrena, etc. The seventh ventral plate, however, is a most interesting and surprising object. Its base is a ribbon-like strip or arch of chitin, joined at each end to the corresponding 30 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and dorsal plate. Springing from the apex of this arch appear nearly always two large symmetrical lobes or “wings.” They are perfectly colourless and membranous at the extreme apex, still membranous, but more or less in- fuscated, punctured, and pilose on the disc, evidently chitinized at the base and along the inner margin, and at least somewhat thickened and darkened on the exterior margin. Each of them consequently has the appearance of a frail membranous sheet stretched on a more solid framework, which supports it much as the costa and nervures support a wing. The form, colour, and pilosity of these lobes differ specifically to such an extent, that many species can be distinguished at a glance by these characters alone. Not only the actual outlines, but even the minute veinings, cloudings, etc. of the membrane seem to be extremely constant. The only difficulty in examining them is that they are apt to curl over somewhat at the apices laterally, but even this curling sometimes contributes to their specific “facies.” I have frequently dissected inany specimens of one species from widely-different localities, and have nearly always found their seventh segments exactly similar, and quite unlike that of any other species. The cases in which two different species have this plate deceptively similar, are extremely rare; and curiously enough, where this docs happen, the insects themselves are generally very unlike each other in external characters. These segments have, for examination, at least one great advantage over the armatures proper. Their outlines are real margins and not mere variable horizons of solid figures, hence their appearance is much less affected by slight differences of position. Also being much less complicated objects, and less troublesome to focus under the microscope (being flatter), they produce an impression which is more quickly grasped and more readily remembered. It is perfectly easy, with a little practice, so to prepare either fresh or relaxed specimens as to display this segment sufficiently for all practical purposes; or it can be actually removed and mounted separately without any noticeable disfiguring of the specimen, but in that case the ligaments connecting it with the dorsal plate must be severed cautiously first. In nearly all cases it forms a most beautiful microscopic object, whether it be mounted dry or in balsam. armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 31 . In certain cases (cf. my last figures on Pl. VIII) a very singular appearance is given to this segment by a tendency which the lateral thickened portions or “ costa” show to detach themselves from the lobes and stand up as separate tooth-like or spine-like processes. This leaves the lobes comparatively unsupported (cf. fig. 33a), or they may even disappear almost entirely, so that only a sort of skeleton of the segment remains to represent it (fig. 35a). One can trace, I think, a regular gradation in this respect—the likeness of the modified segment to the simple semi- annulus, from which it must have developed, decreasing stage by stage, till it vanishes altogether. It is curious to note how in different genera of the Anthophila nature seems to select different ventral segments of the ¢ for paradoxical specific modification— the sixth in certain Osmie, the seventh m Colletes, the eighth im Andrena, both the seventh and the eighth in Prosopis—while in other cases none of these segments are particularly characteristic, and it is the armature itself which supplies the best specific characters (¢. g. in Bombus and Sphecodes). I have already noted that these modifica- tions are not confined wholly to the concealed portions of the abdomen ; and indeed I suspect that its entire structure (the emboitement of all its segments, the development of ventral tubercles on some of them, the usual acumination and occasional peculiar armature of its apex, etc.) depends a good deal on the same sort of causes, which have diverted the concealed ventral segments from their original function as a part of the insect’s integument, and made them a sort of appendage to the armatura copulatrix. We come now to the “armature” proper, which com- prises at least three obviously distinct portions, viz. its cushion-like base—the cardo, and two objects, each resembling a pair of forcipes, one within the other—the outer of which (following Thomson and Saunders) I call the stipites, and the inner the sagitte. The cardo has little character, and need not detain our attention ; but the séipites and sagittw are very differently formed in different species, and undoubtedly give to some armatures a peculiar and easily recognizable facies. Yet it is often not easy to define exactly the characters on which the peculiarity depends. This is partly because these organs, being practically very irregular figures of three dimensions, completely alter their appearance, when 32 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal seginents and the aspect in which we view them is even slightly changed. Consequently, to get a real idea of their structure we must look at them all round, and the more we do this the more we find that the characters which strike the eye at once in some particular aspect can no longer be recognized if the point of view be ever so slightly changed. (For this reason, as well as because of its comparatively simple character, I greatly prefer the characters of the seventh segment to those of the armature—they are both more positive, and more recognizable in different positions of the object.) However, let us suppose that an armature is lying perfectly flat before us with its dorsum uppermost, and see what characters may be then observed in it. First, as to the stipites. Each of these will generally appear more or less evidently three-jointed. There is a ‘pilose, somewhat palpiform, and often pale apex—a longer and much broader central portion—and (separated from the last by what looks like a transverse suture) a large sub-triangular or sub-reniform basal lobe—bulging inwards so as to meet the corresponding lobe of the other stipes below the sagittz. This is the commonest type, and when it occurs we can take into account the forms of the three apparent joints which compose the stipes; the comparative length and breadth of each (individually or as compared with the other two); the straightness, convexity, sinuation, etc., of their outlines; the extent, density, and length of the pilosity at the apex, etc. In all these points the stipes of a particular species will present characters which seem to be constant, and will help to distinguish it, In other cases, as Radoszkowski has pointed out, we can see no suture defining the basal portion of the stipes. In some such armatures the pilose apices are exceedingly long and narrow; in others much less so. The pilosity in this group is generally very much developed, and differs a good deal in its arrangement in the different species. Next as to the sagitt, we see—or rather seem to see, for the appearance is very different from the reality—two strips or rods of chitin lying side by side, dilated at the base into lobes which are sometimes sharply angled laterally, while their apices generally look pointed ‘and sometimes divergent. ‘To each of these rods laterally is attached a sort of membranous “ wing” or “ sail,” called by Radoszkowski the “ fourreau,” not flat, but bent and folded armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 38 in various ways—sometimes looking much longer than the rods, sometimes not so—in some parts quite glassy, but in others often more or less dark and opaque. Besides these “wings” the rods may, or may not, have other lateral appendages or dilatations of rather thicker and darker substance, and these sometimes give the impression of a sharp triangular tooth projecting over the base of the more transparent “wing.” “ Characters” presented by the sagittx in this aspect are —the outline and extent of the basal dilatation of the “rods”; the shape, size, colour, and foldings or twistings of the membranous “ wings”; the presence or absence of a secondary (often tooth-like) dilatation of the rods as above described (between their basa/ dilatation and the “ wing ”) ; the length of the sagittz as a whole in proportion to that of the stipites, ete. But all these characters are lable to become—I will not say impossible, but difficult to recognize if the organs are (as often happens) accidentally shrunk or displaced ever so little, or if the armature as a whole is not lying in exactly the proper position. I must repeat, there- fore, that, for practical purposes, I greatly prefer the characters of the seventh segment. As soon as we begin to examine the armature in other points of view than the direct dorsal aspect, we shall find that the description given above of the stipites and sagittz requires a good deal of modification. Thus, looking at the stupites (Plate IX) sideways, we see at once that they are never really three-jointed, but composed of a single curiously-folded sheet, which is nearly but not quite com- pletely chitinized throughout ; the apices look no longer in the least palpiform, but more or less broadly triangular ; the supposed suture dividing the stipes transversely is seen to be merely a superficial though often deep sulcation in it, etc. Again, looking sideways at the sagittw (Pl. IX), we find that the dorsal view has not shown us their real apices at all—the latter are so sharply deflexed, that when we viewed the organ dorsally they were completely out of focus, and in fact out of sight. We have also to correct our former impression of the “wing” as something distinct from the “ rod,” and attached to it as a sail to a mast—it is really nothing but a difference in the degree of chitiniza- tion which makes them look distinct objects. The truth seems to be that each sagitta consists of a single sheet of substance, folded and “crinkled” up in a complicated TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904,—PART I. (APRIL) 3 34 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and fashion (especially towards its base), and much more thoroughly chitinized in certain places (especially along its inner margin and all over its basal part) than elsewhere. All the appearances in it of tooth-like processes, etc., are really produced by foldings of the substance, foreshortened in various ways according to the point of view. In fact the whole apparent structure of the object as viewed in the flat field of a microscope is simply a mass of optical illusions. Still the phenomena themselves, however de- ceptive, are constant in each species, and can therefore be used to furnish us with specific characters, if we have sufficient familiarity with microscopic work not to be misled by the efdwAa of the “optic glass.” When the armature is viewed from behind, a curious object with a bifid or bilobed apex appears to protrude from the inner side of each stipes, close to and partly covering the bases of the sagitte. This is called the volsella. It has in some points of view the appearance of a distinct organ, partly imbedded in the stipes, but I think it is really only a peculiarly folded portion of the stipes itself—at any rate I have never succeeded in removing it without bringing away part of the stipes with it. The lobes at its apex differ in shape and size a good deal in differenti species (Pl. IX, 41, 42, 43), and might give good characters if they were more conveniently placed for examination. Sometimes they are pretty conspicuous even in the dorsal view of the armature, but more usually they are hidden by the dilatations of the sagitte. The opposing faces of the lobes seem to be covered with rasp- like denticulations or tubercles, and I think they must have some prehensile function, but they do not seem to have any power of movement apart from that of the stipes as a whole. The armatures which I have figured are rendered semi- transparent by immersion in Canada balsam. ‘This causes a pair of divergent rod-like, perhaps tubular, objects to be seen indistinctly through the surface of the stipites, which on dissection are found to proceed from the bases of the sagittz, and are part—I suppose—of the apparatus by which the latter are moved. (I have not attempted to take characters from them, as they cannot be seen without special preparation of the armature.) Such of my figures as represent neither armatures nor seventh ventral plates are intended to render more armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 35 intelligible the Tables now to follow, in which I do m best to distinguish the ¢% of such palsarctic Colletes- species as are known to me by such characters only as can be seen without dissection. I am bound to say at once, that I think we can hardly expect quite satisfactory results from an inquiry which begins by setting aside the most positive marks of differ- ence which Nature has stamped on the creatures we are endeavouring to distinguish. Therefore it does not sur- prise me that, after attempting to deal with the matter under such limitations, the results I have reached do not even to myself seem very satisfactory. However, such as they are, I will offer them to my readers. Apart from colour (including that of the pilosity, which depends a good deal on the condition of the specimen, and sometimes on other causes than that of specific identity), the most conspicuous differences that I see between one Colletes f and another lie in («) size; (%) surface sculpture of the body, especially its puncturation; (c) the structure and proportions of certain parts of the insect, especially the head, the antenne, and the legs; and perhaps also in certain cases (@) the infuscation or the reverse of the wings, including their nervures. Of these, the size of the insect is only in certain cases of much use in “determining” it. The average size of most species, when one is compared with another, differs little; and particular specimens in all of them may be much larger or smaller than the average. Of course the biggest nanus is much smaller than the smallest nasutus ; but out of a mixed lot of (say) swccinctus, fodiens, montanus, pristigma, and daviesanus, the biggest specimen and the smallest might equally belong to any of the species. The sculpture-characters are much more to be trusted, but they are extremely difficult to describe in unmistak- able terms:—e.g. such an expression as “fine punctur- ation,” a “close puncturation,’ conveys different ideas to different minds, and even to the same mind at different times. Each reader measures such expressions by a standard of his own, and even that standard is lable to vary. In the shape and relative proportions of the head, ete., we do at last arrive at characters which can be stated positively. But even here, it is surprising how difficult it is to be quite sure that one sees what one thinks one 36 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and sees. To estimate correctly (¢.g.) the relative length of two antennal joints seems a simple matter; yet even here the most practised eyes will sometimes be deceived. Again, the comparative length and breadth of the gena in a particular insect is a definite fact; yet unless it be placed in exactly the right position when we measure it, the best micrometer will measure it quite wrongly. And as to infuscations, etc. of the wings, there are but few Colletes-species in which such characters can be employed to any purpose, and even in these species the phenomenon is apt to be inconstant. Accordingly in constructing tables for Colletes based on such characters, I am simply making the most that I can of unsatisfactory materials. The fact is, that through- out the whole genus the external structure is particularly simple and uniform: strong paradoxical characters such as help us to classify other genera are here scarcely to be found * without dissection of the insects. And though in quite fresh specimens the colour and disposition of the pilosity in certain species may be adequate to dis- tinguish them for certain, a slight amount of fading or rubbing will make almost any Colletes practically un- recognizable by such characters. Whatever its original colours may have been, it speedily bleaches into a dull uniform grey. The fascize which now look white may once have been distinctly yellow; and those which are now widely interrupted, may or may not have once been entire. Hence, if we are to determine at all any but exceptionally perfect specimens, we can do so only by employing structural characters; and these in Colletes are, as we have seen, for the most part minute, easily misinterpreted, and still more easily misrepresented when we try to express them in a verbal description. If then my Tables prove to be of practical use to hymenopterists, I shall be glad; if not, I shall not be much surprised. The length of the gena being perhaps the most con- spicuous of the external characters, I have taken it as my first ground of division. But I do not at all think that it divides the species into real natural groups. (Cf. the figures of genz in Plate VI, which, different as they are, belong all to insects which I believe to be nearly * The scutellar appendages of greffei, Alfk., are an isolated exception, armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 37 related.) Certain differences of pilosity (e.g. nearly naked or, on the contrary, almost villose discs of the abdominal segments) are perhaps of real phyletic significance, but all sorts of intermediate conditions occur, and I prefer as far as possible to employ characters which depend less on the freshness, etc. of the particular specimens ex- amined. As to my measurements of antennz, legs, gene, etc., I have made them with great care; but I cannot hope that I have always avoided errors, for when such objects are measured microscopically, the slightest in- accuracy in placing them produces a fallacious image, and falsifies the measurement accordingly. TABLE OF EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. 1. Gene extremely long, their (least) longitudinal diameter quite twice the breadth of the mandible at its base... at ae tte cen: Genz evidently elongate, but decidedly not twice as long as the base of the mandible is broad 50 “ee ¢ eee a se oe. yok Gene subquadrate, their (least) length about equalling the breadth of the mandible ee Os Genz transverse or short, two-thirds as long as the breadth of the mandible or less ... : so HG: (For the above characters, consult the Figures of genz and heads in Plates VI and IX.) . Abdomen coarsely and rugosely punctured. Face, between eyes, very long, narrow and parallel-sided. (Pl. IX, 36) ... 0 ... 15. nasutus, Smith. Abdomen with minute distinct punctures. Face very long, but wide above, the eyes con- verging. (Pl. IX, 39) ... 40 ... 84. formosus, Perez (? = lacunatus, Dours). to 3. Abdominal fasciz definite and conspicuous Fasciz indefinite or absent. Large, cire. 15 mill. long oe ae i ee ... 88. cunicularius, Linn. 4. Second abdominal segment clothed on its disc above with long pale hairs. All the fasciz wide. Species rather small, circ. 10 mill. long ral ioe ie ee 5. ... 16. coriandrt, Perez. Disc of second abdominal segment with short fuscous hairs. Fascize towards the apex of the abdomen becoming very narrow. A much larger species than the last, cire. 13 mill. long. Cordiform area of the propodeum with a narrow shining triangle forming its apex, but its base and disc occupied by a series of transverse parallel rugosities (Can- ary Islands, etc.) Bie alse a ... 5. dimidiatus, Brullé. 5. Sixth ventral plate with a well-defined small and deep oval fovea, impressed transversely on each side of its disc, some way from the sides and apex of the segment. (PJ. IV, 52) of) Le Sixth ventral plate without such definite discal fovez, though sometimes broadly depressed or excavated on each side of a central carina. (Cf. Pl. TX, 53) ... 3c See eee 366 este ails 38 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and 6. Punctures of basal abdominal segment above much larger and coarser than those of the second segment. Fasciz rather wide and in fresh specimens generally more or _ less yellowish. Cire.11 mill. long. (Universally distributed species, ranging from North Europe to Egypt, and common everywhere) 80. succinctus, Linn. Puncturation much more uniform and very fine. Fasciz narrow and white. A larger species, circ. 13 mill. long. (Mediterranean region) ... . 29. frigidus, Perez. 7. Sides of seventh dorsal plate of abdomen much constricted, making its apex somewhat mu- cronate (PL TXA3 a) eee ee -.- 82. acutus, Perez Seventh dorsal plate shaped otherwise .. 5, tsk 8. All the abdominal fasciz entire, broad, and uniform nae 9. Some at: least of the fascie are narrow, or interrupted, or obsolete 12. Ne) . Very large, circ. 15 mill. long. Disc of second dorsal plate with long pale hairs... . 14 Much smaller. Second dorsal plate not very pilose, apart from its fascie ... 10. Very small, circ. 7 mill. long. Wings opales- cent with pale reddish-yellow stigma and nervures. Hairs of head and thorax above white abe abe ae aa tee ae Larger, circ. 10 mill. long. Wings simply hyaline with darker stigma and nervures. Hairs of head and thorax above pale brown . bracatus, Perez. 10. ue (Greece) . 3. cecrops, n. sp. 11. Third abdominal segment punctured much like the second. Fasciz quite as broad as the spaces between them (Egypt, Tunis) age 2A Third abdominal segment punctured much less closely than the second. Fascize distinctly narrower than the spaces between them . nanus, Friese. (Algeria) .. =e ... 22. pumilus, n. sp. 12. Six well-defined abdominal fasciz, the fifth more or less narrowed laterally and the sixth extremely narrow throughout. Cire. 10 mill. long (Greece, and South Italy) ass . 17. phalericus, n. sp. Either the fascie are more or less indistinct or even absent; or, if well defined, those to- wards the apex are as broad as those Prccee ing them ... : 13. The “whole clypeus except its extreme apicai margin is strigose longitudinally and strongly punctured between the strigze : 26 Part at least of the sides and apex ‘of the clypeus are smooth with only a few large sparse punctures 14. Fasciz almost obsolete ; punctures of abdomen intensely fine and sparse, apex of basal segment almost impunctate ... ai Beal Fascie distinct, punctures of abdomen, though fine and sparse, are much less so than in empunctatus, and the apex of the basal segment is punctured throughout —... anel Q0E 15. Scutellum with conspicuous unciform lateral processes (Pl. IX, 45). Wings ee Meta- tarsus posticus very broad... ; ... 28 Scutellum simple 13. . montanus, Morawitz. 14. . impunctatus, Ny] (= alpinus, Mor.). mongolicus, Perez. . greffer, Altken. 16. 16. Ai 18. 19. 20. armatures vn the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 39 Dorsal surface of abdomen peculiar, showing in places a sort of irregular transverse rugulosity or striolation together with numerous very shallow punctures. The latter vary in shape and size, and have rather ill-defined margins. They are partly “elevated,” and sometimes become almost confluent transversely. The extreme apices of the segments are smooth and whitish. Their discs are clothed with pretty long suberect hairs. The colour of the pilosity seems to be mainly cinereous, that on the thorax rather fuscous than fulvous (but all my specimens are much faded). The sixth ventral segment has a well-marked central carina. The labrum is scarcely tuberculated or foveated. The anterior and intermediate tarsi seem particu- larly long and slender, scarcely half as broad as the posterior. The insect is rather large, cire. 13 mill. long. The wings sometimes (but not always) evidently with a yellowish stain aes dec 560 oe Punctures of abdomen above either large and strong, or, if fine, at least pretty deep and well-defined (circular) upon a smooth ground Discs of intermediate abdominal dorsal plates clothed with longish sub-erect hairs. Inter- mediate joints of tarsi postici considerably dilated, cordiform, at least half as broad as long (PI. IX, 59, 60, 61) : Discs of intermediate dorsal plates very “shortly pubescent or naked. Intermediate joints of tarsi postici narrower, evidently not half as broad as long (Pl. IX, 62, 63) Intermediate joints of tarsi postici ‘broader than long. Wingsfaintly clouded. Dises of abdominal dorsal plates strikingly hirsute. A large Mediterranean sp. 12-13 mill. long... Intermediate joints of tarsi postici not or scarcely as broad as long. Species smaller, and all occurring arian: in northern districts a3 505 50 Puncturation fine and spars se. Fasciz narrower, the hairs forming them. scarcely half as long as the erect hairs on the disc of second segment. Sixth ventral plate dentate later- ally and not carinated in the centre (PI. IX, 50) cg es Punctures much closer and stronger. ’Fascize wider, their hairs about as long as the erect pilosity. Sixth ventral plate evidently cari- nated in the centre (Pl. IX, 53) de Second joint of tarsi postici (Pl. IX, 60) more produced and dilated at the apex exteriorly, making the very oblique apical margin as long as the interior. Antenne longer. Fasciz of a purer white. (Pilosity of body and legs a little shorter and less copious) ... Second joint of tarsi postici (Pl. IX, 61) less dilated and produced, the apical margin is therefore less oblique and evidently shorter than the interior. Fascie with a oreaTy tinge. Antenne shorter - 85. cariniger, Perez (?= collaris, Dours). 17. ll. abecliei, Perez. 19. . 18. davicsanus, Smith. 20. 19. picéstiyma, Thoms. . 12. fodicus, Kirby. 40 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and 21. Wings distinctly clouded with fuscous-yellow... Ree nee Wings clear or nearly so . ones 22. Larger, circ. 13 mill. long. Abdomen finely punctured on a smooth shining ground, with narrow white fascie ... oe eS . 20. spectabilis, Morawitz "(Sniveo fasciatus, Dours). Smaller, circ. 10 mill. long. Abdomen very coarsely sculptured, with large rugose punc- tures, and strong (Cerceris-like) abrupt con- strictions between the discs of the segments 18. punctatus, Mocsiry. 23. Third joint of antenna as long as the fourth. A small insect with short antenn, and very short genze (their least length is not a fourth of the width of the mandibles). Sixth ventral plate with a pilose tuberculation at each lateral angle and a wide pale apical margin. Pedes postici with very slender tibiz and tarsi ... . 23. brevicornis, Perez. Third joint of antenna evidently shorter than the fourth. Genz at least a third of the width of the mandibles, often much more ... ee 24. Fifth ventral plate punctured (subrugosely) all over—the punctures seem both larger and closer than those on the preceding segments. Cordiform area of propodeum for the most part longitudinally rugose, somewhat ob- liquely .. . 24. pees Smith. Fifth ventral plate ‘otherwise punctur ed. : x 5. The disc of the fifth ventral plate (sce Pl. IX, 51) is occupied by a large impunctate tri- angular space, nearly equilateral, whose sides, defined by dark lines, converge from the base of the segment to near its apex, where the triangle ends in a small pale rounded fovea. Outside this triangle the surface is punctured and pilose. (A small Mongolian sp. circ. 8 mill.long.) ... ... 27. ventralis, Perez. Fifth ventral plate sculptured otherwise 200 Ey 20; 26. Sixth ventral plate (Pl. IX, 49) with a rather conspicuous oval patch of ‘dense dark-looking pilosity bordered by an oblique fovea near each of its lateral angles. Last dorsal segment slightly incised at: apex (sub-bilobate) 6. /igutus, Er. Sixth ventral plate without conspicuous pilose patches as above ; at most with a thin loose tuft or pencil of pale hairs 27. The whole abdomen, including its basal segment, very closely, finely, and evenly punctured above, so that the surface is uniformly almost dull SG deer The puncturation i is much less close and regular, with shining intervals, on the basal segment it is conspicuously larger and more sparse than on those following res 20: 28. Slightly larger and especially broader than the next species, circ. 12 mill. long. Fascize broad and yellowish. Hairs of thorax above rich fulvous-red. » Hives very econ con- ; verging (Egypt) .. ate ... 4. perez2, 0. sp. Fasciz somewhat narrower and. snow-white. Hairs of thorax above cinereous yellow. Hyes rather strongly converging, making the face look more triangular and the cly bone narrower (Algeria) —... joc Bee . 9, etaont, 0. Sp. bo Or bo ot armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 41 29. Middle joints of antenne (Pl. IX, 54) about as broad as long (they seem to be ‘flattened in a peculiar manner beneath). Face very short and broad, differing evidently from all the following species, except perhaps caspicus (See Pl. “VI, 8a and 10a). A small species, cire. 7 mill. long. (S. France) .. . 10. chobauti, Perez. Middle joints of antennze considerably | longer than broad. Species larger ... Bon OU! 30. Area trigona of propodeum crossed by large clathrate rugosities, its lateral areas also largely rugose, looking in some lights almost strigose. Eyes not very convergent. Apex of seventh dorsal plate narrowly rounded, almost pointed ... . V. hyleiformis, Eversm. Dise of area trigona mostly quite smooth ; the lateral areas punctured, rugosely, but with no appearance of strigosity. sey taille 31. Apical half of sixth ventral plate abruptly depressed; its central part is pale shining and almost impunctate. Face wide and short with eyes converging strongly: the vertex elevated. Dorsal apex much as in hylexiformis. Hind tarsi rather wide—the first joint not above four times as long as broad (six times in the species following!) ... 8. caspicus, Morawitz. Sixth ventral plate less sharply sculptured, and its central part evidently rather largely punctured. Apex of last dorsal plate wider, subtruncate, with a slight central incision. Face squarer, the eyes converging only slightly. Lateral areas of propodeum not NENT ETE i so strongly and closely punctured is fl. NCR: Nplate U2. cows, n. sp. I can at present give no external character that satisfies me for separating these two. (See below, Notes on the Species.) NOTES ON THE SPECIES FIGURED. Species with unincised stipites 1-10. 1. Balieatus, Ny! @). PI. VI, fig. 1, lo, 1b. Pl. IX, figs 63, 64. I call this species baltcatus on the authority of Prof. Perez and several other correspondents from whom I have received it. But whether it is really Nylander’s species I do not know. If, as I believe, it does not occur in Northern Europe, it obviously cannot be the baltcatus of Thomson. Nylander first proposed balteatus as a name for Latreille’s succinctus, which he considered not to be the swecinctus of Linné. But I can find nothing either in Latreille or Nylander to show what the insect really was which Latreille called swecinctws. Several species seem to me 42 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and to suit all that is said by either author quite as well as the present. Radoszkowski’s balteatus is certainly marginatus, Smith, and I believe Thomson’s is the same. In its armature and seventh ventral segment the present insect resembles very closely the four species next to be figured. But it differs in that the stalks or petioles from which the lobes of the seventh ventral plate spring are evidently pilose. They have a continuous ciliation of well-developed hairs, proceeding from definite punctures, which commences nearer the base of the segment than the point at which the lobes begin to spread from it. In the armature all five species agree (a) in the narrow elongate wn-notched stipites, which contract very gently in the dorsal aspect, but rapidly in the lateral (Pl. IX, 64), to form the slender and very pilose apical process; (b) in the manner of folding (rather than the actual outiine which depends on a variety of accidents) of the dilated sagittee. The more transparent part of this (the “fourreau”’) consists of ¢wo laps (one basal, the other apical) which parily cross each other, and in so doing produce the effect of a triangular sub-opaque thickening of the membrane. These laps are further overlapped by a third fold which is chitinous and triangular, occurring at the pomt where the sagittae (viewed laterally, Pl. IX, 64) are bent downwards almost at a right angle, and this is really about half-way between their bases and their apices, though in the dorsal view the deflected apical halves are so foreshortened that this is not easily realized. Between the bases of the sagittz and the stipites the volsella peeps out, of course at a much lower level, and therefore only to be seen properly by altering the focussing. All this group agree as to the seventh segment in the gradual dilatation of sub-triangular and petal-like lobes from elongate stalk-like and apically sub-acuminate in- terior “costw.” The clouding, etc. of these lobes is also very similar. They differ chiefly in their degree of dilata- tion (more or less rapid) and in the outline of their actual apical margin, to see which properly, however, the object must be viewed in more aspects than one. In external characters they agree in being all very shortly haired on the discs and conspicuously banded at the apices of the segments. The fasciz are entire, and there is usually—perhaps always—a distinct basal fascia armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 43 also on segment 2. The legs in all are rather slender, and the third antennal joint is always shorter than the fourth. In puncturation they differ considerably, and also in the length of the genie, the sculpture of the propodeum, and the structure ‘of the apical segments both dorsal and ventral. These differences seem enough to separate them as distinct species, but I feel sure that they must be very near relations. Balteatus seems to be a fairly common and widely distributed species in the Mediterranean and also in the Alpine districts (Spain, 8. France, the Adriatic, Switzer- land, Tyrol, ete.) I have taken it quite high up on the Simplon Pass. It is not British, nor (I believe) does it occur in Scandinavia or North Germany—hence it is unlikely that Thomson's la/ieatus 1s this species. Though Radoszkowski figures our marginatus as “bal- ieatus, Latreille” (sic),* he also figures what I think must be the present species under the name “ marginatus,” which name of course it cannot bear in any case. Prof. Perez at one time identified this species with lacunatus, Dours, under which name it is placed in some collections. But Dours’s description does not suit it in the least, and M. Perez tells me that he accepted the identification on the faith of a correspondent, and has now abandoned it. A correspondent sent me a Zand 2 of this species as “ stervensis, Frey Gessner,” and I have myself taken it at Sterve! But I have not seen Frey Gessner’s types, and another insect that has come to me under the same name is certainly marginatus, Smith. If svevrensis really =my balteatus, I should be inclined to adopt the former name, as there really seems no particular reason for identifying our insect with Nylander’s species. 