fa) 
eA 
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NAW Es ae cde 
Pee a WA 
BVATMA TCT RICH CLA HC A 
“eae vee daa 
Ma Mate va 


Jyh ye v 
ay ty x 0 yew y Ky 
fae ane t o MY A sige 
ey aw eto , DACRE a se ee 
gst 7 F ae 
ra ne - 
Waar beng y le & 
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ey gat) 
Wa 
VL 


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one 
be dubiln 


ys 
i 


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pain 
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A 


4 


ay 
ei 


he Noa 


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4 


ag tle ie 
hae goes sas Ss 


“gh 
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Pi 
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Ay 


Rides 


ia gay : ‘ Kae iy : satan signee: 
AR WAC REY ey : ; ob esie ys! oa, aewe 
(ry fk neh ‘ an ; i , u's deme Ae Si ri 


iaiten 


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‘See " 
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Apa f \ ° Re eth caste el ba oe 

Lat aii ; eter 


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bore SR CE as en soles saa Reet 
: ; a " 3 Bld oe oh gt ee aa 9 on ss 
‘. ‘ eee . 


8 ee a = — 
= é = 4 a a 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON. 


THE 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


LONDON 


EO PEG eels Ene Y SEs PAGE: 


1906. 


LONDON: 


PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, 
LONDON AND BUNGAY. 


SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET, 
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W., 


AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO., 
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK. 


er 


1906-1907, 


DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. 


Part I. (Trans., p. 1-154, Proc., i-xxxil) was published 29 May, 1906 

is 1B) ES tia 155-322, ,,  xxxiii-lxiv) 95 22 Sept., ,, 

REL Vig a Gs 323-540, ,,  Ixv-cvi) | 
Vv. (———_-———_ 


¥ 23 Jan., 1907 


»  evii-clxxiv) “5 27 Mar., 


) 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 
FOUNDED, 1833. 


INCORPORATED BY RoyAL CHARTER, 1885. 


OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1906-1907. 


President. 
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD. 


Wice=Presioents, 


HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S. 
EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.RS., F.LS. 
CHARLES OWEN WATERHOUSE. 


Treasurer. 
ALBERT HUGH JONES. 


Secretaries. 


HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A. 
ComMANDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.LS. 


Librarian, 
GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. 


Other Members of Council. 


GILBERT JOHN ARROW. 
ARTHUR JOHN CHITTY, M.A. 
JAMES EDWARD COLLIN. 

Dr. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D 
WILLIAM JAMES KAYE, F.LS. 
WILLIAM JOHN LUCAS, B.A. 

Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S. 
LOUIS BEETHOVEN PROUT. 
RICHARD STANDEN, F.LS. 


Resident Librarian. 


GEORGE BETHELL, F.R. Hist. 8. 


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(we) 


CONTENTS. 


Explanation of the plates 
List of Fellows... on 
Additions to the Library 
Errata — Bes 


MEMOIRS. 


I. A Contribution towards the knowledge of African eae a. 
By Percy I. Latuy, F.Z.S., F.E.S8. : : 


II. Descriptions of new genera and species of African Halticine 
and Galerucine. By Martin Jacopy, F.E.S 


III. On the emergence of Bee eee formicartus cai the Eee By 
W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E tee = se 


IV. On some new or hitherto ee forms of South African 
Butterflies. By Rotanp Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., ete. ... 


V. Some observations on the Reproduction of the Hemiptera- 
Cryptocerata. By C.Gorpvon Hewitt, B.Sc., The University, 
Manchester. Communicated by Professor E. B. Cb aa 
D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., etc. a6 Sec 560 a6 38 


VI. On some bionomic points in certain South African ZLamellicorns. 
By G. B. Lonestarr, M.D., F.E.S. ie 


VII. Some ee vars of Butterflies. By G. B. Lonesrarr, 
M.D., F.E ‘ : sis Pe 2 


VIII. Notes upon some remarkable Pec: insects from North 
Queensland. By F. P. Dopp, F.E.S.; with an Appendix 
containing descriptions of New Species, by Colonel CHARLES 
T. BrincuaM, F.Z.S., and Dr. BENNO WANDOLLECK . 


TX. Observations on the Life History of Tr pens pata Zell. 
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S. 


X. Progressive melanism on the Riviera (Byers) being further 
notes on Hastula hyerana, Mill. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. 


XI. On the Genus Jinma, Walk. ( = Tortr eee Feld. ) By E. 
Meyrick, B.A. FR. sly) aoc soe 


XII. Some bionomic notes on Butterflies from the Victoria yuna 
By S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc. F.H.S.  ... 55 6 


XIII. On the habits of a species of Ptyelus in British East Africa. 
By S. L. Hixpe. Communicated, with ae A Professor 
E. B. Pourton, F.R.S., etc. 


XIV. Studies of the Blattide. By R. Suetrorn, M.A., F.LS. 


( viii) 


PAGE 
XV. Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus erage) ang agi ag 
stont. By Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S 500 . 281 


XVI. Predaceous Insects and their Prey. By geese EDWARD 
B. Poutron, D.Sc., M.A., LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S., Hope 
Professor of Zoology in the pe neraty of Oxford, Fellow 
of Jesus College, Oxford ... : ... 323 


XVII. Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of Butterflies from the 
Potaro District of British Guiana. By WitLtiAm JAMES 


Kays, F.E.S. 2 ae ace oe a sal 
XVIII. A Contribution to the Classification of the Perec folly 
Passalide. By Gitpert J. Arrow, F.E.S. ... . 441 


XIX. Notes on the Life History of Trochtlium Ste ee Lasp. 
By the Hon. N. Cuartres Roruscuitp, M.A., F.L.S. With 
notes on the larva by Eustace R. Banxess, M. N, F.L.S., and 
on the pupa by T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S. . . 471 


XX. A permanent record of British Moths in their natural attitudes 
of rest. By A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the Hope Department 
of Zoology, Oxford University Museum. Communicated by 
Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., etc. ... as he ... 483 


XXI. Studies of the Blattidxe (continued). By R. SHetrorp, M.A., 
TUBS: cod sas tee re is ss f 00 ..- 487 


XXII. On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina corva and 
Ivias baliensts. By F. A. Dixty, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., Fellow 


of Wadham College, Oxford ie . o21 
XXII. Nanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the Mendelian » Hypothesis 
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. a . 525 


XXIV. A note on the Cryptic Resemblance of two South American 
Insects, the moth Draconta rustna, Druce, and the Locustid, 
Plagroptera bicordata, Serv. By Epwarp B. Povtton, D.8c., 
M.A., F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the > University 0 of 


Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford : . 533 
Proceedings for 1906 ss see ant are ie oss ... 1—Cevi 
Annual Meeting... Bee nee ee ae fs aa Se) ICVLL 
President’s Address ai et es BS see 5 ee; exiil 
General Index ies ac Ate oe sh ate eos Pat exliv 
Special Index aa ae ae iss ise sa se Sse clxix 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Plates I, II. See page 10 Plates XIV, XV. See page 278-279 
Plate IIT. np 52 Plate XVI. n 280 
Plate IV. = 84. Plates XVII-XXII.__,, 312-319 
Plate V. Bs 85 Plates XXIII-X XVIL.,, 435-488 
Plate VI. 5 86 Plate XXVIII. = 482 
Plate VII. a 154 Plate XXIX. a 486 
Plate VIII. - 168 Plate XXX. »” 519 
Plates IX, X. 4; 223 Plate XXXI. 3 524 
Plates XI, XII. a 224 Plate XXXII 539 


Plate XIII. 1 229 


Pist of Fellows 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Marked * have died during the year. 


Dataee HONORARY FELLOWS. 

Election. 

1900 AuRtiviILLtus, Professor Christopher, Stockholm. 

1905 Bottvar, Don Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid. 

1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France. 

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland. 

1906 GANGLBAUER, Professor Ludwig von, Hof Musewm, Vienna. 

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 

1884 Osten SackeNn, Baron C. R., Bunsenstrasse 8, Heidelberg. 

1906 Reurer, Professor Ono Morannat, The University, Helsingfors, 
Finland. 

1895 ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 

1885 Sneuven, P. C. T., Rotterdam. 

1893 Warrenwyt, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Lerchenfeldstrasse 28, 
Vienna. 

1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Freiburg, Baden. 


FELLOWS. 


Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. 


Date of 
Election. 


1901 + Aparr, Sir Frederick E. S., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay. 

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.8., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria- 
street, S.W. 

1877 Apams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N. 

1902 ApkKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent. 

1885 AvxKIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingards-road, Lewisham, 8.E. 

1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies. 

1904 AnpErRson, Miss E. Maude, Park House, Worksop, Notts. 

1899 ANnpDrReEws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.O., Kent. 

1901 Awnnine, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 

1899 | ARRow, Gilbert J., 87, Union-grove, Clapham, S.W.; and British 
Musewm (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. 


ee) 


1886 Armor, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn. 
1850  AvEBURY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
etc., High Elms, Farnborough, Kent. 


1901 Bacor, Arthur W., 154 Lower Clapton-road, N.E. 

1904 7 BAGNALL, Richard 8., South Hylton, nr. Sunderland. 

1903 Baxpock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex. 

1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham. 

1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer. 

1886 Barcacut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1, 
Florence, Italy. 

1895 Barker, Cecil W., Rownham, Malvern, Natal, South Africa. 

1887 Barxmur, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, S.E. 

1902 Barravp, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford. 

1894 — Bareson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, 
Cambridge, Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge. 

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., Gerencia, Ferro Carril del Sud, Plaza Constitu- 
tion, Buenos Ayres. 

1896 ¢ Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., 10 Regent Terrace, 
Edinburgh. 

1905 Brprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., ete., Woburn Abbey, Beds. 

1899 Brpwe.., Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey. 

1903 Brti-Maruey, H. W., c/o Messrs. Chiazzari and Co., P.O. Box 3, 
Point-street, Natal. 

1904 Brnersson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ; 
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University. 

1897 Brnnert, W. H., 15, Wellington-place, Hastings. 

1906 Brnraut, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. 

1885 Brraune-Baker, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

1895 Bevan, Lieutenant H.G.R.,R.N., Fairfield, Weymouth. 

1880 BiGNELL, George Carter, The Ferns, Homepark-road, Saltash. 

1895 BrneHam, Lieut.-Col. Charles T., F.Z.S., Bombay Staff Corps, 
6 Gwendwr-road, West Kensington, 8.W. 

1891 Braser, W. H., F.L.S., 12, Great Castle-street, Regent-street, W. 

1904 Brack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles. 

1894 * BuackBuRN-Mazg, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury. 

1904 Buair, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N. 

1889 Buanprorp, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 12, Arundel Gardens, 
Ladbroke-grove, W. 

1885 Braruwayr, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Eagle House, Batheaston, 
Bath. 

1904 Briss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, 
W. 

1886 Brioomrinnp, The Rey. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory, 
Hastings. 


( x1 ) 


1903 Bogus, W. A., Wilts and Dorset Bank, Salisbury. 

1891 Boor, George A., Fern Hill, G'range-over-Sands, Carnforth. 

1875 Borrer, Wm., F.G.S., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint, 
Hassocks, R.S.O., Sussex. 

1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs. 

1904 Bourasors, Jules, Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Markirch, Germany. 

1892 Bouskett, Frank, Market Bosworth, Nuneaton. 

1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst. 

1894 | Bowxss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 

1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E. 

1893 Brapant, Hdouard, Chdteaw de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord), 
France. 

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 18, Whiteford-road, Mannamead, 
Plymouth. 

1904 BripGEeMaAN, Lieut. The Hon. Richard O. B., R.N., Weston Park, 
Shifnal, Salop, and H.M.S. ‘ Hibernia,” Channel Fleet. 

1877 Briaas, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N- 
Devon. 

1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. 
Devon. 

1894 Bricat, Percy M., Chunar, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth. 

1897 * BrigutweEn, Mrs. E., The Grove, Great Stanmore. 

1878 Broun, Capt. Thomas, Drury, Auckland, New Zealand. 

1902 Broveuron, Captain T. Delves, R.E., Royal Engineers’ Office, 
Gravesend. 

1904 Brown, Henry H., Castlefield Tower, Cupar, Fife, N.B. 

1886 Brown, John, 123, Mawson-road, Cambridge. 

1892 Browne, Lieut.-Colonel Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., Calcutta, 
India. 

1898 + BucHan-Hepgurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton- 
Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 

1902 Buier, Arthur Percival, Wellington, New Zealand. 

1896 +, Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., Royal 
Societies Club, St. James’s, 8.W., and Shepherdswell, nr. Dover. 

1868 + Butter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., The Lilies, Penge-road, 
Beckenham. 

1883. Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., 56, Cecile-Purk, Crouch End, N. 

1902 Burner, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 

1905 Burrerrienp, Jas. E., B.Sc., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead. 

1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vid Aden), Somaliland Protectorate. 


1886 Catvert, Wm. Bartlett, Liceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili. 

1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., R.N. Hospital, Chatham. 

1885 CampBeLL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &¢., Brynllwydwyn, 
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. 

1898 Canpizx, Léon, Mont St. Martin, 75, Liége. 


1880 
1889 


1890 


1894 


1892 
1895 
1898 
1868 
1890 
1895 


1906 
1900 
1900 
1903 


(Pexaar 7) 

CanspauE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. 

Cant, A., 1, Dalkeith Villas, Wealdstone ; and c/o Fredk. DuCane 
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, 8. W. 

Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire 
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool. 

Caracciono, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British 
West Indies. 

Carpenter, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8. W. 

Carpenter, G. H., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. 

CARPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead, 

CARRINGTON, Charles, Hailey Hall, Hertford. 

Carter, George Wm., M.A., F.L.8., Hecleshall Castle, Staffordshire. 

Carter, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., 43, Charing Cross, W.C., and 
Government House, Nassau, Bahamas. 

Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales. 

Carter, J. W., 28, Mannheim-road, Bradford. 

Cassa, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man. 

CarrLe, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolushire. 


1889 + Cavn, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield. 


1900 
1871 


1891 
1902 


1890 
1897 
1898 
1902 


CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham. 

CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.5., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell, 
Woking. 

CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., Betula, Reigate. 

CHARNLEY, James Roland, The Avenue, Moor Park, Preston, 
Lencashire. 

CHATTERTON, Frederick J.8.,5, Camden Studios, Camden-street, N.W. 

CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. 

CHAWNER, Lawrence C., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants. 

CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o J. Garson, 69, Railway-street, Durban, Natal. 


1891 + Currry, Arthur John, M.A., 27, Hereford-square, S.W.; and Hunt- 


1905 
1889 


ingfield, Faversham, Kent. 
CHOPARD, Lucien, 98, Bd. St. Germains, Paris. 
Curisry, William M., M.A., F.L.8., Watergate, Emsworth. 


1886 + Chark, John Adolphus, 57, Weston Park, Crouch End, N. 


1867 
1891 


1904 
1873 
1899 
1906 


1901 
1900 
1892 


Cuarke, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earl’s Court, 8.W. 

CuarKE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle 
of Man. 

CockayNnr, Edward A., 16, Cambridge-square, London, W. 

Coir, William, F.L.S., Springfield, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 

CoLuin, James E., Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. 

CoLLINGE, Walter E., M.Sc., Department of Economic Zoology, 
University of Birmingham, and 55, Newhall-street, Birmingham. 

Connotp, Edward, F.Z.S., 1, St. Peter’s-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 

Corton, Dr. John, 126, Prescot-road, St. Helens. 

Cowan, Thomas William, F.1.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcot House, 
Taunton. 


1886 


1867 
1895 
1906 
1888 
1890 


( xiii ) 


Cowrtt, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library), 
William Brown-street, Liverpool. 

Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o Mrs. Eve, 61, Harley-street, W. 

CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester. 

CrawsuHay, The Rev. George, M.A., “ Lowlands,” Leighton- Buzzard. 

Crecor, J. P., Tredinick, Mayow-road, Sydenham, 8.E. 

Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. 


1880+ Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P., 17, Throgmorton-avenue, E.C., 


1902 


1901 


and Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames. 
Crurrwett, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme 
Rectory, Wallingford. 


Dapp, Edward Martin, Friedrichstrasse, 71, Berlin. 


1873 * Dats, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne. 


1900 
1886 
1905 
1903 
1898 
1905 
1875 
1887 


1895 
1905 
1906 
19038 
1906 
1891 


1885 
1884 
1867 
1900 
1894 


1906 
1883 


1890 
1865 


1904 


1902 


Data@.isH, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow. 

Dannart, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E. 

Davinson, James D., 32, Drwmsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. 

Day, F. H., 12, Goodwin-terrace, Carlisle. 

Day, G. O., Parr’s Bank-house, Knutsford. 

Dewar, W. R., Government Entomologist, Orange River Colony. 

Distant, Wm. Lucas, Steine House, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,S.k. 

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of 
Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford. 

Dosson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, S.O., Surrey. 

Dopp, Frank P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, North Queensland. 

Dotuman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 

DoLiMan, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 

DoncastER, Leonard, M.A., The University, Birmingham. 

DonistHorPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., 58, Kensington-mansions 
South Kensington, 8.W. 

Donovan, Major Charles, M.D., R.A.M.C., Ardmore, Pussage West, 
County Cork. 

Drucr, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., 48, Circus-road, St. John’s 
Wood, N.W. 

Drucr, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood, 
INAWE 

Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking. 

Dupaeon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington. 

DUKINFIELD-JONES, E., Castro, Reigate. 

Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford. 


Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming. 

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., Pentlands, Mill-road, West 
Worthing, Sussex. 

Eckrorp, George, F.Z.8., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane, 
Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland. 

EpDELSTEN, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. 


1886 
1884 


1900 
1900 
1886 
1903 
1878 


1886 
1903 


1899 
1890 


1900 
1861 
1886 
1889 
1878 
1900 
1874 
1905 
1900 


1898 


(— txive *) 


EpwaArps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. 

Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.8., 15, St. Germans-place, Black- 
heath, S.E. 

Exxiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W. 

Exuis, H. Willoughby, Knowle, Birmingham. 

Eviis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool. 

ELTRINGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.8., Hastgarth, Westoe, South Shields. 

Etwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., Colesborne, 
Cheltenham. 

Enock, Frederick, F.L.8., 18, Tufnell Park Road, London, N. 

ETHERIDGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W. 


FaRMBOROUGH, Percy W., F.Z.S., Lower Edmonton, N. 

Fary, Albert Brydges, Brinton Lodge, near Hereford ; and Medical 
Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W. 

Fevruam, H. L. L., P. 0. Box, 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal. 

Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, 5.E, 

Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher. 

FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. 

Finzi, John A., 53, Hamilton-terrace, N.W. 

Frrra, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. 

Fitcu, Edward A., F.L.S., Brick House, Maldon. 

Fieger, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth. 

Firemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co. 
Waterford. 

Fiercuer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., H.M.S. “Sealark,” Special Service. 


1883 + FuercHerR, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 


1905 
1885 
1900 


1898 
1880 
1883 
1896 
1888 
1903 


1891 


FLOERSHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W. 

Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands. 

Foutxkes, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultural College, 
Newport, Salop. 

FountatngE, Miss Margaret, The Studios, 1, Shireff-road, West 
Hampstead, N.W. 

Fow.uer, The Rey. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.8., Harley Vicarage, 
near Reading. 

FREEMAN, Francis Ford, Abbotsfield, Tavistock. 

FREKE, Percy Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. 

FremMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Wereworth, Maidstone. 

Frencu, Charles, F.L.8., Government Entomologist, Victoria, 
Australia. 

FrouHawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh. 


1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal 


1900 
1884 


Colony. 

Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. 

Fuuier, The Rev, Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, 
Sydenham, S.E, 


(eae) 


1898 Fu.LueEr, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. 
1904 Furnivat, Thomas F., 63, Coleman-st., E.C. 


1887 GanHan, Charles Joseph, M.A., Whyola, Lonsdale-road, Bedford 
Park, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell- 
road, S.W. 

1892 Garpg, Philip de la, R.N., 2, Esplanade, Teignmouth. 

1890 GarpDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool. 

1901 + GarDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deqanwy, N. Wales. 

1899 GaAYNER, Francis, Beech Holm, Sunderland. 

1899 GELDART, William Martin, M.A., Trinity College, Oxford. 

1906 + Gress, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener’s Meads, St. 
Albans. 

1902 GriuanpERs, A. T., Park Cottage, Alawick. 

1904 Grutiat, Francis, B.A., Forest Dene, Worth, Sussex. 

1865 | Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8., South 
Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor- 
square; and 45, Pont-street, S.W. 

1890 GoxnpTHwalt, Oliver C., 5, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E. 

1886 | GoopricH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Lennox Lodge, Malvern 
Link, Malvern. 

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent. 

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire, 

1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtown- 
shire. 

1855 GornaM, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., Highcroft, Great Malvern. 

1874 Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., Vick-PResipent, The Avenue, Surbiton-hill, 
Surrey. 

1891 + GreEN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic 
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon. 

1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E. 

1850 * GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol. 

1898 GrerEnsHrexps, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Willesden, N.W. 

1899 GREENWOOD, Edgar, 49, Melrose-avenue, Cricklewood, N.W. 

1893 {| GREENWoopD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury. 

1888 Grirrirus, G, C., F.Z.S., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol. 

1894 GriusHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 

1905 Grist, Charles J., Apsley, Banstead, Surrey. 

1869 Grose-SuirH, Henley, J.P., B.A., F.Z.S.,5, Bryanston-square, HTyde 
Park, W. 

1906 Guinness, H. 8. A., Balliol College, Oxford, and Chesterfield, 
Blackrock, County Dublin. 

1899 Gunnine, Montague, Narborough, Leicester. 

1906 GurRNry, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich. 


1897 Haaur, Henry, Woodland Avenue, Glen Ridge, N.J., U.S.A. 


(Cava) 


1906 Haut, Arthur, 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon. 

1890 t Haut, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield. 

1885 Hatz, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon, 

1898 Hamuiyn-Harris, R., D.Se., F.Z.S., F.R.MLS., Toowoomba Grammar 
School, Queensland, Australia. 

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., 62, Stanhope- 
gardens, 8.W. 

1891 Haneury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E. 

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 3757, Indiana Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A. 

1903 Harg, E. J., Dunham, Boscombe, Hants. 

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex. 

1897 ¢ Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South 
Woodford, Essex. 

1906 Hear, The Rev. William Henry, Penn Vicarage, Wolverhampton. 

1881 Henry, George, Ivy Bank, 112, London-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 

1903 Herron, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton, Beds. 

1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., British Museum (Natural History), 
Cromwell-road, S.W. 

1888 Hiaas, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., F.G.S., Mine Office, Venterskroon, 
Transvaal. 

1876 | Hittman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes. 

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive, 
Lytham. 

1902 Hon, R.8., The Rectory, North Taunton, Devon. 

1887 Honuanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg, 
Penn., U.S.A. 

1898 Hotman-Hunt, C. B., Talawakelle, Ceylon. 

1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road, 
Rosslyn Hill, N.W. 

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen. 

1876 * Hornman, F. J., F.LS., F.Z.S., etc., Forest Hill, S.E. 

1903 Hovuauton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop. 

1900 Howns, George H., Box 180, Dunedin, New Zealand. 

1865 | Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol, 

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New Zealand, 


1897 Image, Selwyn, M.A., 20, Fitzroy-street, Fitzroy-square, W. 
1891 IsaBeLL, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall. 


1886 Jacosy, Martin, 1, The Mansions, Hillfield-road, West Hampstead, 
N.W. 

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44, 
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 209, School Hill, Lewes. 

1899 Jenninas, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. 


(aexvaily 7) 


1886 JoHN, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.O., Glamorganshire. 

1889 JoHNnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, 
Co. Armagh. 

1888 Jones, Albert H., TREASURER, Shrublands, Eltham, Kent. 

1894 | JorpaN, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring. 

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading. 


1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.I.A., Drumleaske House, 
Monaghan. 

1884 Kappst, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, S.W. 

1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds. 

1896 + Kayg, William James, Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. 

1902 Kemp, Stanley W., 21, Upper Fitzwilliam-street, Dublin. 

1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 

1904 KersuHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent. 

1898 KersHaw, J. A., Morton Banks, Lewisham-road, Windsor, 
Melbourne, Victoria. 

1901 Kersuaw, John C. W., Macao, China. 

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge. 

1900 Keys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth. 

1889 Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of 
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin- 
side, Glasgow. 

1861 Kuirsy, William F., F.L.S., Wilden, 18, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,W. 

1893 KirKaupDy, George Willis, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

1905 KuircHen, Vernon Parry, The Priory, Watford. 

1889 KuapALEKk, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia. 

1887 + KLEIN, Sydney T., F.L.S.,F.R.A.S., Zatherlow, Raglan-road, Reigate. 

1876 Kraartz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin. 


1901 * Lanz, E. W., Parkholme, 40, Fletching-road, Clapton, N.E. 

1868 Lane, Colonel A. M., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford. 

1900 Lane, The Rev. H. C., M.D., All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea. 

1901 Laruy, Percy I., Penton House, Cheshunt. 

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 

1899 Lexa, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Hobart, Tasmania. 

1901 LericH, George F., 4, Cuthbert?s Buildings, West-street, Durban, 
Natal. 

1883 Lemany, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 

1898 Letrasripegr, Ambrose G., Nordrach-on-Dee, Banchory, N.B.; 
Guards Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 

1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. 

1898 Lewis, E.J., F.L.S., Victoria Cottage, Little Common, Bexhill-on-Sea. 

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., 87, Frant-road, Tunbridge Wells. 

1902 Lewis, J. H., Ophir, Otago, New Zealand. 

1892 Licurroor, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good one 


( xvii® ) 


1903. Lirrter, Frank M., Althorne, High-street, Lawnceston, Tasmania. 

1865 + Luewetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart. M.A, F.LS., 
Penllergare, Swansea. 

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor. 

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, 1, 5 and 6, The Albany, Piccadilly, W. 

1903 LorrHousr, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 

1904 + Lonesta¥r, George Blundell, M.D., Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W. 

1899 LounsBury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape 
Town, S. Africa. 

1894 Lown, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey. 

1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South 
Australia. 

1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia. 

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., 28, Knights Park, Kingston-on- Thames. 

1904 Lurr, W. A., La Chawmiére, Brock-road, Guernsey. 

1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley, Leeds. 

1903 Lyset, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia. 

1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, McTavish-street, Montreal, 
Canada. 


1906 McCarrtson, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras. 

1902 Macponatp, George B. Douglas, M.B., Uniondale, Cape Colony. 

1887 M‘DouGatt, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath, 5.E. 

1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India. 

1906 Mackwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon. 

1898 Mappison, T., South Bailey, Durham. 

1899 + Main, Hugh, B.Sc., Almondale, Buckingham-road, South Woodford, 

N.E. 

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Nacogdoches, Texas, U.S.A. 

1887 Manpers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., Curepipe, Mauritius, 

1892. ManspripGk, William, 27, Elmbank-road, Sefton-park, Liverpool. 

1894 + MarsHaLt, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent. 

1895 MarsHauL, Guy Anstruther Knox, 6, Chester-place, Hyde Park- 
terrace, W. 

1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines, 
Dunedin, New Zealand. 

1856 | MarsHauy, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., duchinraith, Bexley, S.O., 
Kent. 

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., Solihull, Birmingham. 

1895 Massey, Herbert, Zvy-Lea, Burnage, Withington, Manchester, 

1865 MarnHew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., Lee House, 
Dovercourt, Harwich. 

1887 MarrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, Plymouth. 

1900 Maxwett-Lerroy, H., Entomologist to the Government of India, 
Agricultural Institute, Pusa, Bengal. 

1899 May, Harry Haden, 12, Windsor Terrace, Plymouth, 


(eee y) 


1904 Mrapr-Watpo, Geoffrey, Stonewall Park, Hdenbridge, Kent. 

1872 | Metpota, Professor Raphael, F.RS., F.CS. 6, Brunswick- 
square, W.C. 

1885 Meyrin, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. 

1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, PRESIDENT, 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton. 

1906 Merrriman, Gordon, 96, Finchley-road, Hampstead, N.W. 

1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Michael's, Oxford. 

1888 Meryer-Darcts, G., c/o Sogin and Meyer, Wohlen, Switzerland. 

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough. 

1894 Mraz, Professor Louis Compton, F.R.S., 1, Richmond Mount, 

Headingley, Leeds. 

1883. Migs, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta. 

1906 Mirconei-Hepass, Frederic Albert, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W. 

1905 Mrrrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W. 

1896 Moperty, J. C., M.A., Woodlands, Bassett, Southampton. 

1879 Mownvrerro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar, 
Lisbon. 

1902 Monrcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge- 
road, North Acton, N. 

1853 Moors, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., 17, Maple-road, Penge, S.E. 

1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe. 

1886 Morgan, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W. 

1889 + Morice, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford, 
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking. 

1895 + Mortey, Claude, The Hill House, Monk’s Soham, Suffolk. 

1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh. 

1900 Mosksr, Julius, 60, Bulow-strasse, Berlin. 

1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield. 

1901 + Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Hxperiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, H.T. 

1869 | Mtuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., c/o Herr A. Miiller-Mechel, Giren- 
zacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland. 

1904 Momrorp, Frank S., 10, Mountfield Gardens, Tunbridge Wells. 

1872 | Murray, Lieut.-Col. H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromwell-road, S.W. 

1906 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva. 


1903 NeaveE, S. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone. 

1896 NesHam, Robert, Utrecht House, Queen’s-road, Clapham Park, S.W. 

1889 Nervinson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.S., 3, Tedworth-square, 
Chelsea, S.W. 

1901 Nevinson, E. G. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey. 

1890 NewsreaD, R., Johnston Tropical Laboratory, University, Liverpool. 

1900 Nico, Mrs. M. Dela B., Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. 

1904 Nicuoxson, W. A., 36, Promenade, Portobello, N.B. 

1886 NuicHouson, William E., School Hill, Lewes. 

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussea. 

1893 Nonrrigp, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia. 


( xx) 


1878 Norrimpar, Thomas, Ashford, Kent. 
1895 Nourss, Lt.-Colonel C. G., 33rd Punjabis, Jubbulpore, Central 
Provinces, India. 


1869 Opertuiir, Charles, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France. 

1877 Opertuir, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France. 

1893 | OaLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire. 

1893 Oniver, John Baxter, 22, Ranelagh Villas, Hove, Brighton. 
1873 OnivieR, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France. 


1895 Pacs, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park, 8.E. 

1898 Pauuiser, H. G., Holmiwood, Addlestone, Surrey. 

1883 PrincuEy, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. 

1903 + PeRKrINS, R. C. L., B.A., Board of Agriculture, Division of Ento- 
mology, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge. 

1900 Puitips, The Rev. W. J. Leigh, The Cottage, Parkwood-road, 
Tavistock. 

1897 Puxiniirs, Hubert C., M.R.C.S.,M. and L.8.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, 
Hyde-park, W. 

1903 + Puitiirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., 22, Petherton-road, High- 
bury, New Park, N. 

1901 Pickerrt, C. P., 99, Dawlish-road, Leyton, Essex. 

1891 Pirrce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 

1901 Prrrarp, Albert, Felden, Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead. 

1903 PrtcHER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, G'loucester- 
road, Kensington, 8.W. 

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Driebergen, Netherlands. 

1870 F Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., Mayfield, Edgerton, Huddersfield. 

1884 + PouLton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, 
Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford. 

1905 Powntt, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France. 

1906 Prarr, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States, 
Kwala Lumpur, Malay States. 

1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham. 

1904 Priske, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing. 

1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 246, Richmond-road, Dalston, N.E. 


1900 Rarnsow, Willam J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W. 

1874 Reep, E. C., Director del Museo de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. 

1893 Rerp, Captain Savile G., late R.E., The Elms, Yalding, Maidstone. 

1898 Rexron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland. 

1890 RenpitesHam, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood- 
bridge. 

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland. 

1894 Ripine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Honiton. 


C osx) 


1853 Rrreon, The Most Honble. the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.LS., 
etc., 9, Chelsea Embankment, 8.W. 

1905 Rosinson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur, 
Selangor. 

1892 Rosrnson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Cutford, S.K. 

1869 | Ropinson-Dovenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS., F.R.G.S., 
Orchardton, Castle Douglas. 

1890 Rosson, John Emmerson, 15, Northgate, Hartlepool. 

1886 Rosg, Arthur J., 15, Bowwell-road, Berkhamstead. 

1868 RorHNney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper 
Norwood, 8.E. 

1894 + Roruscainp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
148, Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring. 

1888 | RoruscHILp, The Honble. Walter, D.Sc., M.P., F.L.8., F.Z.S., 148, 
Piccadilly, W.; and Tring Park, Tring. 

1890 Rovuriepasr, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 

1887 Row.anp-Brown, Henry, M.A., Secretary, Oxhey-grove, Harrow 
Weald. 

1903 Rownanps, Osbert William, Lickey Grange, wr. Bromsgrove. 

1898 Russet, A., The Limes, Southend, Catford, 8.E. 

1892 RussEtt, S. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C. 

1899 Ryzxs, William E., B.A., 14, Arthur-street, Nottingham. 


1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York. 

1906 Sampson, Major F. Winns, Senior Officers’ Mess, Calabar, Southern 
Nigeria, and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 

1865 + SaunpERS, Edward, Vick-PRESIDENT, F.R.S., F.L.S.,S¢ Ann’s, Mount 
Hermon, Woking. 

1861 + Saunpmers, G.8., F.LS., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. 

1886 Saunpers, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. 

1901 ScHauvs, W., F.Z.S., Trentham House, Twickenham. 

1881 SconurcK, A. J., 8, Mayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon. 

1864 Semper, George, Klopstock-strasse 23, Altona, Hlbe, Germany. 

1862 SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8., Lawnside, 
Brockenhurst, Hants. ; and University Museum of Zoology and 
Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge. 

1902 SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, S.E. 

1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Overdale, Laxey, Isle of Man. 

1905 SuHeExpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon. 

1901 SuHeLrorp, Robert, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., University Musewm 
(Hope Department), Oxford. 

1883 + SHELLEY, Capt.George Ernest, F.G.S.,F.Z.8.,39, Hyerton-gardens S.W, 

1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey. 

1887 Sicu, Alfred, Corney House, Chiswick, W. 

1904 Simmonps, Hubert W., Sussem View, Cumberland Gardens, Tun- 
bridge Wells, Kent. 


1901 


1902 
1904 
1902 
1906 
1901 
1901 
1895 
1898 


1906 
1885 
1889 
1898 


1890 
1897 


1898 
1889 
1896 
1900 
1895 
19038 
1882 
1884 


1894 
1876 


1893 
1892 


1903 
1901 
1892 


1897 


( pxca!,®) 


SKERTCHLY, Ethelbert Forbes, c/o ‘ Penang Gazette, Penang, Straits 
Settlements. 

SLADEN, Frederick William Lambart, The Firs, Ripple, Dover. 

SurpreR, Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich. 

SiLopeR, Gerard Orby, Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts. 

SMALLMAN, Raleigh 8., Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, S.W. 

Sairn, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln. 

Situ, W. G., Mount Side, Bushey Park, Bristol. 

Smita, W. W., Ashburton, Canterbury, New Zealand. 

Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 104, Liverpool-road, 
Birkdale, Lancashire. 

SourHcomBE, Herbert W., J.P., 16, Stanford Avenue, Brighton. 

SoutH, Richard, 96, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting, S.W. 

STANDEN, Richard §., F.L.S., Townlands, Lindfield, Sussex. 

Srargs, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Common, 

cent. 

Srearns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-park, W. 

Sreppine, E. P., Indian Forest Service, c/o King, Hamilton and 
Co., Calcutta. 

SteBBING, Henry, 6, The Chase, Warley Mount, Brentwood, Essex. 

Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S8., West Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury. 

SrRIcKLAND, T. A. Gerald, Darlingworth House, Cirencester. 

Strupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, B.C. 

Stupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter. 

Swate, Harold, M.B., Arawa House, Rotorua, New Zealand. 

Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks. 

SwinHog, Colonel Charles, M.A.,'F.L.8., F.Z.S., 19, Cecil-court, 
Redcliffe-Gardens, 8.W. 

SwinuHog, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W. 

Swinton, A. H., c/o Mrs. Callander, Vineyard, Totnes. 


Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A. 

Taytor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Mutthew’s 
Rectory, Wellington, British Columbia, 

Taybor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds, 

THOMPSON, Matthew Lawson, 20, Hmerald-street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea. 

THOoRNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.LS., The Gables, Hacknall-road, 
Nottingham. 

Tomutn, J. R. le B., M.A., Stoneley, Alexandra-road, Reading. 


1859 + TRimEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., 26, Onslow-road, Richmond 


1906 
1906 


1895 
1897 


Hill, Surrey. 

TRYHANE, George E., St. Ann’s, Trinidad, British West Indies. 
TuLLocn, Captain James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire 
Light Infantry; c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, S.W. 
Tunatey, Henry, 13, Beemead-avenue, Streatham, S.W. 
TunstaL1, Wilmot, Caerleon, Greenlaw Drive, Paisley. 


1898 
1893 


1906 
1894 
1886 
1904 


1893 


(Pexxint +) 


Turner, A. J.. M.D., Widsham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia. 

TuRNER, Henry Jerome, 98, Drakefell-road, St. Catherine’s Park, 
Hatcham, 8.E. 

TURNER, Roland E,, 21, Emperor’s Gate, S.W. 

TURNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon. 

Tort, James W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, S8.E. 

TytecotE, Edward F. 8. M.A., Ravensdene, Warwick Park, 
Tunbridge Wells. 


Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.L.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 
British West Indies. 


1904 f VauaHAN, W., Cocogalla, Madulsima, Ceylon. 


1866 
1897 


1895 
1901 
1899 
1897 


1878 


VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. 
Vicr, William A., M.B., 19, Belvoir-street, Leicester. 


WacueER, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury. 

WavppDInaton, John, Park Holme, Harehill-avenue, Leeds. 

Waopks, Albert, 52, Frenchwood-street, Preston, Lancashire. 

Wainwneient, Colbran J., 45, Handsworth Wood-road, Handsworth, 
Birmingham. 

Waker, James J.. M.A, R.N., F.LS., Secretary, Aorangi, 
Lonsdale-road, Summertoun, Oxford. 


1863 f WauLacz, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., 


Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset. 


1866 | WatsincHAM, The Right Honble. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS., 


1906 


1886 


1869 


1901 


1900 
1904 


1893 


F.Z.8., High Steward of the University of Cambridge, Merton 
Hall, Thetford ; and 66a, Eaton-square, 8.W. 

Watton, Captain H. J., M.B., F.R.C.S., Indian Medical Service ; 
c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., Bombay. 

WaRREN, Wun, M.A., 33, Western-road, Tring, Herts. 

WATERHOUSE, Charles O., ViIcE-PRESIDENT, Ingleside, Avenue- 
gardens, Acton, W.; and British Museum (Natural History), 
Cromwell-road, S.W. 

WaTERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Se., F.C.8., Royal Mint, Sydney, New 
South Wales, Australia. 

Warkins, C. J., “ Belle Vue,’ Watledge, Nailsworth, Gloucestershire. 

Watson, Rev. W. Beresford, St. Martin's Vicarage, St. Philip 
Barbados, W. Indies. 

Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E. 


1876 | WestERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W. 


1886 
1906 


1884 
1906 


WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School, Norwich. 

WHEELER, The Rey. George, M.A., Les Towrelles, Territet, Switzer- 
land. 

Wuire, William, 75, Thurlow Park-road, West Dulwich, S.E. 

Wickar, Oswin 8., Crescent Cottage, Cambridge Place, Colombo, 
Ceylon. 


1903 
1896 
1904 


1894 
1900 
1881 
1905 
1901 
1899 


1891 


1888 


1892 
1904 


(Vex 7) 


Wiaarns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda. 

Wiieman, A. E., c/o H.B.M.’s Consul, Anping, Formosa. 

WINTERSCALE, J. C., F.Z.S., Karangari, Kedah, c/o Messrs. Patterson, 
Simons and Co., Penang, Straits Settlement. 

Wo.tey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada. 

Woop, H., 9, Church-road, Ashford, Kent. 

Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth 
Common, 8. W. 

WoopprinGE, Francis Charles, Northcroft, Cornwall-road, Uxbridye. 

Wooprorpg, F. C., Market Drayton. 

Wooutey, H. S., 7, Park-row, Greenwich, S.E.; and P. O. Box 
1047, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.A. 

Wrovucuton, R. C., Inspector General of Forests, Indian Forest 
Service, c/o Army and Navy Co-operative Society, Ltd., 105, 
Victoria-street, S.W. 


Yersury, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., Army and Navy 
Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 

Youpak, William Henry, F.R.M.S., Daltonleigh, Cockermouth. 

Youne, L. C. H., c/o C. H. Forbes & Co., Bombay. 


( xxv ) 


ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 


DurRinG THE YEAR 1906.7 


Ap eErz (Gottfrid). Lefnadsforhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna 

Pompilidz och Sphegide. 

[Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Band 37, 
No. 5, 1903.] 

Lefnadsférhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna Pompilidz och 
Sphegide. II, 

[Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Band 42, 
No. 1, 1906.] By Exchange. 


*ALTMANN (L.). Kurzer Abriss der Entomologie mit besonderer Riicksicht 
aus Deutschlands Kafer nach den neueren Benennungen 
geordnet. Leipsiz, 1837. 


ANNANDALE (N.). The Fauna of a Desert Tract in Southern India. 
1. Batrachians and Reptiles. 
II. Insects and Arachnida. 
[Memoirs of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Vol. I, No. 10, pp. 183, 222.] 


ANTIGA Y SUNYER (D. Pere) y Boritt y Prcnor (D. J. M.). Cataléch de 
Insectes de Catalunya, Hyménopters. Barcelona, 1904. 
The Authors. 


ASHMEAD (Wm. H.). Descriptions of new Hymenoptera from Japan. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX. ] U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Auvrivitutus (Chr.). Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Egypt 
and the White Nile, 1901. Lepidoptera. 
O. Standinger und H., Rebel, Catalog der Lepidopteren des 
Palearktischen Faunengebietes (Review). 
[Ent. Tidskr. 1901.] 
Zwei Neue Afrikanische Heteroceren. 
(Ent. Tidskr. 1903. ] The Author. 


AusTEN (E. E.). [See Batrour (Andrew). | 


Baker (Carl F.). A Revision of American Siphonaptera, or Fleas, together 
with a complete list and bibliography of the Group. 
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904.] 
U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Ba.rour (Andrew). Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories 
at the Gordon Memorial College, Khartoum, 1906. 
[Including papers by E. E. Austen and F, V. Theobald. ] 
A. Balfour. 
Banks (Nathan). A Revision of the Tyroglyphide of the United States. 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 13.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 
t Including certain works not previously catalogued, those marked with an 
asterisk being from the Stainton Library. 


(. xxvii ®) 


Barser (H.G.). Hemiptera from South-Western Texas. 
[Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sciences, Science Bull., Vol. I, No. 9, 1906. ] 
The Author. 
Beiu (R. G.). [See Kexroce (V. L.).] 


BENe@Tsson (Simon). Ueber Pimple capuliferx, Kriechb. 
[Zeitschr. fir Hymen. und Dipt., Heft 6, 1902. | The Author. 


BeErG (Carlos). Coledépteros de la Tierra del Fuego, coleccionadas por el Sr. 
Carlos Backhauser. 
Substitucién de Nombres Genéricos. 
[Comunic. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, I, No. 3, 1899.] 


Bercer (E, W.). Habits and Distribution of the Pseudoscorpionide, 
principally Chelanops oblongus, Say. 
[Ohio State University Bull., Ser. 9, No. 31, Columbia, 1905.] 
The Author. 


BrericutT iiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der En- 
tomologie wahrend des Jahres, 1901. Zweite Halfte. Zweite 
Lieferung, 1906. By Drs. R. Lucas, B. Wandolleck and T. 
Kuhlgatz. Purchased. 


Boritu y Picuot (D. J. M.). [See Antica y Sunyer (D. Pere). ] 


Briaes (C. A.). Recent Neuroptera of Devonshire. 
| Trans. Devonshire Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, etc,, 1906. ] 
The Author. 


Bruner (L.). Synoptic List of Paraguayan Acrididz, with descriptions of 
new forms. 
[Proc. N. Y. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 613-694, with plates 36-38,] 
The Author. 
[See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. | 


Burcess (A. F.), [See Howarp (L. O.).] 


Burr (Malcolm). Auguste de Bormans, Obituary Notice (with Photograph). 
[Ent. Rec. Vol. XIII, No. 3, 1901.] 
Earwigs of the Indian Museum, with descriptions of new species, 
[Journal and Proc. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal (New Ser.), Vol. I, No. 2, 

1905.] 
Una especie nueva de Opisthocosmia (Dermapteros). 
[Boletin de la Real Soc. de Historia Natural de Espana, Dic. 1905.] 
The Author. 


Busck (August). A review of the American Moths of the Genus Cos- 
mopteryx, Hibner, 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 707-713. ] 
Tineid Moths from Southern Texas, with description of new species. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp. 721-736. ] 
. U.S. Nat. Musewn. 


Catvert (Philip P.), Fauna of New England: List of the Odonata. 
[Occas. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, 1905. ] 
The Author. 


[See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. | 


CanpkzE (E.). Elatérides Nouveaux, 4éme fascicule. 
{Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XX XIII, 1889. ] 


CARPENTER (G. H.). Lepidoptera from Murray Island (in Prof. A. C, 
Haddon’s Reports on the Zoological collections made in Torres 
Straits). 
[Scient. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. VII, n. s., 1891.] 
A collection of Lepidoptera from Lokoja, West Africa. 
[Scient. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. VIII, n. s., 1895.] 


( xxyny ) 


CarpPENTER (G. H.).—(continued). 
Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in Ireland during the 
year 1903. : 
[Econ. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. I, 1904.] The Society. 


Cary (Merritt). On the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Athabaska and Mackenzie 
Regions, British America. 


[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXI.] U.S. Nat. Mus. 
CATERPILLARS on Fruit-trees. 
[Agric. Dept., No. 49, 1888. ] WF. H. Blandford. 


Cauprtt (Andrew Nelson). The Locustide and Gryllide (Katydids and 
Crickets) collected by W. T. Foster in Paraguay. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXX, pp, 235-244. ] 
U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Cuamrion (G. C.). [See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. | 
Cuarman (B. L.). [See Ketroae (V. L.).] 


Cuaster (G. W.) and Tomi (J. R. le Brockton). Coleoptera from 
Ballycastle, Co. Antrim. 
[Irish Nat., Vol. XI, No. 3, 1902.] The Authors. 


CHITTENDEN (F. H.). Harvest Mites or “ Chiggers.” 
U.S. Dept. of Agric., Circular No, 77, 1906. ] 
The Melon Aphis (Aphis gossypit, Glover). 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agric., Circular No. 80, 1906. ] 
U.S. Dept. of Agric. 
CravarEAu (H.). [See Jacopy (M.). Coleoptera Phytophaga. | 


CockErELL (T. D. A.). Two Plant Bugs. 
[New Mexico Entomologist, No. 2, May 25, 1894. ] 
Contributions to the Natural History of the Rocky Mountains 


(Arachnida, Coleoptera, Coccide and Hymenoptera). 
[Uniy. Colorado Studies, Vol. III, 1905. ] 


Some Coccidz from the Philippine Islands. 
[Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., X, 1905. ] 


A new Scale Insect (Fam. Coccide) on the Rose. 
[Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XXIX, 1905.] 


The Bees of Florissant, Colorado. 
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, 1906, ] 


Fossil Saw-flies from Florissant, Colorado. 
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, 1906. ] 


A Fossil Cicada from Florissant, Colorado. 
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, 1906.] 


New American Bees. 


[ Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XVIII, 1905.] The Author. 
(T. D. A.) and Gitn (Marie). Tricorythus, a genus of May-flies. 
[ Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. III, 1906.] The Authors. 
(W. P.). Some Aphids associated with Ants. 

[Psyche, X, 1903.] The Author. 


Cores (E. C.). The Experimental Introduction of Insecticides into India, 
with a short account of modern insecticides and methods of 
applying them. 

[Notes on Economic Entomology, No. 2, 1888.] 
The India Office. 


*CRISTOFORI (Joseph de) et JAN (George). Conspectus Methodicus Insect- 
orum. Milan, 1832. 


(" xxvii ~) 


Dewar (W. R.). Some Plant Lice. 
[Orange River Colony, Agric. Dept. Farmer’s Bull., No. 8.] 
The Author. 


Distant (W.L.). Insecta Transvaaliensia. Part VII. Purchased, 


Dixon (H. H.). Preliminary Note on the Walking of some of the 
Arthropoda. 
[Scient. Proc. Royal Dublin Soce,, n. s., Vol. VII, 1892.] 
The Soctety. 


DonisTHORPE (Horace St. J. K.). Coleoptera of the Isle of Wight. 
(Trans. Leicester Lit. and Phil. Soc., Vol. X, Part 1.] 


Myrmecophilous Coleoptera of Great Britain. 
[ Proc. Lancs. and Chesh. Ent. Soc., Dec. 1905.] 


Dinarda pygmea, Wasmann (Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., 1894, p. 277), a 
species of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera new to Britain. 
[Ent. Record, XVIII, 1906. ] The Author. 


Druce (Hamilton H.). Descriptions of Lyczenide and Hesperiide collected 
by Mr. Harold Cookson in Northern Rhodesia in 1903-1904, 
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, Part II.] The Author. 


(Herbert). Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidoptera, 


chiefly from 8. America. 
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XI, 1903. ] 


Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidoptera from Tropical 
America and one from N,. Australia. 
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XII, 1903.] 


Descriptions of some New Species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from 
Tropical South Africa. 
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XIII, 1904, ] 


Descriptions of some New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected 
by Mr. Harold Cookson in Northern Rhodesia in 1903 and 1904. 
[Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1905, Part IT.] 


Descriptions of the Two New Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera 
belonging to the sub-family Nymphalinz. 
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XVI, 1905.] 


Descriptions of some New Species of Heterocera from Peru. 
[Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, Vol. XVII, 1906. 
The Author. 


Ducks (A.). Relacao das Publicacdes Scientificas feitas pelo Museu Goeldi 
de Historia Natural e Ethnographia Parad (Brazil) durante o 
periodo de 1894-1904. Entomology by Adolf Ducke. 

The Museum. 


Sobre as Vespidas sociaes do Pard (and 1° supplemento). 


{ Bol. Ins. Goeldi (Paraense), Vol. IV, 1904, 1906. | 
F. D. Godman. 


Dyar (Harrison G.), Descriptions of some New Moths from Arizona. 
[Brooklyn Inst. of Arts and Sciences, Science Bull., Vol. I, No. 7.] 
The Author. 


Fett (Dr. E. Porter). Diversities among New York Mosquitoes. 
[Proc. of Second Anti-Mosquito Convention, N. York, 1906. ] 
The Author, 


Frrnatp (Henry T.). The Digger-Wasps of North America and the West 
Indies belonging to the Sub-family Chlorioninz. 
[Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., Vol, XXXI.] U, S. Nat, Afus, 


(, xxx) ) 


Foret (A.). Ueber Polymorphismus und Variation bei den Ameisen. 
[Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. VII, 1904. | 


Fourmis d’Asie Mineure et de la Dobrudscha récoltées par Dr. O. 
Voght et Mme. C. Vogt. 
[Ann, Soc. Entom. de Belgique, L, 1906. | 


Les Fourmis de Himalaya. 
[Bull. Soe. Vand. Sci. Nat., XLIL, No. 155. ] The Author. 


Fow.er (W. W.) and Marrnews (A.). Catalogue of British Coleoptera, 1883. 
W. W. Fowler. 


Gaunan (C. J.). Fauna of British India: Coleoptera, Vol. I (Cerambycide). 
London, 1906, The India Office. 


Gxstro (R.). Descrizioni di nuove Specie di Coleotteri raccolte nella regione 
Austro-Malese dal Signor L. M. D’Albertis. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XIV, 1879. ] 


Nota sopra aleuni Coleotteri dell’ Arcipelago Malese e specialmente 
delle isole della Sonda. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XV, 1872. ] 


Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. Primo 
Studio delle Cicindele. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XX VII, 1889. ] 


Materiali per lo Studio delle Hispidze. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXX, 1890. ] 


Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine. Sul genere 
Arctolamia. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXX, 1890.] 


Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmaniae regioni vicine. Enumerazione 
delle Cetonie. 
(Ann. Mus. Genova, XXX, 1891.] 


Appunti sul genere Omophron. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXX, 1892.] 


Di Alcuni Coleotteri raccolti nel paese dei Somali dall’ Ing. L. 
Bricchetti Robecchi. 
{[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXII, 1892.] 


Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. Cenno sui 
Paussidi. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXII, 1892.] 


Viaggio di Leonardo Feain Birmania e regioni vicine. Enumerazione 
delle Cincindele. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, X XXIII, 1893. } 


Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia Orientale. Nuove Specie 
di Coleotteri. 

{[Ann. Mus. Genova, X XXIII, 1893.] 

Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia Orientale. Nuove con- 


tribuzioni allo studio delle Hispidz Papuan. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIV, 1895.] 


Intorno ad alcune Hispide delle isole Batt. 
{Ann. Mus. Genova, XX XVIII, 1897.] 


Description d’une espéce nouvelle de Lebioderus de Sumatra. 
{Notes Leyden Mus., XXIII, 1901.] 

Le Hispidze dell’ isoia Nias. 

[Ann. Mus. Genova, XX XIX, 1898.] 


Res Ligusticzee. Due nuovi Anoftalmi. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XX XIX, 1898. ] 


(xx. y) 


Gersrro (R.)—(continued). 
Sopra alcune forme di Acanthocerini. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XX XIX, 1898.] 
Osservazicni intorno.al genere Bolbotritus, Bates. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XXXIX, 1899. ] 


Un cenno sul genere Stiptopodzis, Harold. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XX XIX, 1899. ] 


Le Specie del Sottogenere Micrispa. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1899.] 


Materiali per lo studio delle Hispide. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1899.] 


Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine. Enumera- 
zione delle Hispidee. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1899.] 


Alcune osservazioni intorno al genere Chalcosoma. 


[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1900.] 


Nuove forme del gruppo delle Platypria. 
{Ann Mus. Genova, XL, 1899. ] 


Gli Anoftalmi trovati finora nel Veneto. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1900.] 


Materiali per lo studio delle Hispidz. 
[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1900. ] 


A proposito di un recente articolo intorno alla fauna entomologica 
dell’ Eritrea. 

[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1901.] 

Catalogo sistemataco dei Paussidi. 

[Ann. Mus. Genova, XL, 1901. ] 

Contribution a Vétude de la Faune de Sumatra. Relevé des 
Hispides. 

[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XLIII, 1899. ] M. Burr. 


Giut (Marie). [See CockErEtt (T. D. A.).] 


GopMAN (F. Ducane). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Parts CXC—CXCIV. 
Insecta, by L. Bruner, P. P. Calvert, G. C. Champion, and K. 
Jordan. The Editor. 


GossE (P. H.). The Prehensores of Male Butterflies of the Genera Orni- 
thoptera and Papilio. 
[Proc. Royal Soc., No. 216, 1881.] 


GREEN (Ernest E.). Formalin as a reagent in the Preparation of some soft- 
bodied Coccide. 
[Entom. Monthly Mag., 2nd. ser., Vol. XVII.] The Author, 


GREENE (Edward L.). The Genus Ptelea in the Western and South- 
Western United States and Mexico. 
[Contributions from the U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. X, Part II, 1906.] 
U. S. Nat. Mus. 


Grote (A. R.). Contributions to a Knowledge of North American Moths. 
[ Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1873. ] 


A Study of North American Noctuide. 
[Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1873. ]} 


Descriptions of Noctuids, principally from California. 


On the North American Geometride in the Collection of the British 
Museum. 


Grote (A. R.)—(continued). 
Kleiner Beitrag zur Kenntniss einiger Nordamerikanischer 
Lepidoptera. 


Description of the genera Argyrophyes and Condylomia and of a 
species of Deuterollyta. 


Description of a Butterfly new to the Lower Lake Region. 
Description of three new genera of Noctuidz. 


On Wallengren’s ‘‘ Lepidoptera Scandinavize Heterocera disposita et 
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Hanprirscu (A.). Les Insectes Houillers de la Belgique. 
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The Musée Royal de Belgique. 


Harotp (E. v.). Coleopterologische Hefte. Heft, I and XIV—XVI (com- 
pleting the series). Purchased. 


Hinps (W. E.). Proliferation as a Factor in the Control of the Mexican 
Cotton Boll Weevil. 
(U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entom., Bull. 59.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Hine (James 8.). Tabanidee of the Western United States and Canada, 
[ Bull. Ohio State Univ., series 8, No. 35, 1904. ] 
The Author. 


Horxtins (A. D.). Notes on Some Mexican Scolytidz, with descriptions of 
some New Species. 
[Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VII, Nos. 2 and 3.] The Author. 


The Black Hills Beetle, with further notes on its distribution, life 
history, and methods of control. 
[U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Bull. No. 56, 1905.] 


The Locust-Borer. 
LU. 8. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Bull. No. 58, Part I.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


Howarp (L. O.). The Brown-Tail Moth and how to control it. 
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U.S. Dept. Agric. 


— and Burcess (A. F.). The Laws in force against Injurious Insects 
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Jacosy (M.). Description of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera of the 
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[Proc. Zoological Soc. of London, 1905, Vol. II.] 
The Author. 


and CravarEau (H.). Coleoptera Phytophaga, Donacide, Crio- 
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JAN (George). [See Crisrorori (Joseph de). | 


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Seed )) 


Kayr (W. J.). New Species of Guiana and Jamaican Butterflies, 
[Entomologist, March 1906. } 


Transparency in wings of Lepidoptera (with plates). 
[Reprinted from Entomologists’ Record, Vol. XVII, No. 45.] 
The Author. 


Ketioee (V.L.). An Extraordinary New Maritime Fly. 
[ Biol. Bulletin, Boston, Vol. I, 1900. | 


Phagocytosis in the Postembryonic development of the Diptera. 
[Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XX XV, 1901. ] 


Two New Genera of Mallophaga. 
({Biol. Bulletin, Vol. V, No. 2, 1903.] The Author. 


and Brit (R. G.). Variations induced in Jarval, Pupal, and 
Imaginal States of Bombyx mori by Controlled, Varying Food 


Supply. 
[Science, Dec. 11th, 1903. ] The Authors. 
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Islands. 


[Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 1902.] 


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Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos Expedition. Mallo- 
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Kerremans (C.). Monographie des Buprestides, Vol. I, fase. xiii-xviii, and 
Vol. II, fase. i-viii. Bruxelles, 1905, 1906. Purchased. 


Kersuaw (J. C.). Butterflies of Hong Kong and South-East China, Parts 
i topaike Purchased. 


Kirpy (W. F.). On the Employment of Names proposed for Genera of 
Orthoptera previously to 1840. 
[Scient. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., n. s., Vol. VI, 1890. ] 
The Society. 


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Kraarz (G.). Ueber die Verwandten der Bockkafer-Arten Pachyta inter- 
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Ueber die Bockkafer Ost-Sibiriens. 


[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., XXIII, Heft. 1-2, 1879. ] 
The Author. 


Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der systematischen Entomologie (a record 
of his jubilee celebration, published by the Deutschen Entomo- 
logischen Gesellschaft, 1906). By Exchange. 


( xxx) 


Kisrer (H. C.). Die Kafer Europas. Heft, XXV—XLIII, by J. Schilsky. 
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Kuwana (S. J.). [See Kuttoe (V. L.).] 


LaMEERE (Aug.). LL’ Fivolution des Ornaments Sexuels. Discours prononcé 
a la séance publique de la Classe des Sciences de ]’Académie 
royale de Belgique, le 16 décembre, 1904. The Author. 


Lercu (John Henry). Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea. London, 
1892-94. 3vols. 4to. Purchased. 


Lerroy (H. Maxwell). The Bombay Locust. 
[Memoirs of the Dept. of Agriculture in India, Vol. I, No. 1, 1906. ] 
The India Office. 
Indian Insect Pests. Calcutta, 1906. 


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Leipy (Joseph). Researches in Helminthology and Parasitology 
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The Smithsonian Institution. 


Luspock (Sir John). On Two Aquatic Hymenoptera, one of which uses its 
Wings in Swimming. 


[ Trans. Linn. Soc., Vol. °XXIv, 1863. | 


Lustz (Adolpho). Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Brasilianischen Tabaniden. 
[Revista da Sociedade Scient. de Sao Paulo, No. 1, Junho, 1905. | 


MacGitiivray (Alex. D.). A Study of the Wings of the Tenthredinoidea, 
a super-family of Hymenoptera. 
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, pp. 569-654, with Plates 21-44, 
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MALuQuER (Salvador). Guia per la cassera, preparacié y conservacid dels 
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Manpers (N.). Notes on the Anopheles in Ceylon, and on the Life History 
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Marcuat (Paul). Sur deux espéces de Cochenilles nouvelles (Hém. Hom.) 
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[Bull. Soc. Ent, Fr., 1906. ] 


Recherches sur la biologie et le développement des Hyménoptéres 
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Martarr (C. L.). The San José or Chinese Scale. 
LU. S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Bull. No. 62.] 
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Marruews (A.). [See Fowier (W. W.).]: 


Meyrick (E.). Descriptions of New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 
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A Monograph of the New Zealand Geometrina. 
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Supplement to a Monograph of the New Zealand Geometrina. 


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Supplement to a Monograph of New Zealand Noctuina. 
Notes on New Zealand Geometrina. 

Notes on New Zealand Pyvralidina. 

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(Trans. New Zealand Institute, Vol. X XI, 1888.] 


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OEsTLUND (O. W.). On the Reproduction of lost or mutilated limbs of 
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The Author. 


OsBorN (Herbert). Aradidee of Ohio. 
A subterranean root-infesting Fulgorid (I/yndus radicis, u. sp.). 
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OscHANIN (B.). Verzeichnis der Palaearktischen Hemipteren. Homoptera. 
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EF. D, Godman. 


OsTEN SAcKEN (C. R.). An Introduction to the Record of my Life Work in 
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Puruuies (E, F.). The Brood diseases of Bees. 
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U.S. Dept. Agric. 


PrarEau (F.). Les Fleurs artificielles et les Insectes. Nouvelles expériences 
et observations. 
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*Possetr (D. Carl Friedrich). Beytrege zur Anatomie der Insekten. 
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Studies in American Mantids or Soothsayers. 
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Descriptions of Three New Species of Katydids and a New Genus 
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[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXX, pp. 597-605. ] 


Notes on South American Grasshoppers of the sub-family Acridine 
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U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Reuter (Hnzio). Beitrage zu einer statistischen Untersuchung iiber die 
Ursachen der Weissihrigkeit an den Wiesengrésern in Finn- 
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Fiir die finlandische Fauna Schmetterlinge. 
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Bidrag till en statistisk utredning angaende orsakerna till “ Hvitax ” 
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[Ent. Tidskr. xxiv, 1903. | 


RotuscuiLp (Hon. Walter) and Jorpan (Karl). A Revision of the American 
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[Eutomologist, Oct. and Nov. 1906.] The Author. 


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U.S. Dept. Agric. 


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U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Entom., Bulletin 57. ] 
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The Author. 


( (xxxvi) 


Scu#FFER (Chas.). Some additional New Genera and Species of Coleoptera 
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List of Bombycine Moths belonging to the families Lithosidee, 
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[Brooklyn Inst. of Arts and Sciences, Science Bull., Vol. I, No. 7.] 


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U, 8. Nat. Mus. 


ScuppER (Samuel H.). Adephagous and Clavicorn Coleoptera from the 
Tertiary Deposits at Florissant, Colorado. Also contains a 
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Suarp (W. E.). The Occasional Phenomenal Abundance of certain forms of 
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Some speculations on the derivation of our British Coleoptera, 
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Sopp (E. J. B.). The Birth and Infancy of Dytiscus punctulatus, Fab. 
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The Author. 


Sours (R.). The Butterflies of the British Isles. London, 1906. 
Purchased. 


(iiecxoxcvall 7) 


THEOBALD (F. V.). A New Culicid genus from Uganda, 
[Journ. Tropical Medicine, Jan. 15th, 1904. ] 


New Culicid from the Federated Malay States (two papers). 
[Entom., January and February, 1904. | 


Flies and Ticks as Agents in the Distribution of Disease. 
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Turati (Emilo). Alcune nuove Forme di Lepidotteri. 
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Unter (Philip R.). List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Las Vegas hot 
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[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VII, 1904.] U.S. Nat. Mus. 


Waker (James J.). Antipodean Field Notes. III. A Sketch of the 
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[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXX, pp. 399-577. ] 
U. S. Nat. Mus. 


Wess (J. L.). The Western Pine-Destroying Bark Beetle. 
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1906. | U. S. Dept. Agric. 


Wesster (F. M.). The Slender Seed-corn Ground-Beetle (Clivina impresst- 
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[U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, Circular No. 78, 1906.] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


WEED (Clarence M.). Insect Record for 1900. 
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The Author. 


Wuite (G. F.). The Bacteria of the Apiary, with special reference to Bee 
diseases. 
[U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, Techn. ser., No. 14, 1906. ] 
U.S. Dept. Agric. 


WincateE (W. J.). A Preliminary List of Durham Diptera, with Analytical 


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[Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., Durham, and Newcastle-on- 
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Yersury (J. W.). A List of Diptera met with in Cork and Kerry during 
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[Irish Nat., Vol. XI, No. 3, 1902.] The Author. 


( xxxvii |) 


Periodicals and Publications of Societies. 


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BLOEMFONTEIN. First Annual Report of the Government Entomologist. 
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PIETERMARITZBURG. First Report of the Natal Government Museum for the 
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Gr xxix 7) 


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The Journal of the Imperial Agricultural Department for the West 
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Agricultural News. Vol. IV, 1905. 


Jamaica. Institute of Jamaica. Journal. Vol. II, Nos. 2 and 5, 1894 and 


1897. 
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No. 1, 1905-6. The Society. 


CaxtcuTta. Indian Museum Notes. Vols. II, III, IV, and V. 
The India Office. 
The Agricultural Ledger, Entomological Series, Nos. 1-8 and 11. 
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Pusa. Agricultural Journal of India, 1906. Vol. I, Part 1. 
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Toxro. Bulletin of the Imperial Central Agricultural Experiment Station, 
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Monatliche Mittheilungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Naturwis- 
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Jahresbericht fiir 1905. 


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Entomologische Berichten. Vol. I, 1901-5. By Exchange. 
ITALY. 
FLorENCcE. Societa Entomologica Italiana. Vol. XX XVII, Parts 1-4. 
By Exchange. 


Portict and FLtorENCE. Redia, Giornale de Entomologia. Vol. III, Fasc. 2. 
Purchased. 


RUSSIA. 
JAROSLAWL. Mémoires de la Société des Naturalistes de Jaroslawl. Livy. I. 
902. The Society. 
Moscow. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Bulletin. 1905, 
Nos. 1-3 (1906). By Exchange. 


Sr. PerErRspuRG. Sociétas Entomologice Rossice. Hore. Tome XXXVII, 
By Exchange. 


Annuaire du Musée Zoologique. Tomes IX and X, 1904, 1905. 
FF. D. Godman. 


Revue Russe d’Entomologie. Vol. III, No. 1, 1903. 


SWEDEN. 
Stockuotm. Arkiv for Zoologi. 1906. By Exchange. 


SWITZERLAND. 


GENEVA. Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle. Mémoires. Vol. 
XXXVI, Fasc. 1 and 2, 1905, 1906. By Exchange. 


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( xliii ) 


ERRATA. 


TRANSACTIONS. 


Page 106, line 12 from bottom, for Forstrom read Forsstrom. 
Page 125, line 6 from bottom, for cwulescens read ceruleus. 
Page 134, line 13 from top, for these read three. 

Page 137, last line, for five read fine. 

Page 141, line 19 from bottom, for July 15th ead June 17th. 
Page 141, line 12 from bottom, delete July 25th. 

Page 362, line 10 from bottom, for Rynchota read Rhynchota. 
a ia = ae \ for Aurikulus read Auritulus. 
Page 453, line 9 from top, for Quezaetenango read Quezaltenango. 
Page 467, line 3 from bottom, for assymetrical read asymmetrical. 
Page 468, line 14 from top, for riiht read riihli. 

Page 477, line 3 from top 
Page 477, line 10 from bottom 
Page 478, line 20 from top 
Page 478, line 7 from bottom 


Page 533, line 2 from top, and throughout the paper, for Dracenta read 
Draconia. 


for andreniformis read andreneformis. 


PROCEEDINGS. 


Page Ixxviii, line 5 from top, for Monyonchus read Mononychus. 
Page Ixxviii, line 17 from top, for Dracenta read Draconia. 
Page xc, line 2 from top, for andreniformis read andrenxformis. 


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THE 


PROCEEDINGS 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


LONDON 


For THE YEAR 1906. 


Wednesday, February 7th, 1906. 


Mr. F. Merririevp, President, in the Chair. 


Nomination of Vice-Presidents. 
The PresipDENT announced that he had nominated Mr. 
Herpert Goss, F.L.S., Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., F.LS., 


and Mr, Cyartes Owen WaArteRHOUSE, as Vice-Presidents for 
the Session 1906-1907. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. H. J. Carter, B.A., of “ Ascham,” Darling Point, 
Sydney, New South Wales, and the Rev. Wini1am Henry 
Heats, of Wolstanton Vicarage, Stoke-on-Trent, were elected 
Fellows of the Society. 

Obituary. 

The decease of the Rev. Joseph Greens, M.A., was 
announced, 

Exhibitions. 

Mr. W. KE. Sarr exhibited a specimen of Lathrobium 
levipenne, Heer, a beetle new to the British list, taken by 
him in a sandpit near Oxted, Surrey, in August, 1905, and 
for comparison therewith the nearest members of the group 
to which it belongs, LZ. boreale, Hoch,, L. fulvipenne, Grav., 
and ZL. angustatum, Lac. 

PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., 1. 1906. A 


( i) 

Dr. F. A. Dixy exhibited specimens of South African 
butterflies captured by himself and Dr. Longstaff, and re- 
marked upon them as follows :— 

“It may be remembered that at a recent meeting of the 
Society (Proc. Hint. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. liv—lix), I gave some 
account of the scents observed by us in South African Pierines, 
calling attention to the fact that they were practically without 
exception of an agreeable character and confined to the male 
sex. On the present occasion I wish to speak of the perfumes 
detected by us in butterflies belonging to other groups ; some 
of these odours having a similar character to those of the 
Pierines, while others belong to a different category. 

“ Mycalesis safitza, Hew. g. On separating the fore- and 
hind-wings, so as to expose the well-known ‘tufts,’ I at once 
perceived a strong odour of chocolate, perhaps combined with 
a trace of vanilla. This I noted at the time as ‘one of the 
strongest butterfly scents known to me.’ I found no odour in 
the female. Dr. Longstaff also detected a ‘chocolate scent, 
not strong,’ in the tufts of the male. 

“Pwo males of Mycalesis perspicua, Trim., examined by Dr. 
Longstaff, emitted a ‘very strong treacly odour—quite distinet 
from the scent of M. safitza.’ To my perception the scent was 
rather of the chrysippus order, with a suggestion of burnt 
sugar or treacle. We had no opportunity of testing the 
female. 

“Two male specimens of Yphthima itonia, Hew., and three 
of Pseudonympha cassius were tested by me with a negative 
result. 

“The males of byblia goetzius, Herbst, yielded a very 
distinet and agreeable odour of sweet chocolate, mingled, as in 
Mycalesis safitza, with a suggestion of vanilla. Dr. Longstaff 
reports a chocolate scent in the only specimen examined by 
him—a female. 

‘*T found a similar chocolate scent in a specimen of Gegenes 
oculaia, Trim. ¢. Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallgrn. 9, was 
odourless, as also was 2 specimen (not yet determined) of 
Pterygospidea flesus, Fabr. 

“ Planema aganice, Hew., has been stated by Mr. Marshall 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 413) to have no smell. The 


Git, ~) 
green juice exuded from a male specimen appeared to me to 
have an odour like that of a crushed cabbage leaf, which was 
by no means unpleasant. 

“ Both sexes of Acrea alboradiata, Auriv., have a distinct 
odour which is described. by Dr. Longstaff as ‘musty’ and 
‘like old hay.’ The female was independently noted by me as 
smelling like musty straw. 

“The scent of Acrxa anemosa, Hew., seems to vary greatly 
in strength in different individuals. One of the males tested 
by me had no apparent odour. Another male and a female 
both smelt strongly of damp, fusty straw. Dr. Longstaff’s 
specimens, all males, gave a ‘ musty’ odour of varying intensity, 
Mr. Marshall (doc. cit.) states that A. anemosa ‘emits a very 
strong smell when pinched, being the only Acree in which I 
have noticed this, though possibly acaraw does the same.’ 

* No odour was perceptible in the wings or crushed thorax 
of Acrexa cahira, Hopft. $. Mr. Marshall (¢ézd.) reports that 
he was unable to detect any trace of bitterness or acridity in 
this species, 

“ Dr. Longstaff found a slight snuffy scent in the male of 
Acrexa encedon, Linn., and an evanescent disagreeable odour, 
not very strong, inthe female when crushed. The yellow juice 
of this species is said by Mr. Marshall to be slightly bitter, 
but not very markedly so. 

“ Acrea doubledayi, Guér. 3, emits a yellow juice which 
on one occasion seemed to me to be scentless. In another 
male I detected a slight fusty odour. Dr. Longstaff reports 
an ‘old hay’ scent on crushing, in both male and female. 

“ Both sexes of Acrxa atolmis, Westw., were found by Dr. 
Longstaff to possess a faint odour, which, however, he does not 
describe. I did not examine the female, but a male specimen 
appeared to me to be scentless. 

“The smell of musty straw was very distinct in a female 
specimen of Acrexa caldarena, Hew. It was only slightly 
apparent in a male examined by Dr. Longstaff. 

“In Acrea atergatis, Westw., I found that the same musty 
odour was accompanied by a strong ammoniacal scent, like 
that of stable-litter. 

“‘ Both sexes of Amauris echeria, Boisd. (form albimaculata, 


(Cow 9) 


Butl.), yielded a similar smell of musty straw, accompanied in 
this case by an evanescent sharp or pungent scent like that of 
vinegar. <A considerable amount of yellow juice, which seemed 
to be tasteless, was exuded by one male specimen. The 
characteristic smell adhered to the fingers after crushing a 
female specimen, though in this instance no fluid was seen. 
In regard to A. echeria, Mr. Marshall remarks that in the few 
specimens that he tried, no juice was emitted ; but they had a 
nauseous taste and a strong smell which reminded him some- 
what of that emitted by many Coccinellide. Dr. Longstaff 
observed the musty smell and the transient pungent odour in 
both sexes ; the latter he compares to acetylene. One female 
was noted by him as possessing ‘a disagreeable odour like 
some animal,’ 

“The scent in both sexes of Limnas chirysippus, Linn., in- 
variably appeared to me to be of a strong and disagreeable 
nature, like that of cockroaches, often stronger in the female. 
The odour of the male seemed to contain an additional con- 
stituent, which I am inclined to compare to the perfume of 
burnt almonds. I found no increase of the scent when the 
glands of the hind-wing were crushed with the forceps. Dr. 
Longstaff noted a disagreeable odour in both sexes—stronger 
in the female—which he likens to that of musk-rats or cock- 
roaches. The excised glands of the male yielded on pressure 
a yellow or brown juice, without perceptible taste or odour. 
(For his impressions of LZ. chrysippus in India see Trans. Ent. 
Soe. Lond., 1905, pp. 87, 89, 108, 137.) That great individual 
differences exist in the appreciation of these scents appears 
from Mr. Marshall’s statement that in his experience JL. 
chrysippus emits no smell. 

“A specimen of Charaxes varanes, Cram. ¢, on being 
squeezed, emitted an odourless yellow juice. Another was 
noted by Dr. Longstaff as havinga ‘treacly’ odour. A female 
was thought by him to havea smell likecowdung. To me the 
scent of the same specimen recalled that of L. chrysippus. 

“ Sulamis anacardii, Linn., has an animal-like scent which 
to Dr. Longstaff suggests the odour of rabbit-hutches. It 
appears to be stronger in the female. ‘This may be compared 
with Wood-Mason’s statement that the females of Papilio 


Gov) 


dasarada, Moore, ‘had the strong scent of caged porcupines 
with a touch of musk’ (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, Vol. 
LV, Part II, No. 4, p. 374). 

‘Three specimens of Weptis agatha, Cram., captured by me 
in Natal, emitted a strong and very disagreeable scent, much 
like that of Z. chrysippus, but more intense. Two specimens 
from the Zambesi, however, are reported by Dr. Longstaff 
as having a ‘slight sweet scent,’ and ‘? slight scent’ respect- 
ively. The Natal and Zambesi forms of this species certainly 
differ in aspect, and it may be that a corresponding difference 
exists in their scent-producing capacity. All five specimens 
seem to be males. 

“T found no smell in Veptis marpessa, Hopff. 3. 

‘‘A male specimen of /Zypolimnas misippus, Linn., had a 
smell like coffee ; not very strong. 

“The male of Hamanumida dedalus, Fabr., was found by 
me to smell like burnt sugar, or caramel toffee. A similar 
scent of burnt treacle, accompanied by a ‘fairly strong animal 
scent,’ was noted in another male specimen by Dr. Longstaff. 
In two others, when dead, he detected a ‘mousy’ odour. 

“‘T could find no scent in Lurytela hiarbas, Drury, d. Dr. 
Longstaff records of two specimens (sex undetermined) 
‘? snuffy scent.’ 

“ Precis clelia, Cram. 3, is said by Dr. Longstaff to have 
a treacly scent. 

‘The smell of fusty packing-straw, so common among the 
Acrexas, is also found in Papilio demodocus, Esp. It is some- 
times combined with asmell that suggests cabbage-water, or a 
kitchen sink, and was found by Dr. Longstaff to be stronger 
in the female than in the male. 

‘* Papilio cenea, Stoll, ¢, has a similar odour ; less ‘ musty,’ 
according to Dr. Longstaff, than that of P. demodocus. 

“ Papilio lyxus, Doubl. 6, is occasionally scentless. <A 
few specimens were found by Dr. Longstaff to have an 
olJour, more or less pronounced, which he describes as ‘ sweet, 
luscious, flowery.’ 

“A specimen of Papilio leonidas, Fabr. 3, had a scent 
which to my mind seemed like that of ZL. chrysippus. Other 
specimens, however, all males, were described by Dr. Longstaff 


(av) 


as having a ‘strong, sweet, “ white flower” scent, followed by 
something more spicy.’ 

‘“‘ Lastly, it may be mentioned that the Geometrid Cartaletis 
libyssa, Hopff., which no doubt belongs to the synaposematic 
group headed by ZL. chrysippus, exuded when pinched a 
yellowish juice like that of an Acraa. This juice was 
scentless. 

“Tt will be observed that in some of these cases, e.g. in 
Mycalesis safitza, the fragrance resembles that of the Pierines 
mentioned on a former occasion in being agreeable in character 
and confined to the male sex. The inference seems fair that 
odours of this kind are employed as a means of sexual attrac- 
tion and perhaps of recognition. Mr. Wood-Mason (Journ. 
Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1886, Vol. LV, Part II, No. 4, pp. 343- 
393) found many years ago that the males of several Indian 
butterflies belonging to the genera Danisepa, Mycalesis, Lethe 
and Thaumantis, exhaled a pleasant fragrance of vanilla, the 
corresponding females being scentless; one species of J/ycalesis 
indeed received from Wood-Mason and de Nicéville the name 
of suaveolens on this account. These instances clearly belong 
to the same category. 

‘The case is different with the odours of several Acraas 
and some Papilios, in which the scent has been found to be 
disagreeable or even disgusting. The possessors of such mal- 
odorous perfumes are generally such as we should on other 
grounds suppose to be distasteful ; and it is significant in this 
connection that these unpleasant scents are as a rule shared 
by both sexes, and indeed often show a marked tendency 
towards greater intensity in the female. This is of course 
precisely what we should expect on the hypothesis of their 
value as a means of protection. 

“In a former communication (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, 
p. lv), I mentioned the possibility that both kinds of scent 
may occur in the same species; I have some reason to think 
that this is the case with Z. chrysippus. The males of three 
common species of Mylothris, viz., M. agathina, M. ruppellir 
and J, trimenia, possess a well-marked and very agreeable 
odour of which the females show no trace (Proc. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 1905, p. lviii). There are, as is well known, strong 


(aan) )) 
grounds for believing this to be a distasteful genus, ahd it is 
noticeable that both sexes emit on pressure a yellow or greenish 
juice like that of an Acrea. I was never able to convince 
myself that any odour attached to this juice, or, except in one 
case (a female) to the crushed body. But it is quite possible 
that an observer with a more acute sense of smell than I 
possess might arrive at a different result. The disagreeable 
odours of the Huplaw group are well known, but Wood-Mason 
(loc. cit.) records that in Huplea (Danisepa) rhademanthus, 
Fabr., ‘the eversible caudal rosettes of the males are finely 
vanilla-scented.’ A still more conclusive instance, also noted 
by Wood-Mason, is as follows:—‘The gland covered by a 
patch of modified scales and by an erectile wisp of hairs on 
each hind-wing in the male (of Stichophthalma camadeva, 
Westw.) secretes a fluid that gives out a pleasant odour dis- 
tinct from, but so faint as to be barely perceptible in the 
presence of, a much stronger odour (resembling that of sable 
fresh from the furrier’s shop), which is common to the two 


sexes.’ 

“ A point of much interest in connection with these scents, 
their diverse characteristics and presumably diverse signifi- 
cance, is the probability thus suggested of a certain corre- 
spondence between human esthetic preferences and those of 
some at least of the lower animals.” 

The general character 
odours emitted by the various species shown, as also the 


agreeable or the reverse—of the 


property belonging to some of them of exuding a yellowish 
or greenish fluid on pressure, was indicated in the exhibit by 
means of coloured labels. 

The Rey, A. E. Eaton inquired whether the coloured juice 
was exuded from any particular pore, and suggested that when 
crushed it would be worth while to put the specimen into a 
solution of formaline, as he had noticed that in some species 
under this treatment certain pores of the antennze were 
extruded, and that the liquid came, not from the air tubes, 
but from some special processes. 

Mr. G. C. Cuampron mentioned that he had observed a 
fluid exuding from the thorax of many Anthrocerids, and Dr. 
G. B. Lonestarr said that he had found the expression of 


(Cievatn) 


fluid from the antenne so usual in collecting that he shifted 
his specimens in papers after a short time to prevent them 
adhering to the envelopes. 

A discussion followed on the organs and uses of scent for 
purposes of attraction and defence in insects generally, Mr. 
J. W. Turr drawing attention to the fact that there are two 
glandular scents in Lepidoptera: the one emanating from the 
androconia ; and the other from the body, and that in determin- 
ing the scent peculiar to the various species they must be 
distinguished. 

Professor Pou.ton, in congratulating Dr. Dixey and Dr. 
Longstaff upon the interesting results of their careful observa- 
tions in the field, referred to the fact that the scents observed 
in the males alone, and presumably epigamic in significance, 
were pleasing to the human sense, whereas those common to 
both sexes, and presumably aposematic, were unpleasing to 
man, x hypothesi, the first set appealed to the sense of the 
female insect, the second to that of insect-eating vertebrates. 
That the former should be agreeable to man appeared to be 
a far more astonishing result than that he should find the 
aposematic scents unpleasant. Professor PouLTon also 
mentioned having seen in a dissection of the larva of 
Cossus, prepared by Mr. O. H. Latter, a long tubular 
gland emitting the odour peculiar to that species. The 
Presipent, Dr. T. A. Cuapman, Mr. G. Brtuune-BakeEr, 
Mr. M. Burr, Mr. G. J. Arrow and other Fellows continued 
the discussion, at the close of which Dr. Dixry replied, 
reminding Mr. Turr that he had already dealt with ‘“ andro- 
conial” scents on two former occasions. It was of course 
true, as he had previously stated (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, 
p- lviii) that the sexual scent in many Pierines, Lycienids, 
Satyrids and Nymphalids was distributed, though not manu- 
factured, by specialised scales either scattered over the wings 
or collected into patches. At the same time it was worth 
noticing that in some species, e.g. Ganoris brassice, which 
were plentifully supplied with ‘‘androconia,” the scent was 
barely or not at all perceptible; while in Gonepieryx rhamni 
and G. cleopatra, both of which, and especially the latter, had 
been found to possess a flower-like odour, he had been unable 


( ix ) 


to detect any scales specialised for scent distribution. He 
was not at present prepared to assert, from his observations in 
the field, that the repulsive odours were in all cases con- 
fined to the tissues and juices of the body ; though in some 
instances the intensity of such odours was certainly increased 
when the thorax was crushed. 

Mr. W. G. SHeLpon exhibited a collection of Rhopalocera 
made by him in Spain during July and August, 1905, 
including Argynnis adippe, vars. chlorodippe and cleodippe, 
together with typical European specimens, and var. cleodoxa, 
for comparison ; an aberration of A. aglaia, with the black 
blotches on the superior wings enlarged and banded, and 
with dark suffused ground colour on all wings; Melanargia 
lachesis, with var. canigulensis, and ab. cataleuca, LHrebia 
stygne, var. penalarx, with Swiss type for comparison ; 
Brenthis hecate ; Chrysophanus virgaurex, var. miegit, with 
French typical specimens for comparison ; and Lesopis 
roboris, all from La Granja, in the Guadarrama mountains ; 
Satyrus priewrti and @ var. whagoni, and intermediates, 
Epinephele lycaon, 9, Melitxea didyma, Erebia zapateri, with 
French specimens of /. neortdas for comparison ; Lycena 
hylas, var. nivescens, with type for comparison; and JL. 
corydon and vars. hispana and polonus with intermediates 
between all these forms, and also British, French, and Swiss 
typical specimens for comparison. The last-named species 
were collected in the Albarracin Sierra in Arragon. 

Commenting on these exhibits, Mr.SHELpon said :—“ The Z. 
zapatert. show considerable variation in the spot markings 
of the inferior wings, sometimes without any red and thus 
typical ; whereas others have single red spots, and others a 
small red band, inclining towards the F rench forms of the 
nearly allied species HZ. neoridas. 

“The Lpinephele lycaon, female, are striking, the anal 
ocellus which in European specimens is usually slightly 
smaller than the costal ocellus in the Spanish specimens, is 
distinctly larger, and in one or two it shows a strong tendency 
to invade the surrounding light area, suffusing it with the 
black of the ocellus. 

“The Lycena corydon taken and exhibited are very interest- 


x 


ing. The usual form in Central Spain of this species is 
with the almost white male, known as var. hispana, in the 
Albarracin Sierra, however, it has been known for some time ; 
a second form occurs with males of a deep violet-blue colour, 
and which have been called var. corydonius of Herrich- 
Schaffer, described from specimens from Asia Minor. 

“ Dr. Chapman on his visit to Albarracin in 1901 found both 
these forms, but could not ascertain any evidence of inter- 
breeding, or any intermediate specimens, and he states in ‘The 
Entomologists’ Record,’ Vol. XTV, p. 119, that ‘it was difficult 
to say why they are not entitled to specific rank.’ Whilst I 
was staying at Albarracin I was fortunate in obtaining 
through the kindness of Miss Fountaine, who was also 
collecting there, a copy of Zapater and Korbs’ ‘Catalog de 
los Lepidopteros de la Provincia de Teruel,’ Albarracin being 
of course in this Province. 

“These authors have the following observations on the vavi- 
ous forms of the species occurring in the district. Corydon 
generally distributed; var. albicans, rare; var. corydonius, 
not rare, locally; var. hispana, not abundant. My observ- 
ations lead me to agree with Dr. Chapman that the form 
hispana and the violet-blue form are geological varieties, or 
at any rate that they occur on different formations, hispana 
being confined to limestone, whilst I only observed the violet- 
blue forms on metamorphic strata in the neighbourhood of 
the village of Noguera, some fifteen miles from Albarracin, 
with the exception of a single somewhat worn specimen, 
captured flying wildly in the Guadalavier Gorge, some two 
miles below Albarracin. 

“The hills immediately in the vicinity of the town are 
limestone, and here, except for the before-mentioned violet- 
blue example, the corydon netted, probably some two hundred 
in number, were var. hispana, with one or two per cent. of the 
type form. 

“There is a path leading up the hills to the south of the 
town, towards a farm known as Losillo; here the rock forma- 
tion is a deep red sandstone, but there is here also in places 
an outcrop of limestone. 

“The corydon were still var. Aispana with type specimens, 


( xi) 


but the latter here were considerably more abundant than 
near Albarracin, and probably equalled eight or ten per cent. 
of the total number examined, and of the remainder a con- 
siderable number were intermediate between the typical form 
and var. hispana; some of these I exhibit ; curiously enough 
I did not myself, nor did my companions so far as I know, 
meet with a single example of the violet-blue form here, 
although Dr. Chapman scems to have found it frequent in 
this locality. 

“ At Noguera only the violet-blue forms, some of which are 
exhibited, and a form in which the blue is equally strong, but 
in which the violet is missing, occurred. I also exhibit this 
form. These were exceedingly abundant, but unfortunately 
I could only spend an hour or so amongst them, and as during 
this time I was unwell, my observation here could hardly be 
called exhaustive. 

“From the above observations and on examination of the 
specimens exhibited, I think it therefore is most probable that 
the light and dark forms do cross freely when they meet, and 
that the various forms of intermediate shade are the results. 

“T have abstained from using the name corydonius for any 
of the Spanish forms taken by myself, because I doubt whether 
it should be so used. 

“On referring to the examples of this species in the National 
Collection, I find that the blue Asia Minor forms are well 
represented ; there are three of these in the series :— 

“J, A light violet form, much lighter, and with the violet 
more pronounced than in any of my Spanish examples, and 
with narrower darkening of the hind margins of the wings. 
This is labelled corydonius, H.-S. 

“2. A form with ground colour violet-blue, with very narrow 
dark margins to the wings. The colour of these specimens is 
almost identical with the violet-blue examples exhibited, and 
they agree very well with them in all respects, except that 
they are somewhat larger, and the darkening of the hind 
margins is much narrower. They are named caucasica, Lederer. 

««3. A form in which the ground colour is deep blue, without 
any violet, and with the hind margins deeply shaded with 
black. The colour of these is similar to the deep blue 


(ea) 
specimens exhibited, but the black margins are deeper. They 
are labelled polonus, Zeller. 

“The polonus of Zeller has been considered by some to be a 
variety of Z. bellargus, and it is included with that species by 
Staudinger in the last edition of his Catalogue, but I think 
there is no doubt that it isa form of ZL. corydon. I take it 
that as Z. bellargus in Arragon is very typical, and Staudinger 
does not give any form of ZL. corydon except the type and var. 
hispana and albicans as occurring there, he refers to forms 
exhibited to-night. 

“That they are not a form of L. bellargus is I think evident 
from the specimens I exhibit of both species, neither the upper 
nor under sides having any resemblance to that species. 

“T,, bellargus, very typical in form and worn to rags, was 
abundant in the Guadarrama Gorge, near Albarracin, about 
July 20th, whereas the blue corydon were in good condition 
some fifteen miles away, and at about the same altitude, on 
August 7th.” 

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr exhibited four species of Acrea taken 
in South Africa during the visit of the British Association, 
Viz. :-— 

1. A. anemosa, Hew., from the Victoria Falls, and Mochudi 
in Bechuanaland. Both sexes in good condition. 

2. A. alboradiata, Auriy., previously known to Mr. Roland 
Trimen by two females only, and considered by him as a 
variety of anemosa. This species was abundant near the 
hotel at the Victoria Falls, flying about the tops of trees, late 
into the afternoon, or even at dusk. The females were in 
far better condition than the males. After examining a long 
series Mr. Trimen is disposed to think it a distinct species, 
which should bear the name given by Aurivillius to Mr. 
Trimen’s original specimen when believed to be merely a 
variety of anemosa. 

3. A. atolmis, Westw. In the Hope Collection are West- 
wood’s types of two forms of this, to which he gave the names 
of atolmis and acontias. There seems no doubt they are one 
species. They were taken by F. Oates near the Victoria 
Falls in January, 1875. Mr. Trimen has specimens from 
Damaraland. Some of the specimens exhibited retain much 


(sali 5) 


of the brilliant red colouring which is so striking in fresh 
specimens during life. The darker specimens resemble Prof. 
Westwood’s acontias. Occasionally seen flying high, atolmis is 
more common nearer the ground, being much addicted to 
drinking from wet mud on the banks of the Zambesi, or at 

patches of irrigation in the hotel garden. 

4, A. atergatis, Westw. The two types of this are in the 
Hope Collection at Oxford, having been taken by F. Oates 
near the Victoria Falls in January, 1875. There are also two 
specimens in the National collection. Dr, Dixey took four 
specimens near the Falls. 

The other three species exhibited were commoner and fell 
to the nets of Dr. Dixey, Professor Poulton, and the exhibitor. 

Professor E, B. Pourron, F.R.S., exhibited two Diptera, 
which had been observed following the bee, Andrena labialis, 
Kirb., by Mr. A. H. Hamm, assistant in the Hope Depart- 
ment, Oxford University Museum. The specimens have been 
compared with Mr. G. H. Verrall’s collection and identified 
as Chortophila unilineata, Ztt., by Mr. J. E. Collin. Mr. 
Hamm’s notes were as follows :— 

“During the afternoon of May 27th, 1900, I was sitting 
watching a fairly numerous colony of Andrena labialis, 
nidificating on the sloping side of a small clay pit, near 
Bagley Wood, Oxford. My attention was arrested by the 
surprising behaviour of a fly, which kept following upa @ bee in 
the most persistent manner. The bee seemed conscious of the 
attention of the fly, and instead of making direct for the 
burrow, it zigzagged about and sometimes alighted on the 
ground, as if endeavouring to get rid of its pursuer; but 
the fly was not to be shaken off; for it followed the bee in 
all its movements, settling on the ground and resuming its 
flight at the same time as the Aculeate. Throughout this 
persistent pursuit the fly kept at a fairly uniform distance 
of about six inches behind the bee. I saw about six of these 
flies altogether, but no single bee was followed by more than 
a single fly. I netted the two flies exhibited by Professor 
Poulton, in one case capturing pursuer and pursued at a 
single sweep.” 

Professor Pounton stated that new and interesting light 


(Co xate ©) 


had been thrown on the observation by Col. Yerbury, who 
pointed out that both flies were males. At first sight it 
seemed astonishing that the bees should be pursued by the 
males of inquiline flies ; but Professor Poulton suggested the 
males in this way find their way to the burrows, where they 
meet the females which have also reached them in the same 
manner, or where more probably they lie in wait for the 
freshly emerging females. 

The Rev. A. E. Eaton doubted that the object of the male 
flies following the bees was to be guided to where the female 
flies were likely to be found. He remarked that these Diptera 
frequent the Andrena colonies and have no need to be guided 
to them. And might not these males have chased the bees 
just as Vanesside and Hesperiide dart at and pursue any 
Bombus or Pieris that happens to fly past their resort? 

Professor Pouuron considered that the cautious and _per- 
sistent tracking described by Mr. Hamm was inconsistent 
with Mr. Eaton’s suggestion.* 


Papers. 


Dr. G. B. Lonastarr, M.D., read a paper ‘‘On some Bionomic 
Points in certain South African Lamellicorns.” 

Mr. Ronanp Trimen, F.R.S., communicated a paper ‘On 
some new or hitherto unfigured species of South African 


Butterflies.” 

Commander J. J. WALKER communicated a paper entitled 
‘‘Some Observations on the Reproduction of Hemiptera- 
Cryptocerata” by C. Gordon Hewett, B.Sc. 


* Since the meeting of the Society on February 7th, the two flies have 
been further examined by Mr. J.E. Collin, who writes, Feb. 19th, 1906 :— 
“ After a microscopical examination I consider them undoubtedly females : 
all Mr. Verrall’s are females, but there is a male among the specimens in 
his European collection from Kowarz.” The two specimens had been 
previously studied with the lens, but not the compound microscope, by 
Col. Yerbury, Mr. E. E. Austen, and Mr, Collin himself; and all three 
Dipterists had then considered them to be males. It is fortunately 
possible to correct the mistake on the very page in which it is printed. 
The story enforces Darwin’s conclusion that errors of fact are more 
dangerous than errors of hypothesis. 

The eyes of these female flies are of a size and relative position which 
seem to imply the male sex. The eyes of male flies in general are 
probably chiefly developed for the pursuit of the female, and it may well 
be that they are similarly formed in these females in order to aid in the 
pursuit of the Hymenopterous host. [E. B. P.] 


Wednesday, March 7th, 1906. 
Mr. F. Merririeip, President, in the Chair. 
Election of a Fellow. 


‘The Rev. Grorce Wuee-er, M.A., of Les Tourelles, Territet, 
Switzerland, was elected a Fellow of the Society. 


Obituary. 


The decease of the following Fellows was announced—Mr. 
W. P. Buacksurne-Maze, Mr. C. W. Date, and Mr. F, J. 
Horniman, F.LS., F.Z.S., ete. 

KHehibitions. 

Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited two specimens of J/icrodon 
latifrons, Lw., a rare dipteron taken in the New Forest in 
June, 1905. 

Mr. H. M. Epetsren showed examples of Vonagria neurica, 
Hb., and WW. dissoluta, var. arundineta, Schmidt, from 
Germany, with (?) var. arwndineta from Central Asia, for 
comparison with NV. dissoluta and N. var. arundineta from 
Kent, Cambridge and Norfolk. He said that for many years 
N. neurica, Hb., had been confounded with the species occur- 
ring in Britain, viz. :—W. dissoluta, Tr., and its variety arun- 
dineta, Schmidt ; but V. newrica, Hb., is a distinct species and 
does not occur in Britain, the type of our British species being 
the WV. dissoluta, Tr., and (= hessiz, Bdr.), and of which arwn- 
dineta, Schmidt, is the variety. WV. newrica, Hb., differs from 
arundineta by its white collar ; the central streak has three 
whitish dots in it, and the under-side is unmarked: while 
arundineta has no white collar, the central streak also is dark 
and ends in a black central spot, and the markings show 
through on the under-side. Further, it is quite different in its 
earlier stages. 

Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited a variable series of Gynopteryx 
gladiaria, Guen., and its varieties, and made the following 
remarks upon it :— 

“T believe it has long been suspected by the few who work 
at South American Geometrids that Guenée’s seriaria and 
rhombaria were merely forms of this, but T do not think any 


(Cau) 


‘synepigonic’ evidence has heretofore been adduced. My friend 
Mr. A. F. Bayne and his brother have, however, now furnished 
this, as my material will demonstrate. Besides two rows of 
captured specimens, I am showing: ‘ brood 1,’ bred November, 
1903, from a @-taken at La Paz, Mendoza, July, 1903, and 
consisting of gladiaria (6 ¢, 39), seriaria (2 6, Guence’s var. 
A), rhombaria (119); ‘brood 4, bred about the same date 
from a 9 taken at Palmira, Mendoza, September, 1903, and 
consisting of three specimens only, more or less typical ; ‘brood 
8, one ¢, bred January, 1904, from a pairing obtained in 
brood 4, this specimen being intermediate between gladiaria 
and servaria, while Mr. Bayne writes me that others of the 
same brood follow each of those forms; and a series of 9 ¢ 
and 10 ? bred end of July and throughout August, 1903, 
from a Mendoza (La Paz?) 2? which seems to have been 
yellow, though there is some uncertainty ; the progeny are 
nearly all brown and I identify as ‘Apicia’ maldama, Schaus, 
yet one ¢ is purely gladiaria (though with brownish costa) and 
two others intermediate. Perhaps maldama is a seasonal form 
of gladiaria. I know of no other July or August examples of 
the species excepting the parent of brood 1, and this Mr. W. 
M. Bayne says was ‘ yellow-brown with broad violet margin.’ 
Three ?’s captured at San Juan, Argentina, April 16th, 1904 
(by Mr, A. F. Bayne), were also brownish, with the lines 
rather distinct, much like a few of the extremer examples of 
the variable ‘maldama’ brood. I may add that a fifth name 
(Apicia nazadaria, Walk.) will probably also have to sink to 
gladiaria.” 

Mr. A. J. Curry exhibited combs of the honey bee formed 
on a branch of nut tree, the bees having swarmed late in 
the year. After July they deserted the combs, and having 
consumed all the honey contained in them, again swarmed on 
a neighbouring tree. 

Prof. R. Menpora, F.R.S., exhibited on behalf of Major R. B. 
Robertson a specimen of Prodenia littoralis, Boisd., which had 
emerged in a breeding cage kept, with many others, by the 
Major at Boscombe, Hants, for the reception of caterpillars 
found in that district. The moth emerged on July 16th, 1905. 
The species, which is figured in Hampson’s “ Moths of India,” 


( xvu_ ) 


is said to have a distribution extending from the Mediterranean 
subregion throughout the tropical and subtropical zones of the 
Old World. Specimens from Madeira (Wollaston collection) 
are in the British Museum. ‘The food-plant is stated to 
be Lantana, and the larva is the “cotton worm” of Egypt. 
Previous records of the appearance of this moth in England 
are in existence, one specimen having been exhibited at a 
meeting of the City of London Entomological Society in 
August, 1891 (Ent. Record, vol. i, p. 167), by Mr. Boden, 
who had found the larva feeding on an imported tomato. An- 
other specimen was exhibited by Mr. Gregson at a meeting of 
the Lancashire and Cheshire Hntomological Society in 1893, 
the larva in this case having been found in the market-place 
at Barnsley (Entom. Record, vol. iv., p. 20). There is no 
information in the case of the specimen now exhibited where 
the larva came from, beyond the fact that it must have been 
found at large in Boscombe or the neighbourhood, as Major 
Robertson has no communication with professional dealers, and 
no larve are put into his breeding cages excepting those found 
in his own district. 

Commander J. J. Waker said he had taken the larva 
in the Central Pacific Islands feeding on the tobacco plant. 
Tt was remarkable that the imago was so much smaller com- 
paratively with the larva. 

Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a J/antis on a portion of the 
bark of a tree as found by Mr. F. Birch in Trinidad, who 
stated that its close resemblance to a withered leaf was 
evidently a protection for aggressive purposes. 

Mr. M. Burr exhibited a series of Callimenidx, a small 
family of Orthoptera, consisting of two genera, Dinarchus, 
with the single species D. dasypus, Illig., and Callimenus, of 
which all the known species were included, with the exception 
of C. inflatus, Br., from Asia Minor. Callimenus ferdinandz, 
Bol. (unpublished name), is a new species recently discovered 
in Persia by the Spanish traveller Senor Escalera; C. mon- 
tandoni, Burr, was discovered near Bucarest in 1898, and has 
since been rediscovered in the same locality, and its position, 
which was somewhat doubtful, definitely established; C. 
oniscus, Charp., is fairly common in Greece and Southern 


PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1906. B 


(exvinls 4) 


Turkey ; Callimenus pancici, Br., is a rarer species only 
known from Servia; Callimenus macrogaster, Lefeb., is fairly 
widely distributed in South Russia ; it was long regarded as 
synonymous with C. oniscus and later with C. montandoni, 
but it is now clear that it is a distinct species. All these 
insects are confined to the countries bordering on the Black 
Sea; they are sluggish and inactive creatures, living among 
thorns and shrubs; they are entirely vegetable feeders ; 
individuals appear to be nowhere numerous; in Russia they 
are popularly known as “ground hogs” (zemlyannaya svinka) 
or “fat fellows” (tolstun). The rudimentary elytra can be 
just seen in the females, but in the males they are entirely 
hidden. Brunner has observed that in July the males chirp 
all day long, sitting immovably in the corner of a branch, 
with the head downwards. 

Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown exhibited specimens of Argynnis 
niobe, var. eris, 9, from the Pyrenees, Cevennes, and South 
Tyrolese mountains. He drew attention to the remarkable form 
of the example taken at Gavarnie, in July 1905, of which the 
coloration of the upper-side of all the wings was ruddy-copper 
red shot with blue upon the nervures. He also remarked that 
whereas specimens of eris and other Argynnids from the 
mountainous regions of Central France showed a tendency to 
maintain constant pale forms, those from the Pyrenees are 
generally more highly coloured, while the high Alpine forms 
of Central Europe inclined to melanism. 

Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown, at the request of Mr. C. O. 
Warernouss, also read the following note on the migration of 
Lepidoptera extracted from a report on ‘‘ The Pearl Oyster of the 
Gulf of Manaar— Avicula (meleagrina) fucata,’ by Henry Sulli- 
van Thomas, F.L.8., F.Z.8., etc., extracted from the ‘‘ Madras 
Journal of Literature and Science” for the session 1886-87 :— 
‘‘ Butterflies can in an astonishing manner fly against a very 
strong wind. ‘hat butterflies can so fly is a fact in natural 
history which is doubtless well known, for as my memory 
serves me it is mentioned by Darwin; and I have myself 
repeatedly seen butterflies crossing the Red Sea with consider- 
able rapidity in the very teeth of a decidedly stiff breeze—l 
think, from memory without notes, that I may call it a reef 


(“pba )) 


topsail breeze, a breeze such that one expected every moment 
to see a form lke a butterfly’s carried away helplessly before 
it. And yet the butterflies had evidently started on their 
migration with a consciousness of power to battle with the 
opposing breeze, had already accomplished two-thirds or more 
of their journey, and were continuing their course with no 
uncertain rate of progress from the east to the west shores of 
the Red Sea. Taken in this connection the fact kindly shown 
me in the British Museum that certain patches on the east 
and west shores of the Red Sea are the habitat of the same 
butterfly is noteworthy. The structure of the butterfly pre- 
pares us to expect that it would be liable to be tossed about 
by any wind that blows, rather than that it would be able 
confidently to adventure a passage of several miles in the 
very face of it, and across a sea where it could never alight 
to rest.” 

A discussion followed, Colonel C. 'T. BincHam saying that 
he had encountered a similar migration in the Red Sea. 
Mr. Cuampion having suggested that apparent migrations 
against the wind might be due to diverse air currents at higher 
and lower levels, Colonel Brycuam said that in this case there 
could be no mistake as the butterflies were flying on a level 
with the ship in which he was at the time. 

Professor E. 6. Poutron exhibited the original African 
Journal written by W. J. Burchell, between May 24 and 
September 2, 1812, both days inclusive. The account of 
this part of his journey occupied the whole of a small note- 
book bound in sheep-skin, and still in the most beautiful con- 
dition. In a lecture before the British Association at Cape 
Town, on August 17 of last year, Professor Poulton had 
mentioned the unfortunate loss of the journals in which 
Burchell recorded a general account of his doings during the 
five years (1810-15) in Southern Africa and the five (1825— 
30) in Brazil. His classical work, “Travels in the Interior of 
Southern Africa,’ does indeed give a complete record between 
November 26, 1810, and August 3, 1812,—the day on which 
he brought to a conclusion his first visit to Litakun, the 
capital of the Bachapins, in what is now British Bechuanaland. 
Mr. Mason, head-master of the Boys’ High School at Ronde- 


( xx) 


bosch, near Cape Town, who was present at the lecture, told 
Professor Poulton that a former pupil of his, named Burchell, 
had brought to school a diary written by an ancestor in St. 
Helena. Through Mr. Mason’s kind help Professor Poulton was 
put into communication with Mr. Francis A. Burchell, a grand- 
nephew of the great explorer, who has most kindly lent the 
deeply interesting note-book now exhibited to the Society. At 
the place where Burchell’s second volume comes to an end, the 
words “end of the 2nd volume ” are written in pencil in the 
margin. Beyond this point one month of the lost records are 
here restored to us, from August 3 to September 2, 1812. 
Furthermore even in the period covered by the published work 
there are many statements of the deepest interest to us which 
Burchell withheld. For the first time we are made acquainted 
with the day and month of his birth. It is believed—but there 
is no certainty—that he was born in the year 1782. July 
23, 1812, was a day of great anxiety and trouble. Among his 
attendants was a man named Cornelis, of Hottentot and 
Dutch parentage. Cornelis had been unsatisfactory and 
useless from the day of his engagement when he presented 
himself ‘‘in a state of complete intoxication,” and now in the 
midst of the Bachapin capital, Litakun, then visited for the 
first time by a European, he broke out into open rebellion, and 
Burchell was compelled, buckling on his pistols and cutlass, 
personally to enforce obedience. The published account ends 
with the words :—“ Thus ended one of the most turbulent days 
which I had experienced since the commencement of my 
journey.” (“ Travels,” vol. ii, London, 1824, p. 462.) The 
manuscript journal, however, concludes the day with the 
following personal details omitted fromthe second volume :— 
‘**T continued in the waggon all the evening, and to divert my 
mind from the past, I spent the remaining time with my flute.” 

“Tt thus has unfortunately happened that I have been pre- 
vented joining my family in their remembrances of me on this 
day : and that my birthday should be marked as one of the 
most turbulent days I have passed since landing on Africa. 
From the little dependance I can place on my own people my 
situation now begins to grow critical, and calls for the most 
resolute but prudent measures.” 


@xxipe) 


Another record of great interest to the Society is found 
under the date May 29, 1812, when Burchell was at Klaar- 
water (Griquatown) making arrangements for his journey to 
Litakun. It is contained in these words :—‘“ The Sphinx 
Atropos is called by Colonists the Bye-mot or Duyvel-bye, and 
is firmly believed to be poisonous.” 

This sentence appears to have been written later than the 
brief record of the day, the writing being in a darker ink 
and compressed into the narrow space between the entries for 
May 29 and 30. 

Mr. Roland Trimen’s observation of the superstitious dread 
of this species in South Africa is thus both confirmed and 
carried back to a much earlier date. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
1902, p. 402.) 

Professor Poutton exhibited a specimen of the large Melo- 
lonthid beetle Lepidiota bimaculata, Saunders, and directed 
attention to the two white eye-like spots on the elytra, and to 
the tapering posterior abdominal segments which suggested the 
appearance of the snout of a small mammal. The relative 
position of the eye-like spots and apparent snout was such as 
to promote the deceptive resemblance, which was also strongly 
assisted by the regular shape of the white spots, the direc- 
tion of their long axes, and the fact that they lay in the 
shadow of a low but district ridge. Similar appearances were 
to be seen in several allied species, and Professor Poulton 
suggested that there were conditions during life in which the 
anterior part of these beetles was concealed, as it might be by 
foliage or by burrowing, and that the appearance of the 
exposed posterior part then acted as a defence. Professor 
Poulton had been led to draw attention to this example, which 
had been long known to him, because of the obvious and 
interesting analogy with the interpretation of the powerful 
posterior legs of the male //elerochelus, sp., offered by Dr. G. 
B. Longstaff at the last meeting of the Society (p. 93). 

Dr. F, A. Dixry exhibited specimens of Pierinz belonging 
to the following species:—Terias lexta, Boisd., Teracolus 
puellaris, Butl., and 7. danaé, Fabr. (India) ; Zerias brigitia, 
Cram., Teracolus anne, Wallgrn., 7, speciosus, Wallgrn., 7. auxo, 
Lue., 7. omphale, Godt., and 7’. eris, Klug (Africa) ; Tertas 


(Sax 9 


delia, Cram., Xanthidia nicippe, Cram., and Pyrisitia proterpia, 
Fabr. (America), The under surfaces of the “wet” and 
“dry” phases were in each case shown side by side, in order 
to illustrate the very general tendency in these and other 
species to assume a reddish coloration beneath in the dry 
season. This tendency was most marked in the American 
forms shown, and least marked in the Indian ; but was clearly 
seen to be common to all three Continents. The reds varied 
in character—sandy-orange, terra-cotta, Indian red and _brick- 
purple being all represented; and the contrast with the 
usually pale appearance of the under surface in the wet 
season was in every case very distinct. 

Dr. Dixey remarked that it could hardly be doubted that 
this infusion of red in the ‘‘dry-season” forms had a cryptic 


significance, and stood in relation with the very general preva- 
lence of a reddish coloration, mostly due to the presence of 
iron, in the sandy wastes and bare patches of soil which 
formed a prominent feature in the tropical and sub-tropical 
regions inhabited by these and kindred species. He had himsclf 
observed that when the dry-season form of Jeracolus speciosus 
settled on the red sandy soil of the “ Bluff” at Durban, and 
then closed its wings soas to conceal the whole of the fore-wing 
except the tip, the uniform red of the under surface as then 
displayed made the insect very difficult of detection. <A 
general redness of soil, recalling that of parts of the Devonian 
system in England, was characteristic of large areas of the 
African Continent ; and Dr. Longstaff had informed him that 
similar conditions prevailed in India and China. The species 
exhibited were generally ground-haunting ; and in all cases 
the reddish tinge of the under surface extended to the tip of 
the fore-wing as well as to the entire hind-wing, thus involving 
just so much of the wings as was exposed during rest. He 
considered that the present series of specimens tended to 
illustrate and confirm Professor Poulton’s view of the generally 
cryptic character of ‘‘dry-season ” phases. 


Papers, ete. 


Dr. T. A. Crapman read a paper entitled “ Observations on 
the Life History of 7richoptilus paludum, Zell.” 


(xxi) 


Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., read a paper entitled 
“Notes upon some remarkable parasitic insects from North 
Queensland” by F. P. Dopp, F.E.S., and exhibited the fine and 
carefully labelled material sent by the author. This material 
consisted of a series of Braconidex bred from Lepidopterous 
hests, Chalcidide from Lepidopterous and Hymenopterous 
hosts, and a new Cyrtid fly of the genus Ogceodes, bred from 
the Attid spider, Cosmophasis bitaeniata, Keys. The accurate 
observations upon these parasitic species render the paper of 
much value. Thus the host of the extraordinary and beautiful 
Chaleidid genus Schizaspidea of Westwood has never before 
been observed ; but Mr. Dodd records that the specimen 
obtained by him—an example of a new species—was bred from 
the pupa of a large ant of the genus Camponotus. Professor 
Poulton desired to express his warm thanks for the kind and 
cordial help he had received from distinguished naturalists, 
in naming and describing the material, communicated to 
him by Mr. Dodd. Im an Appendix to the paper the new 
forms of Braconide and Chalcidide were described by Colonel 
C. T. Bingham, and the new Cyrtid fly by Dr. Benno Wandol- 
leck of Dresden. The ants had been kindly named by 
Professor Auguste Forel of Morges, and the Attid spider by 
Dr. G. W. Peckham of Milwaukee. 

Colonel C. T. Bryeuam read the following note on “ A Plague 
of Ants in the Observatory district, Cape Town, South Africa,” 
and illustrated his remarks with specimens of the insects referred 
to by him. 

“The remarkable occurrence to which this note refers was 
communicated to me by G. A. James Rothney, a Fellow 
of this Society. With his letter telling me of it, Mr. 
Rothney forwarded to me some correspondence and a cutting 
from a local paper at Cape Town, also specimens of the ants. In 
his letter Mr. Rothney says: ‘The head manager of our South 
African business has been writing me at different times about 
a plague of ants which has attacked a suburb of Cape Town 
known as the Observatory district. I asked him to send me a 
short report, accompanied with specimens of the ant, and these 
have now come to hand.’ He goes on to say: ‘ There has also 
been a good deal of correspondence in local papers, with hot 


(Seay) 


discussions at municipal meetings, and a good deal of money 
seems to have been spent on attempted remedies. So far, the 
most successful antidote seems to have been a sheep dip.’ The 
report and correspondence referred to above do not, I regret to 
say, give sufficient details, but I gather that this plague of 
ants has been going on for a couple of years at least. It must 
have been in full swing, so to speak, during the autumn months 
of last year, when the meetings of the British Association were 
being held in South Africa. Some of the Fellows of the Entomo- 
logical Society present here to-night had the good fortune to 
be present also at those meetings, and I should like to ask 
them whether the occurrence of a plague of ants in the Observ- 
atory district of Cape Town came to their knowledge, for it 
seems to have been a serious, I may say a very serious, matter, 
To us here in England it would appear almost absurd that a 
mere increase in insect life should cause any great trouble, 
but any one who has lived in the tropics, or in any country 
where insects are numerous, or apt under certain conditions to 
become so, will bear me out in the statement, that they are a 
very real and grave cause of trouble and annoyance. It would 
seem that the nuisance caused by this plague of ants in the 
district mentioned has led to the appointment of a special Ant 
Committee, whose business it is to consider ways and means of 
dealing with it. Mi. Rothney’s correspondent, Mr. Timber- 
lake, writes: ‘Mr. Hartley, who is a friend of mine, and the 
chairman on the Ant Committee, is in the office, and I am 
now dictating this letter, I told him I would like to send 
home some specimens, and with great difficulty he has managed 
to get hold of the queen, the big one in the phial which we 
sens you last mail. The crowds of little ones are, of course, the 
scourge. £300 was spent last year in attempts to destroy, but 
without success. The house, garden, and the whole place is 
overrun with them ; trees, beds, and everything. Numbers of 
people have left the locality, and it has been very difficult to 
locate the queen. The ants are traced to a saucer-like cavity 
just below the surface not deeper than an inch, where there 
are hundreds of eggs, but no sign of the queen. I do not 
know whether you can suggest anything or give any advice 
as to the destruction of this fearful plague, but if so you 


( 2a" 3) 


would be conferring an invaluable boon on the community. 
The ants come into the houses in a thick black stream an 
inch wide, marching over everything and into everything, 
and in one case, a very sad instance—the case of a corpse— 
people had to really sit up with it to prevent the ants 
molesting the body. 

“The newspaper cutting referred to above has the following 
short report: ‘The Public Works Committee reported that 
the complaints of the prevalence of ants had been received 
from 57 properties in Observatory district, and that a supply 
of disinfectants had been sent to Mr. J. H. Hartley, from 
whom residents could obtain free supplies of disinfectants. 
Mr. Hartley said something must be done on similar lines 
as last year. Numbers of people were leaving the district. 
They must try to do away with this pest, which penetrated 
even into the houses of the most respectable people. Some 
people had to spend from 5s. to 7s. 6d. weekly on disin- 
fectants. Mr. Carey moved that the matter be referred to 
the Sanitary Committee, adding that the Sanitary Superin- 
tendent was doing what he could to have the district cleared. 
Mr. Searle said they spent last year £300 of the ratepayers’ 
money for this item of disinfectants. They might as well buy 
up the properties affected,’ 

‘With regard to the specimens of ants sent, some of them, 
which I have had mounted on card for examination, including 
the only ¢ and? sent, form the subject of the exhibit that I 
have here. The little ones are the 00 of an Jridomyrmex, 
subfamily Dolichoderine. The species is closely allied to, if 
not identical with, Zridomyrmex anceps, Mayr, found almost 
throughout the Indo-Malayan region. It had not, so far as I 
know, been recorded from any part of Africa. The ¢ ? sent 
belong to an entirely different subfamily, the Wyrmicine, and 
I identify them as Aphenogaster barbara, Linn., race capensis, 
Mayr. 

“The inevitable conclusion, therefore, is that there has been 
faulty (but, considering the little there is known, except to 
professed entomologists, of the different species of ants, quite 
excusable) observation in tracing the ants to their nests. 

“With J, anceps, Mayr, in life I am well acquainted, and so 


( xaxvi- ®) 


far as my observations go it is essentially a tree ant. In fact, 
I cannot call to mind any instance of finding it on the ground, 
and certainly I have never seen nor heard of its intruding 
into human habitations. It is not carnivorous, has no fune- 
tional sting, and its jaws are so feeble that its bite is not 
perceptible on the naked hand. Aphanogaster barbara, 
again, is, so far as I know, a strict vegetarian, and I 
presume its subspecies or race capensis is so also. Revert- 
ing to the correspondence, there is some mention made 
of the ants causing the plague being identified by some 
entomologist as termites. It is evident that the specimens 
sent to Mr. Nothney and those declared to be Termites could not 
have been the same. No entomologist could confound a true 
ant with a Termite, unless, indeed, on a hasty glance in perhaps 
a bad light he mistook the 3 of Dorylus for a Termite, which it 
somewhat superficially resembles. Dorylus helvolus, Linn., is, 
T am informed, exceedingly common in the vicinity of Cape 
Town ; it is a carnivorous species, and the 83 I know have a 
habit of ‘marching in a thick black stream,’ as mentioned in 
Mr. Timberlake's letter. 

“To sum up, Iam of opinion that, owing to causes which 
to us are still very obscure, there may have been during the 
last two years a phenomenal increase of ant life in the vicinity 
of Cape Town, and that the so-called plague is caused by not 
one but by several species of ants. 

“T have ventured to bring this remarkable occurrence to 
the notice of the Society at the special request of Mr. Rothney. 
In more than one letter to me Mr. Rothney has expressed the 
hope that some of the members of the Society will take the 
matter up, and make suggestions as to the best means of 
combating what is no doubt a very great infliction to the 
inhabitants of Cape Town.” 

Dr, G. B. Lonastarr read a paper “On some Rest Attitudes 
in Butterflies,” illustrated by numerous specimens arranged 
upon backgrounds of specially-prepared sand-paper approxi- 
mating to the natural surroundings of the insects in their 
various habitats. 

Dr. T. A. Cuapman understood that Dr. Longstaff’s remarks 
referred chiefly to resting attitudes during quiescence, whem 


(xxvii 9) 


invisibility was desired, but the heliotropic attitude with tail 
to the sun, was familiar to observers of Vanessas and other 
Nymphalids—and some other butterflies of the European 


fauna. During their active period, when, settling, usually on 


the ground, they assumed that orientation, and spread their 
wings flat on the ground with the head a little raised, making 
the greatest display of their colours, but chiefly appearing to 
desire to secure as vertical a sun as circumstances allowed ; this 
might be different in the tropics. He wished to ask how and 
how far these two phases of a similar orientation were related, 

Professor KE. B. Pountron congratulated the author on the 
many interesting facts and observations contained in his 
memoir. ‘There was neither time nor opportunity to consider 
these in detail; but the speaker felt that he must express his 
deep interest in the principle suggested by Dr. Longstaff at 
the conclusion of his account :—-that in the tropics there were 
many hours of daylight during which insects were at rest 
and their enemies active. It was clearly a principle of the 
utmost importance, which must be seriously taken into 
account in observing and recording bionomie data.* 

Upon Dr. Chapman’s suggestion that butterflies assume a 


* Since the meeting of the Society on March 7, I have remembered the 
very interesting observations published in 1900 by Mr. N. Annandale, of 
the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The author, observing the habits of cer- 
tain Phasmidie and of a beetle larva, is led to conclusions very similar to 
those reached by Dr. Longstaff from the habits of Lepidoptera. (‘‘ Notes 
on the Habits of Malayan’ Phasmide, and ofa Flower-like Beetle larva,” by 
Nelson Annandale, B.A., Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1900, No. xxix, 
pp. 439-444.) In this communication Mr, Annandale describes a dull- 
red species of Phasmid, Lonchodes, sp., nearly four inches long, which, 
in the full blaze of the mid- day sun, is freely exposed on ‘‘ the upper sur. 
face of certain broad leaves such as abound in neglected hill clearings.” 
Even from below ‘‘its shadow was perfectly visible through the translucent 
tissues of the leaf.” 

“*T was quite unable to discover what became of them at night, for I 
never found them on the leaves either late in the afternoon or early i in the 
morning. Most probably they remained concealed among the undergrowth 
except during the heat of the day. 

“The Phasmid . . . is only conspicuous at certain times of day, when 
the sun is at its hottest and brightest. . . . . At mid-day, the mammals, 
birds and amphibians of the jungle are at rest. They are not asleep, but 
they do not search actively for food, nor come out of the wood into the 
clearings. .... Lizards, of course, are generally most active when the 
sun is hottest ; but in these hill-clearings reptiles of all sorts are rare. 

: I have a certain amount of negative evidence that the majority of 
Malayan Phasmide are most active in the middle of the day, being 
inclined to remain concealed in the early morning and late afternoon. 


(7 xccv i) 


position with their heads directly away from the sun in order 
to receive as much heat as possible, the speaker wished to point 
out, that when the wings are raised over the back, this was 
the very position which insured a minimum of heat. The size 
of the shadow cast is a criterion of the amount of heat inter- 
cepted and in this position with the wings upright the shadow 
becomes a mere line. When the wings of a butterfly resting 
in this position on the ground are fully opened, there is, it is 
true, some very slight compensating gain of heat, wherever 
the sun’s rays strike the earth obliquely. The head of the 
butterfly being turned from the sun, the raised costal margins 
of its fore-wings insure that the heat rays strike the plane of 
the wings with slightly less obliquity and therefore with more 
thermal effect than they do the ground. 

Referring to the “list” of butterflies in the resting position 
Professor Poulton said that, on one occasion many years ago, 
he had observed this movement in a pronounced degree in the 
Green Hairstreak (Thecla vubi). The butterfly was observed 
at rest on the flat surface of a leaf at Birdlip, Gloucestershire, 
and it let itself down on one side so completely that it seemed 
to lie flat on the leaf. The obliteration of shadow was very 
marked and had at the time forced itself upon the speaker’s 
mind as the significance of the attitude. 

Dr. F. A. Dixey said that he was much struck with the fact 
pointed out by Dr. Longstaff, that there were several hours of 
daylight during which most butterflies were inactive, and were 


. . . « Too late or too early in the day, it was impossible to see a single 
stick-insect in the clearing ; and during my six months’ stay in Lower 
Siam, I never was able to discover any Phasmide of any species late in the 
afternoon.” Mr. Annadale however found a single specimen in the early 
morning clinging motionless, like an enormous Geometrid larva, toa blade 
of grass, and remaining ‘‘ absolutely still while the grass was broken off.” 
Towards the end of the paper Mr. Annandale describes the habits of a 
flower-like beetle-larva (apparently an Endomychid), which, ‘‘ early in the 
morning, as late as two hours after sunrise (which occurs in Patalung 
between tive and six o’clock),” rests ‘‘ motionless in the angle formed by 
the leaves with the stem” of its favourite plant. These same larve are, 
he states, extremely active during the heat of the day. As possibly bearing 
upon these habits the author remarks that ‘‘ The hour immediately pre- 
ceding and following upon sunrise is the time of the greatest activity of 
many Malayan animals, for both nocturnal and diurnal species are often 
then at work.” At the same time, Mr. Annandale is careful to point out 
that nothing is ‘‘ known as to the enemies and dangers to which this 


particular insect is exposed.” [I. B. P.] 


(Gy eexixa) 


therefore fully exposed in the resting position to the attacks 
of insectivorous enemies. This could hardly fail to have an 
important influence on their postures and colouring. ‘To the 
evidence lately adduced in favour of the selection by butterflies 
of appropriate surroundings for their concealment during 
repose, he might add the testimony of Mr. R. M. Christy, who 
observed a black and yellow Papilio choosing, after much 
fluttering, to settle on a twig of Detula glandulosa bearing 
withered leaves of a similar yellow colour, (Proc. Ent. Soe. 
Lond., 1885, p. ix.) There were some interesting records by 
Captain Clements, R.A.M.C., who observed that ‘ Papilio 
merope d almost invariably selects a broad-bladed grass, 
striped with brown and yellow, and, hanging pendent from 
its extremity with the wings folded, the upper ones being 
covered over and concealed by the lower, it cannot be seen 
until it is again startled into flight. Another butterfly, in this 
case the female, which selects a resting-place which effectually 
conceals it, is Catopsilia florella ; this yellow insect has small 
round silvery spots surrounded by a narrow brown margin on 
its wings. When near a mango-tree, of which some few of 
the leaves are of a bright yellow colour, dotted with spots 
identical in colour, shape, and disposition with those above 
described, it invariably selects these leaves for settling on, and 
is then very difficult to detect.” (“Ona Collection of Sierra 
Leone Lepidoptera,” by W. Schaus and W. G. Clements, Lon- 
don, 1893.) The last observation, he thought, afforded a very 
complete parallel with the case of Lvonia cleodora; and the 
evidence collected from so many quarters appeared to be con- 
clusive as to the prevalence, throughout a wide range of 
species, of this habit or faculty of selection. 

The Presipent, Mr. H. Rownanp-Brown, Mr. G. C. Caam- 
pion and other Fellows joined in the discussion. 


(8 exe o) 


Wednesday, March 21st, 1906. 
Mr. F. Merrirretp, President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


THe Rev. Grorar A. Crawsnay, M.A., of ‘ Lowlands,” 
Leighton-Buzzard ; Mr. Herewarp Doriman, of Hove House, 
Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.; Mr. Epwarp DukINFIELD 
Jones, of “Castro,” Reigate; Dr. Joun Nevinte Keynes, 
M.A., D.Sc., of 6, Harvey Road, Cambridge; Mr. D. L. 
McCarrison, Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras ; 
and Mr. Grorce E. TryHaAns, of St. Ann’s, Trinidad, B.W.L., 
were elected Fellows of this Society. 

Lehibits. 

Dr, Drxery exhibited male and female examples of Pierines 
belonging to the genus Hronia with the closely-allied genera 
(or subgenera) Vepheronia and Leuceronia. He drew attention . 
to the great diversity of aspect that obtained between different 
members of this group, especially the females, and showed that 
in many instances this was due to the fact that one or both 
sexes of the Hronia had been assimilated in aspect to a form 
or group of forms either known or suspected to be distasteful. 
He believed the association to be in most cases synaposematic 
(Miillerian) rather than pseudaposematic (Batesian); but it 
was perhaps possible that in Hronia leda, which possessed a 
cryptic under-side, we had a case of true mimicry. Lvronia 
cleodora, Hiibn., which was more closely related to EH. leda 
than were any of the forms shown, was not a mimic ; its sexes 
were similar to each other, and both male and female appeared 
to trust for protection to their cryptic under surface. The 
same was probably the case with the female of 4. leda, which 
also seemed not to be a mimic; but the male in this instance, 
though to some extent cryptic beneath, was an excellent copy 
of another Pierine, viz. Teracolus auwxo, Luce., or of its northern 
form 7. ineretus, Butl. On these grounds the presumption was 
that both #. cleodora and its congener EH. leda were less 
distasteful than other members of the Hvonia group, and it 


Gi acxib 1) 


seemed therefore possible that the mimicry by £. leda ¢ was 
Batesian, the female finding perhaps a more effective defence 
in the cryptic colouring of its under surface. In the remaining 
cases there was less reason to presume edibility, and the females 
had become powerfully affected by other protected forms of 
various affinities. 

With respect to some of the “‘ models,” the evidence of the 
distasteful quality of the groups represented by Zirumala 
limniace and the two species of MMylothris was generally 
admitted to be strong. ‘There appeared to be no direct 
evidence as to Vychitona medusa, but it had the habits of a 
protected form; while Huphina phryne (nerissa) was found 
by Mr. Finn, as a result of many experiments, to be disliked 
by several insectivorous birds. 

The species shown were as follows, a specimen of the 
“model”? being in each case placed beside the form which 
resembled it :— 


Nepheronia hippia, Fabr., associated with Tirumala limniace, Cram. 


N. avatar, Moore, - Huphina, nerissa, Faby. 

Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd., _ ,, Mylothris spica, Mosch. 9. 
(2 with brown upper wings.) 

L. argia, Fabr., i M., viippellii, Koch @. 

L. pharis, Boisd., 5 Nychitona medusa, Cram, 

Lronia leda, Boisd., os Teracolus ineretus, Butl. 


Mr. R. Apkin showed two specimens of Hmmelesia wni- 
fasciata which had emerged in August last from pupe which 
had lain over since the autumn of 1900, thus having passed 
five seasons in the pupal stage. Some fifty larve went to 
earth in the autumn of 1900, from which ten moths emerged 
in 1901, eleven in 1902, two in 1903, five in 1904, and the 
two examples exhibited in 1905. 

Commenting on Mr, Adkin’s remarks, Mr, A. H. Jones 
mentioned that he had observed in this species a three years’ 


retardation. 
Paper. 
Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., exhibited a number of specimens 


from the Riviera, Sicily, etc., and read a paper on the “ Progres- 
sive Melanism in the Riviera of Hastula hyerana.” 


(xxx y 


A discussion followed on melanism and its causes, Mr. G. 
T. Porrirt pointing out that in this case the tendency could 
hardly be attributed to carbon deposited from a smoky atmo- 
sphere, while it was a well-known fact that in some of the 
most marked cases of melanism observed in Yorkshire, that the 
dark forms of species such as Acronycta menyanthidis were 
found in localities unaffected by smoke. Dr. F. A. Drxry 
suggested that melanism undoubtedly occurs as a “sport” in 
some creatures, and may under certain circumstances be 
selected. The PrestpEnt took the view that there are probably 
several entirely different and at present undetermined causes 


at work to produce the effect in questien. 


Wednesday, April 4th, 1906, 
Mr. C. O. Waternouseé, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 

Mr. Lronarp Doncaster, M.A., King’s College, Cambridge ; 
Major F. Winns Sampson, H.M. Travelling Commissioner, 
Senior Officers’ Mess, Old Calabar, Southern Nigeria ; and Mr. 
RareicH 8. SmatuMan, Wressil Lodge, Wimbledon Common, 


S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Exhibits. 


Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorpe exhibited a specimen of the very 
rare ant Formicorenus nitidulus, a @, found in a nest of 
Formica rufa at Weybridge during the present month. Mr. 
A. J. Curry said he had taken a single 2 of the species in 
the Blean Woods, Kent, and the Rev. F. D. Morice reported 
it common in Switzerland, where he had taken examples of all 
three sexes abundantly. 

Mr. G. C. Cuampion showed a specimen of Platypsyllus 
castoris, Ritsema, a Coleopterous parasite of the beaver, from 
France, and suggested that perhaps it might be found on the 
beavers in the London gardens of the Zoological Society. 


© xxxiii 5) 


Mr. W. G. SHeitpon exhibited several specimens of a 
Noctuid moth, described by Dr. H. Guard Knaggs, as Agrotis 
helvetina (Entomologist’s Annual, 1872, p. 115). He had 
purchased them at the sale of the late Dr. Mason’s collection, 
in which they were labelled as light varieties of Voctua augur, 
to which species he thought in fact that they should be 
referred. 

Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited examples of butterflies taken by 
him last year in Majorca showing injury to the wings, caused 
in his opinion by the attacks of lizards. He remarked that a 
large proportion of the few butterflies met with in the island 
were mutilated, especially at the posterior part of the hind- 
wings. A Gonepteryx cleopatra and a Pararge megera had 
semicircular pieces removed, while another specimen of the 
latter showed that quite half the hind-wings had been removed 
as though cut by a pair of scissors. 

Dr. G. B. Lonestarr observed that these butterflies appeared 
to be much more irregularly treated than the species he had 
noticed to be similarly attacked in India, and Mr.W.G.SHELDON 
agreed with the exhibitor as to the cause of the damage, 
observing that it was unusual where he had collected to find 
insects attacked in this peculiar way where lizards did not 
exist. 

The Rey. F. D. Morice mentioned that remarkable and 
apparently constant characters, both generic and specific, were 
to be found in the calcaria of Hymenoptera ; and asked if any 
use was made of the corresponding structures for classifying 
and diagnosing insects of other Orders. He also referred 
to the theories of various writers on the functions of 
calcaria 


e.g. Kirby and Spence regarded them as assisting 
insects to walk and climb, but he did not think that this was 
mainly, if at all, their function in the Hymenoptera, and had 
only actually seen them used for toilet purposes, 7. e. to remove 
dust, pollen, etc. from other parts of the insects’ bodies. It 
was well known that bees and wasps cleaned their antennze 
with the caicaria attached to their front tibie. Females of 
many species belonging to almost every group of Hymenoptera 
possessed remarkably pectinated (interior) calcaria on the hind- 


legs. The development of this structure differed greatly in 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1906. G 


(" xcaxiv) ) 


different groups, but it did not seem to stand in any obvious 
relation to the habits of the insects (whether predaceous, 
pollen-gathering, parasitic, etc.). It was found alike in Bees, 
Wasps, Fossors, Chrysids, Saw-flies, and other groups ; the 
common Hive-bee, which has no “ calcaria” on the hind-legs, 
but in their place the well-known “ pollen-basket,” being a 
curious exception to the rule. He invited any information 
from the students of other Orders, as to the development of 
“ calcaria,” or analogous structures, among insects generally ; 
and especially asked if any one present had noticed anything 
which could throw light on the question as to their functions. 

Mr. C. O. WarterHovusE said that similar spurs existed in 
the Trichoptera, though they did not assume such beautiful 
forms as in the Hymenoptera ; but as to their uses, he was not 
aware that any observations had been published or made on 
the subject. Mr. G. C. Cuampion remarked that they were 
also well developed on the hind-legs of some Coleoptera, 
such as the Melandryadx of the genera Orchesia and 
Anisoxya. Commander J. J. WALKER suggested that they 
are probably connected with the well-known jumping power of 
these beetles. 


Wednesday, May 2nd, 1906. 
My. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair. 


Obituary. 
The decease was announced of M. Lron Fatrmaire, the 
distinguished French entomologist, who died on Aprit Ist, 
1906, aged eighty-six years. 


Exhibits. 

Commander J. J. WaukER showed fourteen examples of 
both sexes of Hystrichopsylla talpx, Curtis, the largest of the 
British fleas, taken in the nest of a field-mouse in a tuft of 
grass at Grange, near Gosport, Hants., on March 28th, last. 

Mr. G. C. CHampton exhibited living specimens of Apate 
capucina, Deilus fugax, a Cryptocephalus (rugicollis), two species 


Gp mxxv' =) 


of Anthaxia, etc., forwarded by Dr. T. A. Chapman from 
Ste. Maxime, South France. 

Mr. F. B. Jennines brought for exhibition an example of 
the weevil Procas armillatus, F., taken near Dartford, Kent, 
on April 13th, last. This species appears to be extremely 
scarce in Britain, and with the exception of a single specimen 
taken near Chatham by Commander Walker, and exhibited by 
him at the meeting of the Society held March 18th, 1896, has 
not been recorded from this country for a considerable period. 

Mr. M. Jacosy exhibited a box of beetles from New Guinea, 
including Aesernia meeki, Jac., A. costata, Jac., A. gestrot, Jac., 
and Cetoniadx and Lucanide from South Africa and Borneo. 

Mr, H. Sr. J. DonistHoree exhibited specimens of Hydyo- 
chus nitidicollis, Muls., a beetle not hitherto recorded in 
Britain, taken in the River Meavy at Yelverton, Devon, in 
April. 

The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited lantern-slide photographs 
(from nature) of the ? calcaria postica in Hymenoptera belong- 
ing to divers groups, mostly Aculeates, but including also 
representatives of the Chrysids, Ichneumonids, and Sawflies. 

He submitted that, in all the examples shown, the structure 
of the calcaria themselves (and also of the parts adjacent to 
them) clearly indicated that their main function was that of 
an elaborately-constructed instrument for toilet purposes. It 
was well known that the anterior calcar was used as a sort of 
strigil to clean the antenn ; but little attention seemed to 
have been paid to the question how the other calcaria were 
used, though various suggestions had been offered, e. g. that 
they assisted the insects in progression, or in “climbing” 
(Burmeister), or in “digging their burrows” (Kirby and 
Spence). He did not think that the structure and position 
of the calcaria made any of these suggestions probable ; and 
added that climbing was seldom if ever practised by 
Hymenoptera, and that parasitic Aculeates, Ichneumonids, 
Sawflies, ete., did not dig. Practically all the Hymenoptera, 
however, visited flowers ; and might thus become dusted with 
the pollen, which would require to be removed from time to 
time ; and the theory that this was the real function of the 
calearia in all cases, seemed to explain satisfactorily all the 


(Fexxxvi@ ) 


structural phenomena presented by them (e. g. serrated inner 
margins, pectiniform rows of spines and bristles, brush-like 
pilose fascicules, etc.). He should be glad to hear of any 
observations that might have been made as to the structure 
and functions of calcaria in insects of other orders, having 
examined them himself only in the Hymenoptera. 

Dr, F. A. Dixty exhibited male and female specimens of 
the African Pierines Lelenois thysa, Hopff, and Mylothris 
agathina, Cram. He drew special attention to the fact that 
the resemblance between these two species, which Mr. Trimen 
speaks of as ‘deceptively close in both sexes,” applies mainly 
to the dry-season phase of the elenois and not to the wet. 
This, he observed, was well illustrated by the exhibit, which 
included wet and dry-season examples of both sexes of 
B. thysa; M. agathina showing no seasonal change. The 
resemblance borne by the male elenois to the male MMylothris 
was much more striking in the dry-season specimen of the 
former than in the wet; and while the dry-season female 
B. hysa was an excellent copy of the female J/. agathina, it 
was seen that the usual wet-season form of the same sex did 
not mimic the Mylothris at all. These facts appeared to be 
significant in relation to the comparative scarcity of insect 
food during the dry or winter months, and the consequent 
greater liability of dry-season forms to the attacks of enemies. 
The higher need for protection thus experienced by the dry- 
season forms had been clearly shown by Professor Poulton, 
who had found in the principle referred to an explanation of 
the cryptic garb assumed in the dry season by several species 
of Precis (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 432-443). Other 
examples of the same phenomenon had been subsequently 
adduced by the speaker, who had also brought evidence to 
show that it was especially characteristic of the female sex 
(Ibid., 1903, pp. 155-158, Pl. vu.). But the present instance 
differed from all these in the fact that the protection enjoyed 
by the dry-season phase took the form not of cryptic colora- 
tion but of mimicry. The species of M/ylothris were held on 
good grounds to be distasteful, and Mr. G. A. K. Marshall 
had expressed the opinion that 2. thysa was a Batesian mimic. 
This might be so, but the speaker rather inclined to the view 


( e-2-6.47201)) 


that the resemblance was synaposematic. In either case the 
difference between the seasonal phases with respect to their 
approach to the distasteful model was undoubtedly significant, 
and he thought it would not be easy to find an explanation 
better fitting the facts than that just offered. 


Papers. 


Mr. Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., contributed a paper 
‘On the Genus Jmma, Walk. (= Tortricomorpha, Feld.).” 

My. H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., contributed the following 
paper on “The Late Professor Packard’s Paper on the Mark- 
ings of Organisms.” In the absence of the author, Professor 
E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., explained the drift of the paper, and 
expressed his agreement with the main lines of argument :— 

The late Professor A. 'T. Packard read a paper before the 
American Philosophical Society on December 2nd, 1904, in 
which he criticised at some length the Bates-Miiller hypothesis 
of mimicry. The paper is the more welcome owing to the 
comparative scarcity of literature dealing with the subject 
from an antagonistic point of view. Since the promulgation 
of the presently accepted theories of mimicry and protective 
resemblance the subject has made very considerable progress- 
Whilst, however, the strongest supporters of the Bates- 
Miiller theories have lost no opportunity of publishing facts 
corroborative of the general principles which they uphold, 
the opponents of these views have for the most part contented 
themselves with a kind of passive disagreement, usually 
treating the whole subject with a species of airy contempt, 
sometimes putting forward somewhat vaguely formulated ob- 
jections, but in no case, so far as I have been able to ascertain, 
bringing forward any really satisfactory hypothesis on which 
to base an explanation of those phenomena for which the 
Bates-Miiller theories seek to account. Nor does the paper in 
question remove this latter defect. The main conclusion is 
that the instances of resemblance which have been noted 
amongst organisms are due, not to any tendency of an un- 
protected species to resemble for its own benefit, a protected 
form, but to the biological environment of the species con- 
cerned. ‘Sunlight or excessive contrasts of light and shade 


(| xxxvili_ ) 


combined, moisture and dryness, differences in environment or 
other climatic causes as affecting the amount and distribution 
of pigment.” It is as a student of the so-called mimicry in 
butterflies endeavouring to be as impartial as a deep interest 
in the subject will allow, that I wish to deal with Professor 
Packard’s paper, and the object of the following remarks is to 
show that the difficulties in the way of accepting that author’s 
arguments against the Bates-Miiller theories are at least as 
great as those which beset their would-be upholders, and 
that whilst the paper is deserving of the greatest attention 
as being one of the few lengthy and carefully compiled 
criticisms of what Dr. Sharp describes as the ‘ fashionable 
theories,” it at the same time falls short of the one essential 
of providing a really satisfactory alternative. 