2, Hous nso. (?). “PISVE, 2, 2a. Species a bulteato vix distinguenda, nisi segmenti septimi ventralis lobis magis elongatis, apicem versus minus dilatatis, margine apicali vix sinuato, et praecipue petiolis loborum nudis (nec ciliatis nec punctatis), fortasse quoque numero (13) hamulorum in alis inferi- oribus. ¢ long. cirea 10 mill., 9 latet. Helenensdorf, Transcaucasia (?), Pola (2). * Balteatus, Latreille, isa nullity. Succinctus, Latreille =balteatus, Nylander. 44 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and Iam rather unwilling to separate this from balteatus, with which it agrees in almost every particular. But the difference in the seventh ventral plate is remarkable. (Prof. Perez has seen my dissections and agrees with me as to this.) The lobes are differently shaped, and their petioles are absolutely impunctate and unciliated. To this I may add, that in the one specimen whose external characters I have examined for this paper—two others I seem to have unfortunately mislaid, and can at present only find the dissections—there are thirteen hooks in each wing (a number which also occurs in all my specimens of perczi), whereas in balteatus I have never found more than eleven. But I fear this characteris not reliable, for my solitary specimen of the next species (cecrops) has thirteen hooks in one wing and eleven in the other! Whether cows is a true species, I must leave to be decided by those who can tell me what “a true species” really is. But I have found the pilosity of the concealed segments so constant a character in all the genera in which I have examined it, that for the present I must regard it as specific. The absence of the characteristic hairs in my specimens of cous is not due to accidental depilation, for the punctures from which they should originate are wanting also. My one remaining entire specimen of cous ¢ is from Helenensdorf, Transcaucasia, sent me by Herr Koul of Vienna. It is not in such a condition that I can say whether in fresh specimens it might be distinguished from baltcatus by external pilosity-characters. In structure, except as to the alar hooks and the naked “ petioles” of the seventh ventral plate, I have failed to find any difference between them that I can regard as clearly specific, and unfortunately I do not know cous 2. 3. Cecrops,n. sp. Pl. VI, 3, 8a, 30. Balteato simillimus, cum quo facile confundi potest, sed genis multo longioribus (pene quadratis !), etiamque segmenti ventralis septimi petiolis bases versus haud ciliatis, ut opinor, certe discedens. This insect again comes exceedingly near to balteatus, but its genze are evidently longer, so that in my Table it is placed among the species with sub-quadrate gene. They are also irregularly rugose, or rugosely punctured, longitu- dinally almost all over, while in balteatus there is a wide armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 45 smooth space between the basal rugosities and the apex. The apical part of the “petioles” in the seventh ventral plate is very densely ciliated with pale whitish hairs, but not in the style of balteatus, where the hairs are looser, darker (I think), and commencing much nearer to the base of the segment. If a distinct difference in the length of the genz is not to be regarded as a positive specific character in Colletes, it is hard to see on what grounds we are to establish species among them at all: if it 7s, then certainly cecrops and balteatus differ. Thus we come back to the question, “ What is a species?” to which, for my part, I know no thoroughly satisfactory answer. In the meantime, I hold cecrops to be distinct. I have only one specimen (f), taken by myself in Attica (April 30, 1901). ay Peres, spo, el Via, 4a. 6 LBalteato affinis, sed maior (10-13 mill. long.), abdomine longe subtilius eequaliusque punctato (propterea magis opaco), fasciis ab- dominalibus latioribus, flavidis subsquamosis. Segmenti ventralis septimi petioli nudi, basibus dilatatis. @ (long. circa 15 mill.) a balteato 2 notis iisdem, quibus mas, differre videtur. Aegyptus, prope Cairo, iv et v, 1896. This is a species which, though it has almost all the other characters of balteatus, distinguishes itself at a glance by its exceedingly different puncturation. This is intensely fine and close throughout, making the discs of the abdominal segments look remarkably opaque. The fascize also are seen ata glance to be very much wider. These in fresh specimens are decidedly flavescent, and formed of more than one distinct row of very thick (almost scale-like) branched hairs. It is rather larger than balteatus, and has thirteen alar hooks. I know it only from Egypt, where I have taken both sexes near Cairo. Possibly it may be identical with some of the species described by Spinola (e.g. intricans, not however if Radoszkowski rightly identified that species !), but I cannot fit it satis- factorily to any of them. I have named it therefore after Professor Perez,in acknowledgment of much kind assistance received from him during this inquiry. 5. Dimidiatus, Brullé. Plate VI, 5, 5a, 50. The largest species of the group, and very distinct by its 46 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and exceedingly long cheeks, sparsely punctured, shining ab- domen, and narrowish white fascize (especially those towards the apex). The sculpture of the propodeum is also somewhat peculiar: its base is occupied by clathrate rugosities, or rows of adjacent fovez, which gradually diminish, and become vaguer as they approach the narrow shining triangle at its apex. I know the species only from the Canaries, etc. (the region from which came also Brullé’s types). (In the 2 the gene are not particularly long, less so decidedly than their greatest breadth. In the ¢ they look even longer than they are in proportion to their breadth, an effect which seems to be due to their convexity, or to something in the disposition of the hairs. In the arma- ture figured the apices of the sagittze were unluckily distorted by pressure of the cover-glass. Normally I think they would look much as in the other species, almost linear—being viewed in profile only.) 6. Ligatus, Er. Pl. VI, 6, 6a, 6b. Pl. IX, 49. The name ligatus was first employed by Illiger, who however did not describe his species. Erichson’s descrip- tion is of a 9 from Spain, and, as is usual with these early descriptions, would suit equally well a number of species. Following Prof. Perez, I adopt the name for a species of which I have dissected three or four ~f from various Mediterranean districts (that figured is from Barcelona, and Erichson’s description is fairly suitable for it, though inadequate). The ¢ has a strong external character in the well- marked dense tufts, in some lights looking almost velvety, which adorn the lateral angles of the last visible ventral segment. It is finely and rather sparsely punctured with shining interspaces. This species, and the four which follow, agree with the last five in having the stipes wnnotched, but differ from them in having the lobes of the seventh ventral plate much more transverse, and developed more abruptly, so that one may distinguish in them a basal as well as a lateral ex- terior margin (they might be called quadrilateral, the others being ¢rilateral). But what is still more conspicuous is that they spring not from elongate “ petioles,” but from comparatively broad and stumpy “trunks.” (The condition armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 47 in ligatus is somewhat transitional, in the others it is impossible not to recognize it instantly.) The armature of degatus is not unlike that of the pre- vious species (balteatus, etc.), but differs in the much greater (broader and longer) triangular chitinous dilatation of the sagittee at their point of deflexion. This occupies a much larger part of their dorsal aspect, and looks nearer their bases than the smaller (apical-looking) triangles in the other species. The colour of the seventh ventral plate is very dark, making the broad hyaline space at the apex of each lobe particularly conspicuous. All my specimens have the same bold oblique (downwards and inwards) curl or roll of the lobes. It seems hardly possible to flatten them out completely without splitting them by the pressure. So they must be somewhat rigidly chitinized in parts. 1. Liylaipormess nr. -PLOVE, 7, fa, (0. PI VX) 46. 8. Caspicus, Morawitz. Pl. VI, 8, 8a, 8b, 8c. Pl. IX, 47. I shall treat of these two species together, as they seem near allies, and their synonymy is at present somewhat entangled. The questions whether and how they differ are best determined by consulting the writings of Morawitz who was the original describer of caspicus, and who also wrote a careful re-description of hylxiformis from examination of Eversmann’s type-specimens, the original description being, he tells us, altogether inadequate. The conclusions to which a study of these descriptions brings me are supported by the evidence of specimens received under the names respectively of hylwiforivis (from Prof. Perez and Herr Kohl) and caspicus (from Prof. Perez only). Hylxiformis 2 is at once separable from caspicus 9 by its thoroughly squamose style of pilosity, and hylxiformis from caspicus f, both by the external characters given already in my Tables and (at a glance) by the armature, in which each apex of the unnotched stipes is narrow and elongate in hyleiformis, while in caspicus it is a broad, blunt, almost equilateral triangle. (See Pl. [X, 46 and 47.) The species, however, which Radoszkowski calls hylxi- Jormis (and also his jloralis, probably not = the floralis of Kversmann !) is figured with an evidently blunt and short 48 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and apex to the stipes. As Radoszkowski has no species called caspicus in his Revision, while Morawitz, as we have seen, knew thoroughly both species, I feel practically certain that Radoszkowski dissected a caspicus not knowing it to be such, and wronely assigned it to hylxifornus. And what he called floralis was probably another specimen of the same insect, indeed he himself suggests this as prob- able. (The true jloralis seems, from what both Evers- mann and Morawitz say of it, to have been very different from either caspicus or hylxiformis, and very likely did not belong to the groun of wnnotched stipites at all. But what it was, I have no idea. It must be a very small insect: 7-8 mill. sec. Morawitz.) Therefore, I think hylxiformis, Rad. (nec. Eversm., nec. Moraw.) is a synonym of caspicus, Morawitz. Several of Radoszkowski’s figures might possibly be referred to the true hyleifornvis, e. g. his anceps, mixta, and carinata, are all more or less suggestive of it. I never took hyleiformis myself, but have met with caspicus in several Mediterranean countries, and received it from others and also from Transcaucasia. It seems to be widely distributed, therefore, and probably is one of the common species of its group. Prof. Perez takes it at Royau, near Bordeaux. . The sagittee of hylexiformis and caspicus seem very similar. Their most striking character is perhaps the large tooth-like fold of sub-opaque (but not thoroughly chitinized) substance which spreads out from them near the bases, overlying and partly hiding the base of the more transparent “wing.” Above this fold is another dilatation of the sagitta, less conspicuous in the dorsal aspect because seen only in profile, but also lookmg denti- form when viewed laterally. This is more solid—in fact it is completely chitinized and black. It appears to cor- respond, though its situation is very different, to the triangular dilatations at the bend of the sagittz in balteatus, ete. In both species the lobes of the seventh ventral plate spring from short broad bases—not elongate petioles. In most of my specimens the outer apical corners are curled or rather creased diagonally into a sort of “dog’s-ear,” and when this happens the segment assumes an outline which always reminds me of a bishop’s mitre as represented in heraldry. As compared with ligatws the lobes are more armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 49 elongate, and the sinuation of their apical margin hardly so strong. Their discs are also as a rule much less deeply infuscated. Two further points about the synonymy of hylaiformis are puzzling. (1) Morawitz says that the species is probably identical with nasutus, Smith. Yet as he describes it, it is evidently as different as possible from the latter, which is perhaps the most unmistakable species of the whole genus. I can only suppose that Morawitz did not know the real nasutus when he revised Eversmann’s collections. (2) V. Dalla Torre gives “hylxiformis, Perez,” as pro- bably = acanthopygus, Dours. But certainly the hylai- Jormis § § I have received from Prof. Perez and Herr Kohl by no means answer to Dours’s description of acanthopygus. The latter should have a strong spine at the apex of the abdomen. Such a spine in a Colletes-sp. I never saw. Is it possible that Dours has been deceived by some ¢ in which a stipes of the armature accidentally protruded from the abdomen ? (His “ types” seem to have disappeared.) 9: Hatoni, n.sp. Pl. VI, 9, 9a, 90: Simillimus caspico, sed abdomine multo subtilius et s#qualius densissime punctulato. Pilositas mesonoti pallida, non nihil flaves- cens. Fascize abdominalis dense, latissime, nivece, in 9 vix minus quam in hylxiformi squamee. ¢ stipitibus ut in caspico formatis, scilicet apicibus haud productis sed oblique truncatis. Genz breves. (Corp. long. ¢ circa 10 mill., 2 circa 12 mill.) This beautiful insect is closely allied to caspicus by the structure of its armature and seventh ventral plates, but easily distinguished from it in both sexes by the extremely fine, close and even puncturation of the abdomen, and in the by the shorter and paler pilosity, which on the abdomen, though not on the thorax, is almost as squami- form as in hylxiformis. It appears to me to stand to caspicus much in the same relation as perez: to balteatus. The first abdominal segment is densely clothed at the base with white pilosity ; there is also adense basal band on the second segment, which, as well as all the apical fasciz, is entire, very broad, and of the purest silvery-white ; the pubescence on the discs of the segments is very short and dark, making the fascize show up very sharply in contrast TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART 1. (APRIL) 4 50 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and with it. The % sixth ventral plate resembles that of caspicus, it has pretty long but not very thick penicilli at its lateral angles, a scarious margin, and a smooth pale longitudinal space in the middle of the disc. In both sexes the thorax above has a close and very even (as though shorn) pilosity, paler than in caspicus, being rather yellowish-brown than fulvous. Beneath, and on the face, propodeum, and legs, the hairs are pure silvery-white. Other characters are given in my Tables. The specimens examined, the only ones I have seen, were taken in Algeria by the Rev. A. Eaton, after whom I have named it. Radoszkowski’s figure (in H. #. S. R., v) of his C. hkirgi- sicus much resembles the 2 of eatoni; but its wings look very dark, while they are quite clear with pale nervures in eatont. And his description is so inadequate, that I cannot even be sure to what group even his species really belongs. He described only the 9. 10. Chobauti, Perez. Pl. VI, 10, 10a, 100. PL IX, 54. A small species from South France kindly communicated to me by its author; and the last known to me of the section with ‘‘unnotched stipites.” In the seventh segment the base reminds me most of caspicus, the apex of ligatus. The armature seems very distinct by the very broad, well-developed “ fourreau,” with its appearance of a strong narrow (almost linear) chitiniz- ing of its substance near the base of each exterior margin, by the slighter triangular sub-chitinous dilatation which overlies the fourreau, and by the apices of the stipites which have neither the very elongate character of those in hylevformis and ligatus, nor the short, broad, triangular form of those in caspicus and eatoni. Externally the structure of the head and antenne, together with its small size, separate it easily from anything known to me. Species with notched stipites 11-35. 11. Abetilet, Perez. Pl. VII, 11, 11a. Pl. IX, 59. This species also I have received from the author. Both in the armature and the seventh ventral plate it seems to have some affinity with the species following, and armatures in the Hymenopterows genus Colletes. 51 externally both are pilose, strongly punctured insects, with short cheeks, rather short antenne, and dilated tarsi. But abeiller is much the larger species. In the armature of abeillei the “apical process” of the stipes is short and inconspicuous (except for its dense but rather short pilosity); the “middle part,” 7. ¢. that above the “notch,” is rather elongate, and has a pointed look, the outer margin (or rather “ horizon”) curving inwards towards the apex as though to meet the straight inner margin at an angle of about 30” The sagittz are only moderately dilated near the base, but the fourreau is particularly large and solid-looking; it is very wide at the apex, not only extending close up to the stipes, but curling round and returning thence towards the middie of the armature—doubled back over itself, as it were. Besides this doubling of the membrane, which alone would make it somewhat opaque, it has an actual dark stain over a con- siderable part of its substance, and appears even to some extent chitinous. The whole colour of this armature 1s unusually dark, and the seventh ventral plate, except its extreme apical border, is dark also, its lateral thickenings or “costa” almost black. The form of this segment is rather simple; its lobes are wide and sub-triangular, with the corners rounded off, their surface slightly concave (ventral view), but not strongly curled up at the sides as in ligatus, etc., their actual apical margins straighter perhaps than in any species of the group, though the apical outline of their infuscated discs is evidently sinuated. 12. Fodicus, Kirby. Pl. VII, 12,120. Pl. IX, 61. This is a common British species, and I have taken it also in Switzerland. It often occurs on Senecio, and I have found it accompanied by Epeolus productus. The armature is very distinct by the unusually elongate central portion of the stipites, their very inconspicuous and only slightly pilose apices, and the extremely dark “ wings” of the sagittz, which, however, are hyaline at the apices. The outline and colouring of the seventh segment also distinguish the species immediately from any other. It is generally very dark as a whole—almost black in places, but with sharply-defined hyaline spaces at the apex and near the base. Its apical margins are gently sinuated in the middle, and gently rounded on each side of the sinua- tion. The segment is distinctly more produced in the y 52 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and apical direction near its centre than at the sides—a character which appears more strongly still in the next species. 13. Punctatus, Morawitz. Pl. VII, 13, 13a. My specimens (from Pest) were given me by Herr Friese. I never found it myself. The armature and seventh ventral plate have a certain resemblance to those of fodiens. But their colour is much paler; the stipites are very differently formed, their central portion being comparatively short and broad, while the apical portion on the contrary is very elongate and strongly pilose; there is a peculiar thickening of the membrane at each apical outer corner of the “wings” in the sagitte ; and the lobes of the seventh ventral plate are much more narrowly rounded at their apices—almost pointed. A character common to this species and the two last is the truncate appearance (at the apex) of the “wings” of the sagitte. This is unusual in the genus; the “wings” are generally either rounded apically or produced into a form resembling the point of a penknife. 14. Bracatus, Perez. Pl. VII, 14, 14a. I have received this very large and handsome species from the author. Specimens taken by myself in Egypt agree with it exactly, both externally and in the characters of the armature and the concealed segments. These have been described by Herr Friese under the name grandis, but Prof. Perez’s name is the older, and must be adopted. The form of the seventh segment and the disposition of its cloudings to a certain extent recall those of fodicus, but the apical margin has a different (double) sinuation, and the colour is extremely different—the lighter parts being yellowish, and the darker a beautiful orange-red. The armature is quite unlike that of any preceding species. The stipites, indeed, are not unlike those of punctatus, but the sagitte are altogether of another type. The “ wings” are nearly clear, only faintly yellowish, and the more solid part has two distinct basal dilatations, the more apical of which is not—as is usual in such cases— dentiform. 15. Nasutus, Sm. Pl. VII, 15, 15a. Pl. IX, 36. This is another very large species—one of the few which armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 58 can be distinguished at a glance by its external characters, the long parallel-sided face, etc. Its armature and seventh ventral segment show affinities to those of bracatus, but the secondary dilatation of the sagitta (between the basal dilatation and the “wing ”) is very evidently dentiform. The lobes of the seventh segment appear less transverse, partly perhaps because they curl inwards much more strongly ; their cloudings are also very different. The species examined were sent to me by Herr Kohl and Herr Friese. 16. Coriandri, Perez. Pl. VII, 16, 16a. Pl. IX, 37. Li Phalerncus, nap, EL Vil L7, bia. I treat these two species together, as their dissections are practically identical. Their external characters, how- ever, separate them at once; especially their heads are constructed quite differently, so that they fall under different sections in my tables. The simple almost circular lobes of the seventh ventral plate are unlike those of any other species known to me. The wings of the sagittze are produced far beyond their apparent apices, much as in daviesanus, but with a differ- ent outline. There isa secondary dilatation—not dentiform —between the basal dilatation of the sagitta and its wing. Coriandri is an Algerian sp. I have examined a 7 determined by the author, and sent to me by M. Vachal, and another taken in Algeria by Mr. Eaton. Phalericus I have taken freely in Greece and also in South Italy and at Cerbére—the eastern end of the frontier between France and Spain. Its diagnosis follows. Niger, sed 9 apice ventrali fere semper testaceo ; nitidissimus, abdomine subtilissime omnium punctulato (in segmento basali dis- perse, in reliquis multo densius). Gene in ¢ subquadrate, in ? margis transverse. Antennarum art. 3tius (¢) 4t subequalis. Mesonotum griseo-brunnescente (vix fulvido) mediocriter pilosus ; segmentorum abdominalium disci fusco-subpilosi, apices decolorati, fasciis albis integris, quarum ultima (in ¢ saltem) longe angustior quam basales videtur (? segmentum abdominis secundum fasciam basalem quoque distinctam exhibit, quae in maribus meis omnibus aut detrita est aut omnino deest). Segmentum ventrale ¢ sextum basi leniter bicallosum, reliqua segmenta ventralia apicibus plus minusve triangulariter in medio scariosis. 54 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and From the circumstance that the sixth ventral segment in the ? is almost invariably testaceous, it seems to me possible that this, and not the species I have above accepted as ligatus, is the species described under that name by Erichson. He gives this character, and I have not observed it in the § @ of what I have called ligatus. But without a great deal more material I should not venture to do more than throw out this as a suggestion. Prof. Perez has kindly sent me the dissected apex of a species which, after seeing my phalericus, he considers to be distinct from it. Ido not see myself that the dissections differ from my own of phalericus. If the two species are identical, his name—foveolaris, Perez—will have priority over mine. But considering that coriandri, a very different species from phalericus, shows the same dissection characters, I am quite prepared to believe that /foveolaris is a third distinct species of the same group. As I have only seen its dissection, and not examined the insect itself, it does not of course appear in my Tables. 18. Daviesanus, Smith. Pl. VII, 18,180. Pl. IX, 41, 50. The commonest species in this country, and widely distributed over Europe. Its seventh ventral plate could only be confounded with that of brevicornis, from which species the greatly produced apices of the wings in the sagittze distinguish it immedi- ately. The external characters of the two species are very different. 19. Picistigma, Thoms. Pl. VII, 19, 19a. Pl. TX, 53,.60. Not uncommon in certain localities in this country, it occurs also in the Alps, and Thomson describes it from Scandinavia. The seventh ventral plate is extremely distinctive, it is curled laterally in such amanner, that (viewed either dorsally or ventrally) the lateral margins of the lobes look quite straight and perpendicular, they also seem to project in the basal direction beyond the basal margins of the lobes, forming with them a sort of angular incision in which appears a peculiar fringe of diagonal hairs. The apical margin of each lobe has a sort of tooth-like production before it meets the interior margin, which contrasts armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes, 55 strongly with the rounded outline of this part in /odicus, daviesanus, ete., and allies it rather to saccinctus. The armature is, on the whole, not unlike that of davicsanus ; but the apical productions of the “ wings” in the sagitte are less marked than in that species. Yet the difference seems to me hardly so great as the figures in Mr. Saunders’s ~ synopsis would suggest. 20. Spectabilis, Morawitz. Pl. VII, 20, 20a. This is generally called niveofasciatus, Dours, and I have little doubt that the identification is correct. But I am also convinced that the female at least is that which Morawitz described as spectabilis; and as his description appeared before that of Dours, I adopt his name. The forms both of its armature and seventh ventral segment are most peculiar, and distinguish it at once. Radoszkowski has luckily figured the latter along with the armature of his niveofasciatus; and though the figure is exceedingly rough, its outlines unmistakably indicate the present species. As to the armature, it will probably suffice if I call attention to the elongate and attenuated character of all its parts, to the peculiar forceps-like prolongation of the apices of the sagittal “ wings,” and to the singular appear- ance of the volsella, which is much more prominent than usual—prominent even in the direct dorsal view. I know the species from Greece, Italy, South France, and Spain. 21. Nanus, Friese. Pl. VII, 21, 21a. This was originally described from specimens, f and ? 2, which I took in Egypt, near Cairo. The armature and seventh ventral plate have a certain resemblance (but too slight to cause any confusion) to those of spectabilis, The insects themselves have no similarity whatever, and could not possibly be confounded. 22. Pumilus, nu. sp. Pl. VII, 22, 22a. This is so like the last species externally, that until I dissected them I never doubted that the two were identical ; and Herr Friese himself, on comparing my specimens with his types of nanus, at once declared them to be the same. 56 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and The armatures, however, and still more conspicuously the seventh ventral plates, make it impossible, I should say, to unite them. And having separated my specimens by these characters, I can now detect other slight differences in them which I mention in my Tables. Personally I have taken nanus only in Egypt, and pumilus only in Algeria. But M. Vachal has sent me a specimen from Tunis, which I can only call nanus; so that probably that species occurs in Algeria also, though I did not meet with it there. The almost equilaterally triangular lobes of the seventh segment in pumilus are quite unique in the genus, as far as I know it. Yet possibly we may see in them the beginnings of such a modification as has produced the extraordinary “tails” of dmpunetatus described below. 23. Brevicornis, Perez. Pl. VII, 23, 23a. Pl. TX, 38, 56, 62. . All my examples of this species are from the Alps. ‘The author records it from Sicily. I have mentioned above the likeness of its seventh ventral plate to that of daviesanus. The lobes, however, spring from more elongate and altogether larger basal “trunks,” which give the segment as a whole a different outline. It will be noticed that in my figure the apices of the stipites point outwards. But probably no stress should be laid on this, as these apices have certainly some power of independent motion in the living insect, and though in dried specimens they usually turn inwards, I have found occasional instances to the contrary among examples of other species. 24. Marginatus, Smith. Pl. VIII, 24, 24a. As to the determination of this species there can be no doubt. Nothing occurs in this country which could be confused with it, and Smith’s types were British insects. It seems to be very generally distributed over Europe, and T have dissected specimens from the most remote localities —one even from the interior of Asia—with precisely similar results. The apices of the stipites, in this and several of the species following, look decidedly pale, broad, and rather triangular than palpiform even in the direct dorsal view. armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 57 Their middle part has a more or less bulging external out- line—less noticeable, however, in this particular species than in some near it, e.g. montanus. The sagitte have a very noticeable dentiform dilatation between the basal dilatation and the “wing.” The pilosity at the apex of each stipes is decidedly rather long and copious. The seventh ventral segment in marginatus has a distinct facies of its own. Its outlines are rather angular than rounded—note especially the lateral projections towards its base. It is mostly nearly colourless, but with yellowish costal thickenings. Though it has certain points of like- ness to the same segment in two or three of the other species, it could hardly, I think, be confused with any of them. It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to repeat that Rados- zkowski’s figure of “ marginata, Smith,” has nothing to do with this species, but represents one of the balteatus group. On the other hand, balteatus, Rad. (nec. Perez), certainly does represent our British species, his type having been received (as he tells us) as marginatus from Mr. E. Saunders, and his figure, though hardly good, being at least recognizable. 25. Mongolicus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 25, 25a. I have received this species from the author, and also (unnamed) from Herr Kohl. Its armature closely resembles that of marginatus, but the seventh ventral plate distinguishes it at a glance. This, alone among the species with “divided stipites,” has the sort of outline (long petioles and bilobed apices) which characterizes the balteatus group, and yet it could hardly be confused with any of them. I cannot point to any case which illustrates better than the present the value of the characters of the seventh ventral plate for determination of obscure Colletes species. Mongolicus and inarginatus both occur in Mongolia, and their armatures are practically not distinguishable. Yet by the seventh ventral plate, as well as by sufficient though minute external characters, they are unmistakably shown to be distinct species. And in a third Mongolian species, to be dealt with below, we have again the armature of mongolicus and marginatus, but a seventh ventral plate which separates it at once from either of them. 58 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and 26. Montanus, Morawitz. Pl. VIII, 26,26a. Pl. IX, 42. This species has recently been found in Scotland. I have several times met with it in the Alps, and I suspect it is that recently described from Scandinavia by Aurivillius as seca. The armature is of the same type as marginatus and mongolicus. The dentiform secondary dilatation of the sagittee near their bases is for some reason less conspicuous —I fancy the volsella obscures it somehow—but_ it certainly exists, though my figure hardly shows it. The outline of the stipites, in their central part, is particularly bulging. The outline of the seventh segment distinguishes it at once from any species yet mentioned. We see, as it were, a pair of rather stout but elongate columns with dilated “capitals” and a sharp lateral projection—sharper than that in marginatws—on each side near their bases. (The lobes in spectabilis and nanus are also elongate, but otherwise very different, their form being rather oval than column-like.) 21. Ventratis, Perez, Pl. Vall 27, Zig. PE To I have examined two specimens, both from Mongolia. One was sent to me by the author; the other I received from Herr Kohl. By its dissection-characters it should be nearly allied to montanus, but it is much smaller, and the external characters differ considerably. The armature hardly differs from those of the three last specimens. The seventh ventral plate is much in the style of montanus, but the “columns” here are decidedly more slender. (I feel sure that mongolicus, montanus, and ventralis, and probably also marginatus, belong to a real group; and next to them I should place the American species figured in PI. TX, 57, 58.) In this group (assuming it to be one), as in that of balteatus, we find great differences in the length of the gena, making it probable (as suggested before) that this character throws little light on the affinities of species, though useful in distinguishing them individually). 28. Greffe, Alfken. Pl. VIII, 28, 28a. Pl. IX, 45. T am enabled to figure this species through the extreme armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 59 kindness of Herr Friese, who actually allowed me to dissect his only specimen. Its armature and seventh ventral plate seem to me as near to those of marginatus as to any other species. But the differences are considerable, and the unique external structure of the insect makes me think it better to con- sider it provisionally as standing alone in the genus, Should other species with toothed scutellum hereafter occur, it would be interesting to see how their “‘ dissection- characters ” compare with those of grevffei. 29. Frigidus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 29, 29a. Pl. IX, 52. 30, Succinctus, L. Pl. VIII, 30, 30a. Pl. IX, 55. In these two species—which agree inter alia in the peculiar foveation of the sixth ventral segment (PI. IX, 52) —we come to a type of armature, etc. differing evidently very much from that found in marginatus, etc. The apices of the stipites are less conspicuous, more palpiform, and not nearly so pilose; the outlines of their central portion straighter—see especially the apical truncation and the exterior margin; the “ wings” of the sagittz are differently shaped, and though the latter have a secondary dilatation between the base and the “wing” it is not at all dentiform. The lobes of the seventh segment are not elongate but very transverse, recalling those in the neigh- bourhood of bracatus or picistigma, rather than those of marginatus, and differig “toto cvlo” from those of mon- golicus or montanus. In frigidus they are very hairy, and very small in proportion to the size of the insect. In succinctus they are much larger, nearly naked, and ex- tremely transparent—so much so that under the microscope their apical margin, unless most carefully focussed, is apt to become altogether invisible. The costal thickenings in succinctus are of a beautiful and most delicate yellow ; and the segment is altogether so frail and membranous that especial care is required to extract it undamaged. Frigidus seems to be exclusively a Mediterranean species. My examples were received partly from the author and partly from Mr. E. Saunders. Suceinctus occurs universally from England and Scan- dinavia to Egypt, and its dissection-characters, as far as I can see, are everywhere the same. In this country I nearly always find it on the purple 60 Rev. F. D. Morice on male terminal segments and heather in late summer, but in Egypt I have taken it quite early in the year—on what plants I cannot re- member, but certainly not on heather. 31. Impunctatus, Nyl. Pl. VIII, 31, 3la. I feel no doubt that the insect from which I figure belongs to Nylander’s species, nor that alpinus, Morawitz, is a synonym of the same. All my examples are from the Alps, where it is tolerably common. The seventh ventral plate is most peculiar, and alone would distinguish the species at a glance. If we imagine the hairy transverse lobes of a /vigidus contracted into a more quadrate shape, and furnished each at its inner apical corner with a long horn or tail of exceedingly thin trans- parent membrane, we should get the condition which we actually find in impunctatus. The armature is much more ordinary. Its stipites are formed nearly as in montanus, but the sagittze have only a single basal dilatation; and their “ wings” either wre narrower, or are so folded as to look so, with a pointed rather than a rounded apex—but this last I take to be mainly an effect of “ foreshortening.” No other Colletes—unless possibly pumilus—has a seventh ventral plate with anything even remotely approximating to the apical tails of impwnetatus, and in that species both the armature and the external characters are altogether different. If impunctatus has really special affinities with any other Colletes-species, it perhaps comes as near to Jrigidus as to any; but I should be more inclined to place it in a special group of its own. 32. Acutus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 32, 32a. Pl. IX, 43, 43a. I have two males and two females of this very distinct species, all from Algeria. The seventh ventral plate seems to me to exhibit in a rudimentary form the paradoxical modifications which become stronger and stronger in the species which follow. The interior “ coste” are detaching themselves from the “lobes” to stand up as separate spike-like processes, and the commencement of a similar change seems indicated by the sharp sinuation—almost an incision—near each outer extremity of the apical margin. In the armature I see nothing to call for special atten- tion, except the very large and conspicuous volsella. armatures in the Hymenopterous genus Colletes. 61 33. Cunicularius, L. Pl. VIII, 33, 33a. Pl. IX, 40, 48. This being so common and well-known a species—rare perhaps nowhere except in our own islands—I will merely point out the unusually attenuated “wings” of its sagittze, and the detachment of the “cost,” both exterior and interior, from the lobes of the seventh ventral segmeat. 34. Formosus, Perez. Pl. VIII, 34, 34a. Pl. IX, 39. 35. Cariniger, Perez. Pl. VIII, 35, 35a. In these extraordinary species, which must surely be nearly related in spite of considerable external differ- ences, I may leave (I think) my figures of the dissection- characters to speak for themselves. Formosus g, determined by its author, was sent to me by M. Vachal; cariniger I have taken myself in Egypt, and its female (I believe) in Spain, and I have also seen specimens (f and ¢) taken by the late Sir 8. S. Saunders in the Balkan peninsula. I am strongly inclined to think that formosus is the real “lacunatus” of Dours, and cariniger his “ collaris.” Everything at all distinctive that I can see in Dours’s descriptions bears out this view; but as his types seem to have disappeared, and I do not know the @ of formosus, it is more prudent perhaps to adopt at present synonyms which are certain. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. (Characters of Colletes ¢ ¢.) 1. balteatus armature la seventh ventral plate, 2. eous = 2Qa iF 3. cecrops Fe 3a os 4. perez of 4a, x 5. dimidiatus a 5a 5 6. liqatus " 6a 4 7. hylxiformis _,, Ta Be 8. caspicus - 8a Fe 9. eatoni A 9a Pe 10. chobauti 6 10a “5 5b 3b lb 7b 8b Explanation of Plates. dimidiatus gena 6b ligatws head cecrops ¥ 8c caspicus ,, balteatus ce 9b ‘eatoni ,, hylexiformis ,, 10b chobauti ,, Caspicus 7 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. (Characters of Colletes 4 2.) abeillei armature lla seventh ventral plate fodicus f 12a + punctatis és 13a % bracatius % 14a 3 nasutus An 15a coriandrt ‘ 16a 5 phalericus y 17a - daviesanus —,, 18a . picistigma 7p 19a + spectabilis > 20a r NanUs ‘A 21a = pumilus B 22a - brevicornis ey 23a e EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. (Characters of Colletes ¢ 2.) marginatus armature 24a seventh ventral plate. mongolicus “5 25a % montanus es 26a r ventralis . 27a 55 gree ffer Fp 28a a Frigidus - 290 . suceinctus i‘ 30a 3 impunctatus —,, dla “f acutus + 32a *F cuniewlarius — 330 p formosius 34a 49 carimager A 35a » 36. 39. 42. Explanation of Plates. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. nasubius coriandré brevicornis formosus cunmicularius dawiesaivus montanus acutis nasutus grengier hyleiformis caspicus cunicularius acutius ligatus dawiesanus ventralis Sfrigidus pierstigma chobauti swccinctus brevicornis sp. ? (American) 7 abeiller picistigma fodicus brevicornis balteatius balteatus head. ms (lateral view). 53 (lateral view). ” concealed dorsal plates. volsella. » 99 eighth ventral plate. side of scutellum. stipes viewed laterally. ” 9 seventh dorsal plate. sixth ventral] plate. ” fifth ventral plate. sixth ventral plate. ”) antenne. 3) ”? armature. seventh ventral plate. tarsi postici. ) armature viewed laterally. 63 ( 65 ) III. On some Aberrations of Lepidoptera, By PrERcyY [Lary ZS), FES. [Read November 4th, 1903.] PLATE X. THE whole of the aberrations here described and figured are contained in the rich collection of Mr. Herbert J. Adams, F.E.S. 1. Melinea mauensis, Butl. A gynandromorphous example, the left side being female and the right male; this specimen is from Demerara. 2. Amathusia andamanensis, Fruhst. A male with three ocelli on hind-wings below. 3. Morpho cacica, Stgr. A male in which the submarginal white spots of fore-wing above are large and elongated; the discal pale band of fore-wing below shows through, in some lights giving the appearance of a band on the upper-side. 4, Acrea terpsichore, Linn. PI. X, fig. 1. A male with the black spots of hind-wing below much enlarged and elongated. Received from Natal. 5. Heliconius aristiona, Hew. A female with discal black spots of fore-wing absent, cellular and costal spots greatly reduced. Taken by Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson in Peru. 6. Heliconius sara, Fabr. A female from Venezuela with the usual yellow markings white. 7. Heliconius sprucei, Bates. A similar aberration to the preceding; obtained in Ecuador, TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART I, (APRIL) 5 66 Mr. P. I. Lathy on 8. Heliconius erato, Linn. Another female aberration in which the yellow markings are replaced by white ; the red markings are more pinkish in tinge than in typical specimens. This example came from Venezuela in the same parcel as H. sara, Fabr., mentioned above. 9. Dione vanille, Linn. PI. X, fig. 2. A female with all the black markings above increased and coalescent; the under-side differs little from typical specimens, except the cell of fore-wing is filled in with black. This fine specimen was taken at Santa Barbara, California. 10. Brenthis myrina, Cram. PI. X, fig. 3. A male from Canada with discal black markings of both wings large and coalescent, in the fore-wing forming a wide black band. 11. Pyrameis indica, Herbst. Pl. X, fig. 4. A remarkable aberration in which subapical white spots of fore- wing have disappeared, the lower one being indicated by an obscure reddish spot, the black markings in the red median band are also wanting ; marginal red band of hind-wing much reduced, and the black spots replaced by a dark brown bar ; the under-side of fore- wing differs from typical specimens in the same way as the upper- side, while the hind-wing is much clouded with brown, therefore rendering the markings obscure, This beautiful form is from Travancore, S. India. 12. Anartia jatrophe, Linn. A female from Dominica, Leeward Islands, having four discal black spots to hind-wing above, the additional two which are smaller being placed between the usual two. 13. Anartia saturata, Stgr. Pl. X, fig. 5. A female with the transverse markings of both wings obscure and diffused, ocelli absent, and submarginal orange brown patches greatly elongated at apex of fore-wing and absent in hind-wing ; under-side with all markings very obscure, submarginal ones and ocelli absent, hind-wing with faint red scaling. This most beautiful variety was captured by the late Mr, Priddey in Haiti. some Aberrations of Lepidoptera, 67 14, Callicore clymena, Cram, PI. X, fig. 6. A male in which hind-wing below has submarginal black band, and band dividing figure of eight markings wider, and black spots larger than usual, these resembling C. clymena, Cram. ; the front discal band absent. Taken in Peru by Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson. 15. Catagramma hydaspes, Dru. Pl. X, fig. 7. A male from Paraguay with black band beyond base of hind-wing below narrow and obscure, almost disappearing in cell; submarginal black band wider, its inner edge diffused. 16. Catagramma cyllene, D. and H. PL X, fig. 8. A male with the submarginal black band of the hind-wing below narrower and much further from margin, and the blue markings it contains more lunular in shape. Another of Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson’s captures in Peru. 17. Batesia hypoxantha, G. and 8. A curious freak in neuration, the subcostal nervure of hind-wing being connected with upper discoidal nervure by a short bar ; this occurs on both hind-wings but in a different position, as on right wing the connection is formed some distance before submarginal black border, and on left wing on border. 18. Amnosia decora, Doubld. A female with pale band of fore-wings below broken at middle median nervule. 19. Hypolimnas bolina, Linn. PI. X, fig. 9. A female with both wings above cream-colour, darker towards base and without markings, with exception of a little dark brown in and beyond upper part of cell of fore-wing and base of costa of hind- wing. Under-side of fore-wing very similar to upper but dark cellular markings less and enclosing whitish spots, a little dark clouding at anal angle ; hind-wing with a small dark mark at anal angle otherwise immaculate, This specimen is from Fiji, and is a striking form even among the beautiful varieties that occur there, 68 Mr. P. I. Lathy on 20. Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. A female with discal white spot on hind-wing above and below ; this spot is faintly shot with blue above as in the male. I received this specimen from Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., of Durban, Natal. 21. Hypolimnas deiois, Hew. A male from Milne Bay, British New Guinea, having the usual white patch of hind-wing above replaced by a very small bluish one very similar to that in H. paleutes, Grose Smith. 22. Godartia ewrinome, Cram. I have already described this aberration of the female. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1903, p. 193, n. 109. 23. Huphedra francina, Godt. A male from Sierra Leone with subapical yellow band of fore-wing obsolete. 24. Chlorippe vacuna, Godt. A male from Espirito Santo, Brazil, in which discal spots of fore-wing above are white instead of orange. 25. Archonias eurytele, Hew. A male from Columbia has the usual yellow markings replaced by white. 26. Hesperocharis hirlanda, Stoll. A male with ground-colour of both wings above pale yellow. This and the following variety were taken by Messrs. Watkins and Tomlinson in Peru. 27. Hesperocharis nereina, Hopf. A similar aberration to the preceding. 28. Dismorphia astynome, Dalm. A female from Paraguay with the usual reddish-brown markings above yellow. 29. Delias belisama, Cram. A male with hind-wing above pale yellow. 30. Prioneris autothisbe, Hiibn. a. A male with discal area of hind-wing below yellowish-white and suffused with black scales, b. A male with discal area of hind-wing below white, some Aberrations of Lepidoptera. 69 31. Prioneris sita, Feld. A male from §S. India with nervules on both wings above and below widely bordered with black, in this respect resembling the female. 32. Teracolus erone, Angas. PI. X, fig. 10. A male with hind-wings above suffused with pinkish-brown, slightly iridescent. Obtained in Natal. 33. Troides urvillianus, Guer. a. A male with hind-wings above very densely scaled with black, and the black spots between nervules produced into bars which run into black scaling. b. A male wanting black patch between median nervule and submedian nervure of hind-wing below. 34. Troides papuensis, Wall. A pair with outer margin of fore-wings strongly incurved between middle and lower median nervules, in the female the outer margin of left fore-wing is also incurved near apex. 35. Papilio ridleyanus, White. PI. X, fig. 11. I described this pretty aberration in a previous number of the Transactions, June 1903, p. 203, n. 198, and now take the opportunity of figuring it. 36. Papilio athous, Feld. Two males with fore-wing above devoid of white patch on inner margin. 37. Papilio anchisiades, Esp: A male from Cayenne in which the usual red patches of hind-wing are blue. 38. Papilio lycophron, Hubn. A striking aberration of the male in which the submarginal yellow markings of the hind-wing above have entirely disappeared, the under-side being normal. 39. Papilio demolion, Cram. Three males from Nias with bands orange yellow. 40. Papilio chaon, Westw. A male from Sikkim with left hind-wing below having submarginal yellow lunules much elongated at anal angle. 70 Mr. P. I. Lathy on some Aberrations of Lepidoptera. 41. Papilio thomsoni, Butl. A male with discal white patches on hind-wing below. 42. Papilio joésa, Butl. A male in which the usual brilliant blue is replaced by dull silvery blue. 43. Papilio memnon, Linn. A female from Sumatra with five large elongated greyish-white patches between nervules of hind-wing above ; this specimen belongs to the form which has red basal patch, and large white apical patch to fore-wing. 44, Papilio gyas, Westw. T have already recorded this gynandromorphous specimen, “Entomologist,” June 1899, p. 148. 45. Papilio mikado, Leech? PI. X, fig. 12. The green markings are paler than in typical axion, Feld., more resembling the colours of those in gordion, Feld.; fore- wing above with cellular and discal markings large, the subapical spots being coalescent, submarginal spots obscure ; hind-wing with nearly all costal area white, a long green fascia below subcostal nervure ; under-side of fore-wing as above, but with pale markings zoalescent with exception of the three lower submarginal spots ; hind-wing with pale markings much extended and the red more diffused. This beautiful form came into Mr. Adams’ possession with the Hourath Collection; the specimen bears no locality, but is probably from Japan, as it appears to be intermediate between typical mikado, Leech, and the form figured by Mr. Wileman under the name of albidus, Entom,. xxxvi, n. 487, p. 300, 1903. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. . Acrexa terpsichore, Linn! Dione vanille, Linn. Lrenthis myrina, Cram. . Pyrameis indica, Herbst. . Anartia saturata, Stgr. Callicore clymena, Cram. Catagramma hydaspes, Dru. Ae cyllene, D. and H. . Hypolimnas bolina, Linn. . Teracolus erone, Angas. . Papilio ridleyanus, White. ,, mikado, Leech ? DONA NP Whe i = = NR © Cones) IV. Notes on Heterogynis canalensis, n. sp. By Dr. THOMAS ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D. [Read February 3rd, 1904.] Pestes XM Xt XE, AND XIV. Art the end of June and beginning of July last year (1903) Mr. Champion and I met with a species of Heterogynis, at Canales de la Sierra, which we took at first for Heteo- gynis paradoxa, but which is really very close to H. penella, and has fewer points in common with H. paradcxa than with H. penella. It was attached to Genista scorpius, a plant that looked, to my eyes, very much the same as the common Calycotome of the Riviera, whenever at any rate it was allowed to grow at all freely ; usually, however, it was so browsed down by goats, sheep, and other animals, that it took the form of little rounded bushes a foot or two high, that were little better than very solid bundles of thorns. The grazing must be done entirely during the growing season, when some of the shoots that protrude are soft and succulent. I regarded as a most ungrateful task, the getting a portion of this plant and carrying it home for the food of larve. There were several other Genistas at Canales, chiefly a tall handsome species, which I do not think was Genista florida, but was certainly in habit and general appearance very like it. Another, which I took to be C. scoparius, was also common. I think I got one odd larva of Heterogynis from the C. scoparius, but, with this exception, not a specimen was found on anything but the G. scorpius. This close attachment to one plant was one of the items that made me at first think I had H. paradoxa. My experience of H. paradoxa is that it will eat nothing but broom, and as a rule only one species of broom in each locality. H. penella on the other hand will eat almost any leguminous plant, and even a good many others. We met with various “brooms” at different parts of our excursion, and I searched this Florida-like species TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1904.—PART I. (APRIL) 72 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on thoroughly at Barbadillo, at Canales, and at Moncayo, and it, and others more superficially at other poimts of our journey, but nowhere else did Heterogynis occur than at Canales, and then only on the @. scorpius. This plant was a favourite food of Orgyia awrolimbata, and a considerable number of Geometers occurred on it; of these I only bred one or two, which proved to be H. coronillaria, Euconista miniosaria, and Hybernia bajaria. This Heterogynis is in many respects very close to H. penella; as an imago it has a few points of distinction, which are probably quite trivial. On the larva the minute coronetted tubercles are slightly but definitely and con- stantly different from those in H. penella. There is, how- ever, a remarkable difference in the habits of pupation of the female larva, and consequently in the habits of the imago, that appear to compel one to regard it as specitically distinct. Should any one prefer to regard it as a local race of H. penella, I should consider his personal equation in the matter, as being less typical than my own, but not as being of a very aberrant variety. I propose for the species the name of Canalensis from its habitat. The ¢ imago has more the general facies of paradoxa than of penella, it is larger than penella, viz. 22 mm. against penella 20 mm.,and is very constant at this expanse. It is nearer paradoxa than penella in the form of the wing, the hind margin being more oblique than in penella, less than in paradoxa, that is, the inner margin is definitely shorter than the costal, to a greater degree than in penella. The fringe is decidedly shorter than in penella, viz. as 10 to 11, just the reverse of their wing expanse, at same point, 0°60 mm. to 0°66 mm., and the whole insect has a specially smoothed brushed-down aspect when beside penella. It differs from both the other species in coloration. In these species both wings are very similar in coloration, but in canalensis the upper and under wings contrast with each other in the way that is so much more usual in Heterocera. The upper wing has something of the dove colour of paradoxa, var. candelarix, whilst the hind one is decidedly darker. In view of the slight differences between the species of Heterogynis as imagines, it has often occurred to me to reflect, that in Lepidoptera generally, specific differences are very frequently confined to small differences of marking or colour, but in Heterogynis both marking and colour are Heterogynis canalensis, 2. sp. 73 wanting, and so specific differences that might have been detected in this way have no means of expression.* The genital armature of H. canalensis differs in no respect that I have been able to discover from that of H. penella. In both the apex of the tegumen is pointed, whilst in H. paradoxa it is bifid at the apex. It also agrees with H. penella, in the larva in its first skin being without the stellate or coronate, secondary tubercles, which are present in H. paradoxa at hatching, and in both species are conspicuous in all the further larval stages (Plate XII). In the full-grown larva, these curious points (photo- graped in Ent. Trans. 1902, Plate XX VIII, as they appear in newly-hatched H. paradoxa) are very different in H. paradoxa from the other two species, those of H. penella and H. canalensis, more nearly resemble each other. Though thicker and more robust than in the others, the coronets are in H. paradoxa only about half the size they attain in the other two species. The large spines are short and thick, about 0:03 mm. long, and the smaller or secondary spines are short blunt teeth, very few in number. In H. penella the tubular base is larger and more cylin- drical than in the others, and the long spines are seen to arise rather from its outer surface than irom its margin ; they do not widely diverge, they are about twice as long as those of H. paradoxa; the smaller or secondary spines are numerous, long, sharp and needle-like, and arise from the margin of the tubular portion, and may be seen passing round their margin, inside the larger spines. In H. canalensis the form is more like that of H. paradoxa, the size that of H. penella. The base is wide and salver- shaped, the large spines spreading, and the secondary ones are even shorter than H. paradoxa, so short and blunt as often to appear to be absent. These coronets vary very much in size in all the species, but between the species they not only compare generally as above noted, but the same differences are observable when those nearest in size and form are compared. On comparing those of H. penella and H. canalensis, those of canalensis always have the tubular portion more open and salver-shaped, in penel/a it is straighter and more * T see Professor Poulton in the President’s address (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 1xxxii, xxxiii) presents a very similar reflection, though with a somewhat different application in view. 74 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on tubular. In both, the long spines appear to arise rather just outside the upper rim than from its margin; in H. penella the rim often very distinctly passes round inside the long spines, and bas short spines along this margin. In canalensis the margin rather folds over to the spine, or the inner surface of the spine opens out to either side into the margin, which inclines to fold inwards a little, and has irregularities rarely amounting to short blunt teeth, whilst the margin in penella is usually armed with a continuous series of long fine needles. The cocoons of the three species of Heterogynis present good differential characters (Plate XI). In H. paradoxa 2 the cocoon is much larger than that of penella, and instead of being lemon-yellow is bright reddish. The larva spins first an outer delicate lace-like layer, beginning at the surface of attachment and spinning out- ward on each side a net-like veil, unites these above when they are large enough to meet. Within this is the true inner cocoon, which is similar to the outer one, but hardly as dense and strong; it is not far within the other, the space between being occupied by a comparatively slight web of connecting silk. The outer cocoon is more net-like than a mere fortuitous disposition of the silk would produce, there being numerous net-like holes, the margins of which consist of numerous strands of silk, giving the impression that the silk of paradowa is coarser than that of the other species ; it does not, however, appear really to be so. The 2 cocoon of H. paradoxa consists then of a definite separate net-like outer layer and an inner layer less dense and slung within the outer one by somewhat abundant threads, the inner and outer layer being frequently so far separated from each other, that the thickness of the wall of the cocoon may be from 3 to5 mm. The f paradoxa cocoon appears to have the same structure, but it proves practically impossible to separate it into two layers. The ¢ H. penella cocoon is much the same as that of HT. paradoxa § as regards divisibility into layers, but agrees with the 2 H. penella in the silk being fairly uniformly distributed, there being little or no aggregation into strands to form a network. The ? H. penella cocoon is compara- tively small, looks fluffy, with outside silken threads, instead ef smooth as in H. paradora, so that the method of spinning is probably different. I have not seen H. penella spinning its cocoon, It places it, however, like paradoxa FHeteroqgynis canalensis, n. sp. 75 does, by preference, on a stem or stalk and not between two or more surfaces. Its structure looks uniform and the thickness of the wall of the cocoon is trifling, on section, however, it is found to consist of an inner and outer layer, closely fitting together, but with less connecting silk than the two separated but less definite layers of H. paradoxa’s cocoon are united by. The cocoon of the male of H. canalensis is not unlike that of H. penella f¢, that of the @ is very different. In the first place, it is never laid along a twig or stalk as is the typical position of the 2 cocoon of the other species and of all the males, It is sometimes found amongst the thorns of the food plant, but perhaps more frequently under stones adjacent to the feeding place. It is necessary to it to have support on several sides. It is very large, 25 to 35 mm. long, 22 mm. across, and more or less in the third dimension according to its situation, against 25x13x13 mm. for a large H. paradoxa, or 16x8x8 for a well-sized H. penella. This outer cocoon often has some external spinning to fix it to its place of attachment, under (or between) stones, one side (or two) is attached to the stone. It is thin and transparent but very closely woven, and probably proof against a good many enemies. Centrally in this outer cocoon is an inner one that looks much like the ordinary cocoon of H. penella, but is fre- quently a good deal larger (17 or 18 mm. long, 16 being large for penella). What are the homologies of this cocoon? When I first met with it, having only memory and no specimen by which to compare it, I thought it must be a variation of the cocoon of paradoza. This, however, it certainly is not. The manner of spinning is that of penella and not of paradoxa. ‘The colour does not at all agree with para- dowa, indeed it is paler than that of penella. It is rather a faintly flesh-tinted white than anything of the yellow of penella. When one examines the inner cocoon, it is found to consist of two layers like the cocoon of the other species, but they are a little less easily separated. The outer cocoon, then, is an entirely new structure not represented in the cocoon of either H. penella or of HI. paradoxa. This conclusion is fully confirmed when the function it fulfils is considered. It is a continuous envelope with- 76 Dr. T, A. Chapman’s Notes on out opening, valve, or weak place; the inner cocoon has the same valvular opening at top that the cocoons of the other species have, and through which the pupa partly emerges and again retreats. When this emergence of the pupa of penella and of paradoxa takes place, it comes into the open air, and the ? then emerges and finds herself fully exposed. But in the case of H. canalensis when the female emerges, she is still within the chamber formed by the outer cocoon. The position into which she emerges is free from any silken cords which elsewhere suspend the inner cocoon safely in the centre of the apartment formed by the outer cocoon. When the male arrives he has to thrust his abdomen through such openings as he can make or find in the outer cocoon. I have twice seen this pairing take place, but could not be sure whether he had to discover some particular spot or whether almost anywhere at the right end of the cocoon was practicable. In other cases the male failed to reach the female, but this was probably due to the artificial conditions of my observations; the cocoon, not being left in situ, the right place would be difficult to find, and with cocoons spun in captivity, other larvee spin over them, so as to destroy the proper structure. The anal armature of the f is well calculated to pierce such a web as the outer cocoon, and the movement for doing so, is very similar to that used by penella and para- doxa in finding their goal by searching over the smooth surface of the moth. There can be no question that Heterogynis canalensis has a much more severe struggle for existence than the other two species; except perchance the candelariz var. of H. paradoxa, which certainly concealed itself at all stages in a marvellous way, without varying in any very material degree from the other sub-species in order to secure this result. Taking canalensis as being close to penella we find it confines itself to a plant that is a solid mass of thorns, the female retires to form her cocoon to a place in the interior of the bush where thorns are especially thick and brittle, more rarely spinning in the centre of a living bundle of thorns. More frequently than remaining in the bush, she wanders to find a place under the bush amongst stones, which are usually plentiful enough where the G. scorpius grows, and in such stony places the H. canalensis is rather more frequent. We Heterogynis canalensis, n. sp. Ct) often found several cocoons together in places under stones, sometimes half-a-dozen or more, usually all but one or two, rarely more, being old ones, looking indeed much like the new ones, except that the fine silky lustre of the fresh cocoon was wanting. These habits seemed to render it practically impossible that birds, lizards, or such enemies should attack the species with any appreciable success, yet it is certain that Dipterous parasites and some Hymenoptera made great havoc amongst them, and of the old cocoons found under stones a very large proportion (two-thirds or three-fourths) contained the remains of a larva or pupa that had died apparently from such attacks. It was common in my boxes for one larva to spin over the cocoon of another in a way that was fatal, but I never found an unmistakable instance of this in the open. In considering whether this species is or is not truly distinct from H. penella, several reflections occur. Chiefly it seems tolerably certain that a male of H. penella could not normally pair with one of H. canalensis, and it is doubtful whether a male of canalensis would successfully approach one of H. penella. This, in addition to the points I have already referred to, leads me to consider them distinct. Of course the question of whether they are distinct species or not does not affect the interest attaching to the remarkable differences in habit. Whether in their diver- gence the two forms have or have not passed the point at which sub-species become species is no doubt a question of fact, they either have or they have not, but as the materials for definitely settling the point are wanting, we can only form an opinion from the available facts. The species was plentiful enough at Canales, and though we did not see it, it probably occurs in various other places in this mass of Sierras, but it must be well segregated from other colonies of the genus as the Sierra is well surrounded by wide areas quite unsuitable to any Heterogynis. For Explanation of Plates see next page. 78 Fras. 16. Fias. . Cocoon before spinning of outer Explanation of Plates. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PrarEe Xf, Cocoons of HETEROGYNIS. . Heterogynis penella. . Males. . Females. . Female cocoon cut open and inner cocoon partially pulled out. . Heterogyiis paradoxa. Males. . Females. . Female cocoon cut open and inner cocoon partially pulled out. cocoon is quite completed. . Heterogynis canalensis. . Males with pupa cases attached. . Males without is ‘5 . Females as made in varying situations. . Female cocoons in which the moths have died (and shrivelled) in the position of emergence showing them to be within the (special) outer cocoon. The unpleas- ing effect of the ill-managed (artistically) light back- ground, must be excused, as it is effectual for its purpose of showing the situation of the moth. Female cocoon, outer (special) cocoon (1) torn open and inner one (2) slit, and extreme inner one (3) removed to side, showing that the two inner (2 and 3) corre- spond to the outer and inner in the other two species. Pre Xr Larval tubercles (coronetted) of HETEROGYNIS. 1-4, Heterogynis paradoxa. i First instar, tubercle, x 400. First instar penella and candlensis are without these tubercles, Explanation of Plates, 79 Fras. 2, 3, 4. Tubercles of last stage larva. x 250. Compared with other species they look thick and strong, and are short, about half their length. The short spines are very distinct, but short and obtuse. 5, 6, 7. Heterogynis canalensis. Tubercles in lastinstar. x 250, They are wide, open and shallow, consequently many, in a prepared specimen, present themselves as fig. 6, opened out flat. The smaller spines are often absent, and when present are always few, short and rounded. 8-13. Heterogynis penella. Tubercles in last instar. x 250. The basal or tubular portion is longer and narrow, may be nearly cylind- rical, never so widely salver-shaped as in canalensis ; in preparations, an open flattened one, as fig. 9, is rare and always distorted. The short spines are numerous, sharp, long and needle-like. Puate XIII. View of Canales de la Sierra (Province of Logrofio) from the W.N.W., below a spur of the ridge to the North of the Valley. The distant point is to the North of the Cebollera. PuatTe XIV. Rough sketch map of the Sierra district between Burgos and Saragossa to give some idea of the position of Canales de la Sierra. Caen) V. An Entomological Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain, by GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.8.; with some remarks on the habits of Xyleborus dispar, Fabr., by Dr. THomas ALGERNON CHAPMAN, M.D., F.ZS. [Read March 2nd, 1904. ] PLATES XV. AND XVI. THE excursion made by Dr. Chapman and myself to the Sierra de Bejar in 1902 having been a fairly successful one, we decided last summer to pay yet another visit to Spain, the irregular range of mountains lying about mid- way between the Pyrenees and the Guadarrama being our objective on the present occasion. The mountainous region selected was that included between the valleys of the Ebro and the Duero (Douro), commencing near Burgos and terminating eastward in the isolated lofty mass, 7600 feet elevation, known as Moncayo, the latter forming the - boundary between the Province of Soria in Old Castile and Aragon. To the south of Moncayo the adjacent districts are of considerable altitude, while to the north the valley of the Ebro is very much lower, and backed by the distant range of the Pyrenees. The geological formation of these mountains, instead of being almost wholly granite, as in the Bejar and Guadarrama Sierras, is very varied, and includes a good deal of limestone ; hence we antici- pated that there would be a considerable difference in the insect-fauna, and this proved to be the case. The region visited was perhaps too far north for many special Spanish forms, a number of the species met with being common to the Eastern Pyrenees, still there was a considerable ad- mixture of southern types. Leaving London on June 22nd, we travelled, vid Paris, direct to Guéthary, in the Basses-Pyrenees, a pleasant seaside place not far from Biarritz ; and after spending a few days there, continued our journey to Burgos. After a day or two here, we moved on to Canales, a centre suggested to us by the manager of the Sierra Company in Burgos, who was kind enough to furnish us with passes by the “Ferrocarril minero de Monterrubio 4 Villafria” to their present railhead at TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1904.—PART I. (APRIL.) 6 82 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological Barbadillo, whence the rest of the journey—perhaps fifty miles in all—was made in a country cart. Later on, we shifted our head-quarters to Moncayo, two days’ journey from Canales, and about sixty miles distant. On arrival at Canales, we were unable to obtain accommodation at the place recommended by our friends in Burgos, and as the public “ posada” was extremely uninviting, we had to hunt up lodgings elsewhere, eventually finding rough quarters in an empty house, which proved, however, to be inhabited by legions of Cimea lectularius. This village is the uppermost one on the Najerilla river, an affluent of the Ebro, and just below the ridge separating the pro- vinces of Burgos and Logrofo, and as it was a good centre for collecting we remained there from June 27th to July 9th. Though rather low (elevation about 2500 feet), the adjacent mountains were accessible on all sides. These latter ranging up to quite 7000 feet, with the hollows near their summits still filled with snow. The northern slopes of some of the narrow valleys here are clothed with beech forest, and on the south side there is a good deal of oak scrub, which is very dense in places. On the ridge near the village of Huerta there is an extensive pine forest, and this proved to be a productive locality. The mountains elsewhere are clothed with heath almost to their summits, and here and there are patches of Genista, which, however, is not in sufficient abundance, when in flower, to give a colour to the slopes, as is the case at Bejar. From Canales two expeditions were made to a limestone cave—the Cueva de la Calera—but without success as regards cave-insects, the few beetles found about the mouth belonging to common species. In some of our excursions here the scarcity of water in these limestone mountains added not a little to the fatigue of the long tramp. Almost the only people encountered during these trips, apart from the occasional “ pastores” or shepherds, were individuals en- gaged in cutting down the abundant asphodels for feeding their pigs, the plants being made into bundles, and carried down on their donkeys’ backs. Leaving Canales on July 9th, we caught the diligence starting from Mansilla, a mining village a few miles down the valley, and reached Anguiano the same evening, the road for about three hours lying through the extremely picturesque gorge of the Najerilla (which is not mentioned in the guide books and is apparently unknown to tourists), the last-mentioned Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 83 town being situate at its mouth. Anguiano would probably be a good centre for collecting, but we were satisfied with one night there (the “parador” being a vast malodorous stable, with the living-rooms over it, as usual in Spain), leaving at 4 am. next day, by the diligence for Logronio. At Logrono,a large city on the Ebro, and the centre of the rich wine-producing district of the Rioja, in the vicinity of which a terrible railway accident had occurred a few days previously, we took the train to Tudela, for Tarazona, arriving there the same evening. After spending a day in this old cathedral city on the Queiles (another affluent of the Ebro, and nearly dry at this season), the extremely narrow streets in the upper part of it reminding us of Cuenca and Albarracin, we made our way up to the old Santuario or Monastery, dedicated to Neustra Senora de Moncayo, five hours distant, involving an ascent of about 4000 feet. Here we were fortunate enough to obtain good accommodation, thanks to the kindness of José M. Sanz Artubucilla, the priest-in-charge, staying from July 12th to 24th. The first half of the journey from Tarazona— usually commenced at 4 a.m.—was through ground cultivated with olives, vines, maize, etc., alternating higher up with brick-fields, an extensive scrub of deciduous oaks growing among loose stones being then entered, followed as we ascended by a broad belt of beech forest. Immediately above this was the Santuario, well sheltered from the wind by a great square mass of perpendicular blackish rock, known as the Pena Negra. Hence to the wind-swept summit the slopes, except where covered with loose shale, are clothed with heath, mostly of a very sweet-smelling, white-flowered species, which when in blossom harboured an immense number of minute insects, appearing to be even more attractive to them than the scattered Genistz. The summit itself, often enveloped in cloud during our stay, has a scattered growth of tussocky grass, etc., afford- ing sufficient pasturage for the numerous goats and sheep that are often taken up there. From the Santuario, which is uninhabited in winter, owing to the large accumulation of snow, a magnificent view is obtained of the broad valley of the Ebro, the river appearing as a mere silver thread from this elevation (5300 feet*), backed by the entire range of the Pyrenees, the Pic de Néthou, the Maladetta group, * The elevation of the “hermitage ” is given in Murray’s Guide as 275 feet below the summit, this being probably a misprint for 2750. 84 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological etc., being clearly visible when the usual summer haze clears off after rain. The storm on the night of July 22nd along the Pyrenees afforded a pyrotechnic display never to be forgotten, vivid flashes of forked lightning from several points at once being almost continuous for several hours, and throwing up into strong relief the serrated black mountain ridges. The Ebro valley, seen from this height, and when the sun is shining, is of a very uniform brick-earth tint, the parts raised above the level of the river looking like flattened terraces of baked mud, and very few trees are visible. From the summit there is a very extensive view of the Province of Soria, and to the south-east the mountains stretching northward from the Sierra de Albar- racin; eastward, too, the city of Zaragoza could just be discerned. The beech forest is confined to the northern slope, extending downwards for about 1500 feet below the Santuario, and in the more open parts of this, especially along the unused “carretera” or cart-road, there are plenty of Umbelliferz, etc., attractive to insects. An excursion was made one day to the Cueva de Agreda, on the western slope, but as before, without result, as the mouth of the cave, owing to its close proximity to the village, served as a corral for goats at night—the interior, in consequence, being very dirty and smoke-blackened. During our stay at this place we were joined for a time by an enthusiastic veteran entomologist, Father Navas, of Zaragoza, whose chief study is the Neuroptera and Trichoptera; he gave us a good deal of local information, and accompanied us on several of our outings. Leaving Moncayo on July 24th, we made our way on foot over the very rugged forest-clad slopes to Agreda, travelling thence by the dili- gence southward to Soria, an old town on the Duero. On arrival at this place, we found the season too far advance: to make collecting profitable, there was therefore nothing to be done but to return by the way we came, so on the morning of July 26th we left by the daily diligence to Tarazona (8 hours’ journey), taking the train thence to Pamplona, 7 hours further on. The localities visited, or at any rate the Logrofio Sierra, have probably not hitherto been systematically worked for the smaller Coleoptera. It may be noted, however, that Moncayo is the recorded habitat of Cyrtonws cupreovirens and Otiorrkynchus cawnicus, and that certain species of Dorcadion have been noticed by Escalera from Neila, the Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 85 Sierra de la Demanda, and other places in the vicinity of Canales. A list of the species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera- Heteroptera, so far as at present identified, cannot fail therefore to be of interest, especially to show the affinity or otherwise of the fauna of the places visited with that of the nearest adjacent districts which are at all well known, viz. the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains, and the Sierra de Guadarrama. The forests of beech at Moncayo (those visited near Canales were too dry and not so pro- ductive), the pines at Canales (there were none at Moncayo), the mountain tops, the slopes, valleys, etc., had their special insects, the beech alone producing a consider- able fauna. The beetles most in evidence on the higher mountains were the species of Dorcadion, each district having one or more local forms; two of these abounded in a restricted area on the summit of Moncayo, and another very similar insect was found on the Logrofio Sierra. The species at Moncayo, where most abundant, occurred in com- pany with swarms of the nymphs of a grasshopper, perhaps a natural result of one living above and the other below ground in places where grass was most abundant. When at rest, the beetles are rather conspicuous on uniformly- coloured bare earth, but when they were near or among tufts of grass, and amid a horde of jumping grasshoppers, the eye required some training to distinguish them. The likeness between the Dorcadion and the Orthopteron may of course have no further meaning than a similar facies induced by an identical habitat; still it may serve to protect the beetles during the short period of their existence in the perfect state. On Moncayo, too, Coccinella T-punctata abounded to an incredible extent, the species being com- paratively scarce lower down, swarming under every stone, and the presence there of certain other lowland forms, as Cartallum ebulinum, Lebia cyanocephala, Aphodius carpe- tanus, etc., would suggest that these insects were migrating or had been carried there by the terrific winds at times prevalent in the district. Other species met with on the higher ground, either at Moncayo or Canales, were Chlznius dives, Limonius nigripes, various Corymbites, Zabrus, ‘Cymindis, Heliopathes, Timarcha, Cyrtonus, Pterostichus, and Byrrhus, a Rhytirrhinus, a Crypticus, Aphodius scru- tator, and many others. Near the lingering patches of snow, Carabus helluo and C. purpurascens, Tachypus cyant- cornis, Leistus montanus, Otiorrhynchus caunicus, bryoporus 86 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological rugipennis, ete., were found ; and on the snow itself two Omophli in plenty, Chrysomela gaubili, Corymbites, Rhizo- trogus, Aphodius, Byrrhus, and others. On the slopes of Moncayo, between 50U0 and 6000 feet, the heath, while in flower, as already mentioned, attracted a vast number of minute Coleoptera, amongst others a tiny Ceuthorrhynchus Gn the greatest profusion), Lebia cyanocephala and L. trimaculata, Gynandrophthalma concolor, and divers Antho- him, Meligethes, Brachypterus, Dasytes, Danacea, Antho- linus, Hypebeus, Phyllotreta, Cryptocephalus, Pacha ybr achys, Apion, small Telephorids, ete, many of these insects occur- ring also on Genista, but more sparingly. In the hollows hereabouts, near the sources of the small streams, there is an abundant growth of Aconitum napellus, and from some Phytophagous larve found on this plant, Dr. Chapman subsequently bred Gialeruca laticollis, Lower down, just above and among the beeches, the Umbelliferze attracted Semiadalia 11-notata in great abundance (a species far outnumbering Coccinella T-punctata at this level), Leptura scutellata (including a pallid variety), Cerambyx scopolii, Clytus arietis including thevar.bowrdilloni), Phytwcia affinis and others of the genus, Agapanthia cardui, Clytanthus figu- ratus, Trichius gallicus, Erya ater, Mordella aculeata, Haplo- enemus, Lebia, etc. In the beech woods themselves, Lebia cyanocephala was almost the commonest beetle, abounding under the dry loose bark of standing trees, living in com- pany with Cymindis discoidea (in plenty), Helops caraboides, Quedius crassus, and swarms of earwigs, the latter much resembling the Cymindis at first sight. This last-men- tioned insect also occurred very sparingly under stones on the high ground, and I had previously taken it in the same way in the Sierra Nevada, but here in the beech forest it seemed to have acquired the subcortical habits of a Dromius. On old decaying standing beeches the beautiful Rosalia alpina was often to be seen running about on the bark in the sunshine, sometimes coming within reach, and one or two trees were riddled with their burrows. It is probable that this insect is often devoured by birds, one mutilated but still lively specimen taken having evidently dropped froma bird’s beak. The bark of these trees, or the fungoid growth thereon, harboured a great variety of Coleoptera, as Platycerus spinifer (a species usually found amongst the dead stems of Genista, in which it is said to breed), Sino- dendron, Lygistopterus sanguineus, Lemophlaus monilis and Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 87 L. ater, Ditoma, Cerylon, Diplocwlus fagi, Litargus bifasci- atus, various red KElaters, Tenebroides mawritanicus, Celometopus, Abdera quadrifasciata, Hallomenus hwmeralis, Orchesia micans, Scraptia fuscula, Engis, Ennearthron, etc. The old beech stumps attracted Tomozia, and the fresh-cut logs and stumps Xyleborus dispar, Melasis, Lemophlaus testaceus (in abundance), an Agrilus (specimens of which were dug out of the solid wood), etc. At Canales most of the old beeches found were too dry to produce much beyond Thymalus, Tillus elongatus, Brontes planatus, Leptura scutellata, and the like, though they were riddled with the burrows of Dorcus. The pines, however, fur- nished a considerable number of species, as Lhagiwm indagator, Pogonocherus fasciculatus, Pissodes pint, three species of Magdalis, Rhinomacer, four species of Tomicus, Myelophilus minor, Hylastes palliatus, Corticeus pini, Platysoma ohlongum, two species of Plegaderus, two of Paromalus, Tachyta, Placusa, ete. Under pine chips and logs on damp ground were found Cwlometopus (in plenty), two Carali, Steropus, Pterostichus, Platyderus, Scaphidium, a small elongate Anemadus, and others. On the higher slopes at Canales or Moncayo various in- teresting forms were beaten from oak bushes, as Rhynchites sericeus and others of the genus, Cerambyx scopolii, Rhopa- lopus perforatus, and divers Strophosomus, Phyllobvus, Polydrusus, Balaninus, Cryptocephalus, Pachybrachys, Cly- thra, ete. Henicopus and Hymenoplia, as usual, swarmed on grass-stems on the hill-sides and in the valleys, and a Chasmatopterus flew in abundance over the grass ; while in dry, arid places the sluggish Capnodis tenebricosa could be taken easily from the lichen-covered blackthorn bushes, and also, but rarely, Ptosima 11-maculata. Horse-dung in dry places at Canales sometimes harboured the local Aphodius carpetanus in abundance (a species also seen almost in the city of Burgos and on the summit of Moncayo), and the usual Gymonplewrus, Ateuchus, Onthophagus, Hister sinuatus, ete. A very interesting new moth, Pyropsyche moncaunella, Chapm., was found by Dr. Chapman and myself on the rocks on the upper part of Moncayo. This species has already been figured and described in the Entomologist’s Record (xv, pp. 324-330; xvi, pp. 67, 68, t. 2). His figures of the insect are reproduced at the end of this paper, on Plate XVI. A rough map of our route is given 88 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological by Dr. Chapman in his paper on Heterogynis in the present volume of our Transactions, on Plate XIII, and also a view of Canales, on Plate XIV. At Guéthary, in the Basses-Pyrenees, where we broke the journey both going and returning, a few interesting beetles were found, as Aépys robini, Actocharis marina, Lubria palustris, Aphanistieus emarginatus (in profusion by sweeping rushes in a marshy place), etc. The following isa list of the Coleoptera and Hemiptera- Heteroptera so far as at present identified :— [Monc. = Moncayo; Can. = Canales; Tar. = Tarazona; Burg. = Burgos. ] COLEOPTERA. Cicindeia sylvatica, Linn., and C. campestris, Linn., Can. Carabus purpurascens, Fabr., summit of Moncayo; C. helluo, De}., Mone., Can.; C. nemoralis, Miill., var., under pine- chips in the Pinares between Canales and Huerta. Leistus mon- tanus, Steph., one specimen near the summit of Moncayo. Notiophilus aquaticus, Linn.,Can., Mone. Zachypus cyani- cornis, Pand., under stones, near fhe snow, Mone. Bembidium laterale, De G., Mone. ; B. lampros, Herbst, Can. ; B. quadri- guttatum, Fabr., Soria, Tar.; B. quadrimaculatum, Linn., Soria; B. hispanicum, De}j., banks of the Duero, Soria; BP. fasciolatum, Duft., with the preceding; . nitidulwm, Marsh., Can.; B. minimum, Fabr., Mone. ; B. normannum, Dej., Soria. Lachyta nana, Gyll., Can., under pine-bark. Platynus viridicupreus, Goeze, Soria. Calathus punctipennis, Germ., C. fuscus, Linn., and OC. piceus, Marsh., Can. Pris- tonychus terricola, Herbst, commonly at Canales, in the mouth of a cave. Pecilus dimidiatus, Oliv., P. cwerulescens, Linn., and P. crenulatus, Dej., Can. Steropus lacordairei, Putz., common under stones, Can. ; S. globosus, Fabr., Can., Mone. Haptoderus nemoralis, Graells, not rare, under large stones in the beech forest, Mone. Plat yee montanellus, Graells?, Can.; P. 9 muficollis, Marsh., var. Mone. Zabrus neglectus, Schaum, Can., Monc., not nae! under stones. Amara ewrynota, Panz., Mone; A. equestris, Duft., var. zabroides, Dej., under stones, Can. ; A. eximia, Dej., Can. Acinopus picipes, Oliv., Can. Ditomus fulvipes, Dej., Can. Avistus capito, De}., Burg., Can., on the roads towards evening ; A. sphwrocephalus, Oliv., Can., Ophonus sabulicola, Panz., and O. azwreus, Fabr., Can. Harpalus honestus, Duft., H. uttenuatus, Steph., H. rubripes, Duft., Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 89 H., servipes, Quens., H. picipennis, Duft., etc., Can. Chlenius velutinus, Duft., on the banks of the Duero, Soria, and near the source of a small stream, Monc.; C. vestitus, Payk., Soria; C. dives, Dej., sparingly, on the mountains, Can. Lebia cyanocephala, Linn., in the greatest profusion, under loose bark of beech trees, on heath, broom, etce., Monc.; LZ. rufipes, Dej., Can.; Z. trimaculata, Vill., on herbage, etc., Mone. Metabletus obscuroguttatus, Duft., Mone. Dromius quadri- signatus, Dej.,under beech-bark, Mone. Cymindis vartolosa, Fabr., under stones, Monc., Can.; C. discoidea, De}j., in plenty under loose dry bark of old beech trees, Monee C. scapularis, Schaum, Can.; C. ruficeps, Chaud., Monc., Can. ; and others of the genus. Oxypoda platyptera, Fairm., summit of Moncayo, one specimen. Aleochara discipennis, Rey, Mone.; A. clavicornis, Redt.,Can. Atheta nigritula, Grav., in plenty, in bones, etc., placed in the cave, Can. Thectura cuspidata, Er., dee beech-bark, Mone. Placusa complanata, Er., in abundance under pine-bark, Can. TZachyusa balteata, Kr., 7. coarctata, Er., and 7. constricta, Er., banks of the Duero, Soria. Bryo- porus rugipennis, Pand., summit of Moncayo, one specimen in moss. Mycetoporus brunneus, Marsh., Can. Lschnopoda umbratica, Er., with the preceding. Autalia impressa, Oliv., Mone. Quedius crassus, Fairm., sparingly under loose bark of standing beeches, Mone. : ae mesomelinus, Marsh., Q. fuli- ginosus, Grav., Can., Mone. Leistotrophus murinus, Linn., Can. Ocypus ophthalmicus, Scop., under stones, Monc., Can.; O. brunnipes, Fabr., Mone. Philonthus atratus, Grav., P. ebeninus, Grav., P. quisquiliarius, Gyll., banks of the Duero, Soria; P. splendidulus, Grav., under bark, Can. Othius leviusculus, Steph., Mone. Xantholinus tricolor, Fabr., Monc.; X. fulgidus, Fabr., Soria, Tar. Lathrobiwm maltipunctum, Grav., Tar. Pexderus ruficollis, Fabr., Soria. Platystethus cornutus, Grav., and P. nitens, Sahlb., Tar. Bledius fracti- cornis, Payk., Tar., Soria. Omaliwm florale, Payk., Mone. Anthobium adustum, Kies., Monc., Can:; A. hispanicwm, Bris., Can., in plenty on flowers: A. angustum, Kies., Mone. Miemndus transversostriatus, Tee, Can., rarely, under pine-chips. Silpha nigrita, Creutz., S. wndata, Mull., and S. rugosa, Linn., Can. Phosphuga atrata, Linn., Mone. Scaphidiwm quadrimaculatum, Oliv., Can. Schaphisoma agaricinum, Linn., Can. Olibrus bisignatus, Mén., Can., Monc., Soria; 0. biplagiatus, Guill, Can. Hngis humeralis, Fabr., Monc., i in rotten beech. Atomaria Juscipes, Gyll., 90 Mr. G. C. Champion’s Entomological Mone. ; A. analis, Er., Mone., Burg. Litargus bifasciatus, Fabr., Mone., common, under beech-bark. Diphyllus lunatus, Fabr., Mone., with the preceding. Brachypterus cinereus, Heer, Mone. Meligethes brassice, Scop., var. aus- tralis, Kiist., Monc., in abundance on Erica flowers high up on the mountain slope; MM. ¢ristis, Sturm, Monce., Can. ; M. fuscus, Oliv., and others of the genus, Mone. Thalycra Jervida, Oliv., Mone. Thymalus limbatus, Fabr., Can., under dry beech-bark. Tenebroides mauritanicus, Linn., Mone., not rare under beech-bark. Rhizophagus bipustulatus, Fabr., Mone. Ditoma crenata, Fabr., Monc., under beech-bark. Cerylon histeroides, Fabr., and C. ferruginewm, Steph., Mone., with the preceding. Brontes planatus, Linn., Can., under beech-bark. Lemophleus testaceus, Fabr.. im abundance under bark of recently felled beeches; JL. moniis, Fabr., and L. ater, Oliv., rarely, under beech-bark Airaphilus carpetanus, Heyd., Mone. Dermestes murinus Linn., Can. Byrrhus depilis, Graells, Can.; B. dorsalis Fabr., Can., Mone.; B. fasciatus, Fabr., Mone. Cytilus seri- ceus, Forst., Mone. Pedilophorus awratus, Duft.?, summit of Monce., rarely, under stones, mostly found dead and broken. Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst, and P. parallelo- pipedus, Herbst, Can. Platy ysoma ees Fabr., Can., in abundance under sappy pine-bark ; P. /rontale, Payk., Can., two specimens, under stones. Hister quadrimaculatus, Linn., var. gagates, Ill, H. amplicollis, Il., H. fimetarius, Herbst, H. bissexstriatus, Fabr., Can., Monc., more or less common in dung. Plegaderus sanatus, Truqui, rarely, and P. saucius, Er., commonly, under pine-bark, Can. Saprinus lautus, Er., Can., two specimens, under stones. Parnus lutulentus, Kr., Can. Lucanus cervus, Linn., Can., Anguiano. Dorcus parallelo- ptpedus, Linn., Mone., in beech. Platycerus spinifer, Schauf., Can., Monc.,very rarely,in beech. Sinodendron cylindricum, Linn., Can., Mone., in beech. Scarabeus laticollis, Linn., Mone. Gymnopleurus flagellatus, Fabr., Can. Sisyphus scheffert, Linn., Can. Onthophagus lemur, Fabr., Can. ; schrebert, Linn., Can., Burg. ; O. verticicornis, Laich., Can. ; O. furcatus, Fabr., Can., Burg. Aphodius scrutator, Herbst, Can., a few specimens high up on the mountains; A. erraticus, Linn., A. fossor, Linn., A. hemorrhoidalis, Linn., A. scybalarius, Fabr., A. sordidus, Fabr., A. bigutattus, Germ., A. luridus, Fabr., A. scrofa, Fabr., A. obscurus, Fabr., and others, Can.; A. carpetanus, Graells, in abundance Excursion to Moncayo, N. Spain. 91 in horse-dung in dry places, Can., and very sparingly at Moncayo, one example occurring on the summit, also found singly close to Burgos. in eieous Trigidus, ‘Bris, high up on Moncayo. Plewrophorus cxsus, Panz., common on the wing along the roadsides towards evening, Burg Geotrupes vernalis, Linn., Mone. Can. Phyllognathus silenus, Fabr., Tar., found dead on the road. Rhizotrogus pygialis, Muls., Soria; &. solstitialis, Linn., var. pineticola, Graells, Mone.; R. ater, Fabr., Can.; &. lusitanicus, Gyll., Can. ; 2. marginipes, Muls., Can. Triodonta aquila, Lap., Can. Serica mutata, Gyll., Soria. Chasmatopterus villo- sulus, Il]., Can., Monc., males as usual in abundance on the wing, females sparingly at rest on flowers. Mymenoplia rugulosa, Muls., Can., Monc., common on grass stems, etc. Anisoplia betica, Er., Can. Hoplia philanthus, Fiissl., Mone., Can. Cetonia floricola, Herbst, C. oblonga, Gory, and C. morio, Fabr., Tar.,Can. Trichius fasciatus, Linn., Can.; 7. gallicus, Heer, in plenty on Umbelliferz, in the beech forest, Mone. Capnodis tenebricosa, Herbst, Can., Monc., not rare on blackthorn-bushes in dry, hot places, the grey markings on the prothorax exactly resembling the patches of lichen on the stems of these plants. Ptosima 11-maculata, Herbst, Can., one specimen with the preceding. Agrilus viridis, Linn., var. nocivus, Ratz., Monc., dug out of the hard wood of beech ; and others of the genus. Acmeodera flavofasciata, Pill., Mone., Can.