In his introductory remarks Professor Packard compares 
the observed cases of mimicry between butterflies with the 
resemblance of a zebra to an antelope or that of the ‘spotted 
leopard of the Old World” to the ‘‘ jaguar and ocelot of the 
New World, their habits and environment being the same.” 
But surely the cases are not analogous. No one has ever 
attributed the resemblance between a leopard and a jaguar to 
the pattern of either animal being protective by reason of its 
resemblance to the other. The spotted appearance of a 
leopard and an ocelot is no doubt a case of what Professor 
Poulton has described as ‘“syneryptic” coloration, each 
animal being concealed by resembling the same thing, and 
such a case is of the same nature as the remarkable resem- 
blanee of the under-side of many butterflies to dead leaves. 
The only difference being that in the case of the butterflies the 
syneryptic coloration is protective, whereas in the leopard and 
similar animals it is probably aggressive. Neither form of 
coloration comes under the head of Batesian or Miillerian 
resemblance. Following on these remarks, we are told that 
“‘what has been understood as protective mimicry, in the 
sense of Bates and of Miiller and their followers, has a 
precarious basis.” But the resemblance of an animal to its 
inanimate surroundings is not at all ‘“‘ what has been under- 
stood as protective mimicry, in the sense of Bates and of 
Miiller and their followers.” Professor Packard further 


(texan: ) 


maintains that the Bates-Miiller hypotheses are seriously 
undermined by the fact that the wings of insects were, as 
early as the Carboniferous period, striped or barred and 
spotted long before birds ever appeared.” I cannot however 
see that this affects the Bates-Miiller hypotheses at all. Such 
stripes, bars and spots may for all we know, have been 
cryptic or epigamic, but this would not preclude the ultimate 
development either of sematic or pseudosematic coloration. 

It will be as well here to recall the fact that Professor 
Packard entirely misunderstood what is generally known as 
‘¢ Miiller’s hypothesis.” Put very shortly, Miiller’s suggestion 
was that butterflies belonging to different genera, both dis- 
tasteful, might come to resemble one another so that the 
general sacrifice to the inexperience of insectivorous enemies 
would be divided between them. 

This theory was published in 1879. Nine years previously 
Miiller had made a tentative suggestion that the resemblance 
between protected genera had been brought about by sexual 
selection. It is this theory which Darwin described as 
“rather too speculative to be introduced into my book,” and it 
is also the theory which Professor Packard regarded as the 
accepted Mullerian hypothesis. ‘The error has been very fully 
pointed out by Professor Meldola in a letter to “ Nature” 
published in November 1905, and materially affects the value 
of Professor Packard’s criticisms. 

Mr. Abbot H. Thayer’s view that the colours of animals are 
such as to cause the creature to cease to appear at all, appears 
to be merely a universal application of the theory of cryptic 
coloration. Instances of cryptic coloration are too common to 
admit of any doubt whatever, but to maintain that every 
animal is coloured for concealment appears to me to be too 
much of a generalization. Probably few would deny that 
warning colours are exhibited by many stinging insects, dis- 
tasteful caterpillars and other offensive creatures, to take only 
the insects alone. Mammals and reptiles, however, are also 
known to exhibit warning colours, as for instance the skunk with 
its white tail, the coral snake, and certain brightly coloured 
frogs described in Mr. Belt’s “ Naturalist in Nicaragua.” 
The warning colours exhibited by certain caterpillars have 


( xl) 


formed the subject of much experiment by well-known inves- 
tigators, and all are agreed that insect-eating animals refuse 
those larva which possess conspicuous coloration. 

Professor Packard next proceeds to emphasize the paucity 
of evidence on which rests the theory that insectivorous birds 
are the principal agents of natural selection in Lepidoptera, 
Here | feel myself bound to agree that the recorded instances 
of butterflies forming the staple food of birds are few and far 
between. It would at first sight appear that if birds are really 
the principal cause of modification in the markings of butter- 
flies’ wings there ought to be no necessity for the supporters 
of the Bates-Miiller theories to be obliged to seek out instances 
of birds eating butterflies. It should be generally recognized 
that birds do actually destroy butterflies in large numbers, but 
on the other hand most experienced collectors seem agreed 
that the sight of a bird even chasing a butterfly is of rare 
occurrence. One point, however, is frequently overlooked 
alike by the supporters and opponents of the Bates-Miiller 
theories, viz :—that it is not to be expected that any of the 
full-grown and experienced birds will be frequently observed 
catching butterflies, since they have already learned to avoid 
the distasteful species and incidentally their imitators. Only 
the young birds will attack and experiment with distasteful 
and edible kinds alike, and since on the one hand, young birds 
are notably retiring and inconspicuous and furthermore will 
speedily learn that butterflies are unprofitable prey, it is not 
to be wondered at that birds are not universally observed to 
be butterfly eaters. 

Many common occurrences in nature are exceedingly diffi- 
cult to observe, and it would seem at least possible that the 
destruction of butterflies by young birds is carried on to a far 
greater extent than would appear from casual observation. 
The evidence adduced by Professor Packard is to some extent 
contradictory, and whilst some of the observers assert that 
they have never seen butterflies attacked by birds, others 
again mention numerous cases of this form of destruction. 
Instances are given by butterflies being eaten by birds in 
North America, India, Ceylon, Burmah, Natal, etc., but it 
must be acknowledged that the evidence on this head, and 


(Blut) 


upon which undoubtedly rest, to a great extent, the Bates- 
Miiller theories, is by no means so complete as is desirable for 
their thorough establishment. 

Professor Packard then proceeds to discuss the case of 
Anosia plexippus, which is usually considered to be a dis- 
tasteful species mimicked by Limenitis disippus. Evidence of 
the edibility or otherwise of Limenitis is wanting, but judging 
by the abundance of individuals and slow flight, it may be 
regarded as a protected genus. As regards Anosia plexippus, 
the evidence adduced certainly goes to show that the insect is 
distasteful, since in one case the insect was caught but not 
eaten, and in the second was refused with apparent signs of 
disgust after close inspection. The statement further adduced 
that Limenitis disippus has never been seen to be attacked, 
goes to confirm the conclusion that it is also inedible. 

Professor Packard then proceeds to give the observations of 
Mr. Finn given in his ‘‘Contributions to the Theory of 
Warning Colours and Mimicry.” Little need be said here 
on the subject of these experiments, except to quote Mr. Finn’s 
final conclusions: ‘That many, probably most, species (of 
birds) dislike, if not intensely, at any rate in comparison with 
other butterflies the ‘warningly coloured’ Danainex, Acrea 
viole, Delias eucharis and Papilio aristolochix ; of these the 
last being the most distasteful, and the Danainx the least so.” 

In the paper under discussion considerable space is devoted 
to enumerating instances of birds eating butterflies both 
under natural conditions and in captivity, and the general 
impression to be gained from the expressed opinions of the 
various authorities quoted may be summed up in the state- 
ment that whilst some birds in the wild state, and many in 
captivity, show a marked appetite for butterflies, observations 
of instances of the destruction of the latter by the former are 
of rare occurrence. 

It should not be however forgotten that where evidence 
of such destruction has been systematically sought it has been 
found to be plentiful, and I would refer those interested to 
the very extensive work in this direction which has been 
carried out by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in South Africa, a full 
description of which has been given in the joint communica- 


(xii) 


tion of that author and Professor Poulton, and published in 
the Transactions of this Society for 1902. 

There is, however, one aspect of the matter which the 
writer does not remember to have been previously put forward, 
and that is the possible value of the force of example amongst 
birds. It is well known that young birds are to some extent 
trained by the example of their parents in many matters 
which make for their ultimate success in the battle for 
existence. They may and probably do indulge in much 
experimental tasting, but the extent of such action may to a 
great extent be curtailed by the example of the parents in 
selecting more satisfactory food than butterflies in their 
present condition afford. Such a state of affairs would 
minimize the present, or in some cases the local destruction 
of butterflies by birds, and consequently also the number of 
observed cases of such destruction, but it would not preclude 
the possibility that a much more extensive process of selection 
took place amongst butterflies in earlier times. In other 
words the balance of nature is now maintained by other and 
various agencies acting in concert with the now much-reduced 
influence of insectivorous birds, and we are present now only 
to see a state of affairs brought about by agencies which have 
become considerably modified in their re/ative influences. 

Jt will probably be immediately pointed out that if the 
selective influence of birds is not as great as ever it was the 
well-known tendency of reversion to ancestral forms would 
tend to do away with mimicry, and that only by constant 
pressure of selective forces can mimetie resemblance be main- 
tained. But is there any evidence that mimicry amongst 
butterflies is at present more extensive and complete than it 
has ever been before? Have we any right to say that all 
cases of imperfect mimicry are in process of being perfected 
and not undergoing reversion? I have never been satisfied 
that the white-winged form of Hypolimnas misippus is really 
a mimic of the alcippus variety of Danais chrysippus, ex- 
tremely attractive as the suggestion undoubtedly is. One 
cannot forget that the male misippus has large white patches, 
and the lack of geographical coincidence between alcippus and 
misippus is much against the mimetic theory. The alcippus 


( xliii_ ) 


form may be also a reversion, or it may be, as suggested 
by Professor Poulton, an effort towards more conspicuous 
coloration. If such be the case, we have here an instance of 
accidental resemblance, a phenomenon which I cannot but 
believe does occasionally occur. Such a suggestion will 
probably be looked upon with disfavour by keen supporters 
of Bates’s hypothesis, but I do not see that that hypothesis 
loses anything by the admission that every case of resemblance 
is not necessarily true mimicry. Many other cases of im- 
perfect resemblance might be cited which can just as easily 
be regarded as instances of partial reversion as of incomplete 
development. I do not necessarily insist on the theory that 
birds have partially ceased to be a selective force acting on 
butterflies, but I do suggest that even if it be proved that 
they are not so now, it by no means follows that they never 
were. 

It may be further objected that if the selective force of 
birds is no longer as strong as it was, what influence main- 
tains those accurate cases of mimicry with which we are all 
familiar? To this one may reply that we are ignorant of the 
relative power of the forces which guide development. So 
long as existence depended upon favourable variation, sexual 
selection may have been too weak to prevent such variation. 
Sexual selection may, however, be sufficient in some species 
to maintain facies which have been perfected through long 
periods of evolution. Such suggestions are merely specu- 
lative, but they may serve to remind those who would lay 
down laws for mimetic development, how complicated both in 
their nature and in their effect, are the influences which guide 
the course of evolution. 

In discussing the Batesian and Miillerian theories, Prof. 
Packard’s paper lays much stress on the explanation that 
resemblance between butterflies is due to convergence brought 
about by similarity in their surroundings. Thus we read— 
“From the facts regarding these local varieties thus stated 
by Bates, we seem warranted in ascribing the mimetic re- 
semblance to convergence, or exposure to the same conditions 
of light, heat, moisture, etc., affecting all the individuals of a 
variety simultaneously rather than to what is vaguely called 


(Gly 99) 


natural selection.” And again—‘ The colour and markings 
of animals in general are primarily due to the action of light 
and the colour of the environment or background. To sup- 
pose that in the case of butterflies alone the colours of the 
mimics are due to the attacks of birds, whereas remarkably 
few butterflies, as we have seen, are ever eaten by them, is a 
cause so inacequate, so limited in its scope and so one-sided, 
that it is no wonder the hypothesis has so many opponents.” 
In these observations, we seem again to have the idea of 
climatic influence, and it appears to me to be desirable here 
to quote the words of Professor Poulton in his paper read 
before the Linnean Society in March 1898—‘ There is 
something attractive and plausible in the suggestion that the 
strong mutual resemblance within a group of butterflies of 
different genera and sub-families, inhabiting a single locality, 
are due to the direct action of peculiar local physical or 
chemical influences ; but the suggestion loses all its attract- 
iveness when it is applied to the resemblance between a spider 
and an ant or a moth and a wasp, and yet few could bring 
themselves to believe that the resemblances which are here 
contrasted have been built up by two entirely different sets 
of forces.” In another part of the same paper, Professor 
Poulton points out the very different conditions under which 
the larval stages of mimetic insects undergo their develop- 
ment. Thus the larva of the drone fly lives on putrefying 
animal matter, “a food as different as possible from that pro- 
vided for the larval bee,” and we are reminded that ‘“ when 
the imago emerges from the pupa and its expanded wings 
have dried, nothing that it will eat or endure henceforward 
produces any further effect upon its colours or patterns. 
Hence identity of food and condition during the final stage 
cannot be of any assistance to the interpretation of mimicry.” 

Professor Packard further proceeds to point out that bright 
colours are not invariably associated with a nauseous taste or 
smell, but surely a negative fact of this kind does not in any 
way invalidate the theory of warning colours. The fact that 
certain nauseous insects have not developed warning colours 
does not appear to show that the bright colours of other 
nauseous Insects are not of a warning nature, neither does the 


( dxlv’ >) 


fact that certain inedible moths have no mimics materially 
affect the question. 

There is fairly conclusive evidence that inedible species of 
butterflies adopt for the most part a slow, negligent form of 
flight. This habit, which has probably arisen through im- 
munity from pursuit, also serves to display those colours 
which are supposed to be of a warning nature. It is a re- 
markable fact that mimetic species, though belonging to 
genera which ordinarily fly quickly, also exhibit the same 
carelessness of pursuit. This latter fact is referred to in 
Professor Packard’s paper, and it is even suggested that 
climatic or local causes may be sufficient to account for a 
change in the mode of flight. I cannot but think that sucha 
suggestion is carrying the climatic theory to a somewhat un- 
warrantable length. We are next reminded of Hisig’s sug- 
gestion that “ those bright colours of animals which have 
hitherto been regarded as of warning significance, are merely 
the substance or secretions which confer the unpleasant taste, 
and that therefore Wallace’s older interpretation is unneces- 
sary and, in fact, erroneous.” Now we have already been 
told that the existence of very inconspicuous animals of a 
highly distasteful nature is an argument against the theory of 
warning colours, and yet in the next breath a theory is quoted 
which to be adequately supported would require that these 
highly distasteful insects should also be highly coloured. 

At the end of the next section the author discusses the case 
of the brightly coloured Nicaraguan frog which I mentioned in 
the earlier portion of my remarks. Whilst allowing that the 
frog is inedible and that its gay colours have taught the birds 
to avoid it, it is maintained that the cause of the bright colours 
has been exposure to the bright sunlight and consequent 
excessive pigmentation. On this supposition the bright colours 
would have been developed just the same had the creature been 
of an edible species, except that such colours would have soon 
resulted in the animal’s entire extinction. It is therefore 
merely accident that the bright colours and inedible qualities 
co-exist. Iam prepared to submit that in one or two isolated 
cases sch an accident might be possible ; for the sake of argu- 
ment I would even go so far as to allow that in the case of 


( “xlvi ») 


the frog, the co-existence of bright colours and inedibility is 
accidental, or the result of climatic conditions, or even that the 
inedible qualities are the sowrces of the bright colouring. Then 
for the sake of further argument let us suppose that all such 
cases have arisen from one of these causes, and we are faced 
with the difficulty that Papilio merope, for instance, can produce 
from one batch of eggs the typical male, and the trophonius, 
cenea, and the black and white forms of female, all entirely 
different in appearance, the females not resembling the males 
in the least, and each closely resembling a common inedible 
Danaid, all of which surprising and varied results are achieved 
by either accident, similar climatic conditions, or distasteful 
pigments of the existence of which there is no evidence. I 
must confess that I find it harder to believe all this than that 
birds either do or once did exercise «a powerful selective 
influence over butterflies. The question of snakes is next con- 
sidered. In Brazil, we are told that eight species of harmless 
snakes mimic the same number of species of laps. Then, as 
if to counterbalance this unfortunate evidence, it is pointed 
out that three harmless genera mimic the poisonous genera and 
the latter prey on the former, so that they are not protected 
except from birds. But surely whilst being protected from 
birds and mammals, they are protected from their poisonous: 
enemies by their resemblance to them, unless the poisonous 
ones prey on each other. ‘The case is a complicated one, and 
appears to exhibit protective and aggressive resemblance 
respectively in the two genera, but brought about by the same 
means. The balance of nature has been reduced to a fine 
point. 

In the next section the author cites a case in which a brown 
Euplea, a Danais, and a Hypolimnas, all much alike, are 
observed to fly together. Mr. G. F. Mathew maintains that 
all these three genera are avoided by birds, and the case is 
given as one to which the Miillerian theory is therefore inap- 
plicable. I cannot help thinking, however, that the case is one 
to which the Miillerian theory precisely applies, and the para- 
graph only goes to confirm Professor Meldola’s contention 
that Professor Packard did not understand the Miillerian 
hypothesis at all. 


( xlvii_ ) 


The remainder of the paper is devoted to an able and inter- 
esting discussion on the origin of the markings of mammals, 
the effect of the blending of colours when the animals are in 
motion, and other matters. Deeply interesting as this portion 
is, it hardly bears on the case of butterfly mimicry. Animals 
which develop their external attributes of colour and markings 
under the life-long influence of light and shade, colours which 
are for the most part cryptic, though presumably developed by 
natural selection, cannot be compared to creatures which reach 
full colour and pattern development in an hour or so after 
emerging from the pupa, and which moreover can produce 
such diverse forms, as for instance the male and female 
Hypolimnas misippus, from the same batch of larvee fed and 
pupated under the same physical conditions. 

In conclusion, | trust it will not appear to be an act of pre- 
sumption on my part to attempt to criticise the work of the 
eminent naturalist whose loss we must all deplore. I am well 
aware that an amateur naturalist ike myself has not the 
opportunity of making the extensive and careful researches 
which have made the writings of our prominent scientists such 
magnificent records of devotion to their work. 

The remarks I have here ventured to make are merely the 
expression of the thoughts which have occurred to me in a 
humble endeavour to arrive at sound conclusions on a most 
complicated, difficult, and deeply interesting subject. 

For some years I have been making a special study of the 
most interesting forms of mimetic resemblance, more particu- 
larly amongst the African Rhopalocera, and I have invariably 
been much touched by the ready assistance which has been 
afforded me even by those prominent workers with whom I 
am acquainted only by correspondence, and it will always 
be my desire to reciprocate in every way which lies in my 
power. It is therefore with these thoughts in my mind that 
I should wish my remarks on Professor Packard’s paper to be 
regarded in the light of a friendly discussion on a subject of 
mutual interest, and not in any way a criticism of the personal 
views of a naturalist whose work must ever command the 
respect, both of those whose attainments entitle them to 
rank with him in eminence, and also of those who, like 


< xiviu ) 


myself, are of the humbler, though I trust not less faithful 
workers. 

Finally, I would gratefully acknowledge the help I have 
received from Professor Poulton, who has very kindly fur- 
nished me with references and data which have been of great 
assistance in the preparation of the foregoing remarks. 


Wednesday, June 6th, 1906. 
Mr. F. Merririeip, President, in the chair. 


Obituary. 
The decease of Mrs. EnizABETH BRIGHTWEN was announced. 


Exhibitions. 

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHores exhibited specimens of Lomechusa 
strumosa, F., taken with Formica sanguinea at Woking on 
May 26 and 29 last. Only two other British examples 
are known, one taken by Sir Hans Sloane on Hampstead 
Heath in 1710, the other found by Dr. Leach while travelling 
in the mail-coach between Gloucester and Cheltenham, and 
these are included in the Natural History Museum collection. 
Since 1866 it has been omitted from our lists, where it was 
last included by Crotch among the doubtful species. 

Dr. K. Jordan said that the species was not uncommon in 
Central Germany, and that he had met with it in some numbers 
at Hildesheim. 

Mr. H. J. Turner showed a case containing a large number 
of the life-histories of Coleophorids, notes on which had 
appeared in the Society’s “ Proceedings,” or in the ‘ Entomo- 
logical Record.” He also showed :—(a) Coleophora fuscedinella. 
Birch leaf showing (1) larval mines, (2) a wintering curved 
larval case (dark) with early spring addition (light), (8) the 
newly-cut case not yet completed and still attached to the 
mine, (4) a completed new case on a fresh mine. (6) C. 
alticolella. Cases, partly of white secreted substance and partly 
of the seed-husks of Juncus lamprocarpus. (c) C. cespititiella. 
Cases on Juncus conglomeratus, the smaller white cases autumn, 
the larger stained cases the winter cases. 


(lis) 


Mr. A. H. Jones showed on behalf of Mr. Henry Lupton a 
few butterflies from Majorca, captured between April 8 and 
April 20 last. Comparing the specimens with those of the 
same species from Corsica, also exhibited, they appeared to be 
smaller ; the Pararge megzra approached the form tigelius, the 
Caenonympha pamphilus differed somewhat in the under-side 
being darker. Only one moth was seen, J/acroglossa stellatarum. 
So far under twenty species of butterflies have been recorded 
from the Balearic Islands. 

Mr. Setwyn Imace showed :— (a) A specimen of Crambus 
ericellus, Hb., taken at Loughton, Essex, August 8, 1899. Not 
previously recorded from further south than Cumberland ; 
(6) two specimens of Vola confusalis, H.8. ab. colmbina, Image, 
taken in Epping Forest, May 22, 1906. ‘The first examples 
of this aberration were taken by him at the same locality 
May 22,1905, and recorded in the Ent. Rec. July 1905, p. 188 ; 
and (c) a specimen of Peronea cristana, F., the ground colour 
of upper-wings abnormally black, even more intensely black 
than in the ab. nigrana, Clark. Taken in Epping Forest 
August 19, 1905. 

Mr, J. H. Keys sent for exhibition the type of Spathor- 
rhamphus corsicus, Marshall (described and figured in the 
“ Bull. Soc. Ent. Franc., 1902,” pp. 210-212), from Vizzavona, 
Corsica. This fine Anthribid was supposed by some Coleopter- 
ists to have been an accidental importation into the mountain- 
ous regions of the island, but was no doubt endemic. 

Mr. G. C. Cuampton remarked that he had taken Platyr- 
rhinus latirostris in numbers at the same locality, in the beech 
and pine forests (Pinus laricio) along the line of railway, above 
the tunnel, Dr. Karl Jordan, of Tring, the principal authority 
on the Anthribidx at the present time, reports on the genus as 
follows :— 

SPATHORRHAMPHUS, Marshall (1902). 

Q. Close to Hurymycter, Leconte (1876), from North 
America, Antenna as thick as in that genus, but shorter, the 
club longer and more compressed, segment 8 less than half the 
length of 9, 10 one-third shorter than 11, being longer than in 
Eurymycter. Rostrum broader at apex, less distinctly grooved 
longitudinally on upper-side, the mesial carina more elevate. 

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., 11. 1906. D 


Cit} 


There are several Old World species (Africa and Japan) 
standing under 7’ropideres which come also close to Spathor- 
rhamphus, but have thinner antenne. 

Dr. F. A. Dixry exhibited specimens of eight species of 
Pierine butterflies, and remarked on them as follows :— 

“Tt is well known that many kinds of butterflies, especially 
Pierines, are in the habit of congregating in large numbers on 
damp patches of soil for the sake of absorbing the moisture. 
This phenomenon occurs to some extent in temperate regions, 
but it is in tropical and sub-tropical districts of both the old 
and the new world that the size and frequency of such 
assemblages have attracted most attention. Mr. Distant 
(‘Rhopalocera Malayana,’ 1882-1886, pp. 284, 285) has brought 
together several instances from the experience of various 
travellers, and many others are on record. By the kindness 
of Professor Poulton I am able to show representative 
examples of 153 specimens captured under these conditions 
by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, a well-known official of the British 
Kast African Protectorate, to whom Science is indebted for 
the fine collection of Rhopalocera from Uganda lately described 
by Mr. Neave (‘Novitat. Zoolog.,’ vol. X1,1904). Mr. Wiggins’s 
note to the series represented by the exhibit is as follows :— 

‘** All these (over 150) were caught in one sweep of the net 
over a pool within a few yards of the Ripon Falls, Jinja, Lake 
Victoria Nyanza, by C. A. Wiggins, on Feb. 2, 1906.’ 

“The catch consists entirely of Pierines of the two genera 
Pinacopteryx and Belenois. Eight species are represented, the 
numbers being as follows :— 


Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl. : 5 ; - 104 
+ pigea, Boisd. (northern (oem) : age LAST 

- liliana, Grose Smith . ‘ : ; 5 
Belenois solilucis, Butl.  . 5 ; 1 
55 subeida, Feld, (form Sisto Butl.) . : 8 

» formosa, Butl. . : : : : : 12 

» . gudica, “Godt: ; < il 

5  severina, Cram. (form Doaliensis, Feld.) 5 


Total ; 5 ; 53 


‘“‘ Every one of the 153 specimens isa male. The b. gidica 
is of the ‘ wet-season’ form, the others are all more or less ‘dry.’ 


(ih) 


The great preponderance of P. vidua is noticeable, as is also 
the generally good condition of most of the specimens making 
up the somewhat significant figure of the total.” 

In answer to questions, Dr. Dixry said that he had no 
further information from Mr. Wiggins than that which he 
had already given. He should be disposed to infer from the 
words, ‘‘caught in one sweep of the net over a pool,” that 
the butterflies were disturbed while drinking, and the net 
dashed among them just as they were taking wing.* 

Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.8., communicated some notes 
on Natal butterflies which he had received from Mr. Geo. H. 
Burn, of Weenen. This naturalist, writing January 19, 1905, 
stated that he had that week returned from a trip down the 
Tugela Valley, during which he had spent about ten days in 
the valley of its tributary, the Umhlangane River, about 
thirty-five miles from Weenen. ‘“ While there,’ he wrote, “I 
obtained many good specimens, amongst others, Jolaus pallene, 
aphnxoides, bowkert and sidus ; Aphnxus | Spindasis| masilikazi, 
ella, phanes and [Choroselas| pseudozeritis ; Canyra hebe and 
Axiocerces amanga. Iwas particularly pleased to get aphnzoides, 
which is very rare. About ten years ago I captured a few 
about thirty miles higher up the Tugela. This is the first time 
I have seen (’. hebe in life. 1 fancy it must be very local. All 
the species I have mentioned, and many other butterflies, were 
taken off the flowers of the Umchechau tree or shrub, grow- 
ing along the banks of the spruit. These flowers seem to 
attract insects of all descriptions, as well as butterflies and 
moths. Among Coleoptera, the Lycidx were very numerous 
on it. The flowers of the Umandane tree similarly attract all 
sorts of insects in this neighbourhood during September and 
October. Aphnxoides would seem to differ from others of its 
group, inasmuch as it appears always to settle on a flower 


* The following passages show the possibility of such an explanation :— 
‘‘Large numbers of white butterflies may be seen quenching their thirst 
on the damp ground, and flying up when disturbed, in quite a startling 
cloud ” (MS. note by Dr. Thwaites in Moore’s “‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” vol. 
I, 1880-81, p. 117). Mr. E. L. Arnold (quoted in Distant, Joc. cit.) de- 
seribes a “‘ countless host of thirsty butterflies, collected from the forest 
all round to drink . . . . crowded so close by the water that the sand 
could scarcely be seen,” and when disturbed, ‘‘ springing into the air in 
a huge cloud.” [F. A. D.) 


( ln -4 
in the middle and most inaccessible part of the bush, whereas 
pallene and other species apparently prefer the outer branches. 

“YT am inclined to think, from a good many years of obsery- 
ation, that the anal appendages (at any rate in the case of the 
Lolaus and Aphnxus groups) of many butterflies are intended 
to deceive their enemies by resembling antenne. I have 
repeatedly come across fresh specimens with that part of the 
hind-wings injured, in many cases apparently bitten com- 
pletely out, and I incline to the belief that M/antide are the 
chief enemies of butterflies in the imago stage. A few days 
ago I noticed a very large green Mantis ‘stalking’ an J. pallene. 
The Mantis apparently was trying to edge round to the part 
where the tails were. I watched it for some time, when 
unfortunately a wasp settled on the flower and frightened 
the pallene away.” 

Professor Poutton observed that it was extremely interest- 
ing thus to gain further independent evidence in favour of 
the interpretation of the “tails” of Lycanide as antenna- 
like directive structures adapted to divert the attacks of an 
enemy from a vital to a non-vital part of their prey. It is 
difficult to resist the conclusion that this interpretation is 
correct when it has been independently reached by so many 
naturalists :—Dr. Arnold and Dr. Forsstrém (quoted by Kirby 
and Spence in 1817 as Dr. G. B. Longstaff has recently pointed 
out *), Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, Dr. Richard Evans, Mr. Champion 
B. Russell, My. E. A. Floyer, Dr. Longstaff, and lastly by the 
excellent observer who is quoted on the present occasion. (See 
Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, pp. 373,374; 1906, pp. 106, 107.) 

Professor E. B. Poutton also exhibited the four individuals 
of Luralia mima, Trim., and the four of #. wahlbergi, Wallgr., 
captured by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on the Umbilo River, near 
Malvern, Natal, on June 28, 1897, as described in Trans. Ent. 
Soe. Lond., 1902, pp. 491, 492. He showed their respective 


* Dr. Longstaffs recent note (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906, pp. 106, 
107) referring to my discussion of the tails of Lycwnids (1. c., 1902, p. 374), 
supplies a good example of the liability to error in quoting an unusual 
name. In my account the name Forsstrém is rendered Forsstrona, in 
Dr. Longstaff’s Forstrom. The generic name Hesperia, which at first 
puzzled Dr. Longstaff in the first edition of Kirby and Spence (1817) is 
replaced by Thecla in the fifth (1828, vol. ii, p. 251). Hesperia persists in 
the third edition (1823, vol. ii, p. 254), I have not seen the fourth. [£.B.P.] 


(Wit) 


Danaine models Amauris echeria, Boisd., and A. niavius, L., 
form dominicanus, Trim., and explained the reasons why Mr. 
Marshall considered the mimics to be two forms of a single 
species (/.c. p. 491). Professor Poulton had written to Mr. 
G. F. Leigh, advising him to make the attempt to breed from 
one form or the other, and thus settle the question. Mr. Leigh 
had done his best but failed in this attempt. He had how- 
ever made special observations on the two forms which are an 
interesting addition to our knowledge of them. The differ- 
ences revealed in the course of this inquiry had convinced Mr. 
Leigh that the two forms are entirely distinct species. Pro- 
fessor Poulton was by no means convinced of the soundness of 
this conclusion. ‘The extraordinary facts now recognized in the 
genus Precis show us that differences of instinctive behaviour are 
not necessarily evidence of specific distinction. Indeed every 
difference relied upon by Mr. Leigh breaks down when tried 
by the test of this searching comparison. Professor Poulton 
much hoped that the food-plant would be discovered, eggs 
obtained, and the only convincing evidence made available. 
The following paper shows that Mr. Leigh is intimately ac- 
quainted with these forms in Natal, and the Society may 
anticipate that his energy and powers of observation will 
ultimately lead to success in the decision of this difficult and 
interesting question. 


Notes on Luralia wahlbergi, Watuar., and EH. mina, TRIM., 
BY G. F. Leien, F.E.S. 


Having read (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 491, 492) 
that these two butterflies are thought to form but a single 
species, | have during this season (1904-5) been closely observ- 
ing their habits. I now offer full particulars of what I have 
seen,—particulars which in my opinion support the conclusion 
that the two forms are entirely distinct species. 

It has been inferred that they are probably the same species 
because “they have been taken in codéw several times ” (/.c., 
p- 491). This I do not regard as very strong evidence ; for I 
have taken Kronia cleodora and E. leda, in coitu, also Neptis 
agatha and Kurytela hiarbas. The only intermediate specimen 
I know of here may well be a hybrid result of such pairing ; 


live) 


for the characters of both mima and wahlbergi are represented 
upon it. The other reason given is ‘‘ that the two forms are 
always found together wherever they are met with in any 
number ” (/.c., p. 491). This may be a fact, but it is also true 
that they fly just as often with Planema esebria, Planema 
aganice, Amauris echeria, and Papilio brasidas, EF. mima very 
much resembling the latter when on the wing. I give below a 
summary of the habits of these two forms so far as I have 
observed them in Natal. It will be seen at a glance that they 
are widely different. 


E. wahlbergi. EF. mima. 

To be tound from middle of | To be found about first 
December and during January week in January and during 
and part of February. * February. 

Imago emerges from pupa Emerges between 2 and 4 
between 9.30 and 11.30 a.m. | p.m., never in the morning. 

Always rests upon upper Always restsupon the under- 


surface of leaves or the ground | side of the leaf with wings 
with wings folded except when | shut and hanging down, except 
drying after emergence, when | when drying which usually 
they are continually opened | occurs upon the sand or very 
and shut like those of a Sat- | low herbage. 

urnid moth. 

Flight slow and hovering, Flight very much quicker 
and when disturbed the insect | than /. wahlbergi, and if dis- 
usually returns after a time | turbed or missed the butterfly 
to the same spot, often to the | flies high and does not return 
same leaf. to the same place. 

Very much commoner than One of the rare species here. 
E. mima : at least ten of wahl- | I should consider ten to twelve 
bergi may be seen to one of | aprobableestimate of the num- 
mim. ber which might be seen in an 
average season. 


I think there is sufficient difference in the habits set forth 
above to indicate that we are dealing with distinct species, but 
a few additional remarks may not be out of place. I have 


* Mr. Leigh writes on May 26, 1906:—‘‘I have seen two or three 
Euralia wahlbergi this month: last year I saw none after February and 
early March. The specimens now seen are very much larger than the 
earlier brood, but not so common.” [E. B. P.] 


(lv® ) 


often seen and captured specimens of wahlbergi no larger than 
EF. mima, but I have never seen, or heard of any of the latter 
that in any way approach the size of a very large proportion 
of the former. Wahlbergi may also be seen in gardens and 
sometimes even in the public roads, while mima is very rarely 
found except in shady glades in the bush. 

The following is a precise record of the examples of both 
species I have seen, captured, or heard of during December 
1904 and January 1905, in Stella Bush, Durban. 


1904. 
December 16 Morning: captured 1 EF. wahlbergi. 
+ I * os 1 and saw 2 ditto. 
5 18 BS 55 pair wahlbergi in cop.* 
o 19 . A 2. Afternoon saw one. 
Bt 20 , + 1. Heard of 3 specimens being 


captured in garden in Musgrave Road, Durban. 
December 21 Saw 3 specimens in morning. 
22 Captured 2 specimens in morning just emerged. 
23 “ 1 specimen in afternoon, damaged. 
FA 24, 25, 26,27. Not in Durban. 
28 Saw 3 specimens in morning. 
29 Morning : captured 2 specimens, 1 perfect and 1 Q 
with three wings. 
30 Saw 2 specimens in morning, | in afternoon. 
es 31 January 1 and 2. Not in Durban, 


1905 
January 3 Captured 1 in morning and 1 in afternoon, saw 2 others. 
5 4 - 2 si (vaining in afternoon). 
ms 5 AS 3 a and 2 in afternoon. 
* 6 i 1 - saw 4 others, 2 damaged. 
; 7 and 8. Not in Durban, 
5 9 Captured 3 in morning, saw 1 mima in afternoon. 
a lO ¥ 5 wahlbergi in morning, saw 2 in afternoon. 
see ll 5 2 “i Rs », 2 others, captured 


2 freshly emerged mimu in afternoon. 

» 12 Captured 6 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in afternoon : 
also captured 1 mima and saw 2 others, all 3 freshly 
emerged, and going to rest early, as a bad storm 
commenced about 4 p.m. 

5, 13 Captured 2 wahlbergi in morning, saw 2 others, heard of 
1 mima being captured on the Bluff, Durban. 


* The ? was kept alive for over a week, but no ova were laid, 
+ Kept alive for three days, but no ova laid. 


Cpl vada) 

1905. 

January 14 and 15. Not in Durban. 

» 16 Captured 1 wahlbergi and 1 mima, and saw another of 
the latter, all in the afternoon. 

» 17 Captured 3 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in the afternoon, 
and 1 mima going to rest as late as 5.30. 

5, 18 Not out in morning, captured 1 mima in afternoon. 

»y 19 Morning: captured 10 wahlbergi and saw 3 others, 1 
badly crippled. Afternoon: saw 2 more wahlbergi, 
no mima, but had 2 perfect specimens of latter given 
me, captured about 3 p.m. in another part of Stella 
Bush. They had only just emerged, and the wings 
were hardly dry. 

,, 20 Captured 3 wahlbergi and saw 1 mima in morning. 

»  2land 22. Not in Durban. 

» 28 Captured 2 wahlbergi in morning and 2 in afternoon ; 
saw 4 others, including a pair in coitw; captured 1 
mima just out and saw another in afternoon. 

» 24 Captured 5 wahlbergi and saw 4 others in morning, 
raining all afternoon. 

5 25 Captured 2 wahlbergi and saw 1 other in morning ; saw 
1 mima in afternoon. A dull damp day. 

» 26 Captured 1 wahlbergi* and saw another in morning ; 
captured 1 freshly emerged mima in afternoon. 
Raining nearly all day. 

» 27 Afternoon : captured 3 wahlbergi and saw 1 other ; saw 
2 mima in coitu. Wet, dull morning. 


At this point the observations ceased, as I was unable to 
continue my regular visits to the locality in which the above 
recorded notes were made. 

To sum up:—Between December 16, 1904, and January 
27, 1905, I captured, saw, or heard of being captured just 121 
E. wahlbergi, and between January 9 and 27, 1905, I captured, 
saw, or heard of being captured just 20 mima. 

These numbers, especially of mima, are greatly in excess of 
anything that I have before observed in this locality. The 
mima captured in the season 1904—5 indeed exceed the total 
that I have been able to obtain in the five previous seasons 
together, that is during the whole of my experience of this 
locality. This remarkable abundance I attribute to the fact 


* A crippled 9? kept alive for ova without success. 


( lvii ) 


that the glade had only been made about three and a half 
months, and was therefore practically virgin ground. 

Although I saw wahlbergi in coituw on several occasions 
and mima once, I never saw the two forms pairing together, 
and not very frequently flying together, except on the after- 
noon of January 12, when there was a very bad storm with 
hail, and all species of butterflies were going to rest unusually 
early. It is very unfortunate I have not been successful in 
getting any ova from the 9s kept for this purpose, but even 
had I done so, I am not at all sure that I know the food 
plant. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., in his work suggests a tree, 
but I think that the Buck Weed is far more probable, as nearly 
all the recorded specimens were settling on or flying over this 
plant. I several times searched unsuccessfully for the pupa- 
cases, although a great many of the wahlbergi had scarcely 
dried their wings when captured, and in several cases I 
observed on the leaves beneath the spot where a butterfly had 
been resting the excretory fluid which is ejected shortly after 
emergence. 

Professor Poutton also exhibited Mr, Guy A. K. Marshall’s 
latest demonstration of seasonal phases in South African 
species of the genus Precis—the proof, by actual breeding, 
that P. tukuoa, Wallgr., is the dry season phase of P. ceryne, 
Boisd., 

The female parent of the wet phase was captured April 2, 
1905, at Salisbury, Mashonaland (5000 ft.). The eggs were 
laid on the following day, and all hatched April 13. The 
eight offspring were treated, and went through their trans- 
formations as follows :— 


1905. 1905. 
1. Pupated May 9. Emerged May 27, asa dry phase 9 
2. ” ” 12. 9 ” dl, ” ” J 
Be a eo fe ES) anaes mime 
4 a = ee ‘ June. /., ee 
D. ” ” 13. ” ” 1, ” ” 3 
6. ” ” 15. ” ” 2, ” ” 3 
7. Pupated and subjected to damp heat, May 15, 1905. 


Emerged May 23, 1905, as a dry phase ¢ 
8. Pupated and subjected to damp heat, May 15, 1905. 
Emerged May 23, 1905, as a dry phase ¢ 


( lviii_ ) 


The whole of the offspring are marked examples of the 
tukuoa or dry phase. The damp heat to which Nos. 7 and 8 
were subjected hurried the transformation in a remarkable 
manner, the pupal period only enduring for eight days, instead 
of from eighteen to twenty days, as in Nos. 1-6. But with 
all this hardly any effect, if any, has been wrought upon the 
pigments. The upper-side colouring of Nos. 7 and 8 is very 
slightly lighter than that of two out of the three other males 
(Nos. 2, 5, and 6), but is about the same as the third. Upon 
the under-side, where the essential distinction between the 
phases is manifest, no difference can be detected. 

Professor E. B. Poutton exhibited ten specimens of Precis 
sesamus, captured at a height of about 5000 ft. on the S.E. 
slopes of Kilimanjaro by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. The 
dates, seasonal phases and condition of the specimens are 
shown below : 

Mamba state, 


1905. 

Sept. 19, 1 Precis sesamus, © (dry season phase), not much worn. 
ee 3 ees oF © A 3 nearly perfect. 
eee cal ee, i © ty 1 rather worn. 

Alin y-aal Make as - © slight tendency towards  inter- 
mediate ; worn. 


5 © very much worn and very ragged. 
The symmetrical injuries suggest 
the attack of a bird or lizard. 

A" ad Precis sesamus, @ (wet season phase), quite 

lig 


109 Ub 


DOES fresh. 


/ 


‘ »  @©slight tendency towards 
intermediate. Shghtly 
worn and very badly 
notched and torn, pro- 
bably by enemies. 

55 25, 1 Precis sesamus, © worn and much notched. 

ma eeO ls 5, © (intermediate.) On dry side of 

intermediate. Much worn and a 

great part of both hind-wings 

shorn away. 


Vl 


Marang state, 
1905, 
Sept. 25,1 ,, 5 © very slight tendency towards inter- 


mediate. Worn and notched. 


( lix ) 


Concerning these specimens Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers wrote 
on September 29, 1905 :— 

“ T was very interested to meet with Precis sesamus for the 
first time. All the specimens except one were of the winter 
form, and were more or less worn. The one exception was 
a beautiful fresh natalensis which was taken in coitwu with 
sesamus. One sesamus has the red spots considerably 
elongated, thus showing some approach to natalensis. 

“‘ During the whole time I was on the mountain the weather 
was for the most part cloudy and showery, so that I was un- 
able to go up to the higher levels as I had hoped. I did go 
as far as the forest which extends upwards for about 6000 ft., 
but everything was dripping, though it was one of the finest 
days we had, and no butterflies came within reach, in fact 
only two or three were seen. In the forest there are ferns 
and mosses everywhere carpeting the ground and hanging in 
festoons from every branch, and the begonias form great 
bushes 20 ft. high.” 

Still more recently the following interesting notes on the 
subject have been received from the same keen and observant 
naturalist :— 

“T saw one other natalensis which was also quite fresh, so 
it is fairly certain that I was on Kilimanjaro just at the time 
when the wet-season phase was appearing. 

“‘T fear i have no first-hand knowledge of the seasons on 
Kilimanjaro except what I can assume from living well with- 
in sight of it, and being able to tell from the amount of cloud 
what the weather is like. (We are not more than ten or 
twelve miles from the mountain, which rises from the plain 
on which we live, and probably not more than five or six from 
the nearest foot-hills.) I have, however, inquired diligently, 
and I am informed that the wet season lasts with short breaks 
from the middle of March till the end of November, so that 
I was there towards the end of the wet season, when one 
would expect the dry phase to be beginning to show up, and 
the wet phase to be still predominant though somewhat worn, 
whereas the facts were exactly opposite to this. Possibly the 
explanation is that during the wet season, or at any rate a 
good part of it, the clouds hang so heavily over the mountain, 


Ase!) 


even at 5000 ft., that butterfly life is reduced to a minimum 
from want of sunshine, not from want of moisture, and I am 
told that during this season for weeks at a time the sun is 
scarcely seen at all. The period of the year when butterflies 
are most abundant is during the dry season, if it may be 
so called where the country never dries up at all. During the 
wet season it is so wet and cold that very few insects are on 
the wing, but during the months of December—February 
there is plenty of sunshine and quite sufficient moisture 
for all needs of insects. It is curious that the seasons at 
which the wet and dry phases are found do not vary much 
from those further south, where the seasons are so very 
different.” 

Professor PoutTon observed that the facts were extremely 
remarkable, and must be taken into account in the attempt to 
interpret the nature of the change from the one form into the 
other. By themselves they seemed to suggest temperature 
and not degree of moisture as the controlling factor. The 
facts were, however, equally in accordance with the hypothesis 
that the changes are due to internal causes and merely more or 
less parallel with the seasons without being caused by them, 
so that local reversal of the wet or dry periods is unaccom- 
panied by a corresponding reversal in the phases of the insect. 
But the problem is too difficult and complex to be solved by 
these observations alone, interesting and suggestive as they 
are. 

Professor Poutton exhibited 325 butterflies captured on one 
day by Mr. C. B. Roberts, between the eighth and tenth mile 
from the Potaro River on the road to the gold-mines. The 
road starts from the Potaro 30 miles above its confluence with 
the Hssequibo. The capture was effected February 23, 1904, 
and may be compared with that of August 28, 1903, exhibited 
to the Society on November 4 of the same year. The follow- 
ing statement sets forth the constitution of the two sets of 
butterflies :— 


( Ixi ) 


Aug. 28, 1903. Feb. 23, 1904. | 
Mid short dry season, |Mid long dry season. | 
a Melinxa mneme . : 250 ¢ *3? 220 J 
& 
= »  cramerr : : 8d 76 | 
8 | 
= » egina . : } 9g 21¢ | 
= Mechanitis pannifera ; 10¢ | 4g 
o 
3 | 
2 a polymnia . : 93 3d 
2 
i= Lycorea ceres : : gs 0 
g 
3s ; : 
ve » £pasinuntia . 3d (ees 
n 
rd, 
Heliconius vetustus  . : it (6) 
Hueides nigrofulva . , 1 0 
3. 
Es 
a Ceratinia vallonia . ae alas che he, 58 J 
oD | 
E> 
as Napeogenes pheraunthes — . i¢ 0 
os 
33 oie 36 
mS Cerutinia barii . 5 ; 4 ¢ 0 
aS 
i] | 
is 
Felkshion oO 
Boas : 
2825 Ithomia zarepha ; : es 0 
Bg ks 
oS 
on 
ob a 
eS 
‘a3 SS 
a 1 ; 0 ix 
ges Scada theaphia . : : 5g 5¢ 
= S SiC | 
| 
a 
lS 
Sts | 
aie 
moe Hesperia syrichthus . : 1 | 0 
Bos | 
=>) 
ORS | 
— == — = oe — = ehh — 3. ~ 
Totals 323 325 


* Three specimens have been mislaid. It is almost certain that they 
are males. 


(ii) 

The extraordinary predominance of the Ithomiine-centred 
groups, especially the first, is well shown in Mr. Roberts’ 
captures on these two days. Of course, an essential consider- 
ation is the nature of the locality in which he collected, viz., the 
clearing in the forest made and kept open for establishing 
and maintaining the road to the gold-mines. The butterflies 
were all captured upon the white flowers of Hupatorium 
macrophyllum which springs up wherever the forest is cleared. 
On these flowers in this situation the almost exclusive pre- 
dominance of the Ithomiine-centred groups is proved by the 
whole results of collecting on two typical days, one (August 
28) in the middle of the short, the other (February 23) in 
the middle of the long dry season. The extraordinary pre- 
ponderance of males is also remarkable, and may be compared 
with the exhibit made by Dr. F. A. Dixey, in which the 153 
Pierine—all males—were captured on wet mud. It is probable 
that these and other observations showing that the male is 
compelled to seek moisture, are to be explained by the fact 
that this sex flies in the sun far more freely than the 
comparatively retiring female. 

Professor E. B. Pouuron exhibited specimens referred to in 
the following notes by his assistant, Mr. W. Houtanp, of the 
Hope Department :— 

‘“ Whilst sweeping in Stowe Wood, near Oxford, August 28, 
1904, I brushed up a good many specimens of the little 
Halticid beetle, Apteropeda orbiculata, Mar., from the patches 
of Ajuga reptans, and with them at the same time the little 
Hemipteron, Halticus apterus, L., the last-named being most 
plentiful, and closely resembling the beetles with which they 


were mixed in the sweeping-net. 

“On August 18, 1904, in searching at the roots of plants 
near Ascot-under-Wychwood, I found the same two insects in 
company, and experienced the same difficulty in picking out 
the beetles from the bugs. 

“On April 18, 1905, when shaking some heaps of cut 
herbage lying beside the path from 8. Hincksey to Chilswell 
Farm, near Oxford, a number of the little Staphylinid, 
Myrmedonia canaliculata, F., tumbled out on to the paper, 
together with many J/yrmica rubra, race ruginodis, Nyl., the 


(tsa) 

beetle looking extremely like the ant. The same occurred in 
each heap which I searched. I then remembered having often 
seen the beetle and ant together under the large stones which 
lie by the path side in the walk to Henwood, on another part 
of the same hill, This latter observation is of course well 
known, but the former, seeming to show that the Staphylinids 
accompany the ants outside the nest, was new to me.” 

Professor Pouttron observed that it was of great interest to 
obtain all possible evidence of association between mimic and 
model in the living state. 

Mr. R. SHELFORD communicated the following “ Note ona 
feeding experiment on the spider Mephila maculata.” 

Conclusions as to the relative tastefulness or distastefulness 
of insects derived from feeding experiments that are carried 
out with captive spiders or predatory insects must always be 
unsatisfactory ; for the captives rendered ultra-ferocious by 
a new-found imprisonment will seize and devour almost every- 
thing in the nature of food that is offered to them, or else, 
wearied with a long imprisonment, become too languid to eat 
anything. I welcomed therefore an opportunity, that offered 
some little time ago, to test the predilections of a large spider 
living under perfectly natural conditions. In July 1902 I 
encountered the web of Nephila maculata stretched across a 
jungle path on Mt. Matang, in Sarawak, Borneo; occupying 
the centre of the web was a fine female specimen of this 
spider, and | employed two hours in catching examples of the 
insects flying about near the web, in placing my captures in 
the web and in noting down the behaviour of the spider. A 
heavy thunderstorm then drove me to shelter and in a short 
time totally wrecked the spider’s web, so that the experiments 
are by no means as complete as I could wish. However, so 
far as they go, they are of some interest and appear worthy of 
a permanent record ; they are set forth in tabular form here- 
with, the numbers in brackets referring to the numbers of 
specimens offered as food. 


( Haay 9) 


Insect offered as food. Treatment by spider. 
_ Hymeno- | Trigona apicalis (5) Thrown out of the web. | 
| ptera Trigona lacteifascia (2) | One tasted, but then re- | 
| jected ; one thrown out | 
of the web. | 
| Coleoptera | Antipha sp. (1) Tasted, and reserved for | 
| future consumption. | 
z — ee = So | 
| Riptortus pedestris (2) Instantly devoured. 
Hemiptera | Cosmolestes picticeps (4) | Thrown out of the web. | 
Velinus nigrigenu (1) | Thrown out of the web ; | 
great caution exercised. 
Diptera Musca sp. (1) Instantly devoured. 
| Ypthima pandocus (7) Instantly devoured. | 
| Lepidoptera | Cynitia diardi (1) a 3 | 
| _ Terias hecabe (4) One devoured, rest re- | 
| served for future con- 
sumption. 
| Deilemera coleta (1) Thrown out of the web. | 


In these experiments one feature was plain, viz. that the 
spider exhibited its likes and dislikes in the most unmistakable 
manner, and I am positive that its appetite was by no means 
sated by the time that the experiments had come to an 
untimely end. When the butterflies, Ypthima pandocus were 
thrown into the web the spider made a rapid rush at them, 
and in a moment the victims were engulfed. The Phyto. 
phagous beetle, a reddish-yellow species of <Antipha, was 
instantly seized when it fell into the web, but the spider, after 
driving her falces into the body of her prey, then paused and 
appeared to find the copious yellow fluid which exuded from 
the body of the beetle highly distasteful ; at any rate the 
beetle was not bitten again, but was spun up in a silken 
shroud and was suspended by a single strand of silk from the 
web. ‘The method by which this beetle was enshrouded was 
interesting to watch. The spider held it by her front pair of 
legs and caused it to revolve by the help of her mouth parts, 


Gilxv >) 


whilst her hind pair of legs were applied one at a time to her 
Spinnerets, bringing away at each movement a strand of silk 
which was then applied to the revolving beetle ; the operation 
was carried out with great rapidity, and I could almost 
persuade myself that I was watching the movements of some 
ingenious silk-winding machine. When the beetle had become 
an amorphous bundle, one long strand was attached to it, the 
other end of the strand being held by one of the hind-legs ; 
the spider then rapidly scaled its huge web, the silken bundle 
dangling from one leg, and attached the strand to one of the 
strands of the web. When my experiments came to an end 
four of the bundles were hanging from the web, one containing 
the beetle, the others specimens of the Pierine butterfly Zerias 
hecabe. The first specimen of Terias put into the web was 
quickly eaten, but the other three were bitten and then wound 
up into bundles, If an insect was distasteful to the spider the 
strands in which it was entangled were cut, one of these 
strands was then caught up by one of the hind-legs of the 
spider, and after a few vigorous jerks of this leg the offensive 
insect was thrown clear of the web. The Reduviid bug 
Cosmolestes picticeps, a conspicuous black and yellow species, 
was thus treated ; Velinus nigrigenu, another, but larger, yellow 
and black Reduviid, was approached with great caution, the 
spider just touched it with her palpi and started back as if 
alarmed, the strands of the web were cut in a wide circle 
round the prisoner so that a large hole was made, and the bug 
was jerked for some little distance away from the web; both 
these bugs were quite uninjured by their temporary imprison- 
ment and soon managed to free themselves of the sticky silk 
in which they had been enmeshed. The small black bee with 
white-tipped wings, Trigona apicalis, was always thrown out of 
the web instantly, whereas the reddish species 7’. lacteifascia 
was in one case seized by the spider, but after it had been 
mouthed considerably was dropped in favour of a Muscid fly 
which then flew of its own accord into the web; a second 
specimen was rejected. It should be mentioned in this 
connection that the black and white species of bee is much 
more common than the reddish species and is mimicked very 
widely by Diptera, Coleoptera, other Hymenoptera and a 
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., 111, 1906. E 


( -ylxvi W) 


moth; the type of coloration is as typical a warning 
coloration as the red and black of the Lycidz and the yellow 
bands of wasps; it was of interest then to note that the 
spider rejected the black and white bee without the slightest 
hesitation, whereas it tasted the less conspicuous red species. 
The common black and white moth Deilemera coleta was also 
thrown out of the web almost as soon as it was put in; this 
species is the only lepidopterous insect that I have ever found 
to be refused invariably by Mantide; it is an extremely 
common and conspicuous day-flying moth, and it was always a 
matter of surprise to me that it was not mimicked by species 
of other families of Lepidoptera. 

The only other records of feeding experiments carried out 
with spiders that I am acquainted with, are those made by 
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall on WNephilengys malabarensis, Walck., 
in 8. Africa ; these are described in the Transactions for 1902 
in Mr. Marshall’s great paper on the bionomics of South 
African insects, and it is not necessary for me to quote them 
at length. The experimenter offered to five spiders various 
butterflies, some of which were denuded of their wing-scales, 
whilst others had their wings amputated. My. Marshall from 
his series of experiments concludes that spiders do not 
appreciate warning colours, and believes “that the toughness 
of inedible insects has been primarily developed to counteract 
the injuries from invertebrate foes (which are incapable of 
reasoning as to whether an insect is edible or not), and that 
therein lies its chief utility, though it may prove useful 
incidentally in other cases.” My one experiment, if it does 
not show that Nephila maculata is capable of appreciating 
warning colours, does at least show that this species can 
recognize without preliminary tasting some of the insects 
distasteful to it ; absolutely no hesitation was shown in reject- 
ing five examples of Zrigona apicalis, one of Deilemera coleta 
and four of Cosmolestes picticeps, but whether the colouring of 
these insects or their form was the feature determining their 
rejection by the spider is quite uncertain. 

It is much to be desired that further feeding experiments 
on spiders be carried out, for they are almost the only insect 
enemies that can be experimented on under natural conditions 


( lxvii ) 
Papers. 


The following papers were read :—‘‘Some Bionomic notes on 
Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza Region,” with exhibits 
from the Oxford University Museum, by 8. A. NuAve, B.A. 

“On the habits of a Species of Ptyelus in British East 
Africa,” by 8. L. Hinps, illustrated by drawings by Mrs. 
Hinde, communicated by Professor E. B. Pouton. 

“ Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea 
johnstoni,” by Professor E. B. Poutton, D.Sc., F.R.8., Fellow 
of Jesus College, Oxford. 

‘“‘Predaceous Insects and their Prey,” by Professor E. B. 
Poutton, F.R.S. 

“Studies on the Orthoptera in the Hope Department, 
Oxford University Museum. I. Blattide,’ by R. SHenrorp, 
M.A., F.LS. 


Wednesday, October 3rd, 1906. 
Mr. F. Mzrririzxp, President, in the Chair. 


Hlection of Fellows. 

Mr. Artuur Hatt, of 16, Park Hill Rise, Croydon, and 
Mr. E. E. Bentawt, of The Towers, Heybridge, Essex, were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 

Exhibitions. 

Commander J. J. Waker exhibited (1) a specimen of 
Calosoma sycophanta taken in Denny Wood, New Forest, 
June 16th; (2) Lygeus equestris, L., found in the Isle of 
Sheppey by Lieut. Jacobs, R.E., on September 22nd ; (3) Sitaris 
muralis, taken near Oxford in August by Mr, A. H. Hamm ; 
(4) two varieties of Vanessa wrtice, with a strong black liga- 
ment connecting the second costal and dorsal spot on the fore- 
wings, from the Isle of Sheppey, August; (5) a variety of 
Argynnis adippe dg, caught at Tubney, Berks., on July 7th; 
(6) a slate-coloured variety of Lycxena icarus 3, taken near 
Chatham, August 24th; and (7) examples of an almost 
entirely black form of Strenia clathrata occurring at Streatley, 
Berks., in August—all taken this year. 


( Ixviii_ ) 


Mr. G. T. Porrirt showed a series of Abraxas grossulariata, 
var. varleyata, bred this year from a pairing of the variety 
obtained from wild larve the previous season at Huddersfield. 
All the brood were of the variety, none showing the least 
tendency to revert to the ordinary form. 

Mr. C. P. Pickerr brought for exhibition a remarkable 
gynandromorphic specimen of Angerona prunaria bred by 
him, of which the right-hand fore-wing was ?, and the 
hind-wing ¢, while the left fore-wing was d, the hind-wing 
showing a mixed tendency to ¢ and 9. He also showed a 
$ specimen of Fidonia atomaria, caught at Folkestone, with 
six wings. The two extra wings, which were placed with the 
left hind-wing, though rudimentary, displayed perfect fringes. 

Professor CHARLES STEWART, F.R.S., exhibited a remarkable 
unnamed exotic larva found in a collection of specimens 
received at the College of Surgeons. It displayed a series of 
iridescent spots about the spiracles, this iridescence being in 
his experience unique in the larval stage of Lepidoptera. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited, on behalf of Mr. F. W. Campion 
and Mr. H. Campion, specimens of Sympetrum flaveolum, and 
read the following note by those gentlemen :— 

“A male specimen of this species was taken and another 
seen among some rush-beds a little to the north of Epping on 
8th August. On 12th August, when the sky was so overcast 
that not a single S. sériolatum, or hardly anything else, was 
on the wing, we met with a good number of S. flaveolum rest- 
ing upon the rushes in an old gravel-pit, then nearly dry, 
near Chingford. Not a solitary example, however, was seen 
in a neighbouring pit, still fairly well filled with water but 
almost bare of rushes, until 2nd September, when a male was 
taken. On 12th August we noticed that at our approach the 
insects started up with a sudden and peculiarly disconcerting 
bound, and, although their flight was neither very rapid nor 
prolonged, we found it difficult to follow them, not only by 
reason of the general agreement of their coloration with that 
of the rush-flowers, but also on account of their habit, when- 
ever the pursuit became at all hot, of taking refuge in the tops 
of tall trees. However, we succeeded in taking four males 
and, what was still more important, a female. The female 


@ ixix )} 


measured, in the fresh state, 33 mm. in length and 57 mm. 
across the fore-wings, the dimensions thus practically agreeing 
with those taken from two continental specimens as given 
in Mr. Lucas’ “ British Dragonflies,” p. 82. The face was 
greenish-white, and in both fore- and hind-wings the saffron 
patch near the cubital point was connected with the basal 
saffron patch. Eight more specimens, all males, were secured 
at the same place on 19th August, when the weather was 
very bright, and it was observed that the behaviour of the 
insects was the same then as it was during the dull weather 
of 12th August, with the exception that they showed no dis- 
position to resort to the trees. We usually found the saffron 
colour sufficiently conspicuous to render the species determin- 
able at sight ; it was most noticeable when the insect rose to a 
level with our eyes, when it was seen that the light in passing 
through the wings had acquired a remarkable ruddy glare. 
The colour of the thorax in the male has been stated to be 
deep red, but we saw it as a brownish colour, in strong con- 
trast with the red of the abdomen. It is doubtful whether 
these insects were native to the localities where they were 
found, for nothing was seen of them at the most prolific site, 
which had been visited regularly, prior to 12th August, when 
all the specimens examined presented the mature coloration 
and several of them were damaged in respect of wings and 
legs.” 

Dr. F, A, Dixsy exhibited specimens of Vychitona medusa, 
Cram., Pseudopontia paradoxa, Feld., Terias senegalensis, Boisd., 
Leuceronia pharis, Boisd., and L. argia, Fabr., remarking upon 
them as follows :— 

‘‘Though there does not exist, so far as I am aware, any 
direct evidence that the members of the genus Vychitona* 
are distasteful, their habits are such as to suggest this mode 
of protection; and there is, I think, little doubt that they 
have served as models for other insects. We find, for instance, 
a striking resemblance between the West African form of 
NV. medusa called by Aurivillius immaculata, and the remark- 
able insect Psewdopontia paradowxa, Feld., as to whose affinities 


* T employ Dr. A. G. Butler’s name for a genus which has been 
variously known as Pontia and Leptosia by different authors. 


( izx™®) 


I will not venture to offer an opinion. Both forms are 
inhabitants of the same tropical coast region, and it may well 
be anticipated that future observation will show their likeness 
in appearance to have a mimetic significance. I would suggest 
also that the white form of the female Zerias senegalensis, 
Boisd., which occurs not uncommonly in some parts of Africa, 
may owe its peculiar aspect toa similar cause. Specimens of this 
form of the female from the Victoria Nyanza, together with an 
ordinary yellow male from the same district, are here exhibited. 

* But probably the most remarkable and unmistakable case 
of mimetic approach to the NVychitona as a model is that 
afforded by Lewceronia pharis, Boisd., to which I incidentally 
drew attention in reference to an exhibit recorded in our 
Proceedings” for 1906, p. xxxi. AsT remarked on that occasion, 
the genus Hronia (including Nepheronia and Leuceronia) has 
been so strongly affected by mimetic transformation that it can 
searcely be said to have an aspect of its own. The male, how- 
ever, of L. argia, Fabr., is probably as characteristic of the 
genus as any other form, and a specimen has accordingly been 
placed by the side of Z. pharis, to which it is closely related. 
Few observers will, it is believed, remain unconvinced that L. 
pharis represents a departure, of mimetic significance, in the 
direction of Vychitona. That the latter genus rather than the 
former has served as the model might be expected from its 
very wide range and generally uniform characteristics. This 
is no doubt really the case, but with a qualification. 

‘‘Several years ago I tried to explain certain curious 
phenomena of mimicry in South American butterflies, by 
supposing that a mutual interchange of features was liable 
to take place between distasteful forms—a give-and-take 
arrangement which I then called ‘reciprocal mimicry,’ and 
for which Prof. Poulton has since proposed the more accurate 
term ‘diaposematism’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894, pp. 
296-298 ; ibid. 1896, pp. 72-75; ibid. 1897, pp. 324-331. 
See also Presidential Address by Mr. Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 1897, pp. xxx, Ixxxi), The principle thus suggested 
has since been found by Mr, G. A. K. Marshall, Prof. Poulton, 
Mr. Neaveand others to be applicable in many other cases than 
those which first led me to its formulation, and I venture to 


( lesa? -) 


think that it may now be taken as a well-established law 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 296, 489, 490; ibid. 1906, 
pp. 216-218, 292-3). It will be seen from what follows 
that the present exhibit probably furnishes a fresh instance 
of its operation. 

“The resemblance of LZ. pharis to the ordinary African 
forms of WVychitona, though striking, is not exact. The 
Leuceronia has no dark discal spot, the outline of the dark 
apical border of the fore-wing is more regular, and the texture 
of the wings is more solid-looking and opaque than in the 
prevailing forms of the model. But among the specimens of 
Nychitona collected by Mr. Wiggins in the neighbourhood of 
the Victoria Nyanza and worked out by Mr. Neave in ‘ Novit. 
Zool.,’ Vol. XI, 1904, p. 324, there occur some forms which in 
all these respects correspond with the mimic rather than with 
the usual type of the model. The inference seems clear that 
although the part played by the Leuceronia has been chiefly 
that of a borrower, it has in return bestowed certain features 
of its own upon this particular race of its model. The form 
of Vychitona in question, a specimen of which is included in the 
exhibit, may possibly deserve to rank as a distinct sub-species. 

“Whether the aspect of the purely white specimens of 
Nychitona from West Africa here shown in connection with 
Pseudopontia affords another instance of reciprocal change, I 
am not prepared to say, especially as similar forms occur in 
districts where Pseudopontia is not met with. But on looking 
at the genus as a whole, it would appear to be significant that 
whereas in India, where, so far as we know, Vychitona is not 
mimicked, its forms present a very uniform appearance with 
the characteristic discal spot and irregular apical border con- 
spicuously present, in Africa we find variations of Vychitona 
each of which tends to bring it into more or less close corre- 
spondence with a probable mimic. On these grounds it seems 
not unreasonable to seek for an explanation of the facts in the 
direction of diaposematic change.” 

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorps exhibited examples of Dinarda 
pygmea, Wasm., with our other three species, D. hagensi, 
Wasm., D. dentata, Gr., and D. méirkeli, Kies., with their 
respective hosts, and read the following note :— 


( Ixxii ) 


“ Dinarda pygmea, Wasm., was first taken in this country 
by Mr. J. H. Keys of Plymouth in Cornwall several years 
ago. It was wrongly named for him D. dentata, and its host 
Formica fusca, I this year sent it to Father Wasmann who 
returned it as D. pygmxa. It is the smallest of the genus, 
and the thorax is much less broad in proportion to the elytra 
than in the others. Father Wasmann stated after he had seen 
the beetle that the ants it was found with must be Mormica 
rufibarbis, v. fuscorujfibarbis. This turns out to be the case. 
I have just been down to Cornwall, and Mr. Keys and I took 
over a dozen of the beetle. We examined a great number of 
nests and all the ants were this form. They make their 
nests under stones, and we found them from the Rame Head 
to Tregantle. 

“ Dinardi hagensi, Wasm., was first taken in this country 
by me last year at Bournemouth with the rare ant Formica 
exsecta. It is a little larger than D. pygmxa, but not so large 
as dentata, it is narrower and always of a lighter yellow 
colour. I have taken over fifty specimens now and they are 
all the same. Its hosts make nests about the size of a football, 
and smaller, of grass and ling in open spaces among fir-trees. 

“ Dinarda dentata, Gr.,is only found with Formica sanguinea. 
It is a broader, darker and more robust species than hagensi. 
Its hosts make nests either in the turf above which it raises 
a very low cover of cut grass as at Woking, or in fir-stumps 
as at Wellington College. It will also build under any object, 
like an old boot or kettle. 

“ Dinarda mirkelt, Kies., is only found with Formica rufa, 
which builds large hillocks of pine needles in fir-woods. It 
is the largest species of the genus and the most well-known.” 

Mr. DonistHorPE also exhibited a larva of D. dentata sent 
to him by Father Wasmann, and a larva of D. pygnexa taken 
by him in Cornwall. 

Mr. Norman Joy showed the following species of Coleoptera 
first recognized as British in 1906 :—(a) Laccobius sinuatus, 
Mots., from Lundy Island (Tomlin and Joy) and Cambridge- 
shire (Gorham), distinguished by its smaller size and more 
parallel form from ZL. nigriceps, Thoms. ; (0) Homalota para- 
doxa, Rey, taken in moles’ nests in Berkshire and Devon ; 


C ikem) 


(c) Quedius vexans, Epp., and its larva, from moles’ nests in 
Berkshire; (d) Huplectus tomlini, Joy, from a starling’s nest 
at Bradfield, Berkshire ; (e) Corticaria ecrenicollis, Mannh., 
from under bark at Basildon, Berkshire, and at Epping 
(Pool) ; (f) Cardiophorus erichsoni, Buyss., taken on Lundy 
Island by Mr. Tomlin and himself. He also exhibited :— 
(a) a variety of Lathrobium elongatum, L., from South Devon, 
with entirely black elytra, and which he proposed to call var. 
nigrum ; (b) a curious dull aberration of Apteropeda globosa, 
Ill.; (c) Heterothops nigra, Ky., taken in moles’ nests from 
various parts of the country; (@) a species of Gnathoncus 
differing in certain characters from G'. rotundatus, Kugel, and 
which occurs almost exclusively in birds’ nests. With regard 
to the last two he made the following remarks :— 

“« Heterothops nigra is regarded on the continent as a variety 
of H. previa, Er.; with which it seems to correspond in 
structure, but differs from it in colour. However, there is 
a marked difference in habitat, and therefore habits, of the 
two forms. H. previa is taken in rotting straw, etc., whereas 
H. nigra is confined to the nests of moles, and a few other 
mammals. This difference in habits is considered of no im- 
portance by many collectors, yet surely is it not of as great 
importance as a difference in punctuation, and has it not as 
much right to be regarded as a specific character as a difference 
in structure? Indeed, there must be a constant minute 
difference in the structure of the central nervous system. 
Among the birds there is a beautiful example of two very 
closely allied species being far more easily differentiated by 
their habits and life history than by their structure or colour. 
These are the March Warbler (Acrocephalus palustris) and 
Reed Warbler (A. streperus), skins of which I exhibit. You 
will notice that there is only a slight difference in the shade 
of the colour of the back and breast, and in the colour of the 
legs, and the wing formule differ in a small degree. These 
differences would certainly only be regarded as varietal by 
most coleopterists, yet the two birds differ markedly in dis- 
tribution, habits, habitat, eggs, nest and song. I maintain 
that H. nigra is, as far as possible, a parallel case. I see in 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, part I, p. liii, that Mr. G. F. Leigh 


( Izy) 


separates two closely allied forms of butterflies on account of 
- differences in the habits of the two forms; and I have myself 
brought forward the same arguments (‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ Jan. 
1905) when describing Rhizotrogus ochraceus, Knoch., as a good 
species. 

“ The Gnathoncus is another casein point. Mr. G. Lewis has 
pronounced that we only possess one species of this genus as 
British. I found however that in a long series in my and 
other collections there were two quite constant and distinct 
forms: (a) with shining and diffusely punctured apex of 
elytra, and large teeth to the front tibiz ; (6) with dull and 
closely punctured (the punctures often running into lines) 
apex of elytra, and much smaller teeth to the front tibie. I 
could not find, and have not seen since, any intermediate forms. 
T then discovered that all my specimens of form a were taken 
in carrion, and those of form 6 in birds’ nests. This, to my 
mind, conclusively separates them as distinct species. I sent 
my two series to Mr. Lewis pointing out these differences, and 
he still maintains that they both belong to the same species 
because the form of the sternum is the same in both, and 
completely ignores the biological distinction. This, I am 
afraid, is the attitude of a great many coleopterists, who seem 
to forget that their cabinet specimens were ever alive and had 
distinctive life histories and habits.” 

The PresipENtT said he thought they could appreciate the 
force of the argument of Mr. Norman Joy and Mr. Donis- 
thorpe that, where morphological differences between two 
kinds of insects were not great, but a difference of such a 
remarkable character as they had described existed in habit, 
this difference of habit might properly be taken into account 
in forming a judgment whether the two should be considered 
specifically distinct. But whether they accepted this or not, 
he thought they could agree that it was highly useful that the 
special habits of an insect, as an important part of its life, 
should be observed and recorded. 

Mr. L. B. Prout showed on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, 
of Tettenhall, Wolverhampton, a melanic 2? of Acidalia 
marginepunctata, Goeze, and a melanie 3 of A. subsericeata, 
Haw., both taken in North Cornwall this summer, together 


( Ixxv ) 


with the typical forms for comparison ; also a dark aberration 
of Cenonympha pamphilus, Linn., taken in the same district 
in 1903. The district is on the whole noted for light and 
brightly-marked forms, and the exhibitor said that he did not 
pretend to offer any explanation of these casual aberrations, 
one at least of which—the A. subsericeata—seemed to be 
absolutely unique, so far as is at present known. A very 
few eggs, only eight, he believed, were obtained from the A. 
marginepunctata, and three of the larve fed up rapidly, and 
produced moths on September 5th and 6th, the remaining five 
hibernating. The three were exhibited with the parent, and 
though slightly darker than normal, are by no means extreme 
forms. 

Mr. H. W. SoutHcomBe communicated a note on the forma- 
tion of a new nest by Lasius niger, the common black garden 
ant, as follows :— 

“A number of fertile queens were captured on the 28th 
July, 1905. They were running about in a large open space 
in front of a railway-station, and both there and in other 
places were hurriedly searching for some crevice in which to 
hide, and as hurriedly scurrying out again. 

“ T afterwards enclosed some of these queens in a perforated 
box having holes of a size which permitted the small ants to 
pass through and offered them to some wild nests, and also to 
a captive colony which possessed no queen. In each case they 
were torn to pieces, the members of the captive nest showing 
remarkable fury in attacking the offered queen. 

“Tt would thus appear that the queens which fall a prey to 
the birds, sometimes in vast numbers, stand in danger if they 
escape the birds of meeting a worse fate at the hands of their 
own kind. 

“The remaining captive queens were kept in a box with 
glass top, perforated sides for ventilation, and a porcelain 
bottom, being at first supplied with a wet sponge under which 
they congregated during the hot weather. Food was supplied, 
but I never at any time saw them feeding, although they may 
have done so. Afterwards they were supplied with damp 
earth, in which they burrowed and spent the winter. 

“In the middle of May 1906 the little colony began to die 


(2 xxvii) 


without apparent cause, until only two survivors remained, 
but as these were in excellent condition and extremely active, 
it may have been that they attacked one another. The two 
survivors were transferred to a flower-pot, 3lst May, 1906, 
where they made a new hole and lived in it until the 12th 
June, during which time they were taken a long railway 
journey. During this time they certainly did not come out 
to feed as the shaking caused the hole to become stopped up. 
On the 12th June, 1906, the pot was turned out and the ants 
found at some depth and in good condition. It is to be noted 
that the black queens if supplied with damp earth and a flat 
potsherd or two, will always burrow out hiding-places, turning 
out the earth in little pellets as the working ants do, and some- 
times carrying some of it a little distance away. 

“On 12th June, 1906, I arranged a thin layer of earth 
covered by two bits of broken flower-pot a few inches square 
in the box they formerly occupied, and under this they at once 
made a new nest. ‘The little mound of earth was kept damp 
from time to time. 

““The nest was left alone and seldom looked into, until 11th 
September, 1906, when on taking off the cover I saw at least 
two workers had been born. 

“On the following day two ants were out thoroughly 
examining every part of the box. They did not appear 
very anxious for food, but attacked a newly killed fly and 
dragged it towards the nest, and have since (14th Sept.) spent 
a good deal of time round it. 

“ From the foregoing it is clear that a fertile black queen is 
able to start a new nest of her own without the assistance of 
other ants, and that she will do so under favourable circum- 
stances about the end of the first.year after flight. 

“The difficulty a wild queen would find in discovering a 
hiding-place not too wet or too dry, and not already tenanted 
by hostile ants, is much greater than might be supposed, 
because the runs of each existing nest are very extensive. 

‘In one country house at least three-quarters of the whole 
area of about an acre I found to be occupied by three nests, 
and in a town house with not much garden three separate 
nests occupied the sides of the house, and still another hostile 


(  Beevii' _)) 


nest had its boundary at a corner a few yards away. In 
neither of these gardens would a new queen find a corner that 
was not well patrolled by ants in quest of food. 

‘<The new queen’s chance of life is still further limited by 
the fact that she cannot stand too much wet, while dust and 
dryness is almost immediately fatal to her. 

‘Tt may be worth observing that if a lot of black ants are 
feeding together some will be found quite large and others 
very much smaller. The difference in size is obvious to the 
naked eye, and is confirmed by a measurement of the width 
of heads, etc., under the microscope, and that these two newly 
hatched ants are both of the very smallest size.” 

The PresidENT, exhibiting a series of Selenia bilunaria, said 
that he had seen no notice of a form that is met with of this 
species, and not observed by him in any other insect, viz. that 
with the fore-wings very much broadened, so that a line drawn 
from the apex to the anal angle nearly equals the length, and 
if the insect is set with the inner edges of the fore-wings at 
right angles with the body, the costal edges would be at an 
angle of about 90° to each other. The exhibit included 
specimens many years old from the President’s cabinet, of the 
particulars of which he had no record: also ten examples 
out of many hundreds bred this year from several dozen 
different broods, only one of which broods, comprising about 
sixty individuals, included the abnormal ones. There was 
nothing very special in theirtreatment. Mr. Barrett describes 
one aberration of the kind in Wenia typica as ‘most 
extraordinary.” 


Papers. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye read “Some Notes on the Dominant 
Miillerian Group of Butterflies from the Potaro River 
District of British Guiana.” 

Mr. G. J. Arrow read “A Contribution to the Classification 
of the Coleopterous Family Passalidx.” 


( Ixxviii ) 


Wednesday, October 17th, 1906. 
Mr. F,. Murririevp, President, in the Chair. 


Exhibitions. 

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonistHorrse showed living examples of the 
beetle Monyonchus pseudacori, and seed capsules of Iris feti- 
dissima which contained more specimens, found at Niton, Isle 
of Wight, where the species occurs in numbers. 

Mr. A. H. Jonus exhibited a species of Pieris napt, var. 
bryonix, Argynnis thore, Erebia glacialis, ab. pluto, a small 
form of Lycena arion from Arosa, Switzerland, at 6000 ft. ; a 
variety of Melanargia galatea in which the dark patch on the 
under-side of the hind-wings was much enlarged, and two 
varieties of Argynnis niobe 9, one very pale, the other of a 
bluish copper colour taken on the Spliigen Pass in July last : 
also specimens from other localities for comparison. 

Mr. W. J. Kays exhibited a fine example of the remarkable 
moth Dracenta rusina, Druce, from Trinidad. The species 
bears a wonderful resemblance to a decayed dead leaf, the 
patches on the wings also suggesting the work of some leaf- 
mining insect. The margins of the wings were so deeply 
indented as to make it appear that the specimen was greatly 
damaged. The species was originally described by Druce from 
Guatemala in the “ Biol. Cent. Am. Heterocera,” p. 188, and 
was figured on Plate IX, fig. 9. There it was placed in the 
Siculodide, a small family created to include a few allied 
species, but was put into the Thyridide by Hampson, the family 
embracing the Siculodide. On imaginal characters the insect 
was undoubtedly a Thyridid, although in general appearance 
wholly different from the two European Thyridids. The 
specimen exhibited, and also figured for the Society (Plate 
XXXII), had been found at rest on the ground. But it was 
probably a night flyer as the exhibitor had taken one or two 
other related species in British Guiana at night. 

Mr, E. M. Dapp showed a number of Noctuids common to 
the British Isles and Germany, and read the following 
observations on the insular racial characters of some British 
Lepidoptera as compared with the predominant form occurring 
on the continent of Europe. 


( Isaax 4) 


‘<Tn his ‘Island Life,’ when dealing with the British Isles, 
Dr. A. R. Wallace designates, amongst others, 179 forms of 
Lepidoptera as being peculiar to the British Isles. This list of 
species was compiled for Dr. Wallace by Mr. Tutt, and the 
latter gentleman has supplemented it by a much extended 
list in his articles on this subject in Vol. XIV of the ‘ Ento- 
mologist’s Record.’ 

“As Mr. Tutt himself remarks, many of the forms 
enumerated will have to be erased from [the list, as soon as 
continental entomologists commence to study variation more 
than is the case at present. The object of the present paper 
however is not to determine what is and what is not a 
peculiar British form, but to call attention to constant 
differences between the prevalent form occurring in England 
and the prevailing form of the same species from the 
continent. 

‘“‘ Having collected formerly for years in England the writer 
has been a resident in Germany for the last five years, and 
during this time has had many hundreds of the species 
mentioned through his hands. Very shortly after his removal 
over here he was struck by the differences between Mamestra 
dissimilis (suasa), Pachnobia rubricosa, Orthosia litura, Xylina 
ornithopus and the forms of these insects as he had known 
them in England. 

“England is the home of many dark races, Polia chi, var. 
olivacea, Amphidasys betularia, var. doubledayaria, the dark 
forms of H. abruptaria, L. multistrigaria, P. pedaria, O. biden- 
tata, etc., and it is therefore all the more curious that in the 
22 species of Noctuz enumerated the tendency is always for 
the English form to be lighter and the continental darker. 

“It does not appear to me that the colour of the soil is 
here a determining factor, as were this the case one would 
expect Berlin insects to be the lighter, the soil round Berlin 
being for the greater part a fine yellow sand. Compare this 
with the London clay on which most of my English captures 
were made. 

“Tt is more probable that climatic conditions are the 
determining factor, possibly the proximity of the sea. I 
have unfortunately not had an opportunity of collecting on 


( bese”) 


the European coast so cannot say whether lighter forms are 
there prevalent. 

“At present I have distinguished 22 species which show 
more or less constant differences, and no doubt this number 
could very largely be added to. I should like at this point to 
again observe that I am not questioning the occurrence of 
these darker forms in England, but only pointing out that 
they constitute the type found on the continent as against the 
paler type from England. 

“ Agrotis exclamationis.—The English form is more yellow- 
brown than the continental. I have this species from various 
London localities, Mucking (Essex), Deal, Sandown, New 
Forest, Sussex Coast, Devonshire and Cambridge, and German 
specimens from many Berlin localities, East Prussia, Saxon 
Erzgebirge and Switzerland. The distinction though not 
very great seems to be fairly general. 

“* Agrotis tritici.—English specimens paler yellow-brown with 
distincter paler markings. I have only Deal tritici from 
England; German from Berlin, Plauen and East Prussia. 
Some of the English specimens are almost as dark as the 
continental, but no continental are as pale as the English. 

* Agrotis nigricans.—English specimens are reddish-brown, 
varying in depth of colour; continental almost black. 

* Agrotis vestigialis.—English specimens paler and yellower. 

“ Mamestra dissimilis (suasa)—English specimens always 
yellow-brown with darker markings; continental generally 
almost unicolorous dark brown with a more or less reddish tinge. 
I have long series of English specimens from Essex and 
Sussex coast localities; continental from Berlin and other 
German localities, Denmark and Sweden, ‘The English form 
occurs at Berlin as a rare aberration. 

“ Mamestra geniste.—The English form has the pale 
markings nearly white; these are always darker in continental 
specimens, frequently being hardly distinguishable from the 
ground colour. 

“ Mamestra albicolon.—The English form is yellowish-brown ; 
the continental much darker, being in fact as dark as M. 
brassicx, the hind-wings are also much more suffused. 

“Hadena sordida.—The English form of this species is 


( dexxis ) 


yellowish, the continental much darker. This is a species of 
which I have had large numbers, both in England and 
Germany. In Berlin it is one of our commonest Hadenas, 
and I have seen many hundreds on a single night. Although 
this was one of the first insects in which I observed the 
difference between the English and continental form, and I 
have been constantly on the look out for light forms, the 
fifth specimen in the continental row is the lightest observed. 
As will be seen it is a good deal darker than the darkest 
English form. During the last five years I have certainly 
seen many hundreds of this species on sugar here. / 

“ Hadena lithovylea.—The English form is very pale with 
very indistinct markings, the continental have a greyer tinge, 
owing to a general diffusion of the wings with whitish-grey 
scales; the markings are also large and more distinct, the 
hind-wings much more suffused. This is also a common 
insect both in England and Germany. 

“ Hadena basilinea.—The English form is almost unicolorous 
pale fawn; the continental much more richly marked and 
altogether a handsomer insect. I have never taken this 
species commonly although it seems to occur everywhere. 

“ Miselia oxyacanthe —Here we are confronted with a 
double problem. Of the typical form, the continental tends to 
be somewhat darker than the English, the paler markings 
being more distinct, but curiously enough the dark English 
variety capucina does not occur on the continent as far as 
my experience goes. Further testimony to this effect is 
afforded by the fact that all German entomologists when 
looking over my collection have always called attention to it 
as something new to them. 

“* Dryobota protea.—Continental specimens are much darker 
and dingier than English. The pretty English forms with 
white and rosy patches are quite unknown. 

“ Pachnobia rubricosa.—The English form of this insect is 
so distinct that it is known as var. 7wfa on the continent. 
I have taken large numbers of this insect both in England 
and Germany, and have bred both forms on two occasions. 
Although I have had occasional dark specimens in England, 


I have never seen a red form on the continent. The result 
PROC. ENT, SOC, LOND., IV. 1906. F 


( @eiiscxocini is) 


of breeding in Berlin from dark females was always the 
typical continental form. 

“Teniocampa gracilis.—The continental form is always 
much darker than English specimens. 

“ Orthosia pistacina.—This common English insect does not 
occur at Berlin, its place being taken by the smaller and 
darker nitida. I however took it in large numbers at 
Leudelange, Luxemburg, last September, and have seen series 
from other parts of Germany. It varies just as much as it does 
in England with one notable exception: the bright red forms, 
which in England form the majority, are entirely wanting. 

“ Orthosia litura.—This insect is a reddish insect in England, 
on the continent it is always a dark blueish-grey, some insects 
having a tinge of red; even these forms are however much 
darker than any I have ever seen in England. 

“ Orrhodia vaccinii.—This insect is very variable both in 
England and on the continent. Whereas however the English 
specimens only seem to vary in the intensity of the red and 
have a more or less suffusion of yellow markings, the 
continental vary from red to almost black. The pale English 
forms with a large amount of yellow markings are absent 
on the continent. 

“ Scopelosoma satellitia.—The English forms are generally 
speaking lighter red than the continental. Dark brown and 
almost black forms are by no means rare on the continent, 
though I do not remember seeing such forms in England and 
if they occur are only aberrations. 

“ Xylina semibrunnea.—Continental specimens are much 
darker than English. 

“Xylina ornithopus.— The ground colour of the English form 
is almost pure white; that of the continental grey. I have 
taken this species at Berlin, Plauen (Saxony), and Leudelange, 
Luxemburg, always in plenty, but have never taken a specimen 
in any way approaching the English form (New Forest) for 
whiteness. 

“ Asphalia flavicornis.—The continental form is much darker 
than the English ; it more nearly resembles C’. ov, and is by no 
means such a handsome insect as the English. The frosted 
yellowish-green scaling is almost entirely absent. 


, (Cy bexxiti ~) 


“ Asphalia ridens.—The continental form is generally almost 
unicolorous ; the conspicuous frosted markings of the English 
form are nearly always absent.” 

Dr. F. A. Drxry exhibited specimens of Jzxias baliensis, 
Fruhst., and Zuphina corva, Wallace, remarking upon them as 
follows :— 

«*«Some short while since, a few Pierine butterflies from the 
Island of Bali, which formed part of a collection kindly 
presented to the Hope Department by their captor, Mr. R. 
Shelford, were put into my hands for incorporation with the 
general series. The butterflies when they reached me had 
been set up, and, as was supposed, had been sorted into 
species. Among a somewhat worn series of the Malayan 
form (ZH. corva, Wallace), of Huphina nerissa, Fabr., one female 
caught my eye as being in rather better condition than the 
rest. On being examined more closely, it was seen to be not 
a Huphina at all, but an Jxias; a genus, as I need hardly say, 
of very different affinities. The specimen is, in fact, a female 
of the Bali form of Jxias reinwardtii, Voll. ; the form which 
has been called baliensis by Fruhstorfer. It is quite near 
enough in appearance to the Huphinas with which it was 
caught to pass muster easily on a casual view ; and, as has 
been seen, it did actually delude one human observer. 

“There can, I think, be little doubt that this resemblance 
is significant. The usual aspect of /aias is rather widely 
departed from by both sexes of J. reinwardtii and its immediate 
allies, but, as so often is the case, the mimetic approach to 
another genus is confined’ to the female. Through the kind- 
ness of Professor Poulton I am able to exhibit a male example 
of Ixias baliensis which is especially interesting as being one 
of the actual specimens caught by Mr. Wallace during his 
memorable visit to the Malay Archipelago. It will be seen 
that the male has no share in the mimetic garb of his mate. 

“Tt is noticeable that the appearance of these specimens of 
H. corva from Bali differs from that of ordinary examples of 
H. nevissa in the fact that the hind-wing of both sexes shows 
a rather pronounced dark border ; this in the female being 
brought about by an almost complete fusion of the submarginal 
row of dark spots, commonly found in that sex of the species, 


( Wxscciv. @) 


with the dark margin itself. This brings the hind-wing of 
the model into close correspondence with that of the mimic, 
a correspondence which does not exist in the case of the 
usual form of the model. It is of course conceivable that 
this special feature in the Huphina is merely accidental ; 
but in view of the fact that a similar condition is usual in 
Ivias, whereas in H. nerissa it is practically confined to 
the particular form that is mimicked by vias, it seems more 
explicable as a case of diaposematism—a principle which ex- 
perience is continually showing to be very widely prevalent. 

“Tn this instance the Huphina has on the whole acted as 
the model, under whose influence the /zias has drifted some 
distance away from the usual aspect of its genus. But in the 
particular case of the hind-wing the process is reversed ; the 
Ixias has been the model, and has in its turn been mimicked 
by the Huphina. 

“We have some direct evidence that H. nerissa is disliked 
by insectivorous birds. I am not aware of any such evidence 
in the case of /xias. But if the foregoing conclusions are 
well founded, the association between the two must necessarily 
be Miillerian and not Batesian.”’ 

Mr. S. A. NeAve exhibited a number of Lepidoptera selected 
from the collection made by him in N.-H. Rhodesia, in 1904 
and 1905, comprising the following rare and remarkable 
species :— 

Melanitis libya, Distant ; Liptena homeyert, Dewitz ; Pentila 
peucetia, Hew. ; Catochrysops gigantea, Trim. ; Crenis pechueli, 
Dewitz, and Crenis rosa, Hew., which are evidently two distinct 
species; and Crenidomimas concordia, Hopft., the mimic of 
the last two species. Also two remarkable species of the 
genus Aphnxus—including a female, so rarely taken in this 
genus—Acrexa natalica, Boisd., and Acrea anemosa, Hew., with 
two remarkable moths showing a close mimetic resemblance 
to them. 

The exhibitor further stated that his collection would, he 
thought, prove exceedingly interesting as regards seasonal 
forms especially in the Acreine and Pierinz, of which he 
showed examples. 

(a) Acrexa acrita, Hew.—Dry, intermediate and wet phases 


(Giiscacy) >) 


of both sexes ; the wet-season specimens were highly remark- 
able, being, especially in the females, nearly black. 

(6) Acrxa chxribula, Oberth., taken in the height of the dry 
season ; remarking that :— 

“Dr. Butler * has suggested that chxribula with its heavy 
black apex may be the wet-season form of acrita. The speci- 
mens shown seemed to demonstrate fairly certainly that this 
is not the case. At the same time, an examination of the 
series in the British Museum left it doubtful whether the 
specimens there recorded by him under that name are the 
true cheribula of Oberthiir. They appear to be only varia- 
tions of acrita which, apart from its seasonal phases, is 
undoubtedly a highly variable species.” 

(c) Acrxa natalica, Boisd.—Dry and wet phases of both sexes ; 
the dry specimens being characterized by their smaller size 
and slightly brighter colour. 

Dry and wet phases of both 
sexes, all exhibiting a tendency, 
especially the females, to a 
darker colour in the wet season. 

Commenting on these species Mr. Neave said that he had 
found the above change of colour in the seasonal phases, 
which is common to all the above species, but is most marked 
in acrita, exceedingly difficult to account for. The very 
strongly aposematic coloration of this species in the dry 
season when the struggle for existence is keenest is most 
notable. It was, he thought, at this time of year, the most 
brilliant insect on the wing that he knew. The change of © 
colour is also accompanied to some extent by change of habit, 
dry-season specimens being much more restless and hard to 
capture than wet ones. It seemed therefore difficult to 
account for these facts without supposing that the brilliant 
dry-season phases have been evolved, by stress of circumstance 
at that time of year, from a duller coloured phase such as, in 
this region, we still find in the wet season when the struggle 
is not so keen. 

Seasonal forms in the Pierine were represented by :— 

(e) A long series of Zeracolus regina, Trim., of both sexes and 


* P. Z. S. 1894, p. 566. 


(d) Acrxa induna, Trim. 
A. doubledayi oncxa, Hopft. 
A. caldarena, Hew. 


(Geilxxxvas™) 


of Teracolus phlegyas, Butler. ‘‘Thedry season ? ? of regina 
remarkable for having the brilliant purple apical tip of the 
3 much more strongly represented in dry-season specimens 
than in wet.” 

The distribution of these two species in this particular 
region was of interest, inasmuch as the exhibitor had never 
taken both in the same locality. 7. phlegyas appeared to be 
entirely confined to the hot dry river valleys and low country 
up to 2000 feet, whilst he took regina commonly in the more 
hilly uplands from 2000 feet upwards. 

(f) Teriomima hildegarda, Kirby, dry, intermediate and wet 
phases. A rare phenomenon in African Lyczenide. 

Mr. G. A. K. Marswatt, with reference to the seasonal 
changes in Acrxa, expressed the opinion that the increase of 
the blackish markings, which is so usual a feature in the 
summer ? ?, tended to make the insects less conspicuous on 
the wing and probably had a procryptic significance. This 
might be due to the fact that that was the season of ovi- 
position when the ? 9 might require special protection, even 
in the case of distasteful species. With regard to Mr. Neave’s 
remarks on the brilliant colouring of A. acrita in the dry 
season he pointed out that in Rhodesia the species of Acrea 
fall roughly into two groups in this respect, namely: (1) the 
larger or more high-flying species, such as acrita, anemosa, 
atolmis, etc., which presented a more brilliant appearance in 
winter ; this being probably due to their greater unpalatability, 
which had been to some extent shown by experiments, and 
which would render a bright aposematic coloration of consider- 
able utility at this season of greater stress; and (2) the 
smaller, low-flying, and less unpalatable species, such as 
axina, asema, etc., which could not afford to make themselves 
too conspicuous at such a time and whose colouring therefore 
tended more to harmonise with the dull reds and yellows of 
the withered grasses among which they flew. 

The question however of the significance of the black mark- 
ings in Acrea was complicated by the fact that in several 
widely-distributed species there was a progressive local in- 
crease in the black from south to north, irrespective of season. 

Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., congratulated Mr. Neave 


Co bexxvit ) 


upon his interesting exhibition. He made a few remarks 
upon the melanic forms of the wet season, but expressed him- 
self unable at present to understand the full significance of 
the changes. In conclusion, Professor Poutton asked Dr. F. 
A. Dixey whether it was likely that the females of TZeracolus 
regina exhibited in one season a synaposematic approach to 
the females of other and very distinct species of the same 
genus ; in the other season a similar approach to Pierine of a 
remote genus. 

Dr. F. A. Drxey said that he was not at present prepared 
to give a complete answer to the question put to him by 
Professor Poulton. The seasonal changes of Veracolus regina, 
in relation to the sexual dimorphism of that species, were very 
remarkable and required further investigation. He had, how- 
ever, no doubt that both in this species and in 7’. phlegyas the 
dry-season form of both sexes had a cryptic character, at any 
rate in the resting position of the insect. He was quite con- 
vinced of this in the case of the last-named butterfly and of 
its congener, 7’. speciosus, from having watched both species 
under natural conditions. 


Wednesday, November 7th, 1906. 
Mr. F. Merrirrevp, President, in the chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. Grrarp H. Gurney, Keswick Hall, Norwich; Mr. 
Harotp Armstronc Fry, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, 
Transvaal Colony; Mr. Freprerick Apert MITcHELL- 
Hepers, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, London, W.; Mr. 
Gorpon Merrman, Trinity Hall, Cambridge; Mr. Percy A. 
H. Muscuamp, 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva; and Mr. 
Oswin 8. Wickar, Crescent Cottage, Cambridge Place, 
Colombo, Ceylon, were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 
Mr. H. J. Lucas exhibited a photograph of Panorpa 
germanica, practically immaculate, taken by Mr. HE. A 


(| Ixxxvuii ) 


Cockayne, a Fellow of the Society, at Tongue, Sutherland- 
shire, now in the Hope Museum, and a typical form for 
comparison, corresponding apparently to the borealis of 
Stephens. He also showed a series of P. germanica to 
illustrate the range of spotting on the wings of both sexes, 
with two ¢ ds and two 2 9s of P. communis; and a pair 
of a third species, P. cognata. ‘The first two species are 
common ; the third scarce. 

Mr. G. C. Cuampion showed a long series of a Henicopus 
(probably H. spiniger, Duval), taken by himself at El Barco, 
Galicia, Spain, last July, to demonstrate the dimorphism of the 
females: one form having wholly black hairs, and the other 
wholly white (sometimes with a few black ones intermixed), 
the males showing no variation in this respect. Bourgeois, 
in his Monograph, noted the variability of the colour of the 
hairs in various species of this genus, but makes no mention 
of dimorphism in the females. 

Mr. H. Sr. J. DonisrHorre exhibited seven specimens of 
Prionocyphon serricornis, Miull., bred from larvee taken in the 
New Forest in July, living larve, anda larva and pupa figured, 
of the same, and made the following remarks on the species :— 

“The life history of Prionocyphon was unknown to science. 
Last year | took some larve in water in a hole in a felled oak 
in the New Forest, which I thought might be the larve of 
Prionocyphon. They all unfortunately escaped or died, but 
my friend, Mr, Hereward Dollman, figured one of the larva 
for me, and this I exhibited at one of the meetings of our 
Society. 

“This year, on July 17, I took some more of these larvee out 
of the same tree in the Forest, and have succeeded in rearing 
seven perfect insects so far. I placed the larve in a bowl, 
with dead leaves, wood mould, and water out of the tree itself, 
and a piece of the fresh bark on the top. Perfect insects 
appeared on July 28, 29, 30, 31, and August 1. Some of the 
larvee crawled on to the bark, and hid under the moss on it, to 
pupate. <A larva was observed to pupate on July 29; I took 
it to the Museum and got it figured, and returned it to the 
bowl, and it hatched on August 1, only three days being 
passed in the pupal state. Eggs must have been deposited 


(Wd b-2 o-ab-< ) 


in the bowl, as besides many nearly full-grown larvee, a number 
of very young ones are now present. I hope to carry them all 
safely through the winter.” 

Dr. T. A. CuApmMan brought for exhibition a collection of 
butterflies, made by himself in Galicia (lat. 42° 16’ N., long. 
6° 44’ W.) last July, including (a) specimens of Lycxna idas, 
hitherto reported only from the Sierra Nevada and district in 
the extreme south-east of Spain. It came rather as a surprise 
therefore in the extreme north-west, where it occurred at an 
elevation of 4500 to 5000 feet, and only where there grew a 
species of Hrodium, with extremely large handsome flowers. 
On this it was seen to lay its eggs, and on one little patch of 
about 50 square yards, practically carpeted with the plant, a 
good many butterflies were observed, and eggs were found, 
where they were seen being laid on the leaves ; and, as is so 
common in the Zycxnas, as near the ground as the butterfly 
could get. 

(6) Specimens of ZL. astrarche, one from practically the same 
ground as the Z. idas, for comparison. 

(c) Specimens of LZ. argus (xgon) from the same district. 
These, while very close to the vars. hypochiona and bejarensis, 
differ in a certain proportion of the specimens presenting the 
red of the marginal “peacock eyes” on the upper surface of 
the hind-wings of the males. Dr. Chapman said that such a 
coloration occurs in Asiatic specimens, that differ otherwise 
from these, but he had not heard of any European forms 
possessing it. These specimens, also, differed amongst them- 
selves in the tint of the blue; some being greenish, others 
full lilac—an amount of variation unusual amongst specimens 
all from one locality. 

(d) Examples of all the other Lycenids met with ; other. 
wise not remarkable. JL. beticus and L. telicanus were 
almost everywhere abundant in all stages, except the pupa, 
which seemed to be hidden tolerably effectually. 

The species met with and shown included also, Thecla «icis, 
T. spini, Zephyrus quercus, Chrysophanus virgauree, C. hip- 
pothoé, C. phleas, Lycena argiolus, L. melanops, L. amanda, 
L. wcarus, L. baton, and L. arion. 

The Hon. N. Cuartes Rorascwixp exhibited branches of 


( Sxcwrd) 


Viburnum lantana showing the mines of Sesia (Ageria) 
andreniformis, now discovered by him as‘ the food-plant of 
the species in Britain for the first time. He said that, in the 
Ent. Verein Zeit. Wien, the mine, which is unlike that of any 
other species of the genus, had been reported in Viburnum 
opulus (the Garden Snowball Tree). 

Mr. EK. Duxiyrietp Jones exhibited two species of Molippa 
from Parana, South East Brazil, which had been considered to 
be both J. sabina, Walk. The two species were so closely 
allied that the only way to distinguish them was by comparing 
the genitalia, dissections of which were shown. Photographs 
of the larvee of both accompanied the exhibit. 

The Prestpent mentioned a bug which Mr. Cecil Floersheim 
had found very destructive to the eggs of Papilio machaon 
and P. asterias in his open-air butterfly house. It pierces the 
ovum and feeds on the contents, leaving only the iridescent 
shell, from May to August, being most abundant in June and 
July. Its attacks are made in the penultimate stage, but 
mostly in the winged stage, in which it is very agile. The 
eggs of P. philenor do not seem attacked by it. Mr. E. 
Saunders, F.R.S., who kindly allowed the insect to be sent to 
him for identification, says it is one of the Capsidx, Heterotoma 
mertoptera, Scop., found on nettles and other plants, and 
apparently common all over Europe; but he had not heard of 
its being predaceous on eggs. Though Reuter speaks of the 
Capside as sucking the juices of Podurids and Aphides as well 
as of plants, Mr. Saunders thinks there is no doubt that most 
of them are vegetable feeders, probably not averse to a little 
change of diet as opportunity offers, but he would certainly 
never have thought of /Heterotoma as a carnivorous species. 

Dr. F. A. Dixny exhibited several specimens of Pierine 
butterflies in illustration of melanism, and made the following 
remarks:— | 

‘‘ At the recent meeting of the British Association in York, 
much interest was aroused by Mr. Porritt’s paper and exhibit 
on the subject of melanism. It has occurred to me that an 
illustration of some of the general conditions under which 
white and other kinds of pigment may be replaced by black 
might possibly aid in the consideration of the more special 


@rxch ) 


question as it affects the insect-fauna of these islands. With 
this view I have brought some selected specimens here to-night, 
and propose, while enlarging the scope of inquiry in one way, 
to narrow it in another by confining my illustrations to the 
group of Pierine. 

‘“‘ A substitution of dark pigment for light may take place— 

“‘(1) Between allied species, as Belenois mesentina, Cram., 
and B. raffrayt, Oberth. 

(2) Between nearly-related forms of the same species, as 
Eronia cleodora, Hiibn., from East London, and Z£. cleodora, 
f. dilatata, Butl., from Mombasa. 

*“(3) Between the sexes of the same species, as Delias 
inferna, Butl., ¢ and 9. 

“(4) Between individuals of the same sex of the same 
species, as the ordinary and ‘white’ form of Colas electra, 
tammy, O%. 

‘“‘It is often possible to trace a connection between dark 
pigmentation and certain external or internal conditions, such 
as horizontal or vertical distribution, season and sex. Can any 
of these conditions be regarded as a direct cause of melanism ? 

“(1) As instances of the influence of horizontal distribution, 
or locality, we have Lronia cleodora as above; Belenois mesen- 
tina of Africa and India with its Australian representative 
B. teutonia, Fabr.; and B. severina, Cram., 2? from Natal 
compared with B. severina 9 from the Victoria Nyanza. 

“««(2) As examples of the influence of vertical distribution we 
may take Tutochila autodice, Hiibn., 9 from Buenos Ayres, 
and 7". stigmadice, Stdgr., 9 from the Andes of Ecuador. A 
familiar case of the same kind is the ordinary Ganoris nap, 
Linn., ? of Switzerland compared with G. bryonix, Ochs., of 
the high Alps. 

‘“©(3) To illustrate seasonal influence we may compare the 
dry- and wet-season forms of Teracolus annx, Wallgrn., 
T. antigone, Boisd., 7’. omphale, Godt., Glutophrissa saba, Fabr., 
Appias libythea, Fabr., Tachyris hippo, Cram., Huphina nadina, 
Luce., H. nerissa, Fabr., and [xias evippe, Drury. In all these 
the tendency towards melanism in the rains shown by the 
females is well marked. The corresponding males are also 
affected, though in less degree. 


(Ge xciiy 5) 


“(4) As exemplifying the influence of sex, we have Delias’ 
inferna 3 and ? as above, D. descombest, Boisd., D. eucharis, 
Drury, Zerias tominia, Voll., and 7. zita, Feld. 

“It seems obvious that in all these cases there must be 
some relation or other between the increase of dark pigment 
and the conditions that have been named. But is the bond 
between them one of direct causation? It will be found that 
the attempt to rank any one of these conditions as an actual 
and immediate cause of melanism is attended with great 
difficulty. 

“(1) Melanism cannot be purely a matter of different 
climatic conditions dependent on horizontal distribution, 
because in any given region it often happens that only one 
sex shows a tendency towards melanism, the other sex remain- 
ing unaffected. Moreover, as in the case of Belenois mesentina 
and Bb. raffrayi, we may have two closely allied butterflies 
from the same locality, one nearly white and the other almost 
black. 

‘*(2) Nor is it easy to consider melanism as a direct 
consequence of high altitude, for here again it is often only 
the one sex that is affected, as in G. bryonix. Besides this, 
female G’. napi of the ordinary kind may be found in the same 
localities as G’. bryonix ; and ‘ white’ butterflies which are met 
with at enormously high altitudes, such as Baltia shawti, Bates, 
3 in Central Asia and Phulia nymphula, Blanch., in the 
Andes, are by no means melanic. Again, the female of 
Tatochila demodice, Blanch., shows dark pigmentation whether 
taken at high altitudes or at the sea-level. 

(3) There is obviously a strong connection between 
seasonal conditions and melanism. This is clearly shown by 
the series of seasonal forms in the present exhibit. Asa rule, 
the deeply-pigmented form belongs to the wet season, and the 
paler form to the dry. But here again, if we attempt to make 
wet-season conditions a direct cause of melanism, we are met 
by the fact that sometimes the same conditions are associated 
with an exactly opposite result. The instance of Precis octavia- 
natalensis and sesamus will occur to every one as a case in 
point; but without travelling beyond the Pierine we have 
only to compare the under-sides of, say, Zvias pyrene, Linn., 3, 


( xc ) 


wet and dry, or of Zerias senegalensis, Boisd., 6 wet and dry, 
to see that an increase of dark pigmentation, whether in a 
diffused or concentrated form, may characterize a dry-season 
phase as opposed to a wet one. A further difficulty is that 
dark pigmentation appears in some instances (as in Polyom- 
matus phixas, var. eleus) to be an accompaniment of heat, in 
others (as in Vanessa urticx, var. polaris) of cold. 

““(4) Lastly, with regard to sex. It is no doubt true that in 
the majority of instances the female shows a darker coloration 
than the male. This comes out well in many of the specimens 
exhibited. But it is not difficult to find examples of the 
reverse condition, where the female possesses less dark 
pigment than her mate. This is the case, for instance, with 
some forms of Colias eurytheme, Boisd., and with Dismorphia 
thermesia, Godt. 

“Tt seems therefore difficult to attribute melanism, or the 
tendency towards that condition, to the immediate action of 
either geographical or seasonal conditions or to the direct 
influence of sex. What explanation remains? I am strongly 
disposed to think that in the vast majority of cases the 
prevalence of dark pigmentation is adaptive, and that although 
melanism in its various degrees may certainly originate as a 
variation or a sport, its increase and establishment are to be 
attributed to some form of selection. Any one of the 
conditions mentioned may by itself, or in combination with 
others, favour melanism ; not however by direct causation, but 
by indirectly leading to the selection of melanic individuals. 
Thus, there is little doubt that the dark pigmentation is in 
many cases of advantage as aiding concealment. ‘This is 
probably the explanation of many instances of dull or dark 
coloration in the female sex not only of insects but of other 
animals, it being well known that the female sex stands in 
special need of protection (Wallace). The writer has observed 
that the darkly-pigmented female of Selenois severina, a 
common African form, is far less conspicuous on the wing than 
the lighter-coloured male. The dark border indeed of the 
former sex is often hardly visible, and the general impression 
given is that of a much dwarfed specimen, though the average 
female is not really smaller than her mate. An enemy attack- 


(eixciva) 


ing such forms on the wing might, it is believed, avoid the 
apparently dwarfed specimens, either because they afforded 
less prospect of a sufficient meal, or (in accordance with a 
suggestion of Mr. F. A. Heron) because, apparent size being a 
correlative of distance, the attacker might be deluded into 
supposing the black-bordered forms to be further away and so 
less easily reached than the rest. 

“Tt is noticeable that in some cases of heavily-pigmented 
wet-season forms, the under-side shows no corresponding 
melanism, being often in fact far lighter in colour than the 
under-side of the same species in the dry season. ‘This exact 
reversal of effect on the two surfaces is of itself a strong 
argument against the supposed direct operation of meteor- 
ological conditions in producing melanism. Such conditions, 
as I have elsewhere urged, and as has been amply proved by 
experiment, may act as a liberating stimulus ; but only rarely, 
if at all, can they be looked upon as a direct cause of darkened 
pigmentation. I would not entirely deny their direct effect 
upon the individual, nor even that such direct effect may under 
some circumstances reappear in the offspring. Weismann’s 
results with P. phixas, Fischer’s with Arctia caja, and others 
on record (see Schneider, “ Einfiithrung in die Deszendenz- 
theorie,” 1906, p. 113, etc.) seem to demonstrate the possibility 
of such apparent transmission. But this phenomenon of the 
diverse effect upon the two surfaces, together with the other 
considerations already brought forward, appears to make 
strongly against the hypothesis of a direct effect; and to 
favour, as far as it goes, the view that such changes as these 
are adaptive. 

“A further point of interest arises in connection with the 
common absence of dark pigmentation on the under-side of wet- 
season forms, even when the upper surface is strongly melanic. 
It is this: that on comparing the seasonal phases of such forms 
we are often led to the conclusion that so far as the upper-side 
is concerned the wet-season form is better protected, but with 
regard to the lower-side the corresponding dry-season phase, 
being cryptically coloured, has the advantage. This may mean 
that the wet-season form requires more protection during flight, 
and the dry-season form during repose ; and this again may 


Ge xcye’),) 


point to the fact that it is such enemies as attack butterflies at 
rest (for example, lizards) that are especially dangerous during 
the drier part of the year. 

“ Whether the duskiness so often met with in arctic and 
mountain forms can at present be explained as an adaptation, 
is perhaps doubtful; though there seems to be no reason why 
Lord Walsingham’s suggestion of its relation to the power of 
heat-absorption should not be correct. In such cases of the 
development of dark pigment as we see in females of M/ylothris 
lorena, Hew., M. pyrrha, Fabr., Pieris demophile, Clerck., 
P. viardi, Boisd., P. locusta, Feld., P. tithoreides, Butl., ete., 
to which may probably be added the wet-season Glutophrissa 
saba 2 (see Trimen, Proc. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1881, p. viii), the 
influence at work is that of mimicry, and the result clearly 
takes rank as an adaptation. 

“The occasional predominance of dark pigment in the males 
as compared with their mates is apt to show itself in the form 
of distinct and definite areas—not in that of suffusion. A 
common effect therefore on the male is to make that sex not 
less, but more conspicuous. Hence the pigmental areas may 
possibly in these cases serve as recognition-marks. 

“This last, however, is but a suggestion. I am far from 
saying that the advantage of a melanic tendency to its possessor 
is in every instance demonstrable. I only submit that our 
present knowledge, so far as it goes, points to selective adapta- 
tion as the principle which seems likely to cover most if not 
all of the diverse conditions now grouped together under the 
comprehensive head of melanism.” 

The Presrpent said he thought there was no doubt that 
temperature had, what appeared to be, a direct effect in the 
ease of many Lepidoptera. For example, on many of the 
common Geometrid moths, if the pupze were exposed, some to 
a temperature of 40° to 50°, others to one of 70° to 80°, those 
at the lower temperature were darker. 

Professor E. B. Poutton, Dr. T. A. Coapman, Mr. W. E. 
SHarp, Mr. W. J. Lucas, and other Fellows joined in a 
discussion of the spread of melanism in various districts of 
Britain and elsewhere. 


(PeXcyig)) 


Wednesday, November 21st, 1906. 
Mr. F. Merririeitp, President, in the Chair. 
Nomination of Council and Officers. 


The following Fellows were nominated to serve as Officers 
and other members of the Council for the session of 1907-8 :— 

President, Mr. CHARLES OwEN WatTeErRHousE; ‘Treasurer, 
Mr. Atsert Hucu Jonss ; Secretaries, Mr. Henry Rowianp- 
Brown and Commander James J. Watker; Librarian, Mr. 
GerorcE C. CHAmpIon. Other members of the Council :—Mr. 
GILBERT JOHN Arrow, Mr. Artuur JoHNn Cutty, Dr. THomMas 
ALGERNON CHAPMAN, Mr. Witi1am James Kaye, Dr. GrorcE 
BiunpELL Lonastarr, Professor RapHaEL Metpoua, F.R.S., 
Mr. Freperic Merririetp, Mr. Guy A. K. Marsnatu, Mr, 
Louis BEETHOVEN Prout, Mr. Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.S., Mr. 
RosBert SHELFORD, Mr. GEoraGE HENRY VERRALL. 


Hlection of Fellows. 


Mr. Watrer E. Cotiincr, M.Sc., of the Department of 
Economic Geology in the University of Birmingham, 55 New- 
hall Street, Birmingham, and Mr. H. 8. A. Guinnsss, of Balliol 
College, Oxford, and Chesterfield, Blackrock, co. Dublin, were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 


Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited specimens of Odontomyta 
angulata, Pz., from the Norfolk Broads, of which species few 
captures have been recorded of recent years, and Jcterica 
westermanni, Mg., a rare Trypetid, taken by him in the New 
Forest district in August of this year. 

Dr. F. A, Dixry exhibited dry- and wet-season forms of 
both sexes of Zeracolus regina, Trim., together with speci- 
mens of Belenois calypso, Drury, B. thysa, Hopft., Mylothris 
agathina, Cram., and two unnamed forms of Belenois from 
Rhodesia. 

The exhibit was designed to show the strong resemblance 


(Sxcvit) 


between the under-side of the wet-season phase of T'eracolus 
regina and that of certain forms of elenois from the same 
region of Africa—a resemblance believed by the exhibitor to 
be of mimetic significance. He pointed out that between B. 
calypso and B. thysa, which latter was an acknowledged mimic 
of the distasteful IMZylothris agathina, there existed a fairly 
complete series of transitional forms, one of which at least 
showed on the under-side a striking resemblance to the under- 
side of the wet-season 7’ reyina. It seemed as if M. agathina 
had exercised a strong influence on this group of Belenois, and 
that in the progress of these Belenois-forms towards the 
final mimetic pattern shown by JB. thysa, one of them had, as 
it were, taken up 7’. regina in its course. The association 
between the Lelenors and the Teracolus was probably Miillerian, 
the Lelenois being in most respects the model; but it was 
perhaps not improbable that the 7eracolus had to some extent 
influenced the Lelenois. These specimens seemed to favour the 
view that B.thysa was a Miullerian rather than a Batesian mimic. 
It was an interesting fact that the cryptic character of the dry- 
season form, as well as the mimetic appearance of the wet-season 
phase of the Zeracolus, was confined to the under surface ; 
being presumably in both instances intended for use during 
rest rather than in flight. As in other cases, the dry-season 
form was probably the more efficiently protected. It might be 
taken as a general rule that in cases of seasonal dimorphism, 
if one phase only were protected, that phase would be the 
dry-season one ; if both adopted means of defence differing in 
degree or in kind, the dry-season phase would be the better 
protected of the two. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas showed on behalf of Messrs. H. and F, 
Campion a male specimen of Sympetrum vulgatwm taken in 
Epping Forest on the 4th September last. The only other 
authentic British specimens are: (1) a male in the collection 
of Mr. C. A. Briggs, taken at Bookham Common in 1891; 
(2) a male in his own collection taken 11th September, 1898, 
in Richmond Park ; and (3) a male taken by Mr. A. H. Hamm 
at Torquay, 15th August, 1899, which he cannot now trace ; 
but it was carefully examined at the time by the late Mr. 
McLachlan, Dr, Hagen mentions in the “Entomologist’s 

PROC, ENT, SOC. LOND., IV. 1906. G 


( xevili ) 


Annual,” for 1857, a @ taken near Hull, on the authority of 
Mr. J.C. Dale. 


GENITALIA ON VENTRAL SURFACE OF SEGMENT 2 OF THE ABDOMEN OF 
THE 60h :— 


1. Sympetrum vulgatun. 2. S. striolatum. 


a, external branch of hamule. bd. internal do: c. genital lobe. 


Mr. Lucas said that in his book on British Dragonflies 
he had noted several points of distinction, but he would add 
the shape of the abdomen (more constricted near the base in 
S. vulgatum), and the form of the genitalia (as shown in an 
accompanying drawing), absence of yellow dots on abdomen in 
S. vulgatum, judging by Mr. Campion’s specimen, did not 
hold good and must be erased from his list of differences and 
that of De Selys’. 

Mr. R. ApKIN exhibited a short series of Vortrix pronubana, 
Hb., including both sexes, which he had reared from larve 
and pupee collected from Huonymus at Eastbourne in September 
last. The only previous records for the species in Britain 
were single male examples captured at Kastbourne (“ Proc. Ent. 
Soc. Lond.’ 1905, Lxiii), and at Bognor (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.” xh, 
276) respectively in the autumn of 1905. The series exhibited 
therefore represented the first specimens reared in this coun- 
try, and it was interesting to know that a species so recently 
taken for the first time in Britain was not a mere casual 
visitor, but that it had gained a footing on our shores and 
that there appeared good prospect of it becoming permanently 
established. 


Gi xe 7) 


Dr. T. A. Cuapman exhibited a long series of Cenonympha 
mathewi, Tutt (‘‘ Ent. Rec.” xvi, p. 308), from different places 
in the north-west corner of Spain (Galicia), and read the 
following note :— 

‘‘Showing much variation within certain limits, these 
specimens raise the question whether they belong to a species 
distinct from C. dorus. They come from an area whose 
limits are 30 miles from north to south and 140 from east 
to west, and throughout this area are fairly uniform, 7. e. 
the variation in the direction of dorus is not greater in 
the most eastern specimens than in the others. They are 
smaller than dorus, and all show the difference that most 
characteristically separates them from dorus, viz. in dorus 
the white band on the under-side, common to so many 
Cenonymphas, extends to the margin and includes the 
eye-spots: in mathewi it does not pass the eye-spots, the re- 
mainder of the wing to the margin being of the same ground 
colour as the rest of the wing, in this respect it is nearer the 
generic type than dorus, in many specimens however this area 
contains a pale patch. The generally darker upper-side and 
the want of the silver line beneath, are also marked differ- 
ences. At Bejar, 180 miles south, I found fairly typical 
dorus. In the Cantabrian region neither form was seen. 

“ Mathew is a coast and mountain species. Dorus is not a 
low level insect so far as I have met with it. 

“It would follow therefore that the area of distribution of 
mathew? is continuous with that of dorus if at all, only through 
central Portugal. 

“Portugal has a special form of dorus mentioned by 
Staudinger under the name of bieli. I have not seen this 
form, but Staudinger’s note shows that it differs from dorus 
in the direction of mathew?. 

“ An examination of the ancillary appendages shows them 
to be practically identical in form, but that those of mathewi 
are nearly 207 smaller than those of dorus, 

“Tn conclusion, though I doubt the possibility of dorus 
and mathewi being directly syngamic did occasion offer, I 
think it very probable, that they are so by the mediation of 
transition forms in the regions connecting their proper areas 


(75) 


of distribution, and if this is so, it is necessary to regard 
mathewt as a geographical or subspecific variety of dorus and 
not as a fully established species.” 

Mr. Husert W.Simmonps contributed some ‘“ Notes on 
an Unusual Emergence of Chrysophanus salustius in New 
Zealand,” as follows :— 

‘A few notes on the very unusual appearance of our New 
Zealand Chrysophanus salustius this winter may be of interest 
to Fellows of the Entomological Society. This butterfly 
generally appears about the beginning of November, the 
males first and the females becoming common a few weeks 
later. There seem to be a series of emergences throughout 
the summer, for fresh specimens are frequently taken up to the 
end of March, and it lingers on well into April on the sea-coast 
and other favoured spots. I was therefore very much surprised 
to find a perfect newly emerged ? at rest on a blade of grass 
under the cliff at Titahi Bay early in July, and still more so 
when on the 29th of that month (which was after a bright 
sunny week but with cold nights) I again visited that locality 
and found C. salustius almost common flying in bright sunshine. 
Nearly all the specimens were in perfect condition, and of the 
four I caught (I had no net with me) all were 9s and two 
more of the variety having the blue hind-marginal spots well 
developed. Several others that I got close to were ?s and I 
did not observe a single ¢. The locality was at the base of 
some sloping cliffs sheltered from the south winds and getting 
the sun all day. I have not since visited this spot, and 
although I have been in several similar localities in the 
neighbourhood, I have not seen a single specimen. 

“The variety of the ? having the blue spots in the black 
hind-marginal spots seems peculiar to the sea-coast, for all 
that I have taken of this variety have been on the sandy 
cliffs that form the coast-line in this district.” 

Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., communicated some 
‘further notes on the choice of a resting site by Preris 
rape,’ by Mr, A. H. Hamm, as follows :— 

“On July 10th this year I observed a male of this species 
at rest on the under-side of a dahlia leaf in my garden, 22 
Southfield Road, Oxford. In no case had the dahlias bloomed 


(So) 


by this date. The Preis, although it had not chosen the best 
possible site in the garden, was fairly well hidden amid the 
thick foliage. The only other occasion on which this species 
was seen at rest in 1906 was on August 4th, when my friends, 
Mr. Holdaway and Mr. Constance, and I were sugaring in the 
“ Decoy,’ Newton Abbot, 8. Devon. During the rounds 
many trees, bushes, &c. were searched with the aid of our 
lanterns for any strange insects at rest upon the foliage. My 
attention was first directed by Mr. Constance to a specimen of 
P. rapx at rest upon the whitish under-side of a leaf of the 
broad-leaved sallow (probably Salia caprea). After this we 
all three began a more systematic search, and succeeded in 
finding four additional individuals of the species. The five 
butterflies were distributed as follows:—Two were on the 
under-sides of leaves of the broad-leaved sallow ; two on 
bramble leaves (one hanging from the under-side, and the 
other sitting on an under-side which happened to be turned 
uppermost) ; the fifth was found hanging from the under-side 
of a leaf on a birch bush. The under surface of all these 
leaves is very pale as compared with the upper surface. 
These facts seem to me to strengthen the opinion expressed 
in my former notes (vide ‘‘ Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.” 1904, p. Ixxv 
and 1905, pp. Ixxiii, Ixxiv.) that Pieris rapex does select for 
prolonged rest a site adapted to promote concealment.” 


Papers. 

‘A Permanent Record of British Moths in their Natural 
Attitudes of Rest,” by Mr. A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the 
Hope Department of Zoology in the Oxford University 
Museum, communicated by Professor EK. B. Poutton, F.R.S. 

“‘ Studies of the Blattide,” by R. SHetrorp, M.A., F.LS. 

‘“¢ Notes on the Life History of Sesia andrenxformis, Lasp.,’ 
by the Hon. N. Cuarues Roruscuixp, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


) 


Wednesday, December 5th, 1906. 


Mr. F. Merririetp, President, in the Chair, 
Donations, ete. 
The Hon. Sroretary, reading out the list of Donations to 
the Library since the last meeting, made special reference to 


(fecore 1) 
the Haliday correspondence, now presented to the Society by 


Dr. E. Percivat Wricut, of Trinity College, Dublin, to whom 
a unanimous vote of thanks was given. 


Nomination of Auditors, Officers, and Council for 1907. 

Commander J. J. WALKER, one of the Secretaries, again 
read the list of Fellows nominated to act as Officers, and as 
other Members of the Council for 1907. 

The PresipENT announced that the following Fellows had 
been nominated as Auditors:—Mr. W. J. Kaye, Mr. A. J. 
Carry, Mr (BS ‘Prour, Mr Jk: -Aprin, Dr a AG 
CHapMAN and Mr. R. Wyure Lioyp. 


Election of Fellows. 

Mr. H. C. Prarr, Government Entomologist, Federated 
Malay States, Kuala Lumpur; Capt. H. J. Watton, M.B., 
F.R.C.S., Indian Medical Service ; Mr. AntHUR Ernest GIBBs, 
F.L.S., Kitchener’s Meads, St. Albans; Capt. James Bruce 
GrecoriE-TutLocw, King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 
Strensall Camp, York; Mr. Jonn AsnuspurneR Nix, Tilgate, 
Sussex; Mr. Hersert W. Soutucomen, J.P., 16 Stanford 
Avenue, Brighton, and Mr. Rotanp E. Turner, 21 Emperor’s- 
Gate, 8.W., were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Hahibitions. 

Mr. A. W. Bacor exhibited a specimen of Catocala nupta, 
taken at rest at Hackney, November 9th, 1906, remarkable 
for having two well-developed tarsi on the left fore-leg. Also 
three 2 specimens of Lasiocampa quercus, L., bred from 
larve from Cornwall in 1906. One of these larve had been 
submitted to a pressure of from 27 to 30 atmospheres (405 
to 450 lbs. per square inch) on two occasions. 

Dr. M. GrREENwoop commenting on the effects of rapid 
decompression on larve, said that the lesions produced in 
Vertebrata by sudden decompression were known to be due to 
the liberation of nitrogen bubbles from the blood and tissue 
fluids. Accordingly decompression should be innocuous in 
animals, such as lepidopterous larve, in which the respired 
gases are conveyed directly to the cells without the interven- 
tion of a circulating medium. 


( ‘cit |) 


Larve of the following species, Cossus cossus, Lasiocampa 
rubt, L. quercus and Smerinthus popult, had been sub- 
mitted to air pressures of from 10 to 30 atmospheres for 
periods up to 2 hours and 40 minutes. In all the experi- 
ments decompression was effected in a few seconds. No ill 
effects resulted and two specimens, which were kept under 
observation, pupated and emerged normally. The fatal effect 
of such exposure upon Vertebrata was demonstrated on frogs 
used as controls. 

Although, therefore, larve were immune from decom- 
pression lesions they appeared to be nearly as susceptible to 
oxygen poisoning as frogs. Two larve of Smerinthus popula 
were affected by exposure to 16 atmospheres of pure oxygen 
in the same time as a control frog. 

If larvee were allowed to feed while under pressure, the air 
swallowed with the food plant would produce fatal lesions on 
decompression. <A larva of LZ. quercus, placed in the pressure 
chamber at 11.25 a.m., together with some food plant, much 
of which was consumed, appeared to be killed instantly by 
decompression at 11.40; the gut being enormously distended 
with semi-digested leaves and air-bubbles. 

A discussion followed in which Dr. F. A. Dixry and 
other Fellows joined. 

Dr. T, A. CHapman exhibited a long series of Hastula 
hyerana, Mill., bred this year from larve collected at Hyéres ; 
and a diagrammatic map of the neighbourhood to explain 
the distribution of the moth in that area. The moths 
consisted of about two hundred and fifty specimens from 
“ Les Maures,” the low hills behind Hyéres, nearly 50 per 
cent. of which were melanic; and about a hundred and 
seventy from “La Plage,” the coast nearest to Hyéres; but 
these contained only about 14 per cent. of melanic forms. 

‘The former area (Les Maures),” said the Exhibitor, ‘‘ would 
appear to have been searched in vain fifty years ago by 
Milliére, who found the insect, however, at the Hermitage 
(= Costebelle), an area cut off from Les Maures by perhaps a 
mile and a half of country not habitable by HW. hyerana, but 
probably continuous with the La Plage habitat. Hence it is 
not improbable that the insect had at that date recently 


(cw @) 


reached La Plage and Hermitage, but that it had not yet 
succeeded in advancing to Les Maures. At Les Maures the 
forces producing (7.e. selecting) melanism came into action, 
and now there is sufficient interchange of individuals between 
La Plage and Les Maures to prevent the dark from exceed- 
ing 50 per cent. at the latter locality and to supply the dark 
strain in sufficient numbers to La Plage to keep a small 
proportion of melanic specimens at that station. 

“At any rate it is certain that we have at present at 
Hyeres two colonies of H. hyerana, in one of which the 
melanic specimens are three times as numerous as in the 
other. These two colonies are separated by only a mile and 
a half of impassable country, which may however present 
some stepping-stones, in a direct line, and may be in closer 
connection by some more lengthy route. 

“Tt is obvious, therefore, that the melanic tendency is much 
stronger in the one area than in the other, and it is difficult 
to believe, that, though sufficiently segregated to show this 
difference, they are not nevertheless capable of crossing with 
each other to an extent that makes the difference observed 
much less than it would be if segregation were complete. 
Possibly even to the extent of making the Les Maures race 
entirely dark and the La Plage colony entirely of the type 
form. 

“T use the word melanism as indicating the presence of dark 
as contracted with lighter normal forms. Literally, however, 
these dark forms (marginata) are not black, but deep purple, 
almost leaden, when intense enough ; it is, perhaps, desirable 
to note this, since the typical form presents specimens with 
an excess of black (not purple) pigment. The most marked 
of these are, however, far from being black, and even so are 
rare. They are, no doubt, indications of a melanic tendency 
acting on a different pigmentary variability to that which 
yields the purple specimens, and would literally be more 
entitled to be called melanic than the leaden-coloured ones. 
(See Ent. Trans. 1906, p. 155. E. M. M. 1906-1907).” 

Dr, F. A. Dixy exhibited specimens of Teracolus omphale, 
Godt., bred and captured at Salisbury, Mashonaland, by Mr. 
G. A. K. Marshall, F.Z.8. The exhibit was intended to show 


(oe) 


the effect of subjecting the insects during their immature 
stages to abnormal conditions of temperature and humidity. 

He pointed out that the members of a brood which had been 
reared under ordinary conditions as larve, but had been ex- 
posed as pups to damp heat, showed on emergence little or no 
difference from those examples that had been reared under 
normal conditions throughout. The emergences took place in 
June 1905, and the resulting butterflies were of the usual 
dry-season phase, though less markedly dry-season than a pair 
captured in the field at the same date. 

On the other hand, several examples, belonging to one 
brood, had been brought up as larvee in an atmosphere of damp 
heat, from which they were removed on pupation into natural 
conditions. The resulting butterflies, emerging in July during 
the height of the dry-season, were on the upper-side almost of 
the wet-season phase, while others of the same brood which 
had been kept in damp heat throughout both the larval and 
pupal stages went still further in the same direction. Some of 
these latter indeed, especially the females, showed on the upper 
surface the wet-season pattern fully developed. On the under 
surface the approximation to the wet-season phase was some- 
what less complete ; the most advanced examples of the effect 
of exposure to damp heat during both preliminary stages 
still exhibiting beneath some slight trace of the dry-season 
mottling. On the whole, however, very little difference was 
apparent between these artificially-produced wet-season forms 
and specimens which were shown of the normal wet-season 
phase captured in the open before the cessation of the rains. 

Dr. Dixey further remarked that Mr. Marshall was to be 
congratulated on having been the first to produce, in tropical 
species of Pierinx, results as definite and unequivocal as any 
of those obtained by the President, Staudfuss, Fischer and 
others in European lepidoptera. Mr. Marshall had conclusively 
shown in the case of the present species that the natural 
stimulus for the assumption of the wet-season phase could be 
successfully imitated under artificial conditions; he had also 
proved experimentally that while both preliminary stages were 
to some extent capable of reacting to external conditions, by 
for the most susceptible period must be contained within the 


( eva) 


larval stage of growth. The conclusions foreshadowed by Mr. 
Marshall’s earlier experiments with 7. omphale (Trans, Ent. 
Soe. Lond., 1902, pp. 211-213) were thus fully confirmed and 
amplified. These facts appeared to be of so much interest as 
to justify their immediate communication to the Society ; he 
hoped before long to be in a position to present the results of 
a further examination of Mr. Marshall’s valuable material. 

Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt said that his experiments showed that 
the larval period, especially in its later stages, was in Zeracolus 
the period in which the insect was most sensitive to the 
above influence ; the pupa stage, which was the most sensitive 
stage in Precis, being almost insensitive. 

The Presipent drew attention to the extreme interest of 
these experiments, and congratulated Mr. Marshall on the 
success which had attended his researches, conducted as they 
were under great difficulties in Central South Africa. 


Papers. 


Mr. Louis Brernoven Prout read a paper entitled 
“ Xanthorhoé ferrugata, Clerck, and the Mendelian 
Hypothesis.” 

Dr. Freperick Augustus Drxey, M.A., M.D., communicated 
a paper “On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina 
corva, Wallace, and Ixias baliensis, Fruhst.” 


@ Fev: 


ANNUAL MEETING. 
January 23rd, 1907. 


Mr. F. Merririe.p, President, in the Chair. 

Mr. R. Write Luoyp, one of the Auditors, read the 
Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance £53 18s. 2d. 
in the Society’s favour. 

Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown, one of the Secretaries, then read 
the following 


Report of the Council. 


During the Session 1906-1907 one Honorary Fellow, 
Baron C. R. Osten-Sacken, and six Ordinary Fellows, Mr. 
W. P. Blackburne-Maze, Mrs. Elizabeth Brightwen, Mr. 
C. W. Dale, the Rev. Joseph Greene, Mr. F, J. Horniman and 
Mr. E. W. Lane have died; four Fellows have resigned, or 
have been taken off the list, and twenty-nine new Fellows 
have been elected, with one Honorary Fellow. 

The number of Fellows deceased is below the average, nor 
is the number of those who have resigned, or for other causes 
been removed from the list, excessive. While we are glad to 
report that the number of Fellows elected is a considerable 
improvement on the previous year, and with those nominated 
during the past three months, and still awaiting election, 
represents one of the largest accessions to the Society for 
many years: the returns showing especially, a notable in- 
crease of interest on the part of Fellows who are permanent 
residents outside the United Kingdom. The improved attend- 
ance at the Ordinary Meetings also indicates a much more 
active participation of other Fellows, the average being 
unusually high this year. 

At present the Society consists of twelve Honorary Fellows, 
and four hundred and ninety-seven Life and Subscribing 
Fellows, making a total of five hundred and nine. Notwith- 
standing the rigid application of the new Bye-law relating 
to the removal of Fellows from the list for non-payment 
of subscriptions—a regulation which has saved the Hon. 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1906. I 


( cvih ») 


Treasurer much time and trouble in the collection of arrears 
—the total, if slightly less than that of last year, still shows 
that the Society has by no means reached a stationary limit, 
and that we may rely confidently and still further on the 
assistance and support of many entomologists who have not 
yet joined our ranks. Indeed it is very satisfactory to note 
that in the last ten years the Society has increased to the 
extent of no less than one hundred and twenty-five. 

The Transactions for the year 1906 form a volume of 
five hundred and thirty-nine pages, containing twenty-four 
Memoirs by the following authors: Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow, 
EE:S., Dr. T. A. Chapman, M:D:, F.E:S. (two), Dr. BF. Ac 
Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Mr. Frank P. Dodd, F.ES. (with 
an appendix by Col. C. T. Bingham, F.Z.S., F.E.8., and Dr. 
Benno Wandolleck), Mr. A. H. Hamm, Mr. C. Gordon 
Hewitt, B.Sc., Mr. S. L. Hinde, Mr. Martin Jacoby, F.ES., 
Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., Mr. Percy I. Lathy, F.Z.8., F.ES., 
Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.D., F.E.S. (two), Mr. W. J. Lucas, 
B.A., F.E.S., Mr. E, Meyrick, B:A., E:B.S., F.E.S., Mr. 8. A. 
Neave, M.A., B.S8c., F.E.S., Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc., 
F.R.S., F.E.S. (three), Mr. L. B. Prout, F.E.8., the Hon. 
N. Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.L.8., F.E.S. (with appendices 
by Mr. E. R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S., and Dr. T. A. Chapman, 
M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.), Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S. (two), 
and Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., F.E.S. 

Of these twenty-four papers, fourteen relate to Lepidoptera, 
three to Coleoptera, two to Rhynchota, two to Orthoptera, 
one to Hymenoptera, one to Neuroptera, and one, Professor 
Poulton’s “ Predaceous Insects and their Prey,” refers to 
insects of all these orders except Lepidoptera, and includes 
observations also on Diptera. 

The Memoirs referred to are illustrated by thirty-two plates, 
of which thirteen are coloured. Professor Poulton has defrayed 
the cost of Plate X XIX, and half the cost of Plates IX, X, 
XVI-XXII, XXIII, and XXXI, sharing also with Mr. W. 
J. Kaye the cost of Plates XXIV-XXVII, and with Mr. 8. A. 
Neave half the cost of Plates XI, XII; the Hon. N. Charles 
Rothschild has given the entire cost of Plate XXVIII; Dr. 
T, A. Chapman has paid half the cost of Plate VIII, and the 


© ers) 


whole cost of Plate VIL; Mr. W. J. Kaye the cost of Plate 
XXXII; while to the production of Plates Land II, Mr. H. J. 
Adams, through Mr. P. I. Lathy, has contributed £16 ; and 
to the expenses of Plates IV, V, VI, Mr. H. H. Feltham, 
through Mr. Roland Trimen, has contributed £20. 

The Proceedings, a limited number of which it is proposed 
for the first time to publish for exchange purposes in separate 
form, amount to one hundred and six pages: a sure testimony 
that the exhibitions and the discussions at the Meetings 
maintain a high level of interest. 

By the suggestion, and at the expense of the President, the 
Society has been able to make a travel grant for the purpose 
of entomological study abroad in the summer months. Avail- 
ing themselves of this opportunity Mr. A. W. Bacot, and Mr. 
J. H. Butterfield, B.Sc., worked for some weeks in the Rhone 
Valley of Switzerland. It is much to be desired that this 
grant should be continued by the Society and made permanent, 
as an encouragement to Fellows and others who would not 
otherwise extend their entomological investigations beyond 
the limits of the United Kingdom to localities on the 
Continent more favourable to their special branch of science. 
As it is, Mr. Merrifield has offered to repeat his donation for 
next year; and the Society owes him a deep debt of gratitude 
for his kindness and liberality. 

Largely also on account of the generosity of so many 
Fellows in contributing to the expenses of the plates for the 
Transactions, the Treasurer is able to report that, after paying 
off all accounts rendered to the Society to the close of the 
year, there is a balance on the credit side of £53 18s. 2d. 
as against £50 3s. Od. last year. A considerable saving of 
office expenses has assisted this satisfactory state of things, 
which is a certain assurance that the financial affairs of the 
Society are now in a thoroughly healthy condition. 

The Assistant Librarian reports that Fellows have appreci- 
ated the extension of hours in the Library; and that there 
has been a large increase of readers. The number of volumes 
issued for outside reference is also encouraging, amounting to 
a total of 287 as against 208 for the previous twelve months: 
during which period the additions to the Library consist of 


( cx ) 


forty-four volumes, and one hundred pamphlets, in addition to 
the usual periodicals. 


ENToMOLOGICAL SocreTy or Lonpon, 
11, Cuanpos SrreeT, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. 
23rd January, 1907. 


The Secretaries not having received any notice proposing to 
substitute other names for those contained in the list prepared 
by the Council, the following Fellows constitute the Council 
for 1907-8 :—Gilbert J. Arrow; George C. Champion, F.Z.8.; 
Dr. Thomas Algernon Chapman, M.D.; Arthur John Chitty, 
M.A.; Albert Hugh Jones; William James Kaye; Dr. 
George Blundell Longstafl, M.D.; Guy A. K. Marshall; 
Professor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., F.C.S.; Frederick Merri- 
field ; Louis Beethoven Prout ; Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A.; 
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S.; Robert Shelford, M.A., 
F.L.8.; George Henry Verrall; Commander James J. Walker, 
M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; Charles Owen Waterhouse. 

The following are also elected as_ officers :—President, 
Charles Owen Waterhouse; Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones ; 
Secretaries, Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A., and Commander 
James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.LS. ; Librarian, George C. 
Champion, F.Z.8. 

The Balance Sheet and Report having been adopted, Mr. 
Frederic Merrifield, the President, delivered an Address. A 
vote of thanks to the President for his Address, and for his 
services as President during the past year, was proposed by 
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., seconded by Mr. G. H.Verrall, 
and carried unanimously. The President then proposed a vote 
of thanks to the other officers of the Society, which was seconded 
by Dr. T. A. Chapman, and carried unanimously. Mr. A. H. 
Jones, Mr. H, Rowland-Brown, and Commander J. J. Walker 
replied. 


ext 9) 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Balance Sheet for the Year 1906, 


RECEIPTS. 
25 oh Oh 
Balance in hand, Ist Jan., 

1906, and at Bankers’... 50 3 5 
Subscriptions for 1906 ... 395 17 0 
Arrears . 1919 O 
Admission Fees 29 8 0 
Donations ... 66 60 7 8 
Sales of Transactions oH) alir@ aL 
Interest on Investments :— 

Consols ... ... £2013 7 


Westwood Bequest 6 16 6 
——— 27 10 
Subscriptions in Advance 8 8 
Life Compositions ... 31 10 


£723 0 


“TRAVEL GRANT.” 


EB Sb GK, 
Received of the President 21 0 0O 


ASSETS, 


Go Gh 


Subscriptions in arrear 

considered good ... 
Cost of £893 2s. 
Consols ... 


Cost of £239 12s. 


9d. 


4d. 


50/7070 


ee SOLS 


Birmingham 8 per cent. 250 0 0 


Balance in hand 


5318 2 


No ASCERTAINED LIABILITIES. 


ADDITIONAL ASSETS. 


PAYMENTS. 
25 hh Gh 
Printing Transactions, ete. 212 4 11 
Plates, etc. ate I ey 
Rent and Office Ex- 
penses eM eed icon LUO Ae 
Books and Binding ... 38 0 3 
Investment in Consols ... 3110 0 
Subscriptions in Advance, 
per contra carried to 
1907 ree) Raee sees | ese Oe (OO 
Balance in hand and at 
Bankers’ 53 18| 2 
(2B) 8) 
he 
Paid to Mr. Arthur W. 
Bacot 10 10 0 
Paid to Mr. James E. 
Butterfield ... LO 10550 
$21 0 O 


Contents of Library and unsold 


Publications. 


Audited, compared with vouchers and found correct. 


A. HueH Jones, 
Treasurer. 
11th January, 1907. 


T. A. CHAPMAN. 
R. W. Lioyp. 
Ropert ADKIN. 


eg 
gh aie Hee 


y 


( exii ) 


THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 


Lapies AND GENTLEMEN, 

I have the pleasing duty of congratulating the Society 
on its present aspect as disclosed by the Report just presented, 
not omitting the satisfactory balance sheet. The papers em- 
braced in its Transactions maintain their high character, and 
the discussions recorded in its Proceedings are full of interest. 

The losses among the Fellows of the Society during the 
closing months of 1905 and the year just past include several 
names around which many interesting recollections gather. 

The Rev. JosepH GREENE will long be remembered with 
gratitude by those whom he taught nearly half a century 
since how they might profitably spend the winter months in 
digging insects out of their pupal retreats. His paper on 
pupa-digging, afterwards expanded into ‘‘The Insect-hunter’s 
Companion,” is a valuable aid to field naturalists, and in 
many ways he contributed usefully to entomological literature. 
Mr. Greene died at his residence in Bristol at the age of 
eighty-two. 

Caprain Freperick Wo.uaston Huron, F.R.S., died on the 
27th October, 1905, in his sixty-ninth year. After retiring 
from the army in 1866 he emigrated to New Zealand, where 
he was occupied for some years in the Geological Survey. For 
some years he occupied the Chair of Zoology in Christ Church 
University. He made many contributions on the geology 
and natural history of New Zealand to various scientific 
publications, including those devoted to entomology. Captain 
Hutton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892, 
and joined our Society in 1902. 


( cxive ) 


Mr. Cuartes WititiAM Date died in February last at the 
age of fifty-four, at Glanville’s Wootton Manor House, Sher- 
borne, where most of his life was passed. Among other works 
he wrote “The History of Glanville’s Wootton, including its 
Zoology and Botany” (1878), “The Lepidoptera of Dorset- 
shire” (1886), with a second edition (1891). The fine collection 
of British insects made by his father, James C. Dale, passed 
to him, and, with many additions made by himself, was 
bequeathed to the Hope Museum at Oxford, where it arrived 
last summer. 

A very eminent foreign entomologist, one of our Honorary 
Fellows, Baron C. R. v. p. OsTEN-SAcKEN, died at Heidelberg 
in May last, aged seventy-eight. The first of his writings, on 
the Tipulidee, published in 1854, showed the attraction which 
the Diptera had for him, and this was the Order of insects 
to which the principal part of his entomological work was 
devoted. But he was distinguished in many other ways. 
Twenty-one years of his life were spent as Secretary to the 
Russian Legation at Washington, and he presented his great 
American collection to the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Knowledge of the Diptera 
was greatly advanced by his numerous contributions. His 
wide accomplishments and engaging personality added deep 
regret to the sense of the loss sustained by science in his death. 

I proceed to the subject of my address. 


I propose this evening to inquire into some of the causes of 
the persistent abundance or scarcity, generally and locally, of 
species and varieties of insects, and the relative importance, in 
this connexion, of their consumption of food and the attacks 
of their enemies. I shall have to refer to the large number of 
striking characters that appear to be of no biological import- 
ance ; to the desirability also of observing and recording habits 
and activities—including those not directly concerned with 
nutrition or reproduction—not disregarding the psychical 
element which controls and guides action in these highly- 
organised animals. I propose also to call attention to the 
manner in which their activities and the motive-springs of 
them are affected by external conditions, and to the structure 


( ‘exy ) 


and fixed habits indicating their ancestral history and affecting 
their present capabilities. 

Darwin, in some of the earliest pages of his famous work on 
‘*The Origin of Species,” * remarks on our profound ignorance 
in regard to the mutual relation of the many beings which 
live around us, and asks who can explain why one species 
ranges widely and is very numerous, and why another allied 
species has a narrow range and is rare. 

Notwithstanding the great advances made since those words 
were written we must admit that in the vast majority of cases, 
if our explanation is to be founded on actual knowledge of facts 
as distinguished from more or less well-founded conjecture, 
these questions are rather to be echoed than answered. 

We may accept Darwin’s position that, in the form a 
living creature presents, with certain important exceptions T 
“its structure either now is or was formerly of some direct or 
indirect use to its possessor,” or, as the position is stated by 
Wallace, that every “truly specific character is or has been 
useful or is strictly correlated with such a character ;” | but 
what we know of the actual processes by which these general 
causes have produced that which we see around us is recog- 
nised as exceedingly small in comparison with what we do not 
know. 

The capacity for adding materially to the splendid general- 
isations of Darwin and Wallace, and of their distinguished 
successors in several departments of natural history, is not 
given to many, but the field of unexplored observation is 
almost infinite in extent and variety, so that many of us can 
gather facts that may help to solve some of the problems that 
exist. 

Except in certain very limited investigations, there is 
probably nothing I can place before you that is not already 
known. But it has seemed to me that, without hoping to add 


* Sixth Edition, p. 6. 

+ Such as are caused by the definite action of external conditions, 
so-called spontaneous variations, and the complex laws of growth—‘‘ Origin 
of Species,” p. 254. 

+ ‘* Darwinism,” and Journ. Linn. Soec., Dec. 1896, vol. xxv, p. 496, 
as cited by Professor Meldola in his Presidential Address to this Society in 
1896, Proceedings, p. lxix, the correlation, as explained, p. xx not being 
limited to such characters as are structural. 


( oxvi ) 


anything material to existing knowledge, still less to offer, 
except tentatively, any explanatory hypothesis, I could usefully 
avail myself of the opportunity you have given me—and 
which I feel as implying an obligation—by endeavouring to 
indicate some points to which the extensive opportunities for 
observation and research presented to this Society of more 
than 500 Fellows may with advantage be directed. I do so 
with unfeigned dittidence, for I know that I am addressing 
some who have devoted to the subject a capacity and an 
amount of thought far in excess of anything I can bring to 
bear upon it. 

The questions which have been mentioned stand out as of 
interest and importance and such as we must often be asking 
ourselves. They may perhaps be followed out in this more 
detailed form: Why are the individuals of a well-established 
species fairly constant in number? Why is this number so 
much less in some species than in others? and especially, Why 
are some species so rare, and yet so persistent in the numbers 
of their individuals ? 

In inviting researches on these and cognate questions my 
data must mostly be supplied by observations made in the 
British Islands. This is so, partly because among countries 
of considerable and varied area and possessing a large number 
of organisms, belonging to widely different types and placed 
amidst diversified surroundings, there is none which has been 
more thoroughly searched, I may almost say ransacked, by 
entomologists, and none whose insects have been more studied 
by highly-qualified investigators, and therefore in reference to 
many particulars of which so much information of a fairly 
complete character is available ; and partly because this in- 
formation is that which has been most accessible to me. For 
somewhat similar reasons my illustrations must be drawn 
mainly from the Lepidoptera, with the additional reason that 
this is the only Order to which I have given any study. These 
are serious deficiencies, but I would plead that they are not 
an entire disqualification for the task set before me. 


Productive and destructive forces—Productive. 


It is by the conflict between the forces of production and 


( exvit’ ) 


destruction that the organic world as we see it is maintained. 
Production of new beings is, of course, the necessary material 
for destruction to work on, but it need not here detain us 
long. Only let me offer the practical remark that the life 
history of a species cannot be considered complete unless it 
records such an important factor as the limits of the number 
of young that proceed from a single female parent, a number 
among some Lepidoptera far surpassing a thousand, among 
others much less than a hundred. Moreover, as effective 
production requires that there should be surrounding condi- 
tions which afford opportunities for the previous union of the 
parents, and admit of the disposition to use those opportuni- 
ties, such as appropriate temperature and the right degree of 
light or obscurity, particulars of these conditions should be 
recorded.* 


Destructive forces. 


The forces of destruction will occupy us much longer. 
Individuals are always being produced in abundance, their 
numbers being kept down by wholesale slaughter, a term in 
which I include starvation by the consumption of their food. 
Fully 99 per cent. of the offspring of an ordinarily prolific 
year-lived species are annually slain before their lives have 
become sufficiently complete to leave posterity, so that an 
investigation into the reason why their numbers persist 
involves an inquiry into the fatalities which they suffer, and it 
is to these fatalities consequently that it is of cardinal import- 
ance that attention should be directed. To complete their 
life history there must thus be added a detailed death history. 


Want of food, 
The first of the causes of fatality that will be noticed is 


* A few famous words, used in a very different sense, happen so 
concisely to sum up these requirements that I venture to re-quote them 
from a little paper published more than forty years since, humbly pray- 
ing the forgiveness of all Dante scholars : 


SUS Ue err iicr eae ““lor parenti 
. . il luogo, il tempo e il seme 
Di Jor semenza e di lor nascimenti.” 


( exvili —) 


want of food. By analogy to the Malthusian doctrine that 
human population tends to increase faster than the means of 
subsistence, one is apt to think of the using up of the food 
of a species as the cause that usually prevents an inordinate 
increase of its numbers. But this cannot be so. It seems 
clear that the land does not in general bear the full comple- 
ment of insects that the food it supplies is able to maintain, 
or anything approaching to that complement,* and there may 
be advantages in working this out from our own personal 
experience as entomologists, in order that we may realise its 
significance. I therefore offer some observations on the 
subject. 


Consumption of food by herbivorous insects. 


Considering these, in the first instance, in the mass,t we 
meet with much food destruction of a wholesale kind. 
Aphides, by attacking young shoots and leaves, and birds 
and molluscs by destroying seeds and seedlings, cut off an 
immense quantity of vegetable growth in its prime; but with 
all this and other wholesale destruction the amount of vegeta- 
tion that attains full maturity and then falls to the ground, 
without having been consumed in supporting the life of 
herbivorous insects, appears to be very great in proportion to 
that which they consume, thus leaving a very large surplus 
fit for their consumption, but not, in fact, consumed by them. 

Let me proceed to some familiar instances, where it is 
plainly impossible to say that the number of individuals of 
any species has been kept down by the exhaustion of their 
food supply. Look at a common rough untrimmed country 
hedge or ordinary wood. As we hunt along its borders for 
the imago, or it may be for the larva of common leaf-eating 


* See accordingly Weismann’s ‘‘ Evolution Theory,” English translation 
by Mr. and Mrs. Thomson, vol. i, p. 45 et seq. 

+ I have no personal acquaintance with those equatorial or tropical 
regions where there are no marked seasons, and where growth, multiplica- 
tion, and destruction are rapid, simultaneous, and uninterrupted. But I 
have seen no reason to suppose that the general state of things is, in this 
respect, other than in seasonal regions, which, with their larger area, do 
not seem second in importance, and in which it does not appear likely 
that the relation between the growing vegetation and the insects that prey 
on it, though it may be less intense in degree, can be essentially different 
in kind. 


CG Texix ~ } 


species not limited to some particular kind of tree, how few 
are the insects that we can beat out, in comparison with the 
abundant leaves that fulfil their functions, reach maturity, 
and then fall off in such numbers as to form a dense carpet in 
the autumn ! 


Consumption by particular species. 


Take a specific case, for example that of the common 
Gonepteryx rhamni, feeding exclusively in this country on the 
Rhamnus catharticus, scattered through our upland shaws, or 
the Rhamnus frangula, frequent in our lowland woods. How 
slight are its ravages, aided as they are by several other 
species! How rarely, indeed, do we find any tree or any 
hedge or wood so eaten down that either the plant itself has 
been killed or its summer outburst of leaves so consumed as 
to cause the starvation of nearly all the larve, or even of a 
very large proportion of them ! 

Let me, before passing on, refer to some species famous for 
their destructive ravages. We have all seen oak trees with 
their spring crop of leaves cleared off by the larve of the 
little green Tortrix viridana, or a field of cabbages reduced to 
skeletons by hordes of the gregarious larvee of Pieris brassicx ; 
but enormous numbers of each species still reach the pupal 
stage. We have often seen a hawthorn hedge or several 
neighbouring hedges nearly cleared of leaves by the gregari- 
ous web-spinning larve of Yponomeuta padella, to such an 
extent that probably many were starved, but a vast number 
must have eaten their fill. Nor is the productive capacity of 
the hedge, limited as hedges always are in extent of area, 
materially affected in the future, for next year the hedge 
presents an abundant repast. 

There are countries in which doubtless the destruction is 
greater than in our own. We in England have no experience 
of the ravages of Ocneria dispar, of Psilura monacha, or of the 
dreaded “army worm,” such as they have in Germany or the 
United States, but, however great the destruction may be in 
particular years, the food supply left is so great on the whole 
as to leave enough to perpetuate these as veritable plagues. * 


* Such outbreaks where they occur seem to be sometimes ‘‘ countered ” 
as regards further destruction in the same area by the habit of emigration, 


(sexx), ) 


The ravages of locusts are proverbial, yet in spite of their 
enormous consumption of green food there is still enough of 
it left in the countries they frequent to maintain them in 
countless millions.* 

On the whole I think it would be difficult to show that any 
species of vegetable-feeding insect was ever wiped out or 
turned from a common kind to a rare one as a consequence 
merely of its food plant having been all—or nearly all—eaten 
down by itself or its congeners; so that, whatever may be 
the cause of the remarkable numerical constancy we find in 
the individuals of different species, this persistence cannot be 
sufficiently accounted for by the relation between the food 
supply and its insect consumers. 


Climate and disease. 


Extreme climatic variations are often very destructive, but 
these climatic causes can hardly be accountable for destruction 
of such a continuous or frequently recurrent nature as to pro- 
duce a permanent reduction in numbers, an established species 
having become fairly adapted to its climate. 

There is another source of destruction—that which is classed 
under the general name of ‘ diseases ’?—and this, though 
especially rife when insects are bred under artificial conditions, 
certainly also operates in a state of nature, but not, I think, 
frequently to any very great extent. Observations by 
naturalists on this subject, however, are certainly desirable, 
though probably it is only with the assistance of those trained 
in the study of some of the lower forms of life that the nature 
of these diseases can be investigated with precision. 

I conclude, therefore, that we must look to something more 
than failure or consumption of food-supply, climate or disease, 


the instinct of which despatches the teeming hosts that are bred to ‘‘ fresh 
woods and pastures new.” Pyrameis cardui and the Ceylon Catopsila 
pyranthe are notorious for their wandering, ‘‘not single spies but in 
battalions.”” See Major Neville Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, 
p. 701-6. 
PP. In Cyprus more than five thousand millions of egg cases gathered after 
several years of British occupation.—Sharp, ‘‘ Cambridge Nat. Hist.,” 
Pt. i, p. 292. 
+ I suggest that this conclusion may be important, as tending to 
exclude from a large field of operation what would otherwise be the 
owerful influence of direct mutual competition for food between 
erbivorous insects. 


(OSE) 


for the reason why herbivorous insects are not much more 
numerous than they are. We must turn to some other de- 
structive influence of a kind constantly operating, in other 
words, to their active enemies, and with reference to this 
influence, I plead for all practicable additions to the informa- 
tion that we possess. 


Destruction by active enenvies. 


I have enumerated in a note some of their chief enemies, 
which are of a most varied description, attacking them in all 
stages.* The elaborate contrivances for protection of Lepido- 
ptera in all stages are in themselves more than suggestive of 
the extent to which they suffer, or have in the past suffered, 
from enemies ; but much observation is wanted if weare really 
to know instead of to conjecture the means by which the 
destruction is effected. Hxamination of the crops, castings 
and stomachs of birds and other insectivorous animals} afford 
valuable help in this direction. A scrutiny of the rejected 
wings, often found in plenty beneath the habitual resting- 
places of birds, often leads to useful results. Evidences of the 
amount of protection afforded by nauseousness or irritating 
hairs is accumulating, but there is room for much inquiry as 
to the actual operation of the horns, erectile tentacles, and 
apparatus for ejecting offensive or corrosive fluids with which 
so many larve are provided, especially whether and to what 
extent these drive off or frighten away those terribly destructive 
foes, the ichneumon flies and the parasitic diptera.{ 

* Enenvies. In imago stage: Birds, especially in tropical and semi- 
tropical countries, lizards, night-jars, owls, bats, spiders, dragon-flies, 
mantids, ants, wasps, carnivorous beetles (see Mr. Floersheim’s careful 
description of the great extent to which beetles attack and kill sleeping 
butterflies, Tutt, Ent. Record, vol. xviii (1906), pp. 36-9). In pupal 
stage: Besides many of the enemies of the imago, mice and shrews, some 
ichneumon flies, especially while the pupe are soft; pupa diggers are 
recorded as finding many more pupe in October or November than in 
late autumn or winter. In larval stage, in addition to many of those 
above specified, the vast tribe of parasites, hymenopterous and dipterous, 
and bugs. In the egg stage, birds, ants, spiders, predaceous insects (Mr. 


Floersheim finds many eggs of P. machaon and other Papilios sucked 
dry by a small bug. Ent. Proc. 1906). 

+ Such as those made by Mr. Guy Marshall, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 
for 1902, p. 848 ef seq. 

+ Scudder, as cited by Wallace (‘‘ Darwinism,” p. 238), thinks nine-tenths 


of the North American butterflies are killed by parasites before they reach 
maturity. 


(Rexxin \) 


Mainly it would appear, from the operation of the destructive 
forces above referred to, the number of individuals of most 
species—though but for these forces the possible increase in 
numbers is so immense—remains, taking one year with 
another, substantially the same. 


Maintenance of existing “ balance.” 


The theoretical explanation is that the world is fully stocked, 
that all places are filled up, so that the competition of species 
prevents any permanent increase in the numbers of any one of 
them, except at the expense of some other or others, all the 
forces being thus balanced. This is a conclusion which seems 
almost to follow logically from the known and admitted facts, 
but the “how,” the process in detail, by which the normal 
number *—i. e. on the average of years—whether of a common 
or a rare species, is maintained, the various agencies by which 
it is brought about, are admittedly difficult to realise. Darwin 
tells us that the checks on increase and the relations between 
organic beings which have to struggle together are recognised 
to be extraordinarily complex. ‘ Battle within battle must be 
continually recurring with varying success; and yet in the 
long run these forces are so nicely balanced that the face of 
nature remains for long periods of time uniform, though 
assuredly the merest trifle would give victory to one organic 
being over another.” 7 

The forces whose interaction results in this delicate balance 
and the methods of the interaction are so complex that proof 
from observation must always be defective, except in some 

* Weismann, vol. i, pp. 46-95. 

+ **Origin of Species,” pp. 87, 89,133. Though a balance is maintained 
it is not the balance, as the organisms between which it subsists are in a 
state of change, generally a slow one, but at times rapid, sometimes from 
causes which can be explained, such as human agency, as in the case of 
the introduction of rabbits into Australia or sparrows into New York. 
The causes are recognised to be generally obscure, and are considered 
by some to be chiefly internal. An endeavour, attended with some 
success, has been made to ascertain the causes of the rapid spread of 
melanism in parts of England and North-Western Germany ; the results 
are summarised by Mr. L. Doncaster in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record” for 
1906, pp. 165-8, 206-8, 222-6, 248-54. The very diverse surrounding 
conditions under which melanism spreads (or fails to spread) show that 
there is much to learn before its causes can be treated as ascertained. See 


further on this subject Mr. Porritt’s paper, read before the British Associ- 
ation for the Advancement of Science in 1906. 


(; exxi ) 


relatively simple cases, like Darwin’s famous example of the 
way in which the fertility of red clover may depend, through 
the agency of humble-bees and field-mice, on cats. To supply 
such proof in general would seem as difficult as it would be to 
trace the paths of the particles in a storm-tossed sea, which, 
while in perpetual movement under the influence of the flowing 
and ebbing tides, and of the waves raised by the gusts of wind 
that sweep over its surface, aided by the fluctuating contribu- 
tions from the river-mouths and rare upheavals from the 
‘abysmal depths,” yet maintains an equable general level; even 
more difficult, because the influences that vary the face of 
organic nature are infinitely more complex than those which 
perturb the surface of the stormiest sea. 

Great, however, as are the difficulties of proof, that is no 
reason why as much evidenceas may be should not be obtained, 
thus conforming, so far as possible, to the demand—always a 
reasonable one—for evidence to support inference.* And the 
endeavour to obtain it, however imperfect the result, cannot 
fail to supply a fund of interesting and useful knowledge. 


Persistent variability. 


Let us now give some attention to the persistence of vari- 
ability in the forms of established species. Looking to the exces- 
sive keenness of the competition that exists for vacant places, 
it does not seem easy to realise how some one of the ‘‘ merest 
trifles” before adverted to can fail to give an advantage over 
the others, and therefore to see why the variety which possesses 
that character does not wholly supplant the others. Without 
disputing the proposition that there are cases in which what 
seems to us the “merest trifle,’ or really is so, may be of 
selection value, the position that it is always so selected, 
z.e. is always practically of selection value, appears untenable. 
Such a position would be hardly consistent with the almost 
universally persistent prevalence of variability as an attribute of 
species which yet preserve general stability as such. And it 


* Observations showing, in any case, how the different places in nature 
are filled up, notwithstanding that in many cases there appears to be room 
for a larger number of individuals of a species than permanently exists 
would be valuable. 

PROC. ENT. S80C. LOND., Vv. 1906, 5 


(“exxiv ~ ) 


would be opposed to the views generally accepted that there 
are variations that “do not count,”’* or, to use Weismann’s 
term, are “biologically indifferent.” | But there are many 
species which exhibit variations that, so far from being trifles, 
are of a very striking character, such as would challenge 
selection if it took that direction. 


Striking differences in facies. 


Among these striking characters, the facies presented to 
vision, including colour and design or pattern in conspicuous 
markings, at once suggests itself as probably the most effective, 
it being so extensively made use of for concealment and other 
vital purposes. Its usefulness for any such purposes is of 
course limited by the necessity for a sufficiency of light to 
show it, and of suitable seeing capacity on the part of the in- 
terested observer. Absolute darkness generally reduces insects 
to quiescence, but absolute darkness is rare during the active life 
of insects ; it is practically limited to the few hours out of the 
twenty-four in which there is neither daylight, twilight, moon- 
light nor starlight, and, in the higher latitudes, during the 
summer months, when insects are most active, there is either 
no night at all ora very brief one. Moreover, a large minority 
of species of Lepidoptera are active in broad daylight only, 
and of the remainder that are only active in obscurity, a very 
large number are, while ina state of rest, fully exposed by day 
to observation and consequent destruction, so that even to 
human eyes, ill adapted as they are to pierce obscurity, the 
colours and patterns of these insects are more or less conspicuous, 
and may therefore be important characters. { 


* Thus Darwin speaks of ‘‘ variations which are of no service or dis- 
service to the species, and which consequently have not been seized on and 
rendered definite by natural selection.”—‘‘ Origin of Species,” p. 55. We 
are much too ignorant of the whole economy of any one organic being to 
say what slight modifications would be of importance or not.—Jb. p. 245. 
(Organs in process of extinction disappear so slowly that they must long be 
cumbrous.) See also Mr. Bateson’s observations on the excessive variation 
of Coccinella decempunctata side by side with the invariability of C. septem- 
punctata, ‘‘ Materials for the Study of Variation,” pp. 572-3. 

+ ‘* Evolution Theory,” vol. i (English translation), p. 54. 

+ Many species of predaceous beetles, bugs and other carnivorous insects 
hunt Ly night, and insects which, like butterflies, rest by night must be 
much at their mercy ; moths that move about actively by night must have 
better chances of escape from them, As to the seeing powers of inseets, 


( cxxve ) 


Among the Heterocera that fly in more or less of obscurity 
I think it may be said that the majority of species exhibit 
variation in colour and pattern of a kind and degree sufficient 
to arrest the attention of any observer duly endowed with 
sight. The range of variation in the numerous polymorphic 
species which, for a reason subsequently given, I call indis- 
criminately polymorphic, is enormous, and fully justifies the 
remark frequently met with in the books that, “take them 
where you may, there are scarcely two alike.” I give some 
examples in a note.* 

I think it will be found that the indiscriminately polymorphic 
Noctuze usually conceal themselves by day in grass and low 
herbage or in thatch, faggot stacks, ivy, &c., and do not rest 
by day, on palings, &c., where, indeed, many of them would be 
quite conspicuous. Still, they fly long before it is very dark, 
and the whitish underwings with which many are furnished, 
and which are displayed in flying, greatly add to their 
conspicuousness. And there must be some eyes capable of 
stealing upon them in their daytime retreats. 


Discriminate polymorphism. 


There are two classes of cases in which polymorphism would 
appear to be distinctly advantageous. The first consists of what, 


see Packard’s ‘‘Text Book of Entomology,” pp. 249-64 ; also Dr. Sharp’s 
Presidential Address, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1888, pp. I-lxvi, and his 
paper, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, pp. 393-408. Many perceive light 
beyond the violet rays which bound our vision. As to the capacity of 
moths for seeing in obscurity, every moth-collector must have observed the 
glowing eyes of 
By . the filmy shapes 
That haunt the dusk, “with ermine capes 
And woolly breasts and beaded eyes. 


As regards vertebrate enemies there is no doubt of the keen seeing power of 
these, many of them, such as owls and some other birds and other nocturnal 
animals, possessing special adaptations for use in obscurity. 

* Apamea didyma (oculea) exhibits any shade of ground colour from 
pale whitish grey to black; of the pale ones some have a dark costa, 
others a conspicuous dark central band ; none are described as restricted to 
any particular locality. Thirty forms are enumerated and described in 
Tutt’s ‘‘ British Noctue,” vol. i, pp. 91-94. Miana strigilis, Agrotis 
tritici, Agrotis exclamationis, Noctua festiva (‘‘ 1 have at times possessed 
hundreds of specimens, of which I can truly say that no two were alike.” — 
Humphrey and Westwood’s ‘‘ British Moths,” p. 124). Z'riphxna pronuba, 
and among Geometrid moths Hypsipetes elutata, of which Barrett writes : 
ae Excessively variable, the colour ranging from green to brown and endless 
variety in the marking.” 


(| -exzyiy) 


by way of distinction, may be designated as discriminate poly- 
morphism, when, for example, a species exists in widely different 
surroundings, and its different varieties are allocated, and, if 
one may say so, attuned, to fitting localities or, it may be, 
seasons, as in the case of some local or seasonal variety, or the 
many species which rest by day on objects of varied aspect, 
the colours or markings of which resemble their own, and 
often in attitudes adapted to increase the illusion,* 


Indiscriminate polymorphism. 


There is another class of cases to which I do not know that 
a better name can be applied than that of indiscriminate poly- 
morphism, consisting of such as do not fit their variations to 
appropriate localities, seasons, resting places or resting attitudes. 
To these polymorphism may be advantageous on the principle 
that as every different colour or marking has its own special 
chance of escape from enemies, the more colours or markings its 
different individuals present the more chances of escape they 
would have ; just as if one could conceive a billiard table to be 
fitted up with many holes of different shapes and a number of 
balls of different shapes to be scattered over it, more balls 
would find places than if all the balls were of one size. 


Characters “‘ biologically indifferent.” 

But I do not think these explanations can be considered 
to cover the whole ground. The only explanation that seems 
to me possible in the vast majority of cases is that many 
characters, even striking ones, are, as previously stated, “ biologi- 
cally indifferent.” + Nature, it may be said, is more tolerant 
than is sometimes supposed, when, for example, it is said 
that the slightest difference in conspicuousness must tend 


* Such as Hibernia leucophearia resting on oak trunks.—Proc. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1903, p. ix. ‘This resting situation and position is one of the 
points on which more observation is wanted. Some moths strongly variable 
in appearance are notorious for not resting on surfaces suitable for con- 
cealment,as Polia chi.—Barrett’s ‘‘ British Lepidoptera,” vol. iv, p. 307. Can 
these be shown to be nauseous or in some other way exempt from attack ? 
As bearing on this, see Mr. Porritt’s paper before referred to. 

+ Weismann is of opinion that where species are variable in a high 
degree their variations possess no biological importance, or the less valuable 
among them would be gradually removed by selection.—‘‘ Evolution 
Theory,” vol. 1, p. 135. 


( exxvii ) 


towards and ultimately lead to exclusive selection for sutvival 
or extinction. When Nature intervenes it is indeed often, 
perhaps generally, with a sentence of death—sometimes, as 
applied to the extinction of a species, a lingering one—but 
with a very large number of conspicuous characters she does 
not appear to intervene at all, thus leaving very considerable 
parts of the organic life we see around us as spheres in which 
natural selection does not for the time being practically 
operate. May I put it in this way /—that there is selection 
between competing classes of variation, those which are of the 
greatest biological importance, often not conspicuous ones, or, 
it may be, altogether hidden from our observation, coming to 
the front. Just as, if I may be pardoned for an illustration 
drawn from familiar human history—we all belong to the 
Animal Kingdom—it was rivalry between courtly and social 
qualities which led to and maintained eminence in France 
under the Monarchy, but all this ceased to operate during the 
grim struggles of the great revolution there. 


Habits. 

But without discussing this question any further I proceed 
now to call attention to a set of characters which have no 
place in merely diagnostic works, and often receive scant 
mention in descriptive works of larger scope—as characters 
which may possibly explain, in some cases in which this 
suggested tolerance cannot be invoked, why some of the 
conspicuous differences I have dwelt on may be of practical 
unimportance. The set of characters to which I would thus 
draw attention is that which may be summed up for the 
present in the word “habits.” In the habits of a species, 
taking the word in a wide and comprehensive sense, we may 
sometimes find a uniformity missing in its facies, and possibly 
important enough to enable a species possessing these habits 
to find and hold a place for itself, with all its diversely- 
coloured forms; the habits, or the internal qualities they 
connote, being perhaps the important attribute possessed by 
them all, and binding all together in a common situation. 

Before proceeding further let me acknowledge my deep 
indebtedness to Professor Meldola’s Presidential Address to 
this Society in 1896. A part of what follows is nothing more 


( ‘exxvini’ #) 


than an endeavour, an imperfect one, to follow out thoughts 
suggested in that address, and to test or illustrate their 
application to some of the questions which arise. 

Professor Meldola asks these questions—“ Are the external, 
visible, appreciable, measurable characters alone to be regarded 
as of selection value? May not some at least of the minor more 
or less constant specific characters be the outward expression 
of some constitutional or physiological differences at present 
beyond the power of our methods of discrimination ?” Among 
the qualities or characters which may thus be of selection 
value Professor Meldola proceeds to mention habits, of which 
he says that “they are not and cannot be taken into considera- 
tion in ordinary diagnostic work. Nevertheless, such habits 
are as truly specific as the form, colour, and pattern with which 
they are associated.” * 


Examples of marked differences of habit. 

We may conveniently enumerate here some habits and 
actions of insects that are special to certain groups of them, 
large or small, including such as are characteristic of the 
individuals of a species or even variety, and, in connexion 
with this subject, we may perhaps usefully consider whether 
they or some of them may not be of biological importance. 

First let me give a few examples of differences of habit 
which fall under the observation of every field naturalist, 
some of them being of a very marked character.T 


Modes of flight. 

There is the slow heavy flight of the burnets (Anthrocerids) 
and of some nocturnal moths, especially their females; these 
become easy victims to their pursuers, but are often protected 
by nauseousness from pursuit. Few Lepidoptera havea straight 
flight, most have a more or less jerky one, some in long curves, 
some in shorter ones, and many have the zigzag flight of the 
common white butterflies, including females of some species, 
the males of which fly with more rapidity and directness, this 


* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, pp. 69, 74. 

| There is a great fund of information on this subject in the ‘‘ British 
Lepidoptera” of that excellent field observer, the late Charles Barrett, 
also in Mr, Tutt’s ‘‘ Practical Hints for Field Lepidopterists.” In these 
works a great variety of habits will be found recorded. Many pages are 
also devoted to them in Scudder’s ‘‘ Butterflies of North America.” 


Ctexxix })) 


zigzag flight being admirably elusive, for no collector, whether 
human or avian, can tell whether the next flit will be right or 
left, above or below.* 

Habits of display. 

On a very hot day last August I watched for an hour the 
evolutions of butterflies in a flowery field at Glengarriff in 
Kerry. Vanessa io was plentiful—I counted at one time seven 
within a space of ten feet square, chiefly settling on thistles, and 
making short flights from one flower to another, with frequent 
visits to scabious and rare visits to ragwort. There were 
also a few Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardui, with an occasional 
Argynnis paphia, and a fair number of Lyccenids and Satyrids. 
There was not one of the species observed whose attitude or 
position when settled on a flower or mode of flight was not 
quite distinctive. JV. 2o especially always had its wings at an 
angle towards each other of a few degrees on either side of 90°. 
These insects were extraordinarily conspicuous, much more 
so than they would have been with their wings closed, as they 
would have been when at rest, or with wings outspread, as they 
were when on a cloudier day they settled on roads or stones. 
They were very bold, not moving when my shadow fell across 
them or when my fingers approached to touching distance. I 
will not pretend to say that they were in high animal spirits 
and were proud of the figure they cut, but they certainly 
looked as if they were so. 

: Times of flight. 

Time of flight is a habit that varies greatly.t Much the 
larger number of our Lepidoptera, as we all know, do not take 
to flight in full daylight, and in their hours of flight there is 
great variation. Let me mention a few of these. variations. 


* Differences in modes of flight are of course often associated with 
peculiar forms of wing. 

t+ We are apt to speak of day fliers and night fliers, but this is a very 
rough classification. As a rule, brightly-coloured Lepidoptera no doubt fly 
only in strong daylight, many only when the sun is shining. ‘There are 
exceptions on both sides; Arctia caja and Euchelia jacobex sometimes tly 
by night, the former indeed scarcely ever by day ; it lies about conspicu- 
ously by day, and is probably protected by the powerful odour it can emit. 
Its near relatives, Callimorpha dominula and Nemeophila plantaginis, 
appear to fly only, or almost only, by day ; many moths of no brilliancy 
of colour fly by day, and preferably in sunshine, often only during certain 
hours. ‘These include the large full-bodied moths, the Lasiocampids, 
Endromis versicolor and Aglia tau. 


( exxk 4} 


The ordinary Noctuz mostly fly by night or in the dusk, 
but they include species such as the Z’wniocampas and the 
Triphznas, which fly also in broad daylight and in strong 
sunshine. Some Eupithecias have the same habit, and a large 
number of Geometreand Pyrales fly by day ; of Chareas graminis 
the males are stated to fly from 8 to 11 in the morning, the 
females after 11, and again later at night. Other moths fly 
in full daylight, but only begin a little before sunset, like 
Angerona prunaria and Cidaria fulvata. Kpione advenaria is 
said to fly only from 7 to 9in the morning. Most Geometrids fly 
in the evening, at or soon after dusk, but many begin long before 
dusk, and some fly at different periods in the afternoon, others 
in the dead of night. Many of the smaller moths, especially 
the Tortricids, have their special hours of the day for flight.* 


Attractiveness of light, sugar, etc. 

Some night-flying species are strongly attracted by light, 
others, closely resembling them in many respects, are abso- 
lutely indifferent to it ; of the species attracted, in some both 
sexes are so, in others the females rarely or never. Some 
species come freely to flowers only, some to sugar only, some to 
both ; some are little endowed with scent, others so largely 
that male moths have been attracted from vast distances. 
These are all differences of habit of a kind we “higher 
vertebrates” can appreciate, but there must be many more 
that are doubtless beyond our ken. 


Postures and rest attitudes. 


Many rest on objects they resemble, as some Cucullias do on 
sticks, or roll themselves up so as to look like bits of stick as 
Phalera bucephala does ; some select rocks of their own colour, 
others expose themselves conspicuously on objects of any colour. 


* It would seem probable that moisture may have much to do with some 
of the times of flight, promoting their activity, when the air is saturated or 
nearly saturated as it commonly is towards evening, when the warmth of 
the day is declining, or during the night, or morning when the grass is 
still reeking with dew. Many Lepidoptera certainly require moisture. 
Buttertlies get it by drinking at puddles or sucking moist objects, and the 
lives of captured moths are prolonged by keeping them out of a dry 
atmosphere. Moisture also intensifies scent and softens honey dew. 
But no one has fully explained why sugar or flowers are so much more 
attractive on some nights than on others.—Tutt’s ‘‘ Practical Hints,” 
part 1, p. 10. 


Cees 7) 


Then there are great differences in the mode of holding them- 
selves when at rest, some few Geometrids closing their wings 
as a butterfly does, e. g. Selenia bilunaria, Hupisteria heparata, 
Cidaria dotata, and C’. pyraliata, others adopting an inter- 
mediate position like those of the genus Hnnemos, and Selenia 
lunaria and S. tetralunaria, which assume the form of a 
concave scalloped shell.* The abdomen of many when at rest 
is peculiarly curved upwards, 7 


Habits as to local haunts. 


Local haunts may be classed among the varied habits of 
some species, including some that in the larval condition feed 
promiscuously on grass. Thus “pinephele tithonus loves to 
flit in numbers about hedges, HL. hyperanthus is practically 
limited to woods; of the two Pararges, megexra flies rather 
rapidly along the dusty roadsides, egerza flitting about in 
woodland glades. Botys prunalis, an abundant species, its 
larva found ‘‘on anything but blackthorn,” is rarely beaten 
out of anything but blackthorn.{ <Asthena luteata feeds on 
maple in the south, on alder in the north.§ 


Habits as to modes and places of concealment. 


Modes of concealment are also often characteristic; as 
already mentioned, a large number hide in grass and herbage, 
some in ivy or in woodstacks or faggots, others in houses and 
cellars. Many of the habits are highly distinctive of large 
groups as a whole, but others, as we have seen, are distinctive 
of smaller groups, even so small a group as that comprised in 
a single genus or species, and striking differences of habit 
between local and seasonal varieties of the same species are 
recorded. 

Recent attention yiven to habits. 

The habits of insects are in an increasing degree occupying 
the attention of biologists. Professor Poulton’s papers on the 
courtship of grasshoppers and of V. wrticx, those of Dr. 
Longstaff on the orientation of butterflies, of Mr. Guy 


* See especially the rest attitude of H. lewcophearia referred to in a 
former note. 

t+ Some of these rest attitudes are so fixed as apparently to be connected 
with structure. 

t Barrett, vol. ix, p. 226. § Barrett, vol. vili, p. 198. 


(exact ay) 


Marshall on the marked difference in habit of the seasonal 
forms of Precis sesamus and octavia-natalensis, and those of Dr. 
Chapman, Commander J. J. Walker, and Mr. Tutt, in their 
numerous writings, add much to our conceptions of insect life, 
and similar observations of the same nature can hardly fail to 
throw light on some of the problems which that life presents, 
including those of structure, with which habits and functions 
are so closely allied. 


Relations between habits and structure. 


Special habits may derive much importance from this close 
connection with structure. It is of no protective use for a 
moth to be whitish grey if its habit is to rest on a dark brown 
tree trunk or indiscriminately on objects of any colour, but its 
colour may be of the greatest use if its habit is to rest on light 
grey stones. It may be urged that it is the structure which 
dictates the habit. So it does in the main; an Anthrocerid 
cannot hover like a hawk moth, or soar and glide like an 
Apaturid. But when structure was in the making, the habits, 
taken in connection with natural selection, must have had much 
to do with that making, and, so far as structure is being now 
made, present habits must have much to do with future shaping. 

At the same time, the importance of habits (or even of 
facies) must not be exaggerated. The former are necessarily 
less rigid and more easily adaptable to temporary surroundings 
than structure can be. Colour, as shown by experiments 
(including my own), can in individuals be altered by moderate 
differences in temperature, well within the compass of what they 
would encounter under natural conditions, directly applied in 
the pupal stage, and seasonal forms often show immense 
differences not only in colour, but in pattern, shape, and size. 
In some local or seasonal forms the difference in facies, in 
others the difference in habits, seems to be the greater.* 


* Some larve of Cucullia lucifuga, of which I took a few near Dissentis 
early one September, afforded a remarkable example of community of 
habits in two different stages presenting a vast divergence in appearance. 
They lay about motionless, but, if touched, ran away at racing speed. They 
were of a light chocolate colour with several conspicuous bright yellow 
longitudinal stripes. When I opened the box a day or two afterwards | 
found three sooty black larvee with rows of small deep orange spots. They 
were so dissimilar to what I had found that I thought I must have made 
some mistake. But their habits showed at once what they were. When 
one was touched it rushed about at amazing speed (‘‘ vera incessu patuit’”’). 


( \exxxi ) 


Activities in “ spare time.” 

I suggest that general activity itself, or the internal 
conditions which lead to it and influence its varied manifest- 
ations, may be of great significance and import, that there is 
in many insects a large part of the life not directed to the 
functions of nutrition or reproduction, but affording scope for 
what may be called their general activities. We find this 
activity to be exercised for many purposes, and so that there is 
in the case of many species much more time allowed for it 
than would be necessary for the primary functions I have 
named, or is, in fact, devoted to those functions. With 
many there is a long period of activity, of movement, 
before they settle down to the business of continuing their 
species, or to its preparatory courtship, and we can hardly 
suppose that so widely diffused a habit is of no biological 
importance. Some species, it is recorded,* refuse to pair until 
some daysafter emergence. Many live and disport themselves 
for days before they settle down, the males often flying about 
several days before the females appear,t and M. Fabre has told 
us how a fossorial wasp spends a month among the flowers 
before she obeys the marvellous parental instincts which his 
brilliant pages have made famous. 

Sportiveness. 

How do insects occupy their spare time? Part of it in 
what may be brought under the comprehensive name of 
“play” or “sportiveness.” Lord Avebury } in speaking of 
ants quotes Huber, Gould, and Bates as to their “ exercises,” 
Gould describing them as ‘‘amusements” and “ sportive,” and 
Forel as saying he is convinced that in the actions he is 
describing ‘‘l’attrait des sexes” could not have been the cause. 

Pugnacity. 

Part of the time is occupied by butterflies in fighting. One 
of their leading characteristics is pugnacity. Not that of the 
bull in asserting his lordship over a herd of cows, or that of 
the essentially solitary insect—it may be one of the Diptera§ 


* Tutt’s ‘“‘Practical Hints for Field Lepidopterists,” vol. ii, pp. 18, 32. 
+ Jb. pp. 82, 113-4. 

+ International Science Series, vol. 40. 

§ Scott-Elliott, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 119. 


( c&kxiv 1) 


or a dragon-fly—treating itself as entitled to a certain beat 
and driving off all intruders, but what appears to be the sheer 
love of a tussle. How often a collector, after carefully stalk- 
ing down a butterfly, finds all his plans defeated because some 
other butterfly passes near the object of pursuit, which cannot 
resist the temptation of dashing at the passing stranger—it 
may be one of a quite different species—and then ensues a 
mutual buffeting, the two insects rising out of sight. Sexual 
attraction does not come in here; nor can the end be physical 
training, such as results from the “ play ” of higher animals, 
for a new-born butterfly inherits instincts which enable it to 
fly perfectly as soon as its wings are dry. There are doubtless 
many moths, especially females, to which these remarks about 
activity do not apply, but they are applicable to a very large 
number of Lepidoptera, perhaps to most. 


General activities influenced by conditions. 

A consideration of the general activities of insects may 
possibly bring us nearer to answering the question why 
Lepidoptera are more abundant in some countries, especially the 
warmer ones, than in England. All will agree that a full 
measure of health and vigour is a necessary condition for 
enabling a species in the competition that exists to hold its 
own with complete success, the measure of this success greatly 
depending on the extent to which those conditions are adapted 
to promote its health and vigour. 


Influences of temperature on activities. 

We must all have observed the immense difference which 
temperature makes in the activity of most of our Lepidoptera, 
how cold paralyses their energies so that they can hardly be 
provoked into movement ; in hot weather, on the contrary, the 
lightest tap on a tree, or the gentlest touch on a hedge, will 
cause them to fly out in numbers. Many butterflies are 
absolutely inactive whenever the sun is behind a cloud, and 
I suggest that the necessity to these of sunshine for flight is 
caused by their readiness to respond rather to a high temper- 
ature than to intensity of light.* We warm-blooded creatures 


* Though I think it deserves observation whether brightness alone as 
compared with gloominess may not influence the movement of some 


( cxxexy) ) 


possess an automatic apparatus for equalising bodily temper- 
ature, so that it only varies by a few degrees, whatever the 
external conditions, but an insect must rapidly acquire the 
temperature of its surroundings. The ordinary returns of 
temperature as published give us only that of the shade, and 
therefore fall short of indicating the heat which objects attain, 
For example, the average amount of sunshine in France has 
recently been stated to be about 30 per cent. more than in 
England, and therefore its crops and its insects must get much 
more heat than the difference of the mean temperatures in the 
two countries indicates. But sunshine may mean much more 
than this to the many insects whose activity is confined to the 
periods of sunshine, the difference between the temperature of 
objects ‘in the sun” and those ‘‘in the shade” being enormous, 
often 20°-30° F. (say 11°-16° C.), equal, while ct lasts, to the 
difference between the mean shade temperatures of England in 
January and in July. Moreover it is quite conceivable that heat, 
intermittent and at the same time intense, especially when 
associated, as it often is, with dryness, may suit many insects 
much better than equable heat, though the average degree of 
the two may be nearly the same. The direct heat from the 
sun is especially great in mountain regions * and others where 
the air is very dry, and its effect on insects is increased by their 
habit of basking, especially if on a heat-reflecting surface. 
This habit is frequent with larve, so that some species cannot 
be reared without exposure to sunshine ; and many butterflies 
will not pair or lay eggs in the shade. 

In some countries the excessive abundance of insect life is 
doubtless to be accounted for by the shortness of the summer 
season. ‘This is the case in many of the higher elevations in 
mountain regions, where only a very few hot months separate 
the spring snows from those of autumn. 

Temperature has obviously much to do with geographical 


insects ; the perception of a bright light, as we know, has an effect of 
marvellous power on inany. Celwna haworthii is an example of a species 
that flies by day in warm overcast weather, not ona clear sunny afternoon.— 
Tutt’s ‘* Hints,” vol. i, p. 89. 

* See Hann’s ‘‘ Handbook of Climatology,” translated by Ward, chap. xii. 
Dr. Hunter Workman, addressing the Royal Geographical Society, 
21st November, 1904, referring to altitudes of from 21,500 to 23,394 feet 
in the Himalayas, speaks of the intense heat at noon. 


( Gexxxya'ey) 


distribution. The preponderant opinion appears to be that most 
of our species or their near ancestors came from tropical or sub- 
tropical regions or descended to us from periods when similar 
high temperatures prevailed, rendering production more rapid 
and activity greater, and the opinion is supported by the 
abundant evidence we have in England of repeated invasions 
by overflow from the continent of Europe, successful for a 
brief time, during which climatic conditions approach more 
nearly to those of a warmer country. 

We find that, as a rule, a species has its metropolitan 
centres—it may be covering, continuously or discontinuously, 
a large geographical region,—from which centres it thins off 
in various directions. To take a familiar example, we see a 
very large number of species abundant in many of the various 
parts of Europe become scarcer as we proceed northwards, for 
example within our islands, in the northern parts of which 
they die out. A smaller number have their metropolis in the 
north, and become rarer as we proceed southwards till they 
disappear. When plants thin off in this way we attribute the 
reduction to the direct effect of climate, and this doubtless has 
its effect on insects. But in their case it is much more limited 
in its operation. Insects can move and in various ways 
protect themselves, and therefore the element of their personal 
habits comes in, and the efficiency of these depends on health 
and vigour. I suggest that, apart from the fact, referred to 
later, that a cold climate will not admit of sucha wealth of 
organisms as a warm climate will, the thinning off I have 
referred to may indicate, not so much the direct effect of the 
climate and other surroundings in killing off, as their operation 
in diminishing health and vigour, and in this manner affecting 
the activities of insects. Many of these activities are of 
course connected with the pairing instincts, such as the 
courtship of butterflies and grasshoppers, or with the pro- 
curing of food. But, as stated, many cannot be brought under 
either of these heads. 


Motive springs of activity—Emotions. 


As to the varied activities of insects, I think we cannot 
properly appreciate what they may mean without referring to 


(\ exxxvii ) 


the motive springs of many of them, that is, to the emotions 
which undoubtedly prompt or accompany them. The differ- 
ences in their habits and actions may or may not belong to the 
class on which the issues of life and death depend, but must be 
materially influenced by the conditions which affect vigour 
and energy, and the emotions which may prompt and regulate 
action cannot, I think, be passed over in a paper referring to 
habits. 

Lord Avebury * and Dr. Sharp,+ who have given thought to 
the subject, are among those who have shown that insects are 
not to be treated as insentient machines, but that they have 
what we know by the general name of emotions. 

Many of these emotions, doubtless, are of the simple ele- 
mentary kind which seem common to all animals that have to 
strive for their living or for their race preservation—such as 
anger in combat, ardour in pursuit, fear in flight, resentment 
at disturbance—emotions which we human beings can hardly 
do without when we engage in action, for they supply such 
an almost necessary stimulus that apathy is nearly synonymous 
with inaction. There are many insects indeed to which we 
should begrudge such a word as emotion, unless we are to 
include in it impulses of the lowest order. It is difficult to 
suppose that the worm-like female Psychid—blind, legless, 
wingless, can be anything more than a machine for continuing 
her species, incapable herself of any but the most rudimentary 
impulses, however capable of inspiring emotion in her ardent 
and restless pursuers of the opposite sex. But many, nay 
most, insects seem to perform actions and display habits 

* «Even we, far removed as we are in organisation, habits, and sentiments 
from a fly or bee, can yet feel the difference between a contented hum and 
an angry buzz.”—‘‘ Senses of Animals,” International Scientific Series, vol. 
Ixy, pp. 71-2. Elsewhere he mentions that flies and gnats produce 
sounds through the spiracles, Eristalis and Syrphus doing so while sitting 
quietly, and refers to the hum of an angry bee as proverbial ; in the 
Diptera and Libellule the thoracic spiracles produce sounds, the voice 
appears to some extent to be under the control of the will.—Z2. p. 68. 

+ ‘‘A company of gnats dancing in the rays glinting through the 
bushes on a summer evening or in the afternoon of an autumnal day may 
by means of acute perceptions of lights and shades be enjoying an ocular 
treat as varied and as exhilarating to them as the prospect we enjoy from 
the summit of Righi or Pilatus, while at the same moment by means of 
an extreme sensitiveness to movement and its direction they may be taking 


part in a rhythinical concert of no mean order of excellence.” —Dr. Sharp, 
Presidential Address to this Society, 1888, p. Ixi. 


( ‘exmxvill. ) 


which manifest that they partake of some of the more com- 
plex emotions whose presence in animals framed on a different 
model, the vertebrates, we recognise. Insects have this in 
common with the vertebrates that their actions are certainly 
controlled by something in the nature of mind. In all of them 
resides some particle of that specialised substance known as 
‘‘ nervous matter’ or ‘“ neuroplasm” which has dominion over 
all else and is endowed with such great and varied potentialities. 
Many of themare largely provided with this matter, having an 
elaborate nervous system, and a complex brain to control their 
actions,* and it seems unreasonable to refuse to recognise in 
them emotions of a complex kind, such as those we recognise 
in other animals whose differences of habit have much that 
correspond with theirs,—to deny any such emotions to A paturid 
butterflies towering above the tall oak trees, to Vanessids 
displaying their gorgeous colouring on flowers or sailing like 
sea-gulls on the wing, to Diptera chasing each other beneath 
the ceiling of a room, to shining beetles gyrating on a pond, 
or to gnats dancing in the evening light. 


Biological value of activities. 

It would seem that the activities, whether general or of the 
special kinds which I have mentioned, looking to the length 
of time given to them, to their variety and the emotions 
which prompt or accompany them, should be of biological 
value. As bearing on this subject, let me place before you 
what Mr. Lloyd Morgan says t—“‘It is probable that all the 
situations with which pleasure and satisfaction are in a high 
degree associated are in primary origin closely connected with 
behaviour directed through natural or sexual selection to some 
definite biological end, or in brief with behaviour of biological 
value”; and again }|—‘“ In general we may say that emotional 
states are, under natural conditions, closely associated with 
behaviour of biological value,—with tendencies which are 
beneficial in self-preservation or in race preservation—with 
actions that promote survival.” 


* «¢Bffective consciousness is associated with a nervous system. Its 
fundamental characteristic 1s control over the actions.” Lloyd Morgan on 
*¢ Animal Behaviour,” p. 438. See also pp. 48 and 52. 

+ ‘* Animal Behavieur,” p. 273. ¢ Jb. p. 293% 


(Gexxxix))) 


To what extent the emotions I have referred to as springs 
of action may be within the compass of our apprehension, 
whether and how far they may affect the distribution of insects, 
their presence here, their absence there, their abundance or 
their rarity, are further questions. Only it may be suggested 
generally that where actions controlled by mind, whatever its 
quality, are concerned, conditions such as are adapted to exalt 
or depress emotions, to stimulate or deaden them, have their 
influence ; and that those conditions which conduce to the free, 
healthy, and vigorous exercise of this controlling power, and to 
the habits and actions which are its manifestation, may have 
some influence in promoting the success of the organism, 
its vitality and its abundance. 


Psychical element important. 


I would point out also that, granted the existence of the 
psychical element, it should be more important and more 
likely to be persistent than the habit, the director being of 
greater consequence than the directed, and this not only in the 
species but in the individual. As I believe others have re- 
marked, though I cannot lay my hand on the reference, an 
organism is something more than an individual, it is a person. 
Those who have observed insects in large numbers must have 
noted differential qualities which may be called personal.* 
And there must be many more of these qualities than we can 
perceive. 


Numerical persistence of abundant and rare species. 


Let me now advert again to my earlier questions, relating 
to the abundance and the rarity of species, and to their 
numerical persistence, 

I would suggest that where warmth is combined with 
moisture and other suitable conditions a given piece of land 


* At one time I was keeping some 50 or 60 S. tetralunaria, offspring of 
a single pair, in darkness, that they might not move and spoil themselves. 
Whenever I lifted the cover so that they were exposed to the light there 
were some few that immediately moved, one or two actively. In Tutt’s 
‘* British Butterflies,” now in course of publication, p. 458, mention is 
made of three bred Chrysophanus dispar, allof which showed very different 
dispositions. The various fights one sees between insects show ‘‘ personal ” 
differences in courage and endurance. Thereis possibly an analogy between 
the operation of this variability of disposition and the operation of 
physical variability (polymorphism, etce.). 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1906. K 


(ivexian) 


will support a very dense population of animal as well as 
vegetable organisms. The whole organic output is larger 
than that of other places, and the floating population for the 
time being of which the locality can bear the burden of 
maintenance is greater. ‘ Tropical luxuriance ” and ‘arctic 
sterility” are proverbial, and the day-flying Lepidoptera will 
certainly be more abundant, if only because warm climates are 
plainly more suitable than cold ones to the great majority of 
them. 

Doubtless there is ground for the prevailing opinion that a 
rare species is often one that is on the road to extinction, but 
this does not account for the cases in which a species is per- 
sistently rare though not on the whole increasing or diminishing 
innumbers. Prof. Weismann * says it is a mistake to suppose 
that every rare species is already in process of disappearing, 
and expresses the opinion that a change in surrounding circum- 
stances may cause an improvement exemplified by an increase 
in numbers, quite independently of whether this improvement 
is absolutely necessary to its preservation or not. 

I doubt if we have the materials yet for successfully answer- 
ing the questions. As a possible contribution towards their 
solution, may we entertain the thought that, like the morpho- 
logical features before referred to, there are many actions and 
habits of organisms that are not subjected to the Draconic 
code summed up in the theory of the “survival of the fittest ” ? 
—that there are extensive departments of life in which a 
milder code prevails and where many habits and many activi- 
ties may be indulged, ministering in various degrees to the 
enjoyments that accompany the free and healthy exercise of 
the natural impulses—to what we know as the “ joy of life.” 


Scarcity may be advantageous. 


I venture, however, to call attention to a case in which, 
paradoxical as it may appear, scarcity may itself be an ad- 
vantage. The object of the enemies that prey upon insects 
is to obtain food, and it must suit their enemies better to 
devote themselves to the pursuit of such as are plentiful. 
Consequently when a species is rare, and the places it haunts, 


* < Evolution Theory,” vol. i, p. 107. 


@ sexi) 


its time or mode of flight, or its other characteristics, are in 
any way different from those of an abundant species equally 
suitable for food, it is not likely to be so much harassed as 
these are. Creatures which are hunting for necessary food do 
not spend their time, as “ collectors” do, in quest of rarities. 


Fitness of the Imago stage for observation. 


IT am well aware that most of my illustrations are taken 
from the imago state, and that a far greater destruction of 
life takes place in the earlier stages, and especially in that of 
the larva. But in the last and most perfect stage of the life 
of a lepidopterous insect a heavy toll is taken, sufficient in the 
competition that exists to affect materially its power to hold 
its own. Moreover it is the stage which admits of and is 
usually associated with infinitely greater variations in facies 
and habits than do any,—I think I may say all—of the others, 
and it is that stage alone in which the senses and the nervous 
matter which controls and directs habits have the widest scope 
for effective action. It is therefore the stage in which the 
materials exist in the greatest quantity for testing by actual 
observation and experiment many of the questions that have 
been discussed. 


Summary of propositions. 


Let me sum up briefly some of the propositions—I do not put 
any of them forward as if they originated with me—which I 
have submitted for your consideration. 


1. That in the life history of a species the number of its 
offspring should be observed and recorded. 

2. That the consumption by herbivorous insects of their 
food supply is not, except under special circumstances, 
a cause of the extinction or permanent reduction in 
numbers of a species. 

3. That mutual competition is not usually of primary 
importance in keeping down the numbers of a herbivorous 
species of insect. 

4, That the chief factors in keeping down the numbers of 
herbivorous insects are their active enemies, 


OO 


10. 


WN 


( exli ,) 


. That insects, being endowed with nervous matter con- 
trolling or guiding their movements, the psychic element 
should be taken into account in considering their habits 


and activities. 


. That insect activities not directly concerned with nutri- 


tion or reproduction are an important part of the lives 
of many of them. 


. That external circumstances promoting or checking the 


energetic exercise of these activities may affect numbers, 
and account in many cases for abundance or sparseness. 


. That observation and record of the abundance or scarcity 


of a species or variety, either generally or in any locality, 
and of any permanent change in these respects, and 
inquiry into its causes, 1s very desirable. 

. That evidence of the processes by which the balance of 
organisms as it applies to herbivorous insects is maintained 
is desirable. 

That polymorphism, discriminate or indiscriminate (7. e. 
the forms not appropriated to special situations in refer- 
ence to time, space, or other circumstances), may be of 
selection value. 

That under certain circumstances scarcity may be of 
selection value. 


. That a large number of conspicuous features sufficient in 


themselves for selection are not in fact selected, but 
persist irrespectively of it. 
. That habits may be of selection value. 


Importance of field observations. 


This brings me to the practical end and object of my 


add 


ress, which is to invite attention to the great aid which 


may be given towards the solution of problems presented to 
naturalists, by extensive and systematic observation in the 
field and the laboratory on living creatures. Apart from all 


the 


specific questions which have been considered, we can 


hardly do wrong in devoting attention to the observation and 
record of the special habits of living things. It is life that 
gives its surpassing interest to this insect world that we study, 


( exliii ) 


the present life as manifested in the habits they display, 
the past life as shown in the structure moulded by their 
ancestral vicissitudes; and it is the view of their life in this 
twofold aspect that enables us best to appreciate the marvel- 
lous variety in form, and splendour in colour, of the objects 
that adorn our cabinets—decorative corpses, alas, as we see 
them there, 


Void of the little living will 
That made [them] stir. . 


—in their hour. 

I hope the time may arrive when our books, if the scale 
and plan on which they are designed allow sufficient space, 
will give us, besides the structural details which show the 
systematic place that the insects under description occupy, 
particulars of all their actions of a distinctive kind as living 
things, not confined to such as are known to lead to self- 
preservation or race preservation; a statement also of the 
enemies that assail them and lessen their numbers, and of all 
factors of a noteworthy character that enter into the great 
gift which invests them with an interest far transcending all 
that belongs to the choicest products of inanimate nature, the 
gift which, however differing in its manifestations, they share 
in full measure with our lordly selves—their life. 


A remarkably interesting and detailed account of predaceous 
insects and their prey, by Prof. Poulton in Parts III and IV 
of the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, unfortunately appeared 
too late to be noticed in this address. Particulars are there 
given of several hundred cases, the chief destroyers being 
Diptera, especially Asilide and Empide. Insects specially 
protected by stings, nauseousness, etc., from many enemies 
seem to find little protection from attacks by other insects. 


( exliv @) 


GENERAL INDEX. 


The Arabic figures vefer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman 
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’ 


The President’s Address is not separately indexed, 


GENERAL SUBJECTS. 

Abraxas grossulariata, var. varleyata, series exhibited, Ixviii. 

Acidalia marginepunctata and A. subsertceata, melanic varieties exhibited, 
Ixxiv. 

Acrea, exhibition of specimens of four species taken in South Africa, xii. 

»  johnstont, mimetic forms of, Ixvii, 281. 

Acreing, on seasonal forms of various, ]xxxiv. 

Africa, on scents in various butterflies from South, ii; exhibition of specimens 
of four species of Acrwa from South, xii; bionomic points in certain 
Lamellicorns from South, xiv, 91; on new or unfigured butterflies from 
South, xiv, 59; plague of ants in Cape Town, South, xxiii ; on seasonal 
phases of various species of the genus Precis, of South, lvii; on the 
habits of species of Ptyedus in British East, Ixvii, 225; contributions 
towards the knowledge of Rhopalocera of, 1. 

Agrotis helvetina, exhibited, xxxiii. 

Angerona prunaria, exhibition of gynandromorphic specimen of, Ixviii. 

Ants, a plague of, in Cape Town, South Africa, xxiil, 

Apteropeda globosa, ab,, exhibited, lxxiil. 

ss orbiculata and Halticus apterus, exhibition of specimens taken 
together, Ixii. 
Argynnts adippe, variety from Berkshire, exhibited, Ixvii. 


+5 ntobe, vars., exhibited, Ixxviii. 
53 » var. erts, from Pyrenees, exhibited, xviii. 
73 thore, exhibited, Ixxviii. 


Auditors for 1907, nomination of, cii. 

Bee, exhibition of comb of, from branch of nut-tree, xvi. 

Bionomic notes on certain South African Lamellicorns, xiv, 91 ; on butterflies 
from the Victoria Nyanza, lxvii, 207. 

Blackburne-Maze, W. P., notice of death of, xv. 

Blattidx, studies of the, Ixvii, ci, 231, 487. 

Brightwen, Elizabeth, notice of death of, xlviii. 

British Guiana, on a collection of butterflies from the Potaro River, lx; on 


the dominant Millerian group of butterflies from the Potaro River, 
xxvii, 411, 


Giexiv =) 


British Isles, on Noctuids common to Germany and the, and on insular racial 
characters of some British Lepidoptera, lxxviii. 

Burchell, W. J., original Journal exhibited, xix. 

Butterflies, new or unfigured South African, xiv, 59; rest attitudes in, xxvi, 
97; with wings mutilated by lizards, exhibited, xxxiii; from Majorca, 
exhibited, xlix; from Natal, notes on, li; from the Potaro River, 
exhibited, Ix; from Victoria Nyauza, bionomic notes on, lxvii, 207; on 
the dominant Miillerian group of, from the Potaro River, British Guiana, 
Ixxvii, 411. 

Calcaria, of Hymenoptera, the generic and specific characters of the, xxxili ; 
exhibition of lantern-slide photos of, xxxv ; of Trichoptera and Coleoptera, 
XXXiv. 

Callinenide, a series of, exhibited, xvii. 

Calosoma sycophanta, from New Forest, exhibited, xvii. 

Cardiophorus erichsoni, from Lundy Island, exhibited, xxiii. 

Catocala nupta, from Hackney, exhibited, cii. 

Chortophila unilineata, exhibition of specimens which had been observed 
following a Bee, xiii. 

Chrysophanus salustius, unusual emergence of, in New Zealand, c. 

Cenonympha mathewt, from Galicia, Spain, exhibited, xcix. 

* pamphilus, dark aberration, exhibited, Ixxv. 

Coleophora, exhibition of ‘life histories,’ etc., of various species of, xlviii. 

Coleoptera, the generic and specific characters of the calearia of, xxxiv; 
from Ste. Maxime, France, exhibited, xxxiv ; from New Guinea, exhibited, 
KOCK 

Corticaria crenicollis, from Berkshire and Epping, exhibited, Ixxiii. 

Council for 1907, nomination of, xevi, cii. 

Crambus ericellus, from Loughton, exhibited, xlix. 

Dale, C. W., notice of death of, xv. 

Decompression on larvie, the effects of rapid, cii. 

Dinarda, exhibition of species of, 1xxi. 

Draconia rusina, from Trinidad, exhibited, Ixxviii; resemblance of, to 
Plagioptera bicordata, 533. 

Emmelesta unifasciata, exhibition of specimens of, which had lain five seasons 
in the pupal stage, xxxi. 

Erebia glactalis, ab. pluto, exhibited, Ixxviii. 

Euplectus tomlini, from starling’s nest in Berkshire, exhibited, lxxiii. 

Euralia mimi and E. wahlbergi, and their models, exhibited and remarked 
upon, lii. 

Fairmaire, Leon, notice of death of, xxxiv. 

Fellows, election of, i, xv, xxx, xxxii, lxvii, lxxxvii, xevi, cil. 

Fidonia atomaria, with six wings, exhibited, Ixviii. 

Formicoxenus nitidulus, from nest of Formica rufa, exhibited, xxxii. 

‘France, exhibition of Coleoptera from Ste. Maxime, xxxiv. 

Galerucinex, descriptions of new genera and species of, 11 

Galicia, exhibition of insects from, 1xxxviii, lxxxix, xcix. 

Germany, on Noctuids common to the British Isles and, Ixxviii. 

Gnathoncus, sp., exhibited, Lxxiii. 

Greene, Rev. Joseph, notice of death of, i. 

Gynopteryx gladiaria and its varieties, exhibited, xv, 


CRexd vin 3 


Hailticing, descriptions of new genera and species of, 11. 

Halticus apterus and Apteropeda orbiculata taken together, 1xii. 

Hastula hyerana, progressive melanism in, xxxi, 155; exhibition of a long 
series of, ciii. 

Hemiptera-Cryptocerata, reproduction of, xiv, 87. 

Henicopus spintger, from Galicia, Spain, exhibited, ]xxxviii, 

Heterothops niyra, from moles’ nests, exhibited, lxxiii. 

Heterotoma mertoptera, destructive to eggs of Butterflies, xc. 

Homalota paradoxa, from moles’ nests in Berkshire and Devon, exhibited, 
1xxii. 

Horniman, F. J., notice of death of, xv. 

Huphina corva, exhibited and remarked upon, Ixxxiii; the diaposematic 
resemblance between /atas baliensts and, evi, 521. 

Hymenoptera, the generic and specific characters of the calcaria, of xxxiii; 
exhibition of lantern-slide photos of calcaria of, xxxv. 

Hystrichopsylla talpe, from nest of field-mouse, exhibited, xxxiv. 

Icterica westermannt, from the New Forest, exhibited, xevi. 

Imma, on the genus, xxxvii, 169. 

Tridescent lepidopterous larva, exhibited, Ixviii. 

LIxias baliensts, exhibited and remarked upon, Ixxxiii; the diaposematic 
resemblance between Huphina covva and, evi, 521. 

Laccobius stnuatus, from Lundy Island and Cambridgeshire, exhibited, ]xxii. 

Lamellicorns, bionomic points in certain South African, xiv, 91. 

Larve, on the effects of rapid decompression on, cii. 

Lasiocampa quercus, trom Cornwall, exhibited, cii. 

Lastus niger, on formation of nest of, Ixxv. 

Lathrobium elongatum, variety from South Devon, exhibited, ]xxiii. 

5 Zevipenne, exhibition of British specimens of, i. 

Lepidiota bimaculata, exhibited, xxi. 

Leuceronia pharis and L. argta, exhibited, ]xix. 

Lizards, exhibition of Butterflies with wings mutilated by, xxxiii. 

Lomechusa strumosa, from Woking, exhibited, xlviii. 

Lycena arion, from Arosa, Switzerland, exhibited, Ixxviii. 
»  tcarus, variety from Chatham, exhibited, ]xvii. 

Lygeus equestris, from Sheppey, exhibited, Ixvii. 

Majorca, exhibition of Butterflies from, xlix. 

Mantts, exhibition of Trinidad specimens of, xvii. 

Markings of Organisms, Prof. Packard’s paper on the, xxxvii. 

Melanargia galatea, var., exhibited, lxxviii. 

Melanism, in Hastula hyerana, xxxi, 155; and its causes, xxxii. 

Mendelian Hypothesis, Xanthorhoé ferrugata and the, evi, 521. 

Microdon latifrons, from New Forest, exhibited, xv. 

Migration of Lepidoptera, xviii. 

Mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus and Acrea johnsont, \xvii, 281. 

Molippa sabina, from Parana, exhibited, xc. 

Mononychus pseudacori and seed capsule of Jris fetidissima, exhibited, 
xxviii. 

Moths, a permanent record of British, in their natural attitudes of rest, ci, 
483. 

Miillerian group of Butterflies from the Potaro River, lx, xxvii, 411, 


( exlvii ) 


Myrmedonia canaliculata and Myrmica rubra ruginodis, taken together, Ixii. 

Myrmeleon formicarius, on the emergence of, from a pupa, 53. 

Myrmica rubra, ruginodis, and Myrmedonia canaliculata, taken together, 
Ixii. 

Natal, notes on Butterflies from, li. 

Nephila maculata, feeding experiment on, Ixiii. 

Nephilengys malabarensis, feeding experiment on, Ixvi. 

New Guinea, exhibition of Coleoptera from, xxxv. 

New Zealand, unusual emergence of Chrysophanus salustius in, ¢. 

Nola confusalis, ab. columbina, from Epping Forest, exhibited, xlix. 

Nonogria neurica and WN, dissoluta, and varieties, exhibited, xv. 

Nychitona medusa, exhibited, Ixix. 

Obituary. Rev. Joseph Greene,i; W. P. Blackburne-Maze, C. W. Dale, 
F. J. Horniman, xv; M. Leon Fairmaire, xxxiv; Mrs. Elizabeth 
Brightwen, xlviii. 

Odontomyia angulata, from the Norfolk Broads, exhibited, xcvi. 

Officers for 1907, nomination of, xcvi, cii. 

Packard, A. 8., on his paper on the Markings of Organisms, xxxvii. 

Panorpa germanica, exhibition of photo of, Ixxxvii. 

Papilio dardanus, mimetic forms of, lxvii, 281. 

Parasitic Insects from North Queensland, xxiii, 119. 

Passalide, classification of the family, Ixxvii, 441. 

Peronea cristana, from Epping Forest, exhibited, xlix. 

Pieringw, exhibition of various species of, xxi, xxx, xxxvi,1l; seasonal forms 
of various, lxxxiv, xcvi; melanism in, xc. 

Pieris rapx, on choice of resting site by, c. 

»  napt, var, bryonie, exhibited, Ixxvili. 

Plagioptera bicordata, resemblance of, to Draconia rusina, 533. 

Platypsyllus castoris, from a beaver, exhibited, xxxii. 

Potaro River, on a collection of Butterflies from the, lx; on the dominant 
Miillerian group of Butterflies from the, lxxvii, 411. 

Precis, on seasonal phases of various South African species of the genus, 
lvii. 

Predaceous Insects and their Prey, Ixvii, 323. 

Prionocyphon serricornis, from New Forest, exhibited and remarked upon, 
Ixxxviii. 

Procas armillatus, from Dartford, exhibited, xxxv. 

Prodenta littoralis, home-bred specimen, exhibited, xvi. 

Pseudopontia paradoza, exhibited, lxix. 

Ptyelus, on the habits of species of, in British East Africa, lxvii, 225. 

Quedius verans, from moles’ nests in Berkshire, exhibited, xxiii. 

Queensland, Parasitic Insects from, xxiii, 119. 

Reproduction of Hemiptera-Cryptocerata, xiv, 87. 

Rest-attitudes, in Butterflies, xxvi, 97 ; a permanent record of British: Moths 
in their, ci, 483. 

Rhodesia, exhibition of Lepidoptera from N.E., Ixxxiv. 

Rhopalocera, exhibition of a collection of Spanish, ix ; contributions towards 
the knowledge of African, 1. 

Riviera, Sicily, exhibitions of specimens from the, xxxi. 

Ste. Maxime, exhibition of Coleoptera from, xxxiv. 


(cxlviiig ) 


Scents in various South African Butterflies, ii. 

Selenia bilunarta, series of, exhibited, and note on peculiar form of, Ixxvii. 

Sesia andreneformis, life history of, ci, 471; exhibition of Viburnum, showing 
mines of, xc. 

Sttaris muralis, from Oxford, exhibited, Ixvili. 

Spain, exhibition of a collection of Rhopalocera from,ix; exhibition of 
insects from Galicia, lxxxviii, 1xxxix, xcix. 

Spathorrhamphus corsicus, exhibited, xlix. 

Spiders, feeding experiments on, Ixili. 

Strenia clathrata, varieties from Berkshire, exhibited, Ixvii. 

Sympetrum flaveolum, from Epping, exhibited, Ixvili. 
* vulgatum, from Epping Forest, exhibited, xevii. 

Teracolus omphale, on the effects of subjecting the immature stages of, to 
abnormal temperature, cv. 

Terias senegalensis, exhibited, lxix. 

Tortricomorpha, on the genus, xxxvii, 169. 

Tortrix pronubana, from Eastbourne, exhibited, xeviii. 

Trichoptera, the generic and specific characters of the calcaria of, xxxiv. 

Trichoptilus paludum, life history of, xxii, 133. 

Trochilium andrenxforme, life history of, ci, 471. 

Vanessa urtice, varieties from Sheppey, exhibited, xvii. 

Vice-Presidents, nomination of, i. 

Victoria Nyanza, bionomic notes on Butterflies from, lxvii, 207. 

Xanthorhoé ferrugata, and the Mendelian Hypothesis, evi, 521, 


( "exits 7) 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


The Avabie figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman numerals 
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings, 


abbreviata (Eupithecia), 484, 486 
abdominalis (Hyperacantha), 28 
35 (Ospriocerus), 337 
a (Thoracites), 347 
Abisara, 104 
Abraxas, Ixviii, 530 
Abroma, 336 
abrupta (Tmetonota), 346 
Acanthoplus, 407 
accuralis (Imma), 172 
»,  (Pingrasa), 170, 172 
Achea, 122 
Acidalia, Ixxiv, xxv 
acontias (Acreea), xii 
acosma (Imma), 175 
»,  (Pseudotortrix), 170, 175 
Acreea, ili, xii, xli, Ixvii, lxxxiv, lxxxv, 
Ixxxvi, 2, 3, 10, 59, 64, 84, 214, 215, 
218, 219, 220, 223, 298-321, 358, 407, 
408 
acrita (Acreea), Ixxxiv, lxxxv, lxxxvi 
Acroclita, 163, 166, 397 
Acronycta, xxxii 
acroptila (Imma), 182 
Acrotylus, 346 
acuminata (Crepidodera), 14 
5 (Derocrepis), 14 
acutipennis (Acrzea), 2, 10 
Adela, 330, 361 
adippe (Argynnis), Lxvii 
», chlorodippe (Argynnis), ix 
»,  ¢Cleodippe (Argynnis), ix 
», Cleodoxa (Argynnis), ix 
adusta (Epilampra), 497, 508 
», (Homalopteryx), 497, 508, 519 
5, (Hyperacantha), 28 
Aigeria, xe, 477 
egeria (Pararge), 98, 99, 101, 110 
egon (Lycena), ]xxxix 
elandica (Dioctria), 330, 365 
aeluropis (Imma), 198 


eenea (Corydia), 503, 504, 508 
eneus (Dolichopus), 355 
equalis (Promachus), 341, 367, 
372, 378 
/Mschna, 400 
Aesernia, XXxv 
ethiopica (Theganopteryx), 237, 238, 
279 
affinis (Eumelosomus), 465 
», (Paranaupheeta), 275 
(Pertinacides), 451 
(Pseudomops), 252, 
261, 264 
» (Rhipipallus), 123, 129 
», (Thyrsocera), 248, 256 
africana (Macrima), 51 
»» (Rhaphidopalpa), 29 
africanus (Eumelosomus), 445 
Agabus, 408, 409 
aganice (Planema), ii, liv 
agatha (Neptis), v, lili, 213 
agathina (Mylothris), vi, xxxvi, xcvi, 
x¢evil, 221 
Agathis, 166 
aglaia (Argynnis), ix 
aglaonice (Acriea), 59, 64, 65, 84 
Aglossa, 204 
agnatus (Meniscus), 473, 482 
agrestis (Trapezonotus), 405 
Agrion, 400 
agrorum pascuorum (Bombus), 335 
Agrotis, xxxill, xxx 
Agyrta, 412 
alamanus (Alcimus), 345, 346 
albiceps (Philonicus), 347 
albicincta (Laxenecera), 339 
albicolon (Mamestra), Ixxx 
albifasciella (Imma), 174 
(Tortricomorpha), 174 
albimaculata (Amauris), 208, 209, 210, 
292, 300, 308, 310 


2) 


a] Lond 
256, 257, 


( 


cl 


) 


albimaculata albimaculata (Amauris), | andrenzformis (Algeria), xc 


223 
es hanningtoni 
209, 213, 223 
albofascia (Imma), 198 
i (Tortricomorpha), 198 
alboradiata (Acreea), iii, xii 
albostriata (Pseudacreea), 4, 10 
55 (Pseudomops), 259, 264 
albotaeniana (Imma), 190: 
“a (Tortricomorpha), 190 
albulata (Emmelesia), 107 
alearazzas (Blatta), 271 
alcimeda (Harma), 67 
Alcimus, 328, 338, 345, 346, 372, 373, 
378 
alexis (Hasora), 406 
», (Onitis), 409 
alicia (Acreea), 219 
alienella (Imma), 185 
»,  (Topaza), 170, 185 
aliphera (Eueides), 425 
Allacta, 268, 495, 509 
Alloxysta, 385 
alterego (Eriopterus), 460 
alticolella (Coleophora), x]viii 
amabilis (D’Urbania), 82 
»,  (Longitarsus). 12 
amakosa (D’Urbania), 82 
amanda (Lycena), Ixxxix 
amanga (Axiocerces), li 
Amauris, iii, liii, liv, 207, 208, 
210, 211, 212, 218, 214, 223, 
292, 299, 300, 301, 308, 310, 
318, 319 
ambigua (Caradrina), 407 
americana (Pseudomops), 255, 263 
»,  (Thyrsocera), 255 
Ammophila, 335 339, 369, 378 
ameena (Blatta), 237 
»,  (Thyrsocera), 253, 488 
Amphidasis, Ixxix 
Amphimela, 25 
amphione (Dismorphia), 414, 431 
amphixantha (Imma), 193 
amplectens (Blatta), 490, 509 
re (Phylodromia), 490, 509 
anacardii (Salamis), iv, 114, 115 
anacreontica (Acreea), 215 
Anaplecta, 231, 232, 233, 240-247, 279, 
280 
Anaplectoidea, 247, 248, 280 
Anax, 399 
anceps (Iridomyrmex), xxv 
Ancylis, 397 
Ancylocheira, 339, 365 
Andrena, xiii, 353, 
andreneforme (Trochilium), 471-482 


(Amauris), 


209, 
289 
317, 


aa 


55 (Sesia), xc, ci 
anemosa (Acrea), ili, xii, Ixxxiv, ]xxxvi 
Angerona, 1xvill 
Angitia, 350 
angolanus (Acreea), 3, 10 
angulata (Odontomyia), xevi 
angusta (Pseudomops), 257, 258, 264 
angustalis (Cledeobia), 357 
angustatum (Lathrobinm), i 
angustibarbus (Lophonotus), 349 
angustifrons (Leptaulax), 445 
anicius (Promachus), 344 
anilis (Dryomyza), 381 

», (Neuroctena), 381 
Anisoxya, XXxiv 
anne (Teracolus), xxi, xci 
annulator (Cratichneumon), 33 
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 399, 401 
annulicornis (Blatta), 254, 494, 508 

53 (Candezea), 44, 52 

(PhyHodromia), 494, 508 
(Pseudomops), 252, 254, 
255, 268 
90 (Thyrsocera), 248, 254 
Anomala, 344 
Anosia, xli, 217 
antalus (Virachola), 108 
Anthaxia, xxxv 
anthedon (Euralia), 212, 289 
Anthocoris, 356 
Anthomyia, 383 
antigone (Teracolus), xci 
antillarum (Neleides), 451, 452 
antimachus (Papilio), 220 
antinorii (Papilio), 282, 284 
antiopa (Vanessa), 97 
Antipha, lxiv 
antiqua (Orgyia), 404 
antodice (Tatochila), xci 
Apanteles, 120, 125, 127, 128 
Apate, Xxxiv 
Apheenogaster, xxv 
Aphlebia, 232 
aphneeoides (Iolaus), li 
Aphneeus, li, lii, Ixxxiv, 106 
Aphodius, 338, 353, 855, 358 
Aphrophora, 228 
Aphthona, 11, 12 
apicale (Microstylum), 336 
apicalis (Luperus), 33 
(Melipona), 338 
(Monolepta), 43 
(Spilocephalus), 48 

»,  (Trigona), lxiv, lxv, lxvi 
apicatus (Eutolmus), 351, 367, 375 
Apicia, xvi 
apicigera (Blatta), 235, 488 509 


2) 


> 


- 


> 


” 


( 


apicigera (Theganopteryx), 235, 
509 
apicipenne (Hxosoma), 31, 52 
Ae (Malacosoma), 31 
apicitarsis (Duviviera), 51 
Apis, 331, 332, 333, 335, 339, 342, 353, 
354, 362, 378 
Aplecta, 529 
Apoclea, 347, 372, 378 
Aporomyia, 381 
Appias, xci 
Aptera, 506, 508 
Apteropeda, lxii, ]xxiii 
apterus (Halticus), lxii 
»,  (Nabis), 405 
arbustorum (Plagiognathus), 405 
archesia (Precis), 222 
Archiblatta, 272 
archidone (Petrejus), 456 
Arctia, xciv 
Ardiosteres, 123 
arenarius (Emblethis), 352 
Areolaria, 273 
argenthona (Delias), 120 
argia (Leuceronia), xxxi, lxix, lxx 
Argiolaus, 108 
argiolus (Lycena), 1xxxix 
argon (Lycena), Ixxxix 
», bejarensis (Lyciena), ]xxxix 
s, hypochiona (Lycena), lxxxix 
Argynnis, 1x, xviii, lxvii, ]xxviii 
Argyresthia, 171 
arion (Lycena), lxxviii, 1xxxix 
aristolochi (Papilio), xli 
armatus (Henicopus), 337 
armillatus (Procas), xxxv 
Aroa, 72, 84, 345 
Arrugia, 80, 86 
arteriosa (Trithemis), 349 
asema (Acrea), lxxxvi 
asiliforme (Trochilium), 477 
Asilus, 323, 348, 349, 370, 372, 373, 
374, 378 
Aslauga, 68, 81 
aslauga (Liptena), 72 
asopus (Catochrysops), 109, 346 
Asphalia, lxxxii, ]xxxiii 
Aspilates, 351 
assimilis (Blennocampa), 330 
ae (Veturius), 454 
asterias (Papilio), xe 
asteris (Lycena), 74 
astrarche (Lycena), 1xxxix 
astydamia (Heliconius), 412 
atalanta (Vanessa), 102 
Atella, 220 
atergatis (Acrza), iil, xili 
a (Lycorea), 429 


eli) 


488, | aterrima (Pelmatosilpha), 501, 509 


Pe (Periplaneta), 501, 509 
Athysanus, 355 
atolmis (Acrea), iii, xii, Ixxxvi 
atomaria (Fidonia), lxviii 
atra (Paranaupheeta), 275 
atricapilla (Dioctria), 330 
atricapillus (Machimus), 348, 355, 367, 
376 
atricornis (Monolepta), 42 
atripes (Dysmachus), 351 
atrosignata (Imma), 172 
a (Tortricomorpha), 170, 172 
Atta, 515 
Attaphila, 515, 516, 517 
Atychia, 169, 171 
augur (Noctua,) xxxili 
Aulacocyclus, 446 
Aulamorphus, 49 
Aulocera, 110 
aulonias (Imma),'179 
aurantiaca (Hyperperissa), 170 
3 (Imma), 190 
a (Pseudomops), 254, 263 
Fy (Sidyma), 190 
* (Thyrsocera), 254 
Aurikulus, 446 
aurinia (Melita), 100, 101 
auripennis (Xylocopa), 339 
aurivillii (Acrzea), 218, 223 
autodoxa (Imma), 172 
45 (Thylacopleura), 170, 172 
auxo (Teracolus), xxi, xxx 
auxobathra (Imma), 188 
avatar (Nepheronia), xxxi 
Avicula, xviii 
axina (Acra), Ixxxvi 
Axiocerces, li, 108 
Azanus, 346 
bacchus (Teracolus), 8, 10 
badia (Molytria), 269, 469, 497, 508 
Baétis, 380 
baliensis (Ixias), Ixxxiii, evi, 521-524 
balteata (Gametis), 92, 93 
Baltia, xcii 
bambuse (Telicota), 400 
baminakoo (Elymnias), 212, 223 
Baoris, 112 
barbara (Apheenogaster), xxvi 
», capensis (Aphenogaster), xxv, 
XXvi 
barca (Deloneura), 69 
», (Durbania), 69 
barii (Ceratinia), Ixi, 413, 422 
barkeri (Chaetocnema), 18 
»,  (Phygasia), 24 
», (Weiseana), 23 
Barombia, 50 


GRelin 


basalis (Alloxysta), 385 
s, (Machimus), 354 
»,  (Microgaster), 120, 122, 125 
»,  (Paranaupheeta), 275 
basifera (Kpilampra), 497, 508 
»,  (Homalopteryx), 497 
basiflava (Imma), 190 
»,  (Sidyma), 190 
Basilianus, 445 
basilinea (Hadena), Ixxxi 
baton (Lyceena), Ixxxix 
baumhbaueri (Dioctria), 331 
beccarii (Melipona), 339 
beiraensis (Monoleptra), 43 
*S (Physonychis), 25, 52 
Beiratia, 50, 52 
belemia (Euchloé), 118 
Belenogaster, 340, 378 
Belenois, xxxvi, 1, xci, xcii, xciil, xcvi, 
xevil, 105, 221, 406 
bellargus (Lyceena), xii 
bellicosus (Termes), 341 
Bembecia, 477 
bembeciforme (Algeria), 477 
bendis (Ceratinia), 417, 422 
bennigseni (Ootheca), 51 
bera (Pseudonympha), 61, 62, 64 
», (Yphthima), 62 
bergi (Attaphila), 515 
betularia doubledayaria (Amphidasis), 
Ixxix 
Bibio, 380, 381, 382, 383, 402 
bicolor (Ergana), 48 
», (Haplotes), 35 
>,  (Pegomyia), 384 
»,  (Platyxantha), 35 
», (Pseudomops), 260, 264, 278, 
280 
bicolorata (Phygasia), 24 
bicordata (Plagioptera), 533-539 
bicornis (Spurius), 446 
Bicyclus, 207 
bidens (Picromerus), 404 
bieti (Ceenonympha), xcix 
bifasciata (Haplotes), 36, 52 
a (Hemixantha), 39 
a (Monolepta), 41 
es (Pinaconota), 496 
biguttatus (Cantharis), 337 
bilineata (Empis), 383, 386 
bilineella (Imma), 179 
a6 (Tortricomorpha), 179 
bilunaria (Selenia), xxvii 
bimaculata (Lepidiota), xxi 
bipunctata (Blatta), 495, 509 
a (Pseudectobia), 495, 509, 519 
“i (Thereva), 384 
bisignata (Phyllodromia), 490 


biteniata (Blatta), 495 
»,  (Cosmophasis), xxiii, 124 
»,  (Sobara), 124 
Bittacus, 402 
bituberculata (Hyperacantha), 28 
biundularia (Tephrosia), 484, 486 
Blabera, 510, 514 
Blanaida, 111 
Blannocampa, 330 
Blatta, 235, 237, 238, 239, 248, 250, 
252, 2538, 258, 265, 270; 2745. 276, 
277, 278, 488-495, 505, 508, 509, 
514 
Blepharipoda, 344 
Blepharodera, 507, 509 
boeta (Imma), 204 
,, (Thalpochares), 204 
boetica (Lampides), 345 
5,  (Polyommatus), 345 
beeticus (Lyceena), lxxxix 
bohemani (Magalognatha), 47 
boisduvali (Pseudacreea), 220 
bomba (Acrzea), 215 
Bombus, 335, 369, 370, 378 
Bombyx, 227, 404 
30orborus, 382, 383 
boreale (Lathrobium), i 
borealis (Chilomazus), 467 
»,  (Panorpa), lxxxviii 
»,  (Sericomyia), 348 
borneensis (Anaplecta), 242, 243, 279 
bouvieri (Theganopteryx), 236 
bowkeri (Iolaus), li 
Ae (Lycena), 79, 86 
5 (Stugela), 108 
Brachodes, 169, 171, 205 
Brachycola, 507, 508 
Brachythemis, 343 
Bracon, 166 
brasidas (Papilio), liv 
brasiliensis (Blatta), 276, 277, 278 
AA (Epilampra), 276 
brassice (Ganoris), viii, 116, 117 
»,  (Mamestra), lxxx 
», (Pieris), 353 
braunsi (Longitarsus), 13 
Brenthis, ix 
brevicornis (Scatopse), 380 
brevidentatus (Pharochilus), 445 
brevirostris (Isopogon), 337 
brigitta (Terias), xxi, 221, 345 
brunnea (Phygasia), 24 
brunneri (Anaplecta), 245, 280 
»,  (Pseudomops), 261, 264 
5 (Thyrsocera), 261 
brunnipennis (Hzematopota), 343 
bryoniz (Ganoris), xci, xcii 
Bryophila, 485, 486 


( cliii_ ) 


bryorum (Xylocopa), 341 
buccata (Myopa), 356 
bucerus (Cylindrocaulus), 446 
Buprestis, 339 
burmeisteri (Hpilampra), 276, 511, 514 
35 (Phyllodromia), 276 
burri (Pseudomops), 257, 264, 278 
Bursadella, 170, 192 
buxtoni (Acriea), 65 
Byblia, ii, 4, 10 
cecutiens (Chrysops), 355 
ceelestis (Imma), 182 
ceerulea (Corydia), 504 
cesar (Lucilia), 348 
cespititiella (Coleophora), xlviii 
caffer (Hister), 409 
caffra (Promachus), 341 
cahira (Acrea), iii 
caja (Arctia), xciv 
c. album (Grapta), 533 
»,  (Polygonia), 533 
calcitrans (Stromoxys), 382, 392 
caldarena (Acrea), iii, Ixxxv, 358 
caliginosus ( Demopheles), 473 
Callartona, 170, 193 
Callimenus, xvii 
ealliope (Stalachtis), 414, 416, 430, 436 
Callipsaltria, 409 
Caloblatta, 231 
calogramma (Blatta), 505, 508 
3 (Chorisoneura), 505, 508 
Calolampra, 500 
Calosoma, Ixvii 
calypso (Belenois), xevi, xevii 
camadeva (Stichophthalma), vii 
Camenta, 337 
camerunensis (Monolepta), 40 
Camponotus, xxiii, 122, 123, 334, 344, 
353, 396 
Campoplex, 330 
Camptopus, 333 
canaliculata (Myrmedonia), Ixii 
cancanopis (Imma), 204 
cancrus (Pharochilus), 445, 446 
Candezea, 43, 44, 45, 52 
canicularis (Homalomyia), 392 
canonitis (Palamernis), 205 
Cantharis, 337 
cantori (Basilianus), 445 
capreolus (Promachus), 337, 342, 343 
Caprona, 112 
capucina (Apate), xxxiv 
»,  (Dyscologamia), 504 
Caradrina, 407 
carbonaria (Sciara), 392 
carchedonius (Papilio), 9 
Cardiophorus, xxiii 
cardui (Pyrameis), 104, 354 


Caricea, 329, 383, 391 
carinata (Zetobora), 506 
carnaria (Sarcophaga), 348 
carnifex (Didymus), 462 
carnuta (Telipna), 219 
Cartaletis, vi 
cassius (Pseudonympha), ii, 62, 111 
castalis (Teracolus), 8, 10 
Castnia, 534 
castoris (Platypsyllus), xxxii 
catharine (Heliconius), 412 
eatilla (Catopsilia), 113 
Catocala, cil 
Catochrysops, lxxxiv, 109, 346, 351 
Catopsilia, xxix, 113, 345, 346, 361 
caucasica (Lyczena), xi 
cavicollis (Verres), 455 
Cecidomyia, 385 
Celcenorrhinus, 112 
cenea (Papilio), v, xlvi, 212, 288, 284, 
291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 313, 
316 
»,  dardanus (Papilio), 218 
»,  trophonius (Papilio), 217, 290, 
312, 313 
centralis (Tetraracus), 458 
Cephonodes, 121 
Ceratinia, lxi, 413, 415, 416, 417, 420, 
421, 422, 430, 432, 433, 435, 436 
Ceratocupes, 444, 446 
Cercyonia, 16 
ceres (Lycorea), 1xi, 414, 416, 427, 428, 
429, 430, 431, 432, 483, 434, 435, 
437, 438, 439 
Cerura, 120 
cervina (Hostilia), 506, 508 
»,  (Zetobora), 506, 508 
cervinus (Dascillus), 399 
,,  (Polydrusus), 357 
ceryne (Precis), lvii 
cheeribula (Acrea), Ixxxv 
Chetocnema, 17, 18, 19 
Chalciope, 345 
chalconotus (Agabus), 409 
championi (Proculejoides), 450 
Be (Proculejus), 450 
Charaxes, iv, 207 
chasmatica (Imma), 199 
Chasmatopterus, 332, 335, 352, 358 
chi (Polia), 113 
,, Olivacea (Polia), Ixxix 
Chilomazus, 467 
Chirista, 345 
Chironomus, 384 
chlorolepis (Imma), 199 
es (Tortricomorpha), 19$ 
chloromelalis (Aglossa), 204 
np (Imma), 204 


( teliv” *) 


chlorosoma (Imma), 197 

chlorosphena (Imma), 186 

Cheerocampa, 120, 126 

Chorisoneura, 234, 505, 508 

Choroselas, li 

Chortophila, xiii, 398 

Chrastoblatta, 231 

chrysantas (Zeritis), 80 

chaysaor (Phasis), 108 

chrysidiforme (Trochilium), 477 

chrysippus ( Limnas), ii, iv, v, vi, 214, 
215, 290, 327, 345, 361, 
400, 401, 407, 408 

albinus (Limnas), 215 

alcippoides (Limnas), 215 

alcippus (Danais), xlii 

(Limnas), 215, 
291 

chrysippus (Limnas), 215 


2? 29 


dorippus (Limnas), 215, 
305, "311, 319 
chrysitis (Machimus), Sols suv Ghey 


354, 376 
Chrysopa, 55, 56, 57 
Chrysophanus, ix, lxxxix, ¢c, 118, 400 
Chrysopimpla, 344 
chrysoplaca (Imma), 195 
Chrysops, 355 
chrysoptera (Anaplecta), 247, 280 
Chrysoritis, 80 
Cicada, 336, 343 
Cicadetta, 343 
Cicindela, 353 
Cihastatus, 444 
cincta (Anaplecta), 244 

», (Degeeria), 391 
,, (Kustrotia), 203 

(Imma), 203 
(Pseudomops), 255, 256, 263 
(Thrysocera), 248, 255 
affinis (Vespa), 336, 344 
cinctiventris (Nariscus), 343 
cinctus (Lasiopogon), 338, 369, 378 
cinerea (Nepa), 87, 88 
cingulata (Aptera), 506, 508 
cingulatus (Epitriptus), 357 
ciniata (Imma), 204 

»,  (Thalpochares), 204 
circeis (Acreea), 214 
circumducta (Blatta), 239, 488, 509 

Fa (Escala), 239, 279, 488, 

509 
cirrhatus ( Veturius), 454 
cladophragma (Imma), 173 
clarensis (Pentila), 220 
clathrata (Chrysopa), 56 

»,  (Strenia), lxvii 
Cledeobia, 357 


99 
2? 
9? 


clelia (Precis), v, 101, 102, 108, 106 
cleodora (Eronia), xxix, xxx, liii, xci, 
Ibi 1A 
»,  dilatata (Eronia), xci 
cleopatra (Gonepteryx), Vill, Xxxili 
cloantha (Precis), 103 
clunipes (Sphegina), 330 
ccelestina (Precis), 222 
Ceenonympha, xlix, lxxv, xeviii, xcix 
Ceenyra, li, 59, 60, 62, 84 
coerulea (Corydia), 272 
ceerulescens (Microterys), 125 
eceruleus (Microterys), 120, 127 
cognata (Macroma), 92 
»,  (Panorpa), Ixxxviii 
Coleophora, xlviii 
Coleothrips, 409 
coleta (Deilemera), Ixiv, Ixvi 
Colias, xci, xcili, 110, 115 
colligata (Blatta), 490, 509 
»,  (Phyllodromia), 490, 509 
Comacupes, 444, 447 
communis (Athysanus), 355 
5 (Panorpa), Ixxxvili, 402 
comtus (Xanthandrus), 165, 396, 397 
Comythovalgus, 92 
concinna (Pseudomops), 253 
concinnula (Epilampra), 498, 508 
»».  (Hedaia), 498, 508 
concordia (Crenidomimas), I1xxxiv 
conferta (Ischnoptera), 501, 509 
»,  (Leucophea), 501, 509 
conformis (Epilampra), 498, 508 
Pe (Pseudophoraspis), 498 
confusalis, ab. columbina (Nola), xlix 
congener (Candezea), 43 
congoensis (Didymus), 463 
congrua (Pseudophoraspis), 498 
»,  (Zetobora) 506 
congrualis (Imma) 175 
Coniger, 448 
connexa (Tachista), 391 
conradti (Oides), 26 
consequana (Acroclita), 163, 166, 
conspersa (Theganopteryx), 232 
contaminata (Brachythemis), 343 
contigua (Blatta), 492, 509 
contingens (Blatta), 490, 509 
a (Phyllodromia), 490, 
519 
contusa (Blepharodera), 507, 508 
copia (Huphina), 522 
Coranus, 405 
coranus (Cymothoé), 66 
»,  (Harma), 66, 67, 84 
Cordulegaster, 399, 401 
Coremia, 525 
Corixa, 89, 90 


397 


509, 


@ velar) 


cornicina (Euphoria), 347 
corsicus (Spathorrhamphus), xlix 
Corticaria, }xxiii, 409 
corva (Huphina), Ixxxili, evi, 521-524 
corvina (Musca), 357 
Corydia, 272, 503, 508 
corydon (Lycena), ix, x, Xil 
albicans (Lyczena), x, Xii 
ap corydonus (Lyczna), x, Xi 
5 hispana (Lycéena), 1x, x, XI, 
xii 
33 polonus (Lyczena), 1x, xii 
Corymbites, 409 
Cosmolestes, lxiv, Ixv, xvi 
Cosmophasis, xxili, 124 
Cossus, Vili, ciii 
cossus (Cossus), cil 
costata (Aesernia), Xxxv 
costipuncta (Imma), 178 
(Tortricomorpha), 178 
costulatus (Halictus), 334 
crabroniformis (Ageria), 477 
Fe (Asilus), 348, 349, 370, 
372, 373, 874, 378 
Crambus, xlix, 350, 351, 375, 388, 
400 
crameri (Melina), ]xi, 413, 414, 415, 
416, 417, 418, 420, 422, 424, 430, 
432, 4383, 484, 435, 436 
Craspedia, 840, 370, 378 
crassicornis (Gymnopareia), 166 
crassus (Didymus), 465 
5, (Publius), 450 
Cratichneumon, 330 
crebrene (Precis), 10 
Cremastogaster, 123 
crenicollis (Corticaria), lxxiii 
Crenidomimas, Ixxxiv 
Crenis, lxxxiv 
Creobotra, 406 
Crepidodera, 14, 15, 16, 52 
Cricotopus, 405 
crinicornis (Pseudomops), 260, 261, 264 
55 (Thyrsocera), 248, 260, 261 
_ fulva (Thrysocera), 261 
cristana (Peronea), xlix 
», ab. nigrana (Peronea), xlix 
Crocothemis, 400 
erocozela (Imma), 194 
crossleyi (Euxanthe), 207 
>,  ansorgei (Kuxanthe), 215 
eruentatus (Camponotus), 334, 353 
Cryptocephalus, xxxiv 
Cryptophasa, 174 
Cucullia, 405 
culiciforme (Trochilium), 478 
cuneata (Imma), 202 
cursitans (Tachydromia), 385, 386 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1906. 


22 


2, 103 


curtus (Rhodocanthopus), 449 
curvicornis (Platyxantha), 36 
curvilineatus (Didymus), 462 
cyanea (Aischna), 400 
ceyanurus (Neoitamus), 355, 356, 357, 
367 
eyclostoma (Imma), 176 
cycnoptera (Cerura), 120 
oe (Notodonta), 120 
cylindrica (Nemopoda), 383 
Cylindrocaulus, 446 
cymbalodes (Imma), 193 
Cymothoé, 66 
cynipiforme (Trochilium), 477 
cynipsea (Sepsis), 383 
Cynitia, lxiv 
cynorta (Papilio), 213, 219 
Cyrtoma, 380, 386 
deedalus (Hamanumida), v, 103 
dahomensis (Anaplecta), 244, 280 
Damalina, 338, 369, 370, 371, 378 
damocles (Amauris), 211 
danaé (Teracolus), xxi 
Danais, xlii, xlvi 
danica (Ephemera), 400 
Danisepa, vi, vii 
dardanus (Papilio), Ixvii, 212, 281-298, 
303, 312-316 
aD cenea (Papilio), 214, 281, 
282, 285, 286, 288, 
289, 291, 292, 298, 
294,297, 312, 314 
hippocoon (Papilio), 
294 
is dandianne (Papilio), 288, 298 
A hippocoon (Papilio), 212 
5 merope (Papilio), 288, 290, 
292, 298, 315, 316 


9? 99 


a 5,  dionysos (Papilio), 
287 
5 5,  hippocoon (Papilio), 
315 
i »,  planemoides  (Pa- 
pilio), 314. 316 
* planemoides (Papilio), 218, 
223 
is polytrophus (Papilio), 284, 
285, 288, 289, 291, 
296, 313, 314 
Ar 55 cenea (Papilio), 
314 
Me 96 hippocoon (Pa- 
pilio), 314 
rf 33 trimeni (Papilio), 
313 


dardanus tibullus (Papilio), 283, 286, 
288, 289, 291, 298, 
315 
L 


views) 


dardanus tibullus, trimeni (Papilio), 315 
os trimeni (Papilio), 283, 284, 
285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 
294, 296, 313, 314, 316 
darwini (Ogcodes), 131 
dasarada (Papilio), v 
Dascillus, 399 
Dasypogon, 3285 8205 s3l. 332, 
334, 335, 352, 365, 366, 367, 
369, 370, 374, 378, 389 
dasypus (Dinarchus), xvii 
Dasythrix, 347 
dasytoides (Corydia), 
508 
a (Euthyrrapha), 503, 508 
Davendra, 170, 192, 196 
debilis (Holocompsa), 504, 508 
deceptura (Pseudomops), 254 
decorata (Blatta), 265, 270 
»,  (Hamalosilpha), 270, 278 
deflexicornis (Verres), 455 
Degeeria, 391 
Deilemera, lxiv, Ixvi 
Deilus, xxxiv 
delia (Terias), xxil 
deliadis (Apanteles), 120, 125, 127, 128 
Delias, xli, xci, xcii, 120, 406, 408 
Deloneura, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 84 
Delopleurus, 341 
demodice (Tatochila), xcii 
demodocus (Papilio), v 
Demopheles, 473 
demophile (Pieris), xcv 
dentata (Dinarda), Ixxi, Ixxii 
dentipes (Rhamphomyia), 380, 386, 
389 
depressus (Aphodius), 353 
derasana (Ancylis), 397 
dermaptera (Myrina), 345 
Derocrepis, 14, 15 
descombesi (Delias), xcii, 406 
desjardinsi regularis (Terias), 221 
Deudorix, 107 
deyrollei (Tzeniocerus), 447 
diadema (Dasypogon), 323, 325, 331, 
332, 333, 334, 335, 352, 
365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 
370, 374, 378, 389 
»,  (Selidopogon), 323, 331, 335, 
365, 366, 368, 374 
diardi (Cynitia), ]xiv 
Dichelus, 94, 95 
dichroalis (Bursadella), 170, 192 
An (Imma), 192 
‘s (Scaptesylix), 170, 192 
Dicranomyia, 382, 391 
didyma (Melitza), ix 
Didymus, 445, 462, 463, 464, 465 


333, 
368, 


273, 508, 504, 


difficilis (Theganopteryx), 234 
dilatatus (Pharochilus), 445, 446 
dilaticornis (Hemixantha), 38, 52 
Dilophus, 382, 391, 402 
diluticiliata (Imma), 187 
(Tortricomorpha), 187 
dilutipes (Aphthona), 12 
Be (Hemixantha), 39, 52 
dinarcha (Hypolimnas), 214 
Dinarchus, xvii 
Dinarda, ]xxi, Ixxii 
Dioctria, 323, 330, 331, 364, 365, 378 
dionysos (Papilio), 283, 287, 290 
dioptrias (Imma), 181 
diphtherina (Tortricomorpha), 196 
dipselia (Imma), 179 
disa (Amauris), 211 
discalis (Aroa), 72, 345 
discicollis (Blatta), 252, 258 
55 (Pseudomops), 258, 264 
55 (Thyrsocera), 258 
discoidalis (Blatta), 252 
_ (Chorisoneura), 505, 508: 
discolor (Liposcia), 385 
disippus (Limenitis), xli 
Dismorphia, xciii, 414, 431 
dissimilis (Mamestra), lxxix, lxxx 
i (Papilio), 111 
dissoluta (Nonagria), xv 
*5 arundineta (Nonagria), xv 
distanti (Spilocephalus), 49 
dixeyi (Pinacopteryx), 221 
doddi (Ogcodes), 119, 124, 131 
», (Schizaspidea), 119, 123, 130 
dohrni (Hystaspes), 51 
5, (Physonychis), 25 
dohrniana (Anaplecta), 241 
Dolichopus, 855 
dolomena (Pseudacrea), 4 
dolorosa (Lycena), 76, 85 
dominicanus (Amauris), 207 
Donacia, 405 
dorsalis (Trithemis), 342 
dorus (Ccenonympha), xcix, ¢c 
Dorylus, xxvi 
dotata (Epilampra), 496, 508 
5, (Molytria), 496 
doubledayi (Acrzea), ili 
BS oncea (Acrea), Ixxxv 
Draconia, Ixxviii, 533-539 
Dryobota, Ixxxi 
Dryomyza, 381 
dubia (Aporomyia), 381 
», (Thyrsocera), 253 
dubius (Hypolimnas), 213 
dumetorum (Dicranomyia), 382 
dunbrodensis (Chetocnema), 17 
Dunbrodya, 19, 20, 52 


(elvai,) 


duplex (Neoccenyra), 61 
(Pseudonympha), 61, 62, 64 
», Major (Pseudonympha), 61, 84 
duplicata (Spilogaster), 384 
Durbania, 69, 82, 86 
Duryodana, 495, 509 
Duviviera, 51 
dux (Microstylum), 336, 344, 369, 378 
Dyscologamia, 504, 508 
Dysmachus, 323, 335, 350, 351, 357, 
374, 375 
echeria (Amauris), iii, iv, liii, liv, 208, 
209, 213, 214, 292, 300, 301, 
308, 310 
albimaculata (Amauris), iii 
echeria (Amauris), 223 
», jacksoni (Amauris), 208, 209, 
213, 223 
Ectobia, 231, 232, 236, 237, 247, 514 
egeria (Heliconius), 412 
egina (Acrza), 220 
(Melina), Ixi, 413, 414, 415, 
416, 419, 430, 432, 433, 435 
Elater, 364 
electra (Colias), xci 
elegans (Blatta), 492, 509 
(Ischnura), 400 
(Phyllodromia), 492, 498, 509 
»,  (Tribonium), 502 
elgiva (Precis), 103, 358 
ella (Aphneus), li 
,, (Spindasis), li, 6 
Ellipsidium, 236, 249, 501, 508 
elongatum nigrum (Lathrobium), xxiii 
Elymnias, 207, 212, 218, 223 
Emblethis, 352 
Emmelesia, xxxi, 107 
Empis, 330, 357, 380, 381, 382, 383, 
384, 386, 388, 389, 402, 409 
encedon (Acrea), ili, 214, 215 
alcippina (Acraea), 215 
daira (Acreea), 215, 305 
»,  lycia (Acreea), 215 
entebbize (Euryphene), 5, 10 
Ephemera, 400 
epichlaena (Imma), 192 
epicomia (Imma), 195 
Epilampra, 268, 269, 270, 276, 496, 
497, 498, 499, 500, 508, 511, 514, 
519 
Epinephele, ix, 110 
Epiphoroneus 445, 459, 460 
Epitola, 301 
Epitriptus, 323, 355, 357, 377 
Epora, 274 
equestris (Lygzus), Lxvii 
equinus (Borborus), 383 
Erebia, ix, lxxviii, 63, 110 


” 


39 


39 


29 


99 


2? 


”) 
29 


Eresia, 413 
| Hretis, 112 
| Ergana, 48 
ergasia (Imma), 196 
», (Tortricomorpha), 196 
ericellus (Crambus), xlix 
_erichsoni (Cardiophorus), Lxxiii 
Eriogaster, 227 
Erionomus, 460, 461 
Eriopterus, 460, 461 
Eriosternus, 461 
eris (Teracolus), xxi 
Eristalis, 335 
erithonius (Papilio), 111 
Hronia, xxix, xxx, xxxi, liii, liv, lv, 
livia Ixxt xci ot iia: 
erythrea (Crocothemis), 400 
erythrina (Blatta), 489, 508 
4 (Ischnoptera), 489 
erythropus (Harpactor), 405 
Escala, 238, 239, 240, 279, 488, 509 
esebria (Planema), liv 
Esthemopsis, 412 
Eucharis, 349 
eucharis (Delias), xli, xcii, 406 
Euchloé, 112, 118 
euclea (Ceratinia), 413, 416, 417, 420, 
422, 480, 432, 438, 436 
eucoma (Heliconius), 413, 416, 423, 
425, 430, 432, 437 
Eueides, Ixi, 413, 415, 416, 425, 126, 
427, 4380, 482, 433, 436, 437 
Eumelosomus, 445, 462, 465 
Eumelus, 459 
Eumerus, 340 
eunice (Kresia), 413 
Euonymus, xeviii 
Eupheedra, 5, 10 
Euphoria, 347 
Eupithecia, 484, 486 
Eupleenema, 22, 52 
Euplectus, lxxiii 
Eupleea, vii, xlvi 
eupompe (Teracolus), 9, 10 
Euproctis, 72 
Euralia, lii, liii, liv, 212, 214, 289 
Eurymus, 115 
Kurymycter, xlix 
Euryphene, 5, 10 
Eurytela, v, li, 101 
eurytheme (Colias), xciii 
Eustegasta, 510, 514 
Eustrotia, 203 
Eutermes, 400 
Euthyrrapha, 503, 504, 508 
Euthyrrhynchus, 404 
Eutolmus, 323, 351, 367, 375 
Euxanthe, 207, 215 


( elviii ) 


evarne (Teracolus), 347 
evippe (Ixias), xci 
examinator (Pimpla), 333 
excavata (Ischnoptera), 265, 280 
exclamationis (Agrotis), 1xxx 
eximiata (Xanthorhoe), 526 
Exosoma, 30, 31, 52, 400 
exsecta (Formica), ]xxil 
extensa (Pseudonympha), 64 
extenuata (Blatta), 494, 508 
7 (Phyllodromia), 494 
fabriciana (Simaéthis), 357 


fallax (Acrzea), 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 


310, 311 
famularis (Monolepta), 43 
fasciata (Coleothrips), 409 
s,  (Stictocema), 34, 52 
»,  (Torodera), 25 
fasciatipennis (Stomatoceras), 123, 128 
fasciatus (Promachus), 341 
fasciculatus (Comythovalgus), 92 
febrilis (Dilophus), 382, 391, 402 
felderi (Comacupes), 447 
felicitanus (Rhizotrogus), 353 
femoralis (Apoclea), 347, 372, 378 
of (Pseudomops), 260, 261, 264 
femorata (Pachymeria), 384, 386, 388 
*5 (Tiphia), 332 
femoratus (Hybos), 379, 380, 386 
Ay (Monochelus), 336 
fenestrata (Hyperacantha), 28 
(Xylocopa), 339 
ferdinandi (Callimenus), xvii 
ferrugaria (Xanthorhoé), 525 
ferrugata (Coremia), 525-531 
(Xanthorhoé), evi, 525-531 
i stupida (Xanthorhoe), 526 
ferruginea (Hemithyrsocera), 238 
a (Oides), 26 
ferrugineipes (Ammophila), 339 
fervens (Atta), 515 
fervida (Epilampra), 499, 508 
fessalis (Noorda), 345 
ficedula (Myrina), 406 
Fidonia, lxviii 
fimetarius (Aphodius), 355, 358 
fissa (Hemithyrsocera), 488 
,, (Pseudomops), 2388, 488, 508 
flabellata (Anaplecta), 247 
flammigera (Typhlocyba), 380 
flava (Laphria), 340, 870, 378 
flaveolum (Sympetrum), lxvili 
flavescens (Acrea), 305, 311 
ig (Ptyelus), 225-229 
flavibarbus (Laxenecera), 339, 378 
(Promachus), 343 
flavibasa (Davendra), 192 
(Imma), 192 


29 


ae] 


flaviceps (Imma), 194 
4 (Tortricomorpha), 194 
flavicornis (Asphalia), 1xxxii 
flavipennis (Stringophorus), 92 
flavipes (Oniticellus), 334 
(Pseudomops), 252, 256, 257, 
264 
5,  (Thyrsocera), 248, 256 
flavodorsata (Hyperacantha), 28 
flavomaculata (Ancylocheira), 339, 365 
an (Buprestis), 339 
flavomarginata (Epilampra), 270, 499 
flavonigra (Hyperacantha), 28 
fleryas (Abisara), 104 
;, (Zemeros), 104 
flesus (Pterygospidea), ii, 112 
flexicollis (Perispheria), 506, 508 
,,  (Zetobora), 506, 508 
florea (Apis), 339, 378 
florella (Catopsilia), xxix, 345, 346, 361 
floridanus (Euthyrrhynchus), 404 
Formica, xxxii, xlvili, xxii, 54, 338, 
334, 335, 340 
formiceforme (Trochilium), 477 
formicarius (Myrmeleon), 53-57 
Formicoxenus, Xxxii 
formosa (Belenois), 1 
(Melinda), 215, 216, 217, 224 
», neumanni (Melinda), 217 
fornicata (Perispheria), 506 
forticornis (Alloxysta), 385 
fortis (Machimus), 354 
fracticornis (Onthophagus), 352 
fragilis (Blatta), 505, 508 
i (Chorisoneura), 505 
frigida (Podisma), 354, 355 
frontalis (Saropogon), 336 
fronticornis (Ceratocupes), 444 
an (Cihastatus), 444 
fucata (Avicula), xvili 
Fucellia, 347 
fugax (Deilus), xxxiv 
fulgida (Anaplecta), 245 
fulva (Anaplecta), 243 
fulvescens (Acrvea), 305 
fulvipenne (Lathrobium), i 
fulvipes (Blatta), 287 
;, (Promachus), 342 
funebris (Blatta), 490, 509 
5, (Phyllodromia), 490, 509 
fungicola (Attaphila), 515, 516 
furcilabris (Verres), 451 
5 (Verroides), 451 
fusca (Anaplecta), 246, 280 
», (Formica), Ixxii, 334, 335 
fuscedinella (Coleophora), xlviii 
fuscipennis (Ochromyia), 396 
fuscipes (Andrena), 353 


9 


99 


(. -elix.”) 


fuscula (Corticaria), 409 
» (Melanophthalma), 409 
gabonis (Veturius), 450 
gaika (Zizera), 344 
galactinus (Microcryptus), 331 
galatea (Melanargia), lxxviii 
gallica (Polistes), 331 
gallienus (Papilio), 213 
peculiaris (Papilio), 219 
Me whitnalli (Papilio), 213 
gambiensis (Theganopteryx), 236, 237 
Gametis, 92 
gamma (Plusia), 358 
Ganoris, viii, xci, xcii, 116, 117 
gastrica (Sphodromantis), 406 
Gauris, 204 
Gegenes, ii, 112 
geniste (Mamestra), Ixxx 
genoveva (Ogyris), 122 
germanica (Panorpa), Ixxxvii, lxxxviii, 
402 
(Phyllodromia), 
514 
rr borealis (Panorpa), 402 
germanicus (Pamponerus), 348, 373 
germinationis (Opomyza), 405 
gestroi (Aesernia), xxxv 
gibbosa (Laphria), 339, 367, 370, 378 
gibbus (Sphecodes), 334, 369 
gidica (Belenois), 1 
gigantea (Catochrysops), Ixxxiv 
gilva (Laphria), 340, 370, 378 
glaber (Leptaulacides), 466, 467 
,, (Leptaulax), 466, 467 
glabratus (Taxonus), 391 
glabricula (Blatta), 505, 508 
3 (Chorisoneura), 505 
i (Ocydromia), 385, 386 
glacialis, ab. pluto (Erebia), xxviii 
gladiaria (Gynopteryx), xv, xvi 
glandifera (Bryophila), 485, 486 
glauca (Lycena), 73 
», (Notonecta), 405 
glauconome (Synchloé), 347 
globosa (Apteropeda), Ixxiii 
Glossina, 396 
Glutophrissa, xci, xciv 
Glyphipteryx, 171 
Gnathoncus, Ixxiii, lxxiv 
godmani (Planema), 212, 213 
goetzius (Byblia), ii, 4, 10 
goliath (Epilampra), 269 
Gomphocerus, 349, 354, 375, 407 
Gonatas, 445 
gonatistes (Machimus), 354, 855, 376 
Gonepteryx, viii, xv, xxxiii 
gongyloides (Gongylus), 406 
Gongylus, 406 


”? 


234, 513, 


99 


goschkevitschii (Blanaida), 111 
goudoti (Ptyelus), 226 
gracilipes (Neolaparus), 342 
gracilis (Philodicus), 344, 372, 378. 
»,  (Teniocampa), Ixxxii 
grecus (Tabanus), 354, 399 
grammarcha (Imma), 177 
s (Tortricomorpha), 177 
grammatistis (Imma), 191 
granicollis (Oniscosoma), 503 
granulipeunis (Proculejus), 450 
Grapta, 97, 533 
grata (Pseudomops), 254, 263 
grisea (Blatta), 276, 278 
», (Empis), 384, 386 
grossipes (Hybos), 379, 386, 388 
grossulariata (Abraxas), 530 
ab. flavofasciata(A braxas), 
530 
; varleyata (Abraxas), ]xviii 
grossus (Mecostethus), 349 
guatemalensis (Neleides), 452 
gueriniana (Pseudomops), 259, 264 
> (Thyrsocera), 259 
guineensis (Promachus), 342 
gulo (Lamyra), 340, 378 
gulosum (Microstylum), 336, 337 
gutticollis (Prosoplecta), 505, 508 
guttifera (Blatta), 498, 509 
»,  (Phyllodromia), 493, 509 
guttigera (Macherota), 226 
guttulosa (Naupheta), 502, 508 
guttulosum (Tribonium), 502, 508 
gyrinoides (Anaplecta), 243 
ee (Phyllodromia), 240 
Gyrinus, 409 
Gyrtona, 200 
Hadena, Ixxx, Ixxxi 
Hematopota, 343 
heematura (Candezea), 44 
s (Monolepta), 44 
hemorrhoidalis (Oxythyrea), 91 
hageni (Verres), 455 
hagensi (Dinarda), lxxi, Ixxii 
halensis (Sermyla), 348 
Halictus, 332, 334, 335, 340, 378, 404, 
405 
Halticella, 123 
Halticus, ]xii 
Hamanumida, v, 103 
hamifera (Blatta), 490, 509 
»,  (Phyllodromia), 490, 509 
hanningtoni (Amauris), 208, 209 
Haplolycus, 92 
Haplotes, 35, 36, 51, 52 
Harma, 66, 67, 84 
harmonia (Tithorea), 414, 431 
haroldi (Didymus), 463 


+) 


C cle) 


Harpactor, 404, 405 
harpax (Axiocerces), 108 
Harpobittacus, 402 
Hasora, 406 
Hastula, xxxi, ciii, civ, 155-168, 397 
hebe (Ceenyra), li, 60, 61 
hecabe (Terias), lxiv, Ixv, 113 
hecate (Amauris), 211, 223 
,,  (Brenthis), 1x 
hectza (Imma), 189 
hector (Papilio), 111 
hectus (Hepialus), 356 
Hedaia, 498, 500, 508 
hegemone (Pseudargynnis), 220 
Heliconius, Ixi, 412, 4138, 415, 416, 
422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 430, 
432, 433, 4384, 485, 436, 437, 438 
Heliscus, 444 
belvetina (Agrotis), xxxili 
helvolus (Dorylus), xxvi 
Hemaris, 121, 126 
Hemerobius, 57 
hemichryseis (Scaptesylix), 192 
Hemilatindia, 274 
Hemisaga, 407 
Hemithyrsocera, 238, 234, 237, 238, 
248, 249, 250, 251, 279, 488, 508 
Hemixantha, 37, 38, 39, 52 
hemixanthella (Imma), 192 
FA (Tortricomorpha), 192 
Henicopus, Ixxxvill, 337 
Henotesia, 1, 10 
henrici (Petrejus), 456 
Hepialus, 356 
heros (Oileus), 448 
Hesperia, lii, lxi, 106, 107, 112 
hessii (Nonagria), xv 
Heterochelus, xxi, 94, 95, 349 
Heterolampra, 500 
Heterothops, [xxii 
Heterotoma, xe 
hiarbas (Eurytela), v, iii, 101 
hieroglyphica (Phyllodromia), 493 
Hilara, 350, 384, 386 
hilaris (Corydia), 504 
Hilarographa, 171 
hildegarda (Teriomima), Ixxxvi 
Hipparchia, 110, 115, 116, 117 
hippia (Nepheronia), xxxi 
hippo (Tachyris), xci 
hippocoon (Papilio), 285, 286, 287, 
288, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 
298, 313, 314, 315, 316 
hippocoonoides (Papilio), 212, 289 
hippona (Protogonius), 414, 431 
hippothoé (Chrysophanus), ]xxxix 
hirsuta (Ammophila), 335, 369 
hirticorn s (Thyrsocera), 248, 256 


Hister, 364, 409 
histrio (Hemithyrsocera), 2383, 234, 
237, 238, 251, 279, 488, 508 
(Pachyrrhina), 338 
»,  (Thyrsocera), 234, 238, 248 
hobleyi (Pseudacreea), 218, 223 
Hodotermes, 94 
Holocompsa, 504, 508 
Hololampra, 932 
Homalomyia, 392 
Homalopteryx, 497, 508, 519 
Homalosilpha, 270, 271, 278 
Homalota, Ixxii 
homalotis (Imma), 187 
homeyeri (Liptena), 1xxxiv 


99 


3 (Papilio), 213, 214 

Homopteroidea, 274, 280 

honestus (Rimor), 448, 449 

honorius (Epitola), 301 

hopei (Spasalus), 444 

Hoplia, 348 

Hoplistomerus, 338, 370, 378 

Hoplocnemis, 94 

Hormetica, 507, 508, 519 

horta (Acreea), 407 

hortuellus (Crambus), 383 

hospes (Alcimus), 338 

Hostilia, 506, 508 

hottentota (Gegenes),.112 

humbertiana (Phyllodromia), 234 

humeralis (Blatta), 490, 509 

Huphina, xxxi, |xxxiil, Ixxxiv, xci, 
evi, 521, 522, 523, 524 

hyalinatum (Melanostoma), 396 

Hybernia, 484, 486 

Hybos, 379, 380, 386, 388 

Hydrochus, xxxv 

Hydrotéea, 384 

hyerana (Hastula), xxxi, ciil, civ, 155- 
168, 397 

ab. alpha (Hastula), 160, 167, 
168 

marginata(Hastula), 157, 159, 
160, 164, 166, 167, 168 

ab. marginula (Hastula), 159, 
160, 164, 167, 168 

ab. nigro-punctata (Hastula), 
160, 167, 168 

ab. obsolescens (Hastula), 160 

», pallens (Hastula), 158, 160, 
166, 168 

Hyetodesia, 347 

hylaciformis (Bembecia), 477 

hylas nivescens (Lycena), ix 

Hylemyia, 355, 381 

Hymenoplia, 357 


99 


Hyperacantha, 26, 27, 28, 52 
'hyperanthus (Epinephele), 110 


( clxi ) 


hyperanthus (Hipparchia), 116 
Hyperechia, 339, 370, 371, 378 
Hyperperissa, 170 
hyphantis (Imma), 183 
Hypolimnas, v, xlii, xlvi, xlvii, 212, 
213, 214, 346 
Hypolyezna, 109 
Hypospheeria, 506, 508 
hyppasia (Chalciope), 345 
Hypsa, 182 
Hystaspes, 51 
Hystrichopsylla, xxxiv 
iarbas (Deudorix), 107 
5, (Hesperia), 106, 107 
», (Rapala), 107 
icarus (Lycena), Ixvii, lxxxix, 107,117 
iccius (Bicyclus), 207 
Icterica, xcvi 
idas (Lyceena), Ixxxix 
idiocnema (Anomala), 344 
ignobilis (Blatta), 494, 509 
5 (Hemithyrsocera), 238 
ee (Phyllodromia), 494, 509 
ignota (Lycena), 75, 85 
ilicis (Thecla), Ixxxix, 404 
imitans (Epilampra), 500 
Imma, xxxvii, 169-206 
immaculata (Deloneura), 68, 69, 
FA Ye 
imperator (Anax), 399 
inaptalis (Imma), 179 
$5 (Vinzela), 170, 179 
inca (Procululus), 448 
incertus (Luperus), 33, 52 
inclarata (Epilampra), 268, 498, 508 
inclusa (Pseudomops), 253, 263, 488, 
508 
inconspicua (Megalognatha), 46 
inconstans (Epitriptus), 357 
incretus (Teracolus), xxx, xxxi 
indica (Theganopteryx), 233 
indicus (Harpobittacus), 402 
indistans (Mycalesis), 111 
induna (Acrea), Ixxxv 
inferna (Delias), xci, xcii 
inflata (Volucella), 381 
inflatus (Callimenus), xvii 
inops (Rhodocanthopus), 449 
inornata (Beiratia), 50, 52 
inquinatus (Stenopogon), 337 
insignis (Escala), 240, 279 
insularis (Pseudectobia), 233 
intercepta (Blatta), 252 
as (Pseudomops), 252, 263 
interna (Brachycola), 507, 508 
,, (Hormetica), 507, 508 
interruptus (Neleus), 451 
aA (Passalus), 451 


70, 


interstitialis (Ninus), 451 
(Scalmus), 451 
inversa (Phyllodromia), 238 
o (Vanessa), 99, 100, 103 
Telsde li, lii 
ione (Teracolus), 104, 105, 117 
ipsoides (Euthyrrhapha), 504, 508 
iracundus (Harpactor), 404, 405 
Iridomyrmex, xxv 
isabella (Kueides), 413, 416, 425, 426, 
427, 430, 437 
Ischnoptera, 265, 266, 280, 489, 496, 
501, 503, 508, 509 
Ischnura, 400 
ismene (Melanitis), 97 
Isopogon, 337, 369 
isthmicus (Veturius), 444, 453 
Ithomia, ]xi 
Itioplectis, 334, 367 
itonia (Yphthima), ii 
Ixias, Ixxxili, Ixxxiv, xci, xcii, cvi, 
O21), 522, 523; 524 
jacksoni (Amauris), 208 
a (Mylothris), 220 
Jamesonia, 20 
janira (Hipparchia), 115, 116 
javanica (Anaplecta), 243 
‘5 (Panesthia), 512, 513, 514 
jejuna (Ochromyia), 394, 395, 396 
jesons (Lyczena), 79 
jobina (Teracolus), 104 
Jobula, 170, 183, 184 
johnstoni (Acrzea), Ixvii, 293, 298-311, 
318, 319, 320 


a ab. confusa (Acrzea), 305 

.s flavescens (Acreea), 214, 300, 
301 

3 fulvescens (Acreea), 301, 304, 
305, 319 


ab. octobalia (Acraea), 305 
proteina (Acreea), 300, 301, 
319, 320 
semialbescens (Acrva), 301 
semifulvescens (Acrea), 301, 
802, 303, 305, 309, 318, 
320 
5 toruna (Acrea), 301, 303, 
304, 310, 320 
jucunda (Hemithyrsocera), 251 
5 (Theganopteryx), 233, 238 
junctistriatus (Trienurgus), 453 
jurtina (Epinephele), 110 
Kallima, 533, 535 
Kaupiolus, 447 
keithloa (Rhopalocampta), 112 
kilimandjara (Acrea), 305, 306, 307, 308 
kingi (Cephonodes), 121 
(Hemaris), 121 


99 


( cla) 


klugi (Didymus), 462 
;, (Eumelosomus), 462 
,, (Limnas), 305, 319 
kuenowi neumanni (Pseudacrea), 218, 
223 
kuwerti (Tiberius), 446 
labialis (Andrena), xiii 
labiata (Leptaulaca), 29 
Laceobius, |xxii 
lachesis (Melanargia), ix 
»  canigulensis (Melanargia), ix 
», ab. cataleuca (Melanargia), ix 
Lachnocnema, 81 
lacteator (Stenichneumon), 333 
lacteipennis (Bibio), 383 
Lactura, 171 
Leesopis, 1x 
leta (Terias), xxi 
letitia (Euryphene), 6 
leviceps (Cremastogaster), 125 
levicollis (Epilampra), 270, 499 
levior (Ogyges), 450 
levipectus (Eumelosomus), 445 
levipenne (Lathrobium), i 
levis (Didymus), 464 
levissimus (Ogyges), 450 
levisternus (Didymus), 463 
Lagria, 341, 363 
Lampides, 109, 345 
Lamyra, 340, 370, 378 
lanestris (Eriogaster), 227 
Laparus, 342 
Laphria, 339, 340, 365, 367, 370, 378 
lapponica (Ectobia), 231, 232, 236, 237 
Lasiocampa, Cli, cill 
Lasiopogon, 338, 369, 378 
Lasius, Ixxv 
lasti (Phrissura), 221 
lateifascia (Trigona), lxiv, lxv 
lateralis (Blatta), 238 
»,  (Camptopus), 333 
,,  (Hemithrysocera), 238, 279 
35 _ (Lipula), 358 
latericrinitus (Krionomus), 460, 461 
laterifera (Blatta}, 492, 509 
we (Phyllodromia), 492, 509 
Lathrobium, 1, lxxiii 
laticaput (Phyllodromia), 267, 495 
laticeps (Blatta), 495, 509 
»,  (Phyllodromia), 267 
»,  (Pseudophyllodromia), 495, 509 
laticornis (Blatta), 253 
oA (Pseudomops), 253, 254, 263 
55 (Thyrsocera), 248, 253, 258 
latifasciata (Planema), 3803, 304, 311, 
320 
Latindia, 274 
latipennis (Bittacus), 402 


latirostris (Platyrrhinus), xlix 
latirupta (Allacta), 495 
as (Blatta), 495, 509 
lativentris (Nabis), 405 
latro (Didymus), 463 
Laxenecera, 339, 370, 378 
leachi (Paxillus), 443 
leda (Eronia), xxx, xxxi, lili 
leiochroa (Imma), 175 
,,  (Tortricomorpha), 175 
leonidas (Papilio), v, 215, 217 
Lepidiota, xxi 
Lepitrix, 95 
Leptaulaca, 29, 52 
Leptaulacides, 445, 466 
Leptaulax, 445, 460, 466 
Leptis, 380, 381 
Leptobatopsis, 342 
Leptogaster, 340 
leptogaster (Campoplex), 330 
Leptosia, lxix 
Leptura, 405 
Lethe, vi 
letsea (Lycena), 75 
Leuceronia, xxx, xxxi, lxix, lxx, xxi 
Leucopheea, 501, 509 
leucophearia (Hybernia), 484, 486 
leucophthalma (Hypospheria), 506 
5 (Zetobora), 506, 508 
Leusaba, 274 
Libellula, 399, 
libya (Melanitis), lxxxiv 
libyssa (Cartaletis), vi 
libythea (Appias), xci 
lichenopa (Imma), 199 
sy (Tortricomorpha), 199 
lichenosa (Huphina), 522 
liliana (Pieris), 7, 10 
», (Pinacopteryx), | 
limbata (D’Urbania), 82, 86 
limbatus (Nabis), 405 
Limenitis, xli 
Limnas, iv, vi, 214, 215, 217, 290, 291, 
305, 311, 319, 327, 345, 361, 400, 
401, 407, 408 
Limneria, 330 
limniace (Tirumala), xxxi, 
337 
petiverana (Tirumala), 215 
linea (Pamphila), 112 
lineata (Lepitrix), 95 
lineaticollis (Thyrsocera), 238 
Liposcia, 385 
Liptena, lxxxiv, 68, 72 
lithosioides (Imma), 196 
(Moca), 196 
lithoxylea (Hadena), Ixxxi 
littoralis (Prodenia), xvi 


216, 217, 


( clxiii_ ) 


litura (Orthosia), Ixxix, ]xxxii 
liturifera (Pseudectobia), 233 
livida (Empis), 382, 383, 386, 388, 389 
lobengula (Amauris), 292, 300, 319 
Lobopelta, 396 
Loboptera, 515 
Locusta, 407 
locusta (Pieris), xev 
Lomechusa, xlviii 
Lonchodes, xxvii 
Longitarsus, 12, 13 
longiuscula (Blatta), 239, 488, 509 
es (Escala), 239, 279, 488, 509 
longula (Callipsaltria), 409 
longurio (Alcimus), 345 
Lophonotus, 323, 349, 374 
lorena (Mylothris), xcv 
losinga (Euphedra), 5 
lucida (Lyczna), 77, 78, 85 
Lucilia, 347, 348 
lucretia (Pseudacreea), 214 
luctuosa (Pseudomops), 260, 261, 264 
90 (Thyrsocera), 261 
lunata (Tipula), 381 
lundi (Atta), 515 
Luperus, 32, 33, 52 
luridus (Podisus), 404 
lutaria (Scatophaga), 391, 393 
lutea (Dicranomyia), 391 
lyeus (Papilio), v 
lybia (Eueides), 425 
Lyceena, ix, xii, Ixvil, Ixxviii, Ixxxix, 
HON 73s) (45D, 16s dhs 485 (95 80; 
Si, Sa, Oi, aly 
lycaon (Epinephele), ix 
lychnitis (Cucullia), 405 
lycoa (Acreea), 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 
310 
», ab. butleri (Acrea), 305 
lycoides (Phyllodromia), 490 
Lycorea, lxi, 412, 414, 415, 416, 422, 
427, 428, 429, 480, 431, 4382, 433, 
434, 485, 437, 488, 439 
Lycus, 92 
Lygeus, Ixvii 
Lype, 382 
lysidesma (Imma), 177 
lysimon (Lyczena), 76 
macassariensis (Homalopteryx), 497, 
508 
Macherota, 226 
machaon (Papilio), xe 
Machimus, 323, 348, 351, 352, 353, 354, 
355, 357, 367, 375, 376 
macilentus (Belenogaster), 340 
mackwoodii (Davendra), 170, 196 
mackwoodii (Imma), 196 
Macrima, 51 


Macroglossa, xlix 
Macroma, 92 
Macronychia, 392 
maculata (Anaplecta), 240, 248, 279 
‘3 (Molytria), 497, 508, 512, 
513, 514 
a (Nephila), Ixili, Ixvi 
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 349 
* (Promachus), 343 
maculicollis (Blatta), 276 
S (Leptaulaca), 29, 52 
7 (Stictocema), 34 
madecassa (Phyllodromia), 234 
madidus (Pterostichus), 409 
magna (Pseudomops), 259, 264 
maillei (Rhodocanthopus), 449 
Maira, 340 
major (Anaplecta), 241 
», (Hemithyrsocera), 238 
majuscula (Blatta), 492, 509 
M3 (Phyllodromia), 492, 509 
malabarensis (Nephilengys), lxvi 
malachurus (Halictus), 332 
Malacosoma, 30, 31 
malathana (Catochrysops), 109, 346 
malayensis (Anaplecta), 242, 243, 
279 
maldama (Apicia), xvi 
Mallotoblatta, 233, 234 
malvernensis (Crepidodera), 15, 52 
Mamestra, Ixxix, Ixxx 
mandarinea (Mogannia), 336 
‘fs (Protetia), 336 
mandinga (Euryphene), 6 
manicatus (Platychirus), 400 
Mantichora, 409 
Mantis, xvii, lil, 408 
marci (Bibio), 381, 382 
marginalis (Aslauga), 68 
3 (Oxythyrea), 91 
marginata (Deloneura), 68 


5 (Hastula), civ 
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 1xxiv 
lxxv 


marginicollis (Aphodius), 338 
marileutis (Imma), 175 
maritima (Fucellia), 347 
mirkeli (Dinarda), Ixxi, xxii 
marmorata (Blatta), 494, 509 

35 (Phylodromia), 494, 509 
marpessa (Neptis), v 
marshalli (Aphthona), 11 

aA (Aslauga), 81 
mashuana (Candezea), 44 
masilikazi (Aphneus), li 

is (Spindasis), li 
massue (Theganopteryx), 234 
mathewi (Coenonympha), xcix, ¢ 


( vckxziv: @) 


Mechanitis, ]xi, 413, 415, 416, 417, 
420, 421, 426, 430, 432, 433, 434, 
435, 436 

Mecostethus, 349 

Medeterus, 391 

meditabunda (Myiospila), 384 

medon (Eupheedra), 5 

medusa (Nychitona), xxxi, lxix 
»,  immaculata (Nychitona), lxix 

meeki (Aesernia), xxxv 

megera (Pararge), xxxili, xlix, 99, 106, 

110, 116 
,,  tigelius (Pararge), xlix 

Megalognatha, 46, 47 

megalyntis (Imma), 188 

megara (Tithorea), 414, 431 

megaspila (Prosoplecta), 505, 508 

melachlora (Imma), 203 

Melampsalta, 343 

melampus (Deudorix), 107 

melana (Pseudomops), 262, 265 

Melanargia, ix, Ixxviii 

melandryoides (Pseudomops), 262 

Melanitis, lxxxiv, 97, 109 

Melanophthalma, 409 

melanops (Lycena), Ixxxix 

melanopterus (Dasypogon), 331 

Melanostoma, 323, 355, 396, 398 

melanura (Leptura), 405 

35 (Sarcophaga), 355 

meleagrina (Avicula), xviii 

Melinea, Ixi, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 
417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 
494, 425, 430, 482, 438, 484, 435, 
436, 437, 438 

Melinda, 215, 216, 217, 224 

Melipona, 338, 339, 369, 378 

Melitea, ix, 100 

mellifica (Apis), 331, 832, 338, 335, 
342, 353, 354, 362 

Meloboris, 330 

melotoma (Imma), 194 

Meniscus, 473, 482 

menyanthidis (Acronycta), xxxii 

meone (Pararge), 98, 99, 104 

mercedonia (Melinda), 215, 216, 217, 224 

merdaria (Scatophaga), 391, 393, 394, 
409 

meridionalis (Panorpa), 402 

meriones (Papilio), 282, 312 

merioptera (Heterotoma), xc 

merope (Papilio), xxix, xlvi, lxvii, 281— 

298, 312-316 
»,  hippocoon (Papilio), 285, 286, 
289, 315 
»,  trophonius (Papilio), 287, 289, 
290 
mesentina (Belenois), xci, xcii 


mesentina (Delias), 406 
mesochorda (Imma), 189 
metallica (Spilocephalus), 49 
Meteorus, 337 
Methana, 501, 509 
Methypsa, 170 
metophis (Lyczna), 78, 86 
metriodoxa (Imma), 177 
mexicana (Thyrsocera), 255 
micans (Eustegasta), 510, 514 
»,  (Pangonia), 352 
micilia (Agyrta), 412 
Microcryptus, 331 
Microdon, xv 
Microgaster, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 
166 
Microplitis, 379 
microsticta (Callartona), 193 
Pp (Imma), 193 
Microstylum, 336, 337, 344, 369, 378 
Microterys, 120, 125, 127 
Mieza, 171 
millari (Deloneura), 68, 69, 71, 72, 84 
mima (Euralia), lii, liii, liv, lv, 1vi, lvii, 
214 
Mimacreea, 219 
mimeticus (Papilio), 216, 224 
mimica (Pseudomops), 255, 263 
minatrix (Imma), 191 
minuta (Tachydromia), 885, 386 
miranda (Epilampra), 269 
mirifica (Acrea), 2, 10 
Miroblatta, 271, 272, 278 
Miselia, Ixxxi 
misippus (Hypolimnas), v, xlii, xlvii, 


314, 346 

alcippoides (Hypolimuas), 
215 

e dorippoides (Hypolimnas), 
215 


inarja (Hypolimnas), 215 

o misippus (Hypolimnas), 215 

Mitrorrhinus, 460 

mixta (Aischna), 400 

mnasias (Melinéa), 
420, 430, 432, 436 

mneme (Melinea), lxi, 413, 414, 415, 
416, 417, 420, 421, 423, 425, 430, 
432, 433, 485, 436, 437, 4388 

mniszechi (Proculus), 450 

Moca, 170, 196, 201 

Mogannia, 336, 344 

molestus (Rhodocanthopus), 449 

Molippa, xe 

moloch (Epilampra), 269 

Molytria, 269, 496, 497, 508, 512, 513, 
514 

Monochelus, 336 


2? 


413, 414, 416, 


( felzay™)) 


monodesma (Tortricomorpha), 174 
Monolepta, 40, 41, 42, 43 
montana (Pseudothyrsocera), 251 
montandoni (Callimenus), xvii 
monteironis (Hypolimnas), 212 
montis (Ischnoptera), 266, 280 
Mononychus, Ixxvili 
Monura, 220 
moretonella (Ardiosteres), 123 
morio (Candezea), 44 
moriqua (Azanus), 346 
»,  (Lycena), 79 
Morosophus, 445 
Morpho, 412 
mucoreus (Halictus), 405 
mundicola (Allacta), 495, 509 
sy (Blatta), 495 
munitus (Rimor), 447, 448 
muralis (Bryophila), 485, 486 
3,  (Sitaris), lxvii 
Musca, lxiv, 354, 357, 398 
mutabilis (Ootheca), 51 
Mycalesis, ii, vi, 111 
Mydea, 336, 350, 351, 382, 391 
mygaloides (Mantichora), 409 
Myiospila, 384 
mylias (Imma), 173 
Mylothris, vi, xxxi, Xxxvi, Xciv, xcvi, 
xevii, 6, 10, 220, 221, 364 
Myopa, 340, 356 
myops (Damalina), 338 
Myrina, 345, 406 
Myrmecocystus, 351 
Myrmedonia, Ixii 
Myrmeleon, 53-57 
Myrmiea, lxii, 379 
Nabis, 405 
nadina (Huphina), xci 
Nenia, lxxvii 
Napeogenes, lxi, 416, 421 
napi(Ganoris), xci, xcii, 116 
», bryoniee (Pieris), Ixxvili 
Nariscus, 343 
narycia (Pseudonympha), 60 
nasalis (Mogannia), 344 
Nasoproculus, 448 
nasutus (EKumelus), 459 
»,  (Petrejus), 456 
natalensis (Hemixantha), 40 
5 (Lyeczna), 79, 86 
A (Ochrosis), 17 
Be (Precis), lix 
natalica (Acrea), Ixxxiv, lxxxv 
35 (Precis); 1103 
natalii (Erebia), 63 4 
», (Pseudonympha), 61, 42, 63, 
64, 84 
natalii (Satyrus), 63 


natator (Gyrinus), 409 
Naucoris, 90 
Naupheeta, 502, 506, 508 
naviculator (Gonatas), 445 
nazadaria (Apicia), xvi 
nebulosa (Aplecta), 529 
»»  (Pseudophoraspis), 
Bylal, fla! 
neglecta (Pseudomops), 256, 263 
neita (Pseudonympha), 62 
Neleides, 449, 451, 452 
Neleus, 460 
Nemopoda, 383 
nemorum (Erigone), 356 
5 (Varicheta), 356 
Neoccenyra, 61, 62 
Neoitamus, 323, 351, 355, 356, 357, 
867, 875, 377 
Neolaparus, 342 
neoridas (Erebia), ix 
Nepa, 87, 88 
nephelastra (Imma), 200 
Nepheronia, xxx, xxxi, ]xx 
Nephila, lxiii, xvi 
Nephilengys, xvi 
Neptis, v, liii, 213, 214 
nerissa (Huphina), xxxi, Ixxxiii, lxxxiv, 
521, 522 
neurica (Nonagria), xv 
Neuroctena, 381 
neurota (Imma), 184 
neustria (Bombyx), 227 
niavius (Amauris), 207, 211, 212, 289 
,,  dominicanus (Amauris), _ liii, 
211, 212, 289, 314 
,, liavius (Amauris), 211 


498, 508, 


nicippe (Xanthidia), xxii 


niger (Lasius), lxxv 
nigra (Hemithyrsocera), 233 

», (Heterothops), Ixxiii 

,, (Homopteroidea), 274, 280 
nigricans (Agrotis), lxxx 

as discoideus (Telephorus), 402 
nigriceps (Laccobius), 1xxii 
nigricollis (Cercyonia), 16 
nigricornis (Hyperacantha), 27 
3 (Monolepta), 42 

nigrifemoratus (Borborus), 382 
nigrifrons (Chorisoneura), 505, 508 
nigrigenu (Velinus), lxiv, lxv 
nigripes (Crepidodera), 16 
nigrita (Kuplecnema), 22, 52 

», (Pseudomops), 262, 264 

»,  (Thyrsocera), 262 
nigriventris (Bibio), 380, 402 
nigrofulva (Kueides), Ixi, 413, 416, 

425, 426, 427, 4380, 432, 433, 436, 437 
nigrotibialis (Candezea), 44 


( Selocvi' ga) 


ninonia (Ceratinia), 422, 436 
Ninus, 451 
niobe (Argynnis), 1xxvili 
», (Lycerna), 75 
», eris (Argymnis), XVlii 
Nisoniades, 112 
Nisotra, 21, 52 
nitida (Anaplectoidea), 248, 280 
,, (Dunbrodya), 20, 52 
», (Orthosia), Ixxxii 
,, (Theganopteryx), 237 
nitidicollis (Hydrochus), xxxv 
ee (Syrphus), 356 
nitidulus (Formicoxenus), xxxli 
nivea (Panchlora), 509, 514 
niveiciliella (Imma), 174 
(Tortricomorpha), 174 
Noctua, xxxlii 
Nola, xlix 
Nonagria, xv 
Noorda, 345 
Notodonta, 120, 121 
Notogonia, 349 
Notonecta, 405 
nubifureca (Abroma), 336 
(Tibicen), 336 
nubila (Tachypeza), 385, 386 
nudicostis (Proculejus), 450 
numata (Heliconius), 
423, 424, 425, 
433, 436, 437, 438 
nupta (Catocala), cii 
Nychitona, xxxi, lxix, lxx, ]xxi 
Nyctibora, 501 
nymphula (Phulia), xcii 
5 (Pyrrhosoma), 399, 400 
nyseus (Talicada), 107 
obesa (Hyperacantha), 27, 52 
obfuscatus (Metsorus), 337 
obliqua (Ischnoptera), 496, 509 
>,  (Pinaconota), 496, 509, 519 
oblongata (Blatta), 252 
(Pseudomops), 252, 263 
i (Thyrsocera), 248, 252 
obscura (Anaplecta), 242, 243, 279 
»,  (Mallotoblatta), 234 
»,  (Pseudacrea), 219 
», (Pseudomops), 259, 264 
»,  (Thyrsocera), 259 
obtusicornis (Onthophagus), 341 
obtusifrons (Blatta), 493, 509 
Bi (Phyllodromia), 493, 509 
occipitalis (Epiphoroneus), 445, 460 
ee (Haplotes), 36, 52 
= (Passalus), 451, 459 
a (Platyxantha), 36 
ocellatz (Microplitis), 379 
ochracea (Henotesia), 1, 10 


413, 415, 416, 
426, 427, 430, 432, 


| ochracea (Rihana), 336, 344 
| ochraceus (Rhizotrogus), Ixxiv 
| ochrascens (Deloneura), 69, 71 
i (Poultonia), 69 
ochripes (Stenopoyon), 337 
Ochromyia, 3238, 394, 395, 396 
Ochrosis, 17 
octavia (Precis), 103 
5, natalensis (Precis), xcii 
8-maculata (Torodera), 25 
oculata (Gegenes), ii 
>,  (Methana), 501, 509 
»,  (Periplaneta), 501, 509 
Ocydromia, 385, 386 
Ocypus, 409 
Odontomachus, 123 
Odontomyia, xcvi 
(Ecophylla, 124 
Ogcodes, xxiii, 119, 124, 131 
Ogyges, 450 
Ogyris, 122 
Oides, 26 
Oileus, 447, 448, 449 
| oldenlandiz (Choerocampa), 120 
as firmata (Theretra), 120 
olens (Ocypus), 409 
omar (Cicadetta), 343 
», (Melampsalta), 343 
omphale (Teracolus), xxi, 
cv 
o’neili (Nisotra), 21 
Onesia, 380, 381 
Oniscosoma, 503, 509 
oniscus (Callimenus), Xvii 
Oniticellus, 334 
Onitis, 409 
Onthophagus, 341, 350, 352 
Ootheea, 51 
opaca (Empis), 383, 386, 388 
Opomyza, 405 
orbiculata (Apteropeda), 1xii 
Orchesia, XXXiv 
oreas (Acrzea), 3, 214 
,, (Chrysoritis), 80 
,, (Zeritis), 80, 86 
,, albimaculata (Acrea), 214 
Orgyia, 404 
orina orinata (Acreea), 220 
ornata (Amphimela), 25 
ornatipes (Chrysopimpla), 344 
ornithopus (Xylina), lxxix, lxxxii 
Orrhodia, Ixxxii 
Orthetrum, 400 
Orthosia, xxix, Ixxxii 
ortygia (Lyena), 74, 85 
| Ospriocerus, 337 
otoptera cotet 186 
| ovatipennis (Aphthona), 12 


XCI,) (Clivi, 


© elavar) 


oxyacanthe (Miselia), Ixxxi 
$5 capucina (Miselia), Ixxxi 
Oxyhaloa, 510, 514 
Oxythyrea, 91, 331 
Pachnepteryx, 234 
Pachnobia, lxxix, Ixxxi 
Pachnoda, 92 
Pachymeria, 384, 386, 388 
Pachyrrhina, 338 
pacifica (Euthyrrhapha), 504, 508 
Pagyda, 402 
Palamernis, 171, 205, 206 
palinii (Pentalobus), 445 
pallene (Iolaus), li, lit 
pallens (Phlebonotus), 511, 514 
palliata (Oides), 26 
pallicornis (Riatia), 247 
pallida (Anaplecta), 245 
pallidus (Acanthoplus), 407 
pallipes (Tachydromia), 385, 386 
palpalis (Blatta), 495, 509 
,,  (Duryodana), 495, 509 
palpata (Phyllodromia), 495 
paludosa (Tipula), 381 
paludum (Trichoptilus), xxii, 183-154 
palumbula (Notogonia), 349 
Pamphila, 112, 116 
pamphilus (Ceenonympha), lxxv 
Pamponerus, 3238, 348, 373 
Panchlora, 506, 507, 509, 
512, 513, 54 
pancici (Callimenus), xvili 
pandocus (Ypthima), xiv 
Panesthia, 512, 513, 514 
Pangonia, 352 
pannifera (Mechanitis), ixi, 
416, 420, 421, 430, 432, 
435, 436 
panopta (Imma), 190 
Panorpa, ]xxxvii, 1xxxviii, 
402, 403 
Papilio, iv, v, xxix, xli, xlvi, liv, xvii, 
XC OOM SOS Mien 2 Zee DS emia 
215, 216, 27, 282195 220) 223; 
224, 281-298, 303, 312-316 
papua (Epilampra), 270 
paradoxa (Homalota), Ixxii 
5,  (Pseudopontia), lxix 
paragea (Planema), 213, 219 
Paralatindia, 274 
parallela (Phyllotetra), 14 
ie (Stenoblatta), 502, 508, 519 
Paranaupheeta, 275 
Pararge, xxxili, xlix, 97, 98, 99, 104, 
106, 110, 116 
parastictus (Didymus), 445, 465 
pardalina (Gyrtona), 200 
Ae (Imma), 200 


510, 511, 


418, 415, 
433, 434, 


330, 365, 


Pardopsis, 219 
parenthesis (Phyllodromia), 234 
parisatis (Hipparchia), 110 
parsimon (Lycena), 73 
parva (Allacta), 268 
parvicollis (Candezea), 43 
a (Epilampra), 498, 508 
Re (Hedaia), 498, 508 
parvipennis (Anaplecta), 246 
parvus (Paxillus), 443 
pascuellus (Crambus), 400 
pasinuntia (Lycorea), lxi, 414, 416, 
427, 428, 429, 430, 4381, 432, 433, 
435, 437, 438, 439 
Passalus, 447, 448, 451, 459, 460 
patalis (Aulacocyelus), 446 
patricia (Lyceena), 73, 85 
patula (Blatta), 495, 509 
pavida (Anaplecta), 245, 280 
Paxillus, 443, 458 
pechueli (Crenis), Ixxxiv 
peculiaris (Kuphedra), 5, 10 
- (Papilio), 213 
pedestris (Pezotettix), 89 
3 (Riptortus), lxiv 
pedunculosa (Niebuhrria), 114 
Pegomyia, 384 
Pelmatosilpha, 501, 509 
pennipes (Kmpis), 330 
Pentalobus, 445 
Pentatoma, 404 
Pentila, Ixxxiv, 220 
pephredo (Lyceena), 75, 85 
perditor (Thyanta), 337 
perelegans (Microgaster), 121, 126 
perenna (Acrzea), 220 
peringueyi (Crepidodera), 15 
periphanes (Acreea), 3 
Periplaneta, 501, 509, 510, 513, 514 
Perispheeria, 506, 508 
perla (Bryophila), 485, 486 
perlongus (Alcimus), 345, 346 
Peronea, xlix 
perspicua (Mycalesis), ii 
Pertinacides, 451 
peruvianus (Petrejus), 456 
9 (Veturius), 454 
petiverana (Tirumala), 216, 217 
petreia (Pentila), 220 
Petrejus, 448, 456, 457 
petrophila (Miroblatta), 272, 278 
peucetia (Pentila), Ixxxiv 
Pezotettix, 89 
phalantha (Atella), 220 
phalerata (Imma), 195 
phanes (Aphneeus), li 
»,  (Spindasis), li 
| pharis (Leuceronia), xxxi, ]xix, ]xx, ]xxi 


(> clxvati> )) 


Pharochilus, 445 
pharsa (Pseudacrzea), 4 
pharsalus (Acreea), 220 
Phasis, 108 
phegea (Elymnias), 207, 218 
pheranthes (Napeogenes), Lxi 
philanthus (Hoplia), 348 
philenor (Papilio), xe 
philidas (Ceratinia), 413, 416, 417, 422, 
430, 432, 435 
philippus (Hypolycena), 109 
philodice (Colias), 110, 115 
a (Eurymus), 115 
Philodicus, 344, 372 
Philonicus, 323, 347, 348, 373, 378 
phleas (Chrysophanus), lxxxix, 118, 
400 
phleus (Polyommatus), xciv 
- eleus (Polyommatus), xciii 
Phlebonotus, 511, 514 
phlegyas (Teracolus), Ixxxvi, Ixxxvii 
pheebe (Phrissura), 221 
Phoroneosomus, 460 
Phoroneus, 449 
Phrissura, 221 
phryne (Huphina), xxxi, 522, 523, 524 
Phulia, xcii 
Phycodes, 171 
Phygasia, 24 
phyllis (Rhyothemis), 343 
Phyllodecta, 404 
Phyllodromia, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 
967, 276, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 
495, 508, 509, 513, 514, 519 
Phyllotetra, 13, 52 
Physonychis, 25, 52 
pica (Pseudomops), 250, 488, 508 
», (Pseudothyrsocera), 250, 488, 508 
piceus (Scleropogon), 337, 338 
Picromerus, 404 
picticeps (Cosmolestes), Ixiv, Ixv, Ixvi 
picticollis (Blatta), 492, 509 
ss (Phyllodromia), 492, 493, 509 
pictus (Aulamorphus), 49 
Pieris, Ixxviii, xciv, c, ci, 7, 10, 115, 
353 
pigea (Pieris), 7, 10 
», (Pinacopteryx), 1, 345 
5, Trubrobasalis (Pieris), 7 
pilifera (Blepharodera), 507 
pilipes (Blepharodera), 507 
»,  (Panchlora), 507, 508 
pilosa (Dyscologamia), 504, 508 
,,  (Zetobora), 504, 508 
pilosulus (Chasmatopterus), 332, 335, 
352, 358 
pilosus (Erionomus), 461 
»,  (Hriopterus), 460 


Pimpla, 332, 334, 367 
Pinaconota, 496, 509, 519 
Pinacopteryx, 1, 221, 345 
Pingrasa, 170, 172 
pistacina (Orthosia), ]xxxii 
Plagiognathus, 405 
Plagioptera, 533-539 
Planema, ii, liv, 207, 208, 212, 213, 
218, 223, 298, 302, 303, 304, 311, 
318, 320 
planemoides (Papilio), 218, 288, 290, 
293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 308, 316 
planiceps (Erionomus), 460, 461 
planus (Leptaulax), 445 
Platychirus, 400 
platypleura (Erionomus), 461 
Platypsyllus, xxxii 
Platyrrhinus, xlix 
platyrrhinus (Veturius), 444, 445, 455 
Platyxantha, 35, 36, 49 
plebeia (Thereva), 384 
plena (Epilampra), 270, 499, 508 
Pleurostylus, 449 
plexippus (Anosia), xli 
Plusia, 112, 358 
Plutella, 170 
Podisma, 354, 355 
Podisus, 404 
poggei(Planema), 218, 223, 298, 302, 
303, 311, 316, 320 
Polia, Ixxix, 113 
Polistes, 331 
politus (Pharochilus), 445, 446 
Polyacanthopus, 449 
Polybia, 515, 516, 517, 518 
polybiarum (Sphecophila), 518, 519 
Polydrusus, 357 
Polygonia, 533 
polygrapha (Blatta), 493, 509 
55+ (Phyllodromia), 493, 509 
polymnia (Mechanitis), lxi, 413, 415, 
416, 417, 421, 426, 430, 432, 433, 
435, 436 
polyodon (Xylophasia), 407 
Polyommatus, xciii, 345 
Polyphaga, 504, 508 
polyspila (Epilampra), 496, 508 
ss (Molytria), 496 
polytrophus (Papilio), 282, 287 
ei cenea (Papilio), 291, 297 
59 hippocoon (Papilio), 287 
35 trimeni (Papilio), 284, 285 
A trophonius (Papilio), 290 
pomorum (Itioplectis), 334, 367 
5 (Pimpla), 334, 367 
Pompilus, 331, 335, 369, 378 
Pontia, lxix 
poppea (Mylothris), 221 


(relax) 


populi (Smerinthus), cili 
porpanthes (Imma), 180 
poultoni (Mimacrea), 219 
Poultonia, 68, 69 
preceps (Proagonistes), 340, 878 
predatoria (Hemisaga), 407 
prestans (Pelmatosilpha), 501 
preevia (Heterothops), lxxili 
Pratapa, 106 
pratellus (Crambus), 383 
Prays, 171 
Precis, v4 xXxxvi, vii, lini, lix) xcut, 
101, 102, 103, 218, 222, 223, 358 
prieuri (Satyrus), ix 
»,  Uuhagonii (Satyrus), ix 
Prionocyphon, Ixxxvili 
priozona (Imma), 178 
Proagonistes, 340, 370, 378 
Procas, XXxxv 
procera (Hedaia), 498 
procrossa (Imma), 184 
Proculejoides, 450 
Proculejus, 447, 450 
Procululus, 448 
Proculus, 450 
Prodenia, xvi 
Promachus, 323, 33 6; Sole) O41, 
343, 344, 367, 371, 372, 378 
pronubana (Tortrix), xeviii 
propinqua (Blatta), 492, 509 
a (Phyllodromia), 492, 509 
Prosoplecta, 505, 508 
Protetia, 336 
Protapanteles, 122, 127 
protea (Dryobota), Ixxxi 
proteina (Acrza), 305, 309, 310, 311, 
319, 320 
proterpia (Pyrisitia), xxii 
Protogonius, 414, 427, 431 
protumnus (Arrugia), ss 86 
a (Papilio), 8 
prunaria (Angerona), Iwill 
pseudacori (Mononychus), xxviii 
Pseudacrea, 4, 10, 208, 212, 214, 218, 
219, 223, 301 
Pseudagenia, 349 
Pseudargynnis, 220 
Pseudectobia, 231, 
519 
Pseudoarcyptera, 346 
Pseudomops, 232, 238, 248, 249, 250- 
265, 278, 280, 488, 489, 508 
Pseudonympha, ii, 60, 61, 62, 63, 84, 
110 
Pseudopanchlora, 503 
Pseudophoraspis, 498, 508, 511, 514 
Pseudophyllodromia, 266, 267, 278, 
495, 509 


342, 


233, 248, 495, 509, 


Pseudopontia, lxix, Ixxi 
Pseudothyrsocera, 250, 251, 278, 488, 
489, 508, 509, 519 
Pseudotortrix, 170, 175 
pseudozeritis (Aphneeus), li 
(Choroselas), li 
psithyristis (Imma), 176 
psoricopa (Imma), 176 
Psylla, 379 
psyttalea (Amauris), 208, 210, 213 
“fs damoclides (Amauris), 
210, 211, 223, 292 
re psyttalea (Amauris), 223 
Pteromalus, 166 
Pterostichus, 409 
Pterygospidea, i, 112 
Ptyelus, Ixvii, 225-228 
Publius, 450 
puella (Agrion), 400 
puellaris (Teracolus), xxi 
puiggarii (Pseudomops), 262, 264 
(Thyrsocera), 262 
pulchellus (Leptaulacides), 466, 467 
pulcherrima (Pseudophyllodromia), 266, 
278 
pulchra (Anaplecta), 244 
pullus (Delopleurus), 341 
pumilus (Baéetis), 380 
punctata (Empis), 357 
punctatissima (Pardopsis), 220 
punctatostriatus (Noleides), 449 
(Veturius), 454 
puncticollis (Epilampra), 270, 499 
ss (Spasalus), 451 
punctifera (Aroa), 72, 84 
punctifrons (Comacupes), 444 
punctosa (Ischnoptera), 503, 509 
a (Oniscosoma), 503, 509 
55 (Pseudopanchlora), 503 
punctulatus (Syrphus), 392 
punctuosa (Ischnoptera), 503 
punicea (Pentatoma), 404 
purpuralis (Corydia), 504 
purpurascens (Aslauga), 81 
5 (Callartona), 170, 193 
(Imma), 193 
purpurea (Chetocnema), 19 
pusilla (Exosoma), 400 
pygidialis (Candezea), we 
sa (Monolepta), 4 
pygmeea (Dinarda), 1xxi, ne 
»,  (Polybia), 515, 516, 518 
Pyrameis, 104, 354 
pyrene (Ixias), xeii 
Pyrisitia, xxl 
Pyrozela, 171 
pyrrha (Mylothris), xev 
Pyrrhosoma, 399, 400 


208, 


Cr clsoa a) 


quadricolor (Planema), 302, 303, 304, 
311 
quadrifrons (Epiphoroneus), 445, 460 
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 399 
quadrinotata (Epilampra), 499 
quadriplagiata (Prosoplecta), 505, 508 
quadrivittana (Gauris), 204 
oA (Imma), 204 
Quedius, Ixxili 
quercus (Lasiocampa), cil, cill 
(Typhlocyba), 379 
»,  (Zephyrus), lxxxix 
radiata (Imma), 183 
»,  (Jobula), 183 
raffrayi (Belenois), xci, xcii 
ramifera (Epilampra), 497, 508 
s,  (Molytria), 497, 508 
rape (Ganoris), 116, 117 
ee (Rieris)siciela slo 
Rapala, 106, 107 
rauana (Precis), 218, 223 
recticlypeatus (Petrejus), 457 
regina (Teracolus), Ixxxv, 
Ixxxvii, xevi, xcvil 
reinwardtii (Ixias), Ixxxili, 521, 523 
reversa (Ischnoptera), 489, 509 
rex (Papilio), 215, 216, 217, 218, 224 
Rhabdotis, 92 
rhadamanthus (Danisepa), vii 
6 (Euploea), vii 
rhamni (Gonepteryx), vill 
Rhamphomyia, 380, 386, 388 
Rhipipallus, 119, 123, 129 
Rhizotrogus, Ixxiv, 350, 351, 353 
Rhodocanthopus, 449 
rhombaria (Gynopteryx), xv, xvi 
Rhopalocampta, 112 
Rhyothemis, 343 
Riatia, 247 
ribesii (Syrphus), 347 
ridens (Asphalia), Ixxxili 
ridiculus (Coniger), 448 
= (Rimor), 448 
ridleyanus (Papilio), 217, 220 
Rihana, 336, 344 
rimator (Oileus), 448 
s,  (Passalus), 447, 448 
Rimor, 447, 448, 449 
Rimoricus, 447, 448, 449 
riparius (Chironomus), 384 
Riptortus, lxiv 
roboris (Lesopis), 1x 
rosa (Crenis), 1xxxiv 
rotundatus (Gnathoncus), Ixxiii 
rubi (Bombyx), 404 
5, (Thecla), xxviii 
rubra (Seleaphora), 124 
ruginodis (Myrmica), lxii, 379 


9 


1xxxvi, 


99 


rubricosa (Aptera), 506 
a (Naupheeta), 506, 508 
(Pachnobia), Ixxix, lxxxi 
i rufa (Pachnobia), 1xxxi 
rubrocostalis (Pinacopteryx), 221 
rufa (Formica), xxxii, Ixxii, 54, 340 
(Ischnoptera), 489, 508 
», (Vespa), 399 
», pratensis (Formica), 333 
rufibarbis fuscorufibarbis (Formica), 
]xxil 
ruficeps coriarius (Odontomachus), 123 
ruficollis (Pseudothyrsocera), 251, 278 
ruficornis (Hypospheria), 506 
rufilineata (Neoceenyra), 61 
rufipes (Dioctria), 330 
rufiplaga (Ceenyra), 59, 61, 84 
rufiventris (Limneria), 330 
(Meloboris), 330 
6 (Protapanteles), 122, 127 
rufoglaucus (Camponotus), 344 
rugiceps (Pharochilus), 445 
rugicollis (Cryptocephalus), xxxiv 
rugosa (Tmetonota), 346 
rugosalis (Imma), 170, 172 
ruhli (Morosophus), 445 
| riippellii (Mylothris), vi, xxxi, 7 
| rusina (Draconia), Ixxvili, 5383-539 
| rusticus (Machimus), 354 
| ruwenzoricus (Didymus), 464 
saba (Glutophrissa), xci, xcv 
sabina (Molippa), xe 
»,  (Orthetrum), 400 
| safitza (Mycalesis), ii, vi, 111 
| saga (D’Urbania), 82, 86 
sagittarius (Passalus), 447, 448 
| 38 (Procululus), 448 
(Rimor), 447 
(Rimoricus), 447, 448 


29 


be) 


99 


39 
+) 
| Sais, 421 
| Salainis, iv, 114 
| Salatura, 217 7h ie 
| Salius, 378 
| sallei (Pseudomops), 255 
,, (Thyrsocera), 255 
| salualis (Pagyda), 402 
_salustius (Chrysophanus), c 
sanguinea (Formica), xlviii, lxxii 
| sansibaricus (Eumelosomus), 465, 466 
saravacensis (Epilampra), 268, 499 
Sarcophaga, 331, 348, 348, 355 
| sargi (Oileus), 448, 449 

», (Rimor), 447, 448 
Saropogon, 335, 336, 369 
satellitia (Secopolosoma), 1xxxii 
| saturata (Hypsa), 182 
| 5, (Imma), 182 
(Methypsa), 170 


9 


(els: 


Satyrus, ix, 63, 110, 115, 116 
saussurei (Oxyhaloa), 510, 514 
scabiosze (Halictus), 404 
Seada, lxi 
scalare (Melanostoma), 355 
scalaris (Promachus), 342 
Scalmus, 451 
Scaptesylix, 170, 192 
scarabeoides (Spheeridium), 334 
Scatophaga, 323, 391, 392, 393, 394, 
409 
Scatopse, 380 
Schematizella, 51 
Schizaspidea, xxiii, 119, 123, 130 
Sciapteron, 477 
Sciara, 379, 385, 392 
scita (Epilampra), 498, 508 
Scleropogon, 337, 338, 369 
scolieforme (Trochilium), 477, 478 
scolopacea (Leptis), 380, 381 
Scopolosoma, Ixxxil 
scoticum (Sympetrum), 399 
Scotosia, 397 
seripta (Tipula), 356 
scutigera (Pseudomops), 250, 489, 508 
iy (Pseudothyrsocera), 250, 489, 
508 
scybalaria (Scatophaga), 394 
Seleaphora, 124 
selecta (Monolepta), 42 
Selenia, Ixxvii 
Selidopogon, 328, 331, 335, 365, 366, 
368, 374 
Sematocera, 348 
semele (Satyrus), 110, 115, 116 
semialbescens (Acréea), 305 
semibrunnea (Xylina), Ixxxii 
semifoveolatus (Luperus), 32 
semifulvescens (Acrzea), 305, 309 
semilinea (Imma), 184 
fe (Jobula), 170, 184 
senegalensis (Terias), lxix, lxx, xciii, 
221 


a (Theganopteryx), 237 

senex (Henicopus), 337 
sepias (Loxotrochis), 205 
Sepsis, 383 
septempunctata (Chrysopa), 56 
sepulchralis (Onesia), 380, 381 
sequens (Blatta), 491, 509 

»,  (Phyllodromia), 491, 509 
serena (Acreea), 219 
seriaria (Gynopteryx), XV, Xvi 
Serica, 341 
sericina (Esthemopsis), 412 
Sericomyia, 348 
Sermyla, 348 
serricornis (Prionocyphon), Ixxxviii 

PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., v. 1906. 


serripes (Hoplistomerus), 338, 370, 378 
servona (Acrea), 214 
sesamus (Precis), lviii, lix, xcii, 103 
Sesia, xe, ci 
setibarbus (Machimus), 354, 376 
setiger (Dysmachus), 350, 351 
severina (Belenois), xci, xciii, 105 
oe boguensis (Belenois), | 
shakra (Pararge), 97, 99 
shawii (Baltia,) xcii 
shelfordi (Molytria), 497 
sheppardi (Exosoma), 30 
(Jamesonia), 20 
(Malacosoma), 30 
a (Megalognatha), 46 
<5 (Oides), 26 
sibiricus (Gomphocerus), 354, 375, 407 
sidus (Iolaus), li 
Sidyma, 190 
sigillatus (Lyczena), 79 
signata (Areolaria), 273 
»,  (Hyetodesia), 347 
silas (Argiolaus), 108 
silphoides (Dyscologamia), 504, 508 
3 (Polyphaga). 504, 508 
silvana (Heliconius), 413, 415, 416, 424, 
425, 430, 432, 435 
(Hyperacantha, 26, 52 
;, ab. divisus (Heliconius), 437 
Simaéthis, 169, 171, 357, 361 
similis (Mylothris), 6, 10 
simonsi (Henotesia), 2 
simulans (Pseudomops), 
; (Thyrsocera), 2 
sinensis (Bittacus), 402 
sinuatocollis (Veturius), 444 
sinuatus (Laccobius), 1xxii 
Sitaris, xvii 
Smerinthus, cili 
Sobara, 124 
sobrina (Pachnoda), 92 
»,  (Rhabdotis), 92 
sokotre (Promachus), 343 
solidus (Trienurgus), 452 
solilucis (Belenois), | 
sordida (Hadena), Ixxx 
sordidellus (Cricotopus), 405 
soror (Methana), 501 
sotikensis (Acrea), 219 
spadicea (Nisotra), 21 
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé), 525 
Spasalus, 444, 451 
Spathorrhamphus, xlix 
speciosa (Thyrsocera), 250, 278, 501, 
508 
speciosum (Ellipsidium), 249, 501, 508 
speciosus (Teracolus), xxi, xxi, 1xxxvii, 
104, 105 


9 


99 


9 


262 
62 


M 


( clxxu ) 


spectabilis (Thyrsocera), 248, 249, 250 | subecompletus (Microgaster), 166 


Spheridium, 334 subconnectens (Hemixantha), 38, 52 
spheciforme (Trochilium), 478 subcornutus (Heliscus), 444 
Sphecodes, 334, 369 subeida instabilis (Belenois), 1 
Sphecophila, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519 sublevipennis (Duviviera), 51 
Sphegina, 330 subopacus (Triznurgus), 453 
Sphinx, 111, 112 subrugosa (Hemixantha), 37, 52 
Sphodromantis, 406 subsericeata (Acidalia), 1xxiv, lxxv 
spica (Mylothris), xxxi suffusa (Blatta), 491, 509 
Spilocephalus, 48 a (Phyllodromia), 491, 509 
Spilogaster, 384 suilla (Scatophaga), 391, 393 
Spindasis, 6, 10 suillus (Lophonotus), 349 
spini (Thecla), lxxxix sumatrana (Huphina), 521, 523 
spiniger (Henicopus), lxxxvili supellectilium (Phyllodromia), 494, 508 
spinipes (Publius), 451 swaha (Aulocera), 110 
spinosus (Petrejus), 457 sycophanta (Calosoma), lxvii 
splendens (Eumerus), 340 sylvanus (Pamphila), 112, 116 
spuria (Cyrtoma), 380, 386 sylvatica (Cicindela), 353 
Spurius, 446 sylvestris (Anthocoris), 356 
spurius (Dysmachus), 351 sylvia (Phrissura), 221 
squalidus (Laparus), 342 Sympetrum, xviii, xevii, xevili, 399 
Stacota, 274 Synchloé, 112, 347 
Stalachtis, 414, 415, 416, 430, 432, 436 | Syrichthus, 112 
Stauroderus, 351, 352 syrichthus (Hesperia), lxi 
stellata (Lycrna), 77, 78, 86 Syrphus, 347, 356, 392 
stellatarum (Macroglossa), xlix tabaniforme (Sciapteron), 477 
Stenichneumon, 333 Tabanus, 354, 399 
Stenoblatta, 502, 508, 519 Tachista, 391 
Stenobothrus, 348, 351, 352 Tachydromia, 385, 386 
Stenopogon, 337, 369 Tachypeza, 385, 386 
stenurus (Alcimus), 845 Tachyris, xci 
stercoraria (Scatophaga), 391, 392, 393, | Tachytes, 342 

394 Treniocampa, Ixxxii 
stercorea (Empis), 383 Teeniocerus, 447 
Stichophthalma, vii tages (Nisoniades), 112, 
stictica (Oxythyrea), 331 Tagiades, 112 
Stictocema, 33, 34, 52 Talicada, 107 
stigmadoce (Tatochila), xci talpee (Hystrichopsylla), xxxiv 
stilbiota (Imma), 198 tantalus (Lyceena), 74, 85 

a (Tortricomorpha), 198 taprobanes (Termes), 394 
Stomatoceras, 123, 128, 129 Tarucus, 109 
Stomoxys, 382, 892 Tatochila, xci, xcii 
Strenia, Ixvii tavetensis (Spindasis), 6, 10 
strepsizona (Imma), 197 Taxonus, 391 
strigosa (Hymenoplia), 357 telekiana (Acraea), 305 
Stringophorus, 92 Telephorus, 402 
striolatum (Sympetrum), Ixviii, 399 telicanus (Lyczena), 1xxxix 
strumosa (Lomechusa), xlvili »,  (Tarucus), 109 
Stugela, 108 Telicota, 400 
sturmi (Exosoma), 30 Telipna, 219 

5, (Malacosoma), 30 tellus (Planema), 218 
stygne petialare (Hrebia), ix Temnopteryx, 514, 515 
stylifera (Hypospheria), 506 tenax (Eritalis), 335 
suasa (Mamestra), xxix, Ixxx tenebrosa (Hypospheeria), 506, 508 
suaveolens (Mycalesis), vi ” (Nyctibora), 501 
subapterus (Coranus), 405 tentyris (Euryphene), 6 
subeincta (Brachycola), 507, 508 Tephrina, 349 


‘5 (Hormetica), 507, 508, 519 Tephrosia, 484, 486 


( clxxii ) 


Teracolus, xxi, xxii, xxx, xxxi, lxxxv, 
Ixxxvi, ]xxxvii, xci, xcvi, xcvil, civ, 
cy, 8, 9, 10, 104, 347 

Merias, xxi xiv, xv, [xix xe xcit; 
Xcili, 118, 221, 345 

Teriomima, Ixxxvi, 221 

Termes, 341, 394 

terra (Pseudacriea), 218 

tessellata (Empis), 380, 381, 382, 386, 
388, 389, 402, 409 

tesseraria (Imma), 187 

testaceipes (Promachus), 344, 372, 378 

tetragonus (Epiphoroneus), 445, 460 

Tetraracus, 458 

teutonia (Belenois), xci 

thalassina (Leuceronia), xxXi 

Thalpochares, 204 

Thaumantis, vi 

theaphia (Scada), Lxi 

Thecla, xxviii, lii, Ixxxix, 404 

Theganopteryx, 231, 232, 2338, 234, 235, 
236, 237, 288, 240, 247, 248, 279, 
488, 509 

Theretra, 120 

Thereva, 384 

thermesia (Dismorphia), xciii 

thespis (Lyciena), 79 

thomsoni (Luperus), 32 

Thoracites, 347 

thore (Argynnis), Ixxvili 

thwaitesi (Anaplecta), 241, 243, 279 

Thyanta, 337, 369 

Thylacopleura, 170, 172 

thymora (Imma), 203 

thyriditis (Imma), 180 

Thyrsocera, 234, 238, 248, 249, 
252-262, 278, 488, 501, 508 

thysa (Belenois), xxxvi, xcvi, 
221 

thysanomera (Notogonia), 349 

Tiberius, 445, 446, 467 

Tibicen, 336 

tibullus trimeni (Papilio), 285, 290 

tigrina (Caricea), 329, 383, 391 

Tiphia, 332 

Tipula, 356, 358, 378, 381 

tirikensis (Pseudacreea), 212, 213 

Tirumala, xxxi, 215, 216, 217, 337 

tithonus (Hipparchia), 116, 117 

Tithorea, 414, 431 

tithoreides (Pieris), xev 

tlascala (Passalus), 451 

Tmetonota, 346 

tolteca (Thyrsocera), 253 

tomlini (Euplectus), ]xxiii 

tominia (Terias), xcii 

tongaatensis (Exosoma), 31 

5p (Malacosoma), 31 


250, 


X¢cVil, 


tonkinensis (Corydia), 508 
Topaza, 170, 185 
Torodera, 25 
torridus (Halictus), 340 
Tortricomorpha, xxxvii, 170, 172, 174, 
LD Lid lcs lO Leia LOO 192: 
194, 196, 198, 199 
Tortrix, xeviii, 166, 356, 382, 38 
toruna (Acrea), 310, 320 
transversella (Cryptophasa), 174 
5 (Imma), 174 
(Tortricomorpha), 174 
trapezoides (Pleurostylus), 449 
3 (Veturius), 450 
Trapezonotus, 405 
Triznurgus, 452 
triardis (Imma), 174 
Tribonium, 502, 508 
trichinota (Imma), 185 
Trichoptilus, xxii, 133-154 
trifaria (Prosopleecta), 505, 508 
Trigona, lxiv, lxv, lxvi 
trigonus (Dysmachus), 335, 350 
trimenia (Mylothris), vi 
trinervis (Kutermes), 400 
tristicula (Pseudomops), 261, 265 
on (Thyrsocera), 261 
Trithemis, 342, 349 
tritici (Agrotis), xxx 
Trochilium, 471-482 
trophonius (Merope), 290 
¥ (Papilio), xlvi, 281, 282, 
283, 285, 286, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296 
tropicus (Heliscus), 444 
Tropideres, 1 
truncorum (Medeterus), 391 
tuberculifrons (Veturius), 453, 454 
tukuoa (Precis), lvii, lviii 
Typhlocyba, 379, 380 
typica (Neenia), Lxxvil 
tyrocnista (Imma), 199 
uganda (Papilio), 9, 10 
undulata (Scotosia), 397 
ungulatus (Dolichopus), 355 
unicolor (Pompilus), 335 
unicolorana (Hastula), 160 
i (Tortrix), 161, 166 
unicornis (Neleus), 460 
a (Passalus), 451, 460 
unidentaria (Coremia), 525 
unifasciata (Hmmelesia), xxxi 
unifasciatus (Eueides), 425 
uniforma (Nisotra), 21 
unilineata (Chortophila), xiii 
urbana (Creobotra), 406 
»,  (Mydea), 391 
urticee (Vanessa), Ixvii, 100, 116, 409 
», polaris (Vanessa), Xciii 


( clxxiv ») 


usambarica (Aphthona), 12 
3 (Crepidodera), 15 
5 (Megalognatha), 47 
uvui (Acrea), 219 
vaccinil (Orrhodia), Ixxxii 
vagans (Stauroderus), 352 
»,  (Stenobothrus), 352 
vagator (Promachus), 342 
vallonia (Ceratinia), lxi, 413 
Vanessa, xvii, xcili, 97, 99, 100, 102, 
116, 409 
varanes (Charaxes), iv 
varia (Epilampra), 500, 508, 519 
Varicheta, 356 
variegata (Phyllodromia), 490 
variegatus (Bracon), 166 
varipennis (Anaplecta), 246, 280 
Velinus, lxiv, lxv 
Vellejus, 447 
velutina (Imma), 201 
3 (Moca), 170, 201 
venilia (Ixias), 521 
Verres, 451, 455 
Verroides, 451 
verrucosa (Hormetica), 507 
Vespa, 386, 344, 373, 378, 399, 401 
vespiforme (Sciapteron), 477 
vestigialis (Agrotis), xxx 
Veturius, 444, 445, 449, 450, 453, 454, 
456 
vetustus (Heliconius), Ixi, 413, 416, 
422, 424, 480, 432, 433, 434, 435 
vexans (Quedius), ]xxili 
viardi (Pieris), xev 
viatica (Macronychia), 392 
viaticus (Pompilus), 331, 369 
viator (Hodotermes), 94 
vibilia (Eueides), 413, 416, 425, 427, 430 
vicinus (Leptaulax), 445 
vidua (Melipona), 338 
,,  (Pinacopteryx), 1, li 
vinidia (Acrea), 219 
Vinzela, 170, 179 
viola (Imma), 187 
,, (Tortricomorpha), 187 
violaceipennis (Monolepta), 40 
viole (Acreea), xli 
Virachola, 108 
virens (Corymbites), 409 
virescens (Blatta), 491, 509 
3 (Gicophylla), 124 
55 (Panchlora), 513, 514 
“ (Phyllodromia), 491, 509 
virgaureee (Chrysophanus), Ixxxix 
~ miegii (Chrysophanus), ix 
viridana (Tortrix), 356, 582, 389 
viridis (Panchlora), 509, 510, 511, 512, 
5138, 514 


viridis (Schematizella), 51 
viridissima (Locusta}, 407 
viridulus (Stenobothrus), 348 
vitellinee (Phyllodecta), 404 
vitripennis (Musca), 354 
Volucella, 381 
volusus (Rhipipallus), 129 
vulgaris (Donacia), 405 
», (Vespa), 399 
vulgatum (Sympetrum), xevli, xeviii 
wahlbergi (Kuralia), lii, liii, liv, lv, 
lvi, lvii, 289 
3 (Hypolimnas), 212 
walkeri (Pseudomops), 257 
Weiseana, 23 
weisei (Megalognatha), 47 
(Nisotra), 21, 52 
», (Phyllotetra), 13, 52 
westermanni (Icterica), xevi 
wigginsii (Acreea), 215 
wismanni (Physonychis), 25 
woodwardi (Neptis), 214 
Xantha (Teriomima), 221 
Xanthandrus, 165, 323, 396, 397 
xantharcha (Imma), 185 
Xanthidia, xxii 
xanthophlia (Blatta), 250, 489, 509 
Af (Pseudothyrsocera), 250, 
489, 509, 519 
Xanthorhoé, evi, 525-531 
Xylina, lxxix, lxxxii 
Xylocopa, 339, 341, 370 
xylocopiformis (Hyperechia), 339, 378 
Xylophasia, 407 
Yphthima, ii, lxiv, 62, 64 
yulii (Mylothris), 7, 221 
zambesiana (Monolepta), 41 
zapateri (Erebia), ix 
zarepha (Ithomia), Lxi 
zebrina (Blepharipoda), 344 
Zemeros, 104 
zenobia (Papilio), 213, 217 
Zephyrus, lxxxix 
Zeritis, 80, 86 
zetes (Acriva), 220 
Zetobora, 504, 506, 508 
zetterstedti (Gegenes), ii, 112 
zeyheri (Capparis), 114 
zeylanica (Anaplecta), 241, 243, 279 
zingha (Charaxes), 207 
5, (Monura), 220 
zita (Terlas), xcil 
Zizera, 344 
zochalia formosa (Belenois), 221 
Zombrus, 93 
zonata (Laxenecera), 339 
zosine (Ogyris), 122 
Zygiena, 55 


9) 


Marcu 27th, 1907. 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


For THE YEAR 1906. 


I. A Contribution towards the knowledge of African 
Rhopalocera. By Percy I. Laray, F.Z.S., FES. 


[Read November Ist, 1905.] 
Puates I, II. 


For some time past I have been receiving collections of 
Lepidoptera from various parts of Africa, and though none 
of them have been sufficiently interesting to be treated 
separately, yet taken together they contain several new 
species and some extremely interesting aberrations which 
I propose to describe and in some cases figure in this 
paper. 

All the types of the new species here described are in 
the collection of Mr. Herbert J. Adams. 


HENOTESIA OCHRACEA, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 1.) 


g. Upper-side. Fore wing ochreous-yellow, basal area fuscous, 
apical area and outer margin blackish-brown ; two small black- 
white centred spots in apical area, the upper of these being the 
larger ; a large black-white centred spot between second and lower 
median nervules. Hind wing dull ochreous-yellow basal area, inner 
and outer margins fuscous, 

Under-side. Fore wing as above but with the dark area replaced 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 1 


2 Mr. P. T. Lathy’s Contribution 


by fuscous irrorated with dark grey and the ocelli not so dis- 
tinct. Hind wing fuscous irrorated with dark grey, traces of an 
irregular waved median line, beyond which the ground colour is 
slightly ochreous, and a submarginal row of obscure ocelli. 

Exp. 50 millim. 


Hab, BrnE District, Angola. 

I received a single specimen of this striking species. 
It is allied to H. simonsi, Butl., but may at once be dis- 
tinguished by the much darker and wider apical area of 
fore wing, both above and below, and by absence of post- 
median line of fore wing below. 


ACRHA MIRIFICA, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 2.) 


¢. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown with quadrate black 
spot at upper end of cell; a wide semihyaline whitish band from 
costa beyond cell to anal angle. Hind wing blackish-brown, with 
three minute submarginal white spots. 

Under-side. Fore wing ; inner marginal area widely blackish, 
upper part of cell and apical area olivaceous-white, a black spot at 
end of cell as above and a smaller black spot within cell. Hind 
wing olivaceaus-white, base black, and containing two red spots of 
which the upper is much the larger, a black patch at end of, one 
crossing centre of cell and another below cell extending to inner 
margin, an irregular greatly curved series of black spots around 
cell, a submarginal row of seven red spots outwardly edged with 
black and between each of these spots on the nervule a black dash. 

Exp. 46 millim. 


flab. Brat District, Angola. 

A single specimen of this wonderfully striking Acrea 
was obtained. I cannot compare it with any other species 
in the genus. 


ACR#A ACUTIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 3.) 


¢. Upper-side. Fore wing red, apex blackish-brown, a black spot 
within, one at end of, and two below cell; an irregular black bar 
beyond cell extending from costa to second median nervule. Hind 
wing red, outer margin black containing small red lunules which 
become obsolete towards anal angle, base of and area below cell 
black, a black spot in centre of and another at upper end of 
cell, a greatly curved and irregular series of eight black spots 
around cell. 

Under-side. Fore wing as above, but apical area paler. Hind 


towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. 3 


wing as above but basal black area broken up into distinct black 
spots, two additional spots to outer series on inner margin ; the red 
lunules of outer marginal border replaced by distinct olivaceous 


lunules ; the neuration olivaceous, widely so on basal half of median 
nervure. 


Exp. 62 millim. 


Hab, NORTH-EASTERN RHODESIA. 
This species appears to be near A. periphanes, Oberth., 
and its allies; it can however be distinguished by its more 


pointed wings, and the peculiar olivaceous colouring of the 
neuration of hind wings below. 


ACREA ANGOLANUS, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 4, 5.) 


d. Upper-side. Fore wing black, a quadrate hyaline-white 
patch beyond middle of cell; two round patches below, of which 
the upper is the larger, three similar subapical patches, of which 
the upper two are quadrate, the lower round and nearer outer 
margin. Hind wing black, cell and area round, except below third 
median nervule yellow. 

Under-side. Fore wing paler than above, apical area olivaceous 
with nervures and dashes between blackish ; median nervure and 
nervules olivaceous, an elongated reddish-brown mark on costa at 
base; hyaline markings as above. Hind wing, yellow area as 
above, the black replaced by olivaceous with nervules and dashes 
between black, basal black area replaced by reddish-brown; the 
following black spots in basal area: two at base, one in costal lobe, 
one in cell, and three within and three at lower edge of basal 
red area ; anal angle reddish-brown. 

2. Similar to male but slightly larger and paler and with outer 
margin of hind wing not so concave. 

Exp. ¢ 56-64 millim.; 2 62-66 millim. 


Hab. Brak District, Angola. 

A long series of both sexes of this new form was 
obtained. It is closely allied to A. oreas, Sharpe, but may 
be separated by its greater size, the markings of fore 
wing being large and hyaline instead of small and yellow, 
the greater extent of yellow area of hind wing and the 
much paler ground colour below. I also figure a very 
beautiful aberration of the female in which markings of 
fore wing are hyaline-yellow and the yellow area of hind 
wing is extended in rays to outer margin. 


+ Mr. P. I. Lathy’s Contribution 


BYBLIA GOETZIUS, Herbst. (Plate I, fig. 6.) 


Ab. 2. Upper-side. Fore wing normal. Hind wing with inner 
half of submarginal orange markings irrorated with blackish. 

Under-side. Fore wing with subapical whitish spots entirely 
absent. Hind wing with ground colour asin form acheloia, Wallengr., 
faint traces of the dark marking of that form, all the whitish 
markings totally absent. 

Exp. 5 millim. 


Hab. Brut Districr, Angola. 

A single female of this remarkable aberration was sent 
from Angola together with a great number of the normal 
form. 


PSEUDACRAA ALBOSTRIATA, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 7.) 


¢. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown with large dull red 
patch on inner margin occupying about one-third of wing area; 
beyond cell a series of long white striz between nervules, the lower 
ones being shorter and broader ; three black spots within, one at end, 
and one below cell. Hind wing blackish-brown, diseal area dull 
red paler towards inner margin; nervules towards outer margin 
heavily bordered with black and wide black strize between them ; 
three black spots within, one at end, three above and one below cell. 
Under-side. Fore wing paler than above, white striz much more 
distinet, a basal black spot within cell, and the cellular spots, except- 
ing lower middle one edged with white. Hind wing whitish, basal 
half olivaceous, outer margin narrowly blackish-brown, nervules and 
strie towards outer margin as above but paler, a Z-shaped black 
mark on precostal nervure ; other black markings as above. 

Q. Upper-side. Fore wing similar to male but red patch reduced 
and darker, white strize less distinct and black spots outlined with 
olivaceous. Hind wing as in male but discal area paler. Under-side 
similar to male but less red in fore wing, and ground colour of 
hind-wing totally olivaceous, 

Exp. ¢ 66 millim. ; ¢ 68 millim. 


Hab. ENTEBBE, Uganda. 

Allied to P. dolomena, Hew., and P. pharsa, Fruhs., but 
may at once be distinguished from the former by white 
strie of fore wing and the latter by darker outer margin to 
hind wing and different ground colour of hind wing below ; 
also in pharsa, Fruhs., the striz: coalesce and form an 
indistinct band, 


towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. 5 


EKUPHEDRA PECULIARIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 8, 9.) 


g. Upper-side. Fore wing dull green with narrow golden-yellow 
subapical band inwardly bordered, two obscure dark spots within 
and one at end of cell, widely with dark green, apex tipped with 
white. Hind wing dull green. Under-side. Fore wing yellowish- 
green, inner margin dark grey, three distinct black spots within cell 
and a small obscure one at upper end; apical band represented by 
three small whitish spots, apex tipped with white. Hind wing 
yellowish-green, two black spots within cell and four obscure whitish 
spots beyond on upper half of wing. 

2. Upper-side. Fore wing dull olive-brown, apical half black, a 
golden-yellow subapical band and white spot at apex. Hind wing 
dull olive-brown. Under-side. Fore wing green, inner margin grey, 
two minute black spots within cell, subapical band represented by 
four whitish spots, apex as above, an obscure submarginal dark band. 
Hind wing green, a black spot within cell, a narrow broken white 
band beyond extending from costal nervure to below upper median 
nervule, an obscure submarginal band as in fore wing. 

Exp. ¢ 66-74 millim.; 2 88 millim. 


fab. ENTEBBE, Uganda. 

The male of this interesting species resembles /. medon, 
Linn., from which it may be separated by the extremely 
narrow subapical band, while the female has the appearance 
of L. losinga, Hew.; here again the narrow subapical band 
serves as a distinguishing character, also the ground colour 
of the under-side of #. losinga, Hew., is a greyish-green 
and the cellular spots are more distinct. 


KURYPHENE ENTEBBIA, sp.nov. (Plate II, fig. 1.) 


3. Upper-side. Fore wing dark olivaceous-brown, costa dull 
greenish ; two yellowish-brown bars edged with blackish within and 
a yellowish-brown bar below cell, an irregular median and two 
irregular postmedian bands of same colour, Hind wing dark oliva- 
ceous brown, yellowish-brown at base and four irregular yellowish- 
brown bands beyond cell. Under-side. Fore wing pale brown ; a 
black spot within cell near base and a black figure of 8 in centre 
of, a dark line closing and another beyond cell, an irregular dark 
median line outwardly bordered with dull yellowish-white, a very 
faint highly indented submarginal dark line and a row of faint post- 
median black spots. Hind wing pale brown, two black rings and a 
black spot within cell, a highly irregular dark median line ; post- 
median marking as in fore wing. 


6 Mr. P. [. Lathy’s Contribution 


?. Upper-side. Fore wing asin male but larger, the pale markings 
ochre and more conspicuous, especially on nervures. Hind wing 
paler than in male and with a broad discal ochreous fascia. Under- 
side with markings of both wings similar to male but ground colour 
much paler. 

Exp. ¢ 60-63 millim, ; ? 78 millim. 


Hab. ENTEBBE, Uganda. 

Allied to #. tentyris, Hew., and mandinga, Feld.; the male 
may be separated from both by its different colour which is 
the same as in JZ. lextitia, Plotz. The female has a muh 
wider yellow fascia on hind wing than tentyris, Hew., and 
this fascia does not approach so near the hind margin as 
in mandinga, Feld. 


SPINDASIS TAVETENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 10.) 


d. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown, inner marginal area 
shining violet-blue ; an obscure orange spot at end of and band of 
similar colour beyond cell, and a subapical spot. Hind wing shining 
violet-blue, costa and apex blackish. 

Under-side. Fore wing pale yellow with the following brown, 
silver centred, black-edged markings : two spots near base, a band 
crossing centre of cell and one beyond, a spot on costa and irregular 
postmedian and submarginal bands, Hind wings pale yellow, mark- 
ings of similar colour to fore wing as follows: large diffused spot 
about base, and beyond three irregular bands merging together at 
anal angle where they are sharply angled. 

2. Upper-side. Fore wing similar to male but blue without 
lustre and orange markings larger and paler, the subapical spot being 
replaced by a band. Hind wing as in male but blue without lustre, 
and traces of a pale postmedian band. 

Under-side. Both wings as in male but paler. 

Exp. ¢ 30-34 millim.; 35 2 millim. 

Hab. TAvETA, British EK. Africa. 

Very closely allied to S. ella, Hew., but the orange 
markings of fore wings above are much more obscure, and 


5 
markings of both wings below darker. 


MYLOTHRIS SIMILIS, sp. nov. (Plate I, figs. 2, 3.) 


g. Upper-side. Fore wing white slightly tinged with orange at 
base, apex black; black spots on outer margin at termination of 
nervules, excepting submedian. Hind wing white, base of costa 
orange, a faint tinge of yellowish at base above cell ; black spots on 
outer margin at termination of nervules excepting costal. Under-side. 


towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. i 


Fore wing white, basal third orange, black spots on outer margin and 
apex at termination of nervules, Hind wing as above. 

2. Upper-side of both wings as in male, but basal orange and 
yellow area more diffused, especially in hind wing. Under-side as in 
male. 

Exp. ¢ 60 millim.; 9 63-66 millim. 


Hab, MALANJE, British Central Africa. 

Very closely allied to JZ. ruppelliz, Koch, and A. yulez, 
Butl. The male may easily be distinguished from the 
former by the much smaller basal orange patch ; this patch 
is also smaller than in yw/ei, Butl.; other respects in 
which it’ differs from Butler’s species are the pure white of 
the wings below and more distinct submarginal spots. 
The female differs in much the same way but in a less 
degree. The upper discocellular of the fore wing is more 
oblique in the new species than in ruppelli, Koch, 


PIERIS PIGEA, Boisd. (Plate II, fig. 4.) 


Ab. 2. Upper-side. Fore wing orange with dark scaling along 
costa and an outer margin at termination of nervules, a round dark 
spot between upper and middle median nervules. Hind wing orange 
with minute black spots as above, but less distinct. 

Under-side. Fore wing orange-yellow, basal third orange discal 
dark spot as above, but less distinct. Hind wing orange-yellow. 

Exp. 46 millim. 


Hab. Mt. KIiLtIMANJARO, British East Africa. 

A single female of this fine aberration was obtained 
together with seven femaies belonging to the form 
rubrobasalis, Lanz. 


PIERIS LILIANA, Gr. Sm. (Plate II, fig. 5.) 


Ab. 2. Upper-side. Fore wing smoky grey with traces of a 
discal spot between upper and middle median nervules. Hind 
wing smoky grey with trace of submarginal pale patches. 

Under-side. Fore wing dull cream, discal spot more distinct than 
above and another spot below lower median nervule. Hind wing 
greyish white costa narrowly orange at base, a postmedian series of 
dark spots. 

Exp. 52 millim. 

Hab. Tavera, British East Africa. 


A single example cf this peculiar form among a large 
number of typical females. 


8 Mr. P. I. Lathy’s Contribution 


TERACOLUS CASTALIS, Stgr. (Plate II, fig. 6.) 


Ab. 9. Upper-side. Fore wing pale orange-yellow, base costa 
and outer margin dark brown, the latter widely so ; a dark brown 
spot at end of cell, a series of pale orange-yellow spots within 
marginal border and minute spots of same colour on outer margin 
between nervules. Hind wing pale orange-yellow, base dark, marginal 
border as in fore wing but with yellow markings larger. 

Under-side. Fore wing paler than above, dark brown markings 
mostly replaced by dull orange-yellow irrorated with reddish towards 
apex, a blackish spot at end of cell, and two blackish spots between 
upper and lower median nervules. Hind wing dull orange-yellow 
irrorated with dark scales, a minute dark spot at end of cell, and 
a submarginal broken ferruginous band. 

Exp. 50 millim. 


Hab. TAVETA, British East Africa. 

I received a large number of this Zeracolus, but only 
one specimen of this striking form of the female; two 
other females have the wings suffused with primrose-yellow, 
especially in the hind wing. 


TERACOLUS BACCHUS, Butl. (Plate II, figs. 7, 8.) 


Ab. Upper-side. Left fore wing, normal female. Right fore 
wing normal male with exception of base being somewhat darker, 
a whitish spot on upper inner edge of violet patch, and a black 
patch between upper and middle median nervules, Left hind 
wing normal female. Right hind wing normal female excepting 
apical third, which is normal male. 

Under-side. Left fore wing normal male with exception of larger 
cellular spot and traces of female markings on discoidal nervules. 
Right hind wing normal male with exception of brown patch on 
costa not far from apex and female markings below lower discoidal 
and an obscure dark spot below lower median nervule. Left hind 
wing normal female. Right hind wing normal male with exception 
of orange cellular spot, ground colour mostly tinged with yellowish 


and dark brown bar from costa half way across wing. 
Exp. 62 millim. 


Hab. TAVETA, British East Africa. 
This is the most remarkable gynandromorphous specimen 
I have ever seen, each wing with the exception of the left 


hind wing being a curious jumble of the characteristic 
markings of both sexes. 


towards the knowledge of African Rhopalocera. 9 


TERACOLUS EUPOMPE, Klug. (Plate IT, figs. 9, 10.) 

Ab. a. ¢. Upper-side. Fore wing as in typical specimens but 
with the apex bright primrose-yellow instead of red. Hind wing 
typical. 

Under-side. Fore wing normal, but with apex pale primrose- 
yellow. Hind wing normal but with cellular spot centred with 
yellow. 

Exp. 54 millim. 


Hab. Taveta, British East Africa. 
Only one specimen of this lovely aberration among 
many hundred typical specimens. 


Ab. b. $ Upper-side. Fore wing with black band on inner edge 
of apical red patch twice the usual width. Hind wing with 
marginal black spot larger. 

Under-side. Fore wing with apical portion of nervules more 
heavily bordered with black. Hind wing with all the nervules 
heavily bordered with black especially towards outer margin, area 
below cell irrorated with blackish. 

Exp. 54 millim. 


Hab, Tavera, British East Africa. 
One specimen of this rather peculiar aberration. 


PAPILIO UGANDA, sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 11.) 


¢. Upper-side. Fore wing blackish-brown with the following 
whitish markings: three small patches within, and three beyond cell 
and two beyond these, a patch above second median nervule and 
two large patches on inner margin, one above and one below sub- 
median, three sub-marginal spots towards anal angle. Hind wing 
blackish-brown with wide antemedian whitish band a row of sub- 
marginal whitish twin spots fringe on inner margin yellowish. 

Under-side. Fore wing paler than above and reddish at base, 
pale markings rather more obscure. Hind wing pale brown, paler 
markings much more obscure than above, base reddish, a white spot 
on base, outwardly edged with black, a black spot on outer edge of 
precostal. 

Exp. ¢ 74—83 millim. 


Hab. ENTEBBE, Uganda. 

Closely allied to P. carchedonius, Karsch, but may be 
distinguished by the greatly reduced pale markings of 
both wings. In one specimen the pale markings of hind 
wing and patches on inner margin of fore wing are inclined 
to be ochreous. 


10 


Fia. 


1a! 


Cores oP 


to) 


10. 


oF wp 


Explanation of Plates. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PATE ale 


Henotesia ochracea, sp. nov., p. 


Acrexa mirifica, sp. Nov., p. 2. 
5  acutipennis, sp. NOV., p. 


ike 


2. 


; ene sp. nov. @, p. 3. 
» » ab. 9, p.3. 


Bipliac ‘outs ak Herbst., ab. 9, 


p. 4. 


Pseudacrea albostriata, sp. nov., p. 4. 
Huphedra peculiaris, sp. nov. g, p. 5. 


: 
” ” ” ” 9, Pp. v- 
Spindasis tavetensis, sp. nov. g, p. 6. 


Prarn Te 


Euryphene entebbix, sp. nov., p. 5. 
Pe tat similis, sp. nov., ¢, p. 6. 
” ” 2; p- G 

Pigs is piged, ‘Bed. abiOG pele 
5 vdtana, Gr. Sm., ab. 95 p. 7. 


Teracolus castalis, Stgr., ab. @, 
7" bacchus, Butl., wpper 
” ” ” under 


Dad: 
gynandromorphous 
specimen, p. 8. 


5 eupompe, Klug., ab., p. 9. 


” ” ” ” 


Papilio uganda, sp. nov., p. 9. 


p. 9. 


oe) 


II. Descriptions of new genera and species of African 
Halticinee and Galerucine. By Martin JAcosy, 


[Read December 6th, 1905.] 


PLATE III. 


THE present paper deals with those species of Halticine 
and Galerucine which I have received from time to time 
from various parts of Africa and are contained in my 
collection. Although we are only at the commencement 
of our knowledge of the African fauna, every contribution 
helps to extend it, and a considerable amount of material 
has already accumulated and been worked out. It has 
been found that the African species are by no means so 
universally distributed in that great continent as was at 
first supposed ; on the contrary, they seem to be confined 
to certain areas, each having its special fauna, although of 
course there are exceptions; the West African fauna is 
quite distinct from that of the other portions as is also the 
South from the Central portion. German East Africa has 
furnished a large number of new species, well worked out 
by Herr Weise as far as the Phytophaga are concerned. 


HALTICIN A. 
Aphthona marshalli, sp. n. 


Testaceous, the terminal joints of the antenne and the scutellum 
black, the under-side and the posterior femora piceous, head im- 
punctate, thorax transverse, extremely minutely punctured, elytra 
very finely and closely punctate. Length 2 millim. 

Head impunctate, of a more fulvous tint than the thorax, with 
narrow, oblique grooves from the eyes to the clypeus, the latter broad 
and flat, the labrum black, antennz rather short, the four or five 
lower joints flavous, the others black, the second joint thicker and 
slightly longer than the third and following joint, terminal ones 
slightly thickened; thorax about one-half broader than long, the 
lateral margins nearly straight, forming an oblique angle towards the 
apex, the disc impunctate, flavous, very shining, scutellum black, 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 


12. Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


elytra rather elongate, scarcely widened at the middle, testaceous, 
very closely and finely punctured, legs testaceous, the breast, abdo- 
men and the posterior femora blackish ; metatarsus of the hind-legs 
as long as the following two joints together. 


flab. Esvcourt, Natal (G. Marshall). 

A small species, allied to A. ovatipennis, Jac., likewise 
from Africa but of more elongate and parallel shape, the 
thorax impunctate, with less distinct oblique anterior 
angles, the elytral punctuation irregular and very close. 


Aphthona dilutipes, sp. n. 


Winged, above flavous, below and the legs nearly black, the basal 
four joints of the antenne flavous, the others black, thorax subquad- 
rate, impunctate, elytra scarcely perceptibly punctured, the knees 
and the base of the tibia dark fulvous. Length 3 millim. 

Of rather broad and convex shape, the head impunctate, the frontal 
tubercles small but strongly raised, the labrum black, antenne rather 
long, the second and third joint equal, the fourth slightly longer, the 
terminal joints slightly thickened ; thorax subquadrate, scarcely one- 
half broader than long, the sides feebly and evenly rounded, the 
surface flavous, impunctate, rather convex ; scutellum broader than 
long ; elytra convex and subcylindrical, widest at the middle, the 
shoulders not much produced, the apex broadly rounded, the surface 
with some minute punctures, only visible under a very strong lens ; 
under-side and legs nearly black, the extreme apex of the femora and 
the base of the tibiz more or less fulvous, posterior tibiee deeply 
sulcate, their metatarsus as long as the following two joints together, 
the terminal spur of the tibize short and stout. 


Hab. Estcourt, Natal. 

A. usambarica, Weise, seems somewhat closely allied but 
in the present species, in which the frontal tubercles are 
very distinct also, the legs are black and the scutellum is 
flavous. 


Longitarsus amabilis, sp. n. 


Winged, the head and thorax fulvous, antennx flavous, the 
terminal joints black, thorax very minutely punctured, elytra 
regularly punctate-striate, black, shining, the interstices sparingly 
punctured, legs flavous, the posterior femora and the breast and 
abdomen black. Length 2 millim. 

Head impunctate, fulvous, the frontal tubercles very distinct, 
transverse, clypeus triangular, antenne slender, extending to about 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 18 


the middle of the elytra, flavous, the last three or four joints more or 
less blackish, second joint thicker but not longer than the third, the 
following joints more elongate ; thorax subquadrate, convex, about 
one-half broader than long, the sides nearly straight, anterior angles 
oblique to a slight extent, the surface extremely minutely punctured, 
pale fulvous, scutellum black, elytra slightly wider at the shoulders 
than the thorax, convex, nearly subcylindrical, regularly and strongly 
punctate-striate, the interstices with a few very fine punctures, black, 
legs flavous, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the 
following joints together ; breast and abdomen black. 


Hab. Dunsropy, Cape Colony (fev. O'Neil), on 
Euphorbie. 

This small species is well distinguished by its system of 
coloration, the distinct frontal tubercles and the nearly 
regularly punctate-striate elytra. 


Longitarsus brawnsi, sp. 0. 


Winged, black, the basal joints of the antenne, the head and 
thorax reddish-fulvous, elytra metallic dark blue, very closely 
punctured, thorax impunctate, subquadrate. Length 25-3 millim. 

Head smooth, impunctate, the frontal elevations just indicated, flat 
and broad, no oblique grooves, clypeus broad, impunctate, labrum 
and palpi black, antennw extending to the middle of the elytra, 
black, the lower four and the base of the fifth joint, flavous, third 
and fourth joint equal, longer than the second one, the fifth the 
longest, terminal joints thickened ; thorax subquadrate, one-half 
broader than long, the lateral margins nearly straight, the anterior 
angles oblique, forming another angle before the middle, the surface 
impunctate, fulvous, scutellum broadly triangular, black; elytra 
scarcely widened at the middle, broadly rounded at the apex, very 
convex, dark blue, the punctuation very fine and arranged in indis- 
tinet very closely approached rows ; under-side and legs black, very 
shining, metatarsus of posterior legs longer than the following two 
joints together. 


Hab. WILLOWMORE, Cape Colony (Dr. Brawns). 

The black under-side and similarly coloured legs in 
connection with the general system of coloration distin- 
guishes this species (I received three specimens from Dr. 
Brauns) from its African allies. 


Phyllotetra weisei, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 3.) 


Black, the basal two or three joints of the antenne, the base of the 
tibize and the tarsi, more or less flavous, head finely, thorax strongly 


14 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


and closely punctured, elytra flavous, very closely and irregularly 
punctured, a narrow sutural and a still more narrow lateral and 
apical margin, greenish-black. Length 2 millim, 

Head closely and finely punctured, with small and smooth frontal 
elevations, clypeus rather convex, widened in front, impunctate, 
antenni robust, black, the lower three (sometimes two) joints flavous, 
the second, third and fourth joint equal, the fifth slightly longer in 
the male, terminal joints thickened ; thorax one-half broader than 
long, greenish-black, strongly and closely punctured ; elytra slightly 
wider at the base than the thorax and of similar punctuation, the 
dark sutural band narrowed at the base and apex, the lateral bands 
of about half the width, the shoulders sometimes likewise with a 
small spot ; the male organ is of slender, parallel and slightly curved 
shape, broadly rounded at the apex, the latter ending in a small 
point at the middle. 


Hab. DuNBRODY, Cape Colony (fev. O'Neil). 

This species is perhaps more nearly allied to P. parallela, 
Boisd., than to any others, it is of the same size and 
coloration but the sutural band is not so broad and much 
narrower at the base and apex; the shoulders have only a 
very small spot occasionally and the male organ is pointed 
at the middle instead of broadly rounded. 


Crepidodera (Derocrepis) acuminata, sp. n. 

Narrowly elongate, pointed posteriorly, apterous ; lower joints of 
the antennx, the head and thorax fulvous, elytra bark blue, strongly 
punctate-striate, the interstices minutely punctured, anterior and 
intermediate legs fulvous, posterior ones and the breast and abdomen 
black. Length 2 millim. 

Of posteriorly pointed shape, the head impunctate, rufous or 
fulvous, obliquely grooved between the eyes, frontal elevations rather 
small, trigonate, labrum piceous, antenne about half the length of 
the body (taken as a whole), the lower seven joints flavous, the others 
blackish, the second to the fourth joint of equal length, fifth joint 
slightly longer, penultimate three joints short and thicker, apical 
joint more elongate ; thorax about one-half broader than long, the 
sides rather strongly deflexed anteriorly, the lateral margins feebly 
rounded, the angles not very marked, basal sulcus straight and deep, 
bounded at the sides by an equally deep perpendicular groove with 
high lateral ridges, the disc only perceptibly punctured when seen 
under a strong lens, scutellum black, broader than long; elytra 
scarcely widened at the middle, pointed at the apex, metallic-blue, 
closely and strongly punctate-striate, the interstices very finely and 


Species of African Halticinew and Galerucine, 15 


indistinctly punctured ; thorax below and the anterior and inter- 
mediate legs fulvous, rest of the under-side and the posterior femora 
black, breast and abdomen nearly smooth. 


Hab. GRAHAMSTOWN, South Africa (Rev. O'Neil). 

Much smaller than C. peringueyi, apterous, the elytra 
pointed, the antennz with the terminal four joints dark 
only. 


Crepidodera malvernensis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 1.) 


Below black, above dark metallic-blue, the basal joints of the 
antenne and the legs fulvous, thorax strongly punctured, with oblique 
projecting anterior angles, deeply sulcate ; elytra closely and strongly 
geminate punctate-striate. Length 3 millim. 

Head impunctate, the vertex black, frontal elevations strongly 
raised, rounded, fulvous like the clypeus and the labrum, antenne 
long and slender, black, the lower three joints fulvous, basal joint 
robust, second, one-half shorter than the third joint, fourth and 
following joints elongate; thorax transversely subquadrate, the 
lateral margins rounded at the middle, the anterior angles strongly 
produced outwards and pointed, the base with a deep sinuate sulcus 
bounded at the sides by an equally deep perpendicular groove, the 
surface very strongly but irregularly punctured, the space below the 
suleus nearly impunctate, scutellum impunctate ; elytra with a 
rather deep depression below the base, closely and strongly punctured 
in double rows, the interstices at the sides longitudinally costate ; 
breast and abdomen purplish-black, legs fulvous. 


Hab. MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker); also UPPER Ton- 
GAAT (C. Barker). 

A well-distinguished species on account of the metallic- 
blue upper surface, the produced anterior angles of the 
thorax, and the geminate punctuation of the elytra. The 
species differs from Derocrepis, Weise, in its non-narrowed 
anterior and posterior shape of the elytra, and in having 
the thoracic sulcus placed at some distance from the base, 
which is not narrowly raised as in the last-named genus. 


Crepidodera usambarica, Weise (Deutsche Ent. Zeite. 
1902). 


A comparison of this species of which Weise kindly has 
sent me some specimens proves its identity with my C. 
peringueyt (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1905), the imsect seems to 
vary enormously in size, some specimens being twice as 


16 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


large as others, but I am quite unable to find other 
differences. 


Crepidodera nigripes, sp. n. 


Black, the basal joints of the antenne, the head and the thorax 
flavous, the latter finely and sparingly punctured, elytra deeply 
and closely punctate-striate, the interstices acutely longitudinally 
costate. Length 23 millim. 

Head impunctate at the vertex, flavous or pale fulvous, near the 
eyes with a few punctures, frontal elevations narrowly oblique, 
labrum black, antenne slender, black, the lower two or three joints 
flavous, second joint slightly shorter than the third, this and the 
following joints nearly equal ; thorax about one-half broader than 
long, the margins nearly straight, the angles not very acute, the disc 
with some fine and sparingly distributed punctures, flavous, the 
basal suleus deep and straight, bounded laterally by a short perpen- 
dicular groove ; scutellum broadly triangular, black ; elytra slightly 
wider at the base than the thorax, elongate and parallel, sub- 
cylindrical, the punctures deep, closely placed and somewhat trans- 
verse, the interstices forming numerous acute longitudinal costee ; 
below and the legs black. 


Hab. Umuuart (C. Barker). 


Cercyonia nigricollis, sp. n. 


Subelongate and subcylindrical, black, the basal joints of the 
antenne flavous, thorax very closely and finely punctured, elytra 
fulvous, finely punctate-striate, the interstices very closely and finely 
punctured. Length 4 millim. 

Head minutely granulate and finely punctured, black, with a 
slight bluish tint, with a shallow transverse groove between the eyes, 
clypeus transverse, finely punctured, antennae widely separated, 
black, the lower four joints flavous, third joint slender and longer 
than the others, terminal joints triangularly widened from the fifth; 
thorax twice as broad as long, the sides obliquely narrowed towards 
the apex, the anterior angles acute, posterior margin slightly bisin- 
uate, broadly produced at the middle, the surface extremely closely 
and finely punctured, with still more minute punctures at the 
interstices, black, scutellum triangular, piceous ; elytra sub-cylin- 
drical, slightly narrowed posteriorly, pale fulvous, finely punctured 
in rows, ten in number, the interstices very closely and finely 
punctured ; under-side and legs black, posterior femora incrassate, 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 17 


their tibie widened at the apex, carinate but not sulcate ; proster- 
num narrow, anterior cotyloid cavities closed. 


Hab. MALvERN, Natal (C. Barker). 

On account of the structure of the antennze which have 
their outer joints triangularly widened, the acute anterior 
thoracic angles, non-sulcate tibize and generally elongate 
shape of the insect, this species agrees with Weise’s genus 
better than with Amphimela to which it is allied by the 
well-separated bases of the antenni. 


Ochrosis natalensis, sp. n. 


Ovate, black, head, the antenne, thorax, and the legs fulvous, 
thorax impunctate, elytra black, punctate-striate, the interstices 
finely punctured. Length 25 millim. 

Head impunctate, fulvous, the frontal elevations both broad and 
indistinct, labrum piceous, antennee with short and rather robust 
joints, the third more slender and slightly longer than the others, 
terminal joints slightly stained with fuseus; thorax transversely 
convex, not much more than one-half broader than long, the sides 
strongly rounded at the middle, the disc convex, entirely impunctate, 
fulvous, at the base a very shallow transverse sulcus is placed (only 
seen in certain positions) which gradually curves downwards at the 
sides to the basal margin, scutellum black ; elytra subcylindrical, 
black, rather shining, strongly and regularly punctate-striate, the 
interstices flat, sparingly and very finely punctured, legs robust, 
fulvous, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following 
joints together, tibize with a very small spine; breast and abdomen 
black, the posternum narrow, the anterior cavities closed. 


Hab. Ivara Mts. Malvern, Natal (C. Barker’). 

Ochrosis, Foud., appears to be the only possible genus for 
the reception of this species, agreeing as it does with 
the European representatives of the genus in the structure 
of the thorax and its shallow sulcus which gradually joins 
the base. It is the first recorded species from Africa. 


Chetocnema dunbrodensis, sp. n. 


Dark neous, very shining, the antennex (the apical joints excepted) 
and the legs flavous, posterior femora «neous, head and thorax 
strongly punctured, elytra pointed posteriorly, strongly punctate- 
striate, the interstices impunctate. Length 2% millim. 

Head broad, without oblique grooves, deeply but not very closely 


TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 2 


18 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


punctured, the clypeus separated from the face by an obsolete trans- 
verse strongly punctured groove, antennz with the lower six joints 
flavous, the rest black, the second joint scarcely shorter than the 
third, the terminal joints distinctly shorter and thicker, thorax 
about twice as broad as long, the sides nearly straight, the base 
without an impressed line, the disc with deep but not very closely 
placed punctures, of even size, the intervals much wider than the 
punctures themselves ; elytra subcylindrical, but slightly narrowed 
at the apex, not more strongly punctured than the thorax, the inter- 
stices flat and impunctate ; under-side and the posterior femora 
zneous, the rest of the legs flavous, sometimes stained with «neous, 
metasternum strongly transversely rugose, the first tarsal joint 
strongly dilated in the male. 


Hab. DuNBRODY, Cape Colony (Rev. O’Nei/). 

Of this species I received two specimens from the Rev. 
O’Neil, which may be known from other African forms 
by the metallic zeneous, not dull, coloration and the strongly 
punctured head and thorax, the absence of lateral grooves 
from the face, and the want of a basal impressed thoracic 
line, also by the flat and impunctate elytral interstices. 
The specimens were obtained under dead reeds. 


Chetocnema barkeri, sp. n. 


Dark neous, the antenne and the tibiew and tarsi fulvous, head 
nearly impunctate, with a deep curved groove in front of the eyes, 
thorax extremely minutely and closely punctured, elytra pointed, 
very deeply and strongly punctate-striate, the interstices strongly 
costate. Length 2 millim. 

Of robust and broad shape, the elytra strongly pointed at the apex, 
the head very broad, impunctate, with two very deep grooves ata 
little distance from the eyes which commence above the latter in 
shape of foveze and extend down to the sides of the clypeus, eyes very 
large and slightly sinuate, antenne entirely fulvous, the third joint 
distinctly longer and thinner than the others, terminal joints 
eradually thickened but longer than broad ; thorax about twice as 
broad as long, convex, the sides straight, strongly deflexed, the 
lateral margins nearly straight, the anterior angles broadly oblique 
and thickened, furnished with a fovea, the surface extremely 
minutely punctured, when seen under a strong lens, the basal margin 
with a short row of deeper punctures at the sides only, scutellum 
very small; elytra convex, deeply punctate-striate, the interstices 
strongly longitudinally costate except at the base, under-side nearly 
black, the posterior femora «neous, very strongly thickened, the 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 19 


tibia fulvous, the posterior ones with a strong tooth at the middle, 
tarsi fulvous, the first joint strongly dilated ; prosternum very 
narrow. 

Hab. MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker). 

This is a very characteristic species on account of the 
deep frontal sulci of the head, unique amongst the other 
members of the genus with which I am acquainted ; this 
character, the colour of the antennze and legs and the 
costate elytra will at once distinguish the species, of 
which I received a single specimen from Mr. C. Barker. 


Chextocnema purpurea, sp. Nn. 


Elongate, parallel, below sneous, above, reddish-cupreous, the 
basal joints of the antennz and the legs reddish-fulvous, thorax 
closely and strongly punctured, elytra strongly and closely rugose- 
punctate, the interstices longitudinally costate. Length 24 millim. 

Head impunctate, reddish-cupreous, deeply obliquely grooved at 
the sides, clypeus convex between the antennz, dark neous, 
antennee fulvous, the terminal joints more or less blackish, basal 
joint elongate, the third, fourth and fifth joint slightly shorter, 
much longer than the second one, terminal joints shorter and thicker ; 
thorax transversely subquadrate, quite twice as broad as long, the 
lateral margins feebly rounded, the surface crowded with round, deep 
punctures, scutellum transverse; elytra subcylindrical, parallel, 
very closely impressed with transverse punctures, the interstices 
closely and acutely longitudinally costate throughout ; legs dark 
red, the posterior tibize with a strong tooth at the middle. 


Hab. GRAHAMSTOWN (Liev. O'Neil). 

A robust species of purplish-cupreous coloration with 
dark reddish legs, well distinguished on that account and 
by the closely punctured and costate elytra, the impunctate 


head, etc. Two specimens have been kindly sent by the 
Rey. O’Neil. 


DUNBRODYA, gen. n. 


Body oblong, smooth, antennz filiform, the third and following 
joints nearly equal, eyes moderately large, thorax subquadrate, 
slightly broader than long, the anterior angles oblique, posterior 
femora strongly incrassate, their tibiz widened at the apex, deeply 
longitudinally sulcate, armed at the apex with a long narrow spur, 
emarginate at the posterior margin, metatarsus of the hind-legs longer 
than the following joints together, claws appendiculate, prosternum 
narrow and convex, the anterior cotyloid cavities open. 


20 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


This genus has much the general appearance of Jamesonia, Jac. 
(Thrymnes, Weise), but has filiform antennz and an elongate third 
joint, the eyes are much smaller and the frontal elevations nearly 
obsolete ; still greater difference is to be found in the emarginate 
spur at the apex of the posterior tibize which resembles somewhat 
that of Dibolia but is narrower and less deeply bifid, the metatarsus 
is likewise much more elongate than in Jamesonia. 


Dunbrodya nitida, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 5.) 


Black, very shining, the basal joints of the antenne (the first 
excepted) flavous, thorax broader than long, impunctate, elytra 
microscopically punctured. Length 34-4 millim. 

Of oblong-ovate shape, entirely black and very shining, the head 
impunctate, the frontal elevations obsolete and transverse, the carina 
very elongate and acutely raised, antennew slender and elongate, 
black, the second and the following three joints as well as the base of 
the sixth one, flavous, all the joints cylindrical, the fifth slightly 
longer than the preceding two joints, the second about one-third 
shorter than the third one ; thorax about one-half broader than long, 
the sides very feebly rounded at the middle, the anterior angles 
oblique and forming a slight tooth before the middle, the surface but 
little convex, entirely impunctate, scutellum broad, scarcely longer 
than broad ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, convex and 
narrowed at the apex, the punctuation extremely minute, deep black, 
posterior femora strongly thickened their tibiee deeply sulcate, the 
margins finely serrate, the apex with a long spur, the metatarsus very 
elongate, longer than the following joints together, the cox flavous, 
the rest of the legs and the under-side black. 


Hab. DuNBROoDYy, Cape Colony, on wild Asparagus 
(Rev. O'Neil). 

There seems to be but little differences in the sexes 
except that the thorax in the male is less transversely 
shaped, the penis is slender, strongly curved, its apex 
truncate and slightly emarginate. 


Jamesonia sheppardi, sp. 0. 


Fulvous, the antennze (the basal joints excepted) the extreme apex 
of the tibize and the tarsi black, thorax minutely punctured, elytral 
punctuation semi-regularly arranged. Length 4 millim, 

Head impunctate, frontal elevations broad and transverse, carina 
acute, short, antenne black, the lower three joints fulvous, second 
and third joint small, terminal joints widened and short ; thorax sub- 
quadrate, slightly broader than long, the sides feebly rounded, anterior 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 21 


angles slightly oblique, posterior ones obliquely rounded, the dise 
rather convex, extremely minutely punctured, elytra widened towards 
the middle, finely punctured in closely approached, semi-regular rows, 
under-side and legs fulvous like the upper surface, the extreme apex 
of the tibiz and the tarsi black ; prosternum extremely narrow. 


Hab. Berra, East Africa (P. A. Sheppard). 

Of this species, which differs from all its allies in the 
colour of the antenne and legs, and in the semi-regular 
elytral punctuation, I received two specimens from Mr, 
Sheppard; they seem to represent the female sex, in the 
other the eyes are probably more developed; the tibial 
spur agrees in length with that of the other species of the 
genus, but the prosternum is scarcely visible. 


Nisotra weisei, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 2.) 


Oblong, subcylindrical, obscure fulvous, the terminal seven joints 
of the antenne black, thorax minutely punctured, the anterior and 
posterior depressions punctiform, elytra punctured in obsolete double 
rows, the interstices with finer punctures. Length 3 millim. 

Head impunctate, without frontal tubercles, clypeus with a few 
punctures, eyes prominent, antenne about half the length of 
the body, black, the lower four joints fulvous, the basal joint 
curved, the second one nearly as long as the third but thicker, 
terminal joints distinctly thickened; thorax transverse, nearly 
twice as broad as long, the sides strongly rounded, the anterior 
and posterior margin with a punctiform depression at each side, very 
feebly rounded or produced, very finely and closely punctured, elytra 
subcylindrical, finely punctured in double rows, very obsoletely so 
near the apex, the interstices still more finely punctured ; below 
coloured like the upper surface, terminal spine at the posterior tibize 
distinct ; prosternum narrow and elongate, 


Hab. BEIRA (P. A. Sheppard). 

Smaller than the species I refer to N. spadicea, Dalm., 
and at once distinguished from this and other species with 
nearly similar coloration by the obsolete and punctiform 
depressions of the thorax in place of grooves; in NV. wni- 
forma, Jac., the latter are very distinct and elongate. 


Nisotra o’'neili, sp. n, 


Pale testaceous, the basal joints of the antennz, the head, thorax 
and legs pale fulvous, terminal joints of the antennie black, thorax 
nearly impunctate, the posterior perpendicular grooves distinct, 


22. Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


elytra with regular rows of fine punctures, the interstices extremely 
minutely punctured. Length 3 millim. 

Head impunctate, reddish fulvous, the clypeus very broad, antennze 
extending a little beyond the base of the elytra, robust, the second, 
third and fourth joint small, equal, the following ones strongly 
thickened, blackish (sometimes fulvous) thorax twice as broad as 
long, the sides rather strongly rounded before the middle, rather 
constricted at the base, the disc not perceptibly punctured, the base 
with a short but distinct perpendicular groove at each side ; elytra 
paler than the thorax, with very fine but regular rows of punctures, 
about 10 on each elytron, under-side and legs fulvous, 


Hab. DUNBRODY, Cape Colony (Rev. O'Neil), also 
GRAHAMSTOWN. 

In all the specimens before me, the head and thorax is 
of darker colour than the elytra; this character and their 
fine and regular punctuation in connection with the nearly 


impunctate thorax will help in the recognition of the 
species. 


EUPLECNEMA, gen. n. 


Subelongate apterous, antennze filiform, head with oblique grooves, 
frontal elevations absent, thorax transversely subquadrate, the lateral 
margins feebly but regularly rounded, the anterior angles slightly 
oblique, seutellum broader than long ; elytra rather depressed, punc- 
tate-striate and finely pubescent ; posterior femora strongly incrassate, 
the tibie non emarginate at apex but sulcate, with a small spine, 
anterior tibice likewise armed with a very small tooth, the metatarsus 
of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, claws 
appendiculate, metasternum very elongate, prosternum narrow and 
elongate, the anterior coxal cavities closed. 


The small species for which this genus is proposed is 
closely allied to Chetocnema in which it cannot be included 
on account of the absence of wings and the simple non- 
emarginate tibiz ; the sculpture and the very fine elytral 
pubescence resemble that of the genus Hpitria, the first 
abdominal segment is not longer than the others and not 
united to the second as in Chextocnema. 


Huplecnema nigrita, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 4.) 


Black, the antennze (the last joints excepted) and the legs flavous, 
posterior femora black, thorax very closely and strongly punctured, 
elytra closely punctate-striate, the interstices finely pubescent. 
Length 1-14 millim. 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 28 


Head minutely granulate, opaque, without frontal elevations and 
with an oblique ridge from the eyes to the clypeus, the latter broad, 
separating the antenne rather widely, antennz with scarcely 
thickened terminal joints, flavous, the last two or three joints 
blackish, the second and third joint equal, slightly smaller than the 
following joints; thorax rather more than one-half broader than 
long, the angles distinct, the sides very narrowly margined, posterior 
margin not accompanied by an impressed line,the surface dull, opaque, 
black, very closely and strongly punctured, the punctures round and 
deep ; elytra not transversely depressed below the base, somewhat 
flattened, the punctuation a little stronger than that of the thorax 
and arranged in very close rows, the interstices furnished with very 
short grey hairs, only visible under a powerful lens ; metasternum 
very long, finely punctured. 


Hab. DunBRopy, Cape Colony (Rev. O'Neil). 
In the male insect the posterior femora are much more 
strongly incrassate than in the other sex. 


WEISEANA, gen. n. 


Elongate, finely pubescent, antennz with short joints; thorax 
transverse and short, the sides and the posterior angles rounded, the 
disc with several depressions, scutellum broad, elytra finely pu- 
bescent, the epipleure indistinct below the middle, legs robust, the 
tibize unarmed, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the 
following two joints together, claws appendiculate, the inner tooth 
acute ; prosternum nearly invisible between the highly raised coxe, 
the anterior cavities closed. 


Type. Weiseana barkeri, Jac. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1903, p. 16). . 

By an unfortunate oversight, the description of the 
genus in which I have placed this species was omitted at 
the time; the insect has entirely the appearance and 
coloration of a species of Galerucella with which it has also 
most of the structural characters in common, but the 
distinctly thickened posterior femora compels the inclusion 
of the species in the Halticinw. The colour of the upper 
surface is a dull and opaque testaceous, the elytra have the 
margins narrowly black and the thorax shows three more 
or less fuscous spots placed within an equal number of 
depressions. I would have referred this species without 
much doubt to Weise’s genus Homichloda, Wiegm. Arch. 
1902, p. 165), but I cannot see the structure of the elytral 


24 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


epipleurze in the way the author demands it for his genus, 
as these parts are concave anteriorly and do not gradually 
recede within, nor are the claws divided at the point only. 


Phygasia barkeri, sp. n. 


Oblong-ovate, flavous, the head fulvous, antenne (the basal joints 
excepted) and legs black, extreme base of the femora flavous, thorax 
impunctate, with deep basal suleus; elytra finely and irregularly 
punctured. Length 3 millim. 

Head impunctate, pale fulvous, frontal tubercles broad and well 
developed, clypeus convex, labrum piceous, antennee rather short 
and robust, the lower three or four joints flavous, basal joint generally 
black above, the fourth and following joints entirely of that colour, 
somewhat triangularly widened and of equal length, not longer than 
the basal joint ; thorax nearly twice as broad as long, the lateral 
margins strongly rounded at the middle, the dise convex, with a 
deep basal sulcus bounded at the sides by a perpendicular groove, 
impunctate, flavous ; elytra oblong, very finely and closely punctured, 
flavous ; the apical two-thirds of the femora and the legs black. 


Hab. Upper Tonaaat (C. Barker). 
Alhed to P. brunnea, Jac., from Africa, but smaller and 
less convex, pale flavous and the legs of different coloration. 


Phygasia bicolorata, sp. n. 


Black, the basal joints of the antenne flavous, thorax minutely 
punctured, elytra flavous, very finely and closely punctate, the 
suture and the apex black. Length 3} millim. 

Head impunctate, black, frontal tubercles broad, strongly raised, 
antennx long and rather slender, black, the lower five joints and the 
base of the sixth, flavous, basal joint black above, third and following 
joints equal, widened at the apex; thorax about one-half broader 
than long, the sides strongly rounded, the surface convex, very 
minutely punctured, black, shining, basal sulcus deep, scutellum 
broadly rounded at the apex, black ; elytra elongate, pointed, very 
closely, rather strongly and irregularly punctured, dark flavous, the 
sutural margins, in shape of a gradually narrowed band and the 
extreme apex of each elytron, black ; below and the legs of the latter 
colour. 


fTab. IeaAFa Mrts., Natal (C. Barker). 


Of this very distinct little species I received three 
specimens from Mr, Barker. 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 25 


Physonychis beiraensis, sp. n. (Plate IL, fig. 6.) 


Testaceous, the head strongly, the thorax finely punctured, elytra 
purplish or bluish on a testaceous ground, very closely punctured, 
the punctures of the same size as those of the thorax, tibia and tarsi 
more or less fuscous. Length 55 millim. 

Elongate and parallel, the head very strongly and closely punc- 
tured, antennze rather long, the terminal joints gradually thickened, 
basal joint rather thicker in the male than in the female, second 
joint short, third and fourth equal, terminal joints rather strongly 
thickened, thorax of usual shape, the sides broadly flattened, nearly 
straight, the surface transversely suleate near the base, rather closely 
and finely punctured, testaceous, scutellum subquadrate, testaceous, 
impunetate ; elytra longitudinally depressed within the shoulders 
and near the lateral margins at the middle, purplish, with the 
testaceous ground colour showing through, very closely and finely 
but very distinctly punctured, under-side and legs rather darker 
than the thorax, finely pubescent, the posterior femora strongly 
incrassate, their tibia entire, clawjoint strongly swollen. 


Hab. Berra (P. A. Sheppard). 

Of this species, which seems closely allied to P. wismannt, 
Weise, I have received three specimens from Mr. Sheppard ; 
the differences are to be found in the distinctly punctured 
thorax and the colour of the elytra in the present species, 
the sculpturing of the head is also much stronger than in 
Weise’s insect. P. dohrni, Jac., is much larger and has 
green and rugosely punctured elytra. 


Torodera fasciata, Weise (Wiegm. Arch, f. Naturg. 
1902, 164). 


There is not much doubt that my Amphimela ornata 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1895) is identical with Weise’s 
species. The author describes the anterior coxal cavities 
as open, but errs in this respect, they are certainly closed 
in my specimen, and there is I think no reason to separate 
the genus from Amphimela on the strength of this species, 
the description of which as given by Weise agrees in every 
detail with my type. 


Torodera 8-maculata, Weise. 


I possess this species from Tsipango and Malvern in 
Natal, and formerly looked upon it as a variety of 
Amphimela ornata; I find however that in this species, at 


26 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


all events (Torodera), the anterior coxal cavities are open 
as Weise states of his genus, which can therefore be re- 
tained; it proves again how easily one insect may be 
confounded with another if all structural characters are not 
carefully examined. In regard to my specimens, they 
vary in not having a black mark at the vertex, in the 
absence, in some cases, of the small black spot near the 
scutellum and in the colour of the legs, the posterior 
femora of which varies from flavous to black. 


GALERUCIN &. 
Oides sheppardi, sp. n. 


Black, above dark fulvous, thorax very finely punctured, elytra 
strongly widened at the middle, semi-rugosely punctured, with 
several obsolete, raised, longitudinal lines, sides and apex of the 
abdomen fulvous. Length 13 millim. 

Head fulvous, impunctate, with the exception of a few punctures 
near the eyes, labrum and palpi black, antennw rather short and 
stout, the third joint shorter than the fourth, this and the following 
joints nearly equal, terminal joint elongate ; thorax about twice and 
a half broader than long, the sides rounded, the angles rather blunt, 
the surface with an obsolete groove near the lateral margins, finely 
punctured with some still finer punctures at the interstices, scutellum 
triangular, with some punctures ; elytra much more strongly pune- 
tured than the thorax with the interstices finely rugose with obsoletely 
raised longitudinal lines, distantly placed ; breast, abdomen and legs 
black, the sides and the apex of the last abdominal segment fulvous. 


Hab. AMATONGAS, Portuguese East Africa (P. A. 
Sheppard). 


This is another species allied to O. ferruginea, Fab., O. 
assimilis, Gah., and O. conradti, Weise, in coloration but 
differing in the much more strongly punctured and semi- 
rugose elytra, in which character it resembles 0. palliata, 
Gerst., but that insect is of different colour and has a black 
head, the coloration of the under-side also in the present 
species differs from any of its allies. I have received two 
exactly similar specimens from Mr. Sheppard. 


Hyperacantha silvana, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 11.) 


Flavous, the vertex, antennee (the basal joints excepted) the apex 
of the tibize and the tarsi black, elytra metallic blue or cupreous, 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 27 


each with two deep depressions, and finely punctured within the 
latter. 

Mas. Elytra near the apex with an elongate, highly raised 
tubercle, its apex obliquely truncate. Length 65 millim. 

Head impunctate, the vertex black, the lower portion flavous, 
labrum black, antenne very slender, black, the lower two joints 
flavous, third and fourth joint equal ; thorax nearly twice as broad 
as long, impunctate, flavous, with a deep transverse sulcus at the 
middle, scutellum flavous ; elytra deeply depressed below the base at 
the suture and with another fovea near the lateral margins below the 
middle, finely punctured at the basal portion, the rest nearly im- 
punctate, legs flavous, the lower portion of the tibiz and the tarsi 
black, claws appendiculate. 


Hab, CuiRINDA Forest, Gazaland, Africa (G. Marshall). 

Almost identically coloured as D. nigricornis, Weise, but 
of much broader shape, the basal jomts of the antenne 
flavous, the elytra with two depressions and the tubercles 
of the male not pointed but elongate, hollowed within, and 
abruptly truncate at the apex; the last abdominal segment 
of the female slightly semicircularly concave, its apex 
entire. 


Hyperacantha obesa, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 8.) 


Broadly ovate, short and very convex, testaceous, antenne (the 
basal joints excepted), the apex of the tibia and the tarsi black, 
thorax deeply suleate, impunctate, elytra very finely punctured, a 
narrow band at the base, connected at the shoulders with another 
curved transverse band before the middle and the suture anteriorly, 
black. 

var. a. The elytral basal margin narrowly black as well as a small 
spot before the middle. 

var. b. Elytra entirely testaceous. Length 53 millim. 

Female. More than usually convex and short, the head impunc- 
‘tate, frontal elevations broad and transverse, clypeus with a highly 
raised, broad, central ridge, labrum black, antenne with very slender, 
elongate joints, extending to about two-thirds the length of the elytra, 
black, the lower two joints and sometimes the third one flavous, 
second joint very short ; thorax more than twice as broad as long, 
the sides straight at the base, rounded before the middle, the disc 
impunctate, with a deep transverse sulcus, the anterior portion near 
the angles, with a few fine punctures, elytra extremely closely and 
finely punctured, testaceous, the base with a narrow, transverse black 
band, extending downwards at the shoulders to about one-third the 


28 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Deseriptions of New Genera and 


length of the elytra, where it curves inwards and forms another 
band which does not extend to the suture, this band is of irregular 
shape and suddenly strongly narrowed below the shoulders ; the 
last abdominal segment trilobate, the median lobe broader than long, 
flat ; tibiz all armed with a small spine, their lower half and the 
tarsi black, claws appendiculate. 


Hab. UmMutatt Beach (C. Barker). UMKOMAAS 
Mounts, Natal (G. Marshall). 

Of this species there are four female specimens before 
me, which cannot be mistaken for any other of the genus, 
on account of their short and convex shape in connection 
with the pattern of the elytra; this comes more near 
H. abdominalis, Jac. (nec Duvivier) (a species not mentioned 
in Weise’s list Deut. EK. Zeit. 1903, and described in the 
Entomologist for 1891) than any other; but that species 
is of larger size, broader and less convex, the elytra are 
fulvous and entirely margined with black, the transverse 
band is of regular shape and extends to the suture, and 
the last abdominal segment of the female is entire (the 
male is likewise unknown). Of the present insect, pro- 
bably more varieties will become known in time; in a single 
specimen, the breast and the abdomen are more or less 
black ; in the var. a. the extreme basal margin of the elytra 
is black only, the lower band is absent and replaced by a 
small spot, while in vaz. b. the elytra are entirely without 
markings. 


Hyperacantha flavodorsata, Fairm. 


Weise looks upon this species as a variety of H. flavo- 
nigra, Thoms. (Deut. E. Zeit. 1903, 37), which does not 
seem to me to be correct, since Thomson’s species has deep 
black elytral markings and has been described from the 
interior of Africa, while Fairmaire says that his species has 
the elytra, “atro-ceruleis” with the markings different, 
and that it is found in Madagascar; this island has very 
few species indeed in common with Africa. 

Hyper. fenestrata, Chap. The male of this species has 
near the suture below the middle of each elytron a whitish 
tubercle, as Weise has rightly presumed, this tubercle is of 
conical shape and its base is deeply hollowed out. 

H, adusta, Weise. The author now looks upon his species 
as a variety of H/. bituberculata, Fab. (Deut. E. Zeit. 1903), 
but all the specimens I have seen of Fabricius’ insect have 


Species of African Halticine and Calerucine. 29 


testaceous elytra with the base and lateral margins more 
or less rufous and no traces of any transverse black bands. 
I therefore think that Weise’s species must be distinct 
from that of Fabricius. 


Leptaulaca maculicollis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 7.) 


Oblong-ovate, convex, black, abdomen more or less testaceous, head 
and thorax flavous, each with a small black spot at middle, elytra 
fulvous, minutely punctured, antenne pale. Length 7 millim. 

Head impunctate, flavous, the vertex with a small black spot, 
labrum black, antenne long and slender, flavous, the apex of each 
joint slightly darker, third joint scarcely shorter than the following 
joints ; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long, constricted at the 
base, the anterior angles slightly pointed outwards, the dise with a 
transverse, medially interrupted suleus at the middle, impunctate, 
flavous, with a small black spot near the base at the middle, seutellum 
black ; elytra much wider at the base than the thorax, convex, 
gradually widened posteriorly, very minutely and closely punctured, 
fulvous, their epipleurx broad at the base, but entirely obsolete below 
the middle, breast and part of the abdomen as well as the legs black, 
the last two or three abdominal segments and sometimes the under 
portion of the femora flavous ; metatarsus of the posterior legs as 
long as the following joints together, claws bifid. 

Mas. Last abdominal segment incised at each side, the median 
lobe longitudinally suleate. 

Fem, The corresponding segment truncate at the apex, with a 
fringe of short hairs. 


Hab. UMHLALI Riv. and MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker). 

This species agrees in almost every structural character 
with Weise’s genus Leptaulaca except that the thoracic 
sulcus is not continuous but interrupted, which is however 
not of much importance; Lthaphidopalpa africana, Weise, 
seems a closely allied species but differs much in the 
structure of the antenne; the female before me_ has 


entirely black legs. 


Leptaulaca laliata, sp. un. 


Elongate, nearly parallel, entirely pale testaceous, labrum black, 
thoracic sulcus straight, dise finely and sparingly punctured, elytra 
closely and very finely punctured, tibize all mucronate, claws bifid. 
Length 7 millim. 

9. Head impunctate, deeply foveolate between the eyes, clypeus 
triangular, raised at the middle, labrum black, antennz long and 


30 =Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


slender, testaceous, the terminal joints slightly stained at the apex 
with piceous, third joint slender, slightly curved and widened at the 
apex ; thorax about twice as broad as long, slightly constricted at the 
base, the transverse sulcus deep and nearly straight, the surface with 
a few fine punctures, elytra wider at the base than the thorax, nearly 
parallel, extremely closely and finely punctured, their epipleurze 
broad at the base but nearly disappearing below the middle, legs 
slender, the metatarsus of the posterior ones as long as the following 
three joints together, claws bifid. 


Hab, GERMAN East AFRICA. 

I only know the female sex of this species, in which the 
last abdominal segment has a small triangular emargination 
at the middle; the shape of the third joint of the antenne, 
identical in the two specimens I possess, is another 
characteristic mark of the insect as well as the black 
labrum. 


Exosoma (Malacosoma) sheppard, sp. n. 

Black, head and thorax fulvous, the latter subquadrate, finely 
punctured, elytra subcylindrical, black or dark fuscous, punctured in 
very closely approximate, semi-regular rows. Length 6 millim. 

Head broad, impunctate, the frontal tubercles broadly, transversely 
trigonate, clypeus triangular, antenne with somewhat short, sub- 
triangular joints, black, the second and third joint short, subequal ; 
thorax subquadrate, scarcely one-half broader than long, all the 
margins feebly rounded, the angles distinct but not produced, the 
dise convex, fulvous, very minutely and closely punctured, scutellum 
small, black ; elytra of a dull fuscous black colour, sometimes with 
a pale ground colour shining through, more strongly punctured 
than the thorax, the punctures at the base somewhat regularly 
arranged in closely approached rows ; under-side and legs black, 
clothed with fine yellowish pubescence, all the tibiae distinctly 
mucronate, 


Hab. MATOPAS, Rhodesia (P. A. Sheppard). 

A rather large-sized species and quite typical of the 
genus, the prosternum extremely narrow and convex, all 
the tibiz: mucronate and the anterior cotyloid cavities 
open. 


Lxosoma (Malacosoma) sturmt, sp. n. 


Narrowly elongate, black, the clypeus, femora and tibiz fulvous, 
thorax impunctate, fulvous, elytra finely punctured and wrinkled, 
flavous, a sutural band at the base and another broader band at the 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 31 


sides, constricted below the shoulders as well as the tarsi black. 
Length 4 millim. 

Head black at the vertex, impunctate, minutely granulate, the 
frontal tubercles very prominent, elongate and pyriform, fulvous as 
well as the clypeus, antenne rather long, black, the second and 
third joint small, equal, the following joints slightly widened ; 
thorax but slightly broader than long, all the margins nearly straight, 
the surface rather convex, flavous, minutely granulate and finely and 
sparingly punctured, scutellum black ; elytra distinctly and moder- 
ately closely punctured, with the interstices finely wrinkled here and 
there, flavous, the greater part of the disc occupied by a black 
longitudinal band which embraces the shoulders and extends to the 
base but not to the apex; in front of the shoulders, it is greatly 
constricted, another short sutural stripe extends from the scutellum 
to the middle ; legs fulvous, the breast, abdomen and the tarsi black ; 
metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following two joints 
together, tibiae with a small spine, 

Hab. LESAPIT River, Mashonaland. 

A well-marked species of which I received a single 
specimen. 


Kxosoma (Malacosoma) tongaatensis, sp. n. 

Flavous, thorax subquadrate, impunetate, elytra black, the base 
with a few punctures, the lower portion impunctate, breast black, 
abdomen fulvous. Length 35 millim. 

Elongate and subcylindrical, the head impunctate, flavous, frontal 
elevations broadly transverse, well developed and separated, carina 
lanceolate, clypeus narrowly transverse, antenne slender, flavous, 
third joint double the length of the second and as long as the fourth 
joint, terminal joints slightly thickened, extending to about the 
middle of the elytra ; thorax about one-half broader than long, sub- 
quadrate, convex, the sides rounded at the middle, the dise impune- 
tate, flavous and very shining, scutellum flavous ; elytra wider at the 
base than the thorax, snbecylindrical, slightly depressed below the 
base, the latter with a few fine punctures, the rest of the surface 
nearly impunctate, biack, legs flavous, tibiae mucronate, the meta- 
tarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, 
breast black, abdomen fulvous ; prosternum very narrow, convex. 


Hab. Upper Toncaat (C. Barker). 


Exosoma (Malacosoma) aprcipenne, Jac. (Plate III, fig. 10.) 


This species has already been described and figured in 
the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899, which I have unfortunately 
overlooked. 


32. Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


Luperus thomsoni, sp. n. 


Fulvous, the intermediate joints of the antennz black, thorax 
obsoletely sulcate, impunctate, elytra very finely punctured, elongate. 
Length 55 millim. 

Of elongate, parallel shape, entirely fulvous, the head impunctate, 
eyes very large, frontal elevations transverse, strongly marked, eyes 
large, antenne extending beyond the middle of the elytra fulvous, 
the fourth to the eighth joint black, basal joint elongate and rather 
slender, second one about one-third shorter than the third joint, 
fourth and following joints elongate, nearly equal; thorax trans- 
versely subquadrate, the lateral margins feebly rounded and slightly 
constricted at the base, the surface with a broad transverse depression, 
more deeply marked at the sides than at the middle, entirely 
impunctate, scutellum smooth, triangular; elytra wider at the base 
than the thorax, the surface very finely and closely punctured, their 
epipleuree rather broad at the base, gradually greatly narrowed 
towards the apex, legs slender, the metatarsus of the posterior ones 
very elongate ; all the tibize mucronate, the anterior coxal cavities 
open. 


Hab, STERRA LEONE. 

The colour of the antennze and the entirely impunctate 
and sulcate thorax characterise this species, which has also 
the metatarsus more than usually elongate, resembling the 
genus MJonolepta, from which the open anterior coxal 
cavities and prolonged elytra epipleurs separate it. 


Luperus semifoveolatus, sp. n. 


Below black, above testaceous, head dark fulvous, antennz long, 
fulvous, thorax subquadrate, narrowed at base, obsoletely bifoveolate, 
impunctate, elytra not perceptibly punctured. Length 3% millim. 

Elongate, the head impunctate, dark fulvous, frontal elevations 
broadly trigonate, clypeus rather wide and broad between the 
antenne, eyes large, labrum at the apex and the palpi piceous, 
antennee slender, the second joint one-half shorter than the third, the 
fourth and following joints elongate and cylindrical, the apical joint 
extending to about half the length of the elytra ; thorax subquadrate, 
distinctly constricted at the base, the lateral margins rounded before 
the middle, the dise with an obsolete transverse depression, sub- 
foveolate at the sides, impunctate, testaceous; elytra wider at the 
base than the thorax, extremely finely wrinkled, nearly impunctate, 
some extremely fine punctures visible only near the base when seen 
under a powerful lens, legs slender, testaceous, the tibie finely 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 33 


pubescent, with a small spine, the metatarsus of the posterior legs as 
long as the following three joints together ; breast and abdomen 
black. 


Hab. DunBRopy, Cape Colony (Rev. 0’ Net?). 

There seem to be a good many small and similarly 
coloured species of Luperus and AMalacosoma .inhabiting 
Africa, all more or less closely allied ; in the present insect, 
the head is of darker colour than the rest of the upper 
surface, the thorax is proportionately long and is obsoletely 
transversely depressed (more distinctly foveolate at the 
sides in one specimen), this character and the black under- 
side will assist in distinguishing the species, of which I 
received two specimens from the Rey. O'Neil which were 
obtained on Senecio yunipertnus. 


Luperus incertus, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 20.) 

Black, the antennz fulvous, head impuncetate, fulvous, thorax 
minutely punctured, flavous, the basal margin more or less black, 
elytra finely punctured and wrinkled, black, the base and the apex 
sometimes obscure flavous. Length 3 millim. 

Head fulvous, impunctate, frontal elevations strongly raised, 
transverse, the clypeus broad, with an acutely raised central ridge, 
flavous, antennze slender, extending to about the middle of the 
elytra, fulvous, the third joint slightly longer than the second, the 
following more elongate ; thorax about one-half broader than long, 
the sides slightly constricted at the base, the surface very minutely 
punctured, flavous, the basal margin more or less black, elytra very 
minutely punctured and finely wrinkled, black, the apex very 
indistinctly flavous ; legs pale fulvous, the metatarsus as long as the 
following joints together, tibial spine very short. 


Hab. Dunsropy, Cape Colony, on willows (Rev. 0’ Nei/). 

LL. apicalis, Weise (Wiegm. Arch. 1902), is evidently a 
closely allied species but is described with black antennze 
and legs, and of larger size; in one specimen of the 
present insect, the elytra are marked with obscure flavous 
near the shoulders and at the apex, while the latter portion 
in the other specimen are scarcely so marked and the 
elytra are entirely black at the base. 


STICTOCEMA, gen. n. 
Elongate, parallel and finely pubescent, antenne filiform, the 
terminal joints shorter and wider, thorax transverse, the sides straight 


and narrowed anteriorly, the surface finely rugose and pubescent, 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 3 


34 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


scutellum broad, elytra finely pubescent, their epipleure very narrow 
and disappearing below the middle, legs slender, all the tibie 
mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior legs longer than the 
following joints together, claws bifid, prosternum invisible between 
the coxee, the anterior coxal cavities open. The very narrow elytral 
epipleurze, the mucronate tibiw, elongate metatarsus as well as the 
bifid claws and the finely pubescent upper surface of this genus 
present a number of characters not found in any of the numerous 
genera of Galerwcine in the same proportion ; the true place of the 
species is therefore somewhat problematical, but in Schematizella, Jac., 
it has perhaps its nearest ally ; both genera inhabit the same locality, 
have the antennz, shape of the thorax, the narrow elytral epipleurve 
and the bifid claws of similar structure, but the tibize in the present 
genus have a long spur, in Schematizella even with the strongest lens 


I cannot find any mucro. 


Stictocema maculrcollis, sp. n. 

Testaceous, the antenne, the upper edge of the femora and the 
tibie and tarsi black, vertex with one, thorax with three black spots, 
elytra finely rugose, and closely pubescent, metallic green, the lateral 
margins testaceous, Length 7 millim. 

Head closely rugose, the vertex and the labrum black, the clypeus 
testaceous, antennz with the lower eight joints black (the rest 
wanting), third joint shorter than the fourth, both joints elongate, 
the others shorter ; thorax transverse, but scarcely one-half broader 
than long, the sides straight, obliquely narrowed towards the apex, 
the entire surface finely rugose and pubescent, testaceous, the sides 
with a small spot or a narrow stripe, the middle with a larger black 
spot, scutellum broad, testaceous or fuscous ; elytra elongate, slightly 
widened posteriorly, finely rugose or wrinkled throughout and 
clothed with rather long grey pubescence, the extreme lateral 
margins and the epipleurze testaceous, legs long and slender, the 
femora testaceous, the upper edge black, the tibize and tarsi entirely 
of that colour, posterior first tarsal joint as long as half the tibie. 


Hab, LoLopoRF, Cameroons. 

In this species, the metatarsus of the posterior legs is 
extremely elongate, much longer than in the following 
insect which prevents its being considered an unicolorous 
variety of that species, with which it otherwise agrees in 


structure. 


Stictocema fasciata, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 9.) 
Testaceous, the apical joints of the antenne black, head and 
thorax finely rugose, the first-named with one, the latter with three 


Species of African Halticiny and Galeruciny. 35 


blackish spots ; elytra finely pubescent, a broad longitudinal band 
near the suture and another one near the lateral margins, violaceous 
blue. Length 7 millim. 

Head scarcely longer than broad, finely rugose and pubescent, 
testaceous, with an elongate central spot at the vertex, eyes prominent, 
labrum black, antennz with the lower six joints testaceous, the rest 
black, first joint slender and elongate, second short, third and fourth 
joint as long as the first, the following joints gradually shorter and 
thicker ; thorax obliquely narrowed from base to apex, the sides 
perfectly straight, the angles acute, the posterior ones obliquely 
shaped, the surface finely rugose and pubescent, testaceous, the sides 
with a narrow blackish stripe, the middle of the base with a rounded 
spot, scutellum broad at the base, truncate at the apex ; elytra clothed 
with short yellowish pubescence, finely rugose throughout, with two 
metallic violaceous bands, the first close to the suture not quite 
reaching to the apex, the second parallel with the lateral margins but 
extending to the suture and apex, both bands are of equal width and 
are interrupted by a narrower testaceous stripe of the ground colour, 
the extreme lateral margins and epipleure as well as the under-side 
and legs are likewise testaceous. 


Hab. CAMEROONS. 
There is only a single specimen (apparently a female) 
before me, in which the last abdominal segment is entire. 


Platyxantha (Haplotes) bicolor, sp. n. 


Fulvous, the antennze and legs flavous, head and thorax with slight 
purplish gloss, the latter bifoveolate, elytra metallic-green, finely 
punctured and granulate, very obsoletely sulcate. 

¢. Antenne with all the joints strongly curved and with a fringe 
of hairs, Length 55 millim. 

Head impunctate, fulvous, with a pronounced purplish gloss, 
frontal elevations narrow and transverse, strongly pointed anteriorly, 
eyes large, labrum and palpi flavous, antennee flavous (the last joint 
wanting), basal joint strongly thickened at the apex, second one small, 
third and following joints elongate, nearly equal, strongly curved, 
with a fringe of hairs at the lower edge; thorax about one-half 
broader than long, the sides straight at the base, widened before the 
middle, the lateral margins with some long black pubescence, the 
disc with two deep depressions, impunctate, with the exception of a 
few fine punctures near the anterior angles, coloured like the head, 
scutellum fulvous ; elytra parallel, without trace of a basal depression, 
metallic-green, minutely granulate and very finely and sparingly 


36 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


punctured in obsolete rows, with traces of sulci, very feebly indicated, 
legs flavous. 


Hab. W. AFRICA. 

The single male specimen contained in my collection 
has the joints of the attennz much more strongly curved 
than in P. curvicornis, Jac., and metallic elytra; there is 
also a fringe of hairs at the lower edge of each of the 
antennee as well as on the lateral thoracic margins. 


Platyxantha (Haplotes) occipitalis, sp.n. (Plate IIL, fig. 14.) 


Testaceous, the vertex of the head and the antenne black, thorax 
flavous, deeply bifoveolate, impunctate, elytra finely punctured, all 
the margins narrowly, the lateral ones more broadly black, legs 
flavous, the tibie (excepting the base) and the tarsi black. Length 
5 millim. 

Head impunctate, the lower portion flavous, the vertex black, 
frontal elevations transverse, narrow, strongly raised, clypeus with 
an acute central ridge, antenne with slightly curved and somewhat 
triangularly widened joints, black, the basal joint moderately long, 
thickened at the apex, second joint very short, moniliform, the 
following joints about as long as the first, all of nearly equal length ; 
thorax about one-half broader than long, subquadrate, deeply trans- 
versely stuleate, the sulcus interrupted at the middle, the surface 
impunctate, flavous, scutellum flavous, elytra testaceous, finely punc- 
tured, the lateral margins, epipleuree more broadly, the other margins 
very narrowly black, metatarsus of the hind legs elongate, tibie 
simple. 


Hab. LOWER TuGELA, Natal (C. Barker). 

I only know a single specimen of this species, apparently 
a female, which differs from its allies in its system of color- 
ation ; in the male, the antennze have probably some joint 
or other distorted as in most members of the genus. 


Haplotes bifasciata, sp. n. (Plate ILI, fig. 13.) 


Fulvous; thorax transversely sulcate, impunctate ; elytra ex- 
tremely minutely granulate, not perceptibly punctured, the basal 
half and a narrow transverse band below the middle, blackish. 
Length 6 millim. 

Head impunctate, deeply transversely grooved between the eyes, 
frontal elevations narrowly transverse, eyes large and round, labrum 
fuscous, antennee slender, filiform, fulvous, the intermediate joints 
more or less fuscous above, basal joint long and curved, second, 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 37 


very short, moniliform, third and following joints very elongate, 
rather longer than the basal joint ; thorax broader than long, the 
lateral margins rounded at the middle, narrowed at the base, the 
surface with a broad transverse sulcus at the middle, entirely 
impunctate ; scutellum fulvous; elytra much broader at the base 
than the thorax, entirely impunctate, fulvous, the entire anterior 
half black, the posterior portion with a transverse narrow black 
band below the middle extending to both margins ; under-side and 
legs fulvous. 


Hab, OGowk. (Collect. H. Clavarcau and my own.) 

In the apparently female specimens before me, the last 
abdominal segment is nearly entire or slightly sinuate ; 
the species is well distinguished by the impunctate elytra 
and their coloration. 


Hemixantha subrugosa, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 18.) 


Testaceous, the antenna, the femora above and the tibiz and tarsi 
black; thorax finely and irregularly punctured, the lateral margins 
black, scutellum black, elytra deeply and strongly punctured, semi- 
rugose, a sutural band of varying width and the margins narrowly 
black, 

var. Elytra with the margins black only, the sutural band absent. 
Length 53-6 millim. 

Head impunctate, broadly impressed between the eyes, the vertex 
pale fulvous, lower portion testaceous, the palpi black, frontal 
elevations broadly trigonate, antenne filiform, black, the apical joint 
fulvous, the third joint twice as long as the second one in the male, 
shorter in the female, the fourth and following joints more elongate 
and equal ; thorax less than twice as broad as long, the sides feebly 
rounded anteriorly, with narrow margins, anterior angles slightly 
thickened but not produced, the surface rather convex, with some 
shallow irregular depressions at the sides, closely impressed with 
larger and smaller punctures, the extreme lateral margins more or 
less black, scutellum broadly rounded at the apex, finely granulate, 
black ; elytra wider than the thorax at the base, subcylindrical, closely 
and very strongly punctured, the interstices partly rugose, all the 
margins and the epipleuree black, the suture sometimes with another 
more or less strongly-marked broad black band, generally ill-defined 
at the sides, sometimes entirely absent; under-side and legs 
testaceous, the upper edge of the femora and the tibie and tarsi 
black. 


Hab. MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker). 
The sculpturing and coloration of the elytra in this 


38 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


species differs from any of the others placed in this genus; 
the male has the last abdominal segment deeply longitu- 
dinally suleate ; im the female, this segment is simple. and 
pointed. 


Hemixantha subconnectens, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 16.) 


Testaceous, antennze (the basal joints excepted) black, thorax finely 
punctured, with five black spots, elytra punctured like the thorax, 
the margins testaceous, the disc piceous in shape of two longitudinal, 
posteriorly more or less connected bands, legs testaceous, tarsi black. 
Length 43 millim. 

Head testaceous, the vertex impunctate, frontal elevations very 
highly raised, subquadrate, bounded by a deep transverse groove 
behind, piceous, lower portion of the face testaceous, eyes very large 
and coarsely granulate or faceted, antenne robust, black, the basal 
two joints more or less testaceous, second joint very small, third, tri- 
gonate, the following joints scarcely larger, somewhat subquadrately 
widened ; thorax paca broader than long, or slightly broader, the 
sides rounded at the middle, the anterior angles thickened and 
slightly produced outwards, the surface rather closely and finely 
punctured, the punctures somewhat deeply impressed, testaceous, 
with three or five piceous spots, placed transversely, the middle ones 
often united into a triangular larger spot, the middle of the base with 
a shallow, more or less distinct fovea, scutellum black ; elytra ex- 
tremely finely and closely punctured, the apex nearly impunctate, 
the entire disc occupied by a broad piceous band, which is divided 
anteriorly by a more or less elongate stripe of the testaceous ground 
colour, the sutural and lateral margins as well as the apex more 
broadly, likewise testaceous ; below and the legs testaceous, the knees 


sometimes stained with piceous, the tarsi entirely of that colour or 
black. 


flab. Bera (P. A. Sheppard). 

In the male of this species, the eyes are particularly 
large and prominent, and the antennz are more robust 
and longer than in the female; the elytral dark band is 
very variable in the amount of the anterior division which 
in some specimens extends much further downwards than 
in others, in which it assumes the shape of a flavous spot 


only. 
Hemiaantha dilaticornis, sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 15.) 


Fulvous, the apical joints of the antenne black, strongly thickened, 
thorax transverse, minutely punctured, elytra punctured like the 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 39 


thorax, testaceous, a transverse band at the base and a subtri- 
angular spot near the apex of elytron, greenish-black. Lengih 5 
millim. 

3. Head fulvous, impunctate, the vertex with a small central spot, 
eyes very large and prominent, each wider than the dividing space, 
frontal elevations strongly raised, subquadrate, antennee robust, the 
basal joint short, curved, as long as the third one, fourth and follow- 
ing joints slightly triangularly widened, scarcely longer than the 
third, terminal three joints dilated, black, the others fulvous ; thorax 
about one-half broader than long, subquadrate, the sides rounded, the 
anterior angles slightly produced and oblique, the anterior ones more 
rounded, the disc rather convex, fulvous, closely and finely punctured, 
with asmall depression near the basal margin at the middle, scutellum 
fulvous ; elytra scarcely perceptibly punctured, testaceous, the base 
with a narrow transverse, greenish band which is rather deeply 
indented below the shoulders, this band does not quite extend to the 
lateral margins, near the apex is another spot of somewhat triangular 
shape which does not extend to either margin, legs fulvous, all the 
tibize unarmed, the anterior coxal cavities closed. 


fab. Berra (P. A. Sheppard). 

Both sexes of this species agree in the structure of the 
antenne, but the latter are shorter in the female; the eyes 
in this sex are also much smaller and more widely separated. 
H. bifasciata, Jac., is a closely allied species, but has simple 
antenne and broader elytral bands. 


Hemixantha dilutipes,sp.n. (Plate III, fig. 17.) 


Metallic-green, the antenne (the basal joints excepted) and the 
tarsi blackish, legs fulvous, thorax very finely punctured and granu- 
late, with some irregular depressions, elytra finely transversely 
wrinkled, with a longitudinal sulcus at the sides. Length 4-44 
millim. 

Head bright metallic-creen, very finely granulate, impunctate, with 
a central fovea, labrum fulvous, antennz very long and slender, black, 
the lower three or four joints testaceous, all the joints, with the 
exception of the second one, very elongate and nearly equal; thorax 
transverse, quite twice as broad as long, slightly constricted at the 
base, the sides feebly rounded before the middle, the dise with a 
shallow fovea at each side and another at the base, finely granulate 
and punctured, metallic-green, scutellum dark blue ; elytra elongate 
and parallel, with a narrow sutural depression below the base, where 
the suture is somewhat thickened, the entire surface finely trans- 


40 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


versely rugose, the interstices minutely granulate and finely 
punctured, legs fulvous, the tarsi black, 


Hab. IrAFA MountTainS and Matvern, Natal 
(C. Barker). 

Closely allied to HZ. natalensis, Jac., but the thorax 
shorter and much more transverse, the antennz longer, 
and the legs fulvous, not black. The antennze in the 
female are much shorter, and both the second and third 
joint are short and equal. 


Monolepta camerunensis, sp. n. 


Elongate, subcylindrical, fulvous, thorax subquadrate, strongly 
punctured, elytra punctured like the thorax, in closely approached 
irregular lines, the interstices slightly longitudinally raised, Length 
6 millim. 

Head sparingly but strongly punctured, with a short central 
groove, frontal elevations strongly raised, trigonate, lower portion 
of face flavous, antennxe extending nearly to the apex of the elytra, 
fulvous, the second and third joint very small, equal, the others very 
elongate with the exception of the fifth joint which is shorter ; thorax 
about one-half broader than long, all the margins rounded, the disc, 
rather convex, closely and strongly punctured at the sides, much more 
sparingly so at the middle where there are two smooth and impunce- 
tate small spaces, scutellum smooth, elytra very elongate and sub- 
cylindrical, as strongly punctured as the thorax, with traces of longi- 
tudinal, raised lines; under-side paler than the upper-side, the 
terminal tibial spur very long, metatarsus longer than the following 
joints together. 


Hab, CAMEROONS. 

I only know of a single specimen of this rather large- 
sized species, contained in my collection; the entirely 
fulvous colour and the strongly punctured upper surface 
well distinguish it. 


Monolepta violaceipennis, sp. 0. 


Flavous, the antennee, breast, tibize, and tarsi black, thorax strongly 
transverse, sparingly punctured, elytra dark violaceous, closely and 
finely punctured. Length 3} millim, 

Of posteriorly widened shape, the head impunctate, flavous, frontal 
elevations narrow, transverse, clypeus with an acute central ridge, 
apex of the labrum and the palpi black, antennz nearly extending 
to the apex of the elytra, the basal joint flavous, the others black, 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine, 41 


third joint twice as long as the second, the others very slender and 
elongate ; thorax short, more than twice as broad as long, slightly 
narrowed anteriorly, the sides nearly straight, the lateral margins 
with a single long black hair before and below the middle, the 
surface with a few fine punctures, scutellum black ; elytra closely 
punctured, violaceous-blue, below and the femora flavous, tibia, tarsi 
and the breast black ; metatarsus of hind-legs very long. 


Hab, OLD CALABAR (Dr. Brawns). 


Monolepta pygidialis, sp. n. 

Head and under side ferrugineous, thorax and legs flavous, elytra 
extremely minutely punctured, flavous, a narrow, transverse, angulate 
band at the base and another near the apex, black, pygidium black. 
Length 4 millim. 

Head impuncetate, ferrugineous or rufous, the frontal elevations 
rather broad and flat, eyes large, antenne flavous, slender, the second 
and third joint small, the fourth as long as the preceding two together, 
terminal joints slightly shorter and thicker ; thorax one-half broader 
than long, the sides nearly straight, not narrowed in front, anterior 
angles thickened, the surface extremely minutely punctured, flavous, 
scutellum fulvous; elytra punctured like the thorax, yellowish-white, 
the black bands narrow, the basal one angulate at the shoulders and 
extending downwards at the lateral margins to about one-third the 
length of the elytra, the second band slightly oblique, near the apex 
and generally not quite touching the lateral margins, the pygidium 
black. 


Hab. MALVERN, Estcourt, Natal (C. Barker). 

This species must not be confounded with JL bifasciata, 
Fab., or any of the other banded forms of Monolepta, from 
which it is at once distinguished by the black pygidium, 
entirely flavous antennz, which have the last joint some- 
times piceous, and the narrow elytral bands; all the 
specimens before me belong to the female sex; JZ. bifa- 
sciata is a rather larger species in which the second elytral 
band is not placed quite so low as in the present insect ; 


the pygidium also is flavous. 


Monolepta zambesiana, sp. n. 


Fulvous, the legs flavous, femora marked with black, thorax and 
elytra finely punctured ; the latter with an oblique flavous patch 
from the base to the middle and another angulate band near the apex, 
both margined with black. Length 5 millim. 


42 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


Of broadly ovate shape, the head rather elongate, impunctate, 
frontal elevations trigonate, well defined, antennz with the lower 
three joints flavous, the following four joints piceous, the rest broken 
off, third joint one-half longer than the second ; thorax transversely 
subquadrate, of usual shape, the disc very finely and closely punc- 
tured, dark fulvous; elytra widened towards the middle, broad, 
punctured like the thorax, fulvous, an oblique, elongate flavous 
patch extends from the base towards the suture as far as the middle, 
this patch is narrowed in front of the shoulders and at the apex, 
another strongly angulate transverse band is placed near the apex of 
the elytra, the outer and narrower portion running parallel with the 
lateral margin without quite extending to it nor to the suture, both 
bands are margined with black ; under-side fulvous, the legs flavous, 
the greater portion of the femora black ; metatarsus very elongate. 


Hab, ZAMBESI, 
Of this very distinct species, a single specimen is 
contained in my collection. 


Monolepta selecta, sp. n. 


Narrow and elongate, black, above testaceous, thorax transversely 
depressed, elytra opaque, nearly impunctate, testaceous, narrowly 
margined with black. Length 33 millim. 

Head impunctate, rather darker than the thorax, frontal tubercles 
strongly raised, trigonate, antenne long and slender, flavous, the 
terminal joints stained with fuscous at the apex, second and third 
joint small, equal ; thorax twice as broad as long, of equal width, 
the sides nearly straight, very slightly constricted at the base, the 
surface with a well-marked transverse depression, not extending to 
the lateral margins, not perceptibly punctured, pale testaceous, 
seutellum black ; elytra parallel, with a few very fine punctures at 
the base, testaceous, opaque, the suture narrowly and the lateral 
margins rather more broadly black, this colour does however not 
extend to the apical margins of the elytra; below black, legs 
testaceous, metatarsus very elongate. 


Hab. Beira (P. A. Sheppard). 

Much narrower and more elongate than I. nigrocincta, 
Jac. the thorax with a sulcus, and the elytral margins 
more broadly black. 


Monolepta nigricornis, Weise (Wiegm. Arch, 19038). 


This name having already been used by the Rev. Black- 
burn for an Australian species (Tr. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., 
1890), I alter the name to I. atricornis. 


Species of African Halticine and Calerucing. 48 


Monolepta beirensis, sp. n. 


Narrowly elongate, rufous, thorax strongly transverse, finely 
punctured, elytra dark metallic-blue, extremely closely and more 
strongly punctured than the thorax. Length 5 millim. 

Head finely strigose at the vertex, rufous, frontal elevations broadly 
transverse, nearly contiguous, eyes very large, the lower six joints of 
the antennze flavous, the others wanting, the second and third joint 
short; thorax more than twice as broad as long, the sides rather 
strongly rounded, with a narrow margin, the anterior angles slightly 
thickened, the surface very minutely and superficially punctured, 
rufous, seutellum triangular, rufous ; elytra more distinctly punc- 
tured than the thorax ; the punctures very closely placed, metallic- 
blue, under-side and legs rufous; metatarsus of the posterior legs 
very long. 


Hab. Berra, Kast Africa (P. A. Sheppard). 
An elongate and narrow species with dark blue elytra, 
of which I received two specimens. 


Candezea congener, sp. 0. 


Rufous, antenna (the last two joints excepted) and the tibie 
flavous, tarsi infuscate, thorax minutely punctured, elytra black 
with a bluish gloss, extremely finely punctured. Length 5 millim. 

Smaller than Monolepta apicalis, Sahlb., and without red apex of 
the elytra, the latter with a bluish, fatty gloss and microscopically 
finely punctured, their epipleurze narrowly continued below the 
middle ; head finely granulate and minutely punctured, frontal 
elevations rather feeble, trigonate, eyes very large, antenne long, 
flavous, the second and third joint short, the terminal two joints black ; 
thorax twice as broad as long, the sides slightly rounded, with a 
single seta near the anterior angles, the disc very finely and closely 
punetured, rufous, scutellum fulvous, tibice flavous, the posterior 
ones with a long terminal spine, metatarsus very elongate, tarsi 
obscure fuscous. 


Hab, DuNBRopDy, Grahamstown, 8. Africa (Lev O’Nei!). 

I have received two exactly similar specimens from 
the Rev. O’Neil. Monolepta famularis, Weise, resembles 
also this species, but is described as having an elongate 
third joint of the antenne, and a more strongly punctured 
thorax ; the first-named organs are also unicolorous. 


Candezea parvicollis, sp. n. 


Ovate, convex, antenne (the basal joints excepted), the tibia and 
tarsi black, thorax short, with an obsolete transverse lateral sulcus, 


44 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


finely punctured and wrinkled, elytra sculptured in the same way. 
Length 4} millim. 

Closely allied to C. nigrotibialis, Jac., and C. mashwana, Jac., but 
much smaller than either, the thorax shorter, not subquadrate 
and like the elytra finely rugosely punctured, the antennz, with the 
exception of the basal three joints which are flavous, black ; the 
frontal elevations are strongly developed, the second and third joint 
of the antennz is short and equal, but not so short as in some species 
of the genus, the elytra are finely but distinctly punctured and finely 
wrinkled and distinctly wider at the base than the thorax. 


Hab, MALVERN, Natal (C. Barker). 


Candezea annulicornis, sp. n. (Plate IIT, fig. 12.) 


Elongate, convex, flavous, the apex of the joints of the antennez 
and the tibize and tarsi black, thorax scarcely perceptibly, elytra 
extremely minutely and closely punctured. Length 53 millim. 

Head impunctate, with very feebly raised frontal elevations, obso- 
letely grooved behind, the front with a narrow, impressed central 
line, clypeus convex, antenne extending to about the middle of the 
elytra, flavous, the fourth to the ninth joint tipped with black at the 
apex (the last two joints wanting), third joint double the length of 
the second one; thorax rather long, scarcely one-half broader, sub- 
quadrate, the sides nearly straight, very slightly narrowed anteriorly, 
the anterior angles thickened, the surface only perceptibly punc- 
tured, when seen under a powerful lens, with a short transverse 
depression of each side ; elytra extremely closely and scarcely more 
distinctly punctured than the thorax, their epipleure very broad 
and continued nearly to the apex ; below flavous, the tibiae and tarsi 
black, metatarsus of the posterior legs half the length of the tibiz. 


Hab. ZAMBESI. 

Allied to C. (Monolepta) hematura, Fairm., but flavous 
below instead of black, and with the scutellum likewise 
flavous, the tibize and tarsi black. I know of only a 
single female specimen, contained in my collection. 


Candezea morio, sp. n. 


Convex and dilated posteriorly, deep black, the vertex of the 
head, the antennez and legs fulvous, thorax narrowed in front, finely 
punctured, elytra very convex, strongly and closely punctured. 
Length 3} millim. 

Head finely punctured and minutely granulate, the vertex and 
the labrum fulvous, frontal elevations transverse, but extending 


Species of African Halticine and Galeruciny. 45 


downwards in a narrow ridge at the sides of the clypeus, the latter 
likewise narrowly elongate, eyes large, antennze rather short, pale 
fulvous, the first joint very slender, elongate and curved, the second 
one-half shorter than the third, the latter and the following joints 
gradually elongated, more or less stained with piceous at the base ; 
thorax transverse, the sides straight and obliquely narrowed anteriorly, 
the anterior angles slightly obliquely thickened, posterior margin 
rounded and rather strongly produced at the middle, the disc finely 
and rather closely punctured, scutellum transverse, piceous, the apex 
rounded ; elytra gradually widened towards the apex, more strongly 
punctured than the thorax, their epipleuree continued below the 
middle ; under-side black like the upper surface, legs slender, fulvous, 
metatarsus of the posterior legs more than half the length of the 
tibie, the latter with a long spine ; anterior cotyloid cavities closed. 


Hab. Mt. GAMo, SouTH OGOWE. 

This species, of which I received two specimens from 
M. Clavareau at Brussels, is a rather aberrent one, on 
account of its short and convex shape, and the structure 
of its head and clypeus; it is further distinguished by 
the black upper- and under-side. 


Candezea pygidialis, sp. n. 


Oblong-ovate, testaceous, thorax strongly transverse, minutely 
granulate, elytra with deep black lateral margins and epipleure, 
very finely punctured and granulate, pygidium black. Length 6 
millim. 

Head minutely punctured and granulate, eyes large and_pro- 
minent, clypeus convex, triangular, antenne with the lower four 
joints and the base of the fifth flavous, the following two joints 
darker, the rest broken off, third joint twice as long as the second 
one, the others elongate; thorax twice as broad as long, narrowed 
from base to apex, the sides straight, posterior margin broadly rounded, 
sinuate near the angles, the disc sculptured like the head, scutellum 
triangular; elytra gradually widened posteriorly, very minutely 
transversely wrinkled and punctured, testaceous, the lateral and 
apical margins as well as the epipleure and extreme base, deep 
black, this colour is in shape of a narrow band, which gradually and 
slightly widens towards the apex, elytral epipleuree narrowly con- 
tinued below the middle, under-side and legs testaceous, the meta- 
tarsus very long, pygidium black. 


Hab. W. A¥RIcA. 
A well-marked species which cannot be mistaken for 


46 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


any other, also distinguished by the elytral sculpture. I 
possess a single specimen without detailed locality. 


Megalognatha sheppardi, sp. n. 


Fulvous, antenne flavous, the last two joints black, thorax with 
three depressions, elytra minutely and not very closely punctured, 
black, a subquadrate patch at the middle flavous. 

Var. Elytra entirely black or fulvous. Length 4 millim. 

Head impunctate, fulvous, frontal elevations very highly raised, 
trigonate, bounded behind by a deep transverse groove, anterior 
margin of the clypeus straight, labrum and palpi flavous, eyes 
prominent, antenne slender, the third and following joints elongately 
subquadrately widened, the last two joints black, terminal one elongate 
and slender, thorax about one half broader than long, slightly con- 
stricted at the base, the disc with a small triangular depression at 
the middle near the anterior margin and a large deep fovea at each 
side, fulvous, impunctate, with the exception of a few punctures 
which surround the anterior fovea, scutellum fulvous; elytra with 
very fine but rather remotely-placed punctures, the basal portion 
raised, depressed at the suture, black, this colour interrupted by an 
elongate subquadrate, flavous patch at the middle, extending across 
the suture, under-side and the femora fulvous, the tibiz and tarsi 
flavous, last joint of the latter, fuscous, tibia unarmed, the meta- 
tarsus of the posterior legs as long as the following joints together, 
claws appendiculate, anterior cotyloid cavities open. 


Hab, Burra (P. A. Sheppard). 

Although this species is less typical of the genus than 
most of its congeners, since the thorax is of rather more 
transverse shape, and the sutural margins are not thickened, 
yet the thoracic depressions and the open coxal cavities 
and unarmed tibiz agree better with Megalognatha than 
with any other genus of Galerucing. The specimen, 
which seems to be of the male sex on account of the long 
antenn and their widened joints, which are very similar 
to those of several species of the genus Platyxantha, has 
a deep cavity in the first abdominal segments, but whether 
this is accidental or normal I am unable to say. The 
elytral coloration seems very variable. 


Megalognatha inconspicua, sp. n. 


Testaceous, the antennee, tibize and tarsi black, head, thorax and 
femora fulvous, the thorax finely and sparingly punctured with an 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 47 


obscure piceous patch, elytra very finely rugosely punctured, 
testaceous. Length 5-7 millim. 

Head flattened and rather long, impunctate, obscure fulvous, 
clypeus with an acute central ridge, antenne extending below the 
middle of the elytra (4), the intermediate joints moderately widened, 
terminal ones tapering, third joint slightly shorter than the fourth ; 
thorax subquadrate, the sides strongly rounded at the middle and 
widened, the disc very finely punctured, with a short obsolete, 
triangular depression near the anterior margin and stained with an 
obsolete, piceous patch at the middle, scutellum broad, pale piceous, 
elytra of paler colour than the thorax, finely rugosely punctured, legs 
rather robust, the femora fulvous, the tibie and tarsi black, the 
breast and abdomen testaceous, the edge of the abdominal segments 
black. 


Hab. BREDERSDORP, E. Africa. 

Principally distinguished by the widened and rounded 
sides of the thorax, which resembles that of JZ bohemant, 
Baly, from which the colour of the antenne and legs 
further separate the species; the female has much shorter 
antennze and the depression of the thorax is deeper. 


Megalognatha weiser, sp. n. 


Very elongate and robust, obscure dark testaceous, the antenna, 
legs and the cox black, thorax subquadrate, strongly and closely 
punctured, elytra finely rugose and punctured, Length 11 millim. 

Head rugose at the vertex, frontal elevations highly raised, tri- 
gonate, clypeus triangular, smooth, deflexed, antennze extending to 
the end of the elytra in the male, black, all the joints elongate, the 
third more than twice as long as the second ; thorax subquadrate, 
one-half broader than long,:the sides very feebly rounded at the 
middle, the angles acute, the disc strongly and almost rugosely 
punctured, slightly depressed anteriorly at each side, with a narrow, 
less closely punctured short space, scutellum broad, with some fine 
punctures ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, parallel, very 
closely and finely rugose and punctured, the sutural margins 
narrowly raised, legs black, very elongate, the first joint of the tarsi 
broadly widened, the anterior ones much more elongate than the 
others. 


Hab, UsaMBara, Nguelo. 

I only know of a single specimen of this species, one of 
the largest of the genus, and resembling in that respect 
M. usambarica, W eise, but with testaceous (not black) under- 


48 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


side; the head likewise testaceous, and the antenne 
with cylindrical, not widened joints, the thorax strongly 
punctured. 


Ergana bicolor, sp. n. 


Black, the basal joints of the antenne flavous, thorax subquadrate, 
impunctate, elytra flavous, scarcely perceptibly punctured. Length 
5 millim. 

Head impunctate, black, deeply transversely grooved between the 
eyes, the frontal tubercles very strongly developed, trigonate, elypeus 
triangular, rather broad between the antenne, the latter robust, 
black, the lower five joints flavous, third joint more than twice the 
length of the second, all the joints thickened at the apex ; thorax 
subquadrate, scarcely broader than long, the margins rounded, 
posterior angles obsolete, the surface rather convex, impunctate, 
black, scutellum black ; elytra elongate, flavous, the punctures only 
visible under a strong lens, their epipleurz indistinct below the 
middle, legs black as well as the under-side, the knees and tibice 
slightly stained with flavous, the latter mucronate, anterior coxal 
cavities closed. 


Hab. TanGa, E. Africa (Dr. Brawns). 
The nearly impunctate upper surface and the coloration 
distinguish this species from its allies. 


Spilocephalus aprealis, sp. n. 


Fulvous, the last joint of the antennee black, thorax impunctate, 
with adeep curved depression, bounded by a ridge above (4), elytra 
violaceous-blue, the apex fulvous, finely punctured near the suture, 
with a deep basal depression. Length 4 millim. 

Head impunctate, fulvous, deeply transversely grooved between 
the eyes, frontal elevations strongly raised, transverse, palpi dilated 
at the penultimate joint, antenne robust, extending beyond the 
middle of the elytra, fulvous, the second joint extremely small, the 
following four joints widened and subtriangularly compressed, 
terminal joints smaller, of similar shape, the last one elongate and 
black; thorax about one-half broader than long, subquadrate, the 
middle of the dise with an angular depression at each side which is 
bounded by a strong ridge above, rest of the surface impunctate, 
fulvous, very shining, scutellum very broad ; elytra with a deep 
depression below the base, the shoulders and the basal portion 
prominent, dark violaceous-blue, with some fine punctures anteriorly 
near the suture, rest of the disc impunctate, the apex in shape of a 


Species of African Halticiny and Galerucine. 49 


large triangular patch extending narrowly upwards at the suture, 
fulvous; under-side and legs fulvous, clothed with fine yellow 
pubescence, tibia unarmed, anterior coxal cavities closed; last 
abdominal segment of the male deeply incised at the sides. 


Hab, ZAMBESI. 

Spilocephalus, Jac. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888), is well 
distinguished by the structure of the antenne and the shape 
of the thoracic depression, in connection with the unarmed 
tibize and closed coxal cavities. SS. distanti, Gah., and S. 
metallica, Jac., have filiform antenne and a different thoracic 
sulcus and are better placed in Platyzantha. In the female 
of S, apiealis the antennee have the joints less widened and 
nearly equal, and the last abdominal segment is simple. 


Aulamorphus pictus, sp. 0. 


Oblong, black, sides of the head flavous, thorax closely punctured, 
deeply transversely sulcate at the sides, elytra strongly and closely 
punctured, black, the shoulders and a strongly dentate and semi- 
crescent shaped band at the middle, flavous, Length 6 millim. 

Head impunctate, with a deep longitudinal central groove, the 
sides of the vertex and the frontal elevations flavous, clypeus and 
labrum black, antenne slender, extending to the middle of the elytra, 
black, the third and the following two joints elongate, equal, the 
terminal joints slightly thickened and shorter, thorax about twice 
and a half broader than long, the sides straight, the anterior and 
posterior margins curved, the anterior angles oblique, the surface 
irregularly punctured with a very deep transverse sulcus at the sides, 
less deep at the middle, another small depression is placed at the base 
near the middle, seutellum smooth ; elytra slightly wider at the base 
than the thorax, with a depression below the base, very strongly and 
closely punctured, black, the shoulders with a subquadrate flavous 
spot, another transverse and medially constricted mark is placed at 
the middle, not extending to the suture but connected near the lateral 
margin by a narrow stripe with another transverse dentate band near 
the apex, forming a semicrescent, under-side and legs black, 
the abdominal segments narrowly margined with flavous, tibie 
unarmed, metatarsus of hind-legs as long as the following joint, 
together, anterior coxal cavities closed. 

Hab. GERMAN EAST AFRICA. 

Of this, the second species of the genus, I only possess 
a single female specimen, it is however sufficiently dis- 
tinguished by its coloration, although the latter is probably 
subject to variation. 


TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 4 


50 Mr. M. Jacoby’s Descriptions of New Genera and 


Beiratia, gen. n. 


Elongate, subeylindrical, antennz filiform, the fourth joint longer 
than the third, thorax transversely subquadrate, with rounded sides 
and posterior angles, the disc convex, without depressions, elytral 
epipleuree broad at the base, disappearing below the middle, legs 
rather short, all the tibia mucronate, the metatarsus of the posterior 
legs about as long as the following joints together, claws appen- 
diculate, prosternum extremely narrow, the anterior cotyloid cavities 
closed. 


This genus will enter the Monoleptine on account of the 
closed coxal cavities and the mucronate tibie, it differs 
from Monolepta in the general robust and subcylindrical 
shape and the much shorter metatarsus of the hind- legs 
which are altogether more robust. Hrgana, Chayp., has the 
elytral epipleuree continued and the metatarsus short. In 
Barombia, Jac., the second and third joint of the antennz 
are short and the metatarsus is very elongate ; the thorax 
also is strongly transverse. 


Bewratia inornata, sp.n. (Plate ITI, fig. 19.) 


Of a uniform testaceous colour, the antenne (the basal joints 
excepted) and the tibize and tarsi black, thorax impunctate, elytra 
extremely finely and closely punctured, the interstices still more 
finely punctate. Length 7 millim. 

Head broad, impuncetate, the frontal elevations subtuberculiform, 
bounded by a deep transverse groove behind, clypeus with an acute 
central ridge, mandibles strongly curved and pointed, the apex black, 
antennée extending beyond the middle of the elytra, very slender, 
black, the lower two or three joints testaceous, fourth joint one-half 
longer than the third, the following of nearly similar length, apical 
joints not thickened ; thorax transversely subquadrate, slightly 
narrowed in front, the lateral and the posterior margin rounded, the 
anterior angles blunt and oblique, the disc rather convex, extremely 
minutely granulate when seen undera strong lens, without any 
larger punctures, elytra not wider at the base than the thorax, very 
finely and closely punctured, with very minute other punctures at 
the interstices, tibiz and tarsi blackish; the male organ short and 
stout, terminating into an acute point, the cavity closed by an 
elongate lid having a central furrow, female with the last abdominal 
segment broadly produced at the middle. 


Hab, Berra (P. A. Sheppard). 


Species of African Halticine and Galerucine. 51 


Hystaspes, Jac. (Stettin, Zeit., 1903). 


I now find, to my dismay, that this genus and the species 
Hf, dohrni is identical with my genus Schematizella and 
with the type S. viridis (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1888), the first- 
named genus and species must therefore be entirely 
omitted. 


Ootheca bennigseni, Weise (Deut. Ent. Zeit., 1900). 


Of this species I have received several specimens from 
Beira obtained by Mr. P. A. Sheppard, amongst which are 
some with entirely fulvous upper-side; the insect is prob- 
ably subject to the same amount of colour variation as 
the type 0. mutabilis, Sahlb. The structure of the male 
organ agrees entirely with the description given by the 
author; another specimen is also contained in my collection 
from Natal. 


Macrima africana, Jac. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1899). 


This species, with metallic-green and rugose elytra, 
ought, I think, to find its place in Haplotes, Weise, as at 
present understood; the apex of the tibiz, if looked at 
sideways, seems produced into a point as in Duviviera, 
Weise, but this is caused by long stiff hairs only, which 
project in a close set beyond the apex. 

Duviviera apicitarsis, Weise (Deut. Ent. Zeit., 1903) = 
sublevipennis, Jac. (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1903). 


Explanation of Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF PuateE ITI. 


Fia. 1. Crepidodera malvernensis. 
2. Nisotra weisei. 
3. Phyllotetra weisei. 
4. Euplecnema nigrita. 
5. Dunbrodya nitida. 
6. Physonychis beiraensis. 
7. Leptauaca maculicollis. 
8. Hyperacantha obesa. 
9. Stictocema tusciata. 
10, Hxosoma apicipenne. 
11. Hyperacantha silvana. 
12. Candezea annulicornis. 
13. Haplotes bifasciata. 
14. »,  occipitalis. 


15. Hemixantha dilaticorinis. 


16. ng subconnectens. 
lee Ps dilutipes. 
18. * subrigosa, 


19. Beiratia inornata. 


20, Litperus incertus. 


( 53) 


ILI. On the emergence of Myrmeleon formicarius from the 
pupa. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., FES. 


[Read December 6th, 1905. ] 


In this species, striking changes take place in the structure 
of the mandibles as the insect passes from the larval to 
the imaginal stage. The object of this paper is to call 
attention to these changes, and especially to the modifica- 
tions of the pupal mandible to fit it for cutting open the 
cocoon—an operation not, however, performed by the pupa 
(strictly speaking) but by the imago, immediately before 
it sheds the pupal skin. A few notes are added on the 
larval habits as observed by Dr. Chapman and myself. 
Though these probably contain nothing new, they may 
interest English entomologists who have few opportunities 
of seeing these curious larve. 

[Notes on the larvae made by T. A. Chapman, M.D., 
betore they passed into my possession.—“I brought home 
several of these Ant-lion larve on Aug. 10th, 1904, having 
found them a week or so earlier at La Granja (Spain). 
They were there very abundant amongst what was rather 
dry dusty earth—scarcely sand—in the pine forest, where 
the trees were even somewhat densely placed. They 
were quite under the trees, most abundant in fact close to 
their roots, so that it may well be, that they preferred such 
places as being less exposed torain. They were sometimes 
so abundant that a square foot was occupied by eight or 
ten of them of various sizes. During the six weeks I 
had them at home before passing them on to Mr. Lucas 
they ate a good many larve, chiefly of small Lepidoptera. 
If the larva was too large, they avoided it and were with 
difficulty got to seize it. In this they were well-advised, 
since the result was either that the larva jerked itself 
loose, or jerked the ant-lion out of the sand, into what 
would naturally be a position of much danger. A small 
larva, when once seized had no chance of escape, and after 
a few spasmodic twists, became passive and was soon 
dead. When hungry, the ant-lion sucked the larva very 
dry, so that a minute shred only remained, if the larva 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART T. (MAY) 


54 Mr. W. J. Lucas on the Emergence of 


given was a small one. When too well supplied, however, 
larvee were left only half emptied. They grew consider- 
ably whilst I had them, not however moulting, but 
chiefly filling out after the starvation incurred through 
being brought here. ‘They made typical pits several 
times. I saw them not infrequently throwing out sand 
by the backward jerk of the head. This was done either 
in making a pit or in repairing it. Roesel, I think, says 
they also did this by way of artillery, to bring an insect 
at the edge of the pit, down within their reach. In a 
broad sense I think this is true; an insect at the edge of 
the pit may cause some sand to fall on the ant-lion at 
the bottom, in cases where it does not itself first reach that 
position, and the ant-lion at once ejects the sand in order 
to make his trap perfect as soon as possible. The move- 
ment in the walls of the pit so caused would probably 
often precipitate to the bottom an insect that would other- 
wise have escaped. I several times saw sand so ejected 
on disturbance of the pit, but in no case was there any- 
thing like aiming the shower of sand at the insect. The 
eyes are so placed that the insect has probably a fair view 
of the field of operations ; on the other hand, its artillery 
only commands a section of the circle, and it cannot turn 
itself round very quickly should the insect be on the 
opposite side. The larva appears always to travel back- 
wards, and always under the sand, often, when replete, going 
to some depth torest. On the surface it is not very helpful, 
except that it can bury itself with great rapidity; it moves 
to some distance under the sand very quickly.” ] 

Two living larvae were passed on to me at the end ot 
September. Judging of the food from the common and 
scientific names that the insect bears, I supplied them 
with living specimens of the red ant of the fir-woods 
(Formica rufa). They would, however, have none of these, 
and indeed appeared unwilling to accept anything I gave 
them. Possibly they do not feed during the winter; at 
any rate they ate little or nothing till well on into the 
spring of the next year. One of the two could have been 
none the worse for its long fast, since it produced an 
imago of good size about midsummer (1905). Before 
pupating it ate one or two caterpillars. These, when 
seized, struggled violently at first. The ant-lion then 
rapidly buried itself as mentioned in Dr. Chapman’s note 
when, suddenly as it seemed, the caterpillar became still, 


Myrmeleon formicarws from the Pupa. 55 


giving one the impression that it had been stung and 
paralysed at this juncture. Only once did I notice sand 
being thrown about by the larva, and even on that 
occasion I could not see for what purpose this was done. 
It should be stated that a trap was never well formed— 
possibly because the sand supplied was too mobile for the 
purpose. Often the larve would wander about during the 
night and make circular furrows in the sand, which were, 
there is little doubt, intended for traps. While in my 
possession the larve seemed to be usually buried well 
beneath the surface of the sand. 

At length one day threads of a gummy nature were 
noticed along the sand and across the box containing the 
larve—this waste of material seeming to be ill able to be 
spared by so small an insect which had to produce so large 
an imago. Gradually there arose from the surface of the 
sand a spherical cocoon consisting of grains of sand 
cemented together by this gummy material (liquid silk). 
This cocoon was formed from below, a small section of 
a sphere first appearing, the sphere itself taking shape 
as the work progressed, and being when completed about 
nine-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. Having but the 
one cocoon, it was not possible for me to examine the 
pupa within. When a little later the emergence took 
place I was pleased to find that the imago was of good 
size, not having suffered apparently from the long fast in 
the larval stage. 

In the case of the Chrysopas (Green Lace-wing Flies), 
which are near relatives of the ant-lions, we have a tiny 
spherical cocoon, quite ethereal in appearance and evidently 
made of silk alone. Before disclosing the imago the pupa 
of Chrysopa neatly cuts for itself a circular door. It then 
leaves the cocoon entirely and afterwards the disclosure of 
the imago takes place outside. The pupa of Myrmeleon 
formicarius does not do this, but after making an aperture 
at the top of the cocoon, protrudes the fore part of its 
body only, somewhat in the same way as the pupa of 
the Burnet-moth (Zygena trifolii) does. Emergence of 
the imago then takes place from a dorsal slit, the delicate 
pupal skin remaining half-projecting from the orifice in 
the cocoon. 

As previously mentioned interesting changes take place 
in the mandibles as the ant-lion proceeds from stage to 
stage of its life-cycle. These I have illustrated by means 


56 Mr. W. J. Lucas on the Emergence of 


of the accompanying figures, which are magnified about 
23 times. It will be at once seen how admirably the 
formidable larval mandibles are formed to serve as a 
trap to catch the prey in that stage. The pupal jaws are 
used in the insect’s life for a single operation—the cutting 
of an opening in the cocoon. They are much reduced in 
size, and the slender hairs are perhaps vestigial only. 


Myrineleon formicartus. 


1. Mandibles of Larva 1 
2. Mandibles of Pupa x abt. 23. 
3. Mandibles of Imago J 


The sharp points are well adapted for piercing the cocoon 
and the saw-like edges are equally well suited for enlarging 
the opening. In the imago the mandibles have become 
quite simple in form and the hairs have disappeared. Of 
two species of Chrysopa (C. septempunctata and C. clathrata) 
whose pupal skins I possess, the jaws in that stage are 
similar to those of the pupa of J. formicarivs, and 


Myrineleon formicarius from the Pupa. 57 


judging by the clean manner in which C. clathrata had 
opened its cocoon by a circular lid, these jaws must be 
very efficient instruments for effecting this operation. 

[Note on the pupal mandibles by Dr. Chapman.—“ In 
the three stages of MZ. formicarius the mandibles are of 
interest to me in connection with the ancestry of the Lepi- 
doptera, in view of the considerations I advanced in Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1896, p.568. No doubt any common Chrysopa 
or Hemerobius would afford a similar series, but I am not 
aware of such a series being figured, certainly not in any 
English medium I have come across. The pupal jaws are 
modified so as to be specially suited for opening the 
cocoon. The pupa throughout its whole existence is 
absolutely quiescent, and these jaws rest unused. It is 
when the insect is no longer a pupa, but an imago within 
the pupal skin, that it becomes active and uses these jaws 
to open the cocoon. It is not the pupa, but the imago 
that does this, these pupal jaws being merely a sort of 
glove to the marginal jaws, now fully developed, but no 
doubt like the wings requiring a few minutes’ adjust- 
ment to the new conditions, when the pupal skin has been 
cast off. Mr. Lucas’ specimen shows the pupal skin left 
in the grip of the opening made in the cocoon, the imago 
leaving it as soon as the anterior portion is outside the 
cocoon. It is easy to understand how these pupal jaws 
are moved by the imago, since it has its own jaws inside 
them; but how the similar jaws that are used for the 
same purpose by the Z'richoptera and the Lvriccraniadz, 
which have no imaginal jaws at all, are energised by the 
imago, remains as difficult to understand as I found it ten 
years ago.” 


( 59) 


IV. On some new or hitherto unfigured forms of South- 
African Butterflies. By RoLanD TrimeEn, M.A, 
E.R.S., ete. 


[Read February 7th, 1906. ] 
Praresshy, V, Viz 


I HAVE to thank once more the constant kindness of my 
friends and correspondents, Mr. H. L. Langley Feltham, 
F.E.S., of Johannesburg, and Mr. A. D. Millar of Durban, 
for bringing to my notice several of the interesting forms 
here dealt with. I would especialy call attention to the 
new Transvaalian Canyra, brought home on behalf of the 
captor, Mr. H. Livingstone, by Mr. Feltham, and to the 
highly remarkable new Delonewra discovered at Port Natal 
by Mr. Millar. 

In view of the considerable number of species among 
the smaller South-African butterflies—especially among 
the Lycznide—remaining unfigured altogether or very 
imperfectly delineated, I have gladly adopted Mr. Feltham’s 
suggestion to devote two plates to the group mentioned, 
and especially to the genus Lycwna, many of the nearly- 
allied forms of which are most difficult of determination 
from descriptions alone. 

The types of Cenyra rufiplaga, and the singular melanic 
aberration of Acrwa aglaonice, have been respectively 
presented to the British Museum by Mr. H. Livingstone 
and Mr. G. T. Weeks. © 


Family NYMPHALID. 
Subfamily SATY RINE. 
Genus Ca&nyra, Hewits. 
C@NYRA RUFIPLAGA, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 1.) 


Closely allied to C. hebe (Trim.). 

Exp. al., 1 in. 4 lin. 

g. Rather dark-brown, the hind-margins slightly paler ; fore-wing 
with two sub-apical black, silvery-centred dull-ochreous-yellow-ringed 
ocelli, and a large discal pale-rufous patch which partly encloses the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 


60 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


upper ocellus and wholly encloses the lower one ; hind-wing with two 
similar but smaller ocelli near hind-margin. Fore-wing: rufous 
patch large, wider superiorly, encircling lower half of upper ocellus, 
its inner edge irregular, its outer edge bounded by the inner of two 
indistinct parallel scarcely sinuated dark-brown sub-marginal streaks ; 
this patch extends inwardly up to lower disco-cellular nervule, and 
inferiorly (much narrowed) to sub-median nervure ; two ocelli placed 
a little obliquely, the lower one being rather nearer to hind-margin, 
—the third median nervure passes between them touching the lower 
one. Hind-wing: two ocelli divided by second median nervule, 
their ochreous-yellow rings with a slight rufous tinge ; two darker 
brown sub-marginal streaks as in fore-wing, but closer together. 
UNDER-SIDE.—Pale-yellowish, finely but closely irrorated with 
Fuscous ; ocelli better defined than on wpper-side (and in hind-wing six 
in number), their rings of a bright pale-yellow in an outermost fine 
circle of fuscous ; in both wings, a premedian and a median irregular 
transverse rufous streak, and also a short terminal disco-cellular rufous 
streak which unites with median streak on 3rd median nervule. Fore- 
wings rufous patch paler, and wider inferiorly, where it more or less 
merges with median darker rufous streak ; swollen basal portion of 
costal nervure rufous superiorly ; two parallel sub-marginal fuscous 
streaks thin but sharply defined. Hind-wing: 4 additional ocelli, of 
which the first, on sub-costal nervules, is the largest, and the second 
third and sixth (in the whole series of six) are smaller than the 
fourth and fifth ; two rufous streaks completely cross wing from 
costa to inner-margin, the outer or median one more angulated than 
the other ; two small traces of a basal rufous streak ; sub-marginal 
fuscous streaks as in fore-wing, but rather more sinuated, 


This remarkable form of Canyra is distinguisbed from 
both the typical C. hebe and its “Variety A” on the upper- 
side by a much darker brown, but especially by the 
presence in the fore-wing of a large and conspicuous discal 
rufous patch. These features give the upper-side quite 
the aspect of a Pseudonympha,—and especially of P. 
narycia, Wallengr. The dark-brown ground-colour quite 
obliterates any trace of the transverse striae of the fore- 
wing, which in typical hebe are indistinct and ferruginous 
and in Variety A conspicuous and red, The rufous patch 
looks like a development and expansion of the ferruginous- 
red rings (usually thin and ill-defined, but in the 2 some- 
times diffusedly widened) which characterize typical hebe. 
It is notable that in the Variety A, in which the enlarge- 
ment and redness of the transverse striz are so conspicuous, 


Forms of South-African Butter flies, 61 


there is no trace on either upper or under-side of the fore- 
wing of any rufous immediately encircling the ocelli, the 
outermost rings being dusky-brown ; and thus, as regards 
this particular red marking, C. ru/iplaga is nearer than the 
Variety A to typical hebe. In both examples of the new 
form only the two lower of the hind-wing ocelli are 
represented on the upper-side; I have noted the same 
feature in a King William’s Town f and a Bashee River 
gf of the Variety A. As regards the under-side, the 
rufous striz in C. rufiplaga are thinner and redder than 
in typical hebe, and there are only fragmentary and 
obsolescent traces of the two sub-basal ones present in the 
latter ; in the fore-wing the outermost stria is inferiorly 
merged with inner edge of the rufous patch. In respect 
of these under-side striz, the new form is at the opposite 
extreme from the Variety A, which presents them in a 
very highly-developed condition. 

The two examples here described are closely alike, and 
give the impression of representing a distinct local race ; 
but this view cannot be definitely affirmed until specimens 
of the 2 are forthcoming from the same district. Mr. 
Feltham received these $ ¢ from Mr. H. Livingstone, who 
notes that they were “caught on the top of Buiskop, near 
Warm Baths, Transvaal, on 2nd January, 1905.” This, I 
learn from Mr. Feltham, is an elevation of some extent 
situated about 50 miles N. of Pretoria and half-way 
between that town and Nylstroom. 


Genus PsEUDONYMPHA, Wallengr. 


PSEUDONYMPHA DUPLEX (Butl.)—Var. major. (Plate IV, 
fig. 2. 

ae duplex, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 
p. 758 (1886) $;* and 1894, p. 560, pl. 36, f. 1. 

Pseudonympha ? Bera (Hewits.), aut duplex (Butl.), Trim., 
S.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 395 (1889), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., 1891, p. 62.— Var. major. 


This species was founded by Mr. Butler on a single 
@ from Somali-land,* and was made the type of his new 


* The @ associated with this ¢ was subsequently recognized by 
Mr. Butler as distinct, and described by him (Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 
1894, p. 559) as N. rufilineata. It differs in having on under-side of 
hind-wing three red transverse streaks—of which two, ante-median 
and post-median, are not present in the NV. duplex, ¢. This ? does 
not appear to me to be separable from P, natalii, Boisd., 


62 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


genus Neocwnyra. I published (/.c. 1891) my view that 
the characters specified, while separating the proposed 
new genus from Canyra, Hewits., seemed identical with 
those presented by Psewdonympha, and this view was con- 
firmed on my examination of the type specimen of duplex 
in 1892. At the same time [ found, on inspecting the 
type of YVpthima bera, Hewits.—which I only knew 
previously from Hewitson’s description—that duplex was 
quite a distinct species; bera, though very nearly allied, 
being at once recognized by its total lack of rufous 
marking on both the upper and under surfaces. 

Several other species have since been described and 
placed in Neocwnyra by Mr. Butler; but Prof. Aurivillius 
(Rhop. Aithiop., 1899, p. 72)—though he adds to these 
Pseudonympha natalii (Boisd.)\—remarks that it is doubt- 
ful, looking to species so intermediate as regards the form 
of the antennal club as P. cassiws (Godt.), whether 
Pseudonympha and Neocenyra can be distinctly separated. 

Of late years, numerous examples of typical P. duplex 
have been received from British East Africa; there are 
eight (5 ff and 3 2?) in the National Collection from 
various localities, and seven (6 $f and 1 ?) in Mr, F. J. 
Jackson’s collection from Gulu-Gulu and Kibwezi. All 
these are of the same limited size, not exceeding about 
1} in. across the expanded wings. 

The large VARIETY here figured had been long known 
to me as occurring in tropical South Africa, Mr. F. C., 
Selous having sent examples from Matabeleland in 1882, 
and Mr. A. W. Eriksson a good series from the same country 
in 1885, but it was not included in my “South African 
Butterflies” (1887-89) because I had no evidence of its 
having been met with in any extra-tropical habitat. I 
referred to its existence, however (in vol. i, p. 82 note, and 
vol. ili, p. 395), mentioning its relationship to P. natalit, 
Boisd., its distinguishing features, and its probable identity 
with duplex, Butler; and in 1891 (/.¢. swpra) I recorded its 
capture—in a somewhat modified form—by Mr. Eriksson 
on the Okavango River in 1887-88, and described the 
characters in which it differs from P. neita, Wallengr. 
Not until July last had I the pleasure of seeing specimens 
from an extra-tropical station, which were kindly presented 
to me by the captor, Mr. Alfred T. Cooke, of Johannesburg. 
These examples were taken in November and December 
1903, at White River, 15 miles from Nelspruit (a station 


Forms of South-African Butterflies. 63 


on the Pretoria and Delagoa Bay Railway, about 30 miles 
from Barberton), Transvaal, where Mr. Cooke found the 
butterfly extremely abundant on a wide treeless grassy 
plateau roughly about 10 miles in diameter, but only a 
few stragglers of it in the bushy and rocky surrounding 
country. 

The size of this form presents some variation, the f 
ranging from 1 in. 7-9 lin., and the from 1 in. 9 lin. to 
2 in., but it seems always to very considerably exceed that 
of the typical form. Some approach to a corresponding 
discrepancy is found in the allied P. neita, Wallengr., 
seven f§ specimens of which, taken by Mr. C. N. Barker 
at Kwamakwaza in Zululand expand 2 in. 1-8 lin, in 
contrast with all I have seen from other parts of South 
Africa, which range in size from (f) 1 in, 7 lin, to (2) 
2 in, 


PSEUDONYMPHA NATALII (Boisd.), (Plate IV, fig. 3.) 


9. Satyrus natalii, Boisd., App. Voy. de Deleg., p. 594, 
n. 84 (1847). 

2. Hrebia natalit, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., 11, p. 203, n. 116 
(1866). 

2. Pseudonympha natalii, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt. i, p. 81 
(1887). 


As only the 2 of this species appears to have been 
described, I give here particulars of the slight differences 
which the # exhibits. 


¢. Smaller ; exp. al., 1 in. 5-6 lin. <A little darker ; rufous- 
ochreous discal patch in both wings smaller and narrower. Hind- 
wing : obsolescent sub-apical ocellus very faint (in one example absent); 
other ocelli usually less distinct,—but in one example more developed 
than in 9, especially the third inferior small one near anal angle. 
UnperstDE,— Hind-wing: in one example each loop of submarginal 
ferruginous stria encloses a very small ocellus, the lower one very 
faint, but in five other examples there is no trace of these additional 
ocelli, and in three of them the looping of the stria is itself inter- 
rupted or incomplete. 


I cannot find any published figure of this long-known 
but somewhat rare species, and the accompanying illus- 
tration will prove serviceable in determining the closely- 
related forms of this group. It is worth noting that, 
although P, natalii in its colouring and marking comes so 


64 Mr. Roland Trimen oz some New 


very near to P. duplex, yet in the remarkable feature of the 
double looping of the stria just beyond the ocelli on the 
under-side of the hind-wing* it finds its ally in P. bera, 
Hewits.,—a butterfly without any rufous-ochreous colouring 
whatever, and so strongly resembling an Vpthima.t 
Originally recorded by Boisduval from Zululand, the 
range of P. natalii has since been shown to extend to the 
northern Transvaal, Bechuanaland, Matabeleland, and 
Damaraland. Its distribution thus coincides largely with 
that of P. duplex, var. major; and the two forms came 
together in the collections made in Matabeleland by Mr. 
F. C. Selous, Mr, A, W, Eriksson, and the late Mr, F, 


Oates. 
Subfamily ACRAIN A, 


Genus AcR&A, Fab, 


ACRHEA AGLAONICE (Westw.). (Plate IV, fig. 4.) 


ft. Acrva aglaonice, Westw., App. to Oates’ “ Matabele 
Land,” 1881, p. 346, n. 35, pl. F, ff 9, 10. 
2. Acrva aglaonice, Trim.,8.-Afr. Butt. 1, p. 151, n. 43, 
pl. III, f. 3 (¢), (1887.) 


ABERRATION (MELANIC).—@. Smoky-black: fore-wing with a 
moderately-wide rufous-fulvous costal border from base to a little 
beyond middle, a wider rufous-fulvous inner-marginal border 
from rather before middle to posterior angle, and an apical-hind- 
marginal series of six inter-nervular rays, diminishing in length but 
increasing in breadth downward ; hind-wing with neuration across 
middle and a diffuse inner-marginal border pale rufous-fulvous with 


* Tt must, however, be observed that in several examples of both 
sexes of P. duplex the lower of the loops is more or less developed, as 
shown in my figure of that form from a Transvaal ¢ specimen. 

7 P. extensa (Butl.), from Salisbury, Mashonaland (Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 188, pl. xx, f. 1), seems to stand in the same 
relation to P. duplex, var. major, as P. bera does to P. natalia ; that 
is to say, the pattern and markings closely correspond in the two 
forms, but there is exhibited a most conspicuous difference in colour- 
ing, P. extensa being entirely devoid of the rufous-ochreous patches 
so prominent in P. duplex. It occurs to me as possible that these 
singular relations may prove to be seasonal in these butterflies ; but 
I have at present no material or data affording support to this con- 
jecture. The type of extensa (¢) from Salisbury, Mashonaland, taken 
by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, is in the National Collection, accompanied 
by a Q duplex, var, major, from the same locality and donor, 


Forms of South-African Butterflies. 65 


a slight pinkish tinge. UNbDER-SIDE.—Fore-wing: fuscous not so 
dark ; rufous-fulvous costal and inner-marginal borders paler, 
irregularly widened in parts and confluent at base ; apical-hind- 
marginal border widely creamy, traversed by inter-nervular rays 
like those on upper-side but narrower. Hind-wing : fuscous broken 
and macular in basal and inner-marginal areas, and blacker,—the 
ground-colour there being pinkish-red ; outer half of discoidal cell 
creamy ; mesial neuration conspicuously and diffusedly creamy, 
penetrating fuscous area to beyond middle ; hind-marginal series of 
seven large well-defined broad creamy-whitish lunules. 
Exp. at. 1 in. 11 lin. 


The example here described belongs to the darker variety 
of A. aglaonice described by me in Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1894, p. 27, and pronounced by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 555) to be the summer 
form of the species ; but so completely altered is its appear- 
ance by the intrusion and singular distribution of the 
smoky-black suffusion, and the almost entire suppression 
of the ordinary black spots, as well as by its unusually 
small size, that, had it not been for the exact agreement 
with the 2 aglaonice in the colouring and marking of 
head, thorax, and abdomen, I doubt whether I could with 
confidence have referred it to that species. It was taken 
at Melville, a suburb of Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Mr. 
G. T. Weeks, on the 7th May, 1904. 

The range of this <Acrwa extends from Southern 
Matabeleland to Eastern Mashonaland and Delagoa Bay, 
and also through the Transvaal as far south as Johannes- 
burg and eastward to the Lydenburg district, and it further 
includes Delagoa Bay, Zululand, and (apparently very 
exceptionally) Natal. 

Mr. Feltham, writing to me in June 1904, made the 
following interesting remarks on the winter appearance of 
A, aglaonice and certain other Acrwx at Johannesburg. 
“We are just now, in the depth of the cold weather, having 
an irruption of newly-emerged butterflies of this species. 
They have been with us for the last month, and are 
scattered generally, but singly (not in quantities) about the 
hills and even in the streets. The same thing happened 
about nine years ago, also in mid-winter, when frost is on 
the ground in the mornings and most butterfly life has 
disappeared. In 1894, also in winter, we had a great 
incursion of Acrva buxtoni, in weather so cold that the 


TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 5 


66 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


butterflies could hardly move. Some other Acrwe occa- 
sionally make their appearance here, whether as stragglers 
or bred locally one cannot say, but almost invariably when 
the cold weather begins. It is difficult to conjecture why 
these butterflies should select the winter to visit or emerge 
upon the highest and coldest area for many miles round, 
considering what much more favourable conditions appear 
to be offered by the rapid downward trend of the country 
to the Northward as far as the ‘Low Veldt’ just beyond 
the Magaliesberg.” 


Subfamily VY MPHALIN A. 
Genus HARMA, Westw. 


HARMA CORANUS (H. Grose Smith). (Plate IV, 
figs. 5, 5a.) 


ft, 2. Cymothoé coranus, H. Grose Smith, Ann, and Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 111, p. 133 (1889). 
, 9. Harma coranus, Trim., S-Afr. Butt. ii, App. I, 
p. 382 (1889). 


T am glad to have the opportunity of figuring this 
species, which seems to be still decidedly rare in collections. 
The types described by Mr. Grose Smith were noted as 
captured by Mr. Last in the neighbourhood of Mombasa ; 
but a broken specimen of the # had reached me some years 
previously from Pinetown, Natal, where it was taken by 
Col. Bowker in June 1883. In acollection formed in Zulu- 
land by Captain A. M. Goodrich a f and a occurred, which 
were labelled as taken in April 1887, and October 1886, 
respectively ; anda f sent from the same locality by Mr. W. 
H. Heale is—I am informed by Mr. Heron—in the British 
Museum. To these examples may now be added. two 
brought home by Mr. Feltham, a f taken by Mr. Roberts 
in June 1904, at Port St. John’s, Pondoland, and a 2 
captured by Mr. Feltham himself, on 14th February, 1904, 
at Port Shepstone, Umzimkulu, Natal. 

This @ is here figured; and on comparing it with a 
coloured drawing of the type example—made and kindly 
lent to me by Mr. Heron—I find that on the upper-side it 
differs in presenting a narrower discal common white band, 
and a much narrower and more macular sub-costal oblique 
white bar in the fore-wing, and also in the latter wing in 
having the sub-costal commencement of the discal band 


Forms of South-African Butterflres, 67 


indicated by a whitish spot, and that of the discal series 
immediately beyond the band by two smali but distinct 
white sub-apical spots. These differences from the drawing 
of the type are also shown by the 2 taken in Zululand by 
Captain Goodrich. 

I figure the Zululand f received from Capt. Goodrich 
in preference to Mr. Roberts’ Pondoland fg, because the 
under-side in the former agrees in ground-colour with Mr. 
Smith’s description of “stramineous,” while in the latter 
it is of a much duller tint, pale ochreous-yellow before the 
common dark-brown median streak and creamy-ferruginous 
beyond it, with all the markings before middle attenuated 
and all those beyond middle grey and very indistinct. 
Variation in the colouring of the under-side is extremely 
prevalent in both sexes of the nearly allied H. alcimeda 
(Godt.), the only other Harma yet discovered in South 
Africa,* 

Mr. Feltham makes the following notes on H. coranus :— 
“Tn a wooded dell on the Umzimkulu at Port Shepstone, 
on the 14th February, 1904, I saw several specimens, both 
df and 2, but could only succeed in capturing a single 9, 
being unfortunately provided with too short-handled a net. 
Both sexes flew at least 6 or 8 feet above the ground, and 
settled at about the same height on leaves of trees in large 
bushes. Their flight resembled that of 1. alcimeda, which 
was plentiful close by; but I noticed this peculiarity in it, 
that, between the strokes of the wings, the motion conveys 
the impression that the butterfly is progressing with its 
wings set slanting somewhat downward on either side 
instead of horizontally.. 

“During my stay at Port St. John’s, from 1st to 7th 
March, 1904, I looked carefully for H. coranus, but did not 
see it; although /. alcimeda was quite common there, 
frequenting the ripe fruit of the wild vine. Before leaving 
I asked my friend Mr. Roberts to keep a sharp look-out for 
coranus, and he succeeded in detecting and securing the f 
example in June 1904.” 


* This genus is emphatically West-African; out of about 50 species, 
besides the two South-African natives under notice—of which 
coranus inhabits also the East-African Coast at Mombasa-—only 5 or 
6 species appear to have been met with in British East Africa, even 
as far inland as the Victoria Nyanza, It is thus remarkable that a 
small representative should have penetrated to the extreme South of 
the continent, and flourish there wherever the native woods still 
extend. 


68 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


Family LycaiNIDz, 
Genus DELONEURA, Trim. 


Deloneura, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 81; 
S.-Afr. Butt., u, p. 224 (1887). 
Pouitonia, Neave, Novit. Zool., xi, p. 336 (1904). 


When defining this remarkable genus in 1868, I little 

thought for how longa time the three Kaffrarian examples 
captured by my lamented collaborator, the late Col. J. H. 
Bowker, would remain its only known representatives. To 
this day, no further specimens of the type, D. immaculata, 
Trim., are forthcoming, Staudinger’s insect figured (Exot. 
Schmett., 1, pl. 94.—1887) under that name being rightly 
referred by Aurivillius (Rhop. Aithiop., p. 278.—1899) to 
the genus Liptena. Plotz’s Delonewra marginata (Stett. 
“Ent. Zeit., xli, p. 204.—1880) has been identified by 
Aurivillius (.¢. p. 284) with the type of Mr. F. Kirby’s 
genus Aslauga, vid. A. marginalis, K. (Ann. and M. Nat. 
Hist., (6), 6, p. 261.—1890). No doubt the absence of 
specimens of Delonewra led to the misplacing of these 
West-African butterflies; yet my diagnosis and figure 
(/. c. 1868) gave very clearly the singular disco-cellular 
and radial neuration of the fore-wings and other charac- 
teristic features, and should have suttced to prevent the 
addition to the genus of species not possessing those 
features. | 

The discovery of a new species of Deloncura (described 
below as D. millart), in Natal, enables me to dismiss a 
suggestion I made in 1868 (/.¢., p. 82, footnote) that the 
fore-tarsi might be (as in a very few other genera of 
Lyceenide) perfect in both sexes, and that of the three 
extant examples of D. immaculata—all of which possessed 
completely articulated and clawed fore-tarsi—the two 
smaller might be ¢ f and the third alone a 2. The 
three examples of the new Natalian species comprise two 
unquestionable ¢ f, exhibiting not only unarticulate fore- 
tarsi, blunt and Jess than half the length of the tibiw, but 
also a conspicuous sexual badge on the submedian nervure 
of the fore-wings, consisting of an apparent slight mem- 
branous expansion or inflation, covered both on upper and 
under surfaces of the wings—but much more densely on 
the upper surface—with elongated pointed scales, and 


Forms of South-African Butterflies, 69 


extending from the base to considerably beyond the middle. 
The ¢ further differs from the 2 in having the fore-wing 
more pointed at the apex and more prominent at the 
middle of the hind-margin, and the terminal joint of the 
palpi longer, more slender, and more acuminate. 

Deloneura can no longer be held as an endemic South- 
African genus, two Tropical-Afiican congeners being now 
known, one from Kinsembo, on the coast of North Angola, 
and the other from Kisumu on the N.E. shore of Victoria 
Nyanza. These two species have been constituted as a 
new genus, Poultonia, by Mr,8. A. Neave (Novit. Zool., xi, 
1904, pp. 336-37) ; but now that both sexes of Delonewra 
are forthcoming, it is unquestionable that Pouwlfonia is in 
all respects structurally inseparable from the older genus. 
It is noteworthy that these two tropical species, coming 
from such widely-separated localities, are not only closely 
related, but that in pattern and marking they are both 
much nearer to the Natalian D. millavi here described 
and figured than to the unicolorous D. immaculata from 
Kaffraria. They differ from D. millart in possessing a 
fuscous-brown apical-hind-marginal border on the upper- 
side of the hind-wings, broader in the Angolan D. barca 
(H. G. Smith)* than in the Victoria-Nyanza D. ochrascens 
(Neave).T 


DELONEURA MILLARI, n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 6, Ga, 60.) 


Exp. al. (g)-1 in. 5$ lin. ; (9) Lin. 6 lin. 

$. Warm ochreous-yellow (rather brighter than the colour of 
Pentila tropicalis (Boisd.) ; fore-wing with a fuscous costal and 
apical border, hind-wing without marking.  Fore-wing: fuscous 
border of moderate width, commencing abruptly and obliquely at 
some little distance from base, and narrowing to almost a point 
about origin of third subcostal nervule, whence it suddenly broadens 
apieally but rapidly diminishes again hind-marginally and terminates 
in a point between second and third median nervules ; throughout, 
this dark border has a narrow external edging of duller ochreous- 
yellow than the ground-colour, widest before and at apex; sexual 
inflated badge occupying about two-thirds of submedian nervure from 
base. UNDER-SIDE.—Fore-wing : ground-colour rather paler than on 
upper-side ; costal border fuscous-brownish with some indistinct 
greyish-creamy mottlings, broader than on upper-side, commencing at 


* Durbania barca, Rhop. Exot., iii, p. 128, pl. 27, ff. 3, 4 (1901). 
+ Powltonia ochrascens, Novit, Zool., l. c. (1904); ¢, pl. i, p. 13. 


70 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


base itself, extending up to costal edge, and emitting two small down- 
ward projections, one just before and the other a little beyond middle ; 
apical border greyish-creamy but with some fuscous-brownish 
clouding along its internal edge to below second radial. Hind-wing : 
from base to beyond middle of the same fuscous-brownish as costal 
border of fore-wing, except for a narrow inner-marginal greyish- 
creamy border ; outer edge of this fuscous-brownish area irregularly 
excavated ; all sub-marginal and hind-marginal area greyish-creamy ; 
at base, three indistinct spots, a sub-basal transverse series of four 
spots (one in discoidal cell), and a terminal disco-cellular spot,—all 
ereyish-creamy ; indistinct traces of one hind-marginal and two sub- 
marginal series of small fuscous-brownish spots. Two examples, 

@. Like 3, except that the fuscous-brownish costal-apical border 
of fore-wing is broader apically and hind-marginally and eatends 
rather further along hind-margin, very nearly reaching 1st median 
nervule. UNDER-SIDE.—Border of fore-wing and whole of hind- 
wing of a@ more uniform pale ashy-grey tint, almost without the 
fuscous-brownish clouding shown in g, but with all the spots, both 
pale and dark, much less indistinct. Fore-wing : fuscous cloud and 
two projections on inner edge of costal-apical border smaller, but 
darker and more sharply defined ; two additional similar sinall 
fuscous projections, in a line with but before the others, in discoidal 
cell. Hind-wing: a discal curved series of seven sub-sagittiform 
ereyish-creamy inwardly dusky-edged spots, immediately before the 
inner of the two sub-marginal series of fuscous-brownish spots. One 
example. 

In both sexes the head, with palpi and antennz are dull-black, 
but the second joint of palpi is internally ochreous-yellow, and the 
antennee are tipped with the same colour ; there are also two spots 
on the front, two on the vertex, and two behind the eyes, all ochreous- 
yellow. Thorax fuscous-brownish clothed superiorly with rather 
sparse pale ochreous-yellow scales and short hairs, and marked 
laterally and inferiorly with several indistinct pale ochreous-yellow 
spots. Legs fuscous-brown, in ¢ indistinctly, in @ distinctly, 
ringed with ochreous-yellow at extremities of femur and tibia and 
of each tarsal joint. Abdomen pale ochreous-yellow, slightly tinged 
with greyish superiorly. 


This Deloneura is at once distinguished from D. immacu- 
lata, Trim., the type of the genus, by its possession on the 
upper-side of a fuscous costal and apical border in the fore- 
wings, and on the under-side of a greyish-creamy and 
fuscous-brownish mottled costal-apical border in the fore- 
wings, and similar colouring, with various paler and darker 


Forms of South-African Butterflies. {| 


markings (more distinct in @ ), throughout the hind-wings, 
D. immaculata is of a paler ochreous-yellow than D. millari 
and is quite devoid of markings on both surfaces of the 
wings. 

The nearest ally of D. millari is D. ochrascens (Neave), 
a native of Usemi and Kisumu, Kavirondo Bay, N.E. shore 
of Victoria Nyanza, but it differs on the upper-side in 
having the dark border of the fore-wing, though rather 
narrower apically, prolonged to posterior angle, and in 
presenting also in the hind-wing a similar but more even 
dark border from before apex throughout hind-margin to 
anal angle. On the under-side, too, D. ochrascens presents 
a more uniform ground-colour, but with the discal series of 
spots paler and better defined in the hind-wing. 

The existence of this notable addition to the Lycenidx 
of the South-African Sub-Region was made known to me 
in November 1902, by Mr. A. D. Millar, who sent me a 
coloured sketch by Mr. G. W. Jeffery of Durban, Natal, of 
a single specimen taken by the latter, on 14th September, 
1902, on the Bluff ridge overlooking the town of Durban. 
Though the sketch evidently represented some apparently 
undescribed form, it did not give the structural details 
necessary to determine the genus of a butterfly ; but I was 
supported by both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Prof. Chr. 
Aurivillius in the view that the species depicted was new, 
and might prove to constitute a new genus. Mr. Jeffery 
noted that the example in question was “flitting about 
from leaf to leaf on a shrub about twelve feet in height; 
the day was exceedingly windy, so perhaps the insect 
might have been brought for some distance by the wind ;’ 
and he adds that he soon after revisited the locality, and 
spent a whole day there, but did not meet with another 
example. 

Not until August last had I the pleasure of receiving 
from Mr. A. P. Millar both Mr. Jeffery’s original specimen, 
and a second captured by himself, with some other 
examples, in May 1905. It was at once clear that the 
butterfly was a Deloneura, but both examples being male, 
it seemed possible that they might be that sex of the 
exceedingly rare D. immaculata. Mr. Millar, on my 
representing how things stood, most kindly found and 
sent me a female, which is described above, and which 
satisfactorily establishes the form as a distinct species of 
the genus. 


72 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


Considering that it is over forty years since the discovery 
of Delonewra in South Africa, and over thirty-five since I 
published in our “Transactions” the discoverer’s account 
of the habits of D. immaculata, in the only locality and on 
the only occasion recorded for its appearance, great interest 
attaches to the following details relating to the new 
Natalian species, communicated to me by Mr. Millar. He 
writes under date of the 9th June, 1905:—“ On hearing 
that three more specimens had been taken on 30th April, 
1905, about the same place where Jeffery took his example, 
several of us went in search of the butterfly ; and on the 
7th May we managed to secure no less than eight 
specimens, some of which were fresh from the pupa, and 
three of which were captured by myself. The weather 
being windy, the butterfly was not active; but on passing 
the tree where previous captures had been made, one of 
our party disturbed the branches, and out flew about a 
dozen. They took short flights, but at an elevation of 
about fifteen feet, and like Liptena aslauga settled on twigs 
and dead branches, where the assimilation of the under- 
side colouring rendered them difficult of detection. Their 
flight was slow and wavering, resembling that of a day- 
flying moth of the same colouring which flew in the same 
locality ; and so strong was the likeness of the butterfly to 
the moth on the wing that on several occasions great 
efforts were made in capturing what was thought to be 
the former but turned out to be the latter. I send you a 
specimen of the moth in question. All the specimens of 
the butterfly were found about one tree, which I think it 
probable is the food-plant.” 

This account agrees very remarkably with the observa- 
tions on D. immaculata made by Col. Bowker, who 
particularly noticed the resemblance, both in colouring and 
flight, of the butterfly to the “yellow tree-moth,” common 
in wooded spots. 

Several species of the Liparide genus Avoa, Walk., are 
numerous and widely distributed in South Africa. The 
species forwarded by Mr. Millar as that with which D. 
millari associates at Durban, is A. punctifera, Walk.,* 
which occurs also in the eastern part of Cape Colony and 


* Sir G. Hampson (Ann. S.-Afr. Mus., iii, pp. 406-7, 1905) places 
this species, with some others formerly included in Aroa, in the old 
genus Huproctis, Hiibn., and limits Arow to A. discalis, Walk., and 
one other species. 


Forms of South-African Butterflies. 73 


at Delagoa Bay. I give here (Pl. IV, fig. 7) a figure of 
the example of this moth received from Mr. Millar, in 
order to show how completely the butterfly accords with 
the moth in prevalent ochreous-yellow colouring, though 
differing considerably as regards the upper-side of the 
fore-wing and the under-side of part of the fore-wing and 
the entire hind-wing. The case is instructive as mdicating 
how effective in flight for mimetic purposes can prove 
even an inexact likeness, provided that the general colour- 
ing and the action on the wing are the same. As far as 
human observation is concerned, it certainly would appear 
that Deloneura has successfully evaded notice—even in so 
long known and well “ worked” a locality as Durban— 
mainly by simulating the colour and motion of certain 
common more or less gregarious day-flying moths with 
which it associates, and which are most probably protected 
species rejected or avoided by insectivorous animals. 


Genus Lycana, Fab. 
LYCENA PATRICIA, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 8, 82.) 


Lycena patricia, Trim., S.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 20 (1887). 

I indicated (/..c.) the close affinity of this species with 
L. parsimon, Fab., notwithstanding the great disparity in 
the colouring of the males on the upper-side of the wings, 
and mentioned how the exceedingly similar females could 
be distinguished by the longer tail and one fewer sub-basal 
under-side spot in the hind-wing characteristic of Z. 
patricia. . 

Since my description was published the extended South- 
African range of this form has been considerably enlarged, 
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall having taken it at Gadzima in 
Mashonaland, in 1895.* The Transvaal variation which 
I noted (/.¢., p. 21)—and which presents in both sexes a 
darker under-side with all the sub-marginal markings very 
much fainter—has been taken (“1st to 3rd January, 1904”) 
by Mr. Feltham at Venter’s Kroon, on the Vaal River. 

In view of the unmistakably close alliance existing 
between L. parsimon, L. patricia, and L. glauca, Trim., 
much interest attaches to Mr. Feltham’s note that he took 
all three forms, as well as the dark variation of patricia, at 
the same time and at the same spot, “on flat low-lying 
grass-land dotted with mimosa trees.” 


* Mr, A. G. Butler, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond , 1898, p. 192. 


TA Mr, Roland Trimen on some New 


LYCHENA ORTYGIA, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 9, 9a.) 
Lycena ortygia, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 26 (1887). 


Since I noted (J. c.) the occurrence of an example of this 
near ally of Z. asteris, Godt., near Cape Town, several 
specimens of both sexes have been taken in the Cape 
Peninsula, vid., by Mr. E. R. Howes at Hout Bay, Mr. H. 
Bevan at Simon’s Town, and Mr. Feltham at Muizenberg. 
These individuals are all of smaller size than the typical 
form, and appear to represent a slight local variation ; in 
which the upper-side in the ¢ is of a purer less violaceous- 
blue than in the typical form (from Eastern Cape Colony, 
Basutoland, and the Orange River Colony), and in the 
? seems constantly, instead of rarely, to present a discal 
series of fuscous spots in the fore-wing. The examples 
figured were taken on Muizenberg Mountain on the Ist (¢) 
and 4th (2) January, 1900, by Mr. Feltham, who writes :— 
“This is not an uncommon species in its proper habitat. 
I have only found it on or just below the summits of the 
Table and Muizenberg mountains, especially the latter ; 
its favourite spots being little gullies or sheltered corners 
of the rocky ridges on the top of the range. The ridge in 
which the Kalk Bay caves are situated is a good example 
of this butterfly’s haunts.” 

Another local variation of ortygia was discovered in 
December 1898, at Knoflok’s Kraal, in the Caledon 
district, Western Cape Colony, by Mr. T. D. Butler, then 
taxidermist of the South-African Museum. These 
examples are like the Cape-Peninsula form as regards the 
purer less violaceous-blue of the upper-side, but the ¢ g 
(10) have the hind-marginal fuscous border of the fore- 
wing quite three times as broad, and the ? ? (8) have the 
blue more restricted in area and unmarked by any fuscous 
discal spots. This variation also differs in being fully as 
large as the typical form. 


LYCENA TANTALUS, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 10, 10a.) 


Lycena tantalus, Trim., §.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 88 (1887). 


This rare Lycena seems to be little known to Lepi- 
dopterists, and since the publication of my description 
above quoted I have seen only six additional specimens, 


taken at Malvern, Natal, by my friend, Mr, C. N. Barker, 


Forms of South-African Butterflies, 75 


and presented to me by him with the rest of his fine 
collection of South-African Lepidoptera in 1898. 

Although on the upper-side not unlike the variety of 
L. niobe, Trim., found in Kaffraria and Natal (/.¢., p. 37), 
on the under-side this species is remarkably different, 
especially in wanting the transverse whitish band beyond 
middle of hind-wing, and in presenting a discal series of 
elongated (not rounded) fuscous spots, with scarcely any 
indication of whitish edging, and a narrower and much 
more sharply-defined submarginal fuscous lunulated streak, 
together with a paler ground-colour, quite hoary-grey in 
hind-wing. 

Mr. Barker notes this butterfly as frequenting grassy 
spots on hill-sides on the coast of Natal. 


LYC&NA IGNOTA, Trim, (Plate V, fig. 11.) 
Lycena ignota, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 89 (1887). 


Both sexes of this obscurely-tinted form were sent from 
the Potchefstroom and Lydenburg districts of Transvaal in 
1879 by Mr. T. Ayres; and besides these (6) examples, 
I have received 6 3 f and 2 2 ? taken at Estcourt, Natal, 
in 1898 and 1898, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson and Mr. C. N. 
Barker. The dull greyish-brown upper-side is similar to 
that of Z. letsea, Trim. (Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 1870, 
p- 362, pl. vi, ff 3, 4), but darker, and wanting the 
yellowish anal-angular lunules in the hind-wing; while the 
under-side is characterized by the very imperfect develop- 
ment of all the ordinary whitish markings. 

Mr. C. N. Barker records that Z. agnota occurs among 
grass in the “Thorn” country near Estcourt. 


LYCHNA PEPHREDO, Trim. (Plate V, fig. 12.) 


Lycena pephredo, Trim., S.-Afr. Butt., 11, App. p. 389 
(1889). 


This is another of the duller-coloured Lycenx in which 
both sexes are of an unvaried dark greyish-brown on the 
upper-side, much like that of Z. ignota, Trim., but darker, 
and without any trace of the ordinary anal-angular spot in 
the hind-wing. The pure-white cilia constitute a further 
distinction; and the under-side differs very widely from 
that of ignota, alike in the ashy-grey ground-tint, in the 


76 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


conspicuous development of its discal white band, and the 
irregular obsolescence or failure of many of the ordinary 
markings. 

Estcourt, in Natal, remains the only known locality to 
me of this species, which was discovered by Mr. C. W. 
Morrison, and sent (5 # f anda) by him for my deter- 
mination in 1888. Mr. Morrison wrote that he took about 
a dozen examples; and two more captured in the same 
locality were presented to me more recently by Mr. C.N. 
Barker, with a note that they were found about grassy 
spots. 


LYcENA DOLOROSA, Trim. (Plate V, figs. 13, 132.) 
Lycxna dolorosa, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 41 (1887). 


In the $ the violaceous of the upper-side is of a rather 
sombre tone, and in the ¢ it is much reduced in area being 
very broadly bordered with fuscous—especially in the fore- 
wing ; and the under-side is also of a duller brownish-grey 
than usual, with the ordinary markings scarcely darker 
than its ground-colour and inconspicuously whitish-edged. 
These features characterize the typical specimens described 
by me (/. ¢.) from Kaffraria and Natal; but as regards the 
under-side, examples recently taken by Mr. Feltham at 
Delagoa Bay and (one out of three) at Johannesburg, differ 
markedly, having not only a much paler ground-colour, but 
all the white markings very distinct and sharply defined, 
especially in the hind-wing. The figures here given 
delineate a typical ¢ from Estcourt, Natal, taken by Mr. J. 
M. Hutchinson, and a ¢ of the variation just noted from 
Delagoa Bay. 

Mr, Feltham writes :— “TI first found this butterfly on 
the Umvelcosi River, about 20 miles up from the mouth 
at Lourengo Marques, on a patch of hard gravelly land 
forming a low elevation at some distance from the river- 
bank. In flight it resembles Z. lysimon, being weak but 
rather persistent on the wing, and keeping always just 
above the ground. It was quite local,—the entire area on 
which I found it was about 100 yards square. 

“Its extremely local habit is further shown by the fact 
that, although I had been collecting at Johannesburg since 
1893, I never found this species there until after my return 
from Delagoa Bay in 1903, when I fell in with it on a 
very circumscribed area on the grassy ledges of the hills 


Forms of South-African Butter flies. 10 


just north of the town. This was on 15th and 16th No- 
vember, and I met with it subsequently in the same locality 
on December 6th and 13th, and on August 28th and No- 
vember 16th, 1904.” It is the 2 taken on the date last- 
mamed that agrees on the under-side with the Delagoa 
Bay examples above mentioned. 


LYcHNA LUCIDA, Trim, (Plate V, figs. 14, 14a.) 


Lycena lucida, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 348 ; 
and §.-Afr. Butt., ii, p. 47 (1887). 


This member of the Jlysimon-group of the genus is 
readily recognized by the longitudinal white ray from the 
extremity of the discoidal cell to near the hind-margin of 
the hind-wing on the under-side. It is rather remarkably 
variable in size, the f ranging from 8} to 11 lines, and the 
2 from 85 to 123 lines. The % varies very little in the 
violaceous of the upper-side which has a slight pink tinge ; 
but the 2 varies very considerably, from a wholly dark- 
brown upper-side to one with smaller or larger violaceous 
patches. 

The range of the species in South Africa is very wide, 
but it has not to my knowledge been met with in the Cape 
Colony west of Knysna. In the tropical area it has 
occurred not only in Ovampoland and South Angola, but 
on the eastern side in Nyassaland, German East Africa, 
from which latter locality Mr. P. de la 
Garde, R.N., showed me a? captured by him in August 
1893. 

Mr. Feltham remarks that Z. lucida is not very common 
at Johannesburg, frequenting grassy places along the 
northern slopes of the Witwatersrand line of hills. I 
agree with him in thinking it probable that so small and 
inconspicuous a species is in reality much commoner than 
it appears to be. 

The examples figured are a 2 taken at Malvern, Natal, 
by Mr. C. N. Barker, and a rather small g captured at 
Johannesburg by Mr. Feltham. 


LYCHNA STELLATA, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 15, 15a.) 


Lycena stellata, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 
349; S.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 49 (1887). 


As pointed out by me in 1887 (/. ¢.) this very small and 


78 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


distinct Lycwna best agrees with L. Jucida, Trim., in its 
under-side markings, though with a rather more yellowish 
tint and fainter spots in the hind-wing; but the upper- 
side is totally different, not only from /ucida but also from 
all its congeners, being blackish with many sub-annular 
and other white spots arranged in correspondence with 
those of the under-side. 

The original discovery of this interesting form near 
Burghersdorp, N.E. Cape Colony, by Dr. D. R. Kanne- 
meyer in 1882-83, was followed in February 1892, by Mr. 
F. Graham’s capture of thirty-six specimens at Holspruit 
about 21 miles from Dordrecht in the Wodehouse district. 
Mr. Graham’s observations fully confirm Dr. Kannemeyer’s 
regarding the extremely local habit of Z. sfel/ata, and its 
abundance where it does occur. The places named are 
both in the Stormberg range of mountains, and remained 
the only recorded habitats until 1900, when at the Tring 
Museum I found a long series of the species from so 
distant a region as British Central Africa, in an extensive 
collection formed by Dr. Ansorge at various localities 
between the coast and Lake Nyassa. 

Both surfaces of the wings seem to be remarkably con- 
stant in tint and markings. The paired sexes were taken 
by Mr. Graham near Dordrecht in February 1892; the 2 
was 84 lines in expanse, but the ¢—the smallest I have 
measured—scarcely over 6 lines. Both Dr. Kannemeyer 
and Mr. Graham observed that the insect was only in 
abundance about damp ground near water, active on the 
wing, and constantly settling on flowers; on one occasion 
Mr. Graham found at least a dozen upon fresh cow- 
dung. 

The ¢ and 2 figured are from Mr. Graham’s Dordrecht 
series. 


LYc&®NA METOPHIS, Wallengr. (Plate VI, figs. 16, 16a.) 


Lycxna metophis, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr. 1860, 
p- 37, n. 17; and K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1872, p. 
48, n. 21. 


Since I described (S.-Afr. Butt., 11, pp. 55-6) the dis- 
tribution of this Lycena, its known range has been 
extended to Natal, where it has been taken at Estcourt, 
Weenen county, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson and Mr. C. N. 
Barker, as well as by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, who has 


Forms of South-African Butterflies, 79 


contributed a series to the National Collection. The @ 
here figured is one of the Estcourt examples taken by Mr. 
Barker, and the 2 an example captured by Mr R. M. 
Lightfoot at Port Nolleth, Namaqualand, Cape Colony, in 
August 1890. 


Lyc&NA BOWKERI, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 17, 17a.) 


Lycena bowkert, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 
. $851; S.-Afr, Butt. 11, p. 88 (1887). 


This very distinct ally of Z. thespis (Linn.) seems to be 
only known from a limited area in Natal. It was dis- 
covered by the late Col. J. H. Bowker in 1881, near the 
“halfway house’ between Durban and Maritzburg over- 
looking the Inchanga valley. In the Barker collection 
presented to me in 1898 there were three # ¢ and two 
2 2, taken at Karkloof, some 20 miles to the N.W. of 
Maritzburg, and the species was noted by the donor as 
occurring about grass on the outskirts of woods. The f 
and 2 figured are from Mr. Barker’s series, 


LYCHNA NATALENSIS, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 18, 18a.) 
Lycena natalensis, Trim., S.-Afr, Butt., 11, p. 77 (1887).* 


To the various characters which I have particularized 
(/. c.) as distinguishing this species from both LZ. moriqua, 
Wallengr., and LZ. jesons, Guer., may be added the presence 
in both sexes of a conspicuous oblique superior white 
streak near the extremity of the club of the antennee—the 
actual tip itself being dull-reddish. 

Except for a 2 ticketed Delagoa Bay in the British 
Museum (Hewitson collection), and another from Etshowe, 
Zululand, collected by the late Mr. T. Vachell, I have seen 
no examples but those from Natal, Estcourt and Bushman’s 
River furnishing the majority of the known specimens. 


* Mr. G. A. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 119) identified 
this species with his L. sigillatus (Ann. and Mag. N. H., 4th Ser., 
XVIII, p. 483. 1876) from Abyssinia; but on examining his types 
(a g anda @) of the latter in the British Museum, I found them to 
be identical with the allied but quite distinct L. moriqua, Wallengr. 
Independent support of this determination of mine is afforded by the 
fact that, in the National Collection, the types of sigillatus, Dutl., 
are associated with moriqua as synonymous. 


80 Mr. Roland Trimen oz some New 


Genus ZERITIS, Westw. 
ZERITIS OREAS, Trim. (Plate VI, figs. 19, 19q.) 


Zeritis oreas, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1891, 
Palio. 

Chrysoritis orcas, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, 
p. 849. 


This extremely distinct species of Zeritis—as I have 
pointed out (/.c.)—comes closer to Z. chrysantas, Trim., 
than to any other congener, but its under-side marking is 
quite unique. 

I have given (/. c.) Mr. J. M. Hutchinson’s interesting 
account of his discovery of Z. oreas in the year 1890, at an 
estimated elevation of about 7,000 ft. in the Drakensberg 
Mountains, Natal, and Mr. Butler has published (/. ¢.) Mr. 
G. A. K. Marshall’s notes of his subsequent visit with Mr. 
Hutchinson to the same locality, in September 1896, 
identifying it as the “summit of Niginya, 6,500 ft., some 
10 miles from Ulundi.” On this visit over fifty specimens 
were taken, but only in a limited area of two or three 
acres. No other locality for this butterfly is known. The 
g here figured is one of those captured by Mr. Marshall 
on the occasion mentioned, and the 2 was taken by Mr. 
Hutchinson, and presented to me by Mr. C. N. Barker in 
1898. 


Genus ARRUGIA, Wallengren. 


ARRUGIA PROTUMNUS (Linn.). (Plate VI, figs. 20, 
20a, 200.) 


Papilio protumnus, Linn., Mus, Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 340, n. 
158 (1764), and Syst. Nat. (Ed. 12), p. 794, n. 258 
(1767). 


I give figures of the typical (Cape Town) form of this 
remarkable South-African butterfly, because those hitherto 
published—Cramer’s, Herbst’s, Donovan’s, and Staudinger’s 
—are extremely poor, and fail to render its characteristic 
features with any approach to accuracy. 

As described by me in S.-Afr, Butt., ii, p. 228 (1887), 
the typical form of protumnus is the dullest in colouring, 
and appears to belong only to the extreme 8.W. of Cape 


Forms of South-African Butter flies. sl 


Colony ; while two or three variations—all in the direction 
of a brighter yellow ground-colour and diminution of the 
black markings as well as of the blackish borders,— 
prevail in the other parts of the Colony, and (to judge 
from a single Transvaal @) probably also further to the 
north. 

An outline figure of the fore-leg of the ¢ is shown, to 
illustrate the full development of the tarsi,—a condition 
so rare in the Lyczenide of that sex that I only know of 
two other genera, Lachnocnema and Aslauga*—also African 
—ain which it occurs. 


* Thave only quite lately discovered that the genus Aslauga (Kirby, 
1890) agrees with the two other Lycenide genera named in this 
respect. Mr. A. D. Millar sent me, in 1891, from Durban, a single 
example of what I held to be a slight variation of the exceedingly 
rare Aslauga purpurascens (Holland), described [‘ Psyche,’ 1890, V, 
p 424] from a single specimen taken on the Ogowe River, Gaboon. 

r. Halland’s insect was recorded as a 9, and the Durban specimen 
appeared to be of that sex from an examination of the fore-tarsi. I 
returned the latter to Mr, Millar, and not until early in January 
1906 did I see it again ; when it came accompanied by a second 
example, taken at Durban recently by Mr. H. A. Green, in whose 
collection it had been detected by Mr. Millar. This second South- 
African specimen is undoubtedly a ¢, possessing a rather conspicuous 
white-scaled elongate sexual badge seated on the upper-side of the 
sub-costal nervure of the hind-wing, but the fore-tarsi are fully 
articulated and clawed terminally just as in the 9. In the first 
Durban specimen there is no sign of this badge, and the rather 
fainter and duller colouring supports the belief that it is a ?. 

On comparing these examples with the closely-allied A. marshalli, 
Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 908), of which I possess four 
specimens taken at Salisbury, Mashunaland, by Mr. G. A. K. 
Marshall, I find that three of the latter exhibit a similar ¢ badge, 
but thinner and of a duller white than that borne by the Durban 
individual, while having the fore-tarsi completely articulated and 
bearing terminal claws. 

It is noticeable that the two Natalian specimens are considerably 
closer to the Gaboon type of A. purpurascens than to the Mashunaland 
A. marshalli. From the former they differ chiefly in the very much 
fainter almost obsolete common dark streak running from immedi- 
ately before apex of fore-wing to a little before anal angle of hind- 
wing on the under-side ; while the Mashunaland form is on the 
upper-side duller and browner, with a fainter purplish (not blue) 
gloss, and not darker marginally or paler centrally in fore-wing as 
in purpurascens, and differs besides on the under-side in its warmer 
more ochrey-yellowish tint not inclining to whitish towards the hind- 
margins, so that the fuscous irroration is less conspicuous, the common 
dark streak being extremely faint or altogether absent. It is possible 
that A. marshalli, which has the angulation of the wings more 
pronounced, may be a seasonal form of A. purpurascens. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTI. (MAY) 6 


82 Mr. Roland Trimen on some New 


Genus D’Urpanta, Trim. 


D Urbania, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., I, 
p. 400 (1862). 


D’URBANIA LIMBATA, Trim, (Plate VI, fig. 21.) 


D Urbania limbata, Trim., 8.-Afr. Butt., 11, p. 217 (1887). 
D Urbania amabilis, Staud., Exot. Schmett., p. 268 (1888). 


This near ally of the type of the genus, D. amakosa, 
Trim., is easily distinguished by the different form and 
position of the hind-marginal orange-red band on the 
upper-side of both wings and also on the under-side of the 
fore-wings. It was first taken (1882-84) at Estcourt, in 
Natal, by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, and afterwards met with 
in the same locality by Mr. C. W. Morrison. The late Mr. 
A. EK. Hunt took a series of both sexes at Newcastle, in 
the northernmost part of Natal, in April of 1898 and 1894; 
and also found the pup of a D’Urbania attached to the 
under-surface of over-hanging stones on the same hill 
where D. limbata was numerous. He sent me two dead 
pup and four pupa-skins, which presented no :marked 
difference from those of D. amakosa, except that on the 
back and sides the tufts of hair on the thorax and basal 
half of the abdomen are a// sandy, and those on the 
terminal half of the abdomen are composed partly of sandy 
(instead of whitish) and partly of dark brown bristles. 

I have not seen examples of this species from any other 
locality than those above mentioned, but Staudinger notes 
“ Transvaal” as a habitat. 


D’URBANIA SAGA, Trim, (Plate VI, fig. 22.) 


D Urbania saga, Trim,, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 354; 
and S.-Afr. Butt. u, p. 219 (1887), iti, App. II, 
p. 417 (1889). 


This butterfly is altogether unlike its congeners, and 
may at once be recognized by the conspicuous sharply- 
angulated inwardly brown-bordered white discal stripe on 
the under-side of the hind-wing. It may be noted, too, 
that the club of the antennz is more abruptly formed, 
rounder, and broader than in D. amakosa and D. limbata. 

First discovered at Hex River, Worcester District, 


Forms of South-African Butterflies, 83 


Cape Colony, in 1882, by Mr. L. Peringuey, Assistant 
Curator of the South African Museum, and afterwards 
found by me at Ceres in the adjacent district of Tulbagh, 
D. saga is not known to me from any other locality ; but, 
looking to the nature of its haunts in rocky mountainous 
spots, its reluctance to take flight, its dull tints, and the 
close resemblance of the under-side colouring to that of 
the rocks or stones on which it rests,—it is probable that 
the restriction of its range is more apparent than real, and 
that it will be met with in many other mountain nooks in 


the Cape Colony. 


84 Explanation of Plates. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE LY. 


Kid): Cenyra rufiplaga, n. sp. ¢. (Buiskop, Transvaal.) 


Page 59, 
2. Pseudonympha duplex, Butl.—Var. major. ¢. (White 
River, Transvaal.) Page 61. 

3. Pseudonympha natalii, Boisd. 9. (Matabeleland.) 
Page 63. 
4, Acrexa aglavnice, Westw.—Melanic aberration, ?. 
(Johannesburg, Transvaal.) Page 64. 


5, 5a. Harma coranus, H.G. Smith, ¢ and 9. ( ¢ from 
Etshowe, Zululand, @ from Port Shepstone, Natal.) 

Page 66. 

6, 6a. Deloneura millari, n. sp. ¢ and 9. (Durban, Natal.) 


Page 69. < 
6b. Fore-leg of ¢. 


Me Aroa punctifera, Walk. ¢. (Durban, Natal.) Page 72. 


Fias. 8, 8. 


9, 9a. 


10, 10a. 


ML 


12. 


13, 13a. 


14, 14a. 


Hxplanation of Plates. 85 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE, Vi. 


Lycena patricia, Trim. ¢ and 9. (Malvern, Natal.) 
Page 73. 


Lycxna ortygia, Trim, ¢ and 9. (Muizenberg, Cape 


Peninsula.) Page 74, 
Lycena tantalus, Trim. ¢ and 9. (Malvern, Natal), 
Page 74. 
Lycena ignota, Trim. 9. (Estcourt, Natal.) 
Page 75. 
Lycena pephredo, Trim. ¢. (Estcourt, Natal.) 
Page 75. 
Lycena dolorosa, Trim. ¢ and ?.(¢ from Estcourt, 
Natal, 9 var. from Delagoa Bay.) Page 76. 


Lycena lucida, Trim. ¢ and 9. (¢ from Johannes- 
burg, Transvaal, 9 from Malvern, Natal.) 
Page 77. 


86 


Frias. 15, 15a. 
16, 16a. 
elias 
18, 18a. 
19, 19a. 


20, 20a. 
20b. 


21. 


22. 


Explanation of Plates. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE, VI, 


Lycena stellata, Trim. ¢ and 9. (Dordrecht, Cape 
Colony.) Page 77. 
Lycena metophis, Wallengr., ¢ and 2. (¢ Estcourt, 
Natal, 2 Port Nolloth, Cape Colony.) Page 78. 
Lycena bowkeri, Trim. g and 9. (Karkloof, Natal.) 
Page 79. 

Iycena natalensis, Trim. ¢ and @. (Malvern, 


Natal.) Page 79. 
Zeritis oreas, Trim. ¢@ and 2. (Ulundi, Drakens- 
berg, Natal.) Page 80. 
Arrugia protumnus, Linn. ¢ and 9. (Cape Town.) 
Fore-leg of 2. Page 80. 

DUrbania limbata, Trim. ¢. (Estcourt, Natal.) 
Page 82. 


D Urbania saga, Trim. ¢. (Ceres, Cape Colony.) 
Page 82. 


V. Some observations on the Reproduction of the Hemiptera- 
Cryptocerata. By C. Gorpon Hewirt, B. Sc. The 
University, Manchester. Communicated by Prof. 
KE. B. Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., F.B.S. 


[Read February 7th, 1906. ]} 


DURING a short visit to the Sutton Broad Fresh-water 
Laboratory in the Easter Vacation of 1905, I was able to 
make a few observations on some points in the reproduc- 
tion of three families of this subdivision of the Hemiptera. 
The Hemiptera-Cryptocerata form the second series of the 
HTemiptera-Heteroptera, and are interesting on account of 
their aquatic habits. The species studied belong to the 
families Nepide, Coriaide, Naucoride, 

As I am unaware of any account of the copulation of 
Nepa cinerea, and as this process is interesting in this 
form, I shall describe it in detail. 


NEPA CINEREA. 


This insect, the common water-scorpion, was fairly com- 
mon in the dykes near the laboratory, and wishing to 
obtain eggs at different stages of development, I placed a 
number of males and females in an aquarium. 

Whether it was on account of the sexes being brought 
into close proximity: I don’t know, but it was not long 
before the males discovered the presence of the females. 

There are no preliminary amorous passages in the 
courtship of Nepa. This may possibly be accounted for 
by several facts. The antennz, which play such an im- 
portant part in the courtship of those insects whose habits 
at this stage have been studied are too short to be of use 
in these operations, so that we do not find any “ caressing 
of antenne.” Nor do they appear to be of use for 
perceiving the presence of the female, as far as can be 
observed. 

The movements of the male Nepa are in accordance 
with its usual habits. On perceiving a female, whether it 
is by sight or by some sense of smell I cannot say, he 
advances till he is within a short distance and then with 


TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 


88 Mr. C. G. Hewitt’s Observations on the 


a slight dart he seizes her, and crawls in an awkward 
manner on to her back. The female generally struggles 
to rid herself of the male at first, but if the male has 
made sure of his hold, she gives in. The male usually 


Copulation of Wepa cinerea. 


approaches the female from behind or from the side, 
but he often advances vis-a-vis, and then, having made 
firm his hold on the back of the female, he very carefully 
turns round till both face the same direction; it is during 


this manceuvre that the female often manages to get rid 
of the male. 


Reproduction of the Hemiptera-Cryptocerata. 89 


One of the chief peculiarities of the Nepidwx is that 
they are provided with a siphon at the posterior end 
of the body. This is composed of two sete arising from 
the dorsal side of the apex of the abdomen and having 
their inner grooved surfaces, which are provided with a 
double row of sete forming a trough-like channel, closely 
adpressed, so that a perfect tube is formed, the distal end 
of which communicates with the air, and the proximal end 
with the single pair of large stigmata. 

The chief interest in the copulatory process of Nepa lies 
in the method of disposition of these seta, so that the male 
and female genital organs may be in coitu, and at the 
same time both individuals may receive a supply of air for 
respiratory purposes, 

The male bends down the end of its abdomen under- 
neath that of the female so that the coitus can take place. 
This awkward position causes the proximal ends of the 
setae forming the respiratory siphon to separate some viny 
but they are brought in as close juxtaposition as possible 
the distal end communicates with the air as in the fetal: 
the siphons of both male and female are in close proximity. 
In the individuals observed, copulation took place in the 
evening and lasted till the following day. 

It was interesting to note that the female during copu- 
lation did not seem to mind the presence of the male in 
the least, and continued feeding. Prof. Poulton observed 
the same phenomenon in Pezotettix pedestris.* 


CoRIXA. 


Several species were placed in an aquarium in order to 
obtain their eggs. Copulation takes place by the male 
clinging to the back of the female by means of the first 
two pairs of legs; the female swims about with the male 
in this position, and copulation lasts several hours. 

The female begins to deposit her eges the following day. 
The species under observation were provided with growing 
plants of Hottonia, and they deposited their eggs on these 
singly, in all positions, a short time elapsing the deposition 
of each egg, sometimes as much as an hour, but of course 
they were not under entirely natural conditions. In de- 
positing an egg, the female grasps the leaflet or portion of 
the plant selected with the first two pairs of legs and then 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 237. 


90 On the Reproduction of the Hemiptera-Cryptocerata. 


a longitudinal motion of the abdomen is observed, the tip 
resting on the spot where the egg will be deposited. 
During this movement the minute drop of fluid which 
affixes the egg to the plant is emitted, and placed in the 
desired position, the egg is then laid with the micropyle 
farthest away from the point of attachment and the female 
swims away. 

Several days may be occupied by a single female in 
depositing her batch of eggs, the number of eggs deposited 
daily decreasing. 

The habits of Nawcoris are similar to those of Corixa, 
and need not be described. 

The general conclusion arrived at as a result of these 
observations is that there does not appear to be any sexual 
selection in the Hemiptera-Cryptocerata, 


( 91 ) 


VI. On some bionomic points in certain South African 
Lamellicorns. By G. B. Lonastarr, M.D., F.ES. 


[Read February 7th, 1906.] 


Mr. TRIMEN, in the introductory chapter of his “South 
African Butterflies,” after remarking on the poverty of the 
Rhopalocera of the Cape Peninsula as compared with the 
richness of its Flora, and stating that in that part of 
the world butterflies cannot perform a very prominent part 
in the fertilization of flowers, goes on to say: “The great 
number of densely hairy flower-frequenting Coleoptera in 
South Africa must also play a large part in plant 
fertilization.” * 

The beetles referred to are chiefly Zamellicornia of the 
sub-families Cetoniine and Hopliine. 


CETONIINA. 


As regards the former group, Dr. Dixey and I met with 
but eight species, being doubtless too early in the season. 
Of the beautiful gem-like Oxythyrea hemorrhoidalis, Fab., 
which was not uncommon on flowers by the banks of the 
Nahoon and Buffalo Rivers, near East London, I have 
nothing to remark save that Fabricius might well have 
given such a beautiful creature a more appropriate name. 

The more dingy Oxythyrea marginalis, Schonh., was first 
met near Pretoria on the lavender-coloured flowers of a 
Loganiaceous plant of the genus buddleia, but at Kast 
London it was abundant, occurring sometimes on composite 
flowers, but mostly on the “Pride of Madeira” (Hchium 
fastuosum), a Boragineous plant with a long dense terminal 
spike of small flowers with prominent stamens. The 
spikes are from four to six feet high with blue or creamy- 
white flowers, those in the Queen’s Park being all of the 
latter variety; they proved very attractive to insects of 
several orders and especially to the small Oxythyrea mar- 
ginalis, Schonh. I noticed at the time that this beetle was 
rendered strangely inconspicuous by the white specks on 


* Op. cit. vol. i, p. 42, note, 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 


92 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on some bionomie points 


thorax and elytra breaking up the dark ground-colour and 
simulating the general look of the anthers of the flower. 
Another small Cetoniid, Stringophorus flavipennis, G. and 
P., occurred on the same flowers and its elytra bear similar 
spots. ‘Together with these were two specimens of a third 
and still smaller Cetoniid, Comythovalqus fasciculatus, 
Schonh., which were quite difficult to distinguish, but in 
this case the means of concealment was different, for the 
thorax and elytra bear numerous conical, horny projections, 
while there are two conical tufts of scales near the apex 
of the abdomen. 

Two larger species, Rhabdotis (Pachnoda) sobrina, G. 
and P., dark olive-brown and white, and Macroma cognata, 
Schonh., dark chocolate-brown and canary-yellow, both 
seemed conspicuous enough, the one at the sweet white 
flowers of Dombeia, the other on the wing, but I strongly 
suspect that m their case too, when on an appropriate 
background the breaking up of the dark colour by light 
markings aids concealment. 

With Gametis baltcata, De G., the case is different. This 
beetle is black and red, or perhaps orange-brown more 
correctly describes its decoration. At East London, on one 
of the tributaries of the Buffalo River, there grows a profu- 
sion of a climbing composite with greenish-white flowers, a 
plant in general habit and appearance very suggestive of 
Clematis vitalba, L. On one of these plants I took a 
number of specimens of two species of Haplolycus, which 
are represented in the National Collection but as yet 
unnamed. These Malacoderms have the usual Lycus 
coloration, viz. orange-brown with the apical two-fifths 
of the elytra black, and a black stripe down the middle of 
the thorax. On the same day, on another bush of the 
same climbing composite growing a hundred yards higher 
up the stream, I took an example of Gametis balteata, De 
G., and was at once struck by the striking resemblance of 
the two insects. I may remind any Fellows who are not 
familiar with living specimens of beetles of the Lycus group, 
that during life the orange-brown colour is much redder 
than might be supposed from cabinet specimens, whereas 
the Cetoniid preserves its colour well. 

The very next day Dr. Dixey saw both these beetles in 
some numbers (8 Haplolycus and 8 Gametis) in the Queen’s 
Park on and about a flowering tree and noted their simi- 
larity. With them were two specimens of a Lycoid-coloured 


in certain South African Lamellicorns. 93 


Braconid (Zombrus, sp.). The Gametis resembles the 
Haplolycus the other way on, the head of the one being 
coloured like the tail of the other, but probably that fact 
does not detract from any benefit that it may derive from 
the likeness. Mr.G. A. K. Marshall has proved experi- 
mentally that lLycoid beetles are very distasteful to 
Kestrels and Baboons.* Gametis balteata may now be 
added to the wonderful synaposematic Lycoid group 
figured in Plate XIII of Mr. Marshall’s paper. 


HopuLiin&. 


We met with thirteen species of Hopliinx in Cape Colony. 
The most obvious characteristic of the group is the great 
length of their posterior legs. The development of these 
varies greatly in different species, but in the majority of 
cases is much greater in the males than in the females. 
Indeed in some species the male femora and tibiz are gro- 
tesquely disproportioned to the animals; moreover both 
femora and tibiz are provided on their inner sides with 
strong spurs or spines (perhaps better described as teeth). 
These strange limbs evidently attracted the attention of 
the older writers, since Fabricius named one species dent- 
qpes, and Burmeister another forcipatus. The explanation 
of these hypertrophied legs that is usually received is that 
they are used by the males to grasp the females. My. 
Trimen, accepting this explanation, tells me that he thinks 
that copulation is attended with especial difficulty in these 
beetles. 

The latest writer on the subject, Mr. Péringuey, rejects 
the ordinary explanation in the following words :— 

“The great development of the hind-legs is not intended 
for securing a better hold of the female. There is nothing 
more ridiculous than to see half-a-dozen males with their 
long hind-legs emerging from the pistils of a composite 
flower where they are mobbing a female which is almost 
entirely buried head foremost in the pistils, the sub-hori- 
zontal pygidium alone being exposed to view. But it is 
when disentangling themselves that the use of the long 
hind-legs becomes apparent ; by means of his long, hinged 
claw the male hooks himself out of the corolla. It is not 
only amongst the flower-frequenting kinds that this extra- 
ordinary development of the hind-legs with their curiously 


* Transactions Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, Part II, pp. 340, 344, 380. 


94 Dr CyB: Lonestaff on some bronomic points 


serrate, dentate and mucronate tibize is met with, because 
the species of Hoplocnemis, in which the development has 
become almost a monstrosity, do not feed on flowers, or at 
least have not been observed doing so. Their habits seem 
to be more those of certain Dynastine, and I suspect them 
to live, while in the larval state, in the excrement deposits 
of the subterranean white ant, Hodotermes viator, Latr.” * 

Mr. Péringuey, I am bound to say, fails to convince me, 
and I venture upon yet another explanation. 

Many of the species of Dichelus and Heterochelus burrow 


Diagram of posterior legs of Heterochelus, ¢. 
The body of the beetle is buried in the florets of a 
composite flower (x 5 diam.). 


into the disks of composite flowers, eating out the ovaries. 
When so engaged the whole of the body of the insect may 
disappear from view, or the extremity of the abdomen 
may alone protrude, but in either case the hind-legs extend 
beyond the florets, widely separated and closely resembling 
the open jaws of an ant-lion. While picking one out of a 
flower I was startled by receiving a very respectable pinch, 
or bite, inflicted by the formidable teeth above referred to. 

Now the suggestion that I have to offer is this: while 
probably in the first instance adapted to assist the male 
insect in grasping its mate, these huge hind-legs are now 
of great advantage to the otherwise helpless beetle when 

* Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, vol. 
xii, pp. 625, 626. Descriptive Catalogue of the Coleoptera of South 
Africa, Hopliine, by L. Péringuey, F.E.S. 


in certain South African Lamellicorns. 95 


burrowing into flowers in search of food. The widely 
gaping jaws may probably terrify some enemies, but 
they certainly afford by no means despicable weapons of 
defence against such foes as may presume to come to close 
quarters. 

This suggestion meets with support from the fact that 
Lepitri« lineata, Fab., a pretty species that I found 
abundantly on the flowers of Mesembryanthemum at Simon’s 
Town, has long thin hind-legs not provided with teeth, but, 
unlike Heterochelus and Dichelus, this insect is very active, 
taking to its wings almost as readily as a bee. 

Dr. Dixey did not notice this beetle on Mesembry- 
anthemum, but not far off found five specimens in spathes 
of the “Cape Lily,” 2.¢. common white arum (Richardia 
africana = Calla xthiopica), three in one spathe and two in 
another. He says that they did not attempt to fly. 
Possibly the fact that they were to some extent enclosed 
in the arum, whereas those on Mesembryanthemum were 
exposed, may explain this notable difference of habit. 

In conclusion | have to thank Messrs. C. J. Gahan and 
G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum Staff, for their great 
kindness in naming ny South African Coleoptera. 


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rh ae 


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VII. Some Rest-Attitudes of Butterflies, By G. B. LonGstTarr, 
M.D., F.E.S. 


[Read March 7th, 1906.] 


ABOUT a year ago I called the attention of Fellows to the 
attitudes assumed by certain Indian butterflies when at 
rest, noting especially the following points: (1) Heliotrop- 
ism, or the turning of the body-axis so that the head 
is away from the sun; (2) the habit of certain Lyczenids 
of resting head downwards; and (8) a sideways attitude, 
a tilting or “list” of certain Satyrids to the right or left,* 


Flelvotropism, 


Professor G. H. Parker appears to have been the first to 
describe what he terms the “negative heliotropism” of 
Vanessa antiopa, L., in the United States. He records his 
numerous observations in great detail, and states that some 
species of Grapta have the same habit. The object of the 
creature thus turning its tail to the sun is, he believes, to 
display its colouring to the greatest advantage.+ 

Mr. K. EK. Green, describing the cryptic habits of Melanitis 
ismene, Cr., in Ceylon, says: “I have watched the fly, im- 
mediately after pitching, alter its position so that its axis 
is directed towards the sun, thus casting no shadow.” ¢ 

Quite independently and perhaps at about the same 
time as Mr. Green (October 1903) I saw near Simla, 
Pararge shakra, Koll., settle three times with its back to 
the sun, and noted that its shadow was thereby reduced to 
a mere line. When a butterfly with cryptically coloured 
under-side rests upon a flat surface in bright sunshine its 
shadow is often more conspicuous than the insect itself, 
so that economy of shadow may be a valuable means of 
protection. 

[The author showed specimens of South African Nym- 
phalids set in the usual manner, but close to the paper, 
and also with the wings closed as at rest, placed upon 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 85, 126, 135, 136. 

+ Mark Anniversary volume, Cambridge University, Mass. , 
U.S.A., 1903, pp. 453-469. 

t Spolia Zeylanica, vol. li, pt. vi, Aug. 1904, p. 76. 


TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1906,—PART I. (MAY) 7 


98 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 


backgrounds of sand-paper of various colours to imitate 
natural backgrounds of sand or rock. ] 

Admitting the fact of Heliotropism a third possible 
explanation suggests itself. This special attitude exposes 
not only wings, but the insect’s body, most completely to 
the sun’s rays, and we may fairly suppose that such an 
essentially sun-loving creature as a butterfly finds them 
agreeable. To this explanation Dr. Dixey advances an at 
least partial objection, viz.: that when the wings are closed 
up both wings and body are least exposed to the sun’s rays. 

As the result of numerous observations made in Algeria 
in February and March 1905, I satisfied myself that : 

Except early in the day, or when the sun is dull, 
or when feeding on flowers, Pararge meone, Cr., 
settles with the axis of the body turned so that the 
tail pots more or less accurately to the sun, there- 
fore when the wings are raised, in the attitude of 
repose ... the shadow is reduced to insignificant 
dimensions.* 

After somewhat intimate acquaintance with P. meone, 
Cr.,in Algeria, it was pleasant, in May 1905, to study its 
northern form P. egeria, L., which is common in and about 
my garden at Mortehoe, North Devon, and this was the 
more pleasant because our butterfly is undeniably much 
more beautiful than its southern sister. 

I have notes on ten specimens observed, and it may be 
instructive to give them in detail. 

May 3. Observed two P. xgeria; one settled several 
times with tail to the sun, the other was less 
particular. 

May 9. Saw ageria settled with wings open and tail 
directed towards the sun. 

May 15. Saw one specimen of wgeria settle twice 
with fairly accurate orientation ; another specimen 
settled first accurately oriented; then it settled 
again with the body nearly at mght angles to, but 
with the head somewhat towards, the sun; thirdly 
it settled again at right angles, but with its head 
turned to the opposite side. 

May 19. Watched three specimens of xgeria and saw 
each of them orient itself accurately twice. ‘The 
same day I saw another specimen orient itself four 
times. 


* Proceedings Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. xxix. 


some Lest-attitudes of Butterflies. 99 


My last observation was made on an #geria within a few 
yards of my study window; this I disturbed many times 
with a view to noting its behaviour; out of seventeen 
occasions it oriented itself correctly but five times, it faced 
the sun once, but placed itself at right angles to its rays 
no less than eleven times! 

The unusual behaviour of this butterfly gives strong 
proof that individual flies may differ much in behaviour, 
and as I should be disposed to describe it, in moral 
character. What entomologist who has sugared regularly 
in the same place has not observed among common Noctux 
some individuals bolder and greedier than others ? 

I often saw meone settle on sandy roads, rocks, or walls, 
but the xgeria here referred to were for the most part 
settled on leaves, and the question of protection by economy 
of shadow could scarcely arise in their case, 

The next subject of observation was Pararge megera, L., 
which was especially interesting to me as nearly allied to 
P. shakra, Koll, the common Himalayan butterfly in 
which I first noted heliotropism in October 1903.* The 
spring brood was not so numerous as the summer brood 
usually is, and only ten specimens were noted settled. Of 
these the first, a female, was watched on a Devonshire 
“dry ditch,” settling for the most part on the rough slates 
of which it was built, that is to say, on surfaces not always 
well adapted for precise orientation. It was however 
observed to settle several times with its tail to the sun, 
and on one of these occasions it raised its wings over its 
back so that its shadow was scarcely visible, but two or 
three times it settled at right angles to the sun. Six other 
specimens were observed with their wings open, settled for 
the most part on flat ground, and all correctly oriented 
(one observed twice). Another specimen was first seen 
settled on the flowers of Potentilla tormentilla, Sibth., at 
right angles to the sun, but afterwards on Scilla nutans, 
Sm., correctly oriented. Yet two other megwra were seen 
settled, one on the road, the other on a flat stone, both 
with their wings closed up, correctly oriented, so as_ to 
throw practically no shadow. 

During May 1905 hybernated specimens of Vanessa 10, L., 
were unusually common at Mortehoe, and the attitudes of 
at least fifteen different individuals were noted on seven 
different days. Of these, eleven, or three-fourths, oriented 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 67. 


100 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 


themselves correctly so as to turn their tails to the sun. 
Of the minority, the one-fourth that settled otherwise than 
with tail to the sun, two were settled on the flowers of the 
wild hyacinth or “blue-bell” (Scilla nutans, Sm.), and of 
these one was facing the sun. <A third specimen, settled 
on flowers of lilac (Syringa persica), appeared to be quite 
indifferent to the sun’s direction. ‘The fourth was at first 
settled facing the sun, but it very soon moved, settled 
again, and at once adjusted its position so as to be perfectly 
oriented with tail to the sun. I subsequently watched the 
same butterfly settle three times, the first time with tail 
turned to the sun correctly, but the second and third times 
it alighted on “ blue-bells” and did not orient itself. 

Vanessa wrlice, L., was far less common and only two 
specimens offered themselves for observation, of which the 
first was twice seen to adjust itself to correct orientation, 
but the second, on the same lilac bush with the V. zo 
mentioned above, appeared like it to be indifferent to the 
sun’s direction. 

From the preceding observations it may fairly be in- 
ferred that Vanessa io (and probably also V. wrtiew) when 
settled in full sunshine, except sometimes when feeding on 
flowers, habitually places itself so that its tail is directed 
towards the sun. As however the butterflies were not 
seen to close their wings over their backs nothing can be 
said as to the shadow question. 

The next .species that came under my notice was 
Melitea aurinia, Rott., which was very abundant in a 
restricted North Devon locality. All the specimens 
observed were settled on flowers or low plants. In the 
great majority of cases the wings were fully expanded, 
though a few had the fore-wings drawn back so as to form 
an approximation to the “Deltoid” shape. In order to 
secure perfect fairness my method was to record the 
position of every specimen seen so long as the sun was 
shining brightly. Three series of observations were thus 
made, with the following results :— 


First Second Third 
; Se . Total 

series. series. series. 
Tail to sun. 13 29 69 ial 
Side to sun. 2 6 9 17 
Head to sun. il 2 0) 3 


Adjustments after settling were often noticed, occa- 
sionally repeated adjustments. When there was a wind 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 101 


they settled at first with their heads to it, one butterfly 
succeeding in orienting itself only after much struggle. 
When the sun was not shining they were often noted 
settled at right angles to its direction. 

In the case of JZ. aurinia, under the circumstances in 
which the butterfly occurred, it is difficult to see that the 
amount of shadow thrown could have been of any moment, 
though doubtless its colours would show up more if the 
under-sides of the hind-wings when at rest had the sun 
shining directly on them rather than tangentially. 

The recent visit of the British Association to South 
Africa gave me more extended opportunities ; it gave me 
moreover the advantage of Dr. F. A. Dixey’s co-operation, 
which was the more valuable by reason of his great 
patience in observing and careful accuracy in recording 
results. 

Eurytela hiarbas, Dru., is a Nymphalid butterfly, with 
a very Satyrine aspect and habits not unlike those of 
P.xgeria. It is common in woods round East London and 
Durban, affecting partial shade. At East London I saw it 
in a small wood within 100 yards of high-water mark. It 
does not seem to be attracted by flowers, but moves about 
bushes with a slow gliding flight; it may settle on leaves, 
or on the ground, the wings being commonly three-fourths 
expanded, though sometimes more fully. When thus 
settled the wings are often slowly shut in part and again 
opened, though I never saw them quite shut. On at least 
three several days they were noted to have their tails 
turned to the sun, but the orientation was imperfect, often 
15°-30° out, and occasionally they settled with the body 
axis at right angles to the sun. 

Precis clelia, Cr.,is a Nymphalid butterfly that is common 
and widely distributed in South Africa. The dark upper 
surface of the wing is rendered very conspicuous by white 
spots near the tip of the fore-wing anda large blue spot on 
the hind-wing, but the under-side is marbled with shades 
of light grey and is very quiet and unobtrusive. As 
regards its habits I cannot do better than quote Dr. 
Dixey’s very graphic account of its behaviour as observed 
in “the Old Cemetery,” at Sydenham, near Durban, in the 
middle of August :— 

Common at one spot in the cemetery. It has a habit 
of flying a little way, sometimes in pursuit of 
another butterfly, making a round and returning to 


102 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 


the same, or nearly the same place. It settles on 
the ground, or on a low plant, nearly always turning 
its back to the sun, and often closing its wings over 
its back. I saw one settle at right angles to the 
sun, casting a broad shadow; but as there happened 
to be several objects close by casting similar shadows, 
it was not very conspicuous. Presently the same 
individual flew up and settled down again, this time 
on a bare piece of earth and with its back to the 
sun in the usual way. 

Another note, also relating to Sydenham, is :— 

P. clelia seen to settle, and then rapidly turn its back 
to the sun; it did not close its wings. LP. clelia 
seen here seems always to turn its back to the 
sun. 

To Dr. Dixey’s description I would add that the wings 
are usually about three-fourths expanded, nearly as with 
Vanessa atalanta, L., at home. One specimen was observed 
to settle with tail to the sun five consecutive times. It 
was only occasionally that I saw them close their wings 
over their backs, when the shadow was reduced to a 
minimum, but I did observe this several times, both in 
the neighbourhood of Durban and at the Victoria Falls. 
As a rule P. clelia seemed to pitch correctly, but now and 
then it was seen to adjust itself. 

Precis crebrene, Trim., is another common and widely- 
distributed South African butterfly. Though very dif- 
ferently coloured from /. clelia, it is nearly, though not 
quite, as conspicuous when the upper-side is displayed, but 
the almost uniformly clay-coloured under-side is scarcely 
distinguishable against certain back-grounds, such as sand, 
clay, or rock of a grey or yellow tint. It is fond of 
frequenting dry “spruits,” or watercourses, settling on the 
rocks or boulders, but in the Zambesi country Dr. Dixey 
often saw it settle in trees. It was repeatedly observed to 
orient itself fairly accurately, but did not appear to close 
its wings as often as P. clelia. A note made by me at 
Ladysmith, August 26th, says :— 

Oriented within about 10°-15°; settled often upon 
cliffs of yellow sand or mud on which it was 
moderately conspicuous. One specimen was re- 
peatedly observed to close its wings, its shadow 
was then near the minimum and the insect 
inconspicuous. 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 108 


Precis natalica, Feld., a somewhat dingy species, though 
generally distributed, was much less common than the two 
preceding. It is somewhat of a shade-lover and usually 
settled on the ground or on a leaf, its wings more spread 
than clelia or crebrene. Except when settled in the shade 
its tail was directed towards the sun. One was seen to 
close and open its wings, another was watched for some 
time and observed over and over again to orient itself 
correctly, and twice to close its wings so as to leave 
practically no shadow. 

Precis elgiva, Hew., is not uncommon in woods near 
Durban, it was noted as sitting with wings fully expanded 
and tail to the sun. 

Precis sesamus, Trim., is a large, dark, handsome butter- 
fly which reminds one of Vanessa io, L. It is fond of 
hiding itself in ditches and under dark banks, often 
several together ; this is not always done with a view to 
seek shelter from the wind, though on some occasions that 
seemed to be the object. It pitches with the wings fully 
expanded and close to the ground, just as P. natalica ; in 
this position it 1s less conspicuous than might be supposed, 
especially when it settles on dark clay, or peaty soil, as it 
appeared to be fond of doing. Both Dr. Dixey and I saw 
it orient itself like its congeners, sometimes with adjust- 
ment. On one occasion only did I see it close its wings 
over its back, casting, as a result, a minimum shadow. 

Another Precis, nearly the colour of the red soil, but 
more orange in tint, was observed to orient with tail to the 
sun. This I saw several times but missed; it was on 
August 18th, on somewhat open ground at the edge of a 
large banana garden above the Congella woods, Durban. 
I thought at the time that this was P. octavia, Cram., the 
wet-season form of P. sesamus, but it is just possible that 
it may have been P. cloantha, Cram., which I took on the 
other side of Durban. With the possible exception of this 
doubtful Precis all my remarks about South African 
butterflies apply to dry-season forms. 

Hamanumida dedalus, Fab., is a common African 
Nymphalid that we only met with on the banks of the 
Zambesi. We both noted that it usually flies near the 
ground, on which it settles with the wings closely adpressed 
to the surface. It occasionally flaps its wings, but as long 
as they are still it is very inconspicuous, its grey colour 
approximating closely to that of the sand, the whitish spots 


104 Dr. G. B. Longstatf ox 


aiding its concealment by breaking up the surface. One 
was observed to walk about on mud regardless of the sun’s 
direction, but it finally settled down with tail to the sun 
and wings spread out in the usual way. 

[Abisara (Zemeros) flegyas, Cr., a common oriental 
Erycinid, has a strikingly similar pattern to the last- 
named Nymphalid, but I do not know what its favourite 
resting-places are. | 

Pyrameis cardui, L. I summed up my observations on 
this butterfly in Algeria in the following words :— 

I can confidently say that it generally settles with its 
tail to the sun, though it does not do this with the 
regularity of Pararge meone. I saw two specimens 
turn their faces to the sun, and saw a third settle 
twice with its body at right angles, though the 
third time it settled normally.* 

At Durban, on August 21st, I watched this cosmopolitan 
butterfly orient, but full weight must be given to the 
following very definite observation of Dr. Dixey’s when 
watching lizards :— 

Ladysmith (North East Defences), Aug. 27th, watched 
several. P. cardui, which settled frequently. They 
would settle at any angle with regard to the sun, 
but perhaps rather more often with back to it. They 
fanned their wings, and often shut them up tight 
(keeping them so for some time) in any position 
with regard to the sun. 

This was late in the afternoon, but I do not gather from 
Dr. Dixey (nor from personal recollection) that the sun- 
light was feeble, or that there was a strong wind, or that 
the butterflies were feeding or drinking—all disturbing 
causes. There can I think be no doubt that the habit 
of heliotropism is not as fixed in “The Painted Lady” 
as in many Nymphalids. 

Among our notes on heliotropism there are but three 
references to Pierines. The first is intcresting as tending 
to negative the suggestion that the purpose of heliotropism 
is to minimize the butterfly’s shadow and so aid in its 
concealment. Dr. Dixey writes :— 

Durban (The Bluff), August 16th. TZeracolus done, 
Godt. (speciosus, Wallengr. = jobina, Butl.) ¢. 
When first seen it was settled in the sunshine 
with wings expanded; then it flew a short distance 


* Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. xxix. 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 105 


and settled on a reddish sandy path. Cloud came 
over the sun, and the butterfly closed up its wings, 
so that only the hind-wing and tip of the fore- 
wing were visible. 

In explanation of this note Dr. Dixey emphasizes the 
fact that in the dry-season form of done (= speciosus, 
Wallenegr.) the under-side of the hind-wing and the tip 
of the fore-wing are reddish, hence the tightly-closed 
attitude is cryptic on red soil. He adds that doubtless 
when the butterfly contemplates a long stay (as at night, 
or when the sun goes behind cloud) the closed-up attitude 
is adopted to take advantage of its cryptic colouring, and 
not to minimize its shadow. 

The other observations were made on Belenois severina, 
Cram., a white butterfly that we found very abundant at 
Durban. 

Dr. Dixey says :— 

B. severina, f and 2; when clouds come over the sun, 
this species generally settles on a grass stem, and, 
closing its wings tightly, becomes part of the picture. 
It certainly generally turns its back to the sun 
when it settles in sunshine, and then does not 
often close up its wings. 

My note is as follows :— 

B. severina, 2 2 seen to settle across the sun, early in 
the day. Late in the afternoon many  severina 
seen settled with wings three-quarters open, and 
tail more or less to the sun; but where much ex- 
posed to wind the wings were closed and the head 
turned to the wind, so as to be almost across the 
sun. 

It is worthy of remark that throughout all these 
observations of heliotropism, I cannot recall a single 
case in which an adjustment, or subsequent movement 
of the butterfly after pitching, tended to throw it out 
of orientation. Hence it is fair to assume that if the 
insects had been watched longer after pitching positive 
results would have been observed in a larger proportion 
of cases. 

But, be that as it may, beyond doubt it is a habit with 
a number of butterflies, especially Nymphalids, to settle 
with their backs to the sun. Whether they do this, as 
Professor Parker supposes, to display their charms to the 
greatest advantage, or whether the first impulse was 


106 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 


given by the light or warmth of the sun’s rays, I am 
unable to determine, but that in the case of such species 
as Pararge megera and Precis clelia the diminution of 
the shadow when the wings are closed helps to conceal 
the butterflies from their enemies I have no longer any 
doubt.* 

Further observations will show how far the habit is 
general within the families in which it has been observed, 
and whether it prevails in other families. 


The inverted attitude of Lycenids. 


In the paper first referred to J drew the attention of the 
Society to the fact that the curious lobes at the anal angle 
of the hind-wings of certain Indian Lycznids, to wit species 
of the genera Aphnevus, Pratapa and Rapala, are everted 
so as to be nearly at right angles to the plane of the wing. 
I showed by a diagram that this eversion of the lobe 
helped in the suggestion of a head where the tail should 
be. The original sketch for the diagram was made before 
I had heard of the “false head theory.” + The resemblance 
would of course be more striking if the Lycznids in 
question, like so many of the family, habitually rest with 
the head downwards. 

Prof. Poulton discussed the “false head” at some length 
in his notes to Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s paper on “'The 
Bionomies of South African Insects.” Prof. Poulton showed 
by a reference to Kirby and Spence that the resemblance 
of the tails of some Lycenids to antenne was observed 
early in the 19th century. I venture to give the passage 
in full :— 

Dr. Arnold has made a curious observation (confirmed 
by Dr. Forstrém with respect to others of the 
genus) on the use of the long processes or tails that 
distinguish the secondary wings of Hesperia iarbas. 
These processes, he remarks, resemble antenne, 
and when the butterfly is sitting it keeps them in 
constant motion ; so that at first sight 1t appears to 


* In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper the 
President (Mr. F. Merrifield) threw out the suggestion that possibly 
the object of negative heliotropism might be to enable the butterfly 
to see to the greatest advantage. 

+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1905, pp. 85, 86. 

{ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 373-375. 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 107 


have a head at each extremity : which deception is 
much increased by a spot resembling an eye at the 
base of the processes. These insects, perhaps, thus 
perplex or alarm their assailants.* 

Lesperia iarbas at first puzzled me, but it would appear 
to be the insect now known as Deudorix (Rapala) iarbas, 
Fab., and the very close ally of D. melampus, Cram., one 
of the insects in which I first noticed the peculiar struc- 
ture of the anal lobe, about 86 years after Dr. Arnold’s 
observation ! 

I remember well seeing a Lyczenid at rest on a leaf at 
Solon, on the road to Simla, in October 1903, and was 
struck by its tails waving about, as I thought at the time 
blown by the wind. 

On March 12th, 1904, the pretty white, black and 
orange Talicada nyseus, Guér., was positively swarming 
near Kandy. I repeatedly watched it settle with its head 
upwards and immediately turn about so that its head 
looked downwards. 

At Mortehoe, June 5th, 1905, Mr. A. L. Onslow and I 
searched from sundown to dusk for Hmmelesia albulata, 
Schiff, in a field adjoining my house; we failed in our 
search, but incidentally came across a number of Lycwna 
icarus, Rott. asleep on the stems of grasses, etc. Out of 
fifteen specimens, twelve had the head down, three had 
the bead up.t 

The lobed and tailed Lyczenids are not too easy to 
observe; they are active and commonly fly about the tops 
of shrubs or small trees; when at rest they are not 
conspicuous and when disturbed dart swiftly off. 

Dr. Dixey noted :— 

Aug. 20. Durban (Botanical Garden). Saw an 
“amphisbaenoid” Lycena settled twice; the first 
time horizontally, the second time head downwards. 
On both occasions the “ false head * looked much 
more like a head than the real one did. There was 
a constant slight movement of the hind-wings; and 
a waving of the false antennz. 


* An Introduction to Entomology, vol. ii, p. 255. First Edition, 
1817. 

+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 126. 

{ When this butterfly first settles on flowers in full sunshine it 
expands its wings very fully, the primaries being drawn somewhat 
away from the secondaries. 


108 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 


Unfortunately this specimen eluded capture. Again Dr. 
Dixey noted :— 

August 16. Durban (The Bluff), Saw a Lyczenid 
settled on the top of a leaf horizontally. The “false 
head” was much more conspicuous than the real 
head, which was almost concealed; the real 
antennz were quite concealed. 

This proved to be Virachola antalus, Hopff.; I have a 
note referring to the same species :— 

A Lycenid boxed off a plant close to the ground; it 
was sitting with the head downwards, but the “false 
head” was missing, having been bitten off, probably 
by a lizard. 

Dr. Dixey was more fortunate than I with <Aiocerces 
harpax, Fab., since he notes : 

Sept. 9. Bulawayo, Rhodesia (near the Waterworks). 
This species was abundant at the catkin-like flowers 
of a shrub said by Mr. Davey to be a species of 
Combretum. When settled, it closely resembled (at 
a little distance) the seed vessels, of which many 
remained on the plant, though the latter was just 
coming into flower. On a near view, the false head 
of the Lyczenid looks extremely life-like, and ismoved 
about by the butterfly in a most deceptive manner. 
The species settles either horizontally or head 
downwards. Attention seems to be drawn to the 
false head by alternate partial folding and unfolding 
of the everted margin of the hind-wing, while the 
butterfly is settled. [Butterfly and seed-vessel 
exhibited. ] 

Coming now to my own observations, the “false head” 
was noted during life in five specimens (all females) of 
Argiolaus silas, Westw., but in none of them was the 
attitude at rest determined, indeed the insects usually 
settled high up on the trees beyond my limit of clear 
vision. 

Sept. 10. Matopo, Rhodesia. A male of the beautiful 
Stugela bowkert, Trim., was twice seen to settle with its 
head downwards on the catkin-like racemes of the shrub 
Sclerocaria caffra. The “false head” was very obvious. It 
opened and shut its hind-wings while settled. 

Sept. 28. Hast London (Buffalo River), A specimen of 
Phasis chrysaor, 'Trim., was seen settled head downwards. 

Aug. 14. Durban (near Sydenham “Old Cemetery ”). 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 109 


A female Hypolycena philippus, Fab., exhibited a “ false 
head,” but was not seen at rest. 

Sept. 15. Victoria Falls. A specimen of Catochrysops 
malathana, Bois. (=asopus, Hopff.), was seen in the Rain 
Forest settled with its head downwards. 

Sept. 26. East London. Two specimens of Zarweus 
telicanus, Lang., were seen in the Queen’s Park sitting 
horizontally. They were moving their hind-wing alter- 
nately in the plane of the wings, exactly as I had in the 
Nilgiris seen a Lampides do.* 


Tilt to one side, or “ list.” 


This, which I first described as “a sideways attitude,” a 
term not without ambiguity, may be exactly defined as an 
attitude resulting from a rotation of the insect about its 
longitudinal axis, as heliotropism results from a rotation 
about an imaginary vertical axis at right angles to this. 
Heliotropism corresponds to the movement of a vessel in 
answer to the helm. Most vessels, independently of wind, 
waves, or tide, have a tendency to lean somewhat to one 
side or the other ; this inclination is termed by sailors “a 
list,” and, although I am aware that the analogy is not 
quite close, since the insect may lean at one moment to 
one side, at another to the other, I shall for brevity term 
such an inclined or tilted position a list. 

So far as I know this list was first observed by Col. C. 
T. Bingham in the case of a Melanitis in 1878, but the 
observation was not published till long afterwards. The 
extracts from his diary of that year, brought to light by 
Prof. Poulton, give a most vivid description of some phases 
of the struggle for existence as it may be seen in a tropical 
forest. Col. Bingham says :— 

The Melanitis was there among dead leaves, its wings 
folded and looking, for all the world, a dead dry 
leaf itself. With regard to IMelanitis, I have not 
seen it recorded anywhere that the species of this 
genus when disturbed fly a little way, drop suddenly 
into the undergrowth with closed wings and in- 
variably lie a little askew and slanting, which still 
more increases their likeness to a dead leaf casually 
fallen to the ground.+ 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 118. 
t+ Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 363. 


110 Dr. G. B, Longstaff on 


Mr. W. H. Edwards, in his Butterflies of North America, 
1897, quotes Mr. William Couper’s observation as to a 
habit of Colias philodice, Godt., in Anticosti :— 

When it alights on a flower, instead of being erect on 
its feet, it lies sideways, as if to receive the warmth 
of the sun. 

The original passage occurs in the Canadian Entomologist, 
vol. vi, p. 92, 1874; if therefore this be truly such a list as 
is under discussion, Mr. Couper deserves the credit of 
having first observed it, but at present I am doubtful on 
the point. 

In the summer of 1908, at Mortehoe, Dr. Dixey and I 
observed a like habit in Satyrus semele, L.; and later in 
that year (and in the following) I found that other British 
Satyrids, such as Pararge wgeria, L., and Megera, L.; 
Epinephele jurtina, L., and hyperanthus, L., had a similar 
habit, though less marked. The butterflies when confined 
in a box were seen to assume the list more often in sun- 
shine than in shade. * 

In India, in the late autumn of 1893 I noted the same 
habit in the Satyrines Lipparchia parisatis, Koll, and 
Aulocera swaha, Koll.+ 

On the voyage out to South Africa the usual call at 
Madeira gave us little more than a glimpse at its butter- 
flies. The local race of Satyrus semele, L., was common on 
the Caminho do Meio at an altitude of about 800 ft., and 
Dr. Dixey has this note : 

Settled on the ground, low herbage, walls and tree- 
trunks. The fore-wings are depressed with a snap 
as in the English semele. ‘Two were specially noted 
settling in sunshine (not strong) both turned head 
to sun and listed—one to port and one to starboard. 

My note is :— 

A specimen seen settled face to sun, list 30° to 
starboard, 

It was of course only to be expected that on the fifth 
day from leaving Southampton we should both use nautical 
phraseology. 

South Africa contributed little to increasing our know- 
ledge of the “list.” The genus Pseudonympha, somewhat 
suggestive of Hrebia, is characteristic of Cape Colony; at 


* Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 1905, p. 44. 
{ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, pp. 64, 135, 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. PUL 


East London I observed several P. cassius, Godt., at rest, 
but did not see any list. 

Mycalesis safitza, Hew. Though I took many odd spect- 
mens of this dingy butterfly, I never found it really 
common, and have but two notes of its resting attitude :— 

Berea, near the hotel, Aug. 14th, seen to settle in the 
shade, wings upright. 

And, 

Congella, Aug. 18th. This species does not appear to 
orient : a slight list away from the sun, but sun 
not very bright at the time of observation. 

Dr. Dixey, however, in the case of this butterfly obtained 
more positive results :— 

Durban (Botanic Garden), J/ycalesis safitza has a very 
strong list when settled in the open; it may be to 
right or left in the same individual. 

Durban (Botanic Garden), saw Mycalesis  safitza 
settled on bare ground ; it had a strong list to the 
left. Saw it fly and settle in strong sunshine ; 
once with its back to the sun, with list to Icft; 
once with head to sun, right list; once at right 
angles to sun, throwing a broad shadow. 

It would therefore seem that Mycalesis safitza may be , 
included among the Satyrs with a list, but this does not 
appear to help concealment by diminishing the shadow, as 
I suggested would be the case if the list were towards the 
sun.* 

Near Darjiling, in 1903, I observed a slight list in 
Mycalesis indistans, Moore. And in Japan, in 1904, the 
fine Satyrid, Blanaida goschhevitschii, Mén., had a striking 


list.+ 
General. 


That the term “Rest Attitude” is used in this paper 
very loosely I am well aware. A butterfly may be con- 
ceived as resting in several stages. First, it may settle to 
feed. Sphinx feeds on the wing; many a Papilio settles on 
a flower to feed, but flutters while sucking the honey, this, 
e.g. 18 the habit of P. erithonius, Cr., P. hector, L., and 
P. dissimilis, L. Thus in Ceylon I found that the best 
way of distinguishing the last-named from the Danaids 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 136. 
t Loe. cit. pp. 94, 135. 


112 Dr. G. B. Longstaff on 


which it mimics so closely was by this fluttering. Many 
moths, notably Plusia, are intermediate between Sphinx 
and Papilio in this respect. The vast majority of butter- 
flies feed with their wings still, in some cases more or less 
widely spread out, in others closed over the back. The 
Skippers of such genera as Syricthus, Pamphila and 
Gegenes settle with the hind-wings horizontal, the fore- 
wings nearly vertical, but other Skippers, such as Baoris 
and Hretis, settle with the wings fully spread out. 

Again, butterflies often rest from flight on the ground, 
on the upper-side of leaves, or on tree-trunks. A few 
Skippers, such as Celwnorrhinus, Caprona and Pterygo- 
spidea (Tagiades), settle on the wnder side of leaves, with 
their wings spread like Geometers. 

Such a state of rest is more reposeful than that first 
described, but in many species it is varied by occasional 
closing and re-opening of the wings; or in some Lycznids 
by curious horizontal movements of the hind-wings only. 

A third stage is when they rest for a long time in one 
position, then the wings are usually raised over the back 
(even in the case of Hesperia, etc.) and often the fore-wings 
are withdrawn within the hind-wings. In some species, 
notably Huchloé and Synchloé, when the creature is at rest 
the hind-wings do not approach the stem on which it sits, 
but the abdomen is elevated some 30°—40° and quite con- 
ecaled between the hind-wings. ‘This attitude greatly 
increases the similarity of the insect to a leaf. [Exhibited.] 

The actual habits of butterflies when asleep are but 
little known, the great majority almost certainly close 
their wings over their backs, but some of the larger 
Skippers, such as Caprona, ete., probably sleep with them 
spread out like Geometers. Certainly our common 
Skippers, Pamphila sylvanus, Esp., and P. linea, adopt the 
usual butterfly attitude, but many years ago Mr. Roland 
Trimen called attention to the fact that Nisoniades tages, L., 
sleeps with the wings inclined so as to form a roof, like 
many NVoctux.* I noted in South Africa that in some 
Skippers the posterior third of the hind-wing is curiously 
plaited when at rest, thus again resembling Noctwx and other 
moths. This may be well seen in the big Rhopalocampta 
keithloa, Waliengr., and Pterygospidea flesus, Fab., as well 
as in the little Gegenes zetterstedti, Wallengr. (= hottentota, 
Latr.). 

* Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands, vol. i, p. 309, 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies, iTS) 


Intimately bound up with the attitude at rest is the 
question whether or no insects select resting-places of a 
character likely to make the most, so to say, of their 
cryptic colouring. 

Many years ago the late Mr. Geo. Norman and myself 
took a lot of Polia chi, L., at rest close to the hydropathic 
establishment at Forres,and we were much puzzled by the 
fact that while many were taken on whitewashed walls, 
where they were difficult to detect, quite as many were 
found resting on dark tree-trunks and could be easily seen 
at many yards’ distance. 

Mr. Hamm has made some striking observations tending 
to an affirmative answer to this question.* In the Baghi 
Forest, near Simla, I was struck by the way in which the 
conspicuous yellow Zerias hecabe, L., disappeared when it 
settled on a low shrub with oval leaves fading to a yellow 
tint, the rounded form of the wings aiding its concealment. { 
But the most convincing case that has come under my own 
observation was a large yellow butterfly (I had no net 
but think it was probably Catopsilia catila, Cr.) which I 
saw in the garden of the University of Bombay. I saw 
this settle again and again, invariably in a small shrub 
with yellow leaves, ‘The very conspicuous fly would 
vanish suddenly, and it was only after several attempts 
that I succeeded in getting a glimpse of it when settled, so 
strong was the protective resemblance. 

Tn an analogous 8. African case I am able to supply 
fuller details -— 

Eronia cleodora, Hiib.,is a common Natal Pierine. Few 
insects are more conspicuous in the net than this beautiful 
fly with its combination of creamy-white, jet black and 
deep yellow, and one might well wonder how it could 
possibly manage to hide itself. 1 watched it settle once 
upon the ground, and strangely enough it was not con- 
spicuous when its wings were closed and the brilliant 
yellow of the under- side was fully exposed to view. Then 
I twice saw it settle on grass; when the wings were half 
open it was very conspicuous, but when they were closed 
it was far otherwise. Four times I saw specimens go to 


* Proc. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1904, p. Ixxv, and Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1905, p. Ixxiii, and the interesting discussion following the latter 
paper. 

t+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 69. 

{ Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond., 1905, p. 107. 


TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I, (MAY) 8 


114 Dr. G. B. Longstatt ox 


rest on the leaves of the Acanthaceous under-shrub, 
Lsoglossa woodi, Clarke [= Heteinanthus origanoides, 'T., 
and of J. Medley Wood’s Natal Plants, vol. 1, plate 22], 
called by the natives w-Bomaan, which forms the bulk of 
the undergrowth of the scrub on The Bluff, at Durban. 
It hung more or less downwards with its wings closely shut 
up, in which position its general shape was not unlike that 
of a leaf, while its colour, yellow blotched with purplish- 
brown, had a striking resemblance to the many yellow, 
eaten and blotched leaves upon the shrubs. The brilliant 
insect lost itself in its surroundings, although this was not 
a case of definite leaf mimicry as in Kallima or even 
in Precis. A rough-coloured sketch made at the time 
gives (apart from “artistic shortcomings) a faithful repre- 
sentation of some of the leaves, though the yellow colour 
hardly shows by artificial light. [Sketch and butterflies 
exhibited. | 

Dr. Dixey has a note which confirms the above :— 

The Bluff, Durban, Aug. 16. Hronia cleodora, f, 
observed to settle near leaves which, turned yellow 
and showing slits and circular holes, closely 
resembled its under surface. 

Mr. J. Medley Wood, the Director of the Natal Botanic 
Gardens, kindly writing to give me the name of the plant, 
says that the food plants of H. cleodora are Capparis zeyhert, 
Turez, and Niebuhrria pedunculosa, Hochst. 

Perhaps the most tropical-looking butterfly that we met 
with in §. Africa was the large Nymphalid, Salamis 
anacardi, L.; nearly 4 inches across the wings, greenish- 
white, with a strong pearly lustre, it is a very beautiful 
creature. Its flight is very we eak. Mr, A. D. Millar of 
Durban said that it was fond of resting in a particular tree 
or shrub with glaucous leaves. 

Dr. Dixey has a note :— 

Sydenham, Durban, Aug. 15. Watched Salamis 
anacardu, L. It flew in a slow, flappy, undecided 
way from side to side of the road, settling each 
time for a second or two on a tree. Presently it 
reached a tree whose leaves were about the same 
size as the anacardii when resting with wings over 
its back. Here it settled, beneath a cluster of 
leaves, being fully exposed to view and yet well 
concealed. It remained quiescent until forcibly 


disturbed. 


some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies. 115 


{ have no manuscript note, but remember well that 
before Mr. Millar mentioned the fact of anacardw having a 
proclivity for such trees, I saw one take refuge in a shrub, 
or small tree, having large glaucous leaves; and I am 
almost sure that I beat another specimen out of the same 
kind of tree, but I failed to see the insect at rest. 

Writing of Colias philodice, Godt., Mr. W. H. Edwards 
says: “On marigolds and brilliant single zinnias they 
delight to pasture, for they have a keen sense of colour. 
I have known one of them alight on an amethyst in a 
lady’s ring, after hovering about its owner so persistently 
as to attract attention, and it rested some seconds.” * 

Mr. 8. H. Scudder quotes the following interesting 
observations on the same butterfly, Hurymus philodice, 
Godt. (called in America “the sulphur”). 

“Dr. Minot once observed that when searching for its 
honied food the butterfly most frequently alighted on 
yellow flowers; and Dr. Packard has recorded that in a 
field where white asters and yellow golden rods were 
abundant the yellow sulphur butterfly visited the flowers 
of the golden rod much oftener than those of the aster, while 
the opposite was the case with Pieris rape.’ t Again, in 
another place, he says, “and Jenner Weir has noticed how 
the white butterflies settled on the variegated leaves in 
his garden.” 

The preference shown by the two butterflies for golden 
rod and asters respectively is interesting. These genera, 
highly characteristic of North America, are closely allied 
Compositz. On the other hand, P. rape was introduced into 
the country in 1860 or thereabouts. 

Dr. Dixey has kindly placed at my disposal the notes of 
a number of his observations on common English butter- 
flies which have a bearing upon the point under discussion. 

1897, July 12, Mortehoe. SS. semele; flight more 
rapid than that of H. janira; it is also more apt 
to settle. When settling, chooses if possible a bit 
of grey rock or bare pathway. Sits with antennz 
expanded and projecting forwards, body raised 
somewhat on legs. At first settling, eye-spot of 
fore-wing generally just appears ; then by a definite 


* Butterflies of North America, vol. ii, 1897, sub philodice (not 
paged). 

{ Butterflies of New England, 1889, vol. ii, p. 1124. 

~ Lbid., vol. u,.p. 1102. 


116 


DreGs ib: Longstatt on 


sharp movement the wings are further closed, and 
the eye-spot is visible no longer. H. janira as a 
rule shows eye-spot while resting [7.c. during tem- 
porary rest in daytime]. 

July 12. Mortehoe. Watched G. brassice, ¢, resting 
on a bramble flower; wings closed so that the tip 
was the only part of fore-wing visible. 

July 18. Mortehoe. Watched V. wrticx at rest, quite 
5 m. without stirring. It raised its wings but did 
not completely close upper-wing behind lower, so 
leaving a (roughly) equivalent triangle of upper- 
wing showing, including the whole of the dark 
costal mark. 

July 14. Mortehoe. ZZ. hyperanthus at rest shows 
eye-spot of fore-wing, like H. ganira [i.e at tem- 
porary rest]. 

At 8.25 p.m. saw HZ. janira settle down to rest. Eye- 
spot of fore-wing quite concealed. 

At 8.35 p.m. saw P. sylvanus resting. Wings turned 
up flat over back, not in characteristic “ skipper ” 
attitude. 

July 15. Mortehoe. Saw A. janira settled Gin sun- 
shine) with eye-spot of fore-wing quite covered. 
Saw G. napi settled with about half of discoidal cell 
of fore-wing showing. Afterwards saw one with 

nly tip of fore-wing showing. 

August 11. Mortehce. P. megera at rest dces not shut 
up like S. semele (at least not during temporary 
rest in hours of flight). It usually sits with wings 
almost completely expanded. 

Aug. 12. Mortehoe. Saw G. rapex, 2, settled, towards 
dusk (nearly 8.0 p.m.), on a bramble leaf in a hedge. 
Wings vertical. On left side none of fore-wing 
showing but bare apex. On right side a large part 
of fore-wing showing. On careful examination 
this was found to be due to the fact that the right 
hind-wing was split, and the fore-wing had got 
caught in the cleft, this preventing complete 
closure on that side. 

Aug. 13. Mortehoe. Saw //. tithonus at rest; wings 
entirely closed up. A cloudy evening. 

Aug. 23. Watched whites in Sandy Lane. When 
settled for rest they look very much like turned- 
back leaves of bramble, near or on which they are 


wy 


some Lest-attitudes of Butterflies. 117 


fond of settling when meaning to remain settled 
for some time. In bright sunshine they often settle 
on flowers with wings partly or entirely spread, but 
in dull windy weather like this morning’s, they are 
apt not to fly unless disturbed, and then to settle 
again very soon. I disturbed one G. rape, f, eight 
times and watched it settle again seven times. 
Five times it settled on bramble, although there 
was plenty of other vegetation, Of the other two 
times, the first was on the head of a yarrow, and 
the second on another low plant close to a spray 
of bramble with recurved leaves, which it closely 
resembled at a little distance. 

Aug. 27. Saw G. brassice, ¢, settle twice on bramble 
and close up its wings. 

1898. Sept. 7. Have several times lately, when 
coming up Sandy Lane at dusk, seen G. rape 
settled, apparently for the night. Generally on 
bramble, wings quite closed. They will allow 
themselves to be seized with fingers or forceps, 
but then generally wake, and fly off if let go. 

Aug. 8. Observed that Z. tcarus is fairly well pro- 
tected (z.e. concealed) on heads of bramble-blossom 
when wings are closed. 

1898. Aug. 9. Mortehoe. Saw H. tithonus, 9, settled 
on a bramble-leaf in sunshine, eye-spot showing. 
Cloud came over the sun, and ¢ithonus shut up, 
eye-spot becoming invisible. Opened again when 
cloud passed. 

This observation was referred to by Professor Poulton. 
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, p. 372.] Compare the 
observation on Teracolus tone, p. 104, 105, supra. 

1904, Highcliff, Hants. Aug.8. Watched G. brassice, 
d, settle down for the night about 7.15 p.m. After 
much fluttering about the stems of tall grasses, it 
came to rest on a head of hawkweed in the pappus 
condition, and remained there with wings hanging 
downwards and closed over its back. 

Recently M. J. Th. Oudemans has published an in- 
teresting memoir entitled “Ktude sur la Position de 
Repos chez les Lepidopteéres.” * 

* Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademe van Wetenschappen. 


Vol. x, No. 1, Amsterdam, 1904, (Read at Berlin, International 
Congress of Zoology, August 1901.) 


118 On some Rest-attitudes of Butterflies, 


M. Oudemans only treats of one aspect of the subject 
which he deals with exhaustively by numerous observations 
on living specimens of all the chief groups of Macrolepi- 
doptera, His conclusions may be shortly expressed, almost 
in his own words, thus:—Lepidoptera have a sleeping- 
dress ; this dress forms a harmonious whole. The differ- 
ent parts which contribute to form the whole dress 
harmonize in their colours and usually in their patterns. 
The parts of the insect which are concealed during rest 
are quite frequently strongly contrasted in colour or 
pattern to the exposed parts. M. Oudemans explains the 
facts by the influence of exposure to light.* 

M. Oudemans does not allude to the points chiefly 
dealt with in this paper, but one of his beautiful pho- 
tographs shows Chrysophanus phleas, L., sitting with 
abdomen tilted up at an angle of about 45° to the thorax, 
as I have shown in the specimen of Huchloé belemia, Esp., 
exhibited. He does not however call attention to its 
peculiar attitude. That it must greatly increase the 
resemblance to a dead leaf is obvious enough. 

Tn bringing this somewhat disconnected paper to a close 
I venture to make a remark which has a wide bearing on 
the whole question of cryptic and mimetic resemblances. 

Butterflies are most numerous and varied within the 
tropics. In the tropics the length of daylight varies much 
less than in temperate zones, and is many hours shorter 
than in the temperate summer. At the equator the sun is 
above the horizon for twelve hours every day; at the 
tropics the sun is above the horizon from a minimum of 
10} hours to a maximum of 134 hours. 

But although the sun is visible for these long periods, 
not so the butterflies. V ery few comparativ ely” are to be 
seen on the move before 9 a.m., and few after 3 p.m.t 

Now my point is that tropical birds, lizards, and other 
insectivorous animals have some six hours of full day- 
light in which to hunt butterflies, when the latter are 
more or less at rest. This is a fact not usually allowed for 
in the discussion of questions of protective resemblances or 
mimicry, but it emphasises the need for concealment. 

* Compare Dr. M. Standfuss, Die Beziehungen zwischen Fuérbung 
und Lebensgewohnheit bei den Palaertischen Grossschmetterlingen 


Vierteljahrsschrift der naturforsch. Gesellschaft in Ziirich, XX XIX 
Jahrgang, 1894. (Read November 6, 1893.) 


a 


t Mr. A. D. Millar says that in the afternoon female butterflies 
are relatively more commonly seen, 


(1195) 


VIII. Notes upon some remarkable parasitic insects from 
North Queensland. By F. P. Doon, F.ES.; with 
an Appendix containing descriptions of New 
Species, by CoLONEL CHARLES T. BINGHAM, 
F.Z.S., and Dr. BENNO WANDOLLECK, 


[Read March 7th, 1996. } 


HYMENOPTERA PARASITICA, 


(THE material upon which the following interesting observ- 
ations have been made has been kindly placed in my 
hands by the author, with the desire that I should make 
it available for the use of naturalists. Inasmuch as it 
mainly bears upon those bionomic questions which are so 
much studied at Oxford, the great majority of the 
specimens have been placed in the Hope Department ; but 
wherever possible, co-types of the new species have been 
deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. The 
type of the interesting Cyrtid fly, Ogecdes doddi, has been 
added to Dr. Wandolleck’s famous collection of this group 
at Dresden. 

Mr. Dodd is to be congratulated upon these carefully- 
recorded observations throwing so much new light upon 
many of the North Australian Hymenoptera Parasitica. 
The hosts of the extraordinary Chalcid genus Schizaspidea 
have been hitherto unknown; we here find that S. doddi is 
parasitic upon ants. In other cases, such as the Chalcidid 
genus Rhipipallus and the Cyrtid fly, the general group to 
which the host belongs is already known, but Mr. Dodd 
furnishes us with exact data of the ntmost value and interest. 
Many observations here recorded show a remarkable and 
long-persistent vitality in larve attacked by Braconid 
parasites. It is probable that in hot latitudes, where a 
dead insect would quickly dry up and in other ways 
deteriorate as food, the attacks of parasites have been 
specially adapted to prolong the victim’s life to its very 
utmost. The adaptation of course always exists, but here 
we probably see it at its highest level. 

It is unnecessary to specify any localities, inasmuch as 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 


120 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes upon some remarkable 


the whole of the material was collected by Mr. Dodd at 
Townsville, North Queensland.—E. B. Pouron.] 

Nos. 1 and 2 are from the caterpillars of Delias argen- 
thona, F. The larvee of the larger species (No. 1) push 
their way through the sides of their host, and at once 
commence to construct their cocoons in a mass, the cater- 
pillar dying and shrivelling up very quickly. The flies 
emerge through the end of the cocoon by forcing open the 
lid. The eggs of the smaller species are, il suppose, 
deposited upon the larvee of the larger ere they are secure 
in the cocoons: they do not push open the lid, but gnaw 
holes to escape. 

[Colonel C. T. Bingham has kindly described the 
Braconid parasite (No. 1) as Apanteles deliadis (Appendix, 
p-. 125); the Chalcidid hyperparasite (No. 2) as Meroterys 
ceeruleus (Appendix, p. 127). Four Bracons and three 
Chaleids bear the date Jan. 2, 1903; seven Chalcids, Jan. 
6, 19038; and nine Chalcids Jan. 9, 1903.] 

No. 3—From Charocampa oldenlandix, F. | Theretra 
oldenlandix. firmata (Walk. ), Rothsehild and Jordan, Rev. 
Sphing., Nov. Zool., ix, suppl., p. 783.] In this (and two 
following species) only a single parasite attacks the cater- 
pillar. The larva emerges through the side of its victim, 
and spins a cocoon, hke a full grain of wheat, crosswise 
upon the back, just in front of the horn. The caterpillar 
never moves from one spot, and lingers until some time 
after the parasite has flown. The caterpillar, which is 
exhibited im formalin, did not die until forty-eight hours 
after the emergence of the fly, and I found it, with the 
cocoon seemingly finished, seven days before the appearance 
of the Hymenopterous insect. 

(Col. Bingham has described this Braconid parasite as 
Microgaster basalis (Appendix, p. 125). The single speci- 
men with its oval cocoon, from which a terminal lid has 
been pushed off, bears the date Feb. 11, 1903.] 

No. 4.—Host Notodonta [Cerura] cycnoptera, Lower. 
The larva of this insect comes through the side or back of 
the caterpillar: it rears itself nearly upright and is almost 
entirely outside the aperture when it constructs the cocoon, 
which leans backwards at an angle of about forty-five 
degrees. Some twenty or twenty-four hours after, when 
the cocoon appears to be complete, the larva contrives to 
move its case from the host’s back to the leaf. Wondering 
how this transference could be effected, I examined the 


Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 121 


case before removal, and observed that there was a tiny 
hole, through which the larva could push its head. The 
imago emerges through a lid in the upper end. The 
caterpillar never shifts from the position it has taken up, 
along the midrib on the under-side of the leaf. Like the 
preceding and following species it is very irritable. Death 
takes place about the sixth day, generally a day or so 
before the fly emerges ; but I have found a caterpillar still 
alive after the fly had gone. One cocoon produced a 
number of minute Hymenoptera which are shown together 
with the case from which they had bored their way. Jn 
Jormalin several of the stung caterpillars are exhibited, 
each showing the wound caused by the full-grown 
Hymenopterous larva in its exit. 

[Colonel Bingham has described the Braconid parasite 
(No. 4) as Microgaster perelegans (Appendix, p. 126). The 
minute hyperparasites are shrivelled and indeterminable. 

Two cocoons (one attached to piece of leaf), 1 Braconid 
and 5 hyperparasites bear the date Feb. 26, 1902. 

One cocoon,-1 Braconid and 5 hyperparasites bear the 
date Feb. 27, 1902. 

One cocoon, | Braconid, 5 hyperparasites, and 1 cater- 
pular of Wotodonta, bear the date March 2, 1902. 

Three cocoons and 1 Braconid bear March 11, 1902. 

Four of the cocoons have been opened by pushing off a 
terminal lid. The lids have been preserved with their 
respective cocoons in three examples. The cocoon on the 
leat has not been opened by a lid, but bears two minute 
apertures, one in the side and one near the end, It is 
probable that the fifteen hyperparasites emerged through 
these holes. Two cocoons, dated March 11, 1902, had not 
been opened from within. These two, unlike the others, 
are strongly marked by longitudinal furrows, and bear the 
appearance of a distinct cap at one end, clearly marked off 
from the rest of the cocoon by a circular ridge. They also 
differ from the other five cocoons in wanting the oblique 
flattened area towards one end which doubtless marks the 
base of attachment to the surface of a leaf. ] 

No. 5.—Host the bee-hawk Hemaris kingi | Cephonodes 
kingt, McLeay, of Rothschild and Jordan, Revision, p. 463.] 
This larva also places the cocoon across the back of the 
caterpillar immediately in front of the horn, One day I 
noticed three small caterpillars upon twigs: the next day 
in passing I found that each carried a case. I then took 


122) Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes upon some remarkable 


them and observed that after several days the cocoons had 
dropped off. The parasites appeared in the perfect state 
on the eighth day, the first caterpillar dying two days, the 
second five days and the third eight days after the appear- 
ance of their respective parasites. The third caterpillar 
seemed dead on the seventh day, but movements were 
noticeable in the claspers during this and well into the 
eighth day. 

It will be noticed that this and the two preceding 
species of caterpillars must be stung when they are exceed. 
ingly small, for they are all only about the size of healthy 
eight- or nine-days-old larvee. 

I had another species of these flies from a common 
noctuid (Achea sp.). The larva came out under the twelfth 
or thirteenth segment and affixed its cocoon to the twig, the 
caterpillar’s tail being raised to accommodate it and pressing 
on and partly around it. In this position the caterpillar 
remained, though not fastened to the case in any way, it 
died on the third or fourth day after the appearance of the 
Hymenopterous imago. 

[This Braconid parasite (No. 5) has been described by 
Col. Bingham as Microgaster basalis, viz. the same species 
as No. 3, also prrasitic upon the caterpillar of a hawk-moth 
(Appendix, p. 125). The single specimen of No. 5 together 
with its cocoon bears the date Feb, 19, 1902. The cocoon 
has lost its terminal lid. } 

No. 6.—From the landsome Lycxenid Ogyris genoveva, 
Hew. [a synonym of 0. zosine, Hew.] The larvee of this 
butterfly are befriended by several species of ants, chiefly by 
a large Camponotus, in whose nests they pass the day. 
When young however they hide under loose bark or in 
crevices, and can easily be stung by small parasites. The 
numerous larvee crawl out from under the host and form 
their heap of cocoons, the victim dying very slowly. The 
flies emerge in about seven days, the caterpillars having 
a little life left in them up to five days later. 

[This Braconid parasite (No. 6) has been described by 
Col. Bingham as Protapanteles rufiventris (Appendix, p. 
127). Five Braconids, 1 shrivelled Lycenid larva, and 7 
cocoons bear the date March 21, 1902; 5 Braconids and 
a heap of many cocoons bear Dec. 22, 1902 ; five Braconids 
and another large heap bear Dee. 23, 1902. The white 
oval cocoons have been opened by pushing off a terminal 
lid which in many cases remains attached as it were by a 


Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 123 


slight hinge. When the cocoons are affixed end to end in 
the heap, the lids appear to be always formed and pushed 
off at the free ends. | 

Nos. 7 and 8.—From the pupze of the case moth Ardio- 
stercs moretonella, Walk., the larvee of which live in the 
nests of small black tree ants. The Lepidopterous larvee 
never leave these nests; but in order to pupate they 
approach closely to the entrances, when they are, no doubt, 
victimised. 

[No. 7 is borne by the following undated set of speci- 
mens: a Lepidopterous case from which the empty pupal 
skin of a moth projects, so that this particular specimen 
was not parasitised; 2 2 Chalcididx described by Col. 
Binghain as Stomatoceras fusciatipennis (Appendix, p. 128) ; 
4 ants identified by Prof. Auguste Forel as Crem«stogaster 
leviceps, Sinith. 

No. 8 is borne by a set of specimens dated June 5, 1902: 
2 flattened dumb-bell-shaped Lepidopterous cocoons the 
larger of which has been pierced by an emerging parasite, 
the other very small; 1 Chalcidid considered by Col. 
Bingham to be probably a species of Halticella, but too 
fragile to bear removal from the card for examination; 2 
Cremastogaster leviceps, Smith, &.] 

No. 9.—These bright little Chalcididz I have bred fre- 
quently from the pup of the fine long-jawed ant 
Odontomachus sp., several sometimes coming from the one 
cocoon. 

[No. 9 is borne by 2 2 and 1 f Chalcididz described by 
Col. Bingham as Lhipipallus affinis (Appendix, p. 129). 
They are dated July 36, 1902. Another set of specimens, 
without number, but dated March 16, 1902, contains 1 ¢ 
and 1 @ of the same species of Chalcidid, 1 worker ant 
identified by Prof. Forel as Odontomachus ruficeps, Sm., 
subsp. coriarius, Mayr., $, and 1 ant cocoon, A third un- 
numbered set, dated Oct. 1902, contains 1 f and 2 § of the 
Chaleidids, and 1 worker of the above-named species of 
ant. | 

No. 10 is a great rarity and the only specimen I have 
bred from several lots of pupz of a large ant, Camponotus sp. 
From one lot I obtained some large bright pink mites, but 
I lost these in a great cyclone on March 9, 1903. 

[No. 10 is borne by the f of a beautiful and remarkable 
Chalcidid described by Col. Bingham as Schizaspidia doddi 
(Appendix, p. 130). It is dated Jan, 1903. ] 


124 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes wpon some remarkable 


DIPTERA. 


No. 11.—In the crevices of the leaf nests of our interest- 
ing green ant, Weophylla virescens, Fabr., a pretty Jumping 
spider takes shelter and breeds. Generally it selects the 
nests which are partly abandoned. JI was carding some of 
these spiders, but one ? being rather bulky, seemingly with 
egos, I kept her in a glass-bottomed box to deposit them. 
One morning I found the spider dead, with abdomen 
strangely small and shrunken, and, instead of a mass of 
egos, I noticed a peculiar dark object in a thin web the 
spider had spun. Later in the day the object became 
much lighter and I made it out to be a short thick pupa of 
some kind, not unlike that of a butterfly. Finally in about 
twelve days’ time the pupa produced the dipteron now 
shown, ‘The exact dates, and box carefully preserved with 
pupal shell in the web, were lost in the storm already 
alluded to, owing to the destruction of the house I lived in, 
when various entomological specimens of interest were 
destroyed. 

[No. 11 is borne by an Attid spider kindly identified by 
my friend Dr. G. W. Peckham, of Milwaukee, as Cosmophasis 
biteniata, Keys. Dr. Peckham informs me that the ¢ = 
Sobara biteniata, and the 9 = Seleaphora rubra, in Koch and 
Keyserling’s “ Arachn. Austral.” p. 1365, and p. 1374. 
The specimen, which is dated Nov. 15, 1902, has a 
shrivelled abdomen, and bears the word “ Dipteron,” so 
it is certainly the host of the Cyrtid fly, Ogeodes doddi, 
Wandolleck, sent with it. The Ogcodes bears the locality 
and date, Nov. 20, 1902. (See Appendix, p. 131.) 

No. 11 is also borne by two more spiders: of the same 
species, dated Nov. 11, 1902.] 


Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 125 


APPENDIX. 


1, New species of Braconide and Chaleididee from N. Queens- 
land, bred by KF. P. Dopp. By Colonel CHARLEs T, 
Bincuam, F.ZS. 


BRACONIDA. 


No. 1. APANTELES DELIADIS, form. nov. 


2. Head broader than long, face below the antenna slightly 
raised, front and vertex smooth, occiput not margined. Thorax 
short, broad anteriorly, pro- and mesonotum and scutellum minutely 
but very closely punctured ; wings hyaline and iridescent, legs long, 
posterior tibiz slightly incrassate. Abdomen short irregularly 
obliquely truncate at apex, compressed, ovipositor slightly exserted. 
Black ; antenne reddish-brown ; the trochanters, femora, tibise and 
tarsi of the legs, and the basal three segments of the abdomen on the 
sides, dark brownish-yellow. 

dg. Similar in sculpture and colouring to the 2 but the abdomen 
is vertically not obliquely truncate. 

Length 9 35 mm., of ovipositor } mm.: ¢ 3 mm. 

Exp. ¢ 2? 5mm. 


gf and ¢ types in Hope Department, Oxford University 
Museum: f and @ co-types in British Museum of 
Natural History. 


Hab, N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (F. P. Dodd). 


A true Apanteles, with the antennz 18-jointed, eyes 
minutely pilose, and the radial and cubital abscissi faintly 
marked. No form of the genus has, so faras I know, been 
previously recorded from Australia. 

The hyperparasites (No. 2) of the above species belong 
to a new species of Chalcididx described on page 127 as 
Mieroterys cerulescens. 


Nos. 3 and 5. MICROGASTER BASALIS, form. nov. 


$- Head smooth and shining, vertex broad, ocelli prominent. 
Antenne elongate 18-jointed densely pilose. Thorax broad, gibbous 
anteriorly, smooth ; mesonotum with two longitudinal short deep 
impressed lines, mesopleuree not furrowed smooth; scutellum 


126 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes wpon some remarkable 


triangular, its apex blunt; median segment posteriorly rounded 
vertically tricarinate and coarsely cribrate between the carine. 
Wings: apical two-thirds fuscous, basal third hyaline ; legs normal 
except for the posterior femora and tibiee which are somewhat 
thickened, pilose. Abdomen: broad, depressed, basal segment 
superficially lightly and finely punctured, the rest smooth and 
shining. Head black, antenne brown, basal joint red ; thorax red ; 
anterior and intermediate legs and coxe and trochanters of posterior 
pair pale brownish-yellow, femora tibice and tarsi of posterior legs 
dark brown. Abdomen basal segment and sides of 2nd and 3rd 
segments yellow, remainder of the abdomen jet black. 
Length ¢ 5mm. Exp. 12 mm. 


@ type (No.3) and co-type (No. 5) in Hope Department, 
the former from a Cherccampa, the latter from a Hemaris 
larva. 


Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (7. P. Dodd). 


Belongs to Marshall’s Section 2 of the genus. 


No. 4. MICROGASTER PERELEGANS, form. nov. 


Q. Head: face in front, vertex and behind the eyes closely but 
very minutely punctured ; antenne 18-jointed densely pilose ; 
thorax smooth or with only a few scattered punctures anteriorly, the 
mesonotum and secutellum separated by a conspicuous short broad 
transverse furrow the two sides of which are medially connected by 
cross carine; scutellum triangular smooth; median segment 
obliquely truncate, coarsely cribrate, and with a medial and a lateral 
(one on each side) prominent vertical carina; wings hyaline lightly 
infuscate ; legs long, posterior pair slightly pilose. Abdomen 
depressed, polished and shining above. Head median segment 
and abdomen jet black ; thorax anteriorly and up to the scutellum 
red ; legs: anterior and intermediate pair reddish-yellow, posterior 
pair black with a broad sub-basal ring on the tibia white ; sides of 
Ist and 2nd segments of the abdomen yellowish-white ; ovipositor 
black scarcely exserted. 

¢. Similar except that the abdomen is slightly more depressed 
and there is of course no ovipositor. 

Length 9 ¢ 4mm. Exp. 9 mm. 


d and 2 types in Hope Department, f co-type in British 
Museum of Natural History. 


Hab, N, QUEENSLAND, Townsville (/. P. Dodd). 


Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 127, 


Belongs to Marshall’s Section 1 of the genus with the 
basal segment longer than its breadth at apex and the 2nd 
cubital cell subtriangular and open. 

The minute hyperparasites sent with this are shrivelled 
and indeterminable. 


No. 6. PROTAPANTELES RUFIVENTRIS, form. nov. 


Q. Head lightly punctured; face medially carinate below the 
eyes ; antenne long, pilose, 18-jointed. Thorax shining broad and 
gibbous, anteriorly finely punctured ; scutellum triangular convex 
divided from the mesonotum by a short broad transverse furrow 
and with a punctured very narrow groove bordering both sides 
and meeting at the apex; median segment not carinate oblique, 
slightly convex, somewhat more closely and coarsely punctured than 
the pro- and mesonotum ; wings hyaline iridescent ; legs robust, pos- 
terior femora somewhat compressed. Abdomen broad, basal two 
segments punctured like the median segment, remainder smooth and 
shining, apex rounded, ovipositor only slightly exserted. 

Head, thorax and median segment black ; antennz reddish-brown ; 
legs and abdomen brownish-yellow, basal segment reddish-brown 
above, apical segment shaded with fuscous. 

¢. Similar, slightly smaller ; abdomen shorter and more truncate 
posteriorly, 

Length 9? 4,¢ 3mm. Exp. ? ¢ 9mm. 


Types in Hope Department, co-types in British Museum 
of Natural History. 


Hab. N, QUEENSLAND, Townsville (& P. Dodd). 


This agrees in generic characters with Pyotapanteles, 
Ashmead. In the classificatory tables given by this 
author in the Proceedings of the United States National 
Museum, vol. xxiii, pp. 1-220 (1900), the presence or 
absence of a longitudinal carina on the median segment is 
given as the chief point of ditference between the genera 
Apanteles and Protapanteles. The present form differs from 
Apanteles deliadis (supra), besides other characters, in the 
much more lengthened median segment. 


CHALCIDID. 


No. 2. MICROTERYS CG@RULEUS, form. nov. 


?. Head, thorax and abdomen smooth and shining, the face in 
front and the prothorax anteriorly with a few scattered punctures. 


128) Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes upon some remarkable 


Antenne 7-jointed, seape smooth flagellum pilose opaque, the joints 
distinct ; eyes large, bulging out on either side of the head. Thorax, 
sutures between pro- and mesonotum, scutellum, postscutellum and 
median segment distinct ; wings hyaline iridescent ; legs slender. 
Abdomen lanceolate apically acute, above depressed, concave, oviposi- 
tor not exserted. Head, thorax and abdomen metallic-blue, flagellum 
of the antenne and the femora of the legs except at apex dark 
brown, scape of the antennz and apex of femora, tibize and tarsi 
pale yellow. 

¢. Only differs from the @ in being smaller, the antennz are 
10-jointed with the flagellum more densely pilose ; head and thorax 
minutely but densely punctured, and the abdomen short, rounded 
posteriorly, not acute. 

Length 2 24, ¢ li mm. Exp. ¢ 2? 4mm. 


Types in Hope Department; co-types in British Museum 
of Natural History. 


Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Z P. Dodd). 


Hyperparasitic upon Apanteles deliadis (page 125). 


No. 7. STOMATOCERAS FASCIATIPENNIS, form. nov. 


2. Head and thorax closely and evenly punctured. Clypeus and 
face below the base of the antennze cribrate; face and front above 
the base of the antenne deeply and widely vertically sulcate, the 
furrow bordered on each side and above, just below the vertex, by a 
well-marked carina ; scape of antennee long about one-third of the 
whole length of the latter, smooth but minutely pilose, flagellum 
s'mple, granulose, 10-jointed. Thorax : robust, pronotum margined 
anteriorly ; scutellum large oval convex overhanging the median 
segment, bidentate at apex, posteriorly with a very narrow sub- 
marginal furrow or channel ; median segment short, truncate, bearing 
on its posterior vertical face a median looped carina and two lateral 
oblique carine ; wings hyaline with sub-basal and post-median broad 
transverse fuscous fascie ; legs minutely pilose, posterior femora edged 
posteriorly with numerous extremely minute teeth. Abdomen 
subsessile smooth and shining, the basal abdominal segment as long 
as the rest united. Head, thorax and dorsal surface of abdomen 
black ; apex of scape of antenna, tegulie of wings, the legs, and 
sides and ventral surface of abdomen blood-red. 

Length 9? 5mm, Exp. 8 mm, 


2 type in Hope Department. 
Hab. N, QUEENSLAND, Townsville (7. P. Dodd). 


Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 129 


Stomatoceras, Kirby, is another widespread genus 


occurring in Africa, Japan, and America, and now recorded 
from Australia. 


No. 8. The single specimen of this Chalcidid is too 
fragile to remove from the card for examination. It 
probably belongs to the genus Halticella. 


No. 9. RHIPIPALLUS AFFINIS, form. nov. 


3S. Head lenticular ; clypeus triangular deeply incised anteriorly, 
front below the antenne slightly raised, smooth and shining, cheeks 
face and vertex finely but somewhat obsoletely longitudinally striate ; 
scape of antenne short smooth and shining, flagellum finely 
granulose, pilose, the hairs very short, the basal two joints simple, 
the rest except the apical joint with long slightly clavate rami on 
each side, two to each joint, apex distinctly incrassate. Thorax 
densely and somewhat coarsely punctured ; scutellum conical pro- 
duced, the apex terminating in two short teeth ; at base a tranverse 
series of foveze or large shallow punctures; postscutellum and 
median segment very coarsely cribrate, the latter with two or three 
irregular more or less vertical caringe ; wings hyaline and iridescent ; 
legs slender. Abdomen smooth and shining, its petiole opaque 
granulose. Mandibles tibiz and tarsi pale yellowish-brown ; coxee 
and femora dark blue or black ; antennee dark reddish-brown ; head, 
thorax anteriorly, scutellum and median segment, metallic-green 
with in certain lights a bronze tint ; middle of thorax above entirely 
coppery-bronze ; petiole and abdomen dark metallic-blue. 

?. differs from the ¢ as follows; Clypeus not incised ; antennie 
moniliform, the joints simple not provided with lateral rami ; 
scutellum not bidentate at apex, at base a deep, broad transverse 
suleation within which is situated the transverse series of fovea so 
conspicuous in the ¢; petiole of abdomen much shorter, abdomen 
as in the ¢. Antenne paler, head and thorax more bronze than 
green ; abdomen a darker blue. 


Length ¢ 5; 9 4mm. Exp. ¢ 2? 9mm. 


& 2 types in the Hope Department, ¢ 2 co-types in 
British Museum of Natural History. 


Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (2. P. Dodd). 


Superficially this form closely resembles the type of 
the genus (f. volusus, Walker), but besides other points 
of difference it is easily separable by the sculpture of the 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906,—PART I, (MAY) 9 


130 Mr. F. P. Dodd’s Notes wpon some remarkable 


thorax, which in volusus has the humeral angles of the 
thorax conspicuously smooth and shining, not coarsely 
punctured and no carinz on the median segment. 


No. 10. ScHIZASPIDIA DODDI, form. nov. 


¢. Mandibles sickle-shaped with three teeth, apical tooth long 
acute, two small teeth on the inner margin ; clypeus short quadrate 
with the cheeks and face below the base of the antenne transversely 
striate, the striae curving round upwards and becoming vertical 
behind and between the eyes, vertex longtitudinally striate ; 
scape of antennze smooth, flagellum finely granulose, Ist joint 
simple rounded, remaining joints throwing outwards comparatively 
short, slightly clavate rami. Thorax: short and stout, densely and 
somewhat deeply punctured ; scutellum : produced elongate conical 
overhanging the median segment and bearing a stout bifureate pro- 
cess at apex, the points of the fork blunt with a tooth on the inner 
side of each ; postscutellum and median segment vertical and verti- 
cally striate the division between them well marked, Abdomen 
petiolate, petiole shorter than the rest of the abdomen which is sub- 
obeonical depressed above and broad and bluntly rounded posteriorly. 
Mandibles, scape of antenne, and coxee, femora, tibice and tarsi of the 
legs pale yellowish-brown, flagellum darker brown ; head and thorax 
rich golden bronze with in certain lights scattered green and purple 
points ; wings hyaline iridescent ; abdomen shining bronze-brown, 

Length ¢ 5mm. Exp. 12 mm. 


f type in Hope Department. 
Hab, N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (/. P. Dodd). 


Schizaspidia, Westw., 1s a genus, so far as is recorded, of 


small extent but wide distribution: forms of it occur in 
Australia, the Philippines, India and South America. 


Parasitic insects from North Queensland. 131 


2. A new species of Cyrtidee (Diptera) from N. Queensland, 
bred by F. P. Dopp. By Dr. BENNo WANDOLLECK, 
of Dresden. 


OGCODES DODDI, n. sp. 


f (2) N.E. AUSTRALIA. 


Ogcodes doddt, n. sp. 


A small species, allied to Og. darwini, Westw. 


Body brown, grey-haired, Head black, ocellar tubercle prominent 
and polished. The facets are of equal size. The horizontal groove 
of the eyes longer than in Og. darwini. Neighbourhood of the 
mouth grey tomentose, thickened, with a deep vertical notch. 
Antenne small, the onion-shaped part of the third joint dark 
brown, the remaining part light brown and transparent. Thorax 
brown, smooth, grey-haired. Prothoracic plates small, light 
brown. Wings brownish; veins stout, brown; squame of the same 


132 Notes upon some remarkable Parasitic insects. 


colour as the wings, with a stout brownish margin ; grey-haired. 
Legs light brown ; tarsi darker ; claws and pulvilli blackish-brown ; 
abdomen light brown ; tergites yellowish with a narrow white band in 


Wing of Ogcodes doddt. 


front ; middle of the first and second sternite yellow, the other 
sternites mottled with dark yellow patches; margins yellowish- 


white. 
Length 4mm. 


a ean 


1X. Observations on the Life History of Trichoptilus 
paludum, Zell. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. 


[Read March 7th, 1906. ] 


PuatTe VII. 


THIS species is the smallest and most delicate of our 
British Plume moths, and also perhaps one of the least 
common. It has up to the present been remarkable as 
the only British species of the group, whose early stages 
were quite unknown. 

For the discovery of its early stages we are altogether 
indebted to Mr. E. R. Bankes, who by reasoning not only 
scientific, but almost mathematical, arrived at the con- 
clusion that its food-plant must be Drosera, although he 
seemed to fear that this determination would be scouted 
as absurd. 

He supplied me with eggs of the species, and with a 
first installation of plants of Drosera ; and from this basis 
I have succeeded in observing a good deal of its life 
history, and fully confirming Mr. Bankes’ determination 
of what its food plant must be. 

The food plant, Drosera rotundifolia (and probably the 
other forms; I found many larvee on rotundifolia, but the 
Dorset plants varied somewhat towards intermedia), is one 
that was probably never suspected to support a Lepido- 
pterous larva, and was therefore never searched for that of 
this species. The prevailing idea is that the plant devours 
insects, and though this is undoubted, it now appears that 
to assume that insects would not and could not also eat it, 
is to fall into a plausible but false method of reasoning. 
Nevertheless, it comes as somewhat of a surprise to find 
that a Lepidopterous larva, without any special means of 
protection, but simply acting in the ordinary larval manner, 
attacks it with entire impunity. No doubt it avoids 
walking over, and especially resting upon the gluey glands, 
but it does this apparently merely because it has no call 
to do so, and the glands with their secretion are certainly 
favourite items of its food, especially when it is small. 

My observations began in August 1904, when I received 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 


134 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


several eggs from Mr. Bankes, laid by females captured at 
Wareham, Dorset. I find from my notes that a @ taken 
August 20th laid eggs from which two larve hatched on 
August 80th; and from a female captured August 23rd 
two larvee hatched on September 6th. <A further supply 
of eggs were received on August 31st. The first larvee 
that hatched were placed on all sorts of bog plants ob- 
tainable near Reigate, but without result, and when these 
were finally placed on the Drosera plants sent by Mr. 
Bankes, they were already rather exhausted. 

It was on August 31st that the plants of Drosera arrived, 
along with 16 eggs on the same date. 

These eggs were loose, two on leno and the rest on a 
flower-stalk, or rather fruit-head of Drosera. Three of the 
original larvee survived, and though obviously exhausted, 
seemed more at home on the Drosera than on anything 
yet tried. One placed on a leaf was, however, in process 
of digestion next morning. The others had disappeared 
somewhere, apparently in the heart of the little plants. 
When the new set of eggs began to hatch after a few days, 
September 6th, much time was spent in watching the 
young larvee on the plants; none were placed amongst the 
glands on the leaves, but the largest of the unexpanded 
leaves was selected. They eventually got down towards 
the centre of the plant and became much more quiet and 
sluggish there, but still on the move. The next day none 
of them could be found, 

Sept. 14th. Looked at occasionally, nothing could be 
made of the Drosera plants, but to-day a careful examin- 
ation shows a small pile of frass near the centre in two 
of the plants. Another shows nothing, and in the fourth 
is a living larva of paludum, a little grown, but out, ex- 
posed, and looking sluggish. A curious point is that of 
the August 30 eggs; those separate, and one on the muslin, 
hatched, the others on the muslin proved infertile and did 
not change colour, These hatched September 6th, the 
eggs on the seed-stem are still (14th) unhatched, they 
changed colour a day or two later than the others, and 
their hatching was expected about the 8th, but they make 
no sign. The young larve inside have, since that date, 
been obviously mature. These ultimately proved to be 
dead. The eggs remain free from shrinking, mould, or 
other sign of death or decay, and give the impression of 
intending hibernation. 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 135 


Sept. 16th. On one plant a small larva, by the con- 
spicuousness of his darkish tubercles, in its second skin, is 
seen down amongst the leaf-stems just outside the central 
heart, covered by a slight web of silk, and this a little 
obscured by some frass. On another plant a small larva 
is exposed in about the same situation; this one is well- 
fed up in first skin. 

Remaining eggs are still unhatched. 

Sept. 17th. The larva under the web has thickened it 
both with silk and other material (frass?), so that he is 
now invisible. On another plant the exposed larva is now 
quite fat in first skin but is still exposed. 

Sept. 22nd. The cocoon is still firm and opaque, its 
strong structure leads one to suppose it is for hibernation. 
It is placed between an outer dying leaf-stalk (of a not 
thriving plant) and the central bud-bulb and the aidjacent 
leaf on its inner side looks as if dying at the tip from being 
eaten or excavated; this is the only point to suggest that 
larva is feeding. 

The “exposed” larva, though looked for every day, has 
been invisible since 17th, and it was feared something 
might have happened to it; to-day, however, it is out 
crawling over the minute leaves of leaf-bud in centre of 
plant; no trace is seen (of course without pulling plant to 
pieces) of where it spent the interval. It is now in 2nd 
instar. It is about 1:5 mm. long, head dark of about same 
width as body. I and II are on one large chitinous base, 
III, [V, and V, smaller. These bases have a slight dark 
tint, the hairs are long, II nearly as long as width of body, 
I perhaps } of II, If1 long, LV and V each rather shorter. 
The larva might be described as pale whitish-fuscous with 
a reddish dorsal line and another between II and IIT, but 
it seems more accurate to say the ground-colour is pale 
reddish-brown, and that there is a narrow white line round 
each large tubercular plate. The larva being young, in 
this instance I and II reach practically from front to back 
of segment, leaving only room for the narrow pale line. 
The hairs are very distinctly thickened at the tips. 

Sept. 24th. A plant on which a larva was_ placed, 
September 6th, and of which no trace could since be found 
although the plant has been examined most carefully 
nearly every day, when examined to-day was found to 
have on it a larva in second skin which was constructing 
a silken web over itself, at the side of the central bud and 


136 Dr, T, A. Chapman’s Observations on 


close to the base of a larger leaf. No trace of any of the 
work of the larva in the interval can be found. 

The larva found on 17th has thickened its web and 
pellets of frass are conspicuous on its upper surface. The 
larva can still be faintly outlined beneath. The first larva 
is quite invisible. 

Oct. 22nd. The three inhabited plants are not looking 
flourishing; two which have the largest green centres 
have the cocoons as last described, the third, however, has 
only a small central bit of green, and there is a new and 
larger cocoon on the other side of this from the origmal 
one, that does not look much different ; the new cocoon is 
still imperfect, and one glimpse was got through it of the 
black head of the larva moving about and apparently 
spinning, and again of the body of the larva, of which no 
details appeared, but it was decidedly larger and of a flesh 
tint. It is unfortunate that the larva was not seen when 
on the move and transferred to a better plant and a 
description of it taken. The presumption is that it is 
now in its third skin, 

Oct. 24th. This larva is found crawling about outside 
to-day, it is a question whether it is not merely in second 
stage; it is just fully 2 mm. long, head black, general 
colour flesh-colour, made up of white and reddish markings. 
The tubercles I and II are united on one base, II the 
longest hair, and has one secondary hair behind it, one or 
two tubercles seem to have another secondary hair. No 
other secondary hairs to be found. Base of hairs and 
spiracles dark, first thoracic plate has a white central line 
with black line on each side and a black spot further out. 

Each tubercle is surrounded by a white area, between 
is dull red; the red area has fine skin points which are 
absent or very indistinct in the white areas. Hairs slightly 
clubbed, III bent forwards, front upper of IV + V directed 
rather forwards, shorter than the posterior, which is directed 
outwards, 

The white and red is perhaps better described as in 
longitudinal lines, a red dorsal one, then a broad white, 
including I and II, then a red one which has various 
processes, so that the description of white circles round 
tubercles results from these taking circular arcs, with 
tubercles, spiracles, etc., for centres. But there are other 
centres with white that are not at present occupied by 
tubercles. On first segment is a little longitudinal stripe 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. — 137 


of red from I forwards, and on the thorax the dorsal and 
next red line are more or less conjoined. 

Under low magnification the thoracic plate looks nearly 
black and somewhat homogeneous in colour. 

Inside I and II is a dark depressed spot. Anal plate 
not dark. 

The larva is not tormented to get a fuller description, 
but is carefully placed on a better plant in hopes of 
rearing it. 

Oct. 27th. The larva was found (25th) to have made 
some slight spinning. Yesterday (26th) the spinning was 
a fairly complete cocoon with some black dots of frass, and 
to-day it is more dense and the larva is completely hidden. 

Nov. 20th. Larva (No, 2) noted 27th remains i statu 
quo. Another (No. 1) is found to-day to have begun a 
new tent; it is still somewhat visible through the silk, 
and can be seen to be fat and larger if anything than 
No. 2 at its spinning, but no details are discernible. 
No. 3 has its cocoon wet from water soaking up the plant ; 
on this plant the centre bud is wet as it is not in plants of 
land 2. The cocoon does not look very satisfactory, and 
possibly the larva inside is not doing well. 

Dec. 10th. No. 2 (of Nov. 20th) is found to-day outside 
its tent on the move, and opportunity taken to describe 
it. It does not seem to have grown or to be in feeding 
humour—moves very sluggishly—is thick and short, is 
yellow with very large porcellanous-white plates or per- 
haps is rather porcellanous-white with certain yellow or 
orange-ochreous lines. The plates being apparently sur- 
roundings of tubercles, the tubercles and hairs are black, so 
that the little larva is a rather striking object when closely 
examined. 

Length when stretched 2°7 mm. Taking the white as 
the ground-colour, there is a narrow dorsal orange line, 
a little widened in front of each segment and sending 
branches, pale and less conspicuous, along the front and 
back margins of segment, so that they are lost in the 
incisions when the larva is not stretched. I and II are 
close together, and on a common eminence, and almost con- 
joined. These and other tubercles single-haired. Between 
I and II and III is another longitudinal ochreous line. 
Round I and II the surface is smooth and _ porcellanous, 
but in front of segment on each side of dorsum is an area 
with five skin points. Head and spiracles black. The 


138 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


subdorsal yellow line (between I, II, and III) sends down 
branches marking off a somewhat square white area round 
III; II placed shghtly backward, IV + V, first one 
highest with shorter hair. Hairs about half the diameter 
of larva in length. Props of prolegs rather short. 

When at rest the incisions are deep and the segments 
stand out high and cushiony with the elevation of the 
tubercles—especially I and I, and IV and V—making 
ancular points. 

Below IV and V is a single hair and at base of prolegs 
the usual three hairs, which are however very conspicuous, 
being black in a white ground. On Ist thoracic the plate 
is rather dark, divided centrally by a pale, hardly yellow 
line, with, on either half, a nearly central large hair, a 
small one at outer angle and three along front edge, a 


fo) 5 
three-haired tubercle in front of spiracle and one at base 
of leg. 

Second and 3rd thoracic has on either side four double 
tubercles along middle of segment, the third with an 
extra hair above and behind it and the prolegs carry 7 
crotchets in a circle, incomplete at its outer margin. The 
black crotchets on the pale white base have a very 
pronounced aspect different from the more usual pale 
brownish crotchets on a yellowish base. 

1905. Jany. 14th. Not liking the look of my plants I 
examined them. The first was dead, remains of a larval 
head detected. No. 2 was alive, but no trace of larva 
could be found. The third contained a larva, which was 
preserved, lest worse befall him. He seemed much as 
described at last entry. The cavity containing his cocoon 
was excavated towards the heart of the button, or bud 
of the plant, several of the small undeveloped leaves (?) 
being well eaten into. This bud preserved in formalin. 
When the cocoon was removed, the eaten portion, or rather 
what was not eaten, formed a small hollow into which, or 
on to which the cocoon would just fit. 

This closed the campaign with the 1904 eggs. It 
appeared from this that the young larva feeds somewhere 
in the centre of the plant as an internal feeder, and finally 
makes a cocoon in the heart of the plant for hibernation. 
The one cocoon of which I made the most satisfactory 
examination, consisted of a cavity the greater part of which 
was excavated out of the material of the outer leaves of 
the centre bud (winter bulb) and completed by a silken 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 139 


cover. This renders it certain that some of the central 
material of the plant is eaten; but for this, my experience 
in 1905 would have led me to suspect that the young 
larvee fed on the leaves as those of the summer brood do. 
The larvee in their first instar on the leaves are often very 
difficult to see and find, even when one is sure they are 
there, so that in my ignorance in 1904 I might easily have 
overlooked them. I am still inclined to suspect that it is 
possible that in the first instar they feed on the leaves in 
the same way as the summer brood do, and only descend 
to the centre of the plant in the second instar. Against 
this is the fact that the young larvee directed their wander- 
ings to the centre of the plant, and that the centre was 
found to have afforded a good deal of food material. The 
note in describing one larvee, as to the presence of second- 
ary hairs (October 22nd), and the surmise that it was in 
third instar, agrees with later observations; it is probable 
that this larva was endeavouring to complete its cycle 
without hibernating, and really was in third instar, as 
second instar larva do not show any secondary hairs. This 
larva probably perished earlier than the others. 

So the matter remained for further investigation in 
1905. The larva, like so many of the Platyptiliid division 
of the Plumes clearly hibernated full-grown in its second 
instar, and ought to be discoverable in the spring in its 
further stages. I owe it to Mr. R. South that I was 
able to visit a locality for the species, and to continue the 
observations in 1905. Of course I did not quite know 
what to look for, but, as good luck would have it, the 
discovery of the larva in the spring proved fairly easy. 

1905. May 31st. Accompanied Mr. South to a locality 
in the Hsher district of Surrey, where Drosera is found, 
and where 7’. paludum had been taken, and searched for 
larva of 7’. paludwim and found about a score, 

The first specimen was found seated on the under-side of 
the petiole of a leaf of Drosera. It was nearly full-grown, 
and was of about the length of the petiole. This will give 
some idea of the size and state of the plants, which were 
growing on peaty ground amongst heath and apart from 
Sphagnum ; most of them were very small with the leaves 
lying flat to the ground, the one above noted being a fine 
specimen about twice the size of the majority. There had 
been a drought for a considerable period before this, and 
the ground was by no means boggy. ‘The small size was 


140 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


more probably due to drought than to the period of the 
season. A fine plant would be 35 mm. across only, a 
majority 25-30, and some only 20, and even less. 

The remaining larvee were found in various positions, 
some on the petiole, some under and some on top of the 
leaves, and some sitting across the centre of the little 
plant. In no case, either in the field or in various observa- 
tions afterwards at home, did a larva place himself on the 
top of a sound healthy leaf. They seemed on the whole, 
however, to be rather reckless in the way they moved 
about amongst them. Their hairs probably protect them 
against contact with the leaf-glands unless they actually 
walk over them. They would eat any part of the plant, 
least frequently, however, attacking the central bud. The 
most usual point of attack was the margin of a leaf, 
approached by the larva seated on the petiole or beneath 
the leaf, and in several cases the attack was continued till 
the whole leaf was eaten and a portion of the petiole also, 
In one or two cases the larva attacked and ate the glandular 
processes, until it had cleared the middle of a leaf which 
then formed its resting-place. Twice a larva, looking for 
a place to pupate, escaped from a flower-pot by crossing 
the water in the saucer, so that they are probably able to 
deal with the habitat being flooded without much injury. 

The larva is a brownish-red above, varying from rather 
dark to a bright rosy colour, and sometimes with some 
greenish shades; beneath, it is green. The dorsal tubercles 
are darker and more rosy, and retain a bright rose colour 
when the rest of the larva when fixed for pupation becomes 
quite green; the colour involves not only the tubercles 
but a little of the base around them, especially behind. 
The hairs are long and slightly clubbed or rather flattened 
at the end, and so the ends reflect light so as to look larger 
than they actually are. The resulting appearance of the 
larva is that it looks very much like some aspects of the 
Drosera leaf; sometimes the hairs, sometimes the red 
tubercles suggesting the glands and their supports on the 
Drosera leaves, and the general tone of colour is much that 
of the green leaf seen through the forest of rosy hairs. In 
looking for a larva a slightly edgeway view of a leaf often 
suggests a larva, and a larva is probably easily overlooked 
by its close assimilation to the plant. 

The larva taken were for the most part in their last 
skins, and their measure was 7 mm., and a large or well- 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 141 


stretched one 8 mm. long. Several were, however, in the 
previous skin, and one so small that I took it to be in the 
antepenultimate. This was clearly erroneous. 

The following day, June Ist, several fixed themselves 
for pupation, one on the under-side of a Droscra leaf, 
another on a thread of heath-stem. 

June 2nd. Several more fixed themselves up. 

3 » 1 pupated this afternoon. 

, ord. 7 a.m., two are now in pupa. 
The rapidity of their finishing feeding is apparently great. 
The temperature of the last day or two has been about 70°. 

June 15th. The last larva has pupated. 

» 18th. 1 moth emerged this morning and one in 
the afternoon. 

» 19th. 3 emerged about 10 to 11 a.m. 

» 21st. Two more moths emerged yesterday. 

These seven moths have all been confined over a pot of 
food plant as they emerged. Yesterday one was found 
entangled in a fold of the muslin cover, this is probably 
the same one that is found dead this morning with one 
hind-leg missing. Another is found attached by the 
Drosera gum to a leaf by the tip of one leg. Two eggs 
are also detected, one beneath a petiole, and the other 
attached to a gland-stalk at the margin of a leaf. 

June 29th. The last moth emerged to-day. 

Mr. South notes on July 15th that all four of his 
paludum paps emerged, Two paired, and the female was 
kept alive and laid eggs by the 19th on and around the 
food plant ; it was from some of these ova, as well as from 
some laid by my own moths, that I was able to rear 
examples of the summer brood. 

He also gives me a note on the emergence of the moth 
from the pupa, as follows: “July 25th. Watched an 
imago of paludum emerge about 12 o’clock (noon). When 
first seen, about half the insect was free from the pupa, 
which was attached to the side of a tumbler; it then 
remained perfectly still, except for a slight gliding forward 
motion which continued for about three minutes, by which 
time only three segments remained in the pupal case, then 
all movement ceased for a few seconds, when, with a 
sudden jerk, the insect shot forward and downward 
alighting on the glass about two inches from the pupa. 
All the time it was under observation, the antennz and 
first pair of legs were free but perfectly still.” 


142 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


This describes very well the habit of this and some other 
Plumes I have observed, of resting during emergence, and 
for a good deal of wing expansion to take place during the 
process, so that it almost looks as if the wing was extended 
by the process of drawing it out of the pupa-case. 

June 26-28. Eight larvee hatched from eggs received 
from Mr. South, and were placed each ona plant of 
Drosera, on petioles low down, in the belief they wanted 
to go to the central bud. 

June 29th. Four of these larvae are now easily seen in 
the centre of a leaf leisurely eating the very short stemmed 
hairs and glands that occupy that position ; one has already 
cleared a little circle of more than his whole length in 
diameter. The intestinal contents look dark. One 
concludes that those eggs are most naturally placed that 
are on the stem of the glands at the margin of a leaf. 

One observes also that the Drosera is infested by an 
Aphis. This is of interest as bearing on the supposed 
immunity of the plant from insect attack due to its 
insectivorous habit. Such immunity would appear to be 
a fiction. 

July 2nd. These larve clear the centre of the leaf of 
the short stems and glands that occur in that position, 
leaving the longer marginal ones alone; the little larva 
itself, even when grown a little, is very inconspicuous and 
difficult to find. With a lens, the cleared central portion 
of the leaf, with red frass scattered over it, is easily seen ; 
but without a lens, the red frass gives very nearly the 
same tone to the leaf as the glands do, so that except by 
very close scrutiny nothing unusual presents itself. 

July 2nd. This morning one larva is found to have 
changed its skin, and appears to be eating the cast skin. 
The moult occurred near the centre of the leaf, where the 
feeding was done; the only protection by way of web, 
tent, or any other shelter, is a few threads spun across the 
tops of the adjacent glands, making a flimsy and almost 
invisible cover. The larva has a relatively rather large 
head, and the hairs are about as long as the larva is thick 
and look dense and crowded together. The larva is still 
pale and transparent looking, but the eye-patch is densely 
black, the dorsal tubercles (not the hairs) are dark, and the 
dorsum has a pale ruddy tint ; the longer hairs are slightly 
clubbed at their tips. 

In the first skin the larva grows a good deal but remains 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 143 


very colourless or rather transparent, the dark intestinal 
contents being conspicuous, and the only coloration being 
a denser white round the bases of the dorsal tubercles. 

July 8rd. Two larve (of the eight that hatched from 
Mr. Sets egos) that had gone a-missing are now seen to 
have hidden themselves, and still are, in unopened leaves, 
amongst the undeveloped glandular hairs, with which their 
interiors are full. The leaves are now slightly opened and 
frass is very evident. These larvee, therefore, went into 
incompletely expanded leaves in order to eat the glands ; 
these were not, however, probably functionally active at 
this stage. The smallest larva found was just about to 
moult for the last time but one; its general aspect was 
precisely that of the larger larvee and the disposition of the 
primary hairs is identical though they are not so long; 
there are no secondary hairs, however, to be discovered. 
The length is 4°5 mm., the longest hairs are about 0°5 mm. 

The next smallest larva was about to moult for the last 
time, its length was about 6°0 mm. The longest hairs 
about 0°S mm., and there are a good many secondary hairs, 
two or three round I and II, one behind HI and one above 
and behind IV and V. These are secondary tubercular 
hairs not skin hairs, as are also those of the larva in its 
last. skin. 

The full-grown larva is 7 to 8 mm. long, of a form much 
like rhododactylus or zophodactylus, thickest about third 
or fourth abdominal segment, and tapering to either end, 
but when at rest or feeding has the forward segments 
rather contracted, so that it looks thickest about. the 
metathorax, and the mesothorax seems nearly as large; 
in colour the dorsum is red or reddish-brown or pink, with 
an underlying green tone, the difference of tint being due 
rather to the attitude of the larva, and the degree to which 
it is fed up, rather than to individual variation. The hairs 
are very long and many of them are clubbed, being 
somewhat flattened at the tips especially; some are dark 
with white tips which look club-like. The hairs transmit 
and reflect the red of the larva and of the hair-glands of 
the plant, so that the resemblance of the larva, in some 
aspects, to a leaf is very close; in others a leaf seen edge- 
wise may be easily mistaken for the larva one is in search 
of. This is assisted by the lower surface of the larva being 
green, separated from the upper red surface by a yellow 
line, sometimes not very conspicuous in tint, but in some 


144 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


very bright; it occupies the lateral prominence (upper 
portion of lateral flange) which carries tubercles V and IV. 
Below this is a second flange-like projection carrying VI 
(a single hair directed forwards), which is marked off above 
and below by a rather deep sulcus, and which bends down- 
wards in front, upwards behind. There are two paler 
dorsal lines just within the dorsal tubercles, rather curved 
outwards at the middle of each segment ; the space between 
them is a rather greener pink than the rest of the dorsum, 
due to the dorsal vessel showing somewhat. There are 
other pale marblings, especially a tendency to a line 
through I and II. This, however, is much interfered with 
by the large size of the combined base of these tubercles, 
almost entitled to be called a hump, which is of a dark 
dense red that extends a little beyond, especially behind, 
the hump. This red, which at that stage becomes a brighter 
pink, persists when the larva is laid up for pupation, when 
all the rest of the larva has become green. The lateral 
yellow line is abdominal only, the same region of the thorax 
is pink. There isa pale (yellow) spot in front of IIT, and 
below there is a pink shade in the green (yellow ?) under- 
surface, above, behind, and below VI, which stands out on 
a yellow eminence, as does also the eminence of the three 
hairs at base of prolegs. The larva at rest is about 1-1 mm. 
thick, whilst the dorsal hairs (II) are about 1°6 mm. long, 
legs nearly colourless, prolegs pale (colourless), tall, slender, 
with a bulbous end, hooks wanting on outer aspect 7 to 8 
in number, 9 on claspers. 

With regard to four larve taken by Mr. South on May 31st 
he remarks that one was suspended when he found it “ head 
downwards from its anal attachment to a slender twig of 
heather. Another was on the middle of the crown of its 
food-plant; neither of them changed its position, but are 
now pupz in the exact places they occupied as larvee when 
I came across them. <A third larva had pupated on a 
heather twig, and the fourth had pupated on the flat rim 
of a fern pan in which I set the food plants. A curious 
fact in connection with this last larva is that although 
I had twice removed it from the rim of the pan, it 
succeeded in getting its own way, and became a pupa on 
the spot it had fixed upon, and there it now remains.” 

July Sth. A small larya (very young in second skin) 
had wandered off in the test tube in which I had put it 
for observation and was probably hungry. I put him on 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 145 


the petiole near the base of a vigorous leaf on which the 
red glands had each a large globule of gum. He walked 
very deliberately to the base of the leaf (upper side), 
apparently spinning a web, and also searching carefully 
from side to side. At length he arrived at the gland hairs 
which next the petiole are deflexed down it; these he 
carefully examined on each side of his way even moving 
quite to the side of his proper track, his method looked 
as if he contemplated climbing up them. The largest are 
about three times his length (2 mm.), but actually when 
he reached as far as he could without removing more 
than one pair of prolegs from the leaf, he withdrew and 
continued his march. At length he got nearer the middle 
of the leaf, and found that his reaching-up process brought 
him to the glandular top of the hair. This (the red knob 
and transparent gum) is thicker than, and in bulk nearly 
one-third that of the larva. I watched him demolish 
one of these, which he did rather quickly, and make 
considerable inroads on another. The gum, which is 
thick and glairy and draws out into threads, was eaten; he 
got his legs into it, and ate the stuff off his legs and also 
ate up the portion drawn out between them; he did not, 
however, appear to completely clean his legs, yet shortly 
after they were certainly quite clean and the gum was 
removed; though he worked at one side only, it dis- 
appeared also from the other. Possibly the elasticity of 
the gluey stuff pulled it off, but I was certainly puzzled 
to know how several legs got quite clean in some 
mysterious way. He ate up the red knob of a size about 
equal to his own head. He left the green gland stem. 
In attacking the second gland, he appeared to get the front — 
of his head into the gum, and drew it out showing the 
front of his head and his legs to be involved in it. He 
ate away, however, quite unconcernedly, and though again 
I saw no definite cleaning process, he was apparently quite 
clean immediately afterwards. The gum stuck to his 
head and legs in such a way as to make it difficult to 
suppose they got clean because it did not stick to them, 
nor did it appear to be wiped off against the plant. Up 
to full growth in the second skin the food of the larva 
seems to be entirely the red glands and their secretion. 

July 14th. Visited 7. paludwm im its habitat, and 
observed three larvee, two laid up for second moult and 
one for a third. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (MAY) 10 


146 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


Moths that were confined over growing Drosera with 
a view to eggs never got caught by the plants, except 
on one occasion when a moth escaped only by losing a leg 
caught in the glue; another moth fell on a leaf, where it 
died, and, being left there, was largely enveloped by the 
leaf after a few days. 

July 16th. The larve fed up in confinement have been 
paler than the captured ones of the first brood, and also 
than those taken two days ago. These pale larve are 
green, with no red except on the dorsal tubercle as in the 
ordinary newly changed pupa, and a pupa is without any 
trace of red whatever. ‘These green larvee show very well 
the greenish-yellow subdorsal lines (just dorsal to the 
tubercles I and II) and also the slightly oblique one 
below them. 

The larvae when small were given to wandering, if the 
plant was not strong and healthy enough to surround the 
red glands with plenty of fluid gum, these glands and 
the gum being their favourite (and only) food, unlike the 
winter brood which eats the central portion of the plant. 
Later the larvee would eat anything, being fond of the 
flower-bud and flower-stems, and eating nearly the whole 
of the leaf. When nearly full-fed,if the plant was a small 
one and the leaves well demolished, the larvee would eat 
portions of the petioles and finish by clearing off the 
spring leaves and central bud of the plant. One or two 
young larvee appear to jerk the frass away, but as a rule 
the frass remains where excreted. The young larve thus 
leave minute red dots more or less in rows or groups, in 
some degree replacing the devoured glands in the colour 
scheme of the leaf. In its later stage a larva would 
sometimes eat a large quantity without moving; this 
especially happens when it takes to the middle of the 
plant and can reach much food without moving, a pile 
of green-black frass about twice as bulky as the larva 
accumulating in some instances. All being well with the 
food plant, the larva has no tendency to move until the 
time for pupation arrives. 


EGG. 
The egg is laid (in confinement) on the petioles of the glands 
foto) ] 


near the margin of the leaves; this was sufficiently frequent to 
suggest it as the situation preferred. They were also laid on the 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludwm. 147 


under sides of the leaves, on the petioles and on the dead flower- 
stalks of the previous year, and even on the peat beside the plant. 
It is bright yellow at first, becoming afterwards duller in tint. It is 
oval in any longitudinal section, circular in any transverse one. Its 
length is 0°38 mm. and its diameter 0°24 mm. 

It has very large bold sculpturing consisting of a net-work of 
ribs enclosing irregular polygons. The ribs are broad, about one- 
third of the width of the enclosed hexagons (or as may be). The 
diameter of the cells is about 0°02 mm., of a cell and one wall about 
0°026 mm. 


NEWLY-HATCHED LARVA. 


The newly-hatched larva is fully 1 mm, in length when stretched 
out. Head, prothorax, and anal plate dark, but not black, hairs and 
bases dark, the rest white or colourless. Tubercles I and II are 
distinct from each other but very close together, I very small, hair 
about one-sixth the length of that of II which is about 0°06 mm. long, 
both incline backwards. The corresponding hairs on 2nd and 3rd 
thoracic and 9th and 10th abdominal segments are no less than 0°20, 
0:23, 0-40, and 0:20 mm. long respectively, that on 9th abdominal 
segment being in fact as long as half the length of the larva, when it 
is not extended. III is about 0:17 mm. long and is directed forwards. 
IV and V are on distinct bases but very close together, rather more 
on a level than usual (the contrary, for example, of Amb. acantho- 
dactyla), front hair 0°06 mm., posterior 0°18 mm. long. A long way 
below, about middle of segment, are two hairs, one about 0°17 mm. 
long and the other below and in front of it about 01 mm. VI 
appears to be absent and these are two of the three hairs of VII. 
On the prothoracic plate one of the three usual front hairs seems to be 
absent, and only the long central one of back row is clearly seen. 
Of the usual four pairs of hairs on meso- and ineta-thorax, the third 
appears to be represented by one hair only. 

The props of prolegs are about 0:04 mm. long, with three crotchets, 
four on claspers. 


The larva appears to have 4 instars. In the first it is 
without tubercle VI, and without skin points. In the 
second instar it acquires these, and I and II acquire a 
common chitinous base. There are no secondary hairs. 
At this stage it hibernates in the autumnal brood. 

In the third instar it acquires a small number of 
secondary tubercular hairs, making the tubercles into 
warts. 

In the fourth instar it differs from the third in the 


148 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


secondary hairs being more numerous, but there do not 
appear to be any secondary hairs on the general skin 
surface, VI remains a solitary hair, and there is no indica- 
tion of secondary tubercles either on the thorax, or behind 
the spiracles on the abdomen, I and If form one compound 
wart, though the two primary hairs are quite distinct. 
The prolegs have 6 and 7 crotchets. 


DESCRIPTION OF LARVA OF 7. paludwm FROM SUMMER 
BROOD.—July 7th. 


First Instar.—Rather over 1 mm. long, whitey-green, almost 
transparent. Head black, thoracic plate dark, as well as scutes of 
tubercles and anal plate. Each tubercle has a distinct plate, larger 
than the mere hair base. I and II are on a common base, as are 
also IV and V, the hairs are black. The thoracic plate has three 
hairs of same length in front, central of back series very long, other 
two short. Single hair in front of spiracle. On second and third 
thoracic segment are the usual four pairs of tubercles on each side, 
each pair on a single plate and third pair apparently possesses a 
third hair on the same plate. The head has a very long hair on the 
centre of each side of the front of the cranium. ‘The long hairs on 
head and Ist and 2nd thoracic segments about 0°13 ; hairs IT, III, 
and IV onabdominal segments about 0'1. Points of hairs white and 
apparently clubbed, towards moult shows some reddish tinting 
between the tubercles. 

Second Instavr—2 mm. long ; hairs white, arising from black points, 
more clubbed and proportionately shorter than in first skin. No 
secondary hairs. The tubercles are on distinct largish plates of a 
faint cinereous tint, and round them is a whitish shade as of a 
porcellanous-white thickening of the skin. The rest is a pale 
brownish-red, forming a dorsal band, a line along the posterior 
border of each segment giving a branch forwards (and obliquely 
upwards) between II and IIT and between III and spiracle. There 
is however some variation in tint and extent of red marking, either 
in different specimens or according to different degrees of maturity. 
The central hair on head is still long. The first and third posterior 
hairs of thoracic plate are very short compared with the long second 
one, the outer one of front row is also long. The prothoracic plate is 
paler, with dark marbling on each side of central suture, and the 
dark spot between 2nd and 8rd hairs is distinct, rather nearer 
posterior margin of plate. The perspiracular tubercle has three 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 149 


hairs. Anal plate carries six hairs on either side, the spiracles are 
black but not very large or prominent. 

Third Instar.—8°5 mm. long before feeding much; it has now 
quite the adult ‘‘ plumage,” though the secondary hairs are fewer 
and much smaller than in last instar. The tubercles are on or rather 
form almost raised humps. The secondary hairs are four on I and IT, 
two or three of them very small and inconspicuous, one on III, none 
on IV and V or on VI. These secondary hairs are white and 
clubbed. The primaries arise from black points, are ochreous, with 
white clubbed tips. The skin points, wanting in Ist instar, trans- 
parent and sparse in 2nd, are now abundant. The tubercular areas 
are free from them; these areas, which probably correspond to the 
earlier tinted scutes which are not present now, have a little 
differentiation of colour and texture to mark them off from the 
surrounding skin. The larva is still very transparent and flimsy 
looking. The white under the tubercles seems subcutaneous, as does 
also the red-brown of the dorsal stripe and of a great part of the rest 
of the larva. The red is however in marks or marblings, but not in 
continuous streaks. Two hairs on head and on meso-thorax are long 
but only little longer than the longer ones on the abdomen. The 
longer hairs are from 0°35 to 0'-4 mm. long, not, some three times as 
long as others, as in previous instar. The prolegs are long props, 
slightly bulbed at end and with seven dark crotchets round the inner 
margin. The six eyespots are very prominent, more than hemi- 
spheres. The head is translucent with ochreous marblings, A large 
black mark under eyespots, but three of them escape it, or seem to 
do at certain angles and look quite white. 

There is a short hair ventrally close to middle line in abdominal 
segment without prolegs, probably present in other instars though 
not noted. The last joint of the true legs is markedly long and 
slender. 


These detailed notes on the progress of individual larva 
were much broken up and rendered of little use by the 
way in which the larva succeeded in hiding themselves, 
as well as cases of wandering away to another plant, really 
getting lost, etc. This occurred with larvae each on a 
separate plant. In several cases, I gave up the larva for 
lost, but it duly reappeared again. These facts apply 
most to the youngest larve, and are the ground for my 
suspicion that in the autumnal larve I may have been 
wrong in thinking they all fed only in the centre of the 


co) 


plant, though the extrusion of frass there, in one instance 


observed, could only be compatible with the larva being 


150 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


ensconced amongst the leaf-buds of the central rosette. 
These notes refer frequently to the young larvee (Ist and 
2nd instars) eating especially the glands, the leaves them- 
selves being attacked only by the older ones (8rd and 4th 
instars). It is also noted that the larve eat their cast 
skins. As to one larva it is noted as very green and 
yellow, with no red except the dorsal tubercles, and that it 
was on a rather pale plant of Drosera surrounded by plenty 
of Sphagnum. And the identity of their schemes of colour 
with that of the plants or leaves they were on, is several 
times referred to. 


Pupa oF 7. paludum. 


The larva seeks for pupation a bit of slender upright stem, the 
ideal position possibly being the dead stem of last year flowers ; a 
slender bit of heath will serve, one of mine pupated on the under-side 
of a leaf of Drosera, and Mr. South met with one that pupated across 
the centre of the food-plant. But a bit of dead grass-like stem is 
what the larva prefers ; no fewer than three selected the only piece 
of this material in one of my tins, and a fourth fixed itselfat its base, 
being crowded off by the previous tenants. Of six in this tin, the 
two others selected slender stems of heath. The larva will take a 
horizontal position and does not much mind which side it is up, but 
appears to prefer one with dorsum upwards. When it obtains its 
pupal position on a vertical stem, it always fixes itself head 
downwards. 

The change before pupation in the larval colour is very marked, 
the whole larva becoming green except the hump of I and II, which 
assumes a conspicuous dark rosy-pink. For some time after pupa- 
tion the pupa has the same coloration, the pink eminence being very 
conspicuous and ornamental in the green pupa; gradually however 
the colours change, the pink fades and the rest of the pupa, remaining 
green, acquires an overshading of faint ruddy brown, disposed, 
roughly speaking, in longitudinal bands; in one of these the 
tubercles I and IT still present a slightly darker shade but in only 
one or two cases at all decidedly so. 

The length of the pupa is 6°77 mm, width, thorax 1:3, abdomen 
1:2, 1 mm. about 5th abdominal, the @ apparently a little shorter 
and thicker. The thickness is much the same to nearly the end of 
5th abdominal segment (and wing cases), whence it (in 2 mm.) tapers 
regulaily to a rather fine point, at least it does as seen sideways, and, 
seen dorsally the thorax is wider than the following segments and th 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 151 


tapering of 6th abdominal onwards is by a curved outline with 
sharper finish in 9th and 10th segments. The head in front is 
rounded but has two lateral and a double (or two minute) frontal 
eminences between them. Seen dorsally when the form has been 
fully acquired, but the pink colour of the dorsal tubercles persists, 
it is a most beautiful object from the elegance of its outline and 
delicate but bright colouring. The hairs are of some assistance to 
the pleasing effect. Before describing the hairs, it may be best to 
note that there is the usual double dorsal -flange or ridge beginning 
behind middle of mesothorax with a rounded eminence succeeded by 
a lower one, then running across metathorax and abdominal segments 
in line of tubercles and ending with tubercles on 3rd abdominal 
segment. It is not high and marked as it is in some plume pupa, 
but is quite definite and distinct, the tubercles on the following 
abdominal segments (4th, etc.) are in line with it but represented 
only in the middle of each segment, there being no continuous ridge 
between them. 

The hairs on the mesothorax are, on either side, two in line of the 
dorsal ridge but in front of it, and about the distance apart that the 
last one is from the initial hump on the ridge, outside each of these, 
is again another hair, all equally spaced, so that there are two rows of 
four hairs across mesothorax in front of anterior end of ridge. The 
prothorax has a row of six hairs across it, three on either side. One 
or two of the head (antenna-basal ?) hairs come into this same dorsal 
view. These hairs are all colourless and about 0'7 or 0°8 mm. long 
(two-thirds thickness of pupa). On the head are, in front above, two 
hairs on each side and one on each side below, above the labrum. 
These are 0°3-0'4 mm. long, colourless. On the metathorax are two 
hairs, one on either side, white, about 0°6 mm. long, porrected and 
arising at front margin of segment from the ridge. They appear to 
correspond with the first of the two hairs in the following abdominal 
segments which have the same appearance, nearly the same length 
and direction (porrected) but arise further back on the segment. The 
metathorax has no posterior hair as the other segments have. _ Ist, 
2nd, 8rd, and 4th abdominal segments have each two hairs on either 
side, apparently I and II, not arising very close together but still on a 
common eminence which on Ist, 2nd, and 3rd is part of the dorsal 
ridge, the hairs are at an angle to each other of about 90°, the first 
directed forward, the latter backwards and increasing the angle by a 
little curvature, the posterior one is black, quite 0°6 mm. long, whilst 
the front one is shorter on each segment, up to the 4th abdominal. On 
the 5th and beyond there is only the posterior one, on to the 9th 
segment, when it is at posterior margin of segment. It has about 
the same length (0°6 mm.) on each segment. On these segments is 


152 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Observations on 


a little eminence and scar suggesting where the missing I would have 
been. On the front outer angle of metathorax are two minute black 
dots. On the first abdominal segment at same place, is a similar dot 
with a large spiracle-like oval scar behind it and of a dark colour. 
Otherwise there are no hairs or other structures, except the small 
ochreous spiracles down to the subspiracular flange, on this are two 
minute black dots ([V and V) on 38rd to 7th segments, on 8th are at 
the same places two short (0°3 mm.) hairs. These are repeated on 9, 
except that the Ist has another just below it. On 10th one 
similar hair seems distinct from cremaster hairs to which it is very 
close and equally short but straight. The double dots that occur on 
3rd abdominal to 7th are forwards rather close together and behind 
the spiracle. More ventral on 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments, in 
fact ventral, are on either side two short deflexed hairs (VII) about 
0:1 and 0°2 mm. long; on a pale line between these and the subspira- 
cular flange is a small black dot, hardly a hair (VI). A similar trace 
of IIT is also to be detected. On the several lines of these, viz. ITT, 
IV+V, VI and+VII, there are longitudinal pale lines, that look 
sometimes like ridges, largely owing however to coloration, but this is 
just so much raised on the subspiracular (LV and V) one that I 
have ventured to call it “subsp. flange.” 

The appendages reach to the middle and even to the posterior 
margin (in ¢s?) of 5th abdominal and look attached to them but 
are free beyond 3rd. 

The cremaster consists of two portions, a small one in centre of 
9th and a larger one on 10th. The hairs, together with the 
dorsum of the last two segments, are pinkish about 0:1 mm. long, 
straight or nearly so with a small knob at one side of the end, as 
though a hook had soldered itself to the shaft where it had turned 


round to. 


The appendages are transparent green, with rather darker olive 
shading, beside the wing veins, on antenne, and first leg. 


The variation in the colour of the pupa is first in the 
amount of pink. This tends to fade as the pupa matures, 
and some pupz lose it altogether, becoming entirely green. 
One pupa, on the other hand, has a dorsal, a broad sub- 
dorsal (through hump and hair bases), and a lower (along 
III 2) rose-pink line nearly continuous from end to end of 
the pupa, and is consequently a handsome, brilliant pupa. 
The depth of green also varies a little, especially on the 


the Life History of Trichoptilus paludum. 153 


wings and appendages which may be pale and transparent, 
or a deep solid-looking green. A certain olive-brown tint 
appears as the pupa matures for emergence, the eyes, 
wings, etc., becoming black. 

One other point in the variability of the pupa has regard 
to the forward hairs (1) of the abdominal dorsum. The 
most usual form is perhaps that described with this hair 
on the first five segments, and wanting in the others; it 
does not often show any length on 5th segment, and is 
more frequently wanting on 4th, 3rd, or even 2nd, and 
presumably may be entirely absent. When absent it is, 
however, usually represented by more or less of a stump or 
abbreviated hair, and its site when absent is marked by a 
basal circle or point. It is unusual, however, as happened 
in the specimen described for the hairs present to be well 
developed and the rest to be absent, 7.¢. merely a basal 
trace present. It is more usual for there to be one or two 
intermediate abbreviated hairs, as, for example, Ist and 2nd 
good hairs, 3rd shortened hair, 4th very short, 5th stump, 
6th wanting or some such formula. 


154 Explanation of Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF Puate VII. 


Fie. 1. Egg magnified x 56. 
2. Larva Ist Instar x 30. 
Sh gy PANEL ae OHO) 
AS Pao) ror? Paeon ie xe 4s 
5. ,, 4th and last Instar side view, x 83. 


ie 


Gh », semidorsal view, x 8 

7and 8. Pupa. Lateral and dorsal views, x 83. 

9. Larva in 2nd Instar in centre of leaf. In the figure the 
conspicuousness of the larva is much exaggerated. 
Correctly represented it would hardly be visible. x 4. 

10. Last stage larva feeding. 


11. Portion of leaf as eaten by larva. 


In Fig. 2, except a dorsal hair or two, the setze shown are only 
those of the one side. I and II together, III spiracle 
not shown, IV and V together, VI wanting, two hairs 
of Vail. 

In Fig. 3, the tubercles I and II of both sides are shown, 
VI present, VII hardly visible being beneath, spiracles 
hardly indicated. 

In Figs. 4 and 5, dorsal tubercles ot other side, only indicated 
by a hair or two. 

Fig. 9, almost impossible to show satisfactorily. 


May 29, 1906. 


(BS) } 


X. Progressive melanism on the Riviera (Hyeres), being 
further notes on Hastula hyerana, Mill. By T. A. 
CHAPMAN, M.D. 


[Read March 21st, 1906.] 


PLATE ViITT: 


MERELY as further notes on the life history of Hastula 
hyerana, Mill., the following facts would hardly have been 
worth presenting, as an addition to the account of the species 
I presented in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 
1905. Their value appears to le in the further light they 
throw on melanism in the species at Hyeéres, and raise to 
something like certainty, what was last year little more 
than a suggestion, that melanism is a decided feature of the 
species at Hyeres at present, though fifty years ago there 
was no trace of it. That melanism really exists in the 
Hyeres race of H. hyerana is shown by Mr. Powell having 
reared 10 specimens at Hyeres, of which 4 were dark, 
whilst from 10 larve collected at the same time which he 
sent to me in cocoon, and which were kept till emergence 
in England, only 2 dark specimens appeared, the other 
8 being of the pale (typical) form. This seems to show 
clearly that the dark specimens I reared are naturally 
melanic, and are in no way artificial results of removal to 
the English climate. That such removal has no such effect 
is also proved by the breeding at Reigate of specimens of 
HI. hyerana, from larvee collected in Sicily, every oue of 
which was of the typical pale form, with a good deal of 
variation in dark marking, but with no trace whatever of 
the melanic form. These Sicilian specimens resembled 
very much the typical (pale) Hyeres form,so much so that, 
omitting a few of the more marked varieties, they are 
probably a fair representation of the Hyeres examples bred 
fifty years ago by Milliere. I obtained also some larvee from 
the Island of Capri; these produced moths of a very pale 
straw tint, with pale straw-coloured hind wings, possessing 
only a trace in one or two, of the fuscous tint that is the 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTII. (SEPT.) 11 


156 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


(not quite invariable) rule in the Sicilian examples and the 
pale ones from Hyeres. 

T suppose I ought to make some effort to explain why 
H. hyerana should in fifty years have acquired and developed 
a melanic tendency. The probability seems to be, in 
reality, that the change has occurred in a considerably 
shorter time, but this is mere surmise, founded on the 
belief that H. hyerana has during that interval been col- 
lected at Hyeres, and that no record, so far as I can find, 
exists of the melanic form having been observed. As a 
matter of fact, however, I am aware of no records of such 
captures at Hyéres, but this is not perhaps surprising, as 
no melanic form occurring, the collector had little to add 
to Milliere’s account and so published nothing, My friend 
M. I. Bourgeois on one occasion bred one or two pale ones, 
without making any record of the fact anywhere. We 
must, nevertheless, stick to the fifty years as the period 
during which the change has taken place. It is, no doubt, 
highly probable that a long period might elapse before the 
effective cause, whatever it was, accumulated sufficient 
effect to produce one or a few dark specimens; but thereafter 
the change by which about two-fifths of the race became dark 
was probably fairly rapid. It will be interesting to know 
whether a few more years produce any further effect, or 
merely confirm the present position. 

What has produced the melanism ? Hyeres is doubtless 
a larger place than it was fifty years ago, and therefore 
more urban; but that that change has been accompanied by 
the very slightest appreciable change towards making it a 
smoky district with natural objects blackened, has only 
to be mentioned to raise a smile at the absurdity of the 
idea. I think we may therefore reject any trace of identity 
in causation, with those cases where, in England, urban 
increase and manufacturing activity are the basal causes of 
melanic change. I am not aware that there is the slightest 
evidence that Hyeres is a wetter locality of late years than 
it used to be. Nevertheless there may be something in the 
circumstance that the rainy season at Hyeres is in the 
autumn when the moth is on the wing, although this has 
always been the case no doubt, and is also a climatic 
feature, more or less, of the whole area of distribution 
of the moth. 

- The special fact that seems to me to throw most light 
on the matter is that H. hyerana has its head-quarters in 


Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 157 


South Spain, North Africa, Southern Italy, Sicily, ete., 
and that Hyéres is the extreme northern limit of its range. 
I pointed out in my previous notes how restricted the 
habitat of H. hyerana is on the Riviera, and that it is quite 
absent from many places, apparently suitable to it, as 
regards food-plant, etc. These places, however, are all of 
fractionally more northern climate than Hyeres, which has 
the mildest climate of any French station west of Marseilles. 
This slight difference in climate between Hyeres and the 
Riviera further east is probably the efficient cause of its 
localization to that one spot. How does this affect the 
matter? I do not desire to suggest that the northern 
position is the cause of the melanism, I do not think 
I should agree with the arguments likely to be adduced in 
support of such a contention. My suggestion amounts to 
this, that fifty years ago H. hyerana was a recent 1mmi- 
grant at Hyeres, possibly for the first time, more likely it 
had previously established itself there on several occasions, 
but the locality being at the northern limit of its distribu- 
tion, a few adverse, or even one very bad season might suffice 
to destroy it, and its place would be vacant until the arrival 
of individuals from some other locality. The new arrival 
would multiply in the form it had maintained in the locality 
it came from, until, after a sufficient lapse of time, it was 
modified to suit Hyeres conditions. I suppose then that 
Milliere found it unmodified, but that now it has a form 
adapted to Hyeres conditions. If the hypothesis of 
occasional extinction at Hyeres be accepted, it might no 
doubt equally be suggested, that the species has disap- 
peared during the last fifty years and the present form is 
the result of new arrivals (marginata occurs at Gibraltar), 
or such arrivals may have produced the change without the 
original race having disappeared. The objection to this is 
that it seems to postulate immigration, say, probably about 
every twenty-five years, whereas, change during the past fifty 
years postulates it, say, only once in about a hundred years, 
or more. The mixed melanic race would thus be the one 
suitable to Hyeres, probably owing to the nature of the 
objects on which the moth would rest. The Capri form 
being so much paler than the Sicilian, would appear to prove 
that the dominating influence was not climate but locality. 
I advance this hypothesis simply because it seems incum- 
bent on me to produce some sort of a rushlight to illuminate 
the way of further inquiry. The real interest of the case 


158 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


rests on the possibility that it may assist in elucidating 
those instances of British melanism that seem outside the 
main stream, due to darkening of objects by deposited 
carbon. 

In the imaginal state the three races I have (the fourth 
from Paestum is very close to that from Capri, but being 
represented by only one specimen does not admit of further 
discussion) differ materially from each other. The Capri 
race, of which I have 12 specimens, are very pale, var. pal- 
lens, of a very light straw colour, and the hind wings with 
no dark suffusion, are almost to be called white, the black 
spot very small, about normal in one specimen, and curi- 
ously even a little extended in another, which is otherwise 
one of the whitest. The Sicilian race, of which I have 
about 170 specimens, is decidedly darker than those from 
Capri. About 16 or 17 (10 /) are practically indistinguish- 
able, but the majority have the hind wings fuscous and the 
fore wings a darker straw colour, 7.¢. with just a trace of 
orange. The greater part of these are paler than the 
similar form from Hyeres, there is, however, one Hyeres 
specimen (at least) that would mix indistinguishably with 
them. A further but very small number make a, fair 
approach to what may be called the ordinary or typical 
Hyeres form, which is at once rather redder and greyer 
than the mass of the Sicilian. 

Then there are a certain number that present variation 
in the black markings, the tendency is rather (as compared 
with Hyeéres specimens) to smallness of the black spot, and 
a few have it absent or represented by an odd scale or so 
only. These are not necessarily the palest specimens, one 
with perhaps the least trace of spot (if any) is one of the 
darker orange specimens. The lighter and least spotted 
specimens are more numerous amongst the females. 

There are only about 6 specimens (4 //) showing exten- 
sion of the black spot; whilst about 20 / (of the pale 
form) from Hyeres show this variation. 

Hardly any show the row of dark points along the inner 
margin, and a smaller proportion show the dark scaling 
over the wing that usually takes the form of dots on the 
outer part of the wing, but several exceed in this respect 
any I have from Hyeres (figs. 7 and 8), with black mark- 
ings distributed over the whole wing; probably the larger 
number of specimens present the greater range of 
variation. 


Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 159 


These dark spotted forms bring us to consider a point 
that did not clearly arise on the Hyeres specimens. It 
may perhaps be best formulated by saying that the species 
has two directions in which it becomes darker, and these 
spotted specimens are the extremes I have in the direction 
of an increase of black scales. The other tendency does 
not exist apparently in the Italian forms; this is a tendency, 
not to black scales appearing, but to the yellow scales 
changing their tint to orange and then to deep purple, not 
in spots and patches like the black scales appear in, but by 
gradual change of all the scales, or more usually by the 
appearance of the purple scales singly scattered amongst 
the others. In describing my Hyéres specimens I stated 
there were no intermediates between the pale and the 
dark, at least to this extent, that each specimen was at 
once referred either to light or dark, without hesitation. 
This, however, true as it may be, misrepresents the facts. 
Setting aside the pale Hyeres forms, which, though darker 
on the average, might be matched from amongst the Sici- 
lian forms, there are a considerable proportion of the pale 
forms that cannot be matched amongst Taormina forms, 
and, though pale, and though I so regarded them, really 
belong to the dark purple variety (marginata, W\|sm.). 
These number 8 out of 26 of my original specimens, 1 out 
of 8 of 1905 specimens, and 4 out of 14 of the Reigate 
bred specimens of 1905. These differ from the other pale 
ones by the presence of some purple scales over the wings 
(a somewhat indefinite character, that I have rather, there- 
fore, neglected, and which may exist to some extent on 
those I have classified as pale) but especially (because 
easily noted) by a narrow line of red or purple scales down 
the middle of the costal fringe, more marked apically. 
This line is very distinct in every specimen of var. margin- 
ata, except one or two in which the dark disc of the wing 
almost reaches and absorbs it. I presume the yellow fringe, 
with this fine line, round the dark wing, suggested the 
name marginata. I would suggest that the typical point 
is really this fine line, and would regard it rather than the 
yellow fringe as the margin, so as to bring into the name 
marginata those pale forms possessing this line and that 
belong more truly to the dark than the pale series. It 
might perhaps be convenient to give these a separate 
name, say marginula. 

The present proportion of marginata + marginula at 


160 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


Hyeres is 65 /. No trace of either of these occurs in 
the Italian races. Nor does Milliere record the slightest 
trace of them (and he was rather keen on variations) 
amongst over 50 specimens bred from Hyeres fifty years 
ago. Without subdividing and naming aberrations on the 
cristana and hastiana system, it may be useful to give 
names to the principal forms. 

The typical form Hyerana, Mill., would be characterized 
as having lighter or darker straw-coloured upper wings 
with black discal spot and little or no black scaling, and 
the dise of the hind wings more or less fuscous. This 
would include the whole of the species as known to 
Milhere and the species as a whole as it exists in Sicily. 
As aberrations of this we should have Milliere’s var. a, 
hyerana, ab. alpha, Mill., with greater or less spreading of 
the discal spot; hyerana, ab. nigro-punctata, n. ab., with 
more or less conspicuous black scaling in dots and spots ; 
hyerana, ab. obsolescens, n. ab., with the discal spot reduced 
to a scale or two or absent. 

The very pale race at Capri would be hyerana, var. pallens, 
n. var., characterized by general lightness of the tint of the 
upper wings, and especially by the pale hind wings, with 
no fuscous tinting. 

This form may occur as an aberration of the type form, 
and may present as aberrations ab. a/pha and ab. obsolescens, 

Then we have var. marginata, Wlsm. This is clearly not 
a mere aberration of the type form, but is trying to establish 
itself as a distinct race at Hyeres by swamping and 
ousting the type, which it is very possible it has done at 
some other locality or period. This has the aberration 
marginula, n. ab., with the general aspect of a richly or 
darkly coloured type specimen but possessing the fine red 
lme in the fringe. It may be regarded as an aberration 
either of Hyerana or marginata or as across between them. 
To be an aberration of hyerana, however, its absence from 
Sicily makes its claims very doubtful. 

The habits of the larva of AH. hyerana at Taormina 
differed remarkably from those of the same species at 
Hyeres ; so much so, that at first, when the larvee I found 
were small, I confess I had some doubts as to their being 
some other species, wnicolorana perchance (I may here 
mention that [ found no trace of wnicolorana at Taormina). 
The great point of difference in habit was that instead of 
being numerous on a plant, almost gregarious as at Hyeres, 


Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 161 


they were almost absolutely solitary, one to a plant. 
Their position in the plant was amongst the central 
leaves rather low down, different from that of 7. wni- 
colorana, which occupies and remains in the tips of the 
older leaves and is fairly conspicuous in consequence. 
Very occasionally two larvee were found in a plant, and on 
one occasion only did I find four larvee in a plant. A 
marked result of this variation in the habits of the larva is 
. that, whilst at Hyéres an affected plant was conspicuous 
at some distance, and “wrecked” and “ destroyed” were 
words one naturally employed to describe the effect on the 
foliage and inflorescence of the plant, at Taormina a 
plant containing a larva differs at first view in no way 
from one without one, and it is only on closer scrutiny and 
usually after moving the leaves a little, that one finds some 
of the central ones to be suspiciously close together as an 
indication that a larva is present. I am not inclined to 
think these differences have much to do with accidental 
differences of season, but that they are the’normal habits 
of the species at the two localities; probably due to the 
different effect of the local climates on the food-plant. 
The Taormina asphodel seems to be the A. microcarpus, 
the same as that at Hyeres, but the aspect of the plants 
regarded as vegetables is considerably different. At 
Hyéres most plants were large, vigorous and succulent, 
two feet or more high (three or four sometimes), with great 
bundles of thick leaves, affording abundant food for a 
dozen or more larve. At Taormina I only saw two or 
three such plants, growing in favoured damp situations, 
and on these and others nearly as vigorous I saw no larve 
of the Tortrix, The mass of the plants are about fifteen 
to eighteen inches high with few leaves, and a very small 
proportion attempt to flower. On one slope on April 8th, 
when only about a third of the larve had done feeding, 
these stunted plants were already dying down from 
maturity or drought. On the other hand, these stunted 
plants are often very abundant and tolerably close 
together. 

It was puzzling to understand how a moth could 
survive who laid her eggs in large batches, and yet only 
supplied each plant with one larva, 

It is still rather a puzzle to see how one larva only 
exists in each plant, but there can be little doubt that as 
soon as the young larve are hatched, they exercise an 


162 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


instinct that gave me trouble enough when I reared 
them from the egg, viz. a determination to wander away, 
in spite of all obstacles, getting through the finest crannies, 
and going too far to be recaptured. I found the most 
practicable method of preventing their dispersion was to 
put the vessel containing the eggs in the middle of a 
vessel of water, on which all the young larve would be 
found floating (in a mass usually) and could be put on 
their food. No doubt at Taormina by this wandering a 
batch of eggs provided larvee that spread over a whole 
patch of asphodel, though how one, and one only, stuck to 
each plant is difficult to guess. 

In this way one easily accounts for finding a larva in 
nearly each plant at one place and none at all at another. 
This method of dispersion no doubt implies the loss and 
destruction of a large number of young larvee, but makes 
no extravagant call on one’s faith in the travelling 
capacities of the young larvee. 

Another feature of the larve at Taormina was the 
number of alternative food-plants they affected—always, 
I think, where plenty of asphodel was near, but this may 
merely have appeared so from my not looking for them 
much elsewhere. The commonest of these was Phlomis 
JSruticosus, on which the larvee were so frequent and thriv- 
ing, that I came to regard it as being but little less 
acceptable to them than the asphodel, and the moths bred 
therefrom are as fine as those from asphodel, notwith- 
standing that it was a less satisfactory food with which to 
supply the larva. There were frequently several on a 
shrub of Phlomis, but always solitarily, rolling up the 
leaves and fastening together the opening shoots in very 
ordinary tortrix manner, and eating down the central stem 
much as many tortrices do on shrubs and trees. Several 
larvee were found doing well on Zeucriwm fruticans, on a 
very spinous Cytisus (much like the Riviera Calycotome), 
on an annual spinous woolly Gnaphalivm-like composite 
that did not flower before we left Taormina, and on one 
species of thistle, and on one only, of several handsome 
species. This also I did not see in tlower, but the leaves 
were, in texture, so like those of our common Cnicus 
arvensis, that I tried my homebred larvze with the leaves 
of that pest of the farmer, and found that they seemed to 
prefer it almost to lupin. Lupin, by the way, the only 
alternative food-plant discovered at Hyeres, was not found 


Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 163 


attacked at Taormina, but then it was not observed 
except when cultivated.* Two larvee were found on the 
unopened flower buds of a Scilla? (Scilla sicula?). As the 
plant was rarely seen (being inconspicuous till the flowers 
appear), it probably finds this plant of similar attractiveness 
to the asphodel. 

Most curious of food-plants, I found two larve amongst 
those of <Acroclita consequana collected from Huphorbia. 
At Capri the plants were a little more vigorous and succu- 
lent than at Taormina, but equally on open exposed slopes 
(top of cliffs near the sea), and, though their depredations 
were a little more visible than at Taormina, they might be 
described as having substantially the same habits as at 
Taormina. On April 20th some had already gone off 
full-fed to make their ewstivating cocoons. 

On April 15th at Paestum one larva only was found, 
with traces of perhaps a score of others that had already 
left full-fed. These larvee also fed singly and cryptically, 
although the plants here (in the enclosures round the 
temples) were very large and vigorous, with leaves four 
feet or so long, and the flowers making a brave show. 
They were (counting empty domiciles as larve), however, 
exceedingly rare, having regard to the luxuriance and 
abundance of the plant, and in most places no traces of 
the larva could be found amongst great thickets of the 

lant. 

About Albano, acres of the plant were looked over 
without seeing a trace of H. hyerana; looking to its rarity 
at Paestum and the difficulty of finding it there, I should 
hesitate to say that the moth is absent in the Roman 
district, and even if absent: near Albano, it would probably 
be found to oceur nearer the coast. IJ have, in fact, never 
met with it as far from the sea as Albano is. 

I noted (K.M.M., /.c.) having reared certain larve to 
spinning up, from eggs laid by moths that emerged from 
my Hyeres stock. These were two or three months in 
advance of their cousins of the same generation at large 
at Hyeres, and spun up in January and February. 

These emerged as moths during July and August 1905, 
their parents having emerged in the beginning of October. 
These presented hardly any typical pale forms, and might 

* In captivity I tried the larvee with the leaves of two cultivated 


species ; they readily ate the broad fleshy leaflets of a white-flowered 
one, but refused the narrow curled ones of a kind with blue flowers. 


164 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


be classified as 19 marginata, 4 marginula, 10 dark (black, 
not purple) hyerana. Their parents were a pale ? and a 
dark $ specimen. One or two of the marginata are of a 
very beautiful form, hardly represented amongst the parent 
brood, with a brilliant wash of gold round the margins of 
the wings. A number of these specimens were rather 
small, probably from some sort of starvation. 

From a pair of these, both dark, and both very small, I 
obtained eggs on August 22nd. 

It may be noted as regards dates that at the end of 
August the Sicilian moths were emerging, and on 


s toy 
September Ist a pair of these laid some eggs. The 


55 

Sicilian one I will, however, return to. The Hyéres (3rd 
generation) larvee spun up chiefly in November. On the 
Ist March, 1906, on looking at the box they were in I 
found 7 moths had emerged, all dark, and also all 
quite spoilt (two dead). I failed to obtain eggs from 
these. A g (dark) emerged on the 4th, a pale ? on the 
5th, and 2 dark specimens on the 15th. Unlike their 
parents, these were all of good size. The dark parentage 
did not therefore prevent a specimen of the type appearing. 
On March 15th the remaining cocoons contained 9 pupze 
and 11 larvee. I suppose this hastening forward, by which 
a brood occupies under ten months instead of twelve, is due 
to the warmer climate of my room, especially during the 
larval period. At Hyeres I imagine the larval period is 
from October to April, about six months, in my boxes it 
takes about three. ; 

I may note that the eggs laid by a Sicilian moth (all 
fertile) were counted as 1086. 

I made several efforts to observe the duration of the 
pupa state, and have the following notes on the Sicilian 
race, 

Pupated October 12 ; emerged November 14 ¢ 
” ” 13 ” a) 173 
(temperature 55°-70° ; average perhaps 63°) 
Pupated December 23; emerged February 2, 1906 


% January 4 Rd 5 12 
” bb) 12 ” ” 19 
9 45 12 a - 22, 
” 9 13 %) 3) 22 
7 February 1 ey March 10 


14 pupated between Oct. 11 and 22 ; emerged Nov. 15, 15, 17, 18, 
19, 19, 20, 20, 22, 22, 22, 92, 28 (one missing). 


Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 165 


14 pupated between Oct. 22 and Nov. 5; emerged Nov. 30, 30, 
Dec. 2, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 11, 12, 12, 16, 17, 23. 

6 pupated Nov. 16-30 ; emerged Dec. 28, Jan. 1, 2, 2, 2, 5. 

Bho? Speclentes Mw st Many) O) hOy15s-17,'a1. 


It would appear that four to six weeks is therefore the 
duration of the pupal period. 

The prolonged period during which the moths emerged 
is remarkable, and may be shown by the actual dates of 
emergence, or by a census of specimens still in larval state 
at different dates. All spun up within a week or two of 
the end of April 1905. 


The first moths emerged August 26, 2; 27, 1. 
September 1-16 14 ; ie. during 


” 17-30 41 August 3 
October 1-14 30 September 55 

<5 14-31 22 October 52 
November 1-30 24 November 24 
December 19 December 19 
January 11 January 11 
February 3 February 3 
March 10 1 March 1 
April 13-29 2 April 2 


When there still remained one pupa and one active larva. 
A census of the asphodel feeders only from Taormina 
showed: 


October 11 Emerged 69 Pupe 40. Larve 56 


” 22 when 40 
November 15 sate eel 
” 30 lo 
December 23 » 9 
January 4 ee 
”? 13 ) 3 
” 22 ” 1 
March 20 2 


The parasites from which 7. hyerana suffered at Taor- 
mina differed entirely from its liability in this respect at 
Hyeres, At Hyeres it seemed quite immune, except from 
the attack of the larva of Xanthandrus comtus, a parasite 
in a broad sense, but not in the sense we usually mean in 
regard to insects, the larva of the fly hunting that of the 


166 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


moth and demolishing it when caught, yet except this 1 
found no larva suffered any attack whatever at Hyeres. 
At Taormina, however, XY. comtus was not met with as 
attacking H. hyerana, though it was not absent from the 
locality, being found living on the larve of Acroclita conse- 
quana in precisely the same way as it does at Hyéres on 
that of H. hyerana. 

This immunity from one attack, however, was well 
compensated by the attack of two Tachinid flies and of 
four Hymenopterous parasites. Mr. Wainwright tells me 
the commonest Dipteron is Gymnopareia crassicornis, ap- 
parently a widely-spread and common species. Why does 
this fly not attack it at Hyéres, since no doubt it occurs 
there as over the rest of Europe, attacking as it does 
a great variety of the smaller Lepidoptera? <A solitary 
specimen was also bred of a comparatively large Tachinid 
named asa var. of (7, crassicornis, so large that one can only 
just suppose its host to afford it food enough, if it be one 
of the largest and fattest specimens. 

The commonest Hymenopteron was a Microgaster near 
subcompletus, Nees., which spun a small white cocoon, each 
larva affording one parasite. This is very similar to (identical 
with ?) one Zortrix wnicolorana at Cannes and Hyeres, 
where, however, it never touches hyerana. A number of 
Bracon variegatus were also bred, a species of Agathis and 
a Pteromalus (names kindly supplied by Claude Morley, 
Ksq.). 

We must, I think, explain this remarkable difference in 
the parasites by the differences in the habits of the larva of 
H. hyevana at the two localities, and not by the presence 
or absence of the parasites or by any differences in their 
habits. 

The moths selected for figuring (figs. 1 and 2) are a pair 
of the very pale form from Capri (var. pallens), to which the 
specimen from Paestum is very close, and to which a few 
odd specimens from Hyéres make some approach. Figs. 
3 and 4 are a pair selected from the Taormina specimens as 
fairly representing the mass of that race. It may also be 
taken as practically indistinguishable from the typical pale 
race at Hyeres. Figs. 5 and 6 are a pair of the dark 
(melanic) form from Hyeres (maryinata,W1|sm.) (bred 1904). 
Figs. 7 and 8 are two forms of a variety occurring 
amongst the Taormina specimens. Whilst they are the 
nearest approach to a dark form that that race atforded, it 


Progressive melanism on the Riviera. 167 


may be noted that nothing closely approaching them 
occurred amongst the Hyéres race (ab. nigro-punctata). 
Figs. 9 and 10are two varieties from Taormina, similar speci- 
mens were present in the Hyeres specimens; 9 is probably 
Milliere’s, ab. alpha ; 10, a less extreme form of ab. nigro- 
punctata than.7 and 8. In both the Taormina and Hyeres 
races a good many varieties in the extension of the spot 
occurred, several having more or less of an additional dark 
line above the one present in fig. 9. In other specimens, 
not otherwise especially pale, the spot tends to obsolescence, 
but almost invariably there remains at least one dark 
scale at this spot. I believe I have one specimen in 
which it is absolutely wanting on one side, but this is so 
rare that one does not like to be certain that the last single 
scale was not removed by some accident. Fig. 11 is an 
exceedingly rosy specimen from Hyeres. 

It is a very marked form of ab. marginula, to which also 
belong figs. 12 and 13, bred at Reigate (1905) from the 
egg. Fig 14, another of the same brood, is rather var. 
marginata, but is remarkable for its richness of colouring, 
and especially the golden suffusion round the margins of 
the wings. Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show the alliance of ab. 
marginula with var. marginata rather than with type 
hyerana, 

Thirty specimens bred from eggs laid at Reigate by 
Taormina moths, varied less than those bred from larve 
collected at Taormina. 

As regards the long period of emergence, may be noted 
a Hyeres specimen that emerged June 4 from a larva 
collected only two months before, viz. in April 1906. I 
have met with no other example so precocious. 

The whole of the specimens of Hastula hycrana referred 
to in this paper, have been added to the Walsingham 
collection of Micro-Lepidoptera in the Natural History 
Museum. 


168 Explanation of Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF PuaATtE VIII. 


All the figures are enlarged 14 times. 


Figs. 1,2. Hastula hyerana, var. pallens (Capri). 


3, 4. % <2 (Taormina). 
5, 6. a3 7 var. marginata (Hyéres). 
7, 8. - is ab. nigro-punctata (Taormina), 
9. a i ab. alpha (Taormina). 
10. 95 8 approaching nigro-punctata (Taor- 
mina). 
Li. ‘5 <5, ab. marginula (Hyéres). 
12, 13, 14. a i; 7" a (Hyeres race, bred from 


ova at Reigate). 


( 169 ) 


XI. On the Genus Imma, Walk. (= Tortricomorpha, Feld.) 
By E. Meyrick, B.A, F.R.S. 


[Read May 2nd, 1906.] 


THE interesting genus, which is the subject of the present 
paper, has been the object of so much misapprehension and 
redescription, that it seemed worth while to clear up the 
generic synonymy, give a classified list of the described 
species, and describe the additional material which I 
possess, so as to bring the whole up to date. This I have 
done to the best of my knowledge, but authors have found 
the species so puzzling, and have referred them to such 
unexpected quarters, that I can hardly hope not to have 
overlooked some. I should be glad to be informed of any 
omitted. The authorities of the British Museum have also 
submitted to me their unworked material, containing many 
interesting forms. 

The true location of the genus is unquestionably amongst 
the Plutellide. There is a group of this family in which 
the cilia of the hind-wings are commonly (though not 
invariably) relatively shorter in proportion to the breadth 
of the hind-wings than in any other Z%neina, and the 
antennz are also short; and it is to this group that Jmma 
belongs. The group is more especially characteristic of 
the Indo-Malayan region, but Brachodes (Atychia) and 
Simaethis are familiar European exponents. Recent writers 
have usually admitted the genus to belong to the Jineina, 
but have referred it to the Gelechiadx or Xyloryctide, from 
both of which it is immediately separated by the posterior 
tibiz being smooth above, whilst in those families they are 
clothed with long hairs; moreover, as explained below, the 
forms with veins 7 and 8 of the fore-wings separate are 
generically inseparable from those with 7 and 8 stalked, 
and the former would be wholly inadmissible into either of 
these families as now understood. Further the labial 
palpi are quite different from the slender acute sickle- 
shaped type which is characteristic of those families and 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (SEPT.) 


170 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


the (Keophoride. I am not acquainted with any larva of 
the genus, but have received the cocoon of J, mackwoodii 
from Ceylon, and it is surrounded by an open network, as 
in Plutella itself and some other genera of the family. 

Together with Zmma I have described two curious new 
genera, which, whilst possessing peculiar types of neuration, 
are more allied to /mma than to anything else known at 
present. 

The mutual affinities of the individual species are ex- 
tremely puzzling; when closely compared no two are alike 
in structure, and species which resemble one another in 
one apparently important structural point usually differ in 
several others, so that it is hard to know on which to rely. 
Hence I can only offer a tentative arrangement of the 
species, which may be modified by subsequent further 
knowledge. 

Imma, Walk. 


Imma, Walk., xvi, 195 (1858). 5 . type rugosalis. 


Pingrasa, Walk., xvi, 226 (1858) . ‘ 5 accuralis. 
Tortricomor pha, Feld., Sitzb, Ak. Wien. 1861, 

43 (1861) . é : : ‘ 5 atrosignata. 
Moca, Walk., xxvii, 102 (1863) : ; : », velutina. 
Topaza, Walk., xxix, 808 (1864) . 5 ‘ », dlienella. 
Vinzela, Walk., xxxiv, 1260 (1865). : 5» tnaptalis. 
Jobula, Walk., xxxv, 1888 (1866) ; » semilinea. 
Methypsa, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875, 

324 (1875) é : p 5 saturata. 


Bursadella, Snell., Mid. Sint 83 (1880) : 5, dichroalis. 
Thylacopleura, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 

1886, 284 (1886) : : 5, autodoxa. 
Davendra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, 520 (1886) 9» mackwoodi. 
Callartona, Hamps., Moths Ind. i, 233 (1892) ,, purpwrascens. 
Scaptesylix, Hamps., Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 

1895, 283, (1895) . i : : : 5, dichroalis. 
Hyperperissa, Wals., Swinh., Cat. 11, 546 (1900) ,,  awrantiaca. 
Pseudotortriz, Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 

1900, 16 (1900) : a : : : »9  acosma. 


Head with loosely appressed hairs, sometimes brushed upwards 
between antenne or erect on crown in ¢ ; ocelli small or absent ; 
tongue developed. Antenne 4-2,in 3 moderately ciliated, seldom 
fasciculate-ciliated or bipectinated, basal joint thickened or tufted 
with scales, sometimes very elongate in ¢. Labial palpi moderately 
long, curved, ascending, basal joint sometimes elongate, second joint 


the Genus Imma. Al 


thickened with dense scales, in ¢ often laterally excurved, sometimes 
long-haired above, terminal joint seldom more than half second, 
pointed or obtuse, in ¢ sometimes shorter or minute or aborted, 
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Thorax in g sometimes with lateral 
hairpencils from beneath fore-wings. Abdomen in ¢ sometimes 
with lateral tufts or hairpencils. Middle and posterior tibize with 
appressed scales above, sometimes in ¢ with dense brushes of hairs 
beneath. Fore-wings elongate, more or less dilated ; 1b furcate, 2 
from near angle, 7 and 8 separate or stalked, 7 to termen, 8 usually 
to termen, sometimes to apex or costa, rarely absent (coincident with 
7), 9-11 tolerably equidistant, no secondary cell. Hind-wings 1-1}, 
trapezoidal-ovate, cilia 1-4; 2-5 remote and tolerably parallel, 6 and 
7 stalked or seldom 6 absent (coincident), 8 connected with cell in 
middle ; in ¢ sometimes with subdorsal groove or prominent tornal 
lobe. 


Notwithstanding the variability of accessory characters, 
the constant structure of the palpi and neuration is so 
marked and distinct that no genus 1s easier of recognition. 
The nearest allied genera (apart from Palamernis, described 
hereafter) are Simaethis on the one hand, and Phycodes and 
Brachodes (Atychia) on the other. In distribution Jinma 
is essentially tropical, probably Indo-Malayan in origin, 
since the large majority of species are natives of that 
region, but with indigenous representatives in Africa, 
Australia, and Central America. 

In classing together as congeneric those forms which 
have veins 7 and 8 of the fore-wings separate, and those 
which have them stalked, I have relied upon the analogy 
of other genera of the Plutellide ; in many of the principal 
genera of this family (Glyphipteryx, Hilarographa, Prays, 
Argyresthia, Pyrozla, Mieza, Lactura, etc.) these veins are 
found both separate and stalked, whilst the species show 
no other important structural or superficial distinction ; 
the maintenance of pairs of allied genera in all these cases 
would in my opinion be artificial and unscientific. I should 
lay it down as a principle that in the Plutellide the stalking 
or separation of these particular veins is insutficient for 
the discrimination of genera unless supported by other 
characters. It is interesting to compare this state of 
things in the more primitive Plutellide with that found 
in the more specialized families of (elechiade and 
(Hcophoridz, where these two veins are invariably stalked 
or coincident, without exception. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 12 


172 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


1. J. autodoxa, Meyr. 


Thylacopleura autodova, Meyr., Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 
1886, 285. 


FIJI. 
2. [. rugosalis, Walk. 


Imma rugosalis, Walk., xvi, 195. 


¢@. Abdomen with long lateral hairpencils from base (apparently). 
Tibiae with dense brushes of rough scales beneath. Fore-wings 
elongate-triangular, termen oblique, prominent above middle; 7 
and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; fuscous, with darker discal dot at 4%. 
Hind-wings darker fuscous. 


CryLon. The above notes were made from the type, 
which is the only specimen I know of; the form of fore- 
wings is peculiar, quite different from any other species. 


3. L. aceuralis, Walk. 
Pingrasa accuralis, Walk., xvi, 227, 


?. 20 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen light ochreous-fuscous, 
abdomen beneath and face ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, 
fuscous-tinged, terminal joint short, light fuscous, Fore-wings 
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, 
termen rounded, hardly oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; 
ochreous-fuscous ; a suffused darker discal dot or mark at 2; a small 
ochreous-whitish oblique costal mark before apex ; a dark fuscous 
terminal line; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter 
towards base; cilia fuscous. 


CrYLON. It is possible that this may be the other sex 
of rugosalis, but the differences are considerable. Walker’s 
type, described as a male, is really a female, and I possess 
another specimen; his “ perforations” are simply pin-holes. 


4. I. atrosignata, Feld. 


Tortricomorpha atrosignata, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wien. 1861, 
43, Reis. Nov. pl. eviu, 3. 


AMBOINA. I have not seen this species. 


the Genus Imma. VS 


5. I. mylias, n. sp. 


gd 2. 20-22 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous or pale 
whitish-fuscous, patagia sometimes finely edged with yellowish. Palpi 
whitish-yellowish, second joint externally light grey except towards 
base, terminal joint short, grey. Antenne fuscous, beneath pale 
ochreous.. Abdomen light fuscous, beneath whitish. Posterior 
tibiae in ¢ beneath with broad brush of long whitish hairs. Fore- 
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, somewhat 
bent beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, some- 
what oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; light fuscous 
with a faint purplish tinge, densely strewn with pale ochreous- 
yellowish hair-scales; obscure ochreous-yellowish short oblique 
streaks from costa at middle and #, first seldom continued as a faint 
zig-zag line to 3 of dorsum; a round dark fuscous discal dot at 3, 
above which is sometimes a second indistinct dot, and a line of dark 
scales edging costal streak ; a fine ochreous-yellowish line round apex 
and termen, edged on apex and upper part of termen by a fine blackish 
marginal line, and on lower part of termen by dark fuscous dots ; cilia 
light fuscous, extreme tips whitish, Hind-wings fuscous, becoming 
dark fuscous posteriorly ; cilia fuscous-whitish, with fuscous basal 
line. 


CryLton (Puttalam, Haputala, Peradeniya, Matale); 
seven specimens (Pole, Green). 


6. I. cladophragma, n. sp. 


?. 19-20 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, thorax with two 
oblique fuscous bars approximated posteriorly. Palpi whitish- 
yellowish, terminal joint short. Antenne whitish-ockreous, Abdo- 
men grey, beneath whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, 
costa gently arched, somewhat bent beyond middle, apex rounded- 
obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to 
termen; deep ochreous-yellow ; longitudinal suffused fuscous streaks 
above and below middle from near base to near middle; a narrow 
slightly curved fuscous fascia, anteriorly edged with dark leaden- 
metallic, from beyond middle of costa to ? of dorsum, posteriorly with 
median and supratornal projecting branches not reaching termen; a 
waved fuscous terminal line, somewhat dilated towards apex (cilia 
imperfect). Hind-wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey. 


SINGAPORE; two specimens in British Museum (#idley). 


174 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


7. J. transversella, Snell. 


Cryptophasa transversella, Snell, Tid. v. Ent., xxii, 136, 
pl. vii, 12-16; Zortricomorpha obliquifasciata, Wals., 
Swinh, Cat. Het. 11, 547. 


New GUINEA, CELEBES, JAVA, SINGAPORE; and I 
have a specimen reputed to be African, but perhaps by 
error. 


8. J. albifasciella, Pag. 


Tortricomorpha albifasciclla, Pag., Zoologica, xxix, 234; 
T. monodesma, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8, Austr. 
1903, 70. 


BISMARCK Is., QUEENSLAND. Lower’s description is in- 
complete, but I possess specimens from his locality which 
agree fully with Pagenstecher’s description. The middle 
and posterior tibiz of ¢ have very large brushes of hairs 
beneath, as in the preceding species. 


Oo) Liriardis; a: sp. 


¢. 24 mm. Head fuscous, face ochreous-white, hairs brushed 
upwards between antenne. Palpi fuscous, second joint whitish 
internally and on a lateral streak, terminal joint short, acute. 
Antenne fuscous. Thorax rather dark fuscous, posterior extremity 
whitish. Abdomen dark grey, beneath ochreous-white. Fore-wings 
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex very flatly 
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 
to termen ; rather dark fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged, costa some- 
what darker; three short slender oblique wedge-shaped ochreous- 
whitish marks on costa before middle, before #, and before apex ; cilia 
fuscous. Hind-wings dark grey ; cilia grey. 


S. Iypra (Wainad). One specimen in British Museum, 


10. LZ. niveiciliella, Snell. 


Tortricomorpha niveiciliella, Snell, Tijd. v. Ent. xxviii, 
28, pl. Il, ts; 


CELEBES. Not known to me. 


Or 


the Genus Imma. 1 


11. Z. acosma, Turn. 


Pseudotortriz acosma, Turn., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr. 
1900, 16. 


SOUTH-EAST AUSTRALIA. 
12. J. congrualis, Wals., Swinh. Cat. Het. 11, 546. 


¢ 9. 25-28 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face whitish-ochreous. 
Palpi fuscous, second joint whitish-ochreous above and internally, 
terminal joint short. Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint with tuft 
of scales anteriorly. Abdomen fuscous, in ¢ ochreous-whitish on 
two apical segments and beneath, in 9 whitish-ochreous beneath, in 
¢ with very large exsertible whitish genital tuft, grey on basal 
half. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, 
apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 
stalked, 8 to termen; fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; an indis- 
tinct dark fuscous discal dot at 2; in 9 a narrow terminal fascia of 
dark fuscous suffusion, in ¢ linear and nearly obsolete ; cilia fuscous. 
Hind-wings in ¢ with shallow submedian groove, furnished with 
some long hairs; rather dark fuscous, in 9 becoming more blackish- 
fuscous posteriorly ; cilia fuscous. 


New GUINEA, HALMAHERA; nine specimens, and nine 
others in British Museum. 


13. LZ. marileutis, n. sp. 


¢ 2. 24-25 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen 
fuscous, abdomen beneath whitish-ochreous, in ¢  rough-haired 
above on basal half; terminal joint of palpi very short; basal joint 
of antenne tufted. Fore-wings elongate, dilated, costa gently 
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; 
7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, slightly purplish- 
tinged ; a small cloudy dark fuscous discal spot at #5 cilia fuscous, 
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous. 


QUEENSLAND(Duaringa); two specimens (Swinhoe). Also 
two specimens in British Museum, said to be from South 
Australia. 


14. I. letochroa, Low. 


Tortricomorpha leiochroa, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. 
Austr. 1903, 69. 


QUEENSLAND. Not known to me, 


176 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


15. J. psithyristis, nv. sp. 


Q. 23-24 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax ochreous-fuscous 
basal joint of antennze tufted anteriorly. Palpi greyish-ochreous, 
sccond joint much expanded with scales, terminal joint very short. 
Abdomen fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, rather broad, posteriorly 
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen slightly rounded, 
little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex; rather dark purplish- 
fuscous, strewn throughout with fine pale  ochreous-fuscous 
strigulz ; a dark fuscous discal dot at 2; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings 
rather dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous. 


SoLomon IsLanps (Choiseul) ; two specimens (Meek). 


16. J. psoricopa, n. sp. 


é. 17-20 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax, and abdomen 
rather dark fuscous; palpi with second joint long, excurved, 
ochreous-whitish internally, terminal joint aborted or concealed. 
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly slightly 
arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, slightly oblique; 7 and 
8 stalked, 8 to termen; light ochreous-fuscous, suffusedly strigu- 
lated throughout with dark fuscous ; small obscure whitish- 
ochreous spots on costa beyond middle and before apex ; an ochreous- 
whitish discal dot at 2, followed by a dark fuscous dot; cilia fuscous, 
with dark subbasal shade, and basal series of minute ochreous- 
whitish dots. Hind-wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey, with darker 
subbasal shade and fine pale basal line. 


CEYLON (Peradeniya, Madulsima); two specimens (('reen, 
Vaughan). 


17. L. cyclostoma, n. sp. 


¢ 9. 21-22 mm. Head pale fuscous, face in ¢ whitish-ochreous, 
with a circular central space surrounded by a shining pale grey ring. 
Palpi pale ochreous-yellowish, anteriorly fuscous externally, and in 
¢ fringed with somewhat rough scales internally, terminal joint in 
d imperceptible, in 9 very short. Antenne dark fuscous, yellowish 
beneath. Thorax fuscous, with a few yellowish scales. Abdomen 
fuscous, in ¢ with rough lateral hairs brushed upwards to dorsum, 
beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, 
costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ; 
7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; rather dark fuscous, more or less 
sprinkled finely with pale ochreous, which sometimes forms a broad 


the Genus Imma. a7 


posterior discal suffusion ; a line of pale ochreous scales along sub- 
median fold towards base; a faintly indicated irregular line of 
similar scales from middle of costa to % of dorsum; an obscure 
dark fusecous discal dot at 2; a more or less defined pale whitish- 
ochreous apical mark, and terminal row of minute sometimes con- 
nected crescentic dots; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line. 
Hind-wings dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base; cilia 
whitish-fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line. 


Assam (Khasi Hills), TENASSERIM (Tandong); four 
specimens, 


18. J. metriodoxa, n. sp. 


?. 22 mm. Head fuscous mixed with whitish-ochreous, lower part 
of face whitish-ochreous, Palpi fuscous, second joint above and 
internally whitish-ochreous, terminal joint short. Antennie fuscous. 
Thorax fuscous sprinkled with whitish-ochreous. Abdomen light 
fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly 
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some- 
what oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; fuscous, finely sprinkled 
with ochreous-whitish ; a small indistinct ochreous-whitish spot on 
costa before middle ; a moderate dark fuscous discal dot at 2; a 
slender ochreous-whitish oblique streak from costa at 3, angulated 
above middle and thence proceeding asa faint sinuate line to tornus , 
an ochreous-whitish almost apical dot ; an irregular terminal line of 
dark fuscous suffusion ; cilia fuscous, extreme base ochreous- 
whitish. Hind-wings fuscous ; a suffused submedian streak paler 
and ochreous-tinged ; cilia fuscous, toward tornus with tips whitish. 


SUMBAWA ; one specimen. 


19. L. grammarcha, Meyr. 


Tortricomorpha grammarcha, Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. 1905, 611. 


CryLon. Also in British Museum, from Borneo. 


20. I. lysidesma, n. sp. 


“<$ Q, 25-28 mm. Head pale ochreous, hairsin ¢ brushed up- 
wards between antennae. Palpi whitish-ochreous, in ¢ externally 
brownish-tinged, terminal joint short. Antenne fuscous, in ¢ 
bidentate with acute triangular processes. Thorax fuscous, posterior 
extremity ochreous-whitish, Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath 


178 Mr, E. Meyrick on 


whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa 
gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 
8 stalked, 8 to termen ; in ¢ dark fuscous, in 2 somewhat lighter 
ochreous-fuscous ; a slender irregular whitish-ochreous line running 
from a narrow spot on middle of costa to near dorsum at 3, inter- 
rupted above middle, variable in development and sometimes nearly 
altogether obsolete ; cilia fuscous, darker towards base, tips in 9 
whitish, Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings, 


Assam (Khasi Hills); five specimens. Also one from 
Perak in British Museum, 


21. F. costipuncta, Feld. 


Tortricomorpha costipuncta, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. evi, 1, 5. 


¢ 2. 20-21 mm. Head pale ochreous, tinged with fuscous on 
crown. Palpi pale yellow-ochreous, anteriorly infuscated, terminal 
joint short. Antenne, thorax, and abdomen fuscous ; thorax in g 
with very long whitish-ochreous lateral hairpencil beneath wings. 
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex 
rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 
stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; 
a hardly darker cloudy discal dot at 3 ; a whitish-ochreous triangular 
dot on costa beyond middle ; a whitish-ochreous streak from costa 
before apex to termen above tornus, triangularly dilated towards 
costa, confluent at extremities with a toothed whitish-ochreous line 
along termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous. 


AMBOINA; two specimens. I describe this species, as no 
description has ever been published. 


22. I. priozona, n. sp. 


¢. 19mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown and a frontal tuft of 
scales mixed with fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint 
anteriorly fuscous-tinged and with a dark fuscous streak above ex- 
ternally, terminal joint short, fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous, basal 
joint somewhat tufted anteriorly. Thorax fuscous, with ochreous- 
whitish posterior spot. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, beneath 
whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa 
slightly arched, bent about 2, apex rounded-obtuse, termen nearly 
straight, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark 
fuscous, faintly purplish-tinged ; a whitish-ochreous basal dot; a 
slender irregular whitish-ochreous fascia from before middle of costa 


the Genus Imma. 179 


to 2 of dorsum, with sharp posterior projection in middle and obtuse 
one on submedian fold ; a small triangular whitish-ochreous spot 
on costa before apex ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings with slight sub- 
dorsal groove ; rather dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; 
cilia fuscous, tips obscurely whitish. | 


BORNEO ; one specimen. 


23. I. aulonias, n. sp. 


Q. 18mm. Head pale fuscous. Palpi fuscous-whitish, second 
joint short, much expanded with scales, fuscous anteriorly towards 
apex, terminal joint very short, anteriorly fuscous. Antenne fuscous. 
Thorax and abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish. Fore-wings elongate, 
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen some- 
what rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; ochreous- 
fuscous, finely sprinkled with dark fuscous; basal third of dorsum 
suffused with dark fuscous; a straight slender irregular-edged 
whitish streak from middle of costa to 3 of dorsum ; a dark fuscous 
dot in disc at 2; an ochreous whitish dot on costa at }; a slender 
twice sinuate ochreous whitish line from costa near apex to tornus ; 
cilia pale whitish-ochreous with two fuscous shades. Hind-wings 
dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia fuscous, with 
darker basal line. 


SoLomon IsLANps (Rendova); one specimen (Jeek). 


24. I. inaptalis, Walk. 
Vinzela inaptalis, Walk., xxxiv, 1261, 


BorNEO, PERAK. 


PDE WE bilineella, Snell. 


Tortricomorpha bilineella, Snell, Tijd, v. Ent. xxviu, 27, 
PL ie hOs 


CELEBES, SANGIR, BuRu, BISMARCK ISLANDS. 


26. L. dipselia, n. sp. 


¢. 26mm. Headand thorax light fuscous, face whitish-ochreous, 
thorax with lateral pencil of long ochreous-whitish hairs from 
beneath fore-wings. Palpi yellow-ochreous, second joint anteriorly 
fuscous, terminal joint short, pale fuscous. Antenne fuscous. Ab- 
domen fusccus, beneath whitish-ochreous, beyond middle with two 


180 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


tufts of hairs on each side brushed upwards to dorsum.  Fore- 
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa hardly arched, sinuate 
before middle, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, 
little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; fuscous, slightly 
ochreous-tinged ; a whitish-ochreous somewhat irregular line from 
middle of costa to % of dorsum, faintly bent in disc; a whitish- 
ochreous waved line from costa before apex to termen above tornus, 
dilated on costa; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings with median and 
submedian grooves; dark fuscous, lighter towards base; cilia 
fuscous. 


SULU; one specimen in British Museum. This species 
is closely allied and very similar to Dilineella, but struc- 
turally distinct by the possession of the lateral tufts of 
abdomen, and differs shghtly in other details. 


I. porpanthes, n. sp. 


¢. 24 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown suffused with dark 
fuscous. Palpi ochreous-yellowish, second joint externally with a 
fuscous streak on upper half, terminal joint half second, dark fuscous. 
Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint long, thickened with scales an- 
teriorly. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, beneath ochreous- 
whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently 
arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, slightly 
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark fuscous, tinged 
anteriorly with aneiit oh posteriorly with ochreous ; markings pale 
ochreous-yellowish ; a small irregular basal spot, and three others 
in a subbasal transverse series ; a narrow irregular fascia from 3 of 
costa to near dorsum beyond middle, interrupted in middle; a 
triangular spot on costa at +; a small round spot near termen be- 
neath apex, and a transverse spot near termen below middle; cilia 
fuscous. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous. 


PERAK ; one specimen in British Museum (Doherty). 


28. L. thyriditis, n. sp. 


¢ ¢@. 20-24mm. Head in ¢ ochreous-yellowish, in 9 whitish- 
ochreous. Palpi yellow-whitish, basal joint in ¢ rather long, second 
joint in ¢ externally yellowish with a fuscous streak except towards 
base, terminal joint } of second, in ¢ thickened with rough scales 
anteriorly, obtuse, externally fuscous, in 2 acute. Antenne grey, 
in ¢ pale yellowish above towards base. Thorax in ¢ ochreous- 
yellowish, shoulders fuscous, in 2 fuscous. Abdomen in ¢ elon- 


the Genus Imma. 181 


gate, grey, whitish-yellowish on sides and beneath, in ? dark grey, 
ochreous-whitish beneath. Posterior tibie hairy beneath on basal 
half, Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, 
apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, nearly vertical ; 7 
and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; in ¢ ochreous-fuscous, more or less 
wholly suffused with ochreous-yellow, especially on veins and in 
cell, in 9 darker fuscous; a dark fuscous streak along basal fourth of 
dorsum ; a slender irregular pale yellowish fascia from before middle 
of costa to % of dorsum, edged anteriorly with a few dark fuscous 
scales, in 9 less marked and becoming obsolete towards dorsum ; an 
indistinct darker discal dot at #; a small pale yellowish spot on costa 
at #, whence proceeds an undefined pale line or series of marks to 
tornus, in @ nearly obsolete ; costal edge in ¢ blackish between 
this spot and the next ; a small pale yellow triangular spot on costa 
towards apex, whence proceeds a pale yellow submarginal line to 
termen above tornus, edged posteriorly with blackish-fuscous ; cilia 
pale fuscous, beneath apex with a pale yellowish patch. Hind-wings 
in ¢ with slight submedian and subdorsal grooves; dark fuscous, 
basal 3 almost naked, transparent, with dark fuscous veins ; cilia 
fuscous, towards base dark fuscous, tips whitish. 


SoLomon IsLANDs (Choiseul, Gizo, Rendova) ; six speci- 
mens (Jee/:). 


29. I. droptrias, n. sp. 


Q. 18mm. Head fuscous, sides of crown yellowish, face yellow- 
whitish. Palpi yellowish, second joint externally with a dark 
fuscous streak on upper half, terminal joint short, fuscous. Antenne 
dark fuscous, basal joint with apical anterior scale-tooth. Thorax 
purplish-fuscous, with a few yellowish hairscales. Abdomen dark 
purplish-fuscous, beneath yellow-whitish. | Fore-wings elongate, 
narrowed towards base, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly gently 
arched, apex rounded, termen somewhat rounded, little oblique ; 7 
and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous, basal 4 suffused with violet- 
blue ; short yellowish subcostal and median streaks from base, con- 
nected at base, merged posteriorly in a broad transverse band of 
tawny-ochreous suffusion, limited by a narrow yellow fascia from 
before middle of costa to near middle of dorsum, not quite reaching 
it ; a triangular pale yellow spot on costa just before apex, and a 
series of faint yellowish dots before termen ; cilia fuscous. Hind- 
wings transparent, with dark fuscous veins; a broad costal and 
narrower irregular terminal band dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous. 


New GulInEa (Aroa River); one specimen (Meek). 


182 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


30. J. cxlestis, n. sp. 


gd ¢. 36-38mm. Head orange, crown mixed with blackish. Palpi 
orange, second joint with a short black apical streak in front, terminal 
joint very short, black. Antenne blackish. Thorax orange, with 
three broad undefined stripes of purple-blackish suffusion. Abdomen 
orange, with dorsal, lateral and sublateral series of purple-blackish 
spots. Fore-wings elongate, hardly dilated, costa gently arched, apex 
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to 
costa; purple-blackish; costal edge ochreous-whitish except towards 
extremities ; an irregular orange basal spot not reaching margins, 
connected by an irregular mark with dorsum near base ; veins more 
or less marked by whitish-yellowish lines edged with a pale bluish 
tinge, not reaching margins, broadest on 16 and lower and posterior 
margins of cell, partially or quite obsolete on veins 2, 5, 6, and 9 ; 
a similar dorsal streak from } to beyond middle ; cilia white, basal 
third blackish, apical third light grey. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous, 
lighter towards base ; a pale orange median dash from base; an 
orange subdorsal streak, not quite reaching termen ; cilia white, 
basal third dark fuscous. 


W. CHINA (Kia-ting-fu); two specimens in British 
Museum, from Mr. Leech’s collection. 


31. I. saturata, Walk. 
Hypsa saturata, Walk., pl. xxxi, 217. 


JAVA. Not known to me, but I am indebted to Sir 
George Hampson for the following comparative notes, in 
relation to the preceding species, to which it is closely 
allied: “quite distinct from cv/estis, larger, cilia of both 
wings black ; hind-wings without the pale streaks, with a 
bluish-white discoidal striga and triangular spots in inter- 
spaces of terminal area,” 


32. L. acroptila, n. sp. 


¢ §.16-17 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, in ¢ on crown with 
very long erect spreading ochreous-whitish hairs mixed with fuscous. 
Palpi ochreous-yellowish, anteriorly fuscous, second joint in ¢ 
thickened, terminal joint in 2 half second, in ¢ represented by a 
long curved expansible pencil of grey and yellowish hairs, concealing 
actual joint. Antenne yellowish, basal joint elongate, in ¢ above 


the Genus Imma. 183 


with apical scaletuft. Thorax dark fuscous, a dorsal line and 
posterior extremity orange. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath 
ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa 
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ; 7 
and 8 stalked, 8 to costa ; dark fuscous, mixed with glossy purplish- 
slaty on veins, in 2 mixed with ochreous between veins ; a short 
orange dash from base, and a slender streak beneath costa towards 
base ; several small scattered orange spots and streaks in disc ; in ? 
an obscure submarginal orange-ochreous line from #2 of costa to 
tornus (cilia imperfect). Hind-wings dark fuscous. 


SrERRA LEONE (Mabang, Moyamba); two specimens in 
British Museum (Dudgeon). These are in poor condition, 
but the character of the ¢ palpi is very distinctive. 


33. I. radiata, Wals. 


Jobula radiata, Wals., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, 46, 
pl. iii, 16. 


West ArFrica. Not known to me. 


34, 1. hyphantis, n. sp. 


Q. 21mm. Head, palpi, andj antenna light ochreous-yellowish, 
sides of crown pale whitish-fuscous; palpi anteriorly whitish- 
fuscous, terminal joint short. Thorax light fuscous, with dorsal, 
subdorsal and lateral yellow lines. Abdomen pale fuscous, beneath 
whitish-fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa 
gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 
8 stalked, 8 to termen ; fuscous ; fine ochreous-yellow lines beneath 
costa from base to near middle and on submedian fold from near 
base to beyond middle ; a small ochreous-yellow spot in disc at } ; 
an irregular ill-defined ochreous-yellow line from a small spot on 
middle of costa to % of dorsum, obsoletely interrupted above and 
below middle; between this and termen all veins marked with 
extremely fine pale yellowish lines, between which are some shorter 
pale ochreous-yellowish fine interneural streaks ; an ochreous-yellow 
line round apex and termen, thickened round apex, edged by a dark 
fuscous marginal line ; cilia whitish-ochreous, obscurely barred with 
fuscous (imperfect), Hind-wings dark fuscous, lighter towards base ; 
cilia whitish, with fuscous basal line. 


CEYLON (Matale) ; one specimen (Pole). 


184 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


35. I. semilinea, Walk. 
Jobula semilinea, Walk,, xxxv, 1889. 


SuLvu. Not known to me. 


36. J. procrossa, Ni. Sp. 


¢.24mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous, sides of face yellowish. 
Palpi yellow-ochreous, internally fuscous-whitish, terminal joint 
short. Antenne ochreous. Thorax fuscous (defaced). (Abdomen 
broken.) Fore-wings elongate-oblong, costa moderately arched, 
apex rounded, termen rounded, vertical ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; 
rather dark ochreous-fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged, streaked with 
ochreous between veins and in cell, and towards costa anteriorly with 
orange ; all veins marked by fine ochreous lines, terminating in a 
submarginal yellow-ochreous streak from middle of costa to tornus, 
edged posteriorly with dark fuscous, and leaving a narrow fuscous 
border all round costa and termen; cilia light ochreous, basal third 
dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark grey, lighter towards base ; cilia 
grey, with darker basal line. 


Borneo (Pulo Laut); one specimen in British Museum 
(Doherty). 


37. Ll. newrota, n. sp. 


3 9. 16-20 mm. Head in ¢ whitish-ochreous, in ? fuscous, 
lower part of face whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, second 
joint externally yellowish, in front fuscous, in ¢ somewhat 
excurved, terminal joint in ¢ minute, in ? very short. Antenne 
dark fuscous, beneath pale ochreous, basal joint somewhat tufted 
anteriorly. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish- 
ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly 
arched, in ¢ straighter, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly 
rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous, 
markings ochreous-yellow ; in ¢ a short streak beneath costa from 
base, in 2 reduced to a basal dot; in 9 a slender zigzag transverse 
streak from costa beyond middle, reaching ? across wing, dilated on 
costa, in ¢ represented by a transverse series of three small spots or 
marks, costal somewhat triangular ; a subdorsal dot beneath this ; 
veins posteriorly marked with fine lines ; a slender almost marginal 
streak round apex and termen to tornus, broadest at apex ; cilia 
fuscous, darker in 9. MHind-wings in ¢ with slight subdorsal 


the Genus Imma. 185 


groove ; dark fuscous, lighter towards base, especially in ¢ ; in 9 a 
fine pale yellowish almost marginal line round apex and upper half 
of termen ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish, 


BoRNEO; two specimens. Also two in British Museum. 


38. I. alienella, Walk. 
Topaza alienella, Walk., xxix, 808, 
BORNEO. 

39. L. cantharcha, n. sp. 


9.19 mm. Head ochreous-yellow, face paler, crown pale grey. 
(Palpi broken.) Antenne yellowish, dark fuscous above, basal joint 
rather large, with scales angularly projecting anteriorly. Thorax 
dark purplish-fuscous, with two anterior and two posterior orange- 
yellow spots. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish-ochreous. 
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex 
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked ; 8 to 
apex ; dark purple-fuscous, irregularly strewn with yellow-ochreous 
scales between veins; a short orange line beneath costa from base ; 
cilia ochreous-white, with dark fuscous basal line. Hind-wings 
fuscous, thinly scaled towards base, terminal third suffused with 
dark fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


Borneo (Pulo Laut); one specimen in British Museum 
(Doherty). 


40. L. trichinota, n. sp. 


&d @. 17-18 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen rather dark 
fuscous, sides of face whitish-ochreous. Palpi dark leaden-grey, 
second joint relatively short, yellowish above, terminal joint 3 of 
second. Antenne dark fuscous, ochreous beneath. Fore-wings rather 
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, 
termen rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked; 8 to costa; dark 
purplish-fuscous; in ¢ a longitudinal impression beneath costa 
from } to middle, containing a tuft of long ochreous-whitish scales 
from posterior extremity, covered by a flap of very long fuscous hairs 
from anterior extremity ; costal edge ochreous-white from before 
middle to ?; cilia ochreous-white, basal third blackish-fuscous. 
Hind-wings with 6 and 7 stalked in ¢, coincident in 9 ; dark 
fuscous, towards base thinly scaled, with undefined semitransparent 
median and subdorsal streaks ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


186 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


CELEBES ; two specimens. A female from Bali in British 
Museum, without palpi, appears otherwise quite identical. 
The terminal] joint of palpi is not really longer than usual, 
but the unusual shortness of the second joint causes it to 
appear relatively longer. This and the two next species 
are nearly allied together, but structurally distinct. 


41, I. otoptera, n. sp. 


& ¢@. 16-19mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face whitish-ochreous, 
Palpi shining leaden-grey, second joint above with a subapical spot 
of yellowish suffusion, base light yellow, terminal joint half second. 
Antenne dark fuscous, in ¢ ochreous beneath, Abdomen dark 
fuscous, beneath whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, 
somewhat broader in 9, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen 
rounded, little oblique ; in ¢ 7 and 8 stalked, in 9 8 absent (coin- 
cident), 8 when present to costa; dark fuscous; in ¢ a roundish 
impression beneath costa at 2, containing a tuft of whitish-ochreous 
scales from upper margin, covered normally by a flap of long fuscous 
scales from anterior margin ; extreme costal edge ochreous-whitish 
on posterior #; cilia ochreous-whitish, with dark fuscous basal line, 
towards tornus infuscated. Hind-wings with 7 absent (coincident 
with 6); dark fuscous, somewhat thinly scaled towards base, with 
indications of two or three semi-transparent streaks; in ¢ a more 
distinct pale suffused streak from base through dise to beyond 
middle ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


Borneo; five specimens. Also two in British Museum, 


42, I. chlorosphena, n. sp. 


g @. 15mm. Head fuscous, face paler, sides ochreous-yellowish. 
Palpi ochreous-yellow, base whitish, second and terminal joints 
anteriorly dark leaden-grey from a submedian ring of second joint 
to apex, terminal joint half second. Antenne dark fuscous. 
Thorax and abdomen rather dark fuscous, abdomen ochreous-whitish 
beneath except apical joint. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly 
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some- 
what oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to costa; rather dark fuscous, 
slightly ochreous-tinged, darker posteriorly, costa and termen 
suffusedly blackish-fuscous; in ¢ an oval impression beneath 
costa at 2, containing a tuft of whitish-ochreous scales from upper 
margin, covered by a flap of long fuscous scales from anterior 


the Genus Imma. 187 


margin ; cilia ochreous-white, basal third blackish. Hind-wings 
with 6 and 7 stalked ; blackish-fuscous ; an elongate wedge-shaped 
ochreous-whitish spot in middle of dise ; cilia as in fore-wings, 


CEYLON (Maskeliya); three specimens (Alston), 


43. J. tesseraria, n. sp. 


¢. 23mm. Head and thorax fuscous, face paler, sides yellowish. 
Palpi ochreous-yellow, anteriorly with a dark shining leaden-metallic 
streak on terminal joint and upper half of second, terminal joint 
half second. Antenne ochreous, above with dark fuscous streak 
towards base. Abdomen dark fuscous with a few yellowish scales, 
beneath pale yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, 
costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique ; 
7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; dark fuscous, with purplish and 
bronzy reflections, posteriorly with a few fine yellowish scales; a 
very indistinct spot of whitish-ochreous suffusion in dise at 3 (on 
under-surface represented by an oblique yellowish fascia not reach- 
ing margins); cilia ochreous-whitish, with blackish basal line, 
towards tornus fuscous-tinged, Hind-wings with submedian groove 
towards base; blackish-fuscous; a moderate elongate ochreous- 
yellow spot in middle of disc ; cilia whitish, with dark fuscous basal 
line. 


‘BORNEO; one specimen. 


44, I, diluticiliata, Wals. 
Tortricomorpha diluticiliata, Wals., Swin. Cat. Het. ii, 547. 


Assam, Suu. Not known to me. 


45. I. viola, Pag. 
Tortricomorpha viola, Pag., J. B, Nass. Ver, xxxix, 182. 


Aru. Not known to me, 


46. L. homalotis, n. sp. 


3 ¢. 21-22 mm. Head fuscous, face ochreous-yellowish. Palpi 
in ¢ ochreous-yellowish, second joint much thickened with scales 
somewhat expanded towards apex above, terminal joint very short 
(in ? broken). Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint in ¢ much 
thickened with scales projecting anteriorly towards apex. Thorax 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PaART I. (SEPT.) 18 


188 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen rather dark fuscous, beneath whitish- 
yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa 
gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, hardly oblique; 7 
and 8 stalked, 8 to apex; rather dark ochreous-fuscous, anteriorly 
slightly purplish-tinged ; cilia fuscous, tips paler. Hind-wings dark 
fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


Borneo (Pulo Laut); two specimens in British Museum 
(Doherty). 


47. I. auxobathra, n. sp. 


¢ 9. 15-16 mm. Head in ¢ fuscous, collar and sides of face 
yellow-ochreous, in 9 wholly yellow-ochreous. Palpi ochreous- 
yellow, second joint anteriorly in ¢ whitish-fuscous, in  fuscous, 
terminal joint short. Antennz ochreous-fuscous, above dark fuscous, 
basal joint in ¢ very long, in @ long, stalk in ¢ thickened with 
rough scales above towards base. Thorax dark fuscous, anteriorly 
with lateral and in @ also subdorsal streaks and posterior extremity 
orange. Abdomen dark fuscous, segmental margins in @ pale 
yellowish, beneath pale yellowish. Fore-wings elongate-triangular, 
eosta gently arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely rounded ; 
8 absent (coincident with 7); in @ dark purplish-fuscous, in 9 
blackish ; markings ochreous-orange ; a subcostal streak from near 
base to $; an oblique streak from beneath middle of this to 4 of 
dorsum ; an oblique series of three small spots beyond these, middle 
one dash-like ; a larger subtriangular spot on middle of costa; in ? 
a pear-shaped blotch extending almost from apex of this to near 
dorsum at 3, bilobed beneath, in ¢ reduced to two dots representing 
extremities ; in 2 a moderate spot in disc beyond this, in ¢ dot- 
like ; a curved series of about ten longitudinal marks from beneath 
costa at # to above tornus, in ¢ reduced and ill-defined (cilia 
imperfect). Hind-wings with 7 absent (coincident with 6); in @ 
blackish-fuscous, with a pale yellowish triangular spot in middle of 
disc, and a slender pale yellowish subdorsal streak not reaching base 
or tornus;in ¢ dark fuscous, lighter on discal and subdorsal streaks 
from base, tornus produced into a rounded prominence, above with a 
deep dorsal groove containing a pencil of long hairs. 


BORNEO; two specimens. 


48. L. megalyntis, n. sp. 


@.19mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown mixed with blackish. 
(Palpi broken.) Antenne whitish-ochreous, above dark fuscous. 
Thorax dark fuscous, with yellowish sublateral stripes and posterior 


the Genus Imma. 189 


spot (partly defaced), Abdomen dark fuscous, somewhat sprinkled 
with yellowish, beneath pale yellowish. Fore-wings elongate- 
triangular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little 
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; blackish-fuscous, markings 
ochreous-yellow ; a submedian streak from base to 2, posteriorly 
dilated ; a small oblique wedge-shaped spot on costa at } ; two large 
rounded-triangular spots on costa at } and %, and two larger spots in 
dorsal half of wing rather obliquely beyond these respectively ; cilia 
whitish, with blackish basal line. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous, 
towards base more thinly scaled and with several slender semi- 
transparent streaks; a longitudinal ochreous-yellow spot in disc 
beneath middle ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


BoRNEO ; one specimen. 


49. I. hectwa, n. sp. 


@. 17mm. Head ochreous-yellowish, crown fuscous. Palpi pale 
ochreous-yellow, second joint anteriorly fuscous-tinged, terminal 
joint short, light fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous, 
with a whitish-ochreous posterior spot. Abdomen dark fuscous, 
somewhat mixed with pale yellowish, beneath pale yellowish. Fore- 
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, 
termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to costa; blackish ; 
a moderate ochreous-yellow streak from base below middle of disc to 
2; a slightly curved ochreous-yellow fascia from middle of costa, 
broadest on costa and at ?, constricted above middle, not quite reach- 
ing dorsun at 3; cilia ochreous-white, base dark fuscous, Hind-wingg 
dark fuscous, with thinly scaled lighter elongate patches along dorsum 
and in anterior portion of disc ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


BorNEO ; one specimen. 


50. I. mesochorda, n. sp. 


¢. 15-16 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown infuscated. Palpi 
pale ochreous-yellowish, second joint fuscous externally on upper 
half, terminal joint short, fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous, beneath 
pale yellowish, fasciculate-ciliated. Thorax and abdomen dark 
fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly 
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, some- 
what oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous ; a slender 
rather irregular light ochreous-yellow slightly curved fascia from 
middle of costa to % of dorsum, but not quite reaching dorsal edge, 
constricted beneath costa ; cilia dark fuscous, tips paler, round apex 


190 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


ochreous-whitish except on basal third. Hind-wings dark fuscous, 
lighter towards base ; cilia fuscous, round apex whitish, basal third 
dark fuscous. 


Assam (Khasi Hills) ; two specimens. 


51. J. albotaeniana, Saub. 


Tortricomorpha albotaeniana, Saub., Semp. Schmett. Phil. 
ii, 697, 


PHILIPPINES, JAVA. Not known to me. 


52. I. awrantiaca, Semp. 


Sidyma aurantiaca, Semp., Schmett. Phil. u, 501, pl. 
lix, 9. 


PHILIPPINES. The antenne of ¢ in this and the next 
species are bipectinated. 


53. I. basiflava, Semp. 
Sidyma basiflava, Semp., Schmett. Phil. ii, 500, pl. lix, 8. 


PuHItipPines. Not known to me, but it is very near 
the preceding species. 


54. I. panopta, n. sp. 


g¢ 9. 34-40 mm. Head dark fuscous, orbits ochreous-yellowish, 
Palpi ochreous-yellow, terminal joint very short. Antenne, thorax 
and abdomen dark fuscous, abdomen ochreous-yellow beneath. Fore- 
wings rather broad, especially in 9, costa rather strongly arched, 
apex obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to 
termen ; blackish-fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; an orange median 
band, greatly dilated downwards, anterior edge running from } of 
costa to } of dorsum, straight, somewhat irregular, posterior edge 
running from before middle of costa to ? of dorsum, twice curved 
outwards above and below middle ; cilia dark fuscous. Hind-wings 
blackish-fuscous ; a rather irregular orange blotch resting on median 
third of costa, narrowed downwards, reaching more than half across 
wing ; cilia dark fuscous, 


FLORES ; three specimens (Swenhoe). - 


the Genus Imma. 191 


55. LI. grammatistis, n. sp. 


¢. 33 mim. Head ochreous-white, crown dark fuscous towards 
centre. Palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint nearly half second. 
Antenne dark grey. Thorax ochreous-white, with dark fuscous sub- 
dorsal stripes. Abdomen grey, beneath ochreous-whitish, Fore- 
wings broad, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded, termen 
rounded, vertical ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; dark fuscous ; mark- 
ings ochreous-white ; a streak beneath costa from base to 2; a fine 
dorsal streak from near base to near tornus ; all veins marked by 
strong streaks, not quite reaching margin, posteriorly terminating in 
a curved submarginal streak which is broadest opposite apex ; a 
violet-metallic line along termen ; cilia fuscous, becoming whitish 
towards tornus, basal half dark fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous, 
lighter towards base ; a suffused whitish streak along upper half of 
termen ; cilia ochreous-white, round tornus and dorsum fuscous, 


NEw GUINEA (Kapaur); one specimen in British 
Museum (Doherty). 


56. L. minatrix, n. sp. 


®. 33-36 mm. Head orange-yellow, crown with two blackish 
lines. Palpi ochreous-yellowish, terminal joint short, with a few 
blackish scales anteriorly. Antenne blackish. Thorax orange- 
yellow, with four broad blackish stripes. Abdomen dark fuscous, 
beneath ochreous-yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, much dilated 
posteriorly, costa strongly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, 
somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to apex ; yellow-orange, 
markings purple-blackish ; a costal streak from base, terminating in 
a patch which occupies apical 2 of wing beyond a curved line from 
middle of costa to dorsum before tornus, except a curved anteapical 
fascia of ground colour from near costa at { to near termen above 
tornus ; a subcostal streak from base, sometimes reaching posterior 
patch ; median and submedian streaks from base to near middle, 
median basally confluent with subcostal ; a dorsal streak from base 
to } attenuated at base; cilia blackish, Hind-wings blackish- 
fuscous, centre of disc purple-blackish ; an anteapical yellow-orange 
fascia, attenuated downwards to termen below middle; cilia 
blackish-fuscous, on termen pale orange from } to 3. 


_ New GuInEA (Fergusson Island); two specimens in 
British Museum (Meek). There is also in British Museum 
an example from Kapaur, New Guinea, which has the 


192 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


orange fascia of hind-wings anteriorly dilated so as to 
extend over centre of disc (thus destroying the central 
purple-black patch), and the cilia wholly blackish, not 
orange ; without further material I am unable to deter- 
‘mine whether this is a variety of minatriz or a closely 
allied species ; and further it is conceivable that one or both 
forms may be the other sex of grammuatistis, notwithstand- 
ing the extraordinary difference in appearance. 


57. LI. dichroalis, Snell. 


Bursadella dichroalis, Snell., Mid Sum., 83; Scaptesyli« 
hemichryseis, Hamps., 'Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1895, 283. 


BURMA, SUMATRA. 


58. I. epichlaena, n. sp. 


?. 16mm. Head, palpi, antennze and thorax ochreous-yellow ; 
palpi with a fuscous spot at apex of second joint externally, terminal 
joint short, fuscous except at base ; basal joint of antenne dark 
fuscous at apex, with scales projecting anteriorly. Abdomen dark 
grey, beneath ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly 
dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little 
oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 toapex ; dark fuscous ; basal 3 deep yellow, 
edge paler, irregular, followed by a thick line of leaden-metallic suf- 
fusion ; small yellow spots on costa at $ and ?; cilia ochreous-white, 
at tornus dark grey, basal third dark fuscous except on an apical 
patch. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia whitish, towards tornus 
greyish, basal third dark fuscous. 


BorneEo (Pulo Laut); one specimen in British Museum 
(Doherty). 


59, I. flavibasa, Moore. 
Davendra flavibasa, Moore, Lep. Atk. 281. 


EASTERN HIMALAYAS, ASSAM. 


60. I. hemixanthella, Holl. 


Tortricomorpha hemixanthella, Holl., Nov. Zool. vii, 590. 


Burvu. Not known to me. 


the Genus Imma. 193 


61. L. amphixantha, n. sp. 


?. 20mm. Head, antenne, and thorax yellow. (Palpi broken.) 
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, 
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen 
nearly straight, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to costa; ferru- 
ginous-brown ; a deep yellow basal blotch occupying 3 of wing, outer 
edge straight, slightly irregular, followed by some dark purple- 
fuscous suffusion ; within this blotch is an elongate fuscous spot on 
base of dorsum ; a deep yellow streak running round apical fourth of 
costa and termen to near tornus, broadest at apex of wing, attenuated 
to extremities ; cilia yellow, at tornus grey. Hind-wings dark 
fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with 
fuscous basal line. 


BoRNEO ; one specimen. 


62. L. cymbalodes, n. sp. 


?. 18-21 mm. Head and palpi light yellow-ochreous, palpi 
anteriorly infuscated, terminal joint half second. Antenne fuscous, 
yellowish beneath. Thorax fuscous, edges of collar and patagia, and 
posterior extremity more or less yellowish. Abdomen fuscous mixed 
with green, sides posteriorly with fringe of hairs, beneath pale 
ochreous-yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa 
gently arched, apex rounded, termen somewhat rounded, little 
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; rather dark ochreous-fuscous ; 
an ochreous-yellow basal patch occupying 3 of wing, base partially 
suffused with fuscous, outer edge straight ; an ochreous-yellowish 
dot on costa‘at # ; an indistinct streak of ochreous-yellowish suffusion 
round apex ; cilia fuscous, becoming whitish-ochreous round apex. 
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia as in fore-wings. 


Assam (Khasi Hills); two specimens. 


63. LZ. purpurascens, Hamps. 


Callartona purpurascens, Hamps., Moths Ind. 1, 233. 
NILGIRIS. 
64. L. microsticta, Hamps. 


Callartona microsticta, Hamps., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 
Soe. xi, 284. 


ASSAM. 


194 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


65. L. flaviceps, Feld. 
Tortricomorpha flaviceps, Feld., Reis. Nov. pl. eviii, 4, 


HimMauaya. Not known to me. 


66. L. melotoma, n. sp, 


¢. 20mm. Head and palpi ochteous-yellow, terminal joint of 
palpi short. Antenne dark fuscous, Thorax fuscous, collar, margins 
of patagia, and a posterior spot deep ochreous-yellow. Abdomen 
ochreous-yellowish, suffused with orange towards hase, posteriorly in- 
fuscated except anal tuft. Fore-wings elongate-oblong, costa bent 
towards middle, nearly straight posteriorly, apex rounded-obtuse 
termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 totermen ; 
fuscous, markings deep ochreous-yellow ; an almost basal mark from 
costa, reaching half across wing ; a moderate, subquadrate spot on 
dorsum at +3; a short indistinct suffused mark from costa at 2; an 
almost apical oblique spot from costa, not quite reaching termen, placed 
in a darker fuscous terminal fascia; cilia fuscous or light fuscous, round 
apex pale yellowish. Hind-wings with shallow submedian furrow 
towards base, placed between ridges of rough orange hairs, scales 
of dise modified, hairlike, somewhat raised ; fuscous, tinged with 
orange, especially towards base, with suffused dark fuscous terminal 
band ; cilia ochreous-whitish, basal half fuscous. 


SIKKIM; two specimens. 


67. I. crocozela, n. sp. 


g. 21mm. Head, palpi, antenn, and thorax ochreous-yellow ; 
terminal joint of palpi short ; thorax with posterior third purple- 
grey. ‘Abdomen dark grey, at apex and beneath pale yellowish. 
Posterior tibiae rough-haired beneath. Fore-wings elongate, pos- 
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, 
little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark fuscous-purple ; 
markings ochreous-yellow ; a fine costal streak, dilated towards base ; 
a streak in disc from near base to middle ; a large oblique triangular 
blotch on middle of costa, apex directed towards tornus and reaching % 
across wing ; an elongate mark along dorsum from 4 to ?; a narrow 
fascia round apical fourth of costa and termen to tornus, broadest at 
apex ; cilia ochreous-yellow, on termen fuscous. Hind-wings with 
subdorsal groove ; dark fuscous, lighter towards base and dorsum ; 
cilia whitish-fuscous with darker fuscous basal shade, at apex whitish. 


New GuINEA (Sariba IL); one specimen (Meek). 


the Genus Imma. 195 


68. J. chrysoplaca, n. sp. 


9. 19mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochreous-yellow ; 
terminal joint of palpi short ; posterior half of thorax purplish- 
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath yellowish. Fore-wings elon- 
gate, costa slightly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly 
rounded, hardly oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; purplish- 
fuscous, markings ochreous-yellow ; a small spot on base of costa, 
and a moderately large subtriangular spot on costa about middle, 
extreme costal edge between these yellow ; a moderate streak round 
apical fourth of costa and termen to near tornus, broadest at apex of 
wing, narrowed to extremities, extreme apical margin black ; cilia 
ochreous-yellow, at tornus fuscous. Hind-wings fuscous ; cilia pale 
fuscous, on upper half of termen whitish-ochreous. ; 


New GUINEA; one specimen. I think it not unlikely 
that this may be the other sex of the preceding species, 
but the differences are considerable, and at present I prefer 
to keep them separate. 


69. L. phalerata, n. sp. 


¢. 22 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, 
basal joint rather long, second joint excurved, terminal joint very 
short. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen dark 
fuscous, beneath ochreous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, 
costa gently arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little 
oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; rather dark ochreous- 
fuscous, with slight purple gloss, markings ochreous-yellow ; a 
narrow somewhat curved fascia from } of costa to 4 of dorsum, 
attenuated on lower half ; a moderate triangular spot on costa at 2, 
and an elongate spot on costa towards apex ; cilia fuscous, at apex 
paler and becoming pale yellow at base, Hind-wings dark fuscous ; 
a moderate longitudinal ochreous-whitish streak in disc from } to ?; 
cilia fuscous, with suffused ochreous-whitish apical patch. 


Assam (Khasi Hills); one specimen. 


70. L. epicomia, n. sp. 


g 9%. 23-25 mm. Head and thorax yellow, slightly sprinkled 
with fuscous. Palpi yellow, anterior edge and in 2 most of terminal 
joint fuscous, terminal joint rather more than half second. Antenne 
ochreous-yellow, Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath light ochreous- 


196 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


yellowish, in ¢ hairy towards base above, apparently with large 
genital tuft. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa 
gently arched, apex ronnded, termen somewhat rounded, little 
oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; yellow, sprinkled with 
brownish, costa narrowly and termen more broadly ochreous, terminal 
half in ? tinged with ochreous-orange ; a fuscous mark along basal 
fourth of dorsum ; a trisinuate dark grey line from middle of costa 
to % of dorsum, edged posteriorly with lilac suffusion except towards 
costa ; a curved series of undefined dark grey dots midway between 
this and termen, indented in middle, not reaching margins ; an irre- 
gular curved series of similar dots from a mark on costa before ? to 
tornus ; some very indistinct grey terminal dots ; cilia ochreous, with 
grey or dark grey subbasal line, and adark grey spot at apex. Hind- 
wings dark grey ; a whitish-ochreous streak above middle from base 
to end of cell, where it extends to lower angle ; cilia ochreous- 
whitish, with grey subbasal line and apical spot. 


SoLomoN ISLANDS (Choiseul, Florida); two specimens 
(Meel). 


71. LZ. mackwoodii, Moore. 
Davendra mackwoodvi, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ui, 520, pl. 
ecex1, 13. 
CEYLON. 
72. I. lithosioides, Moore. 
Moca lithosioides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, 372; Tortrico- 


morpha diphtherina, Meyr., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1905, 611. 


CryLon. This species varies very considerably in the 
development of the pale yellowish markings, and I am 
now satisfied that diphtherina is only a form of it. 


73. I. ergasia, Meyr. 


Tortricomorpha ergasia, Meyr., Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1905, 611. 


CEYLON. Described from §; the f (since received) has 
second joint of palpi laterally excurved, light ochreous- 
yellowish, anteriorly fuscous, terminal joint 4 of second ; 
abdomen without the median tufts of /ithosioides. 


the Genus Imma. 197 


74. 1. chlorosoma, n. sp. 


g.27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous mixed 
with pale ochreous, facial scales brushed upwards between antenne ; 
palpi with second joint excurved, terminal joint very short ; thorax 
beneath fore-wings with broad patch of long hairs directed backwards. 
Antenne dark fuscous, beneath pale ochreous, ciliations very short. 
Abdomen fuscous, becoming ochreous-whitish towards base, beneath 
whitish-ochreous, posteriorly with lateral fringe of dense rough 
scales. Fore-wings elongate, narrowed anteriorly, dilated posteriorly, 
costa posteriorly slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, 
little oblique ; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen ; dark purple-fuscous ; 
an ochreous-whitish basal patch, outer edge running from base of 
costa to } of dorsum, more ochreous towards costa ; very indistinct 
dots of ochreous suffusion on costa at 2 and 4 and before apex ; some 
slight ochreous suffusion towards tornus ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings 
with dorsal area clothed with dense long hairs; fuscous, becoming 
dark fuscous posteriorly ; a basal patch of white suffusion ; an 
irregular elongate-triangular patch of white suffusion in disc, on 
which lower margin of cell appears as a dark fuscous intersecting 
line ; cilia fuscous, becoming fuscous-whitish on dorsum. 


AssaM (Khasi Hills); one specimen. 


75. I. strepsizona, n. sp. 


@.26mm. Head whitish-ochreous, face more yellowish, hairs 
brushed upwards between antennz. Palpi light ochreous-yellowish, 
terminal joint very short. Antenne fuscous, basal joint whitish- 
ochreous. Thorax light ochreous-yellowish, sides sprinkled with 
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, beneath yellow-ochreous, on posterior 
half with dense lateral ridge of rough hairs. Fore-wings elongate, 
posteriorly much dilated, costa posteriorly gently arched, apex 
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to 
termen ; fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous and towards base with 
pale ochreous ; a small ochreous-yellowish basal spot beneath costa : 
two suffused pale ochreous-yellowish tranverse streaks enclosing a 
moderate fascia of ground colour partially mixed with pale yellowish, 
running from middle of costa to # of dorsum, above middle constricted 
and with streaks twice confluent ; wing beyond this fascia wholly 
blackish-fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, base ochreous-whitish at apex. 
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish with a fuscous 
patch on middle of termen, basal half dark fuscous. 


CELEBES; one specimen, 


198 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


76. Z. aeluropis, n. sp. 


¢.25mm. Head, palpi, and antenne light brownish, terminal 
joint of palpi short. Thorax brown. Abdomen fuscous, beneath 
whitish-ochreous, hairy above towards base. Fore-wings elongate, 
posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen 
rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to termen; rather 
dark ochreous-fuscous, slightly purplish-tinged ; small indistinct 
spots of pale ochreous suffusion on costa before middle, before #, 
and at apex ; an oblong pale ochreous patch extending on dorsum 
from middle to tornus and reaching nearly half across wing, suffused 
above ; cilia fuscous. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous. 


Borneo (Sandakan); one specimen in British Museum 
(Pryer). 


77. I. albofascia, Feld. 


Tortricomorpha albofascia, Feld., Sitzb. Ak. Wien. 1861, 
43 ; Reis. Nov. pl. eviii, 2. 


3d 9. 22-23 mm. Head fuscous mixed with whitish, face suffused 
with whitish. Palpi fuscous-whitish, with dark fuscous anterior 
and lateral stripes, basal joint somewhat elongate, second joint 
rather short, terminal somewhat more than half second. Antenne 
fuscous. Thorax fuscous irrorated with dark fuscous, patagia edged 
with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen fuscous, beneath ochreous-whitish. 
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently 
arched, apex rounded, termen almost straight, rather oblique ; 7 and 
8 stalked, 8 to apex ; fuscous, sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a patch 
of dark fuscous suffusion extending along costa from base to § and 
reaching % across wing, terminated posteriorly by a tornal blotch of 
whitish suffusion obscurely extended towards apex (but this blotch 
is sometimes almost obsolete) ; an almost marginal series of ochreous- 
whitish marks round apex and tornus; cilia fuscons mixed with 
dark fuscous, with a pale basal line. Hind-wings dark fuscous ; 
cilia grey, with darker basal line. 


CEYLON (Uva), 8S. Inp1A (Belgaum) ; according to Felder 
from Amboina. 


78. J. stlbiota, Low. 


Tortricomorpha stilbiota, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 
1903, 69. 


QUEENSLAND. Not known to me. 


the Genus Imma. 199 


79. I, lichenopa, Low. 


Tortricomorpha lichenopa, Low., Trans. Roy. Soc. S. 
Austr. 1903, 69 (misprinted lichneopa), 


QUEENSLAND. Not known to me, 


80. L. chlorolepis, Wals. 
Tortricomorpha chlorolepis, Wals., Mon. Christm. Isl. 78. 


CHRISTMAS IsLAND. Not known to me; it is however 
clearly allied to the preceding species, these two being 
very different from anything else. 


81. L. tyrocnista, n. sp. 


3-2. 33-35 mm. Head and thorax dark purplish-fuscous 
sprinkled with whitish-ochreous, thorax posteriorly in ¢ with one 
large spot, in 9 with two smaller spots of raised darker modified 
scales, surrounded with paler scales. Palpi dark slaty-fuscous, 
second joint internally and on upper longitudinal half pale 
yellowish, terminal joint extremely short. Antenne dark fuscous. 
Abdomen fuscous,in ¢ with basal half clothed with long hairs, 
and with large white exsertible genital tuft, beneath pale ochreous- 
yellowish. Fore-wings elongate, dilated, costa gently arched, apex 
obtuse, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 stalked, 8 to 
termen ; dark purplish-fuscous, irregularly strewn with whitish- 
ochreous scales ; small indistinct cloudy dark fuscous spots in disc 
at +, and before and beyond middle ; a cloudy spot of pale irroration 
on costa at 2 ; a terminal series of pale ochreous connected lunulate 
marks alternating with cloudy dark fuscous dots; cilia fuscous, 
with darker basal shade. Hind-wings dark fuscous, rather lighter 
anteriorly ; cilia fuscous, tips whitish. 


ANDAMAN ISLANDS; two specimens (Swinhoe); also 
three in British Museum. 


82. I. chasmatica, n. sp. 


2. 31-33 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous, apex of 
second and terminal joints pale yellowish, terminal joint half 
second. Antennie and abdomen dark fuscous. Fore-wings elongate- 
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, 
apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, hardly oblique; 7 and 8 
stalked, 8 to costa; fuscous finely sprinkled with blackish, with 


200 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


some obscure pale strigulie, especially on costa anteriorly ; a blackish 
streak beneath costa from near base to near middle, interrupted by 
pale strigule ; an undefined blackish line along submedian fold 
almost throughout ; an undefined irregular blackish streak in disc 
from + to termen, posteriorly split into three more or less marked 
branches on veins, interrupted by a suffused whitish-ochreous dot 
at 3; veins towards costa before apex and towards tornus more or 
less marked with blackish ; a small apical spot of pale ochreous suf- 
fusion ; cilia fuscous, sometimes blackish-mixed, tips suffused with 
light ochreous. Hind-wings dark grey ; cilia grey. Under surface 
of fore-wings with a well-defined pale yellowish apical spot. 


SIKKIM, AssAM; four specimens, 


83. L. nephelastra, n. sp. 


¢. 18mm. Head dark fuscous, orbits and face ochreous-whitish. 
Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint externally fuscous, terminal joint 
imperceptible (concealed or aborted). Antenne dark fuscous, basal 
joint long, thick, tufted in front. Thorax dark fuscous, shoulders 
obscurely edged with pale ochreous (partly defaced). Abdomen 
dark fuscous. Middle tibie thickened with long dense hairs above. 
Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly gently 
arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique; 7 and 8 
separate, 8 to costa ; blackish-fuscous, markings pale ochreous, cloudy 
and ill-defined ; a short longitudinal streak from base in middle ; a 
small spot beneath costa at }, and one on dorsum at $; an incurved 
transverse spot in disc at 41, nearly reaching costa but not nearly 
dorsum ; a moderate roundish spot on costa beyond middle, another 
towards dorsum at 3, and a third in dise at 3; a narrower transverse 
spot on costa at 4, very indistinct marks above tornus and towards 
middle of termen ; cilia ochreous-whitish, basal third dark fuscous. 
Hind-wings dark fuscous, more thinly scaled towards base, with two 
or three undefined semitransparent streaks towards dorsum ; cilia 
as in fore-wings, at apex and!tornus becoming fuscous. 


BoRNEO; one specimen, This species presents a com- 
bination of characters, which makes it difficult to determine 
its true position in the genus. 


84. I. pardalina, Walk. 
Gyrtona pardalina, Walk. xxvii, 91. 


d. 20-21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown mixed with fuscous. 
Palpi whitish-ochreous, anteriorly fuscous-tinged, terminal joint 


the Genus Imma. 201 


imperceptible. Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint elongated and 
enlarged, with dense projecting tuft of scales anteriorly. Thorax and 
abdomen fuscous. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa 
slightly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique ; 
7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa, 11 curved and approximated to 12; 
fuscous ; submedian fold forming a whitish-ochreous groove towards 
base, terminating in a small basal spot of raised whitish-ochreous 
scales ; median area forming a very indefinite ochreous-whitish band, 
anterior edge running from about 2 of costa to before middle of dor- 
sum, acutely triangular-prominent above middle and indented above 
and below this, on lower half preceded by dark reddish-fuscous 
suffusion, posterior edge from about } of costa to 3 of dorsum, unde- 
fined ; within this band are a semioval cloudy dark fuscous spot on 
middle of costa and a longitudinal blackish-fuscous sometimes inter- 
rupted mark in disc, strongly hooked upwards at posterior extremity ; 
posterior area reddish-tinged and finely irrorated with blackish- 
fuscous, with a submarginal series of irregular brownish-ochreous 
triangular marks ; cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line, towards 
tornus whitish. Hind-wings with subdorsal groove; dark fuscous, 
somewhat lighter towards base ; cilia fuscous, with darker basal line. 


BorNEO, SINGAPORE, SELANGOR. I have redescribed 
this species, as Walker’s description is unrecognizable. It 
is closely allied to velutina, but differs structurally by the 
elongate basal joint of antenne, and relatively shorter and 
broader fore-wings ; in velutina also the palpi are largely 
marked with dark fuscous. 


85. J. velutina, Walk. 
Moca velutina, Walk. xxvii, 102. 


CEYLON. 
86. LI. nephallactis, n. sp. 


g 9. 17-20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous sometimes suffusedly 
mixed with whitish, shoulders and sometimes patagia streaked with 
black and whitish-ochreous, more sharply in ¢. Palpi white, 
second joint with broad dark fuscous median band, terminal joint 
short, dark fuscous except apex. Antenne grey. Abdomen fuscous, 
apex sometimes white, beneath white. Fore-wings elongate, pos- 
teriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, 
somewhat oblique ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; grey or fuscous 
sometimes variably sprinkled or suffused with white, in one speci- 
men strongly violet-tinged; a black variably interrupted line 


202 Mr, E. Meyrick on 


beneath costa from base to middle, edged beneath anteriorly by a 
fine pale yellowish line ; a dark fuscous or blackish costal spot at 4, 
and sometimes one near base, sometimes confluent ; a thick irregular 
dentate dark fuscous line from this spot, not reaching dorsum, 
usually cut by a fine white line on submedian fold ; a dark fuscous 
or blackish transverse mark in disc at 4, terminating beneath in a 
round suffused spot, and two spots on costa before middle and at 3 
separated by a white space, the whole sometimes merged into a large 
semioval dark fuscous costal blotch reaching # across wing ; two or 
three dark fuscous subdorsal marks; a series of dark fuscous or 
blackish marks from + of costa to tornus, angulated above middle, 
where there is a larger spot, and sometimes a dark fuscous streak 
running from discal mark through angle to termen ; a waved-dentate 
pale terminal line, preceded by a dark fuscous shade ; cilia fuscous, 
with a darker basal line, sometimes barred with whitish. Hind- 
wings rather darker posteriorly, especially in ¢; cilia asin fore-wings. 


VENEZUELA (Ciudad Bolivar); eighteen specimens, A 
variable species. 


87. I. cuneata, n. sp. 


d 2. 22-23 mm. Head pale brownish, lower part of face white. 
Palpi fuscous, basal joint white, second joint relatively short, white 
at base and apex, terminal joint somewhat more than half second, 
obtuse. Antenne dark fuscous, with a streak of whitish scales. 
Thorax brownish irrorated with whitish, in ¢ beneath laterally tufted 
with hairs. Abdomen fuscous, beneath whitish-brown. Fore-wings 
elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate before 
middle, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 separate, 
8 to costa ; whitish, more or less suffusedly irrorated with purplish- 
brown ; markings very deep brown; a very oblique acute wedge- 
shaped mark from costa near base, limited anteriorly by a vertical 
white line from costa to fold ; a small spot on costa at 4, almost 
connected with a transverse elongate-triangular spot in dise beyond 
1; a semioval spot on costa before middle; some irregular spots 
towards dorsum ; a transverse I-shaped mark in disc at 3, beneath 
which is an irregular patch of dark suffusion ; an elongate blotch ex- 
tending from near discal mark to near termen, crossed by a streak of 
undefined suffusion from ? of costa to tornus ; a pale waved terminal 
line, preceded by a series of suffused dark dots ; cilia fuscous, with 
indications of whitish bars beneath apex and towards tornus. Hind- 
wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with darker basal line. 


BRAZIL, COLUMBIA; two specimens in British Museum. 


the Genus Imma. 203 


88. I. metachlora, n. sp. 


Q. 27 mm. Head brownish, lower margin of face white. Palpi 
fuscous, basal joint white, second joint relatively short, base and 
apex whitish, terminal joint rather more than half seeond, obtuse. 
Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark brown, sprinkled with whitish. 
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish-brown, Fore-wings elon- 
gate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, 
somewhat oblique; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa ; brown irregularly 
irrorated with pale grey, markings very dark brown ; an irregular 
transverse spot on middle of costa, costal edge beyond this ochreous- 
white for a short distance ; two small spots transversely placed in 
disc at #, between which is an X-shaped pale suffusion ; a short 
contorted linear mark beneath middle of dise ; an irregular subter- 
minal fascia from beneath apex to tornus ; a terminal series of small 
subconfluent spots ; cilia brown, above tornus with an ochreous- 
white patch. Hind-wings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, with dark 
fuscous basal line. 


One specimen in British Museum without locality, but 
certainly South American, probably from Brazil. 


89. I. thymora, n. sp. 


4 9. 21-22 mm. Head brown, face mostly ochreous-whitish, 
Palpi dark fuscous, basal and second joints anteriorly ochreous- 
whitish, terminal joint very short, obtuse. Antenne dark fuscous. 
Thorax dark brown, streaked with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen 
dark fuscous, beneath whitish-brown. Fore-wings elongate, posteri- 
orly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, 
rather oblique ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa; dark brown, slightly 
reddish-tinged, strewn with small irregular ill-defined whitish- 
ochreous spots, nearly obsolete on apical area beyond an irregular 
angulated series from costa beyond middle to dorsum before tornus ; 
a terminal series of pale dots; cilia fuscous, darker towards base. 
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia grey, with dark fuscous basal line. 


Brazit (Ega); two specimens in British Museum. 


90. I, cincta, Druce. 


Eustrotia cincta, Druce, Biol, Centr. Amer. ii, 495, pl. 
xev, 20, 


GUATEMALA. 
TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1906,—-PART II. (SEPYr.) 14 


204 Mr. E. Meyrick on 


91. ZI. ciniata, Druce. 


Thalpochares ciniata, Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. 11. 497, 
pl. xev, 23. 


PANAMA. 
92. I. cancanopis, n. sp. 


¢ ?. 25-26 mm. Head grey, face white. Palpi white, second 
joint with a broad dark grey median band narrowed anteriorly, 
terminal joint half second, obtuse, grey. Antenne grey. Thorax 
dark grey, somewhat mixed with ochreous-whitish. Abdomen dark 
fuscous, beneath pale brownish. Posterior tibiz and basal joint of 
tarsi in ¢ with brushes of dense hairs beneath. Fore-wings elongate, 
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather 
obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 separate, 8 to costa ; purplish-fuscous, 
more purplish in ¢, irregularly sprinkled with blue-grey-whitish, 
with dark fuscous streaks on veins broken up into short dashes 
arranged in irregular transverse series ; the whitish irroration tends 
to form series of undefined marks between these; a black dash 
beneath costa from base, edged beneath with ochreous-white; a pale 
waved terminal line, preceded by indistinct dark dots ; cilia fuscous. 
Hind-wings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous. 


CoLUMBIA, CAYENNE; three specimens in British Museum. 


93. L. chloromelalis, Walk. 
Aglossa chloromelalis, Walk. xxxiv, 1249. 


Brazit. Not known to me; Sir George Hampson writes 
“palpi with second joint shorter than usual, terminal as 
long as second ; hind-wings with veins 3 and 4 approxi- 
mated; characters otherwise as in Jmma.” 


94. 7. boeta, Druce. 
Thalpochares boeta, Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. 11, 497, 
pl. xev, 24. 
PANAMA. 
95. L. quadrivittana, Walk. 
Gauris quadrivittana, Walk. xxviii, 417. 


Brazit. Not known to me; Sir George Hampson informs 
me that the head of the type is missing, and veins 6 and 7 
of hind-wings are coincident ; other characters apparently 
as in /mma. 


the Genus Imma. 205 


LOXOTROCHIS, n. g. 


Head with appressed scales; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. 
Antenne (partly broken) in ¢ rather strongly ciliated, basal joint 
short, stout. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint 
thickened with dense scales, laterally compressed, somewhat excurved, 
terminal joint very short, thick, pointed. Maxillary palpi absent. 
Posterior tibiae smooth-scaled. Fore-wings with 1b furcate, 2 from 
towards angle, 3 and 4 approximated, 7 and 8 out of 9, 7 to apex, 10 
out of 9 below 7, 11 from beyond middle. Hind-wings 1, oblong- 
ovate, cilia}; 3 and 4 stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked. 


This seems to be allied to /mma, yet it is very distinct ; 
the characteristic palpi are quite similar, but the neuration 
is altogether different, yet such that it might be a 
derivative of Jmma. 


I. sepias, n. sp. 


" @. 28mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax fuscous. (Abdo- 
men broken.) Fore-wings elongate, gradually dilated, costa 
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen rather obliquely rounded ; 
rather dark fuscous, veins obscurely paler ; cilia fuscous, Hind- 
wings dark grey, with a faint purplish tinge; cilia grey. 


New Hesripes (Espiritu Santo); one specimen in 
British Museum. . 


PALAMERNIS, . g. 


Head with appressed scales; ocelli very large; tongue short. 
Antenne %, in ¢ stout, simple, basal joint short, without pecten. 
Labial palpi moderate, obliquely ascending, second joint thickened 
with appressed scales, terminal joint short (4), thick, hardly pointed. 
Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibize with appressed scales, in 
¢ with a pencil of long hairs from before middle above. Fore-wings 
with vein 1b long-furcate, 2-10 near and equidistant, 7 to apex, 11 
from 3, no secondary cell. Hind-wings over 1, ovate, cilia +; 2 and 
3 stalked from lower angle of cell, 4-7 tolerably parallel. 


This curious form is apparently allied to Zmma and 
Brachodes, but very distinct from either; the neuration of 
hind-wings is quite unique. 


206 Mr. E. Meyrick on the Genus Iimina. 


P. canonitis, n. sp. 


gd. 22-24 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, somewhat whitish- 
mixed, thorax beneath with a fringe of projecting flat white scales 
between middle and posterior legs. Palpi fuscous, whitish beneath 
and towards base. Antennze dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, 
segmental margins whitish. Fore-wings elongate, costa gently arched, 
apex rounded-obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded ; brownish or 
pale fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous; submedian fold sometimes 
obscurely whitish from base to middle ; cilia light fuscous. Hind- 
wings rather dark fuscous, lighter anteriorly, sometimes with obscure 
streak of whitish suffusion from base to middle of disc; cilia whitish- 
fuscous with darker basal line, towards tips whitish. 


HIMALAYA (Simla); two specimens in May (Major C. G. 
Nurse). 


(207.9 


XII. Some bionomic notes on Butterflies from the Victoria 
Nyanza. By 8S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc, F.E.S., 
Magdalen College, Oxford. 


[Read June 6th, 1906. ] 
Prates IX—XIL. 


THE following notes on the bionomics of African butterflies 
mainly refer to the large collection recently sent to the 
Hope Department, Oxford University Museum, by Mr. C. 
A. Wiggins, M.R.C.S., F.E.S., etc., etc. This magnificent 
collection, with excellent data, has already been described 
in Nov. Zool. vol. xi, pp. 323-363, 1904. 

A further large and important collection from the same 
region, made by Mr. A. H. Harrison, has also been made 
use of to some extent. Where numbers are given, they 
generally refer to Mr. Wiggins’ collection only. 

The district whence these specimens come proves itself 
to be of peculiar interest to students of geographical dis- 
tribution. It is here that we have a great commingling 
of Eastern and Western forms. In the list of specimens 
in the paper above referred to will be found records of 
such species as Elymnias phegea, Fabr., Bicyclus iccius, Hew., 
many species of Planema, Huxanthe crossleyi, Charaxes 
zingha, Cram., to mention only a few, all of which until a 
few years ago were thought to be species confined to the 
tropical West Coast of Africa. These are mingled among 
many truly East African forms. 

As willbe seen later, A.niavius and dominicanus, originally 
described as distinct species and subsequently considered 
distinct forms, are now shown to form a syngamic group. 
This extension of the Western fauna to E. Central 
Africa is most probably due to the extension eastward of 
dense forest land, similar to that on or near the western 
tropical coast. The climate on or near the equator has 
apparently much less defined wet and dry seasons, resulting 
in a humid atmosphere and equable temperature more 
suitable to the growth of dense vegetation. 

This absence of well-defined wet and dry seasons has a 
marked effect on the seasonal forms in the Lepidoptera of 
the country, well-marked seasonal characters being relatively 
scarce. In studying the mimetic groups in such a large 


TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1906,—PART Il. (SEPT.) 


208 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic 


number of specimens there are to be found many points 
of interest. We can hardly fail to notice that nearly every 
species which exists in large numbers (and has therefore 
been successful in the struggle for existence) almost in- 
variably forms the model for other species, or itself exhibits 
Miillerian mimicry with other abundant and distasteful 
species. In some cases it is true a few models, viz. 
certain species of Planema, were only taken in very small 
numbers, but when we see that their mimics (spp. of 
Pseudacrewa) were also equally scarce, it is allowable to 
suppose that either owing to their retirmg habits or some 
other such cause these species were overlooked, or that the 
collection was made near the edge only of their area of 
distribution. 


Association of Amauris echeria jacksoni, Sharpe, and A. 
albimaculata, Butler, with A. psyttalea f. damoclides, Staud. 


On examining a large series of both Amauris echeria 
and A. albimaculata, which, as Messrs. Rothschild and 
Jordan * have recently pointed out, are clearly distinct 
species, I was much struck with the difference between the 
Victoria Nyanza specimens and those from Southern Africa. 

The echeria specimens have long since been described by 
Miss Sharpe as A. jacksoni,t a distinct species, but are 
doubtless not more than a geographical race of A. echeria. 

The albimaculata specimens are extremely like, if not 
identical with A. hanningtona of Butler,t which is also 
only a form of albimaculata. I shall endeavour to show 
that both these forms differ from typical South African 
ones in a common direction, and that these differences are 
due to the presence of A. psyttalea, bringing all three 
species into a clearly marked synaposematic group. 

The Uganda specimens of both species, more especi- 
ally the 29, bear a marked general resemblance to 
A. psyttalea damoclides, Staud. The chief character by 
which this resemblance is obtained seems to be the 
markedly greater average size and roundness of the spot 
within the discoidal cell of the fore wing. I have there- 
fore measured both the length and breadth of this spot 
in a number of specimens from South Africa, East Africa, 
and Uganda. 

The results are appended in the following table :— 


* Nov. Zool, x, p. 504. t P. ZS. 1891, p. 633, 
t P ZS. 1888, p. 91. 


209 


| hong Yee 942 fo) vnuly “AT 


WM ZOT ° “mM ET's * Z¢ °, ‘Joyng ‘vp NopWIQW' Pp * “WU ETT ° “WU 9Z°g 
‘(ododuay ayn fog) vif ‘gy 
| "yy pLarg ‘yque'T "ygprelg ‘ypu 


"ASBIOAR *painsva “oSBldAB 
qods re[nt[eooosiq suguueds Jo ‘ON yods en] [eoos I(T 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 


‘opyng ‘“wuophuvuuny ‘adaeyg 
“WU ZES'Z MUI eGge * Be °° + * DMNODWIQW Pp * “WU FOL * ‘WU LPGe* Bs “wosyow! mrsayoa “7 
‘peunliry wri.0oprg 949 fo N pun Af 
| ‘ropyng ‘vwopbuiwuny ‘adaeyg 
| ‘OUI gey'T ‘mu Oge’e * 0 ° °° * DIMNODUNGQW'F ‘Wor eZGT * ‘mU ETOP’ Gg “uosyovl mrisayoo “Fr 
‘nzUviNT muojry 9y) fo-a'N pun 7 
| ‘repng ‘wuophurwupy 
04 ayerpommszoyut “f ‘adreqg 
| ‘WU gel * ‘wMmgee * Gg * * * * DwmonUmgn-p * “WU OFT * ‘MU eye * ¢ * “uosyonl visayoa “W 


" BI * * “Tog “ortayoa “vy 


*pornseaul 
susti1oads JO ‘ON 


210 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomic 


It is therefore fairly safe to say, even considering the 
comparatively small number of specimens measured, that 
there has been a marked increase in the size of this spot 
as we advance northward along the East Coast, and thence 
turn westward to the apparent limit of the area of dis- 
tribution of the species. In addition to this increase in 
area of the spot, which is common to both species, it is 
fairly evident from the above table that there is an increase 
of a peculiar kind, the spot becoming distinctly more 
circular in shape as we proceed westward. As will be 
seen from the table, the ratio of breadth to length is 
appreciably greater in both species west of the Lake than 
east of it. In A. albimaculata this progressive increase 
occurs aS we come up from the south, as well as from 
east to west. 

Other poimts of superficial resemblance which both 
species share, are greater expanse of wings and much 
better development of submarginal spotting on the hind 
wing. As might be expected, the resemblance in the ? ? 
is markedly closer than in the ~ ¢. The 2 specimen of 
albimaculata from Toro, figured, shows this resemblance in 
an astonishing manner, and has the additional character- 
istic of the pale buff area at the base of the hind wing 
being somewhat diffused. This resemblance becomes all 
the more significant when we remember that 4. psyttalea 
does not occur in South Africa, while it is a very dominant 
species in Uganda, and also occurs, but not so commonly, 
in British East Africa. I have not had an opportunity of 
comparing numbers of specimens of 4. psyttalea from the 
east and west shores of the Lake, but it is undoubtedly 
very common, and occurs in the Wiggins collection from 
every locality except the more open plains. 

This clear influence that the presence of one species has 
had upon two other closely allied ones (all being highly 
distasteful), seems to be one of the most striking examples 
of Miillerian mimicry that it is possible to imagine. 

The specimens of A. psyttalea are themselves remarkably 
interesting, the species being apparently in rather an 
upstable condition. The majority of the specimens, 
especially from the more eastern localities, are of the form 
damoclides, Staud., but a number from the north-west of 
the Lake are typical A. psyttalea, Plotz, from the tropical 
Atlantic Coast. These specimens, which are accompanied 
by many intermediates, are distinguished from .A. psyttalea 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 211 


damoclides by a reduced pale area at the base of, and the 
absence of submarginal spots on the hind wing, giving 
them a marked general resemblance to western forms 
such as A. damocles, Beauv. (non Fabr.), and hecate, Butler. 
A. hecate does itself occur sparingly on the shores of the 
Lake ; as also another species allied to it, viz., the recently- 
described A. dasa, mihi (2).* In this species all the white 
markings and (especially the pale area at the base of the 
hind wings) are even more reduced than in hecate. 

The above is a striking case of a species acting as a 
model, at one and the same time as certain individuals of 
it are being attracted into another group. This compli- 
cated condition of mimetic association in which a species 
is both model and mimic at the same time is well known 
to be paralleled in the Neotropical region, where we find 
similar but still more complicated instances among the 
Danainx, Heliconine and [thomiine. 

The specimens of Amauris niavius, Linn., are also deeply 
interesting. Whilst the specimens taken west and north- 
west of the Lake (with one exception from Entebbe which 
is intermediate in character) are all A. niavius niavius, 
the typical western forms, those from the north-eastern 
shores numbering about thirty specimens are nearly fifty 
per cent. of them intermediate to A. niavius dominicanus, 
which occurs at Mombasa. 

The two chief points of distinction in the latter form 
are the greater extent of all the white areas and spots on 
both wings. The spot within the cell and subapical bar 
of the fore wing, together with the white basal area of the 
hind wing, are especially larger. In A. siavius niavius 
the discocellular spot is evanescent, and the white basal 
area of the hind wing seldom even reaches the extremity 
of the cell. 

The specimens above mentioned occurring from the 
east of the Lake are remarkably intermediate in respect 
of these characters. The discocellular spot is well marked 
but not so large as in dominicanus. The subapical white 
bar is broader than in niavius, but not so broad as in 
dominicanus. The basal white area of the hind wing 
extends well beyond the extremity of the cell, but not 
nearly so far as it does in dominicanus. 

The two instances above of two geographical forms of a 
species meeting and appearing in an intermediate form on 

* Loc. cit. p. 324. 


212 Mr. S. A. Neave: some bionomie 


the confluent edges of their distribution is of remarkable 
interest.* It should help to impress upon systematists 
the importance of carefully considering the question of 
geographical races of species before making new species 
on slight differences. 


Mimetic Groups witH DANAINE MODELS. 


The black and white Amauris niavius, Linn., forms the 
model for an important group of butterflies of many families. 
It is evidently very abundant on the shores of the Lake. 
There are 118 specimens in the Wiggins Collection. 


The group comprises :— 


Huralia anthedon, Doub. et Hew. (14). 

Hypolimnas monteironis, Druce (4 f 2, 3 2 2), of which 
the ¢ only is mimetic. 

Papilio dardanus 9, f. hippocoon, Fabr. (8), mostly from 
the eastern side of the Lake. The # f of dardanus (46) 
were common nearly everywhere. 

Hlymnias bammakoo, Westw. (7), all from the Western 
districts. 


In all these forms the resemblance to the model is 
remarkably good, the distribution of white markings on a 
black or dusty ground faithfully follows those of the model 
and differs in much the same way from the South and Kast 
African mimics (HZ. wahlbergi, P. cenea, hippocoonoides, etc.) 
of A. niavius dominicanus as the two models do from 
each other, 

The ¢ 2 of Planema godmani, Butler (2), with the recently 
described Pseudacrea tirikensis, mihi (3), resembling it in 
an astonishing manner, form a subsidiary black and white 
group within the larger assembly having niavius as its 
model, This is, perhaps, especially the case when the 
insects are on the wing. At rest the Planema, and the 
Pseudacrea closely following its model, present the 
character so common in the larger Ethiopian Acreine 
of a black-spotted chocolate-brown triangle at the base of 
the hind wing on the under surface. The influence of this 
character on other forms and of other forms on it has 


* Professor Poulton has already called attention to the case of 
A. niavius in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society 
1904. Trans, Ent, Soc. 1908, p. xciv, 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 213 


already been considered by Professor Poulton.* He points 
out the great influence which the Papilios of the zenobia 
group have had in respect of this character. 

It is interesting to note that this group of Papilios is 
well represented in the collection, comprising the following 
species :— 


P. homeyeri, Plotz. ; . 39 specimens. 
P. cynorta, Fabr. ‘ , 8 - 
P. peculiaris, Neave . : 1 é: 
P. zenobia, Fabr. 4 ; 49 4 


P. gallienus, f. whitnalli, Neave 6 


As Professor Poulton has pointed out, Joc. cit. p. 489, in 
P. gallienus and its allies, the basal patch is very large and 
is traversed by black lines instead of spots, a character not 
occurring in Planema. In the other species the area is 
smaller and the lines replaced by spots. This condition 
reaches its extreme in P. peculiaris, mihi 2, which, as will 
shortly be shown, is an extraordinarily close mimic of 
Planema paragea, Grose-Smith. P. homeyert is also remark- 
able for the fact that the colour of this patch is more 
chocolate-brown in colour instead of golden-brown as in 
other species. In this respect it approaches P. godmani 
and P. tirikensis mentioned above. 

Neptis agatha, Stoll (47), and its allies may also be not 
improbably members of this group. This species exhibits 
in common with other species of the Ethiopian region a 
concentration of the white markings on both wings, as 
Professor Poulton has already pointed out,t in contrast to 
the broken character of these markings in Oriental species. 
The flight of these species is also singularly slow and 
floating when undisturbed and much like that species of 
Planema and black and white Amauris. 

The variable A. psyttalea, Plotz (81), from many localities 
was accompanied by its equally variable mimic Hypolimnas 
dubius, Pal. (9), in the more western localities. 


AMAURIS ECHERIA GROUP. 


Owing to their extremely close resemblance, A. echeria 
Jjacksont, Sharpe, and A. albimaculata hanningtoni, Butler, 


* Trans. Ent. Soc, 1902, p. 488, 
+ Loc. cit. p. 467, 


214 Mr. S. A. Neave: some lionomic 


may be conveniently taken as the same model. They 
both seem common in nearly every locality except the 
more exposed and open plains. There were 176 specimens 
from various localities in the two collections, but Mr. 
Wiggins speaks of them as his “ pet aversion,” explaining 
that “they were enormously abundant. The best mimics 
of these species in the collection are :— 


Euralia mima, Trim. (16), mostly from the west shore of 
the Lake. 

Papilio homeyeri, Plotz, 36 ff and 3 2, of which the 
latter only are mimetic. 

Papilio dardanus 9, f. cenea, Stoll. 


This form of the @ did not occur in the Wiggins 
collection, but there are three specimens in the Harrison 
coll. from Nyangori, near the north-east shore of the 
Lake. 

As Professor Poulton has pointed out, loc. cit. p. 485, 
there isa very remarkable secondary resemblance between 
these mimics. The @ of P. homeyeri, which does not occur 
in the group mentioned by him, further bears this out, 
having an actually closer resemblance to Huralia mima 
than to Amauwris echeria itself. There are also in the collec- 
tion some other less good mimics of A. echeria lying on 
the outskirts of the group, comprising :—Hypolimnas 
dinarcha, Hew., the forms of Pseudacrea lueretia, and a 
number of the smaller Acrwas such as A. ser vona, Godm., 
A. circeis, Dewitz, A.oreas, Sharpe, and its form albimaculata, 
and especially A. johnstoni, f. flavescens. Neptis woodwarda, 
Sharpe, also comes into the same group. 

For a full account of the convergence between many 
species of Acrea, including most of the above-mentioned, 
and species of Amauris, see Professor Poulton’s paper, read 
before Section D of the British Association at Toronto, 


1897.* : 
LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS GROUP 


Fy chrysippus, L, (342) and Hypolimnas misippus, 
L. (160), were abundant in every locality. They were 
somewhat less numerous in forest districts. 
Acrexa encedon, L. (442), was also very common every- 
where. 
* Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1897, pp. 688-91. 


L. chrysippus chrysippus 136. H.misippus @ mistppus .55. A. encedon, f. encedon 164 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 215 


Table of forms of above species. 


- ee, a ayows Q alcippotdes 7. 5 4,  alcippina 
is * lycia . 

3 dortppus 163. ,, 5 CORE 5 6 BO, Ay Fr datra. 

es albinus LS ee of  dortppordes 6. 


It is evident from the above numbers that Mr. Wiggins 
did not think it worth while to send many f ¢ of misippus. 
Consequently the true proportion of the occurrence of this 
species is not obtainable. Two specimens of a new dAcrea, 
both 2 (A. wigginsii, mihi), exhibit a remarkable syna- 
posematic resemblance to A. encedon and indirectly to ZL. 
chrysippus. The species is allied to and intermediate in 
many respects between A. bomba, Grose-Smith, and A. 
anacreontica, Grose-Smith. It differs from both these 
species in possessing a subapical white bar. This being 
probably a mimetic and not an ancestral character it is 
possible that the ¢ 2, not yet known, may not have it. 


TIRUMALA PETIVERANA GROUP. 


The black and green Tirwmala limniace petiverana, Dbl. 
and Hew. (67), an abundant species, was taken in five 
different localities. 

Of its mimic Papilio leonidas, Fabr., eight specimens 
were collected. Also two specimens of Huaxanthe crossleyr 
ansorgei, R. and J., which is probably an outlying member 
of the group. 

Melinda formosa, Godm., and AM. mercedonia, Karsch, 
with the mimetic Papilio rex, Oberth. (hitherto considered 
the mimic of the Danaine), occur in both collections and 
are of considerable interest. Their distribution is as 
follows— 


N.E. SHORE. N.W. SHORE. 
M. formosa . 90 specimens. — 
M. mercedoma . 5 2 . 36 specimens. 


Nyangori, a few miles north-east of the Lake shore, is 
apparently the eastern boundary of JZ. mercedonia, and 
from this locality come all the five specimens recorded 
above, West and north-west of the Lake mercedonia is 


516 Mr. 8. A. Neave: some bronomic 


common, and formosa does not seem to occur. There is, 
strange to say, not a single 2 amongst all the specimens 
of mercedonia and only four of formosa. 

The specimens of Papilio rex, eight 2 and two 2? 2, 
in the Wiggins and Harrison collections all come from 
Nyangori, and are very remarkable. Only two ¢f are 
fairly typical rex; the other specimens especially the ? 2 
are markedly intermediate between P. rex and P. 
mimeticus, Rothsch. The latter species, it will be remem- 
bered, bears a strong resemblance to JZ. mercedonia. The 
intermediate characters are shown in the reduction in size 
of the spots, and in the extension of red-brown colour over 
the hind wings. 

This fact becomes of great importance when we recollect 
that normal specimens of P. rex occur on the Kikuyu 
escarpment to the east, while the only specimen of 
mimeticus at present known comes from Msaromsaro north- 
west of the Lake. It is therefore of very great interest 
that, at the place where both species of Danaines do occur 
the Papilio should be intermediate in appearance between 
them; further, that where mercedonia exists apparently 
alone to the west of the Lake the mimeticus form should 
only be found; to the east, where formosa only occurs, 
rex should be the only form. All three species were 
captured at the same time of the year. 


Millerian Association of Danaines and Papilios. 


In studying the last two groups one cannot fail to be 
struck with the fact that the mimicry has not all been on 
the side of the Papilios. 

In the first place the widely distributed Zirumala 
petiverana, Dbl. and Hew., may safely be regarded as the 
ancestral form of the three Danaine members of the 
group. It extends nearly all over tropical Africa in the 
more wooded districts, and can only be considered a 
geographical race of 7. limniace, so common in _ the 
Oriental region. Ethiopian specimens are of interest in 
exhibiting amongst other differences a distinct shade of 
reddish-brown on the under-side toward the base of the 
fore wing, Melinda mercedonia, Karsch., and JM. formosa, 
Godm., on the other hand, are specialized forms with a 
comparatively small and local distribution. In addition to 
their striking red and reddish-brown colour, they differ 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 217 


from 7. petiverana in the greater length of the fore wings 
and in the possession of pale sulphur-yellow areas at the base 
of the hind wings only interrupted by dark crossing nervures. 
M. formosa neumannt, Rothsch., from Abyssinia is of great 
interest, and differs in several significant particulars from 
typical formosa. 

These differential characters are— 


(a) Shghtly shorter fore wings. 

(8) The presence of a V-shaped mark of pale yellow 
between the median nervure and first median 
nervule near their junction. 

(y) The brown colour of the fore wing is darker and 
less extensive. 


This latter characteristic has already been pointed out 
by Mr. Walter Rothschild, Nov. Zool. 1902, p. 596. 

The above characters are also of great interest in that 
they all of them show affinities to 7. limniace. B 1s 
especially characteristic of that species. 

Having therefore inquired somewhat into the ancestry 
of MW. mercedonia and formosa it will be seen that their 
elongated fore wings and pale areas at the base of their 
hind wings are new developments and _ non-ancestral 
characters. ‘These two points however are characteristic 
features not only of Papilio rex (in which they are 
specially marked) but of several other African “Swallow- 
tails,” including P. leonidas itself, the mimic of 7. 
petiwerand. 

There can be little doubt therefore that the above- 
mentioned characters of these Danaines have been obtained 
from the Papilio. As regards the brown colour of both 
Papilio and Danaine, on the other hand, the Danaine has 
almost certainly been the model. In this matter we must 
remember that red or reddish-brown is very rare in 
African Papilios. It occurs in the trophonius 2 form of 
P. cenea and P. ridleyanus, White, both mimetic; also toa 
less extent in the golden-brown triangle at the base of the 
hind wing in the zenobia group of Papilios mentioned 
above. In Danaines, on the other hand, this colour is by 
no means uncommon, e.g. Limnas, Salatwra and the allied 
genus Anosia. Further, as we have already seen, 7. 
petiverana (the probable ancestor of the two Danaines in 
question) exhibits a tendency to brownness as compared 
with its Oriental allies. It is also a significant fact that 


8 Mr. S. A. Neave: some lononic 


this brown colour is more marked in the § of P. vex than 
in the @ The Danaines again have most prolably formed 
the model for the spotting of the Papilios, which is not 
quite like that of any of its allies. Considering these facts 
we may cite the above group as a complete example of 
diaposematic resemblance. 


GROUPS WITH ACRAINE MODELS. 


The fine Planema poggei, Dewitz, occurred in fair num- 
bers in both collections, about 20 specimens from several 
localities. This very striking species with its brilliant 
orange band on the fore wing has several interesting 
mimics. 

First and perhaps most important of these is the plane- 
moides 2 form of Papilio dardanus, Brown, recently 
described by Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S.,* from a single 
specimen collected by Mr. Hobley of Kisumu. There are 
six of these 2 ? in the collections of Messrs. Wiggins and 
Harrison. Amongst these is a considerable variation in 
the extent and completeness of the orange band on the fore 
wing. One specimen is remarkable for showing an inter- 
mediate character to the 9 form of cenea dardanus, and the 
orange colour, though present, is much broken up into spots, 
and the basal area of the bind wing is buff coloured as in 
the cenea form instead of white as in typical planemordes. 

Other interesting mimics of P. poggei in the collection 
are :—Pseudacrva hobleyi Neave, (2), in which the resem- 
blance is best in the @ but remarkably close in both 
sexes. Pseudacrwa khuenowi neumanni, Thur. 2. Acrva 
aurivillii, Staud. (14), synaposematic with poggei. Elym- 
nias phegea, Fabr. (2) (also referred to by Mr. Trimen 
loc. cit.). 

An outlying member of this group was recognized in 
the 3 22 of Precis rauana, Grose-Smith, which bear an 
orange bar across the fore wing as in the ¢ 7 (14); but 
have a white discal bar instead of an orange one to the 
hind wing. This gives them the same general appearance 
as the above forms. 

Planema tellus, Auriv. (9), from the western districts, is 
resembled by the recently described Pseudacrea terra, 
mihi (1), also from the western side of the Lake, the 
resemblance being astonishingly close. 


* Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, 1903, pt. I, p. x1. 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 219 


All the members of a small group of peculiar interest 
were captured by Mr. Wiggins at Entebbe on the north- 
west shore of the Lake within a few days of each other. 

The dull-coloured Planema paragea, Grose-Smith, 1 ¢ 
(April 5, 1903) and 1 (April 9, 1903) is the model of 
the group. It is mimicked by two species both recently 
described,* viz. :— 


Pscudacrxa obscura, 1 f,1 9 (April 5, 1903), of which the 
is the better mimic. 
Papilio gallienus peculiaris,t 1 2 (April 6, 1908). 


This species is remarkable for its small size and sombre 
colour relieved by pale cream-coloured markings, thus 
closely resembling the model. 

Remarkable evidence of the coincidence of mimetic 
forms in time and space is here afforded by the fact that 
three such widely-separated species, all very closely 
resembling one another, should all have been captured on 
the same spot and on nearly the same date. 

The plentiful Acrwa sotikensis, Sharpe (87), has only 
one mimic in the collection but that a remarkable one, 
viz. Mimacrea poultoni, mili (3). The resemblance on 
both surfaces is extremely close. The group of spots on 
the underside at the base of the hind wing and the 
characteristically marked hind margin of the Acrva is 
faithfully represented on the Lyczenid. 

A very large number of small orange-red and black 
Acreas, forming a synaposematic group occur in the 
collection comprising :— 


Acrea vinidia, Hew. (1287). 
, alicia, Sharpe (14'7). 
» wut, Grose-Smith (5). 


And the more outlying A. serena, Fabr. (1451). 
They are mimicked by the Lycenid Telipna carnuta, 


Hew. (2). 
A similar group is that in which the common Pardopsis 


* loc. cit. pp. 333 and 342. 

+ N.B.—Dr. Karl Jordan, of the Tring Museum, informs me that 
this species may not improbably prove to be a mimetic form of 
the 2 of cynorta, Fabr., the g ¢ (not represented in the Wiggins 
coll.) being hardly distinguishable from that species, 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 15 


220 Mr. S. A. Neave: some biononic 


punctatissima, Boisd. (150), is the model. Two species of 
Lyceenidee are associated with it, viz. :— 


Pentila petreia, Hew. (24). 
,  elarensis, Neave (10). 


Norr.—Prof. Poulton informs me that he discovered two specimens 
of P. amenaida, Hew., placed among the Acrewas in the Hope 
Collection by Professor Westwood. 


Another synaposematic group among the sESESUIe con- 


sists of the larger red and black species, viz. 


A, egina, Cram. (21). 

A, perenna, Dbl. and Hew. (42). 
A, zetes, Linn. (7). 

A, pharsalus, Ward (8). 

A. orina f. orinata, Oberth. (6). 


These species belong to no less than three different sub- 
divisions of the Acreine. 

These species—especially A. egina—are resembled closely 
by Papilio vidleyanus, White (4). 

Pseudacrea boisduvali, Dbl., though not in the Wiggins 
or Harrison collection, was obtained by Mr. A. W. Hobley in 
the same district, and also closely mimics A, egina. 

Monura zxingha, Cram. (1), is probably an outlying 
member of this red and black group. 

It is by no means improbable that the outlying gigantic 
mimic, Papilio antimachus, Drury, will also ultimately be 
found here. 


MIMICRY IN OTHER GROUPS. 


Atella phalantha (144), so common all over Africa, 
occurs plentifully in the collection, together with its mimic, 
Pseudargynnis hegemone, Godt. (35), from many of the 
same localities. As is so often the case, the resemblance 
is closer in the 9 than in the ¢. 


Mimicry among the Prerine. 


Three very differently coloured species of Mylothris form 
the models of three well-marked groups. 


I. Mylothris yacksont, HK. M. Sharpe, with white fore wings 
and sulphur-yellow hind wings, is only represented by a 


notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza. 221 


single specimen in the Wiggins collection, but it appears 
to be common in other collections from the same area, 
It is mimicked by :— 


A yellow hind-winged 2 form of Belenois zochalia, f. 
Jormosa, Butler, of which there are three specimens. Of 
the ordinary form of the 2 there are 2, and 44 2 2. 


Phrissura lasti, Grose-Smith (1). 
Phrissura phoebe, Butler, (2), 1n which the resemblance 
is on the upper surface alone. 


Il. Mylothris agathina (139), a very common species, is 
white with blackish marginal spots on the upperside, 
while beneath, the apex of fore wings and whole of hind 
wings are ochreous; furthermore the base of underside 
fore wing is largely, and that of hind wing slightly, diffused 
with orange-red. 

These characters on both surfaces are faithfully imitated 
by :— 

Belenois thysa, Hopft. (14). 

Pinacopteryx rubrocostalis, Lanz. (14). 

Phrissura phoebe (2), mimics I, agathina on the under 
surface only, thus entering Group II. as well as I. 


TIT. Mylothris yulit, Butler (25), and Iylothris poppea, 
Cram. (40), form a synaposematic pair, both being silvery- 
white with black marginal markings and both having the 
base of the fore-wing underside flushed with ochreous. 

They are closely mimicked by :— 


Phrissura sylvia, Fabr. (17). 
Pinacopteryx dixeyi, Neave (12). 


The latter species is only represented in the collections 
from the Toro country on the eastern slopes of the 
Ruwenzori Mts., some distance west of the Lake. The other 
species occur both east and west of the Lake. 

The extremely abundant yellow and black erias— 


T. brigitta, Cram. (89) 
T. desjardinsi, f. regularis, Boisd. (45) 
T. senegalensis (70) 


are closely mimicked by the Lyczenid, Zeriomima xantha, 
Grose-Smith (4). 


222 Lronomac notes on Butterflies from the Victoria Nyanza 


Seasonal Forms. 


Pressure of time, owing to my sudden departure to N.E. 
Rhodesia in January 1904, prevented me from studying 
the seasonal forms in this collection as much as I should 
have wished. They seem to be mainly of interest in the 
following particular. Just as on the equator the seasons 
are not nearly so well marked as in South Africa, so the 
seasonal forms are not so well marked, while intermediates 
are more common. 

The most interesting specimens are several fine dry 
season Precis calestina, Dewitz, and some remarkable 
intermediate and dry specimens of P. archesia, Godt. 


In conclusion, I should like to express my unbounded 
gratitude to Professor Poulton, D.Sc., F.R.S., of the Hope 
Department, Oxford University Museum, at whose sugges- 
tion the work was undertaken, and who has given me the 
inestimable benefit of his unique knowledge of these 
subjects. 


Fia. 


Fia. 


2b. 


eno 


Explanation of Plates. 223 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Prarn 1X 


Amauris hecate, Butler, ¢. From Toro, Western Uganda. 

Amauris psyttalea psyttalea, Plotz, @. From Toro. Ex- 
hibiting a great general resemblance to Fig. 1 by reason 
of the reduction of pale basal area and submarginal spots 
on the hind wing as compared with Fig. 3. 

Amauris psyttalea damoclides, Staud., 2. 


” Lb) ” ” 
From the N.E. shove of the Lake. 
Amauris albimaculata hanningtoni, Butler, ¢. 


” ” ” ” 0 
From Toro, Exhibiting a great resemblance to the fore- 
going by reason of the large spot in the discoidal cell 
of the fore wing, and in the marked submarginal spotting 
of the hind wing. 
Amauris albimaculata albimaculata, Butler, ¢. 


” ” 9) 99 : 
From Malvern, near Durban, S.A. Exhibiting a strong 
contrast to the preceding Uganda specimens. 
Amauris echeria jacksoni, Sharpe, 3. 


” 9 ” ” 2 
From Entebbe on the W. shore of the Lake. Remarkable 
for large size and well-marked spot in the discoidal cell 
as compared with the next species. 
Amauris echeria echeria, Stoll, ¢. 


” ” ” ” 
d from Malvern near Durban, S.A. 2 from Durban. 


PEATE Xe 


Planema poggei, Dewitz, ¢. From N.E. of the Lake. 
Remarkable for its brilliant orange discal bar on the 
fore wing, and white bar on the hind wing. 

Acrxa aurivillii, Staud., ¢. Synaposematic with the 
above. From N.W. shore of the Lake. 

Pseudacrea kuenowi neumanni, Thur, ¢. From N.W. 
shore of the Lake. Bears a marvellous resemblance on 
both surfaces to Fig. 1. 

Pseudacrea hobleyi, Neave, ¢. From Entebbe, N.W. 
shore of the Lake. 

Precis rawana, Grose-Smith, 3. 


” ” ” P: 

¢ from N.E., ¢ from N.W. shore of the Lake. The 9 
only is mimetic. 

Elymnias bammakoo, Westw., ¢. From N.W. shore of 
the Lake. 

Papilio dardanus 9 f. planemoides, Trim, This magnificent 
form, with its orange discal bar to the fore wing and 
white basal area to the hind wing, bears a very close 
resemblance to the model. 


bo 
eS) 
nS 


Fia. 


FIé. 


Ie 


la. 


aS) 


3. 


3a, 


or 


Explanation of Plates. 


PLATE 


Melinda formosa, Godm., ¢. 
” ” ” Q 
¢ from Kikuyu escarpment. @ from N.E. shore of the 
Lake. 
Papilio vex, Oberth., ¢. 
” ” bh] 2 Ms 


From the Kikuyu escarpment. 


Prare XT 


Papilio vex, f. intermediate to ¢ mimeticus, Rothsch. 
” ” ” ” ” 2 ” ” 
From N.E. shore of the Lake. From this locality both the 
Danaines, M. formosa and M. mercedonia, occur. 
Melinda mercedonia, Karsch., 4. 
From the N.W. shore of the Lake. 
Papilio mimeticus, Rothsch., ?. 
From the N.W. shore of the Lake. 


XIII. On the habits of a species of Ptyelus in British Kast 
Africa. By S.L. HINDE. Communicated, with Notes, 
by Professor E. B, Poutron, F.RS. 


[Read June 6th, 1906.] 
Prank xt 


[Mr. S. L. Hrnpg, in a letter written from Fort Hall, 
British East Africa, Jan. 12, 1903, gives the following 
account of the locality and mode of occurrence of an insect 
which is closely allied to Ptyelus flavescens, ¥., if indeed it 
is not actually the same species.—K. B. P.| 

“T have started a new station, which ought to be a nice 
collecting ground. It is perhaps 6000 ft. altitude, on the 
east of Kinangop * and Sattima, 7. e. Aberdare Range: the 
bamboo is only about six or seven miles away. The Bam- 
boo Forest is about 9000 to 11,000 ft. altitude. Kenya 
(17,200 ft.) is about fifty miles away, across the Tana 
Valley. 

“T send you a most interesting insect, which grouped 
resembles flowers in the imagines and fruit or buds in the 
larva; it is a cuckoo-spit we found on the banks of the 
Chania River (where I have placed the new station); the 
Chania River is a large one, not marked onany map. The 
insects were on a large tree, perhaps 40 ft. high, and almost 
every branch was covered with insects, and there was a 
continuous drip under the tree like rain from their secre- 
tions. When within 6 to 10 ft. or more of the insects 
they looked like flowers and fruit or buds. On the ground 
there were larvee and imagines, singly and in groups, that, 
had fallen off the tree. I broke off a branch covered with 
insects and brought it to the tent. Mrs. Hinde made 
sketches at once, which we send by this mail. I send you 
also a box of the insects which have already faded.” 


Notes by Professor EH. B. Poulton. 


The specimens sent by Mr. Hinde in illustration of his 
remarks are to be seen in the British Natural History 

* In a letter, dated July 2, 1906, from Fort Hall, Mr. Hinde 
writes :—“ Kinangop on many maps, real name Nandarua (altitude 
13,000 ft.), is the southern end of the Aberdare or Sattima Range. 
The insects were found on the Chania River (altitude 5,800 ft.) on 
the ground that is now Nyeri Government Station, sixteen miles 
north-east of Nandarua.” 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART I. (SEPT.) 


226 Mr. 8. L. Hinde on the habits of a 


Museum and the Hope Department, Oxford University 
Museum. They were compared by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse 
and myself with specimens of Péyelus flavescens, F., in the 
British Museum, and probably belong to this species, allow- 
ing for the change of colour described by Mr. Hinde and 
shown by comparison with Mrs. Hinde’s paintings, repre- 
senting an insect for which flavescens would be a most 
appropriate name. 

The locality given on Mrs. Hinde’s drawings is Nyeri. 

The native name of the tree appears on the drawings as 
“Muroha.” I have sent Mrs. Hinde’s careful drawing of 
it to Kew, and the Director kindly informs me that it is 
probably a species of Heptapleurum (Araliacer). 

Livingstone observed in Angola an insect evidently 
allied to the Piyelus painted by Mrs. Hinde.* He speaks 
of it as congregating in small companies of seven or eight 
on the smaller branches of trees of the Fig family. Such 
a group would produce three or four pints of fluid in the 
course of a night. He does not enable us to infer whether 
many companies inhabit a single tree, but the impression 
is produced that the numbers are very much less than those 
described by Mr. Hinde and shown in Mrs. Hinde’s draw- 
ings. Livingstone believed that the fluid was derived from 
the atmosphere and not from the tree and made some 
experiments which appeared to support his opinion. They 
are however unconvincing, while so improbable a conten- 
tion demands for its establishment the most incontro- 
vertible of evidence. 

Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., gives the following account of 
two species with habits somewhat similar to those described 
by Mr. Hinde :—“In Madagascar it is said that Ptyelus 
goudoti exudes so much fluid that five or six dozen larvae 
would about fill a quart vessel in an hour and a half t 

.. In Ceylon the larva of Machexrota quitigera constructs 
tubes fixed to the twigs of the tulip-tree, and from the 
tube water is exuded drop by drop.” (Cambridge Natural 
History, Insects, Pt. IT. London, 1899, pp. 577, 578.) This 
latter fact is opposed to Livingstone’ S hypothesis, Inasmuch 
as the tube would tend to hinder contact with the air. 

The interpretation of the copious exudation is almost 
certainly to be found in the relatively small amount of 


* “ Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa,” pp. 415- 
417. London, 1857. 

+ See also Westwood, Introd. Mod. Class. Ins., Lond. 1840, vol. 11., 
p. 438. 


Species of Ptyclus in British East Africa, 227 


nutriment contained in the sap, so that a great quantity 
must pass through the body of the insect in order to yield 
a sufficient supply of food. Analysis of sap drawn direct 
from the tree as compared with that of the fluid which 
has passed through the body of the insect might well 
yield interesting results bearing upon the physiology of 
insect nutrition. 

The frothy covering is a good example of the utilization 
of an excretory substance for the purposes of defence, entirely 
analogous to the covering of fseces constructed by many 
larvee, the calcium carbonate in the form of minute arra- 
gonite crystals rubbed into its cocoon by Bombyx neustria, 
or the hardened paste of calcium oxalate excreted and 
made use of by the larva of Hriogaster lanestris. 

Dr. David Sharp (1. c. p. 578) makes the following state- 
ment concerning the protective value of the froth :—“ The 
frog-spit is considered by some naturalists to be a pro- 
tective device; the larvee are, however, a favourite food 
with certain Hymenoptera, which pick out the larvae from 
the spits and carry them off to be used as stores of pro- 
visions for their larve.” It is strange that Dr. Sharp 
should quote this observation as if in refutation of the 
opinion that the secretion is protective. I do not know 
of a single naturalist, except the late Dr. Haase, who holds 
or has held that any defence of this kind is effective 
against all enemies and that universal immunity is thereby 
conferred. Such a conclusion is unthinkable, and yet it 
is the only conclusion controverted by Dr. Sharp’s state- 
ment. The category of special defences to which belongs 
the covering of froth involves conspicuousness and easy 
capture by special classes of enemies. But can it be 
doubted that the adaptation confers nevertheless a balance 
of advantage in the struggle for existence? The justifica- 
tion of any such doubt requires evidence on a very different 
scale from that brought forward by Dr. Sharp. 

The method by which the froth is produced has been 
misunderstood and erroneously described probably by every 
author who has written upon the subject, until it was 
studied by my friend, Professor E. 8. Morse of Salem, 
Massachusetts. Even his account is but little known by 
entomologists, because published in a somewhat unusual 
channel.* The general statement has always been that 


* At first in an elementary book on zoology: later in Appleton’s 
“* Popular Science Monthly ” for May 1900, p, 23. 


228 The habits of a Species of Ptyelus., 


the Aphrophora secretes or emits the froth from its body. 
Thus Dr. Sharp summarizes the older opinion in the 
following words:—“‘. . When in the immature stages, 
certain of them [Cercopidx] have the art of emitting the 
liquid in the form of bubbles which accumulate round the 
insect and conceal it” (Lc. p. 577). Professor Morse shows 
that when the insect is cleared from the bubbles and 
placed on its food-plant, “it will crawl quite rapidly along 
the stem ... , stopping at times to pierce the stem for 
the purpose of sucking the juices within, and finally 
settling down in earnest, evidently exerting some force in 
thrusting its piercing apparatus through the outer layers, 
as shown by the firm way in which it clutches the stem 
with its legs. After sucking for some time, a clear fluid 
is seen to slowly exude from the posterior end of the 
abdomen, flowing over the body first and gradually filling 
up the spaces between the legs and the lower part of the 
body and the stem upon which it rests... . During all 
this time not a trace of an air-bubble appears; simply a 
clear, slightly viscid fluid is exuded, and this is the only 
matter that escapes from the insect. ... This state of 
partial immersion continues for half-an-hour or more. . 
Suddenly the insect begins to make bubbles by turning 
its tail out of the fluid, opening the posterior segment, 
which appears like claspers, and grasping a moiety of air, 
then turning the tail down into the fluid and instantly 
allowing the enclosed air to escape. . . . These movements 
go on at the rate of seventy or eighty times a minute. 
At the outset the tail is moved alternately to the right 
and left in perfect rhythm, so that the bubbles are dis- 
tributed on both sides of the body, and these are crowded 
towards the head till the entire fluid is filled with bubbles, 
and the froth thus made runs over the back and around 
the stem.” Many other interesting facts and observations 
are recorded in this paper which should, I think, be repro- 
duced in a more accessible form, together with the simple 
but entirely adequate illustrations. The probability of 
some accessory aid to respiration by means of thin-walled 
leaf-like appendages is also discussed. The whole problem 
of the respiration of the insect enclosed in its mass of 
froth would be a fascinating subject of inquiry. The mere 
contemplation of it is enough to bring home the utter 
improbability of the older view as to the origin of the 
included gas,—K, B. PouLron. 


Explanation of Plate. 229 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. 


The main drawing of the larvee, ete., on the tree was made from 
life by Mrs. §. L. Hinde on Dec. 5, 1902. It is reduced to about 
} of the natural size. 


The two drawings of the perfect insect with wings expanded and 
closed respectively and the two drawings of the immature stages 
were made from life by Mrs. Hinde on Dec, 2, 1902. These are 
unreduced. 


ee 


(N23) ) 


XIV. Studies of the Blattide. By R. SHELForRD, M.A., 


E.L.S. 
{Read June 6th, 1906. ] 
Praras* XDV—=X Vi 
I 
REMARKS ON THE SUB-FAMILIES ECTOBIINE[ and PHYLLO- 
DROMIIN A. 


A CAREFUL study of the genera composing the sub-families 
Ectobiinee and Phyllodromiinz has convinced me that the 
characters usually employed to discriminate the members 
of the respective sub-families are so diverse in structure 
even within generic limits that but little reliance can be 
placed on them as criteria of distinction. The short trans- 
verse supra-anal lamina, the presence of a triangular apical 
field in the wings or of a large reflected apical area, and 
the sparse armature of the femora are the so-called 
diagnostic features of the Ectobiine. Yet nearly all the 
species of the genus Anaplecta, and many species of the 
genus Theyanopteryx have the supra-anal lamina produced 
and triangular; again, the triangular apical field appears 
in numerous species of Phyllodromiinz, sometimes much 
reduced in size but often as large as in Hetobia lapponica, L. ; 
now as the presence of this apical field is more or less a 
mechanical result of a peculiar method of wing-folding, it 
is a character that may be expected to re-appear in other 
sub-families of Llattidx, and such indeed is found to be the 
case, too much importance therefore should not be attached 
to it alone as a diagnostic feature. The armature of the 
femora is also unsatisfactory; for though the posterior 
femora of Hctobia and of Anaplecta are armed with only 
two spines on the anterior margin beneath, in Pseadectobia 
and Theganopteryx they are frequently strongly spined, 
whilst in Chrastoblatta and Caloblatta, two Phyllodromiine 
genera, the femora are most sparsely armed. It will be 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 


232 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


seen by the foregoing that the Kctobiinze and Phyllodrominee 
possess features common to both sub-families, and the 
question arises as to whether there does exist a character 
that can be relied on as adiagnostic criterion of sub-family 
rank. I own to having been nearly completely baffled in my 
search for such a character, and I have seriously considered 
the advisability of transferring the genera Hetobia and 
Hololampra (= Aphlebia) to the Phyllodromiine, leaving 
in the depauperated Kctobiunze—henceforth to be called, 
following de Saussure, the Anaplectinz—only the genus 
Anaplecta and a new genus described below. 

However, it is not necessary to make such a revolutionary 
change, for I believe that I have hit on a feature of great 
use in distinguishing the members of the two sub-families 
in question, namely, the form of the vena ulnaris of the 
wing. This vein is either simple or bifurcated or else 
ramose, and it is to be noted that when this vein is ramose 
a reduction in size of the triangular apical field generally 
ensues, the reduction leading on in many cases to entire 
obliteration. Moreover it is possible to trace a shifting 
backwards of the apical triangle ; in Hetobia lapponica, L., 
this field is close to the anterior margin of the wing so that 
the median vein and ulnar vein impinge on its upper 
border, and do not attain the outer margin of the wing; 
in such a species as Zheganopteryx conspersa, Sss., the apical 
triangle is shifted back so that the median vein and the 
upper branch of the bifureated ulnar vein reach the outer 
margin of the wing, anterior to the apical triangle ie 
only, the lower branch of the ulnar vein impinges on it ; 
many species of Phyllodromia the median vein and the 
numerous branches of a ramose ulnar vein all reach the 
outer margin of the wing, the apical triangle having 
undergone a further backward shifting ; finally we have 
those forms, such as the species of Pscudomops i in which 
the apical triangle has disappeared entirely, and in these 
the anterior part of the wing projects beyond the posterior 
part, producing a marked sinuosity of the outer margin. 
Taking into consideration the great range of variation of 
these characters, I find it not possible to use them as criteria 
of sub-family rank, except to this extent, that all forms 
with a single or bifurcate ulnar vem and a conspicuous 


fo) 
triangular apical field may be regarded as Ectobiine, and 


5 
those forms with ramose ulnar vein as Phyllodromiine, 


whether the apical triangle is present reduced or absent. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the blattide. 233 


Brief diagnoses of these two sub-families may be given 
as follows :— 


EcToBin&.—Femora spined beneath ; sub-genital lamina 
of female not provided with valves ; supra-anal lamina not 
qguadrate or lobate; wings when present with a conspicwous 
triangular apical field or reflected apreal area, the ulnar 
vein simple or bifurcate; tarsi without pulvilli. 


PHYLLODROMIINA.—Femora spined beneath ; sub-genital 
lamina of female not provided with valves; supra-anal 
lamina not quadrate or lobate; wings when present with 
or without a triangular apical field, never with a reflected 
apual area, the ulnar vein ramose ; tarsi without pulvillr. 


In spite of this new importance attached to the form of 
the vena ulnaris of the wings only three changes of genera 
are necessitated, viz. Psewdectobia is transferred from the 
Kcetobiinee to the Phyllodromiine ; Hemithyrsocera, Sss., 
and Mallotoblatta, Sss. and Zhutn., from the Phyllodro- 
miing to the Ectobiinw. Pscwdectobia was considered by 
de Saussure as a division only of the genus Theganopteryz, 
Br., but such species as P. insuwlaris, Sss., and P. liturifera, 
Stal., in their general facies are quite Phyllodromiine in 
appearance and moreover have the femora strongly spined, 
whilst the supra-anal lamina in some species is produced. 
Hemithyrsocera nigra, Br., and fH. histrio, Burm., have been 
actually re-described by de Saussure (Mél. Orthopt. 1, 
pp. 50 and 52, 1869) as Theganopteryx indica and Th. 
jucunda respectively, surely sufficient testimony to the 
difficulty of discriminating between Ectobiinee and Phyllo- 
dromiinz, if no account is taken of the form of the vena 
ulnaris alarum. J/allotoblatta is placed by de Saussure 
and Zehntner with some doubt in the Phyllodromiine, 
and the sub-family Kctobiinze is suggested by these 
authors as the correct resting-place for this interesting 
genus. If the form of the vena ulnaris alarum in con- 
junction with the extent of the triangular apical field is 
consulted by systematists, I believe that little or no 
difficulty will be experienced in deciding into which of the 
two sub-familes a given species is to be placed. Some 
exceptions, it is true, must be noted; firstly, the new 
genus described below on page 247, which, though quite 
evidently closely allied to Anaplecta, nevertheless has the 
vena ulnaris alarum ramose; secondly, Phyllodronia 


234 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


germania, L., and allied species such as P. parenthesis, 
Gerst., P. madecassa, Sss., and P. humbertiana, Sss., which 
have the vena ulnaris alarum simple or bifurcate; in 
these species however the triangular apical field is much 
reduced, and for the present they must be regarded as 
forms transitional between the Phyllodromiinz and Kcto- 
biine. The species dificilis, Sss., and massuex, Sss., l remove 
from the genus Phyllodromia to Theganopterys ; in these 
the supra- ‘anal lamina is shortly produced or transverse, 
which character in conjunction with the prominent tri- 
angular field and simple or bifurcate vena ulnaris, renders 
their transfer only logical. 

The genus Pachnepteryx, Br., | am unable to place with 
certainty since I have seen no examples and the wing- 
venation of the known species has never been described. 
It is quite evident that Zhyrsocera histrio, Burm., cannot 
be referred to the genus Pachnepteryx as suggested by 
Brunner (Nouv. Syst. des Blatt., p. 116, 1865), it belongs 
to the genus /Hemithyrsocera. I agree with de Saussure 
in relegating Chorisonewra to the sub-family Oxyhaloinze 
(= Plectopterine). 


Genus MALLOTOBLATTA, Sss. and Zhntn. 


Mallotoblatta obscura, n. sp. 


¢. Head, pronotum and tegmina with sparse erect hairs. Rufo- 
castaneous. Vertex, antennee at the base, abdomen, legs and cerci 
testaceous. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides deflexed with the lateral 
and anterior margins hyaline, disc rufo-castaneous with sometimes 
an irregular central macula testaceous in colour. Mediastinal and 
marginal fields of tegmina hyaline ; wings hyaline with the veins 
rufo-fuscous. Tegmina with thirteen to fifteen costal veins, the 
most distal ones branched, radial vein bifurcated, discoidal field 
traversed by six longitudinal veins, anal vein reaching the sutural 
margin at one-third of its length. Wings with nine to ten costal 
veins, their extremities swollen, radial vein bifurcated, median vein 
simple, ulnar vein simple, first axillary vein bifurcated, triangular 
apical field prominent, projecting beyond the anterior part of the 
wing. Anterior femora armed on the anterior margin beneath in 
the proximal half with three long spines, in the distal half with 
numerous short spines (type A of de Saussure); the posterior femora 
are armed with five spines on each border beneath ; the formula of 
the apical spines is }, t, 6; a genicular spine is absent from the 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 235 


anterior femora. Supra-anal lamina slightly produced, trigonal ; 
sub-genital lamina produced, irregular in shape, without styles ; cerci 
mutilated. On each side of the middle line of the sixth abdominal 
tergum appears a mamilliform tubercle with a small orifice at the 
summit of each. 

Total length 10 mm. ; length of tegmina 7 mm. 


Mapras. Five examples. (Oxford Museum.) 

The specimens are in bad condition, and the erect hairs 
in some examples have been rubbed off. I have no doubt 
however of the correct generic position of the species. 


Genus THEGANOPTERYX, Br. 


Theganopteryx apriigera, Wik. 
Blatta apicigera, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 227 (1868). 


g and @. Rufo-testaceous or flavo-testaceous. Head, antenne, 
legs and cerci fusco-castaneous ; abdomen testaceous above, darker 
below. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides not deflexed, with hyaline lateral 
margins. Tegmina with the apices fuscous, the part of the right 
tegmen overlapped by the left, hyaline, twelve costal veins, anterior 
ulnar vein quadri-ramose, posterior ulnarvein simple. Wings hyaline, 
apex infuscated, marginal field flavo-testaceous, ten to eleven costal 
veins, their extremities swollen, median vein simple, ulnar vein 
bifurcate, first axillary vein tri-ramose, triangular apical field 
conspicuous but not projecting beyond the anterior part of the 
wing. Anterior femora not spined beneath, mid- and posterior 
femora with two or three spines only on each margin beneath ; 
formula of apical spines }, +, t3 no genicular spine on anterior 
femora. Supra-anal lamina of male short, rounded, of female 
slightly produced ; sub-genital lamina of male ample, with two 
styles. Ootheca with a longitudinal crest and carried with the 
crest uppermost, so that the eggs are vertically disposed. Cerei 
elongate. 


Type (@.) Total length 11 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm. 
Bo a “ Smms i 8 mm. 
Or; 3 » llto12mm.; length of tegmina 9 to 10 mm. 


JAVA (Wallace—Type), SumMaTRA (Weyers), SARAWAK, 
Borneo (Shelford). Nine examples. (Oxford Museum.) 
The position of the ootheca when carried by the female 
before deposition is not a character of sub-family import- 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 16 


236 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidzx. 


ance; in all the Ectobime the ootheca is carried in the 
way described above, but it is so carried also by Eillipsidiwm 
and some species even of Phyllodromia. 


Theganopteryx bouviert, n. sp. 


¢. Testaceous. Head rufous, antenne testaceous; pronotum 
rufous, with hyaline borders, a central line and a broad crescentic 
macula in the hinder part of the disc, testaceous; tegmina pale 
testaceous, hyaline; wings hyaline with the veins testaceous ; 
abdomen above rufous, beneath castaneous ; legs and cerci rufous. 
Pronotum transversely hexagonal, the postero-lateral borders one- 
third the length of the posterior margin; the posterior margin 
obtusely angled. Tegmina with twenty-one costal veins; ulnar 
vein with eleven oblique branches, posterior ulnar not visible. 
Wings with seventeen costal veins, the last two or three bifurcate, 
their extremities slightly swollen, ulnar vein bifurcate before the 
middle, first axillary vein tri-ramose, triangular apical field large, 
but not projecting beyond the anterior part of wing. Anterior 
femora with no spines beneath, posterior femora with two spines 
on each margin beneath ; formula of apical spines 4, t, +; genicular 
spines on all the legs. Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, 
sub-genital lamina without styles. 

Total length 12°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm. 


DreGo SuAREZ, MApAGaAscaR (Allwaud, April 1896). 
Seven examples. (Paris Museum.) 

Named in honour of Professor Bouvier, to whom I am 
indebted for the opportunity of examining an interesting 
collection of Blattide in the Paris Museum. 


Theganopteryx gambiensis, n. sp. 


¢. Coloration almost the same as in Eetobia lapponica, L.; head 
piceous, antenne fuscous ; pronotum castaneous, anterior and lateral 
margins hyaline ; tegmina flavo-testaceous, marginal field hyaline ; 
wings infuscated ; abdomen fuscous with testaceous lateral margins 
above and below, the last two segments and the supra anal lamina 
testaceous above ; first pair of coxe testaceous, second and third 
pairs tipped with testaceous, first pair of femora castaneous, second 
pair castaneous at apex and along lower margin the remainder 
testaceous. (third pair missing), tibiee testaceous tipped with cast- 
aneous, spines testaceous ; cerci fuscous. Tegmina with ten costal 
veins, radial vein ramose at extremity, anterior ulnar vein bi- 
furcated, posterior ulnar multi-ramose. Wings as in Lectobia 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 237 


lapponica, L. Supra-anal lamina shortly triangular ; ante-penulti- 
mate segment with posterior border notched ; sub-genital lamina 
produced, rounded, without styles, the sternum of the preceding 
segment represented by two lateral lappets, the central part concealed 
beneath the preceding sternum. 

Total length 13 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm. 


GAMBIA. One example (Oxford Museum). 

This species is remarkably like Hetobia lapponiea, L., the 
resemblance extending to the wing structure; the venation 
of the tegmina is however sufficient to separate the species. 

The following table shows the differences between the 
four known species of Zheganopteryx from W. Africa :— 


1, Pronotum bordered with hyaline. 
2. Tegmina not black. 
3. Tegmina with 20 to 22 costal 
veins, wing venation different 
from that of H.lapponica . . T. senegalensis, Sss. 
3. Tegmina with 10 costal veins, 
wing venation exactly as in 
E. lapponica. . . . . . . FT. gambiensis, mihi. 
2’. Tegmina black . .... . «. 2. xthiopica, Sss. 
1’. Pronotum not bordered with hyaline . 7’. nitida, Borg. 


Blatia amena, W1k., $, appears to be the same as 7’, sene- 
galensis, Sss., but the female is a species of Temnopteryx ; 
a specimen from Natal under the same name in the British 
Museum is a distinct species of Zheganopteryx. I doubt 


if Blaita fulvipes, Wik., can be separated from Blatta 
amena, W|k., f. 


Theganopteryx xethiopica, Sauss. 


The form of the “ titillator” isshown in Plate XV, fig. 3, 
it is almost identical in 7h. senegalensis, Sauss. 


Genus HEMITHYRSOCERA, Sss. 


This is not a satisfactory genus, unless it is restricted to 
one species, histrio, Burm., which has plumose antenne in 
both sexes, and exhibits a remarkable form of sub-genital 
lamina in the male; in the other species the antennz are 
inconspicuously pilose in the male sex and not pilose in the 
female, and there is really little to prevent the inclusion of 


238 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


the species in the genus 7heganopteryx ; in some of the 
species the posterior ulnar vein of the tegmina is markedly 
angled, in others it is not. The form of the “titillator ” 
in H. lateralis, Wik. (= H. major, Br.) is shown in Plate 
XV, fig. 2, and is seen to be very different from that in 
Th. wethiopica, Sss.; unfortunately we know so little of the 
structure of this organ in the Blattidie, that at present 
we can make no use of it in generic distinctions. The 
titillator of H. histrio, Burm., is almost the same as in 
HT, lateralis, Wlk. 

The synonymy of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm., is here 
given :— 

Thyrsocera histrio, Burm., Handb. Ent. 1, p. 499, n. 7 
(1838). 

Blattia lateralis, Serv., Ins. Orth. p. 107 (1839). 

Phyllodromia inversa, Br., Nouv. Syst. d. Blatt. p. 96, 
n. 8 (1865). 

Pseudomops fissa, W1k., Cat. Blatt. B. M., p. 213 (1868). 

Theganopteryx jucunda, Sauss., Mel. Orth. Me Oe 52 
(1869). 

Thyrsocera lineaticollis, Bol., An. Soc. Espan. xix, p. 302 
(1890). 

The sub-genital lamina and adjacent parts in the male 


are figured on Plate XV, fig. 1. 


Hemithyrsocera wnobilis, n. sp, 


2. Differs from H. ferruginea, Br., in its smaller size ; the golden 
lateral margins of the pronotum reach the anterior margin, but are not 
curved inwards here to the extent that they are in ferruginea ; the 
posterior legs and the tips of the cerci are ferrugineous. 

Total length 12°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm. 


No locality. (An identical specimen in the British 
Museum comes from the Khasia Hills.) 
One example (Oxford Museum). 


Genus EScALA, nov. 


Allied to Theganopteryx, Br., but the sub-genital lamina of the 
male bearing an asymmetrical lobe which may be unarmed, or 
armed with a series of hooks or replaced by a stout hook ; the right 
style sometimes absent, the left style accuminate. Supra-anal 
lamina produced, triangular, not projecting beyond the sub-genital 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 239 


lamina; cercielongate. Wings with median and ulnar veins simple, 
reaching the outer margin of the wing, anterior to the somewhat 
inconspicuous apical triangle. 


Escala circumducta, Wk. (Plate XV, fig. 4.) 
Blatta circumducta, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl. 
p. 142 (1869). 


d. Testaceous. Head rufo-castaneous ; antenne, palpi clypeus 
testaceous. Pronotum with the disc rufous, lateral and anterior 
margins hyaline and a central testaceous macula. Tegmina with 
twelve costal veins, mediastinal vein bifurcate, radial vein with 
extremity ramose. Wings clear hyaline, with ten costal veins, 
radial vein bifurcate near the apex, apical triangle elongate but 
narrow, first axillary vein tri-ramose. Posterior femora with three 
spines on anterior margin beneath, four on posterior margin ; 
formula of apical spines, +, +, 1, no genicular spine on anterior femora. 
Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, but doubled on itself so 
that in dorsal view the apex cannot be seen and the lamina appears 
then to be short and transverse. Sub-genital lamina ample, semi- 
circular in outline. The left style acuminate, the right absent, the 
lobe bearing five curved hooks bent over the edge of the sub-genital 
plate. Cerci elongate. 

Total length 14 mm. ; length of tegmina 11°5 mm. 


ADELAIDE, 8S. AUSTRALIA. Five specimens, including 
the type (Oxford Museum). 


Escala longiuscula, Wik. (Plate XV, fig. 5.) 
Blatta longiuscula, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl. 
p. 143 (1869). 


¢. Testaceous; head rufo-testaceous; lateral and anterior mar- 
gins of pronotum hyaline. Tegmina with nineteen costal veins, 
radial vein not bifurcate, not ramose at extremity, anterior ulnar 
vein bifurcate, posterior ulnar multi-ramose. Wings as in preceding 
species. Posterior femora with five spines on each margin beneath, 
formula of apical spines }, }, +, genicular spines on all the femora. 
Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal ; sub-genital lamina as in the 
preceding species, the right style absent, the lobe modified to form 
a stout double-pointed hook ; cerci elongate, their apices curved 
downwards. 

Total length 13 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm. 


ADELAIDE. Four examples, including the type (Oxford 
Museum). 


240 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 
Hscala insignis, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 6.) 


d. Rufo-testaceous ; head castaneous, anterior and lateral mar- 
gins of pronotum hyaline ; wings clear hyaline with rufous shading 
on either side of the apical triangle ; abdomen and legs testaceous. 
Tegmina with thirteen costal veins, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate, 
posterior ulnar vein ramose. Wings with eleven costal veins, first 
axillary vein bifurcate, apical triangle larger than in the two preced- 
ing species. Supra-anal lamina not much produced, trigonal ; sub- 
genital lamina ample with two acuminate styles and an asymmetrical 
lobe, covered with short setee but not armed with hooks. 

Total length 115 mm.; length of tegmina 9°5 mm. 


AUSTRALIA. Two examples (Oxford Museum). 

This species is structurally very close to Theganopteryx 
and may be regarded as the least highly modified species 
of the genus scala. In general facies the species resemble 
each other closely, but the nature of the sub-genital 
lamina affords admirable specific characteristics, and if this 
is examined there can be no possible difficulty in distin- 
guishing the species. I have seen no female examples of 
the genus. 


Genus ANAPLECTA, Burm. 


Anaplecta maculata, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 7.) 


@. Castaneous; head rufous, antennee fuscous; lateral margins 
of the pronotum and tegmina pellucid ; a testaceous macula in the 
centre of the pronotum but nearer the posterior than the anterior 
margin ; wings infuscated ; the ventral surface of the abdomen, the 
legs and cerci testaceous. 'Tegmina with seven parallel costal veins, 
the discoidal field traversed by four longitudinal veins, the anal vein 
impressed. Wings with five costal veins joimed by oblique venule,’ 
the marginal field not dilated, the medio-discal field crossed by six 
transverse venule, the first of which is oblique, no longitudinal vein 
dividing the apical part of the medio-discal field, two transverse 
venulze anteriorly connecting the median with the ulnar vein, the 
first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area two-fifths of total wing- 
length. 

Total length 6°5 mm.; length of tegmina 5 mm. 


PunpDaLoya, CrYLon (#. FH. Green coll, Feb. 1897). 
Two examples (Oxford Museum). 

This and at least two other species are in the British 
Museum under the label Phyllodromia (?) gyrinoides, 
Wik. I have compared 4. maculata, mibi, and the two 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 241 


following species with Walker's type and find that they 
are quite different from it; gyrinoides, Wlk., also from 
Ceylon is undoubtedly a species of Anaplecta. The genus 
has not hitherto been recorded from Ceylon. A. maculata 
falls into the section of the genus that includes A. major, 
Sss. and Zhnt., A. dohrniana, Sss. and Zhnt. 


Anaplecta zeylanica, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 8.) 


@. Small ; rufo-castaneous ; pronotum and tegmina with the lateral 
margins hyaline ; legs and cerci testaceous. egmina with six costal 
veins, discoidal field with three longitudinal veins. Wings with the 
apical area, marginal field and veins pale fuscous, six costal veins, 
marginal field slightly dilated, medio-discal field crossed by four 
transverse venulw and the median vein connected with the ulnar vein 
by two transverse venule near the apex, first axillary vein tri-ramose, 
apical area parabolic, its basal margin not angled, nearly one-half of 
total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal, 

Total length, 4 mm. ; length of tegmina, 3°7 mm. 


CrYLon (Thwaites, 1872). One example (Oxford 
Museum). 

It is possible that the species is conspecific with A. fulva, 
Br., from Burma, but the description of that species does 
not include an account of the wing venation. 


Anaplecta thwaitesi, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 9.) 


Q. Head castaneous ; pronotum castaneous with broad hyaline 
lateral margins ; tegmina flavo-hyaline, wings with the apical area, 
marginal field and veins fuscous ; abdomen fuscous; legs and cerci 
testaceous, Tegmina with eleven costal veins, the ulnar vein multi- 
ramose, the bases of the mediastinal and median veins and the anal 
vein strongly marked with castaneous. Wings with six costal veins, 
their extremities swollen, the marginal field dilated, the first bifur- 
cated and connected with the humeral branch of the radial vein by 
an oblique venula, a transverse venula joins the humeral and discoidal 
branches of the radial vein near their point of origin, medio-discal 
field crossed by five transverse venulew, ulnar vein bifurcate, first 
axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area parabolic, its base slightly 
obtusely angled, two-fifths of total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina 
produced, trigonal, slightly emarginate. 

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm. 


CreyYLon (Thwaites). One example (Oxford Museum). 


242 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Anaplecta malayensis, sp. n. (Plate XV, fig. 10.) 


gf and ?. Fusco-castaneous, lateral margins of pronotum and teg- 
mina hyaline. Tegmina with seven costal veins, discoidal field 
traversed by four longitudinal veins, anal vein impressed. Wings 
with marginal field and apical area fuscous, with five costal veins, 
marginal field not dilated, radial vein bifurcate, medio-discal field 
crossed by three to four transverse venule, ulnar field half as broad, 
firstaxillary vein tri-ramose, apical area two-fifths of total wing-length, 
its basal margin obtusely angled. 

&. Total length 5 mm.; length of tegmina4mm. ¢. Total length 
5 mm.; length of tegmina 4°8 mm. 


MALay PENINSULA (Errington de la Crovx and P. Chapé. 
1899). Three examples (Paris Museum). 


Anaplecta obscura, sp. n. (Plate XV, fig. 12.) 


@. Fusco-castaneous, smooth, shining. Head piceous, maxillary palpi 
testaceous, antenne fuscous ; lateral margins of pronotum and medi- 
astinal fields of tegmina hyaline ; centre of abdomen beneath, legs 
and cerci testaceous ; wings with the marginal field and most of the 
apical area infuscated, an oblique pale fascia crosses the upper half of 
theapical area. Wings with the marginal field dilated, seven costal veins, 
median vein obsolescent, curving from the apex of the radial vein to 
join it again near its middle, thus forming a trapezoidal areolet, 1st 
axillary vein bi-ramose, a short branch being given off from the 
transverse bar joining the two rami, apical area equals half the total 
wing-length, its basal margin straight. 

Total length 4 mm. ; length of tegmina 3°5 mm. 


MALAY PENINSULA (Errington de la Croix and P. Chapé, 
1899). One example (Paris Museum). 

The great reduction in the extent of the wing-venation 
is alone sufficiently diagnostic of this interesting little 
species. 


Anaplecta borneensis, n. sp. (Plate XV, fig. 11.) 


@. Fusco-castaneous ; lateral margins of pronotum and tegmina 
hyaline. Tegmina with eight costal veins, discoidal area traversed by 
three longitudinal veins, reticulated. Wings hyaline, apical area 
slightly infuscated ; four costal veins, the last obsolescent, radial vein 
bifurcated, medio-diseal area crossed by two transverse venule near 
the middle and by two short oblique venulz at the apex, first axillary 
vein tri-ramose, apical area divided unequally by one longitudinal 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 243 


vein, apex incised, basal margin very obtusely angled, about two-fifths 
of total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina slightly produced, Legs 
testaceous. 

Total length 4°8 mm. ; length of tegmina, 4 mm. 


KUCHING, SARAWAK. Three examples. [No. E.] (Oxford 
Museum. ) 

The following table will help to show the differences 
between the various Oriental species :— 


1. Rufo-castaneous or fulvous. 
2. Medio-discal field of wing with five 
transverse venules, ulnar vein bi- 
furcated, ulnar field without trans- 
verse venules . . . . . . « A. thwaitesi,mihi(Ceylon) 
2’. Medio-discal field of wing with four 
transverse venules, ulnar vein 
simple, ulnar field with two trans- 
verse venules . . . . . . « A.zeylaniea, mihi (Ceylon) 
1’. Fusco-castaneous. 
2. Disc of pronotum with pale central 
macula... ... . . - A.maculata,mihi (Ceylon) 
2’. Dise of pronotum without pale 
central macula. 
3. Median vein of wing obsolescent 
atitsdistalend ... . . . . A. obscura, mihi (Malay 


Peninsula) 
3’. Median vein of wing not obsoles- 
cent at its distal end. 
4, Medio-diseal field of wing with 
four venules. 
5. These venules transverse, 
apex of apical area not 
incised . . . . . . . A.malayensis, mihi (Malay 
Peninsula) 


5’. Two proximal venules, very 
oblique, apex of apical area 
incised . . . . . . . A.borneensis, mihi(Borneo) 
4’, Medio-discal field of wing with 
two transverse venules. . . A. javanica, Sss. (Java) 


I have not been able to examine critically A. gyrin- 
oides, W\k., from Ceylon, the type of which is in the British 
Museum, however it enters into Sect. 1’ in the above table 
but can be readily distinguished by the fulvo-testaceous 
pronotum. A. /ulva, Br., from Burma belongs to Sect. 1 in 


244 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


the table, but as the wing venation of the species has not 
been described, it is not possible to show how it differs from 
the two Ceylon species. 


Anaplecta pulchra, sp. n. 


2. Flavo-testaceous. Antenne fuscous, except the two basal joints, 
and five joints close to the apex which are flavo-testaceous ; pronotum 
with hyaline lateral margins ; tegmina transparent ; wings deeply 
infuscated, the anterior border of the marginal field, the proximal 
halves of the radial, ulnar and first axillary veins yellow; apex of 
abdomen beneath castaneous, the remainder bright flavous. Tegmina 
with eight costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal veins, 
anal vein impressed, axillary veins obsolete. Wings with six costal 
veins, the radial vein bifurcated, the median vein curved distally up 
towards the radial vein, the medio-discal field crossed by one proximal 
transverse venule, first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area nearly 
half the total wing-length. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal. 

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 4°5 mm. 


FERNANDO Po (ZL. Conradt, 1901). One example (Paris 
Museum). 


Anaplecta dahomensis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 2.) 


dg and 9. Fusco-castaneous. Labrum and clypeus rufous ; 
apical seven joints of antenne testaceous, the last tipped with 
fuscous. Prothorax piceous, its lateral margins broadly bordered 
with semi-opaque white. Tegmina entirely fusco-castaneous, with 
eight to nine costal veins, the discoidal field traversed by four 
longitudinal veins which are strongly marked. Wings hyaline, the 
marginal field and apical area infuscated, the axillary area iridescent 
fuscous ; six to seven costal veins, the radial vein bifurcated but 
the branches soon reunite forming an areolet which is crossed by a 
transverse venule, the median vein obsolescent proximally where it 
is joined by a transverse venule to the radial vein, the ulnar vein 
simple, the first axillary vein tri-ramose, apical area nearly one-half 
of total wing-length, its basal margin straight. Second and third 
pairs of legs and cerci testaceous, first pair of legs fuscous, except the 
distal extremity of the tibia and tarsi. 

Total length 5 mm. ; length of tegmina 4:2 mm. 


ATHIEME, DaHoMEy. A long series (Oxford Museum). 

The species differs from A. cincta, Gerst., by the absence 
of a white border to the tegmina, by the strongly-marked 
veins of discoidal field of the tegmina, by the different colour 
of the legs. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 245 


Anaplecta brunneri, un. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 1.) 


g and 9. Rufo-testaceous, vertex of head darker; antenne 
fuscous except at the base. Lateral margins of pronotum and of 
tegmina as far as termination of mediastinal vein hyaline; legs and 
cerci testaceous. Tegmina with ten to eleven costal veins, the last 
two or three irregular, discoidal field with three longitudinal veins, 
anal vein well marked. Wings infuscated, with seven costal veins, 
their ends slightly swollen, the medio-discal field crossed by three 
venule, the proximal one bifurcated, the median vein obsolescent 
proximally, distally bent up to join the radial vein before its apex, 
anterior ulnar vein simple, posterior ulnar obsolescent distally, first 
axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area as long as broad, two-fifths 
of total wing-length, its basal margin straight. Supra-anal lamina 
produced, its posterior border rounded, sub-genital lamina of male 
with one style, the left. 

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm. 


Rio GRANDE DO SUL, BRazin. Three examples (Oxford 
Museum). 

The only two species with which this can possibly be 
confused are A. pallida, Bol., from Ecuador, and A. fulgida, 
Sss., from Mexico; from the former it differs by the narrow 
costal margin of the tegmina, by the smaller apical area 
of the wings, and by the smaller number of transverse 
venules in the medio-discal field of the wings; from 
A. fulgida, Sss., by the longitudinal discoidal veins of the 
tegmina, and by the different wing-venation. 


Anaplecta pavida, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 3.) 


Q. Flavo-testaceous; pronotum almost orbicular with broad 
hyaline margins; abdomen fusco-testaceous; legs and cerci 
testaceous. Tegmina hyaline with an irregular fuscous macula at 
base of the median vein ; ten costal veins, discoidal field with four 
longitudinal veins. Wings slightly infuscated, ten costal veins, 
medio-diseal field crossed by two transverse venul, the distal one 
giving off an oblique longitudinal branch, one-fourth the length of 
the medio-discal field, first axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical area a 
little broader than long, one-fifth of total wing-length, basal margin 
obtusely angled. Supra-anal Jamina produced, rounded. 

Total length 6 mm. ; length of tegmina 5 mm. 


CacHABI, Ecuapor (WW. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896). 
One example (Oxford Museum). 


246 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


The species is allied to A. nahua, Sss., from Mexico, but 
differs in coloration. 


Anaplecta fusca, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 4.) 


9. Minute; fusco-castaneous. Head piceous; pronotum ellip- 
tical, entirely dark castaneous-brown. Tegmina castaneous, with 
ten highly irregular costal veins connected with each other by 
transverse venule, discoidal field with two longitudinal veins, 
reticulated. Wings dark fuscous, five costal veins, radial vein with 
a humeral and a discoidal branch, median vein approximated to the 
radial vein and the very narrow medio-discal field crossed by two 
transverse venule, an oblique transverse venula runs from the apex 
of the ulnar vein to the median vein and from this two short 
obliquely longitudinal venule are given off, first axillary vein 
quadri-ramose. Apical area more than two-fifths of total wing- 
length, basal margin straight. Cerci golden-yellow, supra-anal 
lamina rounded. 

Total length 4 mm. ; length of tegmina 3°5 mm. 


CacHABI, Ecuapor (IW. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896). 
One example (Oxford Museum), 

The venation of the tegmina and wings in this species is 
highly characteristic, and unlike that of any other known 
species. 


Anaplecta varipennis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 5, 6.) 


Q. Closely allied to A. parvipennis, Sss. and Zhnt., but differs in 
the following particulars :—the lateral borders of the pronotum and 
the mediastinal field of the tegmina are opaque white not hyaline, 
the clypeus is testaceous, the discoidal field of the tegmina is 
reticulated, the medio-discal field of the wings is crossed by two 
transverse venulz, the sub-genital lamina is deeply cleft and has 
almost a valvular appearance. The tegmina vary in length from 
4:8 mm. to 4 mm., the wings from 6 mm. to 3 mm., in the latter 
ease the most notable reduction is that of the apical area which 
ranges in size from two-fifths of the total wing-length to one-sixth. 

Total length 6-2 mm. 


PAaRAMBA, EcuAaDOR, 3500 feet (W. # H. Rosenberg 
coll, May 1897). Five examples (Oxford Museum). 

In spite of the variation in size of the wings, their 
venation remains practically unaltered ; as already noted, 
the most marked range of size is shown by the apical area 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 24:7 


and the variation is almost an epitome of the changes 
whereby the small triangular apical field of such genera as 
Ectobia and Theganopteryx has become modified into the 
large parabolic apical area of the genus Anaplecta. 


Anuaplecta chrysoptera, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 7.) 


2. Very convex. Rufous. Antenne testaceous; third joint of 
maxillary palpi black ; pronotum with lateral margins rufo-testace- 
ous ; abdomen and cerci castaneous, the apical joint of the latter 
yellow. Marginal field of tegmina nearly half the total breadth, 
thirteen parallel costal veins ; the tegmina strongly overlap, veins of 
discoidal field of left tegmen obsolete, strongly marked in that part 
of the right tegmen which is covered by the left, the ulnar vein 
sends six branches to the sutural margin, anal vein strongly marked, 
axillary veins obsolete. Wings with the apical area and marginal 
field golden-yellow, fourteen costal veins, their ends slightly swollen, 
radial vein straight, medio-discal field crossed by eight transverse 
venule, ulnar vein simple, first axillary vein quadri-ramose, apical 
area two-fifths of total wing-length, its basal margin obtusely angled. 
Supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina large, its posterior 
border shortly cleft and compressed laterally in the centre 
simulating a valvular appearance. 

Total length 7°5 mm.; length of tegmina 6 mm. 


Amazons (H. W. Bates). One example (Oxford 
Museum), 

This somewhat remarkable species is most nearly allied 
to A. flabellata, Sss. and Zhnt. The unique example was 
labelled in Walker’s handwriting “ fiatia sp.” ; the genus 
Riatia (type R. pallicornis, W1k.) is too close to Anaplecta 
to be entitled to separate rank. 


Genus ANAPLECTOIDEA, nov. 


Differs from Anaplecta, Burm., in the branching of the ulnar vein 
of the wing. Elliptical, smooth, shining ; vertex of head reaching 
anterior border of pronotum ; eyes less remote than the insertions 
of the antenne ; pronotum transversely elliptical. Tegmina with 
marginal field very broad occupying almost half the total breadth. 
Ulnar vein multi-ramose, anal vein deeply impressed, axillary veins 
obsolete. Wings with numerous costal veins, medio-discal field 
crossed by numerous transverse venule, ulnar vein multi-ramose, 
the veins being given off towards the dividing vein, apical area small. 


248 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Supra-anal lamina slightly produced ; sub-genital lamina large, 
spoon-shaped ; cerci moderate, 


The genus bears the same relation to Anaplecta, that 
Pseudectobia does to Theganopteryx. 


Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 8, 9.) 


?. Rufo-castaneous; antennae, tarsi and cerci rufo-testaceous. 
Lateral borders of the pronotum and mediastinal field of tegmina 
hyaline. Tegmina transparent, thirteen costal veins, ulnar vein 
with six branches. Wings infuscated, with twelve costal veins, their 
extremities swollen, medio-discal field crossed by eight transverse 
venule, ulnar vein with six branches, apical area broader than long, 
one-fifth total wing-length, its basal margin obtusely angled. 

Total length 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 9 mm. 


Batcuian (W. Doherty), MAcASSAR (W. Doherty). Two 
examples (Oxford Museum). 


II. The genera PskuDoMops, Serv., and THYRSOCERA, 
Burm., of the sub-fam. PHYLLODROMIIN A. 


There has been considerable confusion regarding those 
species of Phyllodromiinz with incrassated antennz and 
angulate ulnar veins in the tegmina. The steps whereby 
this confusion has grown may be summarized shortly as 
follows :— 

The genus Psewdomops was founded in 1831 by Serville 
for the reception of the Blatta oblongata of Linnzeus, though 
whether Serville’s determination of the Linnzean species is 
correct is not certain. Burmeister in 1838 included in 
his genus Zhyrsocera the species spectabilis, erinicornis, 
cincta, affinis, flavipes, laticornis (Perty), histrio, oblongata 
(Linn.), annulicornis and hirticornis; of these ten species 
eight are Neotropical, two (spectabilis and hastrio) are 
Oriental; spectabilis must be selected as the type of the 
genus. Brunner, de Saussure, and other authors have 
ignored Serville’s name Psewdomops and have employed 
Thyrsocera instead ; however de Saussure in 1893 created the 
genus Hemithyrsocera for those Oriental species with a 
triangular apical triangle to the wings and with a simple or 
bifurcated vena ulnaris alarum; of this genus jucunda is 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 249 


the type. Kirby (1904) employs the name Psewdomops for 
all the South American species placed by various authors 
in the genus 7hyrsocera, six Oriental species are placed in 
the genus Thyrsocera and fourteen in the genus Hemithyr- 
socera. Rehn (1904) also applies Psewdomops to the Neo- 
tropical species, but sinks Hemithyrsocera as a synonym of 
Thyrsocera, spectabilis being selected as the type of that 
genus. An examination of most of the species on which 
these conclusions are based brings to light the following 
facts :—i. Thyrsocera spectabilis, Burm.,is a Periplanetine, 
as shown by the valvular character of the last ventral 
segment of the female and by the wing-structure ; H//ip- 
sidium speciosum, W\k., the type of which is in the Oxford 
Museum, is closely allied. Dr. A. Brauer, director of the 
Berlin Zoological Museum, has kindly favoured me with a 
drawing of Burmeister’s type and a sketch of the sub- 
genital lamina of that example, and there can be no 
doubt but that Zhyrsocera, Burm., is a ditypic genus of 
the sub-fam. Periplanetine. 


Thyrsocera may be re-described as follows -— 
THYRSOCERA, Burm. 


Antenne incrassated in the basal half and hirsute, the hairs being 
longer and more dense on eight to ten joints just beyond the middle 
of the antenne forming here a conspicuous tuft; third joint not 
longer than second. Head projecting slightly beyond the vertex ; 
eyes and antennal sockets equally widely separated. Pronotum, 
smooth, trapezoidal, sides deflexed. Tegmina extending considerably 
beyond the abdomen with the marginal field broad, the veins in the 
basal part indistinct, marked by series of punctures, Wings with the 
basal half of the marginal field coriaceous, both radial and ulnar 
veins multi-ramose. Front femora with a serried series of short spines 
on the anterior margin beneath, with one or two spines only on the 
posterior margin, the other femora sparsely armed, all with apical 
spines on both margins and genicular spines. Tibize with spines in 
three rows above. Metatarsus equal in length to the remaining 
joints. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, cucullate with a median carina, 
its posterior border emarginate ; sub-genital lamina of usual Peri- 
planetine type. Cerci of moderate length, flattened and spatulate. 
Males unknown. 


The two species may be distinguished as follows :— 


Three joints beyond the antennal tuft white. Pronotum broadly 


250 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


margined with yellow all round its border leaving a trefoil-shaped 
black centre. 


Th. spectabilis, Burm. (NEPAL, CEYLON, MALACCA.) 
(Type in Berlin Museum.) 


Two joints beyond the antennal tuft white. Pronotum with pos- 
terior margin and with two antero-lateral spots yellow, the black of 
the disc forming a cruciform figure. Ante-penultimate segment of 
abdomen beneath yellow. 


Th. speciosa, Wik. (EK. INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO.) (Type in 
Oxford Museum.) (Plate XIV, fig. 5.) 


ul. The Oriental species exclusive of spectabilis, hitherto 
included in the genus Zhyrsocera, belong to two different 
genera, viz. one In which the vena ulnaris alarum is simple 
or ramoseand an apical triangle present, Hemithyrsocera,Sss., 
another in which the vena ulnaris alarum is ramose and 
an apical triangle absent : for the latter species a new genus 
is created and may be diagnosed as follows :— 


PSEUDOTHYRSOCERA, gen. nov. 


Similar to Psewdomops, Serv., but with the anterior ulnar vein of 
the tegmina bifurcated instead of simple, and the pronotum truncate 
behind instead of produced. Antenne more or less incrassated and 
plumose in both sexes, whereas in Psewdomops the antenne are not 
always plumose in the male. Rami of the posterior ulnar vein of the 
tegmina angulate ; ulnar vein of the wings ramose, but sending no 
branches towards the dividing vein. 


The species to be included in this genus are :— 


1. P. scutigera, W1k. 
Psewdomops scutigera, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 212 
(1868). (SARAWAK, BORNEO.) 
2. P. pica, Walker. 
Pseudomops pica, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 213 
(1868). (SUMATRA and SINGAPORE.) 
3. P. wanthophila, Walker. 
Blatta xcanthophila, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 230 
(1868). (MENADO, CELEBES.) 


The types of these are in the Oxford Museum. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 251 


4, P, montana, n. sp. 


¢. Piceous. Head piceous, a triangular ochreous spot below the 
eyes, basal joints of maxillary palpi rufous, antennie slightly in- 
erassated, black. Pronotum trapezoidal, not covering the vertex, 
sides deflexed, posterior margin rounded, slightly produced. 
Tegmina piceous, apex of mediastinal field testaceous, sixteen to 
seventeen costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal sectors. 
Wings infuscated, ulnar vein tri-ramose. Abdomen, coxe and femora 
rufous ; cerci, apices of femora, tibize and tarsi black, tibial spines 
rufous. Supra-anal lamina produced, trigonal, sub-genital lamina 
trapezoidal, with one style. 

Total length 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 12°5 mm. 


Mr. Marana, 3000 feet, SARAWAK, BorRNEO. 


Two examples (Oxford Museum). 
The species in general facies approaches the genus 
Pseudomops. 


5. P. ruficollts, n. sp. (Plate XIV, fig. 6.) 


¢. Head and pronotum bright rufous ; eyes, antennze (mutilated) 
and maxillary palpi black. Tegmina black, a white spot on each 
mediastinal area and at the base of each anal field. Wings fuscous. 
Abdomen black. Coxe with their distal ends and outer borders 
testaceous-white ; the remaining joints of the legs are missing. 

Total length 16 mm. ; length of tegmina 13:2 mm. 


PENANG (Cantor). One example. 

The arrangement of the veins of the tegmina is the same 
as in P. pica, Wlik., and to that species this one is most 
nearly allied, and I expect that the antennze when perfect 
specimens are taken will be found to be plumose in the 
basal half as in P. pica, The insect is remarkably fusiform 
and both in colour and in shape is very like an Elaterid 
beetle. 


ii. The genus Hemithyrsocera, Sss., for reasons already 
given, has been transferred to the sub-fam. Ectobiine; the 
type species is H. histrio, Burm., since with this H. jucwnda, 
Sss., is synonymous (vide antea). 

The determination of the species of the genus Pseudo- 
mops is attended with some dittculty owing to the brevity 
of the diagnoses of the older authors and to the great 
variability of some of the species. I have been at some 


TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPY.) 17 


252 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


trouble to determine with accuracy those species that are 
contained in the Oxford Museum, and [I think that the 
subjoined list and notes made in the course of my labours 
may be of assistance to other workers in this order of 
Insects. I should like to record here my grateful thanks 
to Dr. O. Taschenberg of the Halle Museum who kindly 
lent me the type of P. afinis, Burm., and one or two other 
interesting examples of the genus; also to Dr. A. Brauer 
of Berlin for admirable drawings of the types of P. flavipes, 
Burm., P. annulicornis, Burm., Bblatta discoidalis, Burm., 
and B. discicollis, Burm. 


List OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMOPS, Serv. 


I. CERCI not spatulate. 


1. P. oblongata, L. (SURINAM.) 


Blatta oblongata, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), 1, p. 425, 
n. 9 (1758); De Geer, Mém. Ins. ui, p. 541, pl. 44, 
1H LL OA CINE TIS) 

Thyrsocera oblongata, Burmeister, Handb. Ent. u, p. 449, 
n. 8 (1888). 


In spite of de Geer’s admirable description and readily 
recognizable figure, subsequent authors have confused 
another species, P. intercepta, Burm., with this, explaining 
discrepancies in appearance as due to variability; the 
pattern of the pronotum is so different in the two species 
that I see no valid reason for confounding them. The 
general colour of the insect is fulvous and the disc of the 
pronotum is marked by two dark points which may be 
joined and by a crescentic dark band near the posterior 
margin. 


2. P. intercepta, Burm. (MExiIco, GUATEMALA, Hon- 
DURAS.) 


Rlatta intercepta, Burmeister, |. c. p. 497, n. 10 (1888) ; 
de Saussure, Mém. Mex. Blatt, p. 113 (1864). 

Pseudomops oblongata, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 115 (1839). 

Thyrsocera oblongata, Brunner, Nouv. Syst. d. Blatt. p. 
121, n. 8, pl. i, f. 11 (1865); de Saussure, Miss. Mex. 
Orth. p. 50, pl. 1, f. 29 (1870); de Saussure and 
Zehntner, Biol, Centr,-Amer, Orth. 1, p.32,n, 3 (1898), 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 253 


Thyrsocera tolteca, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv, p. 168 
(1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 124, pl. i, f. 21 (1864) ; 
Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 18 (1865). 


I agree with Kirby in regarding this as quite distinct 
from P. oblongata, L.; de Saussure and Zehntner on the 
other hand sink it as a synonym of P. oblongata, L. Good 
figures of the Species have been published, so that it can 
be readily recognized. 


3. P. inclusa, Wik. (BRAzIL, PERNAMBUCO.) 


Pseudomops inelusa, Walker, Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 212 
(1868). 

Thyrsocera anena, de Saussure, Mél. Orthop. fase. iv, p. 
97 (1872). 


The species can easily be distinguished by the horseshoe- 
shaped dark mark on the pronotum. In some specimens 
this may be considerably reduced, but it is never entirely 
absent ; the dark shadings on the tegmina are subject to 


considerable variation, The type of inclusa is in the 
Oxford Museum. 


4, P. laticornis, Perty. (BRAZIL) 


Blatia laticornis, Perty, Del. Anim. Art. p. 117, pl. 23, 
f. 4 (1834) ; Serville, Lc. p. 116 (1839). 

Thyrsocera laticornis, Burmeister, l. c. p. 499, n. 6 (1838) ; 
Brunner, |. c. p. 123, n. 11 (1865); de Saussure, Miss. 
Mex. Orth. p. 51 (1870). 

Thyrsocera dubia, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xiv, p. 168 
(1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 123 (1864); Brunner, 
Ic. p. 124, n. 12 (1865). 

Pseudomops concinna, Walker, 1. c. p. 82, n. 20 (1868). 


Perty’s excellent figure is a valuable aid to the identifi- 
cation of this species; from the Halle Museum I received 
two examples which I was able to identify without much 
doubt. The following is a short description of them: 


¢. Head red, shading to darker on the labrum, antenne black 
with a testaceous annulus occupying eight joints, base scarcely 
incrassated ; pronotum rufous shading to fuscous posteriorly, borders 
testaceous ; tegmina fuscous, distal half of mediastinal field and 
centre of marginal field testaceous; abdomen rufo-fuscous, cerci 


254 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


fuscous broadly tipped with testaceous; legs rufo-fuscous, coxe 
tipped with testaceous. Length of pronotum 2°8 mm. ; of tegmina 
105mm. ¢. Vertex only of head red, antenne incrassated at base, 
the testaceous annulus occupying fourteen joints ; pronotum rufous 
with a fuscous curved line posteriorly ; tegmina fuscous with a broad 
testaceous vitta extending from distal half of mediastinal field and 
occupying the whole of the marginal field to near the apex of the 
tegmina, posteriorly the tegmina are fusco-hyaline ; abdomen fuscous, 
cerci and legs as in the male. Length of pronotum 3 mm.; of 
tegmina 10 mm. Perty describes the head of this species as black, 
but his figure shows it to be red. 


5. P. annulicornis, Burm. (BRAZIL, Bahia.) 


Thyrsocera annulicornis, Burmeister, 1. c. p. 500, n. 9 
(1838) ; Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 16 (1865). 
Pseudomops deceptura, Walker, |. c. p. 82, n. 21 (1868). 


The type is at Berlin, and from a sketch of it made for 
me by Dr. Brauer I am of opinion that P. deceptura, W1k., 
is synonymous; the insect is testaceous-rufous with an 
infuscated patch on the posterior part of the pronotum, 
the white band on the antennz occupies ten joints. The 
species is undoubtedly very closely allied to P. laticornis, 
Perty, but as Burmeister was acquainted with that species 
and yet described annulicornis as new, it seems advisable 
to keep them separate. Blatta annulicornis, Wik., the 
type of which is in the Oxford Museum, is a species of 
Phyllodromia. 


6. P. aurantiaca, Sss. and Zhntn. (PANAMA.) 


Thyrsocera aurantiaca, de Saussure and Zehntner, |. ec. 


p. 32, 0.6; pls, 4, 6,7 (1893): 


I have compared the type of this with the type of P. 
deceptura, W\k., and find that the two are distinct. 


7. P. grata, Rehn. (Costa Rica.) 


Pseudomops grata, Rehn. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxix, 
p- 260 (1908). 


The species is unknown to me, 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidz. 255 


8. P. americana, Sss. (ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.) 


Thyrsocera americana, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2), xxi, 


p. 111 (1869) ; Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 51 (1870). 


The type is in Paris. This is another rufous species, 
perhaps not distinct from P. annulicornis, Burm. 


9. P. mimica, Wik. (BRAZIL, Para.) 
Pseudomops mimica, Walker, 1. c. p. 80, n. 17 (1868). 


?. Head black, antenne mutilated, pronotum rufous, with a 
fuscous crescentic band on the hind margin. Tegmina dark fuscous, 
mediastinal area and a small spot at the base of the marginal field 
hyaline-testaceous. Abdomen black, the fifth tergum with two 
lateral testaceous spots ; cerci mutilated ; supra-anal lamina pro- 
duced, quadrate. Legs dark castaneous, apices of coxe and 
trochanters testaceous. Length of body 8 mm. ; length of tegmina 
10 mm. 


Type in the British Museum. 
The dark tegmina and the rufous pronotum render this 
a sufficiently conspicuous insect. 


10. P. cincta, Burmeister. (Mexico, GUATEMALA, 
NICARAGUA.) 


Thyrsocera cincta, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 3 (1838); 
Brunner, l.c. p. 122, n. 9 (1865); de Saussure, Mém. 
Mex. Blatt. p. 50, pl. 1, f 28 (1870) ; de Saussure and 
Zehntner, |. c. p. 32, n. 1 (1893). 

Thyrsocera mexicana, de Saussure, |. c. p. 122 (1864). 

Thyrsocera salle, de Saussure, l.c. p. 123 (1864). 

Pseudomops salle, var., Walker, l.c. p. 77, n. 4 (1868). 

Thyrsocera cincta, var., de Saussure, Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 51 
(1870). 


The species exhibits a great range of variation, the 
extreme forms are very different in coloration, but as 
de Saussure has examined a considerable series of speci- 
mens which help to bridge over the differences, I accept 
his conclusion that P. sal/ei is merely a rufous variety of 
cunct a) 


256 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidz. 


11. P. neglecta, n. sp. (BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul.) 


?. Head and mouth parts piceous ; antennz black with a tes- 
taceous band beyond the middle occupying six joints, incrassated at 
base and pilose. Pronotum as long as broad, anteriorly truncate, not 
covering the vertex of the head, posteriorly produced, obtusely 
angled, dark fuscous, all the margins bordered with yellow, broadest 
laterally. Tegmina fuscous or rufo-fuscous, mediastinal field hyaline 
or testaceo-hyaline, marginal field partially hyaline; seventeen to 
eighteen costal veins, discoidal field with six longitudinal sectors. 
Wings infuscated. Abdomen fuscous, segments laterally bordered 
with testaceous, apex rufo-fuscous ; supra-anal lamina triangular, 
produced, sub-genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular, rufous, posteriorly 
margined narrowly with fuscous ; cerci fuscous. Legs black, the 
tibial spines rufous, the coxee margined with testaceous. 

Total length 10°5 mm.; length of tegmina 8 mm. ; pronotum 
3mm. X 3 mm. 


Three examples labelled in Brunner’s handwriting 
“ Thyrsocera sp. n.” (Oxford Museum). 

The species is allied to P. cincta, Burm., and may be 
distinguished from it chiefly by its smaller size, shorter 
tegmina, broader pronotum and by the colour of the legs. 
A similar example from Monte Video in the Paris Museum 
stands under the name LP. cincta. 


12. Pseudomops afinis, Burm. (SURINAM, BRAZIL, 
Para.) 


Thyrsocera afinis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 4 (18838); 
Brunner, l.c. p. 124, n. 14 (1865). 

Thyrsocera hirticornis, Burmeister, |.c. p. 500, n. 10 
(1838); Brunner, lc. p. 124, n. 14 (1865). 


Dr. Taschenberg of Halle having kindly lent me the 
type of P. afinis I have been able to compare it with 
Brunner’s description and find that it agrees admirably 
with that account. The type of P. hirticornis is ap- 
parently in Brunner’s collection and is considered by 
Brunner to be the male of P. affnes. 


13. Pseudomops flavipes, Burm. (BRaAziL, Rio de 
Janeiro.) 
Thyrsocera flavipes Burmeister, lc. p. 499, n. 5 (1838); 
Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 16 (1865). 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 257 


Pseudomops flavipes, var., Walker, |. c. p. 79, n. 10 (1868). 
Pseudomops walkeri, Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xii, 
p. 273 (1903). 


As shown by a drawing of the type now at Berlin this 
species is very closely allied to P. affinis, and the arrange- 
ment of colours on the pronotum is identical, however 
flavipes has flavid legs and the abdomen and tegmina 
appear to be paler. 


14. P. angusta, Wik. (SANTAREM, COLOMBIA.) 
Pseudomops angusta, Walker, |.c. p. 81, n. 19 (1868). 


2. Head shining black with a round yellowish spot on the 
frons ; clypeus yellow, labrum black; maxillary palpi luteous, 
apical joint black. Antennze with the basal half incrassated, black, 
a white band at the base of the apical half oceupying eight joints. 
Pronotum with the posterior border strongly produced, black, bor- 
dered all round with bright yellow, the lateral borders at one point 
on each side produced inwards to form two broad projections which 
do not meet. Tegmina ferruginous at the base, at the apex flavo- 
hyaline, the costal margin testaceous between the veins, the medi- 
astinal field hyaline; a slender fuscous humeral stripe. Wings 
flavo-hyaline. Abdomen, cerci and legs luteous-yellow ; bases of 
the cox black. Cerci long, not spatulate. Supra-anal lamina, 
produced, quadrate. 

Total length 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm. 


This description is taken from a specimen in the Hope 
Museum, Oxford; it differs a little from the type which is 
in the British Museum, but is too close to be separated. 

The species is allied to P. flavipes, Burm., but differs by 
the broader testaceous band on the antennze, by the greater 
extent of the yellow margins of the pronotum, the black 
disc of the pronotum being almost divided into two by 
the inward projections of the yellow lateral borders; the 
intervenular stripes of opaque testaceous on the tegmina 
are variable characters. 


15. P. burri, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Cachabi.) (Plate XIV, 
fig. 1.) 

?. Allied to P. angusta, W1k., but smaller, prothorax not so 
markedly produced behind. Head orange-yellow with the vertex and 
frons black or entirely black with orange lines above the antennal 
sockets and at base of clypeus ; two orange lines behind the eyes ; the 


258 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


antenne with basal half incrassated, black, a luteous band occupying 
five joints beyond the middle. Prothorax luteous with a pyriform 
black central marking, the point directed backwards. Tegmina 
ferruginous at the base ; the mediastinal field hyaline, the marginal 
field flavo-hyaline with intervenular streaks of opaque testaceous ; 
apex of tegmina flavo-hyaline, the veins ferruginous. Wings flavo- 
hyaline. Legs, abdomen, and cerci bright luteous, the coxz at their 
extreme bases outwardly tipped with black and with pale borders. 
Cerci elongate. Supra-anal lamina triangular, produced. 
Total length 12 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm. 


Three examples (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll., Dec. 1896). 
(Oxford Museum.) 

Named after Mr. Malcolm Burr to whose generosity the 
Oxford Museum owes a magnificent collection of exotic 
Orthoptera. 

The species differs from P. angusta, Wlk., in the follow- 
ing points:—The less extent of the white band on the 
antenn, the different shape of the black disc of the 
pronotum, the testaceous stripes on the tegmina. 


16. P. discicollis, Burm. (MExiIco.) (Plate, XIV, fig. 2.) 


Blatta discicollis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 1012 (1838); de 
Saussure, Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 114 (1864). 

Thyrsocera discicollis, Brunner, |. c. p. 128, n. 10 (1865). 

Thyrsocera laticornis, var., de Saussure and Zehntner. 
Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orth. 1, p. 32, n. 2 (1893). 


This is a very well-marked species, and the most robust 
of the genus. The type, of which I have a drawing, is at 
Berlin; another example is in the collection of Central 
American Orthoptera in the British Museum, and stands 
under the name of P. /aticornis, Perty ; a third, from which 
the following description is drawn up, is in the Oxford 
Museum. 


Q. Head and mouth parts black, antennz mutilated (in the 
type, very long, black at base with a testaceous annulus occupying 
nineteen joints about the middle of total length, beyond the middle 
fuscous). Pronotum almost orbicular, but truncate in front, not 
covering the vertex and produced behind, disc piceous with broad 
lateral borders of orange-yellow, the posterior border margined 
with a fine yellow line; the black of the disc which just fails to 
meet the yellow anterior margin is narrowed anteriorly. 'Tegmina 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 259 


dark fuscous, mediastinal field at apex testaceous, fifteen costal 
veins, discoidal field with nine longitudinal sectors, wings fuscous. 
Abdomen, cerci and legs dark fuscous, coxze outwardly margined 
with whitish. Supra-anal lamina quadrately produced. 

Total length 19°5 mm.; length of tegmina 15 mm.’; pronotum 
5 mm. x 6 mm. 


17. P. queriniana, Sss. (MEXIco.) 


Thyrsocera guerimiana, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv, 
p- 168 (1862); Mém. Mex. Blatt. p. 124 (1864); 
Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 50 (1870); Brunner, lc. p. 126, 
n. 19 (1865). 


The type is in the Paris Museum, 


18. P. obscura, Sss. (BOLIVIA, SANTA CRUZ.) 


Thyrsocera obscura, de Saussure, Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 52 
(1870). 


The type is in the Paris Museum. 


19. P. magna, n. sp. (Ecuapor, Paramba.) 


¢. Entirely black, except a testaceous band on the antenne 
beyond the basal incrassated portion and the testaceous terminal 
three joints of the cerci which are not spatulate ; an orange patch in 
the middle of the ventral surface of the abdomen. The borders of 
the cox are not white, and the mediastinal area of the tegmina 
is not hyaline. Body depressed. Posterior border of prothorax 
obtusely rounded. @. Like the male but without the orange patch 
on the abdomen; the supra-anal lamina is triangular, its apex 
slightly incised. 


Total length. Length of body. Length of tegmina. 
oho 18 mm. 15°6 mim. 14 
OF 18 mm. 14 mm. 13°5 


One male and two females (W. &. H. Rosenberg coll. 
February and May 1897). (Oxford Museum.) 


20. P. albostriata, n. sp. (EcuaADor, Cachabi.) 


?. Black ; antennee beyond the penicillation, with a testaceous 
band occupying nine joints. Pronotum quite black except for a very 
narrow border of testaceous, not occurring on the front margin ; the 


260 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


pronotum is strongly produced backwards. Tegmina with the 
mediastinal area, except at the base, and eight oblique costal streaks, 
testaceous. The sub-genital lamina and the discs of the sterna of 
the three preceding segments bright rufous. Coxe white-edged. 
Cerci black, not spatulate. 

Total length 12 mm, ; length of tegmina 10 mm. 


One example (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll. Nov. 1896). 
(Oxford Museum.) 

The species appears to be quite distinct from all the 
other black species of this genus; it approaches LP. 
luctwosa, Sss.. more closely than any other. 


21. P. bicolor, n. sp. (ECUADOR, Paramba.) (Plate XVI, 
figs. 12, 12a; and Plate XIV, fig. 7.) 


¢. Head and antenne (mutilated) black. Pronotum orange-red 
with some very obscure darker markings. Tegmina fuscous with 
the costal margin narrowly fulvous for two-thirds of its length. 
Wings fusco-hyaline. Abdomen bright luteous except the last five 
terga and the sub-genital lamina which are black; on the 6th 
tergum is a prominent mamillary tubercle covered with an orange 
pubescence and with a small opening on each side. Cerci black with 
the two terminal joints white. Coxe and trochanters bright luteous ; 
the 2nd and 3rd pairs of femora bright luteous with the apices 
fuscous; the Ist pair of femora, the tibiz and tarsi fuscous ; the 
tibial spines rufous. 

Length of body 13°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 14 mm. 


One example (W. F. H. Rosenberg coll. Mar. 1897), 

This species is quite distinct from all the known forms. 
The opening of the so-called repugnatorial glands on the 
6th abdominal segment is remarkable and unlike any other 
known to me. The 7th abdominal tergum is almost 
entirely covered by the 6th tergum, the posterior border 
of which is incised. 


Il. Cerct spatulate. 
22. P. femoralis, Wik. (BRAzIL, Rio de Janeiro.) 


Pseudomops femoralis, Walker, |. c. p. 81, n. 18 sree) 
Thyrsocera crinicornis, Brunner, l. c. p. 126, n. 21 (1865). 


Brunner’s description of P. crinicornis applies with 
great exactitude to this species, four examples of which 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blatiidx. 261 


are in the Hope Museum, Oxford ; one example was sent 
to Berlin for comparison with Burmeister’s type of cri- 
cormis and was found to be quite distinct ; nor was it found 
to agree with the other species described by Burmeister in 
that collection. 


23. P. brunneri, Sss. (SURINAM.) 


Thyrsocera brunneri, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p. 
111 (1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 49 (1870). 

Thyrsocera crinicornis, var. fulva, Brunner, |. c. p. 127 
(1865). 


I have examined the type at Paris, and in my opinion 
the species is distinct from P. femoralis, WIk. 


24. P. crinicornis, Burm. (BRAZIL, Para.) 


Thyrsocera crinicornis, Burmeister, l.c. p. 499, n. 2 
(1838); de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p. 111 
(1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 48 (1870); de Saussure 
and Zehntner, |. c. p. 33, n. 7 (1898). 

Pseudomops afinis, Walker, |. c. p. 79, n. 9 (1868). 


De Saussure has identified this species correctly, and 
his description of it should render its determination easy ; 
a drawing of an example in the Hope Museum, Oxford, 
was sent to Berlin, and found to correspond closely with 
Burmeister’s type. 


25. P. luctuosa, Sss. (SURINAM.) 


Thyrsocera luctuosa, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xx, p. 99 
(1868) ; Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 48, pl. 1. ff. 27, 27a (1870). 


The species is quite distinct from P. crinicornis, Burm. 


26. P. tristicula, Stal. (BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro.) 


Pseudomops tristicula, Stil. Freg. Eugenie’s Resa, Zool. v. 
p- 310 (1858). 
Thyrsocera tristicula, Brunner, |. c. p. 125, n. 17 (1865). 


An entirely black species with a testaceous vitta on each 
side of the abdomen beneath. 


262 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


27. P. puiggarit, Bol. (BRaAztL, San Pablo.) 


Thyrsocera puiggartt, Bolivar, An. Soc. Espah. x, p. 354 
(1881). 
This is possibly conspecific with P. tristicula, Stal., but 
the description of the latter is so madequate that certainty 
on this point is not possible without comparison of types. 


28. P. nigrita, Sss. (BRAZIL.) 


Thyrsocera nigrita, de Saussure, Rev. Zool. (2) xxi, p. 
111 (1869); Miss. Mex. Orth. p. 52 (1870). 


This species was described from a specimen lacking the 
abdomen and antennee, and on the strength of the different 
colour of the legs was held to be different from P. ¢risticula, 
Stal. A perfect example of what appears to be un- 
doubtedly this species was sent to me by Dr. Taschenberg 
of Halle and shows that the species is quite distinct from 
tristicula, the abdomen being orange-red above and below. 
In the male the supra-anal lamina is triangularly produced 
and deeply notched, the sub-genital lamina is ample and 
orbicular, bearing two short acuminate styles; the cerci 
are orange and broadly spatulate; the ante-penultimate 
tergum has the posterior margin notched in the middle, 
whilst the preceding tergum is very broadly and deeply 
emarginate, exposing nearly the whole of the following 
tergum. 


29. P. melana, Wik. (BRAZIL.) 
Pseudomops melana, Walker, |. c. p. 80, n. 16 (1868). 


Distinguished by a luteous band on the abdomen above. 


30. P. simulans, Stal. (BRAZIL) 
Pseudomops simulans, Stal. lc. p. 810 (1858). 
Thyrsocera simulans, Brunner, |. c. p. 124, n. 13-(1865). 


This species, owing to the inadequacy of the description, 
cannot be recognized with certainty; it may not even 
enter into the section of the genus with spatulate cerci. 


Pseudomops melandryoides, Wik. (l.c. p. 84, 1868) is a 
species of Phyllodromia, 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 263 


TABLE OF SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE GENUS 
PSEUDOMOPS, Serv. 


A. CERCI NOT SPATULATE. 


1. Pronotum not unicolorous, margins 
paler than disc. 
2. Ground colour of pronotum some 
shade of rufous. 
3. Lateral pale margins of pronotum 
inwardly produced . . . . intercepta, Burm, 
3’. Lateral pale margins of pronotum 
not inwardly produced. 
4, Dise of pronotum with definite 
darker markings. 
5. Two dark spots on the disc of 
the pronotum . . . oblongata, L. 
. A horseshoe-shaped ene on 
the dise of the pronotum. inclusa, Wk. 
4’, Dise of pronotum without de- 
finite darker markings. 
5. General colour of tegmina 


rufous. 
6. Fusco-rufous . . . . . laticornis, Burm. 
6’. Testaceo-rufous . . . . annulicornis, Burm., 


americana, Sss. 
5’. General colour of tegmina 


orange. 
6. Tegmina with apex only 
infuscated . . . . aurantiaca,Sss. and Zhnt. 
6’. Tegmina with apical ines 
fifths infuscated . . . grata, Rehn. 
5”. General colour of tegmina 
fUSCOUS Een mimica, W1k. 


. Ground colour of “sean winnin Faneane) 
ae Lateral yellow borders of prono- 
tum not broad. 
4, Lateral yellow borders not in- 
wardly produced. 
5, Pronotum longer than broad cincta, Burm. 
5’ Pronotum not longer than 
broad’. 5°55: & . = . neglecta, mihi. 


264 


4’, Lateral yellow borders inwardly 
produced. 
5, Legs not entirely yellow . 
5’, Legs entirely yellow. 

6. Lateral yellow borders of 
pronotum strongly pro- 
duced inwards - 9.) = 

6’. Lateral yellow borders of 
pronotum less strongly 
produced inwards . 

3’. Lateral yellow borders of prono- 
tum broad. 

4, Yellow border of pronotum 

nearly equally broad through- 


out St Raabe cl sc 

4’. Yellow borden of pronotum 
narrowed anteriorly and 
posteriorly. 


5. Of large size . 
5’. Smaller 
1’. Pronotum unicolorous. 
2, Pronotum red . 
2’. Pronotum black or fuscous. 
3. Abdomen not orange in the male. 
4, Tegmina without white streaks 
4’, Tegmina with white streaks . 
3’. Abdomen orange in the male 


B. CERCI SPATULATE. 


1. Pronotum with broad yellow borders. 
- Tegmina fuscous . 
. Tegmina fulvous 
pote with narrow ello: Ia denn 
or none, 
2. Abdomen orange . 
2’. Abdomen black. 
3. Abdomen entirely black. 
4, No white lines on the tegmina. 
4. Tegmina with white lines 
3’. Abdomen not entirely black. 
4. Abdomen rufous at base 
4’, Abdomen not rufous at base, 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


afinis, Burm. 


angusta, Wk. 


flavipes, Burm. 


gueriniand, Sss. 


discicollis, Burm. 
burri, mihi. 


bicolor, mihi. 
obscura, Sss. 


albostriata, mihi, 
magna, mihi. 


femoralis, Wk. 


brunneri, Sss. 
nigrita, Sss. 
crinicornis, Burm. 


luctuosa, Sss. 


puiggart, Bol, 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 265 


5. Abdomen with transverse 


testaceous band above . . melana, W1k. 
5’. Abdomen with longitudinal 
vittze below. . . . . .. tristicwa, Stal. 


IIT. Some NEw BLATTIDZ FROM SARAWAK, BORNEO, 
IN THE Hope DEPARTMENT, OXFORD UNIVERSITY 
MUSEUM. 


Mr. J. Hewitt, Curator of the Sarawak Museum, 
recently forwarded to me for determination a small col- 
lection of cockroaches ; thirteen of the species appear to 
be new to science and are described below. The re- 
discovery of the species described by Serville as Dlatta 
decorata is of some interest. The numbers attached by 
Mr. Hewitt to his specimens are quoted in square 
brackets. 


Genus ISCHNOPTERA, Burm. 


Ischnoptera excavata, nu. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 11.) 


¢@. Fulvo-ferruginous. Eyes closer together than the antennal 
sockets, Pronotum trapezoidal, sides deflexed, posterior margin 
obtusely angled. Tegmina with the radial vein bifurcated near 
base, seventeen costal veins, seven discoidal sectors. Wings hyaline, 
marginal field and veins ferruginous, mediastinal vein with 
five branches, radial vein bifurcated, eleven costal veins, ulnar 
vein sending four rami to apex, two to dividing vein, first axillary 
vein tri-ramose. Anterior femora with anterior margin beneath 
strongly spined, the proximal spines longer than the distal ; all the 
femora with apical spines on both margins and with genicular 
spines. Supra-anal lamina profoundly modified, proximally it 
is deeply depressed with a median elevated carina, so that two 
wide pits are formed which are directed forwards beneath 
the preceding tergum, posterior margin of the lamina rounded, 
slightly emarginate. Sub-genital lamina of normal shape, but 
without styles. Cerci moderate, 

Total length 21 mm. ; length of tegmina 17 mm. 


KucuineG (March 1899). One example [No. 32]. 
I know of no other species of Blattid in which so 
extensive a modification of the supra-anal lamina occurs ; 


266 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


the opening of the so-called ‘‘repugnatorial”” glands in 
many species leads to modifications of the penultimate or 
antepenultimate terga, but not to that of the supra-anal 
lamina. 


Ischnoptera montis, n. sp. (Plate XVI, fig. 10.) 


¢. Head castaneous, antennee rufo-fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, 
castaneous, sides deflexed. Tegmina testaceous-hyaline, thirteen to 
fourteen costal veins, anterior ulnar vein quadri-ramose, posterior 
ulnar tri-ramose. Wings hyaline, mediastinal vein long with two 
branches, radial vein unbranched, eight costal veins, the four 
proximal ones incrassated, median vein simple, ulnar vein giving off 
five veins to apex and three to the dividing vein. Abdomen cas- 
taneous, the first few segments paler; the first segment above with 
a median deep depression, the anterior wail of which is fimbriated 
with rufous hairs that appear to conceal a minute orifice, from the 
posterior wall projects a blunt tooth ‘covered with a rufous pube- 
scence. The middle of the seventh segment is depressed and the 
middle of the posterior margin of the sixth segment is slightly 
elevated, forming a wide-mouthed tube in which can be seen 
numerous hairs. Supra-anal lamina trapezoidal ; subgenital lamina 
asymmetrical with two acuminate styles asymmetrically placed, 
the right being almost median, the left lateral. Cerci castaneous, 
mutilated. Legs rufo-castaneous, front femora with several spines 
along the anterior margin beneath, the distal members of the series 
shorter than the proximal. 

Length of body 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 14 mm. 


Mr. MatanG, 3000 feet. One example [No. 21]. 

The secondary sexual characters of the Oriental species 
of /schnoptera appear to be most diverse in character, and 
a careful anatomical study of the structures whose pre- 
sence is revealed by openings to the exterior and modifi- 
cations of the overlying terga is much to be desired. 
The modification of the first abdominal tereum described 
above appears to be unusual amongst the Blattide. 


Genus PSEUDOPHYLLODROMIA, Br. 
Pseudophyllodromia pulchervrima, n.sp. (Plate XIV, fig. 3.) 


d.and 2. Piceous. Head large and broad projecting beyond 
the pronotum, with a narrow golden line between the eyes; antennce 
fine, setaceous, longer than the body. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 267 


not deflexed, bordered all round with a narrow golden line, the 
line is marginal on the anterior and posterior margins of the pro- 
thorax but submarginal on the lateral margins. Tegmina with 
the mediastinal area, a horseshoe-shaped vitta astride the radial vein 
near its base, and an elongate vitta in the apical part of the marginal 
field, golden (faded to white in dried specimens). The surface of 
the tegmina is somewhat rugulose; marginal field broad, nine costal 
veins, ulnar vein with nine oblique branches, no division of the 
vein into an anterior and posterior trunk, anal vein strongly impressed. 
Wings infuscated, especially strongly in marginal field and at apex, 
a clear hyaline spot in marginal field; nine somewhat irregular 
costal veins, ulnar vein with four rami, no apical triangle, first 
axillary tri-ramose. Abdomen piceous ; supra-anal lamina of male 
transverse, of female slightly produced, emarginate ; abdomen beneath 
piceous, the centre of the last few segments rufous, sub-genital 
lamina of the male short, transverse, of the female large, ample ; 
cerci moderate, piceous, apical three joints golden above. Legs 
piceous, apices of cox and trochanters golden, tarsi and tibial 
spines rufous. Front femora unarmed beneath, mid-femora with 
two spines on anterior margin, three on posterior margin, hind 
femora with two on anterior margin and four on posterior margin, 
all the femora with apical spines on both margins and with genicular 
spines. The genital apparatus of the male appears to be very com- 
plicated. The ootheca is almost cylindrical, longitudinally finely 
striated, with a longitudinal serrulate crest, it is carried by the 
female with the crest uppermost and the contained eggs vertically 
disposed. The larve have the anterior and lateral margins of the 
pronotum, the lateral margins of the meso- and metanotum, two 
spots on the metanotum and on the fourth and fifth abdominal 
terga, golden. 
Total length 10 min.; length of tegmina 6 mm. 


KucHING. Several examples [No. 12]. 

This little cockroach is abundant in decayed wood ; in 
general appearance it is unlike the South American species 
of the genus, but I can find no character of sufficient 
importance to entitle it to separate generic rank, unless 
the undivided trunk of the ulnar vein of the tegmina can 
be so regarded. An allied species occurs in Penang, but 
the unique example before me is in such bad condition 
that I prefer to await additional material before describing 
it. Phyllodromia laticeps, Wik., and P. laticaput, Br., 
should also be referred to the genus Pseudophyllodromia. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 18 


268 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Genus ALLACTA, Sss. and Zhntn. 
Allacta parva, n. sp. 


d. Head and antenne testaceous, two pyriform vitte on the 
frons castaneous. Pronotum transversely elliptical, castaneous, with 
a triangular testaceous mark on the centre of the anterior margin. 
Tegmina castaneous, mediastinal area and a transverse spot just 
before the middle of the tegmen continuous with it, hyaline; ten 
costal veins, anterior ulnar vein with three Jongitudinal rami, 
posterior trunk simple. Wings hyaline, six costal veins, the third, 
fifth and sixth bifurcate, their extremities swollen; radial vein 
bifurcate, ulnar vein with four branches. Femora moderately 
armed. Supra-anal lamina transverse, sub-genital lamina orbicular, 
with two styles. Cerci elongate. 

Total length 8 mm. ; length of tegmina 6 mm. 


KucHinG. Two examples [No. 23]. 


Genus EPILAMPRA, Burm. 
Hpilampra saravacensis, n, sp. 


2. Allied to H. inelarata, Wik., but larger, the ocelliform spots 
on the tegmina smaller and less numerous, the part of the right 
tesmen overlapped by the left not marbled or ocellated, marginal 
field of wings not so strongly marked with rufescent. 

Pale fulvous; head with darker points densely arranged ; pro- 
notum not covering the vertex of the head, its posterior margin 
obtusely angled, covered with densely arranged fuscous and rufous 
points, but not punctate. Tegmina with a few small white ocelliform 
spots, except on that part of the right tegmen overlapped by the left, 
which is uniform fulvous. Wings with apex slightly fulvous. 
Abdomen flavo-testaceous above, rufous below. Front femora with 
six stout spines on the middle of anterior margin beneath, three on 
posterior margin in distal half, mid- and hind-femora with three 
spines on anterior, four on posterior margin ; formula of apical 
spines 2, 1, 4; genicular spines on mid- and hind-femora, none on 
the front pair; pulvilli margined with spines, the second joint with 
spines beneath in addition. 

Total length 56 mm. ; length of body 43 mm. ; length of tegmina 
48 mm. 


Linaca, Barane Lupar River. One example [| No. 15]. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 269 


Epilampra goliath, a. sp. 


¢. Allied to EH. moloch, Rehn., from Siam, of the same dark 
vinaceous brown above and of the same elongate ovate shape. It 
differs as follows: Head not projecting beyond the pronotum, 
vertex and a broad stripe extending to the clypeus fuscous, the front 
of the head and antennée testaceous ; pronotum with two crescentic 
impressions on the disc. Marginal field of tegmina very broad, 
almost equalling half the total breadth, mediastinal vein with five 
branches. Wings with anterior part suffused with rufous, strongest 
at apex. Subgenital lamina broad, asymmetrical with two flattened 
styles. Abdomen flavo-testaceous above, rufo-fuscous below with 
paler margins, a dark stigma on each side of each segment. Front 
femora with five spines on median part of anterior margin, three on 
posterior margin, mid- and hind-femora with three to five spines 
on each margin, all the femora with genicular spines, formula of 
apical spines 4, +, +; pulvilli of posterior tarsi not margined with 
spines. 

Total length 58 mm. ; length of body 50 mm. ; length of tegmina 
50 mm. 


Mr. Matanc, 3000 feet. One example [No. 14]; 
N. BorNEO opposite LABUAN. One example. 

If the admirably detailed description of /. moloch, Rehn 
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvii, p. 550, 1904), be compared 
with the foregoing description it will readily be seen in 
what features the two insects differ; I have omitted 
descriptions of those features wherein the two species 
resemble each other. Both species bear a marked 
resemblance to Molyiria badia, Br. 


Epilampra miranda, v. sp. 


d. Allied to the preceding species. Fulvo-testaceous. Head with 
very convex front, eyes more remote than ocellar spots, vertex with 
three longitudinal stripes. Pronotum shaped as in H. moloch, Rehn, 
and H. goliath, mihi, but somewhat more cucullate, only just cover- 
ing the vertex of the head, with scattered punctures and with two 
erescentic impressions on the disc. Tegmina with marginal field 
equal to half the total breadth, mediastinal vein with seven branches ; 
speckled with paler spots, radial vein at base fuscous. Wings hyaline, 
veins flavo-testaceous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate, not extending 
beyond the sub-genital lamina which is quadrate and _ slightly 
asymmetrical (styles mutilated) ; cerci moderate, acuminate ; ventral 
segments with a black stigma on each side. Front femora with 


270 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


seven spines on anterior margin beneath, mid- and hind-femora with 
three to four spines on anterior margin, two on posterior margin ; 
formula of apical spines 7, +, }, no genicular spine on front femora. 
Posterior metatarsus barely equal in length to remaining joints, 
which are not spined beneath, pulvilli not margined with spines. 

Total length, 55 mm. ; length of body, 44 mm. ; length of tegmina, 
42 mm. ; pronotum, 18 mm. x 11 mm. 


Mr. PENRISSEN, 3500 feet (R. Shelford coll.), One 
example [No. 16]. 

Epilampra flavomarginata, n. sp. 

¢ and @. Rufous. Head testaceous with minute rufous points, 
antenne fuscous except at base. Pronotum not covering the vertex, 
sides deflexed, posterior margin obtusely angled, covered with small 
confluent dots darker than the ground-colour, except on the anterior 
and posterior margins which are flavo-testaceous. Tegmina with 
mediastinal area flavo-testaceous, the rest rufous with fine yellow 
streaks on the veins, the right tegmen where covered by the left is 
infuscated; branching of mediastinal vein very obscure. Wings 
with the marginal field luteous, the apex and veins infuscated. 
Abdomen flavo-testaceous. Supra-anal lamina bilobate, strongly 
produced in the female ; sub-genital lamina in the male sub-quadrate, 
asymmetrical, in the female ample, semi-orbicular. Front femora 
with three to four spines on the proximal half of the anterior margin 
beneath, with close set minute spines in the distal half, mid- and 
hind-femora with four to five spines on anterior margin, three on 
posterior margin, apical spines on both margins on all the femora, 
all the genicular spines present. Posterior metatarsus much longer 
than succeeding joints, second joint spinose beneath, pulvilli mar 
gined with spines. 

Total length, 21 mm.; length of body, 17 mm. ; length of tegmina, 
17 mm. 

KUCHING; several examples [No. 17]. 

This species falls into the same group that includes 
E. napua, Sss., E. levicollis, Sss., EB. puncticollis, Wik., 4. 
plena, W\k., ete. Its coloration alone ought to render it 
easy of recognition. 


Genus HoMALOSILPHA, Stil. 


Homalosilpha decorata, Serv. (Plate XIV, fig. 8.) 
Blatta decorata, Serville, Ins. Orth. p. 99 (1839). 


This species of unknown habitat has been ignored in 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 271 


the lists of Blattidee described by earlier authors; neither 
Brunner nor Kirby mention it. The type specimen from 
the Marchal collection is in the Hope Museum, Oxford, 
and from an examination of it I am able to place it with- 
out a doubt in the genus Homalosilpha. An identical 
example from Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak [No. 28] gives the 
habitat of this species that has for so long been unrecog- 
nized. It may be mentioned that another of Serville’s 
types of Blattide, viz. Blatta alcarazzas, is also in the 


Oxford Museum. 


Genus MIROBLATTA, nov. 


Head covered by the pronotum, eyes closer together than the 
antennal sockets ; antenne very long, third joint twice as long as 
second. Pronotum longer than broad, anterior border arcuate, 
posterior border truncate, exposing the scutellum ; markedly cucul- 
late and narrowed anteriorly, anterior and lateral margins reflected, 
dise with symmetrically disposed elevated ridges. 'Tegmina broad, 
oval, barely reaching extremity of abdomen, overlapping consider- 
ably, apex obtusely rounded; corneous, densely reticulated, vena- 
tion obscured, no anal vein or anal field, radial vein strongly 
elevated at base, mediastinal field on under surface elevated, keeled, 
space between mediastinal and radial veins broad, inflexed, forming 
with mediastinal field an epipleuron, the outer margin of which is 
the anterior margin of the tegmen, the inner margin formed by the 
mediastinal vein. Wings broadly ovate, of same length as tegmina, 
coriaceous, anterior part nearly twice as broad as posterior part, the 
outer margin deeply indented at the point of division between the 
two parts, the wing appearing bilobate ; mediastinal and radial 
veins fused, their base elevated forming a prominent ridge, six 
ramose branches given off to apex and outer margin, ulnar vein 
reduced with three ramose branches only, numerous transverse 
venules between all the veins; posterior part of wing not folding 
in fan-like manner but merely doubling under anterior part. Supra- 
anal lamina of male broadly transverse, slightly emarginate. Sub- 
genital lamina of male subquadrate, styles minute. Cerci long, very 
sharply pointed. Legs long, slender; femora unarmed beneath ; 
spines on posterior tibiz in two rows. Posterior tarsi with meta- 
tarsus longer than remaining joints, no spines beneath, pulvilli large, 
the second occupying whole length of joint. Female not known, 
probably apterous. 


The affinities of this highly remarkable genus appear to 


272 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


be with Archiblatta, Vollenh., as shown by the unarmed 
femora and the structure of the tarsi; the form of the 
‘“epipleuron ” is very different, in Archiblatta this 1s formed 
by a simple deflexion of the anterior part of the tegmen, 
whereas in Miroblatta the area between the mediastinal 
and radial veins is deflexed, but the mediastinal field itself 
is in the same plane as the disc of the tegmen, forming in 
repose a sort of flange; I know of no parallel modification 
of the tegmina in other Blattidee. The method of wing- 
folding in Miroblatia is met with again only amongst the 
Corydiine. 


Miroblatia petrophila, sp. n. (Plate XIV, figs. 4, 4a.) 


¢. Elongate ovate; dark castaneous. Head fuscous, front concave, 
lower face rugose, clypeus flavo-testaceous, mouth parts castaneous ; 
antennz longer than total length of body, a broad white annulus 
before the middle, occupying twenty-one joints. Pronotum cas- 
taneous, disc with strong elevated ridges in the form of a horseshoe, 
giving off anteriorly two short diverging branches and laterally two 
backwardly directed branches which are less strongly marked, a 
median carina on the anterior cucullate part of the pronotum ; area 
between the limbs of the horseshoe rugose, ridges and adjacent parts 
black, a pair of orange spots on each side of the anterior carina and 
another pair on each side of the limbs of the horseshoe-shaped ridge ; 
scattered about the surface of the pronotum are numerous small 
tubercles bearing erect setze. Tegmina castaneous, the radial vein 
black. Wings flavo-hyaline, marginal field and apex suffused 
with flavo-castaneous. Abdomen dark castaneous, paler at the base 
above. Legs dark castaneous, apices of femora flavo-castaneous ; 
formula of apical spines 7, }, 1, no genicular spines on anterior 
femora. 

Total length 40 mm.; length of tegmina 26 mm. ; pronotum 
13mm. x 16 mm. 


Mr. SANTUBONG, 2500 feet, amongst rocks. One example. 

About half-a-dozen specimens of this cockroach were 
captured by a native collector in August 1900; he stated 
that they ran with great activity and that they were 
incapable of flight. 


Genus CorRyDIA, Serv. 
Corydia cwrulea, n. sp. 


¢. Brilliant blue with metallic reflections. Head, pronotum and 
anterior margins of tegmina and wings pubescent, antenne fuscous, 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 273 


moniliform. Pronotum transversely elliptic, punctate with two deep 
impressions on the dise, humeral angles well marked. Tegmina blue, 
with purplish reflections and some obscure orange macule on the 
disc, an orange streak on the margin of the tegmen just beyond the 
mediastinal field ; the right tegmen where covered by the left 
reddish-purple. Wings hyaline, marginal field infuscated, with 
purplish reflections, four bifurcated costal veins, ulnar vein with 
seven rami. Meso- ani metanotum purple. Abdomen orange, the 
last two segments blue. Supra-anal lamina transverse, widely 
emarginate ; sub-genital lamina quadrate with acuminate and 
pubescent styles. Cerci stout, fuseous. Legs dark blue, tarsi fuscous. 

Total length, 13°5 mm. ; length of tegmina 10 mm. 

Mr. Marana, 3000 feet (Shelford coll.). One example 
[No. 9]. 

The species appears to be most closely allied to @ 
dasytoides, Wk. 


Genus AREOLARIA, Br. 


Arcolaria signata, n. sp. 


d and 9. Head black, vertex with a testaceous patch on which 
occur two short black lines, maxillary palps testaceous, antenne 
black, incrassated in the basal half and plumose, the apical half 
with sixteen joints testaceous and the terminal three joints fuscous. 
Pronotum almost quadrangular, broader than long, sides deflexed 
slightly, disc closely punctate, black with a central testaceous vitta 
incompletely divided longitudinally, posterior margin narrowly 
testaceous, lateral margins testaceous-hyaline. Tegmina corneous, 
mediastinal field hyaline, the remainder griseo-testaceous with a 
broad fuscous stripe running along the radial vein then turning at 
right angles to cross the apex of the anal field and to meet its fellow 
of the opposite tegmen, left tegmen with a fuscous stripe on the 
sutural margin, the portion of the right tegmen that is overlapped 
by the left is black and shining ; all the veins marked by lines of 
punctures. Scutellum prominent, black, punctate. Wings hyaline, 
marginal field infuscated, thirteen costal veins, strongly inerassated 
and connected by transverse venule, median vein simple, medio- 
discal area crossed by nine transverse venulie, ulnar vein tri-ramose, 
first axillary vein quadri-ramose, triangular apical field very large, 
unequally divided by a longitudinal vein. Abdomen of male flavid 
above, fuscous below, supra-anal lamina, shortly produced, triangular, 
sub-genital lamina narrower, apex deeply and triangularly cleft with 
two short styles, cerci flavid. Abdomen of female broader fuscous 


274 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


above and below, supra-anal lamina more produced with a median 

carina, sub-genital lamina very large, its surface with shallow 

confluent punctures. Front legs and all the cox fuscous, all the 

tarsi, the mid and posterior tibize testaceous with the bases fuscous, 

the mid and posterior femora testaceous at base, fuscous at apex. 
Total length, 9 mm. ; length of tegmina 6°5 mm. 


KucuHine. Four examples [No. 7]. 

The incrassated and plumose antenne in both sexes will 
serve to distinguish this species from those already 
described. 


Genus HOMOPTEROIDEA, nov. 


Head as in Latindia, Stal, antenne elongate. Pronotum elliptic, 
sides not deflexed, with arcuate sulci, with a sparse erect pubescence. 
Tegmina membranous, slightly exceeding the abdomen in length, or 
much longer, venation irregular, apical part of discoidal area 
reticulate, no oblique vein. Wings as long as tegmina in both sexes. 
Supra-anal lamina produced, triangular, sub-genital lamina in the 
female deeply cleft. Cerci elongate. Femora unarmed beneath ; 
tibiee sparsely spined, spines in two rows ; tarsi without arolia. 


The genus differs from Latindia, Stil, by the absence of 
an oblique vein in the tegmina, from Paralatindia, Sss., by 
the presence of alar organs in both sexes, from /pisoma, 

30l., by the equally long tegmina and wings, from 
Hemilatindia, Sss., by the pronotum without deflexed sides 
and by the entirely membranous character of the tegmina. 

There are four species in the Oxford Museum, all from 
the Oriental region, but the specimens are in bad 
condition. The insects which in life appear very like 
small Homoptera of the family Fulgoride (e.g. Leusaba, 
Stacota, Hpora) are extremely fragile and it is a matter of 
difficulty to capture perfect specimens. 


Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp. (Plate XVI, figs. 13, 14.) 


2. Head black, antennze fuscous, clypeus with an erect pube- 
scence. Pronotum almost orbicular, margined all round, a few erect 
hairs on the anterior and lateral margins, disc irregular with two con- 
verging sulci posteriorly, black, lateral margins dark castaneous. 
Tegmina castaneous, radial vein giving off four costal veins, three 
longitudinal sectors in discoidal field, apex of tegmina reticulate, anal 
vein angled, axillary veins reduced, reticulated. Wings infuscated, 
four costal veins, ulnar vein tri-ramose, apex of wing reticulated. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 275 


Abdomen fusco-castaneous; supra-anal lamina large, produced, margin 
slightly reflected, emarginate in the middle and with a stiff erect 
pubescence, sub-genital smaller than the supra-anal lamina, com- 
pressed laterally and deeply cleft; cerci mutilated. Legs fusco-cas- 
taneous, tarsi paler, front femora with apical spine on anterior border 
beneath, no genicular spine, mid-femora with two apical spines and 
a genicular spine, hind femora missing ; tarsi without arolia. 
Length of body 7 mm, ; length of tegmina 3 mm. 


KucHING. One example [No. 26]. An example of this 
species from Sumatra is in the Paris Museum. 


Genus PARANAUPHETA, Br. 


Paranauphata atra, n. sp. 


g¢ and 9. Entirely black, shining, except the apical third of the 
antennz which is testaceous, and the labrum which is flavo-testaceous. 
Pronotum marked with irregular depressions, Tegmina with radial 
vein ramose, fourteeen to fifteen costal veins, their basal halves 
obsolescent, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate, posterior ulnar multi- 
ramose, anal vein not reaching the middle of the sutural margin. 
Wings infuscated, radial vein irregular, costal veins obsolete, ulnar 
vein sending many branches to the dividing vein, an inconspicuous 
apical triangle. Supra-anal lamina in both sexes large, the cerei 
barely exceeding it, its posterior margin in the female slightly 
emarginate ; sub-genital lamina in male large, asymmetrical with 
prominent acuminate styles, in the female ample. 

Total length, 27 mm. ; length of tegmina, 21 mm. 


Kucuinc. A long series [No. 6]. 


[Paranaupheta affinis, n. sp. 


¢. Allied to P. basalis, Serv., but with no yellow band on the 
head between the eyes ; abdomen beneath with no yellow spots, the 
last three segments of the abdomen above with very small yellow 
spots ; the supra-anal lamina entirely black. Tegmina and wings 
variable in length, in one example not extending beyond the middle 
of the sixth abdominal segment, in no case attaining the extremity 
of the abdomen. 

Total length 22 mm. ; length of tegmina 13 mm. to 15 mm. 


Buutan. Four examples (Paris Museum). | 


‘ 


276 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


IV. Tue Tyee or Lpilampra brasiliensis, Fab. 


Fabricius’ description in his “Systema Entomologiz,” 
1775, p. 272, of this species is as follows :— 


“B. pallida, abdomine atro. 

“Habitat in Brasilia. Jus. Dom. Banks. 

“Paulo major Lb. lapponica. Tota pallida, abdomine 
subtus atro. Antenne fuscz.” 

So brief a description of a member of a genus including 
numbers of cryptically-coloured species, renders its deter- 
mination by subsequent authors almost impossible. The 
synonymy of the species according to Brunner (Nouv. 
Syst. d. Blatt. 1865, p. 159) is :— 


Kpilampra brasiliensis, Burm. Handb. i, p. 505 (1888). 

Blatta maculicollis, Serv., Ins. Orth. p. 92 (1839). 

? Blatta grisea, De Geer, Mém. Ins. iu, p. 570, n. 7, pl. 
44, f. 9 (1773). 

? Blatia grisea, Oliv. Enc. Méth. T. iv, p. 319, n. 35. 

2? Phyllodromia burmeistert, Guér. Ile de Cuba, Anim. 
Art. p. 845 (1857). 


None of these species can be recognized with certainty, 
since the descriptions of them are inadequate and the 
types of some are missing. The Hope Museum at Oxford 
contains some drawings made by the late Professor West- 
wood of several of Serville’s types, amongst others the type 
of Llatla maculicollis, and on comparing this with the Fa- 
brician type of Llatta brasiliensis in the Banksian cabinet 
at the British Museum I have come to the conclusion that 
the two species are distinct. Brunner’s own description 
does not apply to the Fabrician type, nor to the drawing 
of maculicollis, and I would therefore suggest the name of 
Lpilampra burmeistert, Guér., for this species. Hpilampra 
burmeister’ has been well described also by de Saussure 
(Mém. Mex. Blatt., p. 131), though Iam by no means cer- 
tain if this author had the opportunity of seeing Guérin’s 
type which came from Cuba. Examples in the Oxford 
Museum from Jamaica, Guiana and Brazil appear to be 
identical with each other and they correspond well with 
Brunner’s and de Saussure’s descriptions. It remains then 
only to give a detailed description of the Fabrician type. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 277 


On referring to the Banksian cabinet I found two specimens 
belonging to distinct species under the name Slatia brasi- 
liensis; one measured in total length 18 mm., and had the 
abdomen fuscous beneath, the other measured 25°1 mm., 
and had the abdomen beneath rufous with pale disc. The 
former specimen corresponds the more closely to the diag- 
nosis of Fabricius and may be selected as the type of the 


species; the following is a description of it :— 


¢. Dulltestaceous. Head with afew small brown macule on the 
front and face, palpi pallid ; (antennz broken). Pronotum broadly 
transverse not covering the vertex, lateral margins broadly hyaline, 
dise testaceous, unspotted. Tegmina  testaceous hyaline, un- 
spotted ; mediastinal vein unbranched, radial vein with eight 
costal branches, the two last bifurcate, apex of radial vein ramose 
and not reaching end of tegmina, anterior ulnar vein bifurcate, 
the branches becoming ramose, posterior ulnar vein simple, anal 
sulcus strongly marked, four axillary veins. Wings hyaline, veins 
testaceous. Abdomen fuscous above and beneath becoming rather 
paler towards the extremity ; supra-anal lamina produced subquad- 
rately, testaceous, posterior border slightly emarginate ; sub-genital 
lamina semi-orbicular, ample, with large acuminate styles (cerci 
mutilated, fuscous). Legs testaceous, cox with fuscous line on 
outer border ; front femora with ten spines on the anterior margin 
beneath, extending from the middle to the apex, the middle ones 
longest, four spines on posterior margin, mid-femora with six spines 
on anterior margin, three on posterior margin, hind femora with six 
spines on anterior margin, four on posterior margin, formula of 
apical spines 7, 4, +, of genicular spines 0, 1, 1. 

Total length, 18 mm.; length of body, 12-2 mm.; length of 
tegmina, 15 mm.; breadth of pronotum, 6°5 mm. 

The other specimen is slightly darker in colour. ¢. Eyes whitish- 
grey, face testaceous, a rufo-fuscous stripe on the frons extending 
down to the base of the clypeus, thinning out to a line on the vertex. 
Pronotum more trapezoidal, lateral margins hyaline. Tegmina with 
two-branched mediastinal vein, radial vein giving off eleven costals, 
itsend ramose, seven axillary veins. Abdomen rufous beneath with 
the disc paler; supra-anal lamina triangularly produced; sub- 
genital lamina narrow, produced, asymmetrical with one acuminate 
style. Front femora with two spines on anterior margin beneath in 
the middle, four on the posterior margin (hind femora lost), formula 
of apical spines, 7, +? 

Total length, 25-1 mm.; length of body, 17 mm. ; length of 
tegmina 21 mm. ; (pronotum crushed). 


278 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Which of these two specimens, if either, is identical with 
the Blatta grisea of De Geer it is not possible to say ; it 
would scarcely be wise to sink brasiliensis as a synonym of 
grisea and I hesitate also to give a name to the second of 
Fabricius’ specimens. 


bo 


4, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PrATE XTLy. 


Pseudomops burri,n. sp. (Type ¢.) 

5 discicollis, Burm., ?. 
Pseudophyllodromia pulcherrima, n. sp. (Type ¢.) 
Miroblatta petrophila, n. sp. (Type g.) Nat. size. 


da. Ventral aspect of same, showing the “ epipleura.” 


i) 
6, 


Thyrsocera speciosa, Wik. (Type 9.) 
Pseudothyrsocera ruficollis, n. sp. (Type g.) 
Pseudomops bicolor, n. sp. (Type ¢.) 
Homalosilpha decorata, Serv., ¢. Nat. size. 


resale 


bo 
~I 
we) 


Explanation of Plate. 


Jee un OVE 


Sub-genital lamina of Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm., ¢ 
s. = spiracle, ¢. = “titillator.” 

“Titillator” of Hemithyrsocera lateralis, Wk. 

55 » Lheganopteryx xthiopica, Sss. 

End of abdomen of Escala circumducta, Wlk., 4, dorsal 
view. 

End of abdomen of Escala longiuscula, Wlk., 4, dorsal 
view. 

Sub-genital lamina of Escala insignis, n. sp. 2. 

Wing of Anaplecta maculata, n. sp. 

zeylanica, Nn. sp. 


” ” 

e ; thwaitesi, n. sp. 
x: x malayensis, n. sp. 
r 53 borneensis, n. sp. 


obscwra, Nn. sp. 


280 Kxplanation of Plate. 


PLATE XVI, 


Fic. 1. Wing of Anaplecta brunneri, n. sp. 


2s BN es dahomensis, 0. sp. 

Si. - _ pavida, Nn. sp. 

4, ry) ” fusca, Nn. sp. 

5 varipennis, n. sp. (long-winged form) 
=o ” ” 5) : S$ io ; 
6. 3 % ° »  (short-winged form), 
ae i. chrysoptera, 1. sp. 

8. 5 Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp. 


9. Teomen of Anaplectoidea nitida, n. sp. 

10. Dorsal view of abdomen of Ischnoptera montis, n. sp. ¢. 

11. End of abdomen of Ischnoptera excavata, n. sp. 4, dorsal 
view. 

12. Opening of scent-glands in Pseudomops bicolor, n. sp. ¢, 
dorsal view ; a, side view. 

13. Pronotum of Homopteroidea nigra, n. sp. 


14. Tegmen of Homopteroidea nigra, 1. sp. 


280) 


XV. Mimetic Forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and 
Acrxa johnstom. By Epwarp B. Poutton, D. Se., 
M.A., Oxon., Hon. LL.D., Princeton, F.R.S., Hope 
Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, 
Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. 


[Read June 6, 1906.] 


PLates XVII-XXII. 


A, MIMETIC FORMS OF Papilio Dardanus, BROWN. 


I. Synepigonic Group bred in 1904 by G. F. Leigh, 
FES. from a trophonius 2? form of P. dardanus sub- 
species cenea, near Durban. 

This piece of work is an interesting and important 
addition to the breeding experiments upon P. dardanus 
undertaken by Mr. Leigh in 1902 and 1903. (Trans. Ent. 
Soc., Lond. 1904, p. 677.) As a result of this latest 
inquiry the trophonius 2 form has for the first time been 
bred from a parent of the same form. 

On May 4, 1904, Mr. G. F. Leigh observed a ¢ro- 
phonius female laying eggs on the food-plant, at Bellair, 
five miles from Durban, Natal. He collected the eggs 
but the parent butterfly escaped. From these eggs Mr. 
Leigh succeeded in breeding six males and seven females. 
Of these all the males and five of the females are repre- 
sented about two-fifths of the natural size on Plate X VII, 
Figs. 1-11. The dates of emergence are given in the 
explanation of Plate XVII (pp. 312, 313), so it is not 
necessary to repeat them here. The two unfigured females 
were in both cases cenca forms:—one greatly deformed 
and shrivelled (pupated June 30, 1904, emerged July 30: 
the ninth to emerge); one not included in Mr. Leigh’s 
consignment (it was the twelfth to emerge). 


(a) The males. 

The six males of this interesting synepigonic series are 
represented on Plate XVII, Fies. 1-6. If compared with 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (SEPT.) 


282 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


the account (in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 684) of the 
equal number of males in the family bred in 1902 by Mr. 
G. F. Leigh, it will be seen that the latter possess as a 
whole far darker submarginal bands on the hind-wing. A 
single male (Plate XVII, Fig. 6) and that by far the 
darkest of the 1904 family is about as dark as one of the 
medium specimens of 1902. The other five are far less 
dark than any except the dwarfed “ specimen 6.” It is not 
necessary to describe and compare the condition of the 
submarginal bands, inasmuch as the whole series is figured, 
and this is a character which can be reproduced with great 
fidelity, and can be as well compared in somewhat reduced 
figures as in those which represent the natural size. 

The hind-wings of these males, less heavily marked as 
compared with the 1902 and 1903 groups, probably 
exhibit seasonal differences, and the same explanation 
is even more certain for the under-side coloration, which is 
darker and more uniform in the specimens here described. 

It will be noticed that the imner border of the black 
margin of the fore-wing is strongly serrated in Fig. 5, less 
so in Figs. 4 and 6. This serration is characteristic of 
both male and female in the ancestral Papilio meriones of 
Madagascar, but strangely enough it does not reappear in 
the most ancestral of the continental males which I have 
had the opportunity of examining. I do not find it in 
P. antinorw (3 males), P. polytrophus (5 males), or in 
P. merope from the west coast. It appears however ina 
small proportion of the males from the northern end of the 
Victoria Nyanza and in the southern and eastern cenea. In 
the latter case it is to be found not uncommonly among 
the captured specimens as well as among those that have 
been bred. It is certainly remarkable that this ancestral 
feature should on the continental area be chiefly found in 
the most highly specialized of all the sub-species,—cenea 
of the south and south-east. 


(8) The females. 


The ¢vophonius offspring (Plate XVII, Fig. 7) is seen to 
be a perfectly normal example of the southern type. As 
regards the cenea forms, the relative development of buff 
and white in the spots of the fore-wings may be shown by 
comparison with the earlier family classified on p. 681 of 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904. 


Papilio dardanus (mervope) and Acrxa johnston. 283 


Plate XVII, Fig. 8, about the same as No. II] on p. 681. 


” ” ” oy) | . 
10f ” ” ” ” Nos. IV-V » ” 


»” ” »” 
” ” ” athe Hut 
The unfigured cripp lef ” 23 2 2s rag! 


The two cenew represented in Figs. 8 and 11, on Plate 
XVII, show the influence of trophonius parentage (see 
description of Figures, p. 313). 

In the latter pages of this memoir these 11 specimens, 
both male and female, will be often referred to and 
compared with other forms. 


Il. Papilio dardanus & f. triment, new form. 


In his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society 
of London in 1898 (Proce. 1897, pp. Ixxxviu, Ixxxix) Mr. 
Roland Trimen, F-.R.S8., described a remarkable form of the 
female dardanus, sub-species tibullus, from Zanzibar, 10 
the Hope Department. After expressing the opinion 
that the West African dzonysos was the least modified as 
compared with the male of all the various tail-less conti- 
nental female forms known until that time,* he went on to 
describe the specimen from Zanzibar as “a much closer 
approximation to the masculine coloration. In this female 
the tranverse trace of black in the fore-wings is even 
fainter than in the dionysos form, and the colour of the 
wide pale spaces and the hind-marginal spots in all the 
wings is almost exactly of the pale creamy-yellowish tint 
of the male P. cenea; ; and on the under-side, while the 
pale yellowish of the fore-wings is better divided by 
blackish than on the upper-side, the colouring of the 
hind-wings corresponds much more nearly to that of 
the male than in any other female I have seen—the 
characteristic break in the submarginal brownish band 
being moreover very complete and ‘wide. There can be 
no doubt that in this specimen we have a marked case of 
reversion to the original colouring of the female, but it is 
unaccompanied by any inclination towards the recovery of 
the lost tail of the hind-wings.” In the same address 
(p. Ixxxviil) the distinguished African naturalist expresses 
the opinion that “we may not unreasonably hope to dis- 


* Speaking of dionysos, Mr. Trimen quotes his earlier paper in 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874. The reference is erroneously given 
as p. 178: it should be p. 148. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IIL. (SEPT.) 19 


284 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


cover, at some point in the wide territories between 
Abyssinia and Zanzibar, females of the J/erope-group 
exhibiting stages intermediate between the long-tailed 
mimetic females of P. antinorti and the entirely tail-less 
ones of P. cenea.” 

It was reasonable not to attempt to name this primitive 
variety while it remained as a single example; but now 
that it has been discovered in large numbers as one of the 
female forms of the sub-species polytrophus, Jordan, on the 
Kikuyu Escarpment, the case is different. It is one of the 
most instructive if not actually the most instructive of all 
the female forms of dardanus; and I propose to call it 
triment, in honour of the great naturalist who solved the 
mystery, and laid a firm foundation for all future work 
upon the most interesting and complex example of 
mimicry as yet known throughout the world* 

The specimen referred to by Mr. Trimen is here repre- 
sented ona slightly reduced scale on Plate XIX, Fig. 1. In 
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, one of the smaller trimenit forms from 
the Kikuyu Escarpment is represented of about the 
natural size. Of these there are four in the Hope Depart- 
ment. Judging from these four specimens the ground 
colour is sometimes yellow, exactly like that of the male 
(1), sometimes of a rather paler shade (2), and sometimes a 
little darker (1). 


(a) Occasional occurrence of rudimentary “tails” to the 
hind-wing of trimeni and hippocoon, 

The ¢rimeni form frequently possesses ancestral 
characters additional to those described in the Presiden- 
tial Address. The most interesting of these supplies the 
confirmation of Mr. 'Trimen’s prediction that stages would 
be found “intermediate between the long-tailed mimetic 
females of P. antinori and the entirely tail-less ones of P. 
cenea.” ‘The specimen represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, 
is seen to have a small but distinct rudimentary “ tail, % 
containing an extension of the third median nervule, 
This nervule also enters the tail in the male, showing that 
the rudimentary tail of the female is entirely homologous 
with that of the other sex. The other three specimens of 
polytrophus 2 f. trament do not exhibit this feature, but it is 


* It is perhaps unnecessary to say that I allude to the great mono- 
graph in Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi, 1870, Pt. III, 1869, p. 497. 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrwa johnstoni, 285 


possessed by an interesting example, to be described below 
(see p. 290), showing the origin of ¢rophonius from triment. 
It is also possessed by two examples of the sub-species 
merope & f. hippocoon in the National Collection. These 
specimens, both from the west coast, are represented in 


Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3. 


(3) Prominence of submarginal pale spots in hind-wing 
of trimeni, céc. 


Another primitive feature usually characteristic of 
triment is the large size and prominence of the sub- 
marginal pale spots in the black border of the hind-wing. 
These spots are of course persistent traces of the yellow 
ground colour of the male and unmodified female enclosed 
between the two black bands parallel with the hind-margin 
of the hind-wing. The band of ground colour is widest and 
most prominent between the root of the “tail” and the 
“inner gap,’ as will be seen by a glance at Figs. 1-6 on 
Plate XVII. Furthermore this especially prominent patch 
is widest immediately on the inner side of the root of the 
“tail,” because it is here continuous with the ground 
colour in the “inner gap” (Plate XVII, Figs. 1-5) or enters 
the bay by which the closed gap 1s indicated (Fig. 6). It 
is precisely in this region, between the second and third 
median nervules, that “the pair of submarginal spots even 
in the most specialized female forms often tend to be 
largest and most conspicuous. This is well seen in the 
cenca forms represented on Plate XVII, Figs. 8 and 11; 
and in the hippocoon shown on Plate XIX, Figs. 2 and 3. 
In the more primitive ¢77meni we expect to find and we 
do find these tendencies more marked and accompanied 
by a far higher degree of development of the whole series 
of paired submarginal spots on the hind-wing. The special 
size of the pair marking the position of the inner gap is well 
seen in the tibullus triment represented on Plate XIX. Fig. 1, 
and even better in the polytrophus triment of Plate X VIII, 
Fig. 1. In this latter the two enlarged spots have fused into 
a single and prominent patch. ‘The development of the 
series of submarginal spots in ¢77meni 1s however far better 
seen in three specimens of this form of the sub-species 
polytrophus in the Hope Department,—specimens which in 
other respects were less instructive than that represented 
on Plate XVIII, Fig 1. 

We can at once understand by the study of the examples 


286 Professor H. B. Poulton on Aimetic Forms of 


of ¢triment figured on Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, and XIX, Fig. 1, 
and by comparison with the hippocoon forms on the same 
plates (XVIIT 2, XTX 2-3), why it is that the submarginal 
yellow ground colour should be represented in the mimetic 
females by a pair of pale spots between each pair of nervules. 
It is evidently because the marginal development of black 
was brought about not only by a growth in width of the 
two marginal black bands of the male (Plate XVII, 
Figs. 1-6), but was also aided to an important extent 
by the appearance of black inter-nervular streaks. These 
naturally cut the ground colour still persisting between 
each pair of nervules into two halves. 


(y) Traces of costal and inner gaps in black margin of 
hind-wing of trimeni, ete. 

Apart from the indication of the “inner gap” afforded 
by the special development of the corresponding pair of 
pale submarginal spots, other distinct traces of both gaps 
are among the primitive features of triment. They are 
especially strongly developed in the specimen shown in 
Plate XVIII, Fig. 1. The “costal gap” is remarkably 
clear in the figure, while the site of the “inner gap” is 
rendered visible by two faint yellow streaks passing 
outwards into the broad black margin. They are better 
seen in the right hind-wing of Fig. 1. The ¢rzmeni re- 
presented on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, is a 2 form of the east 
coast sub-species ¢ibul/us in which the black band of the 
male is more developed than elsewhere, while the gaps are 
reduced to a minimum (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 688). 
Nevertheless the “costal gap” can be clearly recognized. 
It is seen in Fig. 1 that the inner border of the black 
margin is not curved parallel with its outer border forming 
the edge of the wing but is made up of two straight lines 
meeting in an obtuse angle. This angle is the point where 
the central yellow invades the black margin most deeply 
and represents the costal gap of the male. This identi- 
fication will be at once admitted when Fig. 1 on Plate 
XVIII is compared with Fig. 1 on XIX. The squarish 
shape thus originating persists in many examples of the 
more specialized female forms. It may be distinctly seen 
on the two hippocoon (Figs. 7,8) and three of the cenea 
(Figs. 5, 6, 10) forms represented on Plate XXXI of 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1904; and in the present memoir in 
trophonvus represented on Fig. 7 of Plate XVII, and the 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 287 


cenea on Fig. 11 of the same Plate. It is remarkably 
distinct in the polytrophus 2 f. hippocoon shown on Plate 
XVIII, Fig. 2, although barel ly recognizable in the same 
forms from ¢ the west coast seen in Figs. 2and 3 of Plate XIX. 


III. Papilio dardanus, sub-species merope & f. dionysos, 


Doubl. 


Before proceediug to consider the origin of the mimetic 
female forms of dardanus it is necessary to say a few words 
of this remarkable and primitive variety which is not 
uncommon on the west coast. It is very probable that. it 
also occurs among the wonderful series of polytrophus 
females from the Kikuyu Escarpment, but I have not 
yet met with an example. 

In dionysos the hind-wings are those of the merope ¢ f. 
trophonius except that they are of a distinctly paler tint 
and thus nearer to triment. The costal gap is also very 
strongly marked. The fore-wings possess the black and 
white coloration of dippocoon, but with a primitive diminu- 
tion of the black markings which is very like ¢vimeni. In 
fact in one specimen (Cameroons: Cutter: 1869) in the 
Hope Department the oblique bar dividing the two chief 
white markings of the fore-wing is even “less developed 
than in any of the five specimens of ¢iment in the 
same collection. It is probable that dvonysos was an 
early variant from trimeni, presenting a mixture of the 
characters which in other proportions were to be selected 
into ¢vophonius on the one hand and hippocoon on the other. 


IV. Zhe sub-species of Papilio dardanus (= merope). 

Before discussing the origin of the mimetic female forms 
it 1s necessary to consider the division of dardanus into 
sub-species. Dr. Karl Jordan* has examined 509 males 
and 270 females in the Tring Zoological Museum.  Ex- 
cluding the forms from N.E. Africa and Madagascar and 
only considering the males Dr, Jordan finds south of 
Sierra Leone five stib-species distinguished chiefly by the 
extent of black on the hind-wings. Differences in sex- 
organs are confined to the valve-edges. Dr. Jordan’s five 
sub-species are as follows :— 


* Der Gegensatz zwischen geographischer und nichtgeographischer 
Variation. Zeitsch. f. wissenschaft, Zool., Bd. lxxxiii. Dr. F. A. 
Dixey has very kindly lent me for the purpose of this memoir an 
abstract which he has prepared of this interesting paper. 


288 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


(1) P. cenea. 8S. Africa. Transition to next form in 
geographical position and morphological character is 
complete. 

(2) P. tibullus. Delagoa Bay northwards to Mombasa ; 
west limit unknown, but occurs in Uganda. 

(3) P. polytrophus. B. KH. Africa. 

(4) Transitional forms from Victoria Nyanza. 

(5) P. dardanus dardanus. Unyoro to west coast. 
Congo speciniens are larger, as in some other cases. 


Dr. Jordan furthermore states that P. dardanus is not 
sharply marked off into geographical forms. East and 
west coast examples can be distinguished, but neither 
assemblage is a complete unit. It is significant that 
the valve- -process is generally present in eastern and 
absent from western forms. 

In the following pages I have followed Dr. Jordan’s 
conclusions and terminology with the single exception 
that I have called the fifth sub-species dardanus merope 
instead of dardanus dardanus. 


V. The origin of the mimetic female forms of Papilio 
dardanus from the 2 f. trimeni. 


There can be little doubt that all the well-known mimetic 
females of dardanus as well as the latest discovery 
planemoides originated by modification of this primitive 
fermale form, either directly or by the combination and 
development of characters on their way to produce other 
forms. I propose to consider the evolution of these forms 
in the order of specialization, begimning with the most 
primitive :— 

(1) Hippocoon. The coe of hippocoon to triment 
is at once seen by comparing Fig. 2 with Fig. 1 on Plate 
XVIII. The transformation is remarkably dir ect and sim ple, 
consisting merely in the greater intensity and sharpness of 
black markings already distinctly indicated in ¢rimeni, and 
in the alteration of the pale yellow tint of the latter into 
white. There are four examples of this form from the 
Escarpment in the Hope Department. The other three 
are fairly represented by the figure of the fourth on 
Plate XVIII, Fig. 2, and it is rather surprising that 
none of them possess an indication of rudimentary “ tails.” 
It cannot be doubted however that hippocoon is by far 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrexa johnston. 289 


the most primitive of the mimetic female forms of 
dardanus, and I have been deeply interested to find well- 
marked rudimentary “tails” on two specimens from the 
west coast. These examples of the sub-species merope & f. 
hippocoon exist in the National Collection, the “ tails” being 
pronounced in one (Plate XIX, Fig. 2), distinct in the 
other (Fig. 3). By kind permission of the authorities I am 
able to submit the reproductions, referred to above, of Mr. 
Alfred Robinson’s beautiful photograph, made in the 
Oxford University Museum. 

The sporadic occurrence of this ancestral feature in 
association with precisely that form which still retains the 
most primitive pattern is a difficulty to be surmounted by 
those who have been inclined to minimize or evento deny the 
occasional cropping-up by reversion of long-lost characters. 

The name hippocoonoides has been given by Haase to 
this form in the eastern and southern sub-species 
tibullus and cenea, This seems to me a most unnecessarily 
complex and inconvenient procedure. The trophonius of 
the western sub-species mev'ope is at least as different from 
that of the southern cenew as are the two forms of hippocoon 
from the same areas, It is pretty certain indeed that each 
female form of every sub-species has certain peculiarities 
and is not exactly like the same form of any other sub- 
species. But this is quite sufficiently indicated by 
prefixing to the female form name the sub-specific name. 
Papilio dardanus sub-species merope §. f. hippocoon of the 
west coast is naturally different from P. dardanus sub- 
species cenca § f. hippocoon from Natal, and it is~ quite 
unnecessary to express this by turning the last name into 
hippocoonoides. ‘To do so without making corresponding 
changes in the other forms is inconsistent ; to be con- 
sistent in this respect is immensely to increase and to 
increase uselessly an already tremendous terminology. 

The /ippocoon forms are everywhere mimics of the 
abundant and conspicuous Danaines, Amauris niavius of 
the west and its sub-species dominicanus of the east coast 
and the south. They also exhibit a strong secondary 
mimetic approach to their Nymphaline co-mimies Huralia 
anthedon of the west and #, wahlbergi of the east and south 
(Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1902, p. 486). The hippocoon 
form is probably dominant in all the sub-species of 
dardanus except cenca and perhaps polytrophus; and it is 
present in fair proportion in both these. 


290 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


(2) Trophoniuvs. This form possesses the pattern of 
hippocoon, but white has been replaced by fulvous over the 
great continuous patch occupying most of the hind- and a 
Tar ge part of the fore-wing. The remaining pale markings 
are , white, so that the yellow of triment in part originated 
white and ‘in part fulvous,—a more complex change than 
that which produced hippecoon. Considering the identity 
of pattern I first supposed that tvophonius arose from 
hippocoon instead of having an independent origin in the 
trimeni. Although the former view may be correct, the 
latter is I think more probable, being strongly supported 
by an interesting specimen from the Kikuyu Escarpment, 
in the Hope Department. In this butterfly the great 
patch is fulvous except upon the distal border of the part 
upon the fore-wing, This border, together with all the 
other pale markings on both wings, “is not white like 
hippocoon, but retains the yellow of trimeni. The specimen 
furthermore possesses a rudimentary “tail” nearly as 
much developed as that of the ¢rimeni represented on 
Plate XVII, Fig. 1, while the sub-marginal yellow spots 
of the hind-wing are very large and prominent, far more 
so than in the particular specimen of ¢vimeni just referred 
to. This specimen, with its primitive features, strongly 
supports the direct independent origin of trophonius from 
trimeni, the most convincing evidence being supplied by 
the pale markings which had not been converted into 
white, but remained of the ancestral yellow. 

The tvophonius form at any rate of the merope sub- 
species appears to be more unstable and is probably a more 
recent development than either of the other mimetic 
female forms hippocoon and planemoides. A specimen in 
the Hope Department (Angola: Rogers : 1873) presents a 
very primitive form of the oblique black bar dividing the 
two chief pale spaces of the fore-wing. It is even less 
developed than in a specimen of dionysos i in the same col- 
lection and much like that of the tébullus trimeni represented 
on Plate XIX, Fig. 1. Merope trophonius is very apt to 
appear as a variety in which the fulvous tint overspreads 
the whole of the pale markings of both wings. One of 
the two polytrophus trophonius forms at Oxford is of this 
variety. It is moreover a very poor mimic of Limnas 
chrysippus as compared with the smaller more deeply- 
coloured trophonius of the cenea sub-species (Plate XVII, 
Fig. 7). Itis also noteworthy that the merope trophonius 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 291 


does not, so far as I am aware, present a variety with 
white hind- -wings like the forms of Limnas chrysippus, var. 
alcippus, universal on the west coast. 

Trophonius forms, although probably always relatively 
rare, occur in all five sub-species distinguished by Dr. 
Jordan. 

(3) Cenea. Here too it is almost certain that the 
female form developed direct from ¢rimeni, the ancestral 
yellow ground colour being transformed into buff without 
first becomimg white. The evidence is similar to that 
advanced in the case of the last female form, but is 
stronger, inasmuch as there is not in cenea that close 
resemblance to the pattern of Aippocoon which is borne by 
trophonius. Comparing the triment on Plate XVITI, 
Fig. 1, with the Aippocoon in Fig. 2, and the cenea in 
Fig. 3,—all polytrophus forms from the Escarpment,—it is 
at once seen that the change from the apical half of the 
fore-wing of the ancestral form to that of cenea is nearly 
as simple as the change to hippocoon. For the rest of the 
pattern, cenea requires only a more widespread invasion 
of black than hippocoon. There are six examples of 
polytrophus 2 f. cenea in the Hope Department, and all 
exhibit primitive characteristics in the pale tint of the 
chief patch of the hind-wing. In none is this buff like the 
Danaine models, but it is pale yellowish like ¢viment im 
three, and pale yellowish with a faintly brownish tinge in the 
other three, including the specimen represented on Plate 
XVIII, Fig. 3. In five cases the chief spot of the fore-wing 
follows the tint of the hind-wing patch, in the sixth the 
chief spot is white. The other spots on fore- and hind- 
wings are generally pale yellowish, sometimes white. It 
1s quite clear that we have in three specimens a stage in 
the transformation of the ancestral yellow tint into butt. 
It is of interest to observe that the pattern of the cenea 
form is completely attained in three specimens whose pale 
colour remains entirely ancestral. Not one of the six 
specimens exhibits rudimentary “ tails,” although the sub- 
marginal hind-wing spots are strongly developed. (Plate 
XVIII, Fig. 3.) 

The cenea 9 form is dominant in the sub-species cenea 
of the south and south-east, and common in polytrophus of 
the Kikuyu Escarpment. It occurs, but more rarely than 
hippocoon, in other parts of British East Africa, as a 
female form of ¢ibullus and of the intermediate forms round 


292 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetie Forms of 


the Victoria Nyanza, It is unknown and _ probably 
entirely wanting from the sub-species merope on the west 
coast, but it may perhaps occur at the extreme eastern 
development of the sub-species in Uganda. Its dis- 
tribution is thus co-extensive with that of its Danaine 
models the forms of Amauwris echeria and albimaculata, 


(a) Hvidence cf diaposematic mimicry between the cenea @ /f. 
of P. dardanus and two species of the Danaine genus 
Amauris. 

It has been shown on p. 286 that the squarish shape of 
the large pale patch on the hind-wing of the female forms 
of dardanus is extremely ancestral, and the question arises 
as to whether Amauris echeria and albimaculata have not 
mimicked and indeed exaggerated this feature in the 
Papilio which in other respects has mimicked them. There 
are many reasons in favour of diaposematic relationship 
between Danaine and Papilio, The squarish patch in the 
two species of Amauris, although far more marked than in 
the cenea form, is in all probability a recent development. 
It shows remarkable synaposematic sensitiveness, losing 
much of its characteristic sharpness and angularity in the 
presence of other species of the same genus. This change 
may be seen by a glance at Mr. 8S. A. Neave’s Plate IX 
in the present volume. <Amauris albimaculata (f Fig. 2a, 
? Fig. 3a) shows this change in the presence of Amauris 
psyttalea, form damoclides, rt Fig, 2,2 Fig. 3. Compare the 
shape of the patch in the two sexes of “albimaculata, with 
that of the same species from Natal far beyond the influence 
of damoclides,—f Fig. 4, 9 Fig. 5. Amauris echeria is also 
changed in the same direction by the presence of the 
same model, as may be seen by comparing ¢ Fig. 2b and 
? Fig. 3b under the influence of damoclides (2 Fig. 2, 2 
Fig. 3), with the same species from Natal—f Fig. 6, ? 
Fig, 7. Amauris lobengula (Plate XXII, Fig. ly closely 
allied to A. echeria and probably ancestral to it, because 
less peculiar in the genus, possesses a larger hind- -wing 
patch in which the square shape is not nearly so marked. 
It is in fact almost precisely similar in shape to that of 
the trimeni form shown on Plate XIX, Fig. 1, and the 
hippocoon on Plate XVIII, Fig. 2. The exaggeration 
of the feature in Amauris albimaculata and echeria 
is no reason against the hypothesis that it has been derived 
by mimicry. In the great majority of the forms of Acrwa 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 293 


johnstont, undoubtedly mimetic in this respect, we meet 
with a still further exaggeration of the same character, the 
outer corner of the square being pulled out so as to form 
the most distinctive feature of the wing (see Plate XXI, 
Figs. 1b, 3a, and 4a, Plate XXII, Figs. la and 2a). That 
diaposematic resemblance is apt to arise between the Papi- 
lionid# and the most distasteful groups in the same region 
has been shown by Dr. F. A. Dixey (Trans. Ent. Soc. 
Lond. 1896, p. 75; also 1894, p. 298) as regards S, America, 
and recently in a very striking manner by Mr. S. A. Neave 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, pp. 216-218) as regards 
certain other African species. 

(4) Planemoides. Until Mr. C. A. Wiggins presented 
his splendid series of captures made in 1903 near the N.E. 
and N.W. shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza, there only 
existed in the Hope Department a single specimen labelled 
“Angola; Rogers, 1873.” This specimen was, as far as I 
am aware, up to 1903, the unique representative of 
planemoides in European collections. There are at the 
present moment no less than ten examples of the form, 
or of intermediates between it and other forms, at 
Oxford,* so that it is now possible to compare planemotdes 
with the other mimetic females of dardanus and _ to 
attempt to assign its place and suggest its past history. 

It is convenient first to describe the intermediate 
specimens. 


(a) 2 form intermediate between cenea and planemoides. 


The specimen here described is represented on Plate 
XX, Fig. 1. The discal patch of the hind-wing is not white 
as in planemoides but nearer to the butf of cenea, although 
with a faintly reddish-brown tinge which may perhaps 
indicate some influence of trophonius. The submarginal 
light spots are more developed than is usual in planemoides, 
although the example represented in Fig, 4 does not 
differ widely in this respect. While the hind-wings more 
nearly resemble the 9 f. cenea, the fore-wings are on the 


g 
whole much nearer to planemoides, as may be inferred by 


* Some of these do not belong to the Hope Collection, but are the 
property of Mr. A. H. Harrison. They are however available for 
study and eomparison, and two of them are represented on Plate 
XX, Figs. 1, 4. No less than five out of the ten examples are 
figured on the plates accompanying the present memoir, and a sixth 
by Mr. S. A. Neave on Plate X, Fig. 8. 


294 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


comparing the intermediate form (Plate XX, Fig. 1) with 
planemoides represented below it (Fig. 2), and with the 2 
f. cenea, represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. The colour 
of the markings is the deep rich tint of planemozides, not 
the far paler shade of cenca. The fusion of the three spots 
grouped round the outer end of the cell, and the shape of 
the marking thus produced, is almost precisely as in the 
specimen shown on Plate XX, Fig. 2; while the spreading 
outwards and downwards of the chief spot (below the 
cell) reproduces the inner marginal end of the band of 
planenoides. The central part of the band is wanting, but 
a tendency towards fusion can be detected in the figure 
and is far more evident on the specimen. The planemozdes 
selected for comparison with this intermediate specimen, 
and shown in Fig. 2, is unusual owing to the overspreading 
of the white patch of the hind-wing by greyish scales. It 
is also a little abnormal and suggests transition towards 
the specimen above described (Fig. 1) in the separation of 
the spot within the fore-wing cell from the fulvous band 
(compare Figs. 3 and 4) and also in the comparative 
narrowness of the band itself, which is especially marked 
in the central portion where the discontinuity appears in 
Fig. 1. Figures 1 and 2 considered alone would suggest 
the origin of planemoides from the cenea form. 


(8) 2 form intermediate between hippocoon and planemoides. 


The insect represented in Fig. 3 shows a tendency 
towards the hippocoon form in the extension of the fulvous 
band (representing of course the white of /ippocoon) 
towards the base of the fore-wing, along the inner margin, 
as well as in the trace of an invasion of dark ground colour 
dividing the band at its centre. The effect is to produce 
a considerable approximation to the fore-wing pattern of 
hippocoon (Plate XVIII, Fig 2) or even more of ériment 
(Plate XVIII, Fig. 1). Fig 3, on Plate XX, compared with 
the fine example of typical planemoides represented in Vig. 
4 suggests the origin of the latter from hippocoon or 
triment. 


(y) 2 form intermediate between trophonius and planemoides. 
Only quite recently Mr. Harry Eltringham, F.E.S., has 


kindly shown me a beautiful coloured representation of a 
specimen from Entebbe which is intermediate between 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstonii. 295 


planemoides and a trophonius of the western or merope 
type.* The latter strongly preponderates: the hind-wings 
are entirely those of trophonius. The fore-wings exhibit 
the fulvous area of planemoides spreading inwards along the 
inner margin and there becoming continuous with the 
fulvous area of trophonius. The pattern of the fore-wing 
is very like that represented on Plate XX, Fig. 3, but the 

fulvous area is somewhat larger and much less invaded by 
dark ground colour. The apical half of the fore-wing is 
typical planemovdes, closely resembling that of the figure 
just quoted. This specimen taken alone would suggest 
the origin of planemoides from trophonius. 


(6) Intermediates between planemoides and other mimetic 
female forms of dardanus, not ancestral but due to first 
crosses between female of one form and male representing 
another forn. 


The three intermediate examples described above 
(a, 8,and y) suggest the origin of planemoides from the fully 
developed cenea, hippocoon and trophonius respectively; and 
yet it is unreasonable to suppose that planemoides arose from 
more than one of the other female forms. We are thus 
driven to believe that such intermediates are not necessarily 
ancestral and to inquire what other significance they may 
possess. Here we derive the greatest assistance from Mr. 
G. F. Leigh’s breeding experiment in which it has been seen 
(see pp. 283, 313) that the cenea offspring of a trophonius 
parent exhibited distinct traces of the latter form. It will 
be remembered that this influence was evident in the 
deeper tint of the hind-wing patch in one specimen (Plate 
XVII, Fig. 8) and the inner marginal markings on the fore- 
wing of another (Fig. 11).f The intermediates described 
in this section of the paper are probably always the result 
of first crosses between females of one form and males bear- 
ing the tendencies of other female forms. We are compelled 


f=) 
to believe that in later generations their female offspring 


* Kasily distinguished from the trophonius of the south and east 
by its greater size, by the marked invasion of the margin of the 
fulvous area on the hind-wing by internervular radii, and by the 
much paler shade of the fulvous areas. 

+ A faint trace of the same marking is to be seen in the cenea 
offspring of a trophonius bred by Mr. “Leigh in 1903. It can be 
just detected in the reduced representation on Fig. 11, Plate XX XI, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1904. 


296 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


would not remain intermediate, but would split up, in 
accordance with the Mendelian conception, into the parent 
forms; and we can thus understand the comparative 
rarity of intermediates. But while this is almost certainly 
true of the sub-species of dardanus in the W.,S., and on the 
EK. coast of Africa, where the specialization of the female 
ferms has been carried to a high pitch, it is probably not 
equally true of the sub-species polytrophus of the Kikuyu 
Escarpment. 


(e) Probable origin of planemoides from: carly variants 
of trimeni. 


The abundance of intermediates of all kinds among the 
females of polytrophus and the relative numbers of the 
ancestral form ¢rimeni indicate a near approach to the 
origin of the diverse female forms. It is probable mdeed 
that first-cross intermediates between the specialized forms 
themselves would split up into the parent forms on the 
Escarpment as in other parts of Africa; but it is by no 
means equally certain that the intermediates between each 
of them and their primitive ancestor tviment would behave 
in this manner. Only thus does it seem possible to ex- 
plain the relative abundance on the Escarpment of inter- 
mediates almost always exhibiting primitive characteristics, 
viz, Some approach to ¢riment. 

It would be of the highest interest to breed any of the 
sub-species of dardanus through several generations : 
especially is this desirable in the case of “polytrophus, 
which is certain to yield results of the utmost importance 
from many points of view. 

It is probable that planemoides arose from triment by a 
combination of the varieties which were to produce cenea, 
hippocoon, and trophonius. The size and shape of the white 
hind-wing patch probably arose from varieties on the way 
to cenea, its whiteness from those which were forming 
hippocoon, while the fulvous tint of the fore-wing was 
a utilization in another direction of the characteristic 
colouring of ¢rophonius. 

The argument made use of with regard to planemoides 
apples to all the other mimetic female forms ; for inter- 
mediates between them occasionally occur probably in 
every sub-species and in all parts of the area of distribution. 
But while such varieties are not to be looked upon as 
ancestral, the case is very different with the Escarpment 


~~ in 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 297 


forms. Every one of the six polytrophus cenca which 
have come under my observation are primitive in the tint 
of the pale markings and we must assume that in this 
case we are in presence of a truly ancestral feature. 


(¢) An interesting gynandromorphic specimen of the ° f. 
planemoides. 


Although the male and the diverse female forms of the 
southern P. dardanus—the sub-species cenea—have been 
shown by direct evidence to be a single species by the 
important breeding experiments of Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S.,* 
the same proof is unfortunately still wanting in other 
parts of Africa. It is therefore very satisfactory that other 
evidence has become available in the case of the most 
recently discovered form planemoides. This is in part 
supplied by the existence of intermediates between it and 
the other female forms of dardanus, two of which are 
shown on Figs. 1 and 3 on Plate XX. But still more 
striking evidence is supplied by a remarkable gynandro- 
morphic specimen collected by Mr. T. T. Behrens, R.E., 
and represented on Plate XVIII, Fig. 4. The butterfly 
was obtained in 1902-3 on the west shore of the Victoria 
Nyanza between Entebbe and the mouth of the Kageru 
River. The admixture of male colouring, which is con- 
fined to the left wings, is very well represented in the 
figure, except upon the white patch of the hind-wing, where 
the pale yellow streaks could not be differentiated from 
the white background by photographic means. If the 
black ground colour of the left hind-wing be compared 
with that of the right, it is seen that three submarginal 
irregular areas of a “deeper shade are present on the former 
wing but absent from the latter. These represent the sub- 
marginal band of the male while the spaces between them 
are the costal and inner gaps. The yellow male scales 
pass through the costal gap as an almost continuous 
streak, while they are developed in small scattered masses 
in the neighbourhood of the inner gap. The yellow 
scales reach the extreme margin of the hind-wing in the 
concavities of the scalloped border, as in the male, while 
the yellow of the two concavities nearest the anal angle 


* Published in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1904, p. 677, and in the present 
memoir, 


298 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


(omitting from consideration the one that has been acci- 
dentally injured) possesses a pale brownish edging also 
characteristic of the male. 

In the fore-wing the yellow male streaks and patches 
are strongly developed on the disc below the cell. It is 
deeply interesting to observe how sharply cut off they are 
when, crossing the lower part of the fulvous band, they 
reach the black border. We are driven to infer that this 
portion of the border almost precisely corresponds in the 
two sexes and that the black border of this and other 
female forms is inherited unchanged from an ancestor like 
the male. In fact this character carries us further back 
than the ancestral triment form (Plate XVIII, Fig. 1) in 
which the male border has already been greatly modified. 
It is to be observed furthermore that the abrupt termination 
of the yellow streaks confers upon the black border a 
sharpness of outline entirely wanting in the female form, 
as is at once seen when the right and left sides are com- 
pared. Opposite to the middle of the hind margin the black 
border is invaded by an outward extension of the fulvous 
band—due to that part of it which represents the sub- 
apical bar of the hippocoon 2 form (compare Figs. 2 and 4 
on Plate XVIII). Here the ancestral male border has 
been much reduced, and in the gynandromorphic specimen 
the site of the invading fulvous concavity is in part covered 
by grey scales quite distinct from the yellow ones on those 
parts of the wing surface which are yellow in the male. The 
photographic method however only imperfectly renders 
the difference. 


(n) Mimetic relationships and distribution of planemoides. 


This beautiful form, only recently recognized as a mimic 
of Planema pogget by Trimen and Neave (Proc. Ent. 
Soc. Lond., Oct. 7, 1903,) is not known to occur as a 
female form of any sub-species of dardanus except merope 
(= dardanus dardanus). The occurrence at Taveta of a 
fine variety of Acrwa johnstont (Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) 
strongly convergent towards planemoides renders it probable 
that this latter exists in the neighbourhood, perhaps as 
one of the female forms of the sub-species ¢ibullus. The 
immense increase 1n our knowledge of planemoides during 
the last two or three years encourages the hope that we 
shall at no distant date be fully acquainted with its range. 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acreva johnstoni. 299 


&, MIMETIC FORMS OF Acrea johnstoni, Godman. 


Introductory.—In the following section the attempt will 
be made to show that the whole series of diverse forms 
which have given to this species its long synonymic list 
has arisen through the development of mimetic likeness to 
several distinct models, both Danaine and Acrzine. ‘The 
form-names suggested by Oberthiir * have been followed 
throughout, Area toruna, Grose-Smith, being regarded 
as a form of semifulvescens, Oberth. In a later ‘part “of the 
section facts will be brought forward which appear to 
prove that this protean butterfly is not only conspecific 
with fallax, Rogenh. (= kilimandjara, Oberth.), as 
Aurivillius suggests, but also with Godart’s species, lycoa. 

I owe the opportunity of writing this part of the present 
memoir to my kind friend, the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, 
M.A., of Wadham College, Oxford, who has presented to 
the University Collection the deeply interesting series of 
models and mimics represented on Plate XX. The 
whole of the butterflies there represented together with 
other examples of the same mimetic forms were captured 
on the slopes of Kilimanjaro in 1905. In addition to this 
extensive material Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers has presented 
many examples of A. johnstont from Taita and Taveta in 
British East Africa, including the fine and remarkable 
variety from the last-named locality, represented on Plate 
XXII, Fig. 2a. The series of models and mimics would 
however have lacked completeness if other kind friends 
had not also afforded valuable help:—Mr. Guy A. K. 
Marshall sending me an extreme south-eastern form 
(Plate XXII, Figs. la, 10) with its model (Fig. 1); and 
Mr. C. A. Wiggins the extreme western mimetic form 
(Plate XXII, Fic. 3a) with the model (Fig. 3) from the 
same district. 

The mimetic resemblance of the commonest forms of 
A. johnstoni (protcina and flavescens) to Danaine butterflies 
of the genus Amauris was suggested by the present writer 
in 1897.t Although greatly impressed by the likeness of 
Acrzeine to Danaine, I was then quite unaware of the 
existence of this wonderful range of forms and of the 


* Etudes d’Entomologie: Dix-septitme Livr.: Avril 1893. 

+ “Theories of Mimicry, as illustrated by African Butterflies,” 
read before Section D of the British Association at Toronto, Aug. 20, 
1897. Abstract in Report of the Toronto Meeting, pp. 688-691. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART I. (SEPT.) 20 


300 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


striking example of Miillerian mimicry which it was to 
supply. 


I. Mimetic forms of Acrzea johnstoni, Godman. 


It is now proposed to consider the various often widely- 
separated forms of johnstoni in the probable order of their 
evolution in time, and to point out the models in each 
case. 

(1) Acrvxa johnstoni, Godm., form proteina, Oberth, 
Oberthiir (Etudes D’Entomologie: Dix-septieme Livr. : 
Avril 1893: Pl. II, Fig. 14) considers the variety with 
white spots in the fore-wing and a squarish pale buff 
discal patch in the hind-wing as the typical form of the 
species; and it is probably more ancestral than any other. 
It appears to be much more abundant than the buff-spotted 
form jlavescens, and also to have a wider range. The most 
southern examples in the Hope Collection, viz. three 
specimens sent to me by my kind friend Mr. Guy A. 
K. Marshall from Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, in S.E. 
Rhodesia (4000 feet), are all of this form, and it is also far 
more numerous than any other in the Rev. K. St. Aubyn 
Rogers’ series from the Kilimanjaro district, as also in the 
series from the Tiriki Hills on the N.KE. shores of the 
Victoria Nyanza (5100 feet) kindly given me by Mr. C. A. 
Wigeins. 

The proteina form is an obvious and beautiful mimic of 
Amauris albimaculata and the white-spotted forms of 
Amauris echeria. Its synaposematic sensitiveness is well 
seen in Mr. Marshall’s specimens from Chirinda in which 
the squarish discal patch of the hind-wing is unusually 
large, clearly as an approach to Amauris lobengula 
(Plate XXII, Fig. 1), one of the dominant Danaines of 
this locality. The discal expansion is more pronounced in 
the female Acrva (Fig. 1b) than in the two males, one of 
which is represented in Fig. la. The more perfect mimetic 
likeness of the female 1s an example of the well-known and 
widely applicable principle explained by A. R. Wallace.* 

The resemblance of proteina to the Danaine model is far 
less perfect on the under-side, although the spots of the 
fore-wing and the patch of the hind-wing are still the 
prominent features. The ground colour in the marginal 


* Trans, Linn. Soc., vol. xxv, 1866, Pt. I, 1865, p. 22. See also 
Poulton in Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool., vol. xxvi, pp. 580-582, 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 301 


part of the hind-wing and the apical part of the fore-wing 
is marked by alternating dark and light stripes,—dark 
veins, paler ground colour and again darker internervular 
radu. This is certainly the conspicuous feature of the 
insect during prolonged rest with closed wings hanging 
downwards, ‘and it is an appearance characteristic of 
many Acrwinw.* Hence in complete rest the prominent 
characters are synaposematic with other Acrvinx; during 
flight and in brief rests with wings open the characters 
are synaposematic with the genus Amauris. 

Oberthiir’s form semdalbescens (l.c., Plate III, Fig. 29) 
with white spots on the fore-wings and reddish-brown 
hind-wings bearing a paler discal patch of the same colour, 
may be looked upon as an exceptional variety of proteina. 
It is of much interest as an example of the variational 
material out of which natural selection has probably 
produced such mimetic forms as /ulvescens (Plate XXI1 
Fig. 4a), and torwna (Plate XXII, Fig. 32.) 

2) Acreva johnstoni, form flavescens, Oberthiir (1. ¢., Pl. I, 
f. 4). This form differs in the spots of the fore-wing being 
buff instead of white. It is an obvious mimic of the buff- 
spotted forms of Amauris echeria. Hvery gradational 
shade between pronounced buff and the pure white of 
proteina is to be found. A good intermediate example 1s 
figured on Plate XXI, Fig. 1b, but the methods of photo- 
eraphy do not at present enable us to distinguish between 
these pale tints. The remarks upon the under-side 
colouring of proteina apply equally to flavescens. 

(3) Acrva johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberthiir (I. c., 
Pl. I, f. 19). This is the form of the species described 
by Godman from Kilimanjaro, and therefore from the 
systematist’s point of view the type of the species. From 
every other point of view it is evidently highly specialized 

—a comparatively modern offshoot from the ancestral 
Amauris-mimicking forms proteina or flavescens. The 
change has been brought about by selection in the direc- 
tion of other models, Acrzeine in place of Danaine. There 
are at least three different sub-forms included under sem- 


* It is also reproduced in the mimicry of Acrxine, e.g. in the 
males of certain species of Pseudacrea. In the magnificent W. 
African Lyczenid, Hpitola honorius, F., the portions of the under-side 
exposed in prolonged rest are beautifully mimetic of this Acrzine 
appearance, not only as regards the radiate markings but also in the 
characteristic group of black spots at the base of the hind. wing. 


302 Professor K. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


Sulvescens, each of the three mimicking a different Acreeine 
species or form. 

(2) The most primitive sub-form is typical semifulvescens 
as it occurs on Kilimanjaro,—represented in Plate XXT, 
Fig. 3a. The whole of the fore-wings, within the zigzag line 
of the four spots, is bright fulvous, while the discal: patch of 
the hind-wings is pale “yellowish. Thus is produced a con- 
siderable superficial resemblance to Planema quadricolor,* 
Rogenh., from the same mountain (Fig. 3). The zigzag 
line of pale spots bordering the fulvous area of the fore- 
wings represents the black margined fulvous band which 
borders the deep rich brown of the Planema. The relative 
position of darker and lighter shades is the same, although 
the inner half of the surface is much brighter in the mimic 
than in the model. In the hind-wing the semifulvescens 
form has a far larger pale area than the P/anema,in which 
the rich brown black-spotted triangular basal patch of the 
under-side is reproduced upon the upper. The discal 
band of the Planema, if smaller than the squarish patch 
of the mimic, is brighter in tint, being white instead of 
pale yellow. In one specimen of semifulvescens from Kili- 
manjaro the black ground colour has greatly encroached 
upon the basal margin of the discal patch, leaving a pale 
band which closely approximates to the form of the 
marking in the Planema. 

(8) The second sub-form of semifulvescens (Plate XXII, 
Fig. 2a) is a splendid member of the group of mimics 
clustered round Planema pogger (Fig. 2) as the central 
model,—the combination of which so many members 
have been described and figured by Mr. 8. A. Neave 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 218: Plate X). It differs from 
Oberthiir’s form (a) in the restriction of the fulvous area 
of the fore-wing to the neighbourhood of the zigzag line 
of pale spots (compare Plate XXII, Fig. 2a, with XOan 
Fig. 3a). On the distal side of each ‘spot as in senvi- 
Julvescens the ground colour of the wing is black; but it 
is also very dark brown, almost black, on the proximal side 
of the innermost spot, except along the costa, where the 
fulvous tint extends nearly to the base of the wing. The 
discal patch of the hind-wing is moreover white instead of 


* This Planema, of which a male and a female were presented by 
Rey. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, was new to the Hope Collection, and is 
unrepresented in the National Collection. It was kindly named 
for me from a photograph by Prof, Chr. Aurivillius. 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 303 


pale buff. The resemblance of this striking and beautiful 
form is also promoted by its size; for it is one of the 
largest specimens of johnstuni which I have ever seen. 
As in so many other cases this mimic is an even closer 
approach to a co-mimic than it is to the primary model. 
And of all the species which are grouped round Planema 
pogget there can be no doubt that its resemblance 1s 
strongest to the planemoides female of Papilio dardanus 
(Plate XX, Figs. 2, 4). I do not know of this latter from 
Taveta where the (8) form of semifulvescens was collected 
by Mr. St. Aubyn Rogers; but p/anemoides exists in the 
A. H. Harrison collection from Nairobi, so that its exist- 
ence in the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro and Taveta is 
at any rate probable; and the same may be said of 
Planema poggei, the primary model, also labelled Nairobi 
in the same collection. 

In both (a) and (8) sub-forms of semi/ulvescens the fulvous 
part of the fore-wing under-side would be hidden by the 
hind in the attitude of prolonged rest, so that the appear- 
ence becomes synaposematic with many of the smaller 
Acrving rather than with the particular Planema models. 
On the other hand, in flight and probably during brief 
rest between successive flights the basal part of the fore- 
wing under-side would contribute to the visible appearance 
and serve to reinforce the resemblance to the Planemas. 

(vy) The third sub-form of semifulvescens is the toruna 
form (Plate XXII, Fig. 3a), described under that name 
from Toro, W. Uganda, by Mr. H. Grose-Smith. There 
can be no doubt I think that this is a further develop- 
ment of the form described by Oberthiir from Kilimanjaro 
—a modification brought about by mimetic resemblance 
to another Planema model,—P. latifasciata, K. M. Sharpe 
(Plate XXII, Fig. 3). It is altogether a much more perfect 
mimic of this Planema than semifulvescens (a) is of the 
allied P. quadricolor, The rich brown colour of the basal 
half of the fore-wing is here alike in model and mimic, 
while the zigzag row of four spots tend in ¢orwna to fuse 
and generally completely fuse into a zigzag fulvous band 
somewhat resembling but more irregular than that of the 
Planema model. In P. latifasciata the black inner border 
of the fulvous band is far more feebly developed than in 
P. quadricolor, so that the absence of this border in torwna 
does not greatly detract from the likeness. On the other 
hand, the fulvous band itself is far wider and more con- 


304 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


spicuous in latifasciata, and this is well matched except 
in form by the mimic. In fresh specimens moreover the 
eround colour of both wings in the Toro model and mimic 
is of a distinctly brownish shade of black, wanting in the 
dark ground of the more eastern pair. ‘The discal band 
of the hind-wing in P. latifasciata (Plate XXII, Fig. 3) 
is fulvous and broader than the white band of quadri- 
color (Plate XXI, Fig. 3): the triangular basal brown 
patch of the hind- -wing under-side 1s reproduced above 
in both species of Planema, but the black spots are indis- 
tinctly seen on the upper-side of latifasciata, while the 
chief members of the group are conspicuous, being in fact 
reproduced on the upper-side of quadricolor. In toruna 
the discal patch on the hind-wing is fulvous, and the effect 
at a little distance is singularly hke that of the model. 
It is however produced in a different way; for the uniform 
bright fulvous tint of datifasciata is imitated by a fusion 
of two distinct colour elements in torwna,—viz. the paler 
fulvous ground colour of the patch and the deep fulvous 
internervular and intracellular rays which traverse it. 
The shape of the discal patch has also been modified into 
close resemblance to the band of /atifasciata, although a 
trace of the angle, so well known and conspicuous in the 
forms of johnstoni, remains as a guide, indicating the path 
of evolution. The basal invasion by deep rich brown of 
the pale patch on the hind-wing suggests the basal 
triangular area of the Planema model. On the under-side 
the patterns of both model and mimic are reproduced in 
paler shades, still maintaining their close resemblance. 
The discal band of the hind- wing of Planema and the 
corresponding patch of the Acru are white 2, and in the 
latter the characteristic squarish shape is far more 
prominent than on the upper-side. The basal spots of 
the hind-wing under-side which are so concentrated 
towards the base in other forms of johnstoni are here 
moved outwards and are placed upon and along the 
borders of a rich brown triangular area resembling but 
much smaller than that of the model. The toruna form 
of johnston is one of the most interesting of the mimetic 
appearances developed by this remarkable and protean 
species. 

(4) Acrewa johnstoni, form fulvescens, Oberthiir (1. ¢., PI. I, 
f. 21). This, the last of a wonderful series, is one of the 
most remarkable, the black ground colour persisting only as 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstoni. 305 


a narrow margin widened at the apex of the fore-wing 
(Plate XXI, Fig. 4a). The whole of the rest of the surface 
of both wings is bright fulvous, with the four spots of the 
fore-wing and the squarish patch of the hind-wing visible 
(especially the former) as a paler shade of the same 
colour. At a little distance and during flight these mark- 
ings would become inconspicuous, and the butterfly would 
closely resemble a small specimen of the form of Limnas 
chrysippus dominant in British Kast Africa, viz. the dorippus 
form (= klugiw), without the black and white apex to the 
fore-wing (Plate XXI, Fig. 4). On the under-side the 
resemblance of /fulvescens to the primary model is less 
close because of the absence of the distinct black margin 
so conspicuous on the upper-side. But this very appear- 
ance, together with a radially striped pattern caused by 
the alternation of dark veins and brighter ground colour, 
and the increased paleness of the marginal part of the 
hind-wing and the apical area of the fore-wing, promote 
a deuterosynaposematic resemblance to another Acrzeine 
mimetic of dorippus,—the daira form of Acrea encedon. 
These two Acreeas are moreover of nearly the same size, 
while the Danaine primary model is of course a far larger 
butterfly. The chief basal spots of the hind-wing under-side 
are not black and prominent but dark fulvous and there- 
fore inconspicuous, in this case producing an appearance 
Suggestive of dorippus, and unlike any of the forms of 
encedon in which the black spots are so conspicuous a 
feature. 


Il. Acrva johnstoni, Godm., and A. fallax, Rogenh., the 
eastern forms of A. lycoa, Godt. 


The three forms which it is here proposed to unite under 
a single species are thus grouped by Aurivillius : *— 


“109. Acreea johnstoni, Godm. ; telekiana, Rogenh. ; ful- 
vescens, Oberth.; semafulvescens, Oberth.: ab. Octobalia, 
Karsch.; ab. (et var.) confusa, Rogenh.; johnstoni, Butt. ; 
proteina, Oberth.; flavescens, Oberth.; semialbescens, Oberth. 

“110. A. fallax, Rogenh., forma przecedentis?; A7li- 
mandjara, Oberth. 

“J11. A. lycoa, God.; ab. @ Butleri, n. ab. lycoa, var. 
2 Buth” 


* Rhop. Aithiop. 1898, pp. 114, 115. References are omitted 
from the quotation. The italics indicate synonyms. 


306 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mumetic Forms of 


We see therefore that Aurivillius keeps A. lycoa distinct, 
while he suggests that A. fallax (hilimandjara) may be a 
form of johnston. I believe that he is right in this last 
opinion, although positive proof can only be gained by 
breeding; but the facts set forth below render “it certain 
that falta is the eastern form of lycoa. If Aurivillius is 
right in his association of fallax xt will inevitably follow 
that the whole series of varied forms must fall under 
Godart’s species,—/ycoa. 

Acreva lycoa of the tropical west coast is distinguished 
from A. johnstoni by the following characteristics :-— 

(1) The large size of the four spots on the fore-wing 
and the tendency of the subapical pair to fuse and form 
a subapical bar: the tendency of the more interior pair 
similarly to form a patch extending from below the end of 
the cell towards but not quite reaching the posterior angle 
of the wing. The spots are, however, “sometimes separate, 
although much lar ger and more nearly approximated than 
in johnstont. 

(2) The pronounced sexual dimorphism of which no trace 
can be found in johnstom. The males of lycoa have a 
much browner ground colour than the females, especially in 
the hind-wing, while the spots of the fore-wing are pale 
buff instead of white and are sometimes evanescent. 
Furthermore the white discal patch of the hind-wing is 
unrepresented in those males I have had the opportunity 
of examining, while the development of the internervular 
radu is correspondingly increased. 

(3) The apex of the fore-wing of /ycoa is more broadly 
rounded and the costal margin more curved than in 
johnston. The outhne of the wing between the apex 
and the posterior angle is straight or even convex in the 
females, straight or very slightly concave in the males. 
In A. johnstoni it is probably always concave, although 
sometimes very slightly so. 

(4) The basal black spots on hind-wing under-side are 
smaller in lycoa and less concentrated towards the extreme 
base of the wing. The spot in the base of the cell with 
the two spots on the costal side of it forms in lycoa a 
characteristic approximately equilateral triangle. Owing 
to the greater concentration of spots the corresponding 
triangle ‘in fohnstoni is nearly always isosceles with its base 
towards the root of the wing. It is moreover less con- 
spicuous as a feature in the wing of this latter form. 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstont. 307 


(5) The discal white patch on the hind-wing of the 
female /ycoa is somewhat larger than in johnstona: more- 
over it is rounded and not subquadrangular as is the buf 
patch of the eastern form, although rare exceptions both as 
regards contour and tint are not wanting in the latter. 
The rounded margin of this patch in the female /ycoa is 
more invaded by internervular radii than in johnston, 
and consequently less sharply defined. Outside the discal 
patch the strong development of these dark radii contrasted 
with the paler (greyish or rarely brown) ground colour pro- 
duces a very different effect from the almost uniformly 
dark appearance of the corresponding area in johnstona. 

When we reach the western part of Uganda, in the 
uplands of Toro, at a height of 7-9000 feet, /ycow is still a 
dominant Acrva. The only male I have seen resembles 
the western form except that there is a slight tendency 
towards the development of a buff discal patch in the hind- 
wing. Some of the females resemble those of the west 
coast except that the white discal patch is very slightly 
smaller: in others the four white spots of the fore-wing 
are widely separated and smaller, approaching the con- 
dition of johnstoni, while in these very individuals the 
discal patch of the hind-wing is smaller and more sharply 
defined. In all other respects the western characters 
described above are still maintained. 

Passing still further east to the N.W. shore of the 
Victoria Nyanza at Entebbe, we find that the males 
have now gained the four widely separated buff spots in 
the fore-wing, not nearly so distinct and sharply defined 
as those of johnstoni, but otherwise very similar. Many 
individuals have a small trace of the buff discal patch. 
All the females I have seen resemble the most jolnstont- 
like of those from Toro, except for the tint of the discal 
patch of the hind-wing, which has become a very pale 
buff. These females are nearly indistinguishable from the 
kilimandjara figured by Oberthiir * (=/allaz, Rogenh.). 
Owing to the kindness of my friend, Mr. T. 'T. Behrens, 
R.E., [ have had the opportunity of examining a pair of 
this form from the Anglo-German boundary west of the 
Lake, but not more than sixty miles from it. While the 
female resembles those from Entebbe, the male has a far 


* Etudes D’Entomologie: Dix-septiime Livr.: Avr. 1893, Pl. I, 
ite lghe 


308 Professor E. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


more marked but very imperfectly defined buff discal 
patch. 

We now pass to the N.E. shore of the lake. The Hope 
Department possesses an interesting series of specimens 
kindly presented by Mr. C. A. Wiggins. They come from 
the Tinki Hills, 5100 feet, twenty miles N. of Kisumu. In 
the more defined buff discal patch of the hind-wing the 
three males are a further advance in the direction of the 
Jallax form than that reached by any male I have seen 
from further west. In the four females the discal patch 
is slightly less pale than that of any as yet mentioned, 
while the rest of the hind-wing is more uniformly dark. 
They are in fact almost precisely similar to females of the 
hilimandjara form (see Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) from the moun- 
tain after which it was named by Oberthiir; only differing 
in the smaller size of the discal patch and its slightly paler 
tint. A single female obtained by Mr. Wiggins at Kaka- 
mega’s (5500 ft.) near Mumias on the Uganda Railway, 
about fifteen miles N.E. of Kisumu, is of the same type, 
but the patch is even smaller and very slightly deeper in 
tint. Mr. C. A. Wiggins’ Nyanza and ‘Toro specimens 
were identified as forms of A. lycoa by Mr. 8S. A. Neave 
(Nov. Zool., vol. xi, March 1904, pp. 348, 349), and I find 
that the same forms from Toro and Nyangori are labelled 
“lycoa?” by Miss E. M. Sharpe in the A. H. Harrison 
Collection. 

We now pass to the most eastern specimens I have 
examined, viz. those kindly sent me by Rev. K. St. Aubyn 
Rogers from Taita, Taveta, and Kilimanjaro. In these 
forms the buff-spotted males with an enlarged discal 
patch of pronounced buff (Plate XXI, Fig. la) mimic the 
buff-spotted and buff-patched Amauris echeria, while the 
white-spotted females (Plate XXI, Fig. 2a) with slightly 
paler buff patches, also enlarged as compared with the 
Nyanza forms, mimic Amauris albimaculata and the white- 
spotted forms of A. echeria. They are certainly Rogen- 
hofer’s fallax and Oberthiir’s kilimandjara. They are 
equally undoubtedly the eastern forms of Acrexa lycoa, 
modified by the mimicry of Danaines not known on the 
west coast, The sexual dimorphism of /ycoa persists in 
fallax, and remains of the same kind though very different 
in degree ; for, as pointed out above, the males bear buff 
spots on the fore-wing and the females white, while the 
discal patch is paler in the latter sex. The johnstoni of 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnstonii. 309 


Godman (proteina of Oberthiir) differs from fallax and 
lycoa in that it is not sexually dimorphic. I have found 
males and females both present in the semifulvescens form 
and the white-spotted Amauris-like forms. Both sexes 
would probably be found in a sufficient series of any 
variety. It also differs in possessing squarish as compared 
with a rounded discal hind-wing patch, which is also more 
sharply defined because less invaded by internervular radii. 
In fallax the contour of the fore-wing has greatly approxi- 
mated from lycoa towards johnstoni, but the apex is still 
slightly more broadly rounded, and the costa of the fore- 
wing rather more bent. On the other hand, a concavity 
between the apex and the posterior angle, although faint or 
absent in the females, has now become distinct in the males 
of fallav,—as distinct as in johnston. In this respect and 
the more uniformly dark ground colour of the hind-wing 
outside the discal patch these extreme eastern forms of 
lycow show an approach to johnstont. The basal spots of 
the hind-wing under-side remain however precisely those of 
the western lycoa. 

A most curious change in /ycoa as we advance from 
west to east is the shrinkage of the discal patch to a 
minimum at the N.E. of the Victoria Nyanza and its 
subsequent slight expansion further east. 

In the collections I have already mentioned supplied 
by the generosity of many friends Acrva johnstont was 
first found Gn about equal numbers) accompanying the 
forms of lycoa (fallav) mm the Tinki Hills; and in far 
greater numbers at Kilimanjaro, Taveta, and Taita. The 
great majority are easily separated from the lycoa ( fallax) 
forms by the characters already mentioned but interme- 
diate individuals certainly occur. The most striking of 
these appeared ‘among four males sent to me from the 
Kenya District by my friends Mr. and Mrs. 8. L. Hinde. 
Of three specimens captured on February 8, 19038, at Fort 
Hall (about 4000 feet) two are obvious johnstont while the 
third possesses a well-defined buff patch intermediate in 
outline between fallax and johnstoni. The basal spots of 
the hind-wing under-side resemble those of /allar. On 
the other hand, the spots of the fore-wing are white and 
not buff as in the males of fallax. The fourth specimen, 
captured above the Goura River (5—7000 feet) February 21, 
1903, is somewhat nearer to fallax and the fore-wing spots 
are buff. A very fine intermediate example also exists in 


310 Professor EK. B. Poulton on Mimetic Forms of 


the National Collection. In view of these intermediate 
specimens, and the variation in all the distinguishing char- 
acters observed when a sufficiently long series of johnstoni 
are examined I do not doubt that Aurivillius is correct 
in suggesting that fallax is conspecific with johnstoni. 
Strong support is also afforded to Aurivillius’ suggestion 
by the observations of Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, who 
knows both johustont and fallax in life in their natural 
habitat and looks upon them as a single species. It has 
been shown here that fa/laz is undoubtedly the eastern 
form of lycoa. It therefore becomes extremely probable 
that the whole wonderful series of forms—many of them 
totally unlke—associated under the name johnstoni, or 
as it was still more appropriately named by Oberthiir, 
protcina, are all of them specifically identical with Godart’s 
species dycoa. Furthermore, this remarkable series must 
be still further extended to include the torwna of Grose- 
Smith. 

In conclusion, it is possible to attempt to reconstruct 
the history of the changes through which /ycoa and its 
descendants have passed. It is probable that the male 
of the western /ycoa represents the ancestral form of the 
whole group,—a semi-transparent fuscous and brownish 
Acreaw with ill-defined markings. As regards the semi- 
transparency it is noteworthy that the character tends to 
crop up not uncommonly in the most modified form 
Johnstoni, where it 1s often seen in the discal patch of 
the hind-wing. The female of the western lycoa became 
modified by synaposematic approach to the black and 
white species of the Danaine genus Amauris on the 
west coast. The same is substantially true of the species 
in Western Uganda where the black and white Amauwris 
are still predominant and have even drawn the echeria and 
allimaculata types of their own genus after them. (See 
8. A. Neave in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, pp. 208-210.) As we 
go further east however these latter types become them- 
selves predominant, and the fallax forms of lycoa follow 
them, the males becoming strongly mimetic and approach- 
ing the buff-spotted Danaine models, while the females 
still retain the ancestral colour and resemble those that 
are white-spotted. As regards the hind-wing both sexes 
gain a buff discal patch similar in colour but not in shape 
to the models. Finally, from the most strongly-marked 
of these eastern forms with the deepest shade of ground 


Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acrea johnston. 511 


colour there probably arose still more perfect mimics of 
the same models in proteina and jflavescens, the two forms 
of johnstont which are nearest to fallav. It is to be 
observed that the change in the shape of the fore-wing 
which occurred as fallax gave rise to johnstont is in the 
direction of the form of the Danaine and Planema models. 
Johnstoni once formed, variation in other directions, guided 
by natural selection, led to the mimicry of various 
additional Danaine and Acreeine models: — of Limnas 
chrysippus, var. dorippus, of Planema quadricolor, Planema 
latifasciata, and Planema pogget. 


[My friend Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall has kindly read 
through the proof-sheets of this paper, and has made 
many valuable suggestions. | 


312 Explanation of Plates. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. 


The offspring of a trophonius form of Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. 
cenea, observed laying eggs on May 4, 1904, at Bellair, five miles 
from Durban, Natal. The observation was made and the eggs 
collected by Mr. G. F. Leigh, but the female parent escaped. The 
figures represent eleven out of the thirteen offspring bred by Mr. 
Leigh from these eggs at Durban. The specimens are in the Hope 
Department, Oxford University Museum. 

All the figures are about 2 of the natural size. 


Fic. 1. Male offspring: pupated July 4, 1904; emerged August 5. 
The 10th to emerge. In this specimen the submarginal 
black band of the hind-wing is the least developed. 
There is however a slight trace of a narrow ‘‘sickle” 
partially closing the costal gap. 

2. Male offspring: pupated June 26, 1904; emerged July 31. 
The 8th to emerge. The costal gap closed by a narrow 
“ sickle.” 

3. Male offspring: pupated June 14, 1904; emerged July 25. 
The 5th to emerge. Although the costal gap is open 
there are traces of a black mark partially closing the 
inner gap. 

4. Male offspring: pupated June 12, 1904 ; emerged July 18. 
The 4th to emerge. Very similar to Fig. 3, but the 
costal gap is here completely closed. 

In this figure and the two succeeding it is seen that 
the inner border of the black margin of the fore-wing 
is distinctly serrated, recalling the appearance of meriones. 

5. Male offspring: pupated June 10, 1904; emerged July 5. 
The 2nd to emerge. Submarginal band of hind-wing 
slightly more developed, and the gaps slightly less than 
in Fig. 4. 

The meriones-like serration described under Fig. 4 here 
reaches its maximum development. 

6. Male offspring: pupated June 16, 1904; emerged July 27. 
The 6th to emerge. Hind-wing far more heavily marked 
than in any other of the male offspring, both gaps being 
completely closed. These males, emerging in July and 
Aucust 1904, are as a whole far less heavily marked than 
those bred in November 1902 and November 1903, by 
Mr. G. F. Leigh. 


ee 


So 


Explanation of Plates. 313 


Fie, 7. Female offspring, trophonius form: pupated July 6, 1904 ; 
emerged August 26. The 13th to emerge. A typical 
example of the southern form of trophonius, here for the 
first time bred from a trophonius female parent. 

8. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 12, 1904; 
emerged July 17. The 3rd to emerge. The discal patch 
on the hind-wing is distinctly browner than usual,—a 
result of trophonius parentage appearing in an otherwise 
typical cenea 2 form. 

9. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 22, 1904; 
emerged July 29. The 7th to emerge. 

10, Female offspring, cenea form: pupated July 8, 1904; 
emerged August 24. The 11th to emerge. The right- 
hand wings, being somewhat crippled, are only partially 
shown in the figure. 

11. Female offspring, cenea form: pupated June 11, 1904; 
emerged July 4. The 1st to emerge. The shape of the 
principal spot of the fore-wing, and the development of 
a light patch on its inner margin, as well as the evident 
tendency of the two markings to fuse, show a distinct 
influence of the trophonius parentage. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. 


Female forms of Papilio dardanus. 

All the figures are about the natural size. The butterflies were 
intended to be precisely of the natural size, but as a matter of fact 
they are all slightly enlarged. Furthermore, probably in consequence 
of the concurrence of minute errors, the figures on the right side, 
3 and 4, are rather more magnified than those on the left, 1 and 2. 
The error is well within the limits of individual variation, 


Fie, 1, Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, Q f. trimeni, n. f. 
Kikuyu Escarpment, British East Africa, 6500-9000 feet. 
W. Doherty, October—November 1900: in the Hope 
Department, Oxford University Museum. The specimen 
shows distinct rudimentary “tails” to the hind-wing. 
The pale tints are yellow and not white, while the 
pattern is also very ancestral as compared with the 
hippocoon form from the same locality (Fig. 2). 


314 Huplanation of Plates. 


Fia. 2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, 2 {. hippocoon: data 
as in Fig. 1, except that the specimen was captured 
September—October 1900. Although far more specialized 
by mimicry of the black and white Amauris niaviuss 
form dominicanus, the origin of the pattern from that of 
the trimeni form (Fig. 1) is clear and simple. It is 
accompanied by a change of the pale markings from 
yellow to white. 

3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. polytrophus, 2 f. cenea: data as 
in Fig. 2. This form is far more specialized, viz. further 
from the ancestral pattern still borne by the male insect 
(Plate XVII, Figs. 1-6), than the hippocoon (Fig. 2). At 
the same time it is by no means difficult to trace the 
independent origin of the cenea from the trimeni form 
by the spreading of the black ground colour, 

4. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q f. planemoides, partially 
gynandromorphic on the left side. The male influence 
is not only seen in the conspicuous patches and streaks 
of pale yellow scales on both fore- and hind-wing, but 
also in the traces of the three submarginal black patches 
on the hind-wing (compare Plate XVII, Fig. 1). These 
are inconspicuous because placed on a dark ground ; but 
they can be at once recognized by comparing the left 
with the right hind-wing which exhibits no trace of 
gynandromorphism, The pale markings on the right fore- 
wing were caused by accidental injury and are in no way 
comparable with the appearance on the left side due 
to the existence of yellow scales like those of the male. 
This interesting specimen was collected by Mr. T. T. 
Behrens, R.E., in Buddu, on the west shore of Lake 
Victoria, Nyanza, between Entebbe and the mouth of the 
Kageru River: December 3, 1902—March 1, 1903, 


Hxplanation of Plates. 315 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. 


Ancestral females of Papilio dardanus. 
All the figures are about 3% of the natural size. 


Fie. 1. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. tibullus, 2 f. trimeni, n. f. 

Zanzibar, Lieut. Turner, 1884: in the Hope Department, 
Oxford University Museum. 

In this highly ancestral form of female the colour of 
the central part of the wings is not so white as in the 
hippocoon form, but very pale buff and thus far nearer 
to the colour of the male. The subapical patch is also 
imperfectly divided from the main pale patch of the 
fore-wing. 

2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q f. hippocoon. 

Gaboon, Hewitson Coll., in Brit. Mus. 

The exceptional variety of the hippocoon form here 
figured exhibits distinct rudiments of “tails” to the 
hind-wings. It is of much interest that this ancestral 
character should be associated with the ancestral pattern 
of the hippocoon form. 

3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. hippocoon. 

W. Africa, Crowley Coll., in Brit. Mus. 

This specimen of hippocoon also exhibits traces of the 
lost ‘tails’ although to a much less extent than in the 
last figured specimen. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (SEPT.) 21 


316 Explanation of Plates. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX. 


Planemoides females of Papilio dardanus together with inter- 
mediates between this and the other female forms, 
All figures are about | of the natural size. 


Fie. 1. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, Q form intermediate 
between cenea and planemoides. In coll. A. H. Harrison, 
from Unyori, N.E. of Kisumu, about 1903. The specimen 
figured is beautifully intermediate between these two 
? forms, of which the planemoides is seen in Figs. 2 
and 4 and the cenea in Plate XVIII, Fig. 3. The discal 
patch of the hind-wing of this intermediate variety is 
not white as in planemoides. It is much nearer to the 
buff of cenea, but exhibits a faint reddish tinge which 
may indicate some influence of trophonius. Taken alone 
the specimen here represented would strongly suggest the 
origin of planemoides from cenea. 

2. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides. 
Nyangori (Forest land), N.E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
near Kisumu, 5000 feet. Captured November 1-8, 1902, 
by C. A. Wiggins. In Hope Department, Oxford 
University Museum. In everything except a curious 
overspreading of the discal patch of the hind-wings by 
dark scales this is a typical planemoides form. 

3. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides, tending 
somewhat in the direction of hippocoon. From the same 
locality as Fig. 2. Collected about 1903 by A. H. 
Harrison. In Hope Department, Oxford University 
Museum. The hippocoon influence is seen in the great 
extension of the fulvous area along the inner margin of 
the fore-wing. This specimen taken alone suggests the 
origin of planemoides from hippocoon or trimeni. Compare 
Figs. 2 and 4 with 3. 

4. Papilio dardanus, sub-sp. merope, 2 f. planemoides. Nairobi, 
British East Africa, May 17, 1903. In coll. A. H. 
Harrison. The specimen figured is a fine typical example 
of this beautiful form. The extended basal black area 
of the hind-wing is an approach towards the much 
greater development of this marking in the model, 
Planema pogget. 


Explanation of Plates, 317 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI. 


Forms of Acrea johnstoni, together with their Danaine and 
Acrxine models, from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 1905. 

The whole of the specimens figured, models as well as mimics, 
were presented to the Hope Department by Rev. K. St. Aubyn 
Rogers. 

All the figures are about 3%; of the natural size. 


Fic. 1. Amawris echeria, Boisd., ¢. The three largest spots of fore- 
wing and submarginal spots of hind-wing are buff- 
coloured ; the submarginal and costal spots of fore-wing 
much paler buff, almost white. December 15-31, 1905: 
native collector. 

la. Acrexa johnstoni, form fallax, Rogenh. (= kilimandjara 
Oberth.), ¢. Fallax differs from the flavescens (Fig. 1b) 
and proteina (Plate XXII, la, 1b) forms mainly in the 
broader, rounder apex of the fore-wing, the rounded 
instead of the squarish discal patch of hind-wing, and in 
the sexual dimorphism,-—the males of fallaw (Plate X XI, 
1a) having buff spots in the fore-wing, the females (Fig. 2a) 
white. Furthermore the rounded discal patch of the hind- 
wing is here well seen to be indistinctly defined owing to 
the invasion of dark internervular rays, while the 
squarish patch of flavescens and proteina is sharply out- 
lined. Intermediate forms occur, and there can be little 
doubt that Aurivillius is right in suggesting that fallax 
is a form of johnstoni. 

The male of fallax with buff-spots in the fore-wing is 
seen to be an excellent mimic of the buff-spotted forms 
of Amawris such as that represented in Fig. 1. 

The specimen shown in Fig. la was captured December 
15-31, 1905, by a native collector. 

1b. Acrea johnstoni, form flavescens, Oberth. The individual 
represented possesses very pale buff spots in the fore- 
wing, much paler than those of the male fallax (Fig. 1a). 
Specimens of flavescens however often possess spots of a 
pronounced shade. The individual shown in Fig. 16 is 
a mimic of Amauris echeria (Fig. 1), but as regards 
the pale spots is transitional towards the mimics of 


318 Explanation of Plates. 


Amauris albimaculata (Fig. 2), viz. the white-spotted 
proteina forms (Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b), and towards 
the female of fallax represented in the next figure. 

The hind-wing of flavescens (Fig. 1b) is seen to present 
a far more perfect resemblance to the Danaine models 
(Fig. 1, 2) than that of fallax (Figs. la, 2a). The 
superiority is brought -about by a characteristically 
squarish buff discal patch which is sharply outlined and 
exhibits hardly any invasion of marginal rays. December 
15-31, 1905 : native collector. 

Fia.2. Amauris albimaculata, Butl., 9. In this specimen all the 
spots of both wings are pure white, the only buff marking 
being the discal patch of the hind-wing. December 
15-31, 1905: native collector. 

2a. Acrea johnstoni, form fallax, Rogenh., 9. The white- 
spotted female of this form is beautifully mimetic of the 
Danaine shown in Fig, 2. The discal patch of the hind- 
wing is however very similar to that of the buff-spotted 
male represented in Fig. la and like it less markedly 
mimetic than either the flavescens (Fig. 1b) or proteina 
(Plate XXII, Figs. la, 1b) forms. December 15-31, 1905 : 
native collector. 

3. Planema quadricolor, Rogenh., ¢, the model of the 
semifulvescens, Oberth., form of Acrea johnstoni shown 
in Fig. 38a. The basal area of the hind-wing and the 
inner half of the fore-wing,—-viz., the whole of its area on 
the basal side of the black-margined curved fulvous 
subapical band,—are of a deep rich brown hardly to be 
distinguished from black by photographic methods and 
therefore barely recognizable in the figure. N.E. slopes of 
Kilimanjaro, about 5000 feet ; State of Mamba: September 
25, 1905: Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, 

8a. Acrea johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberth., ¢. The four 
characteristic spots, pale yellow in tint, lie on the borders 
of the fulvous inner area of the fore-wing; thus suggest- 
ing a likeness to the model (Fig. 3), where the inner 
area is also separated by a subapical bar of lighter tint 
from the black apical region. The pale yellowish discal 
patch of the hind-wing of course forms an area much 
broader than that of the model. In another specimen of 
this form however (Kilimanjaro, December 15-31, 1905, 
native collector) the basal half of this patch is almost 
obliterated by suffusion with ground colour, producing a 
much closer approximation to the hind-wing pattern of 


Explanation of Plates. 319 


the model. The specimen is unfortunately in too poor 
a condition for figuring. 

Locality of specimen represented in Fig. 3a., N.E. 
slopes, Mamba State, about 5000 fect, September 26, 1905: 
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. It will be observed that the 
mimic was captured the day after that on which its model 
was taken. 

Fia. 4. Limnas chrysippus, L., form dorippus, Klug. (= klugia, 
Butl.), 9. This is the dominant form of chrysippus in 
British East Africa. Kilimanjaro, May 1905. 

4a. Acrea johnstoni, form fulvescens, Oberth., ¢. An obvious 
and beautiful mimic of dorippus (Fig. 4). The ancestral 
markings persist, faint but distinct ; and characteristic 
in shape and position on both wings. On the under- 
side they are more conspicuous. The basal spots on 
the hind-wing under-side are distinct, but the most 
prominent are in this form brown instead of black, and 
therefore comparatively inconspicuous. December 15-31, 
1905 : native collector. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. 


Forms of Acrea johnstoni together with their Danaine and 
Acreine models. 
All the figures are of the natural size. 


Fig. 1. Amauris lobengula, E. M. Sharpe, 3, from the forest, Mt. 
Chirinda (about 3600 feet). Melsetter, Gazaland, S.E. 
Rhodesia. Captured October 7, 1905, by Guy A. K. 
Marshall. The model of Figs. la and 1b. 

la. Acrea johnstoni, Godm., form proteina, Oberth., g. From 
the same locality as the last, and captured by Mr, 
Marshall on the same day. The relatively large size of 
the squarish discal patch of the hind-wing (compare Fig. 
1b on Plate XXI) is an evident synaposematic approach 
towards the Amauris represented in Fig. 1, also charac- 
terized by an especially large discal patch. 


320 Explanation of Plates. 


Fic. 1b. Acrexajohnstoni, form proteina, 9, from the same locality 
as 1 and la. Captured by Mr. Marshall, October 11, 
1905, The female exhibits a patch even larger than that 
of the male, and of a shape which approximates more 
closely to the model shown in Fig. 1. 

2, Planema poggei, Dew., ¢, from Buddu, between Entebbe 
and the mouth of the Kageru River, west shore of Lake 
Victoria Nyanza ; collected December 3, 1902—March 1, 
1903, by T. T. Behrens, R.E. This Acreine butterfly 
with its broad fulvous band crossing the fore-wing, and 
white band crossing the hind-wing is evidently the primary 
model of the particular variety of the semifulvescens, 
Oberth., form of A. johnstoni, shown in Fig. 2a. 

At the same time the latter exhibits a nearer approach 
to the planemoides, Trim., 2 form of Papilio dardanus, 
Brown., one of its co-mimics (compare Plate XX, 
Fig. 4), than it bears to the central model of the group, 
Planema pogger. 

2a. Acrea johnstoni, form semifulvescens, Oberth., 2. From 
Taveta (about 2500 feet), British East Africa; May 15, 
1905, Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers. This form possesses a 
pure white patch on the hind-wings, while the inner 
area of the fore-wings is black instead of fulvous as in 
typical semifulvescens (Plate XXI, Fig. 3a). This form 
appears to mimic the planemoides female of Papilio 
dardanus more closely than any other member of the 
large group clustered round Planema poggei (compare 
Plate X of the present volume, accompanying Mr.8, A. 
Neave’s memoir). 

3. Planema latifasciata, E. M. Sharpe, ¢ ; from Toro, W. 
Uganda (7-9000 ft.). November— December 1900: 
Major Rattray. This Planema is the model for the 
toruna form of johnstoni represented in the next figure. 

3a. Acrea johnstoni, form toruna, H. Grose-Smith, ¢; from 
the same locality and date as the preceding. The 
mimetic likeness is strong in the deep rich brown of the 
inner area of the fore-wings and basal region of hind- 
wings in model and mimic, in the fulvous subapical 
band crossing the fore-wing and discal band crossing the 
hind-wing, and finally in the dark ground colour external 
to these striking markings. 

In all forms of Acrexa johnstoni here represented (Figs. 
la, 1b, 2a, and 8a), the under-side exposed during 
prolonged rest, when most of the fore-wing is hidden by 


Explanation of Plates. 321 


the hind, is not mimetic of the respective Danaine 
(Fig. 1) and Acreine (Figs. 2 and 3) models, but presents 
an appearance synaposematic with many Acreas of 
about the same size. During flight, on the other hand, 
and probably during brief rest, nearly the whole of the 
fore-wing under-side is revealed, and the effect is then 
such as to reinforce the mimetic resemblance of the 
upper-side. 


SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1906. 


@is23! 5 


XVI. Predaceous Insects and their Prey. By Epwarp B. 
Poutton, D.Sc., M.A., LL.D. Princeton, F.R.S., 
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of 
Oxford, Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. 


PART I. 


Predaceous Diptera, Newroptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and 
Coleoptera. 
[Read June 6th, 1906.] 


CONTENTS OF Part I. 


PAGE 

IntRopucTION TO Parr I . : ; : : : 5 ORE 
I. DIPTERA . : ; ; : : A . 329 
A. ASILIDA AND THEIR PREY F : ‘i ' 5 Bee 
PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES ' : , : 5 a09 
ANALYSIS OF PREY . 359 


CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE Hasrrs | OF THE SPECIES AND 
GENERA OF ASILIDA RECORDED IN THIS Memoir . 364 


I. DASYPOGONINA . . 0 6 0 . 364 
Dioctria . ‘ é . 364 
The Prey of Dasypogon diadema : 365 


The Courtship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema 366 
Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, a mimic of its 


most conspicuous victims . : : . 3868 
Remaining Genera of the Dasypogoninze 5 . +369 
I, LAPHRINA : c ; c c : 5 Oo) 
JIf, ASILINA . a : : L : . 370 
The Prey of Proniachus : ‘ Soe 
The Prey of Alcimus and allied genera : eee 
Philonicus, Pamponerus and Asilus . 3 373 

An observation on the cryptic attitude of Asilus 
crabroniformis during prolonged rest : 374 
Lophonotus, Dysmachus, and Eutolmus — . 374, 375 
The Prey of Machimus . ‘ ; . 9375, 376 
Neoitamus and Epitriptus . : : ~ old; 31d 
Mimicry 1N ASILIDA! RECORDED WITH PREY . ena 717) 
B. EMPIDA AND THEIR PREY . 2 379 

ANALYSIS OF THE PREY OF RECORDED SPECIES OF 
EMPID® AND OF THE SEXES OF THE CAPTORS . 386 
Proportion of the Sexes. . 388 
Female Empide with Prey captured i incoitu . 388 

The choice of Prey by Empide (Hy aa Empine 
and Tachydromine) : . 388, 389 

C. PREDACEOUS DIPTERA OTHER TH AN ASILIDA 
AND EMPIDA, WITH :THEIR PREY . ¢ ool 
Dolichopodide, Anthomyide, and Contains . 393 
The Prey of Scatophaga . . 393 
Ochromyia jejuna. 394 

The Prey of the larval Syr phid fly, Xanthandrus 
comtus (Melanostoma hyalinatwm) . : 396 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART II. (JAN.) 22 


324 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


PAGE 


II. NEUROPTERA . ¢ : : ‘ : é . 398 
A, THE PREY OF ODONATA (DRAGONFLIES) . . 3899 
B. THE PREY OF PANORPIDAD (SCORPION-FLIES) . 402 

III. HEMIPTERA : ; : : ; : : - 403 

THE PREY OF HEMIPTERA . A : : . 404 

V. ORTHOPTERA  . ‘ : : ; : : . 406 

THE PREY OF MANTIDA AND LOCUSTIDZ  . $406 
V. COLEOPTERA . . 408 


PREDACEOUS COLEOPTERA AND THEIR PREY _ 409 


INTRODUCTION TO Part I. 


THE following memoir, including numerous and varied 
groups of insects, has made large demands on the time and 
work of many naturalists. It is a pleasant duty to speak 
of the extremely kind and sympathetic help by which 
alone the publication has been rendered possible: help in 
bringing together a large mass of original records; help in 
working out the material and in searching through the 
literature of the subject. I must admit that in the desire 
for the utmost fulness and precision in the data and 
the determinations, my friends have been somewhat bur- 
dened with correspondence : the one to whom I owe the 
most even likened me to a “pom-pom”! I fear indeed 
that among the chief reasons for welcoming the final 
appearance of the paper will be a feeling of relief and 
security, of a haven of rest where the inexorable letter- 
writer will cease from troubling. 

In addition to the solid contributions of material upon 
which this paper has been built, the unceasing contact 
with sympathetic friends has been in itself a source of 
encouragement and inspiration. Where is there a subject 
the equal of natural history in bringing about friendly 
co-operation in the labour of accumulating evidence or of 
solving some difficult problem ? 

The material of this memoir is far more due to the 
efforts of Colonel J. W. Yerbury than to any other 
naturalist. It was chiefly but by no means exclusively 
collected in the British Islands, and has contributed to 
nearly all the groups of predaceous insects. In the section 
devoted to Himpidx, the specimens collected by Colonel 
Yerbury more than equal those obtained by all other 
naturalists put together. 

Next in importance is the splendid series of examples 
collected by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall in South Africa, the 
great majority from the neighbourhood of Salisbury, 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 325 


Mashonaland. During the past five years Dr. T. A. 
Chapman has presented to the Hope Department a fine 
series of predaceous insects and their prey from a number 
of European localities, chiefly Spain. Mr. H. St. J. K. 
Donisthorpe has for many years presented valuable material 
in many groups of predaceous insects from numerous 
British localities. In the course of a visit to La Granja 
in the Sierra Guadarrama, Spain, I was able, in July 1902, 
to make a considerable collection of Asilid flies and their 
prey, and in particular to study the habits of Dasypogon 
diadema, which is very abundant in that locality. 

Small collections of material making up altogether an 
important part of the foundation on which this paper rests 
have been contributed by the following naturalists :—Mr. 
C. N. Barker and Mr. F. Muir from the neighbourhood of 
Durban, Natal; Mr. S. A. Neave, from N.E. Rhodesia; 
Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, from British East Africa; Lieut. 
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, from Port Sudan; Mr. E. E. Green, 
from Ceylon; Col. C. T. Bingham, from Burma; Dr. Richard 
Evans, from near Penang; Mr. J. C. Kershaw, from Macao ; 
Rey. F. D. Morice, Monsieur Chretien, Mr. G. C. Champion, 
Mr. W. Holland, and Mr. A. H. Hamm, from Spain. 

Small collections from British localities have been 
presented by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. Dr. G. B. 
Longstaff, Mr. W. J. Lucas, Mr. A. H. Hamm, and Mr. J. 
Collins ; and single examples by Commander J. J. Walker, 
Mr. R. Shelford, Mr. W. Holland, Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. L. 
D. Saunders, Mr. H. A. Saunders, Mr. J. E. Collin, and 
Mr. KE. A. Cockayne. 

Many naturalists have rendered kind assistance by 
drawing attention to published or manuscript records. 
Many interesting British records, several of them now 
published for the first time, were kindly communicated by 
Colonel J. W. Yerbury and Mr. Claude Morley; and 
valuable help of the same kind was afforded by Mr. G. H. 
Verrall, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. G. C. Bignell, and Mr. G. T. 
Porritt. Mr. W. L. Distant kindly drew my attention to 
many published records of the attacks of predaceous insects, 
especially in South Africa. 

It is equally pleasant to acknowledge all the kind help 
received in working out the material, half of which, viz. 
the prey, was generally in bad condition and very difficult 
to determine. Here also I am chiefly indebted to Colonel 
J. W. Yerbury, who has devoted an immense amount of 
time and labour to the largest part of the collection, the 


326 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


Diptera. In this group very kind help has also been 
received in special cases from Mr. G. H. Verrall, Mr. J. E. 
Collin and Mr. E. E. Austen. In working out the 
Neuroptera kind assistance was received from Mr. W. J. 
Lucas, Mr. W. F. Kirby, Mr. Kenneth J. Morton and Mr. 
C. A. Briggs; the Orthoptera, by Sefior Don Ignacio 
Bolivar, Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. R. Shelford; the 
Lepidoptera, by Sir George F. Hampson, Dr. F. A. Dixey, 
Mr. J. Hartley Durrant and Mr. R. South ; the European 
and British Rhynchota, by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. ; 
the Rhynchota from other parts of the world, by Mr. W. L. 
Distant ; the Coleoptera, by Commander J.J. Walker, Mr. 
Guy A. K. Marshall, Mr. G. J. Arrow, Mr. C. J. Gahan, Mr. 
G. C. Champion, and Mr. W. Holland. 

The Hymenoptera have been especially difficult. Mr. 
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., has determined the European and 
British Aculeates; Colonel C. T. Bingham, the Oriental 
and African Aculeates and Parasitica; Mr. Claude Morley, 
the European and British Parasitica; Rev. F. D. Morice, 
the European and British Tenthredinide; Mr. A. J. Chitty 
devoted much time to the difficult problem presented by a 
minute Cynipid. 

A minute species of Collembola, which had puzzled 
many naturalists, was finally traced to its true position by 
Mr. Claude Morley. 

The British Spiders have been kindly studied by Mr. F. 
P. Smith, but the results of his labours are almost confined 
to the material for Part IL. 

Special inquiries have been courteously answered by 
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Mr. G. T. Lyle, Mr. H. O. Forbes 
and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, as well as by the naturalists 
whose names have been already mentioned. 

Numerous errors are so difficult to avoid in a memoir of 
this kind, dealing with such varied material and bristling 
with data, that exceptional time and trouble have been 
devoted to the correction of proofs. Not only have they 
been read several times by the writer, but the following 
friends have also most kindly been through them and 
made many corrections and valuable suggestions :—Mr. 
Edward Saunders, F.R.S., Colonel J. W. Yerbury, Mr. G. 
H. Verrall, Mr. J. E. Collin, Mr. Claude Morley, Mr. G. A. 
K. Marshall, and Commander J. J. Walker. Mr. W. J. 
Lucas read through the proofs of the Neuroptera. Mr. 
Marshall also rendered the kindest assistance in bringing 
together upon a single copy the corrections on six sets of 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 327 


proofs. Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., and Mr. A. H. Hamm have 
not only read proofs, but they have also greatly helped me 
in comparing them with the data on the specimens. It is 
impossible to hope that mistakes have been entirely 
avoided, but at any rate exceptional labour has been ex- 
pended upon their reduction to the lowest possible number. 
The present memoir was undertaken in order to deter- 
mine, as far as possible, the enemies of those groups of 
insects which are believed on good grounds (see especially 
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall’s experiments recorded in Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 292—405) to be specially de- 
fended against entomophagous Vertebrates. So far from 
following Haase in the belief that such groups enjoy abso- 
lute immunity from all attacks, including those of parasites, 
it seemed probable that the lessened exposure to Vertebrate 
enemies would be largely compensated by a relatively in- 
creased exposure to predaceous Invertebrata, and especially 
insects. And this conviction has been confirmed even 
more fully than would have been anticipated from the 
limited extent of the recorded material. Thus it will be 
found from African records alone that the widely mimicked 
Limnas chrysippus has been seen to be devoured by an 
Asilid fly, a large Dragonfly, and a Locustid; while 
another species of Locustid and a large wasp have been 
found eating the larva. Attacks by predaceous insects upon 
the specially defended groups of Coleoptera, and upon the 
stinging Hymenoptera are also proportionately numerous. 
It was originally intended to conclude the present paper 
with a large number of records of predaceous Hymenoptera 
and their prey, chiefly due to the energy and power of 
observation of Mr. A. H. Hamm, who is especially devoted 
to the study of the Fossorial group. It was not at first 
contemplated that any attempt would be made to search 
through the vast literature of this subject, extending through 
two centuries and a half. This widening of the field of 
work was brought about through a misunderstanding. I 
wrote to my kind friend Mr. Edward Saunders for records 
of attacks by Fossors, meaning such records as are con- 
tained in his note-books or on the specimens in his 
collection. In reply he sent me a most valuable abstract 
of recent literature on the subject, and expressed the 
opinion that a list of the published records was greatly 
needed. Under these circumstances Mr. A. H. Hamm 
began to search systematically and was soon aided by 
Mr. R. Shelford and Commander Walker. A little later 


328 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


Mr. G. A. K. Marshall joined in the work, and after a time 
convinced me that it would be better to defer the records 
of predaceous Hymenoptera to a second part. So much 
has been done that the paper would appear to be a com- 
plete abstract of literature bearing on the subject ; and if it 
tailed to be truly complete great harm would be done; for 
the way toanadequate statement would certainly be barred 
for many years to come. It was therefore determined to 
put off the appearance of Part II, devoted to the predaceous 
Hymenoptera, until the abstract of published records is as 
full and complete as itcan be made. It is believed that the 
work will be finished early in 1907, and that no long interval 
need elapse between the two sections of the memoir. 

The same argument does not apply to the First Part, 
which is in the main a presentation of new records, and 
does not profess to contain anything like a complete 
abstract of the published records scattered chiefly in the 
form of brief notes, though a voluminous literature. At 
the same time any published statements which have come 
to light are included; and many more will certainly be 
found in the systematic search for records of predaceous 
Hymenoptera. Any such additions to Part I will appear 
in the form of an Appendix at the end of Part II. 

I desire to thank the Council for their courtesy in 
permitting, as an exceptional privilege, the inclusion of 
predaceous insects and their prey captured after the date at 
which the paper was read,—June 6th, 1906. All such addi- 
tions will be immediately recognized by their dates. Owing 
to this concession many of the conclusions rest upon a far 
broader foundation than would otherwise have been possible. 

It is hoped that this paper will be of some use to those 
who are interested in the problems of Economic Entomology 
rather than in the study of Insect natural history or bio- 
nomics for their own sake. With this object the popular 
names have been used whenever possible, and the classifica- 
tory position of the prey indicated. I have been much im- 
pressed with the imperative necessity for the accumulation 
on a very large scale of this kind of evidence, if trustworthy 
conclusions are to be reached—conclusions safe enough to 
become the justification for practical measures. It is not 
sufficient to know that an insect is predaceous, and that it 
is believed in a general way to attack particular species or 
groups of species. We need precise records and the care- 
ful preservation of material for critical examination in the 
future. Thus it will be found in numbers of cases that 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 329 


the predaceous species frequently or even normally attack 
insects which are themselves predaceous or parasitic, in 
such instances tending towards the preservation rather 
than the destruction of insect life. It is unnecessary to 
quote instances when they will be found in numbers 
scattered through the following tabulated records; but I 
may allude to the amusing reciprocity exhibited by 
examples 268 and 293. In the former an Empid fly was 
devouring the Anthomyid fly, Caricea tigrina: in the latter 
Caricea tigrina was devouring an Empid! 

In order to facilitate reference, all records in Part I of 
this memoir have been conspicuously numbered, In Part 
II, dealing with the predaceous Hymenoptera, the reference 
numbers will be confined to original records, published 
for the first time. The difference in method is due to 
the small proportion in Part I of examples previously 
published, as contrasted with their immense preponderance 
in Part IT. 

The study of the original records here brought forward and 
their comparison with the results obtained in the future, 
will be aided by a statement, made whenever possible, of 
the collection in which each example is to be found. The 
words, “In Hope Dep.,” “In Brit. Mus.,” etc., appearing 
beneath the name of the predaceous species implies that 
the prey as well as the captor exists in the collection indi- 
cated. A modified statement will make it clear when the 
captor alone or the prey alone is known to be in existence. 

References to previous publication wiil in Part I be found 
under the name of the observer. For the sake of brevity 
the publications of the Entomological Society of London 
are indicated by no more than the abbreviation “ Trans.” or 
“ Proc.,” together with the year of publication and page. 

In Part I the Orders to which the predaceous insects 
belong are treated merely in the order of the number of 
records. It will at once be recognized that evidence of 
importance has only been obtained in the Diptera of Part 
I and the Hymenoptera Aculeata of Part IL. 


I. DIPTERA. 


The records in the first part of this memoir are set forth 
in a tabular form, beginning with the family which stands 
foremost among predaceous Diptera,—the Asilide. 


A. ASILIDZ AND THEIR PREY. 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


330 


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331 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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333 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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334 


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"POGL ‘FS A[ne 


‘uvmdey9 “VL ‘17 000L Jnoqge ‘uredg “efwery wT 


‘TT ‘saproaqn.upos 
wmiuprweydy ‘ayaeq prytydoapATy 9 
Ppiveyagy etyeoq prrTydorpaAy oy, 


‘FOGL ‘F@ A[ug 


‘uvmdeyg “WL ‘17 0002 Jnoge ‘uredg ‘elueng evry 


"SSO 
Buia $4 Sry wosnf novo ue OU, 


‘Te9 d “F061 ‘sued, 
‘uoyNog ‘{ “A 


‘GOGT ‘8% AlnE 
‘I OOFE Hoge ‘uredg ‘Ter1oosg TA 


‘ocg “d “FOGL ‘suvzy, 


‘posuta 64 
“Ipyy ‘sigmquanto singouodwmng “yuwe aq, 


"ZOGL ‘9 ATuE 


‘mOyNog “{ “T ‘IF OOOF Jnoqr ‘uredg ‘eluery vy 


‘daq edoxy uy 
°§ “a ‘wwaporp uobodiisng “pH 


‘daq edoyxy uy 
LP oq'vwapnrp uohodisvg ‘ep. 


‘dag edoxy ut 
"6 
“q ‘nwapnrp wobodisng ‘ep x 


‘uouttoods 
Trews ef P “a Somapnrp wobodisng 


‘ZO6GL ‘96 Ane 


‘uoyMOog “g “T ‘I OOOF noe ‘uredg ‘efuery wT 


‘ZOGT ‘9% Ane 


"MoyNog “{ “A ‘IF OOOF Jnoqge ‘uredg ‘efurryg ery 


‘aredg utory popxiover 
-un Apqeqord § & “zyery ‘unsowod 
(saqoaqdouy) njduag sprmowmneuyoy ey, 


Te 
“qaryt ‘snqopnysoo sngoynFT ‘aoq ety, 


‘dag adoy Uy 
‘& “a ‘owaopnip uobodisng ‘TH 


‘dag edo ut Larg 
‘Jeoy ve uodu 4I VAveT 
pue ford ayy wor stosoqoad 
JOY MVIPYIIM 0} paddrosqo 
4 ynq ‘peanjdeo you sueumtoedg 
"P kq payinoa 
‘6 “Wq ‘nwapnrp uobodlisng ‘oF 


‘dag odoy uy 
"& “i ‘nwapnrp uobodiisng “6g 


‘ZOGT ‘96 Atop 
‘I OOOF Jnoqe ‘uiedg ‘vfteLy vT 


‘epg “d ‘FOGT ‘sueL, 
“uoyNog “{ ‘A 


“UuGAUESAO “ALYG ANV ALITVOOT 


"DP “rt snqqub sapooaydy ‘aaq at, 


“AGUd AO SAIOUdS 


‘deg edoy uy 
"P &q poytnoo 
5h “ay ‘nwapmp uobodiisng “gg 


‘(panwijquoo) WNINODOdASVA *T 


“dITISV AO SaIOgds 


335 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


"41 soztuSoo0r oY SB v.la7dounpow (“g) *] Ul UBY} apvolqg YONUI 91v SSUIA 944 FVUY SYTVUIEI [[VUIEA “HD IN “eC x 


‘uvtadeyg ‘WL 


‘uemdeyO “VL 


‘uredg “MN ‘uoary ‘seponueag 


‘BO6T ‘ATUL-ouN LF 
‘WJ OOEE 
‘aredg yeaqyueg yso\y ‘Stele 


“DP “S87 ‘snynsopd snuagdojnusnyy 
‘aqqoeq (uAooraueT) pradydepH ey, 


‘9061 ‘GI-II 4Ine 
‘IF O0ZE 


"leg "d uo ajouseg “cg x 


‘deq odoy ut 
°& 4 ‘mou sdey 
-1od aq 0} [TRIO A “HOH Aq 
parepisuos “ds j wohodowmgy gg 


"A Sry ‘noifijjow sidp Saaq-aATH{ et, 


‘deg edoxy uy 


"P Sa Sowappyp 
(uobodopiag) uohodisng “geyx 


‘avudeyg “VY WL 


‘uvmdeyg “VL 


"FOGL ‘L6 ATUL 


uvudeyg “WL 


‘avmmdeyg “WL 
‘ueudeyO *W iL 
‘uvurdeyy 


VoL 


‘uvmdeyy “VW I, 


°P “dooag “winwonasnd ‘acer © iT 


‘daq edoyxy uy 


‘uvmdvyy “WL 


‘uewudeyy “Vv “I, 


“FO6L ‘Fe Ato 
‘47. 0OOL quoqe ‘uredg ‘efuery vy 


"IF OOOL hoe ‘uredg ‘efuvay eT | unsosbo snquog ‘eeq-etqunzy oy, |° 4 “yy ‘Mwapnrp uohodiisng “HG 
FOGL ‘LG ATE -daqy odoyy uy 

‘17 000L uoqe ‘utedg ‘efueTy wT "PD “rT ‘wosnf porwsog Que oy, |° 5 “gq ‘wapnrp uobodiisog “gg 
"POGL ‘9G Aue “© ‘sropuneg “gq ‘T]0o ut pouren ‘dog edoy uy 

‘IF OOOL Jnoqe ‘uredg ‘efuvay vy | -un ‘sngoryoyT snues oyy Jo seq W | P “gq ‘wmapnrp uobodisng “eg 
‘FO6T ‘96 ATUL . ‘daq odoyy ut 

"73 0OOL Quoge ‘uredg “efuvay VT "DP Sry ‘nosnf normdiog Que oy, |°d5 “aq ‘omapvrp uobodlisng “Tg 
PO6L “9G ANE nee P Suidg ‘voyoorwn ‘dag, edoyzy uy 

‘17 0002 Jnoqe ‘uredg ‘efuvay ey | snpdwog ‘“(dsem-purg) asossog oyy, |" P “yy ‘owapnrp uobodiisng “Og 
"FOGL “Gs Aue “2 &doog nynsy ‘doqy odoqy uy 

"17 OOOG quoqe ‘uredg ‘efuruy ey | opydouwwp “(dsea-pueg) aossoy oy, |°d “yy ‘wwepnup wobodlisug ‘EF 
‘FOGL ‘Fs AINE + Z ‘saroeds styy you qnq “spy ‘sw0b ‘daq odoy uy 

‘17. OOO, quoqe ‘uredg ‘efueny vy | -214 ‘au ‘Ssnyoousigr ‘AY pry em | P “a “ewaporp uobodiisny “gy 


°& “ry ‘xnwag 
syngsing (Ay-suo1g) Ay prydadg yy, 


‘POGL ‘FB ATUL 
"47 O00L quoqe ‘uredg ‘eluvry wT 


°& “ry ‘wnuag 
symysiugg “(Ay-ouorqg) Ay prydakyg oy, 


‘daq odoy uy 
*§ “a ‘owapnrp uohodisng “LF 


‘daq edoy uy 
*& “aq ‘nwapnrp uobodiisng ‘9h 


Professor KE. B. Poulton on 


336 


TICNRIOW STV =D 


‘ZOGI ‘IL “AON 


‘IF 008 
‘TeVN ‘ueqinq «rou ‘uLeATey 


*§ “ung ‘sryns0wmaf 
SipeYyoouopy ‘ay}oaq prIyyUOTOPETT IJ, 


ae Sa ee 


‘dag edoxy uz 
¢ ‘ 6 
“AT ‘unsoinb wiyhiysomupy “eg 


‘Ges “d ‘ZOGT ‘suv, 
'6¢¢ “d ‘QO6T ‘yst50T007 

“AINGIOK “AA “f 
‘gee “d ‘ZO6L ‘sued, 
“AINGIOX “M “ff 


"MBYSIOS “Of 


“MUYSIOY ‘OD “f 


‘cee ‘d “ZogL ‘suedy, 
‘SULIMOg ‘O ‘f 


‘uvtudeyg “Ww 


“HRAUHSHO 


‘O68T “AON 
‘uophay ‘TpeuLoyury, 


“(TRIG “‘ounrfiqnu wanquy) 
“YICM “wounfiqnru nuo.gp ‘epeo1g eu, 


‘06ST ‘OT “AON 
‘uophay ‘Ipeuoyutay, ‘IpeAeTIN 


‘say “Wig Uy 
‘pojouun xes “patAd 
‘ajpoidn =wnjlijsouorpy ‘eg 


‘SN “ag utr 
peovayun (teddoysserg) uviploy uy 


‘9061 ‘ARTY 
"BULL “G'S ‘ovovyy 


‘SN ‘HUG Ur prpsy 
"5 “perm 


‘ajpoidyn winjhysonorpy ‘T9 


‘prnow 4q pernfuy = “yueysiq. 
6, y ) bo 7 
pouiinpunw niuuvbopy ‘epeolg et], 


‘deg odoy uy 
2 
“pom ‘anp wijhysosunr ‘og 


"CO6L ‘8T A[ne 
“VU “W'S ‘ovary 


"3 Soy ‘soup “rea “i “ogous ndsa 4 
‘dsem ayy ao SP Supeay ‘vaonw100 
nunyny “epvory oyy ‘hard apqeqorg 


‘deg edoy ut 
‘pdsayq ayy Jo & Fomy 
pues vpn) oyy WIM steded 
v ut ‘ds snyonworg jobs 
sey] puv uourtoeds sty, *h 
“por ‘enp wiypiqsomipt “Eg 


“LOST ‘uInesnyy Ys 


‘PO6T ‘1G Aqne 
‘4 OOOF ‘uredg ‘soavleg op ‘07g 


“aLVd GNV ALITVOOT 


‘SN “Jlig UL poovaryun 
uemmmedg  ‘reqaA, ‘vauruopunu 
wuyepolg “(dayeyo-asoy) opjeoq oatyy, 


‘sny “Wig Url prisy 
CDWU0jJAD OY JO wBaLATO 
oy} Yonory3, yeoq sy, & 


‘asVOIS YSNOIY} Iq 
-uluLIeyapun satedg “P ‘naplipg 
snues ey jo Ag prkwoyuy uy 


“petm “enp wijhgsoniupy “gg 
= Setkeesigy = 
6 

ian 
‘(paivu1juoo) WNINODOAASVA “J 


“mT ‘sonquosf wobodowng 


“AGUd JO SalIOgds 


“GITISV JO SHIOGdS 


337 


Predaceous Insects and ther Prey. 


‘zee “d “ZO6T “SURLY, 
“InqI9X “MW “£ 


“Uohsqun “KF 

SB SpuBIs PI[ISY eo At 

‘see ‘d ‘GO6L ‘suet, 
‘AmqdeX “AN “£ 


‘9EG 
‘d ‘coe L “ystSopomoqug 
‘TI219390D “V “dL 


“I6S1 ‘SI Ame 
*T[RWOYUIL], 


‘snaovd "~— 
‘Ay prpisy Jo soteds owes oy} Jo 6 V 


‘L681 “Gg ouNL 
“TTRULOYULL T, 


*8 Sag ‘aonru 
wry Downie 7, ‘AYLo}NG oureuUr(l OL, 


SONeo eh 
08 
“poy ‘a ‘snand uobodosapy *BZ, 


‘Sn ‘Qua Uy 
oe 
“poy ‘a snaaid Uohodowapy "12, 


‘OOIXOTT MON ‘s000g 


‘oary ‘s1gnqQ1b 
1 sianyyuoH ‘oTJeeq plaeyyUrD oy, 


*xos 5 “ARG 


‘9EG 
‘d ‘coer ‘qstsopoumoyuy 
T1219390D “V °C AL 


"WF 00EL 
‘oorxoyyT MeN ‘uokueDg so09g 


“Gipe) “Won 
-vad nyuoliyg, ‘Buq pruroyeyusg af], 


‘Sypurmopqn sniao0rdsCQ ‘O24, 
*xos § “AT 
‘sngnummbur wobodouaty ‘69 


‘uewdey9 “V iL 


‘C061 ‘PZ-ZI ATUL 
"1 QOOG-F ‘RssonvIeg 
Jo "AA SoTTUT OF noe ‘osVOTOTY 


-d Syussoy ‘wauas rvou ‘sndoo 
-Wwayy snueS sy} jo eyjooq pup V 


‘daq odoy uy 
°& “aq ‘srupnnqns reou 
sdeyied ‘ds ‘wobodouary “gg 


‘uvimdeyg “VL 


“kinqioX “MM ‘£ 


TRUSTE “MV “DO 


Teste “SV OD 


‘S061 ‘FS-ZI AINE 
"IT QOOOG-F SvssosRLRg 
JO "MA SOTIUL OF Joe ‘oLLoUOT 


°D ‘svony ‘sng 


-puto sndoovuazy ‘o1300q prutATeT AUD 


‘deq edoy uy 
"P 
“mrt ‘sadiwyoo wobodoury "29 


‘ZOGL ‘9 ATNE 
"soTeAA N ‘Yjnouared 


°§ “soon 
‘ongnosnf[qo sir.toaza ‘pruoovtg au 
Pp! 


"GOGT “AON 
‘13 OOOF ‘TRVEN “JAN0048q 


. ~P 6. MT 
‘snjoaudna snyoomorg ‘AY puIsy UL 


‘deq odoy uy 
"3 


“SI ‘s219s0.000aang uobodosT -99 


‘doq edoy uy 
3 


Gary wnsojnh wijhyso1oyy “GO 


“BO6T ‘IL “AON 
‘YF 008 
qeyen ‘ueqing veut ‘WIATRIY 


*5 “nyuoewmg snues 


‘deq edoy uy 
"6 


ayy Jo (qayeyD) epeeq PIUIVOPOTENT V | “ArT ewnsoynb wiyliqsouorny “HO 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


335 — 


TM 


“AINGIOA “Mf 


“ALLLUBJY LS LULU OY4 UL 97L.002U098270077 BULoVlAa 
Ul UUBUIIOFT POMoy[oy Jou oavy puv ‘awvydvT pus wuzvobodisng oy} UOM40q GUL] [VUOISIAIP P[O OY} OF poroype oavy J so1ape s,AanqrzoX “109 BUIMOTIOM “6L x 


“ZOGL ‘8S °°, 
"[PAVT BAG 
‘Tey ‘ueqing jo ‘g ‘osurdist 


“Ainqiox “Mf 


‘C06L “61 AvTT 
“SOTA “S ‘TM BOTYIOY | 


“plore yy ‘seqoonb.imw srapoydy 
‘(e}20q-5unq) eeeq prpoyty ey, | 


"P Sa Connery puays 
-whyoog ‘(s8et8uoy,-<ppeq) 


‘C061 ‘TT AvTy 
‘SoTB AA “SG ‘TMBOTYLOg 


*AINGIOK “AA ‘fF 


meysUrg LO 


"pee “d “ZOGL ‘suet, 
"WRYyDSUIg “LO 

“pauluieyap 

-un Aaid pure ‘gt 400 

UdATS ATSHOITOIIO 948 

eee “d “ZOBT ‘suRry, 
“AIMqIeA "M “f 


“MUAUESAO 


"e061 ‘IL Av 
"SoTB AA “S ‘TAvoyyalog 


‘8681 ‘¢ “ydag 
‘WF OOO; “vUtIng *Q ‘okwARTL 


"PD Sa ‘onusvy mury.t 
-diyoog (ssa{Suo]-Appeq) pyndry, eq], 


‘deg adoy uy 
6. 6 6 
“W'sadiisas sr.samogsdoyyT *G2, » 
‘HNIUHAVI "[] 


‘su “Ig Uy 


prndry, ey, /°5 “gq ‘snpowmo uobodoswT “gy 


‘deq odo, ut 
4, ds 
‘psoolvy oanyeututt ue ‘1eprtds 
e Aq uayea Suteq sem ‘Kord 
St SuIppoYy TMs “prsy yy, 
°§ Sg ‘sngow uobodoiswyT +p, 


"PST ‘onigsry nunpt 
-wliyong “(sse{suoy-sppeq) prpndry, oy, 
"ysau syt Aq esoTo 
pomnydevo sem vaq oy, *A “pedery 
‘np nuodyepr ‘aeq-reurureg oq, 


‘S681 [dy 
“BULL can 


‘uidesseuay, TT ‘AoTTVA weaeyy 


O°) “Wg 
‘sypndn nuoduyapy ‘oaq-reuureqg eq, 


“I68SI ‘IL 390 
‘TTRUOYyUILy, ‘urepnyy BATLIOg 


*JUOUISVLy W 
“poT AM ‘sadsoy snap ‘AYE pIpIsy oT, 


“aLVd GNV ALITVOOT 


‘AGUd AO SAIONdS 


- ‘deg edoy uy 
°& “a ‘sngows uobodoisnT ‘92, 


‘dag adoyyT uy 
°& “aq ‘sdohw 
‘puyowng “GZ, 
‘daq oedoy uz 
2 a 
‘sdofiw ‘1a ‘ds ‘nujowog “F, 


Ajqeqoad ds 


‘Sn “Wig uy 

6 
"SL 
*(panu2juoo) WNINODOAASVA “J 


“poy ‘A ‘snaoid wobodowapay 


“aITISY dO SHIONdS 


339 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


“HUIJOTA OY] SLA VAOIOIAX OYA Ye} YANOP OU 9sINOd Jo ST aLoYT, “L910 OY} Jo Asvld oy} Ul PUB Pap SBA S]OOSUT 9} JO UO 4eY} pajou TaAqesqo OUT, ‘FS x 


“GL 

‘d ‘ZOGL ‘ploooy “QUA 

‘gee “d_ “ZO6l “suBLy, 
‘uvudeyy “VL 


"LO6L ‘96-8T AoE 
‘uredg ‘survy 
UNO] Upviueqpy ‘eyoovseay, 


“GL 

‘d ‘zoel ‘pxoooy “4Uuqy 

‘cee ‘d ‘Zo6T ‘suet, 
‘uvudeyy “VL 


"LO6T ‘9@-ST Atne 
‘uredg ‘surey 
“UNO, Ulovireqpy ‘ojeoesery, 


‘IIAXXx] ‘d pue 
xixxx ‘d ‘F061 ‘001g 
"Madly “WW 


‘tophag 


‘QAO OT} WOTF JUaTAyIp 9[]90q VW 


‘OTALT(VAR Jou suatmtoeds 
i xos g “Ty ‘nsoqquh nisydvT “218 


"MOTIL[NITAR ILOVLOT 
-oyeydoo oy} Ysnory} ASN1y} Svar 
stosoqord ayy, “Yq ‘eqvpnonumoanpy 
(nnayoojphoup) siqsardng T}20q OL, 


‘daq edoy uy 
‘Aoid qyim 6h ayy 
‘yoosur amor ey ‘doo w & 


pure P “ry ‘nsoqquh misydvT “98 


"q ‘opn.gsauay vdooopix oq 
pidosoy Ay a} punod SUT[IIT) pares ¢O 


*§ esysosans Sig “HTP 
‘srmsofidooopia viyoasadhiFT °Gg 


‘moyySnorg ‘qd ‘L 


LOGL “Avqq 
‘qroyesueg 


"DP “redary ‘sxuwadiuinw wdoooph yy 
‘(gaq-aoyuodaeg) veq prdooo[Ay eT, 


‘deg edoy uy 
631° M 
‘srmsofidooojix piyoaiadliT “FRx 


‘ege “d ‘Z06T ‘sUeL, 
“ALT tai Eh 


"*BQQT qhoqe ATqeqor1g 
‘emoog ATqeqorg 


°8 “aT “vaso sidp ‘vaq eT, 


‘Teysiey “MV “OD 


‘6681 
‘IF OOS ‘puLreuoTsey ‘Arnqstpeg 


‘D “radary ‘sadvaurhnwwaf 
mprydowwp ‘(dsea-pueg) Iossog ot, 


-daq adoyy uy 
°§ “bor 
‘sngmquoy vla0awaxv'T “SS 


dog edoy{T uy 
°§ Cm ‘nqnu0e 
Ayqeqord “ds ‘alaoauexnT “Bg 


‘TRqSIeN “MV OD 


TPUSe AL “St “VD 


"COBT ‘ZB “UBL 
‘17. 000¢ ‘purpeuoyseyy ‘Ainqst[Vg 


“S06T “Wore 


‘97 000G ‘purjeuoyseyy ‘Arngstyeg | nydowwp ‘(dsva-purg) tossoy otf], 


"qty ‘un000q “PT 07 porte A[eso70 
‘S “ds ‘ouodipapy ‘eoq-reuued ey, 


‘dag edoy uy , 
ne 


“ry ‘199U2019)0 D.LBIIUILD TT “TS 


“DP “jadary ‘sadiawbhntvaf 


‘daq odoy uy 
x 


“sary )0100919]) DLA0dUALDT ‘OS 


(JAN.) 23 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART III. 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


340 


a ee ee 


‘pee “d ‘ZO61 “suvry 
‘Tleysieyy “VW ‘OD 


‘AARON "W'S 


Teysieyl “MV “OD 


‘cee “d ‘ZOGT “sueLy, 
“AINGIOX "M “Lf 


‘uewdeyy “VL 


‘uvudeyy “VL 


“LOGL “BL “99 
‘IJ OOSF “BIsepoyyy 
‘A'S ‘purpezey ‘ysorog epuriyyD 


“CO6T ‘LT “Qa, 
‘95 OOF] “VISopoyry “AN 
“Isiq VMSUOT yseq ‘oyneyeg 


“ToT [vtUs yng “uUIg ‘sipr.4107 
‘H 94 asopo £8 “ds ‘sngounzy ‘oaq ony, 


eee 


Se ee 


‘daq, edoy uy 
"Sh “eM ‘sdavaud 
Aiqeqoad “ds ‘sajsvuobnorg “96g 


‘pamnoasp Suteq 
SBM [BNPIATpUL YoIyA Ureyeoun 
ST JI yng “77209 us aed & pozies pey 
nukwoyT ayy, “agspbogdayT snues 
ay} Jo (wuruohodisng) AY prisy uy 


‘daq edoxy ut 


4 “MT 
‘ob Apqeqoad “ds ‘wily “eg 


“GOG6BTI “LE “99. 
‘IF OOLF ‘purpeuoysepy ‘ooze 


‘O68T ‘9Z “3°90 
‘T[RUMOYULL, “Quriog [Nog 


‘soy qripueul 
84} UL Ploy [IMS st yorya Jo qaed v 
‘re[]idioyvo v Suryea Jpesyt sem dsvar 
EL “Q “ssneg oq ‘siguanonw 
Jaysnbouajag ‘(e1raydopdiq) dsem ox J, 


‘dag edoyy ut 
“Worydr1Osep 8,MaoryT TOIT WIL AL 
“owlos sdeytIp yng 64 “ary 
‘opiub £[qeqoad “ds ‘vsiwwy “TE 


‘WOLJIpUOd peq UI pUuv sseT 


-peeFT “por ‘suapuazds ATqeqoad 
‘P “ds ‘snuowng ‘Ay prydakg ey, 


‘9061 ‘6-3 A[ne 
"IF OOGE ‘aredg 
"M'N ‘Ooreg [q Jo ‘q'g ‘okeseg 


‘SUYT “qlag uy 
"6 “ds ‘nunyy “06 


“WOTJVUTUTIOJOP 
sjuoaord =uoryrpuoy +4 ‘ndolipg 
snues oy} jo (@urdolinz) Ay pidouog w 


‘deg odoqzy uy 
; WOOP 
“qe jo oseq spreMo} yensn 
UL} LelJINF spuo}xe pad pur 
“ds sty} doy proaq ATensn 
“UN ,, SYIVUMOI T[VIIOA “FT “HO 
"P “YT ‘ways yds ‘nuvydoT “6g 


‘PO6BL ‘Og ATnE 
‘13. 000¢ ‘uredg ‘efurry vy 


“P “rT ‘wfns vormiog Yue oy, 


“AHAUaSAO 


“ALY GNV ALITVOO1 


“AGUd JO SAIOads 


‘dog edozy uy 
"5 “TT ‘nam maydotT ‘gg 
‘(panwquoo) wNIMHAVI “TT 


“GITISV 4O SaIOads 


341 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


TLeysteW “MV “OD 


"CO6L ‘G “49,7 


‘IF 000G ‘puvpeuoyseyT ‘Arnqstpeg 


TRUS SM VD 


"GO6BT ‘“G “497 
‘17. 000¢ ‘purreuoyseyy ‘Arnqstpeg 


‘IE 0} as07O “ds B 10 
“uyyeetg ‘snsoorjaq sama, (yuy 
OTIY AL P2[BO-Os) oyIUIIET, Posura oy, 


"JI 07 asopo ‘ds B xo 
“mYyyveUg ‘snsoojaq somsay “(Quy 
OUT A P2eT[BI-Os) oJLULIAT, poourMm qT, 


‘deq edoxy uy 
"6 


“ary ‘suonba snyonwotg “TOT 


‘doq odoxy uy 
ge 
“mary ‘sionbe snyoowolg ‘OOT 


STE USTENS Ste Ve) 


"CO6BL ‘T ‘URE 
‘IJ 000 ‘puvreuoyseyy ‘AInqstTeg 


‘ds ‘nowag 
‘(aoyey) epooq §pryyuopopPHT oyL, 


‘dag adoyy uy 
i 


“my ‘sagonbe snyopu0rg “66 


TIeqstey “MV “D 


FOGT ‘96 29°C 
‘J 000¢ ‘purpeuoyse yy ‘Aarnqstyeg 


‘uvurayog jo snynd ayy 
SL SI} OyJOYM [NFIQnop JL saoprs 
“00d MOIIW fH ‘apy = *Aonourteg 
aysoy yod §=‘snynd =snwnajdozagy 
‘(aeoq-Sunq) epjeeq pradog ay, 


TeUSIeW MV “OD 


"POGT “ET Pour 
‘17 000g ‘puryeuoyseyy ‘Arn gstpeg 


“DP “rypip ‘s2usooisnggo snboydoyjug 
‘(afjeeq-sunq) ejeesq prudoy ayy, 


‘daq odoyzy uy 
"} 


“my ‘sagpnbe siyonworg ‘86 


‘daq edox{ uy 
"6 


“wry ‘supnbe snyopwolg “26 


TIQUsteyy “MV -D 


"pee ‘d ‘Zogl ‘suery, 


SAGAN IG DSF EN 9) 


weak “GO6L only 
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342 


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343, 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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Professor E. B. Poulton on 


344 


‘pom | 


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Se EE 


345 


Predacecous Insects and their Prey. 


sv ‘sopoeds atquyxyedun Aq papioye uorj0040I1d 04 querlayiput Ajeynposq*e sutses 
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Professor E. B. Poulton on 


346 


“kreniqo,g pue ‘Arenuep ‘taqui.eq 
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347 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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Professor E. B. Poulton on 


348 


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349 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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*§ ‘aoydtiosep s,aoorq 

0} sSutprosoe “yy ‘snppuns 
ATqeqoad sds ‘snyouoydoT ‘ogt 


‘dag odoyy ut 
°§ Swry ‘879.109 


-ysnbun 4 “ds ‘sngouoydoT ‘EST 


‘daq edoy uy 


°& Sm ‘sign 
ysnbup, “ds ‘sngouoydoT ‘get 


"SIVITINS 35, SB 
Spuvys PITISY oot 
‘sce deez 0Ge Sard "LO6L ‘¢ Avy 


‘IF 000G ‘puvjeuoysey ‘Arngsipteg 


‘9061 ‘Z ‘ydag 


‘SBOnTT "PAA ‘aatysdwue py “qsol0g MON 


"SSUIM 
ssoroe "mur pF: P “uang “vs02.1a}.u0 
srmaypiiy, “(Apuoseiq) eyeuopO er 


*§ “ry ‘snssoub snyy 
-aqysooapy (xaddoyssery) UvIploy ely, 


‘daq, odoyzy uy 
"SOUTM SSOL0V 
‘wu 0.gg: P cay ‘sng. 
-ysnbun j, “ds ‘snyouoydoT *2.eT 


‘daq odozy ur Aorg 
‘porngdeoun prisy ‘xes j 
rT ‘srmsofiuosgn.lo snpsSH “OST 


‘9061 ‘% ‘3deg 


“‘AinqdoX “MM ‘fC "qas1og ‘apyseO eflo—, 


“Pp “qunty, ‘srgnjnronU sito 
-oydwop (xaddoysseiyy) weIploy ey, 


‘daq, edoyy uy 
6 


“rT ‘srUlofmorgnwo srpsH “GST 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


350 


“108 sa 04 ojou 20g *[VIL0J VU 910UL wey armbax Ta SULIOJ MOUW JO wo01ydrasep 10 SuUOT}VUTUIIEZep oytoods ayeinooy 
BY MOOS ore yng ‘sruoh2.17 'T YS 9y1 04 pelle ATesO]o eae ‘gp 


‘u0[NOg “_ “A 


“uoy[NOg “g ‘| 


“mWUeAT “AV 


"UUeE ET ‘W 


"BOG ‘Gs Aue 
"IF 00G2 “uredg ‘efuay 
wy “erepeueg jo qrumumng xreayy 


*P srpaeay 2zurns 5 “ds ‘sinbononyay 
‘(aogeqo) speed = PIGIUOTOPEW = OWL 


‘sooods aeyy ueyy 1905.18] 


“ON jo Avid oy4 Ose Surpnypour “4styq styg ul sryovwshg Jo sotoeds ysiuudg ayy ity “PLI-69L 


‘deg edoy uy 
°d ueaoy oy} worz uMOUy 
ATuo arojoyaroy “ary ‘wabyas 
ATqeqoad “ds ‘sinyonwsiqr ‘OLT 


"ZO6L ‘az Ane 
‘I3 OOGL ‘uredg “efuery 
ey ‘erepeueg jo qruumng rRroN 


"P STpoeag “zwons 4 “ds ‘snboyoxyyy 
“(qayey) ejeeq prlyyUoToyeyy ey, 


‘dag edoxy uy 
°§ “ueaery oy} woay uMOUy 
Ajuo axojoyaray “ary ‘wabayas 
ATqeqoad “ds ‘snyoouslqy ‘69Ty 


"CO6T ‘9 “SnYy 
‘Teed, ‘STTTYpurg 


"} 
“ssKarg ‘srusoononuf snboydoyyug 
‘(afjeeq-sunq) apjeeq pradog 


eGhL 


‘dag edoy uy 
- 
“Sq ‘snuchiy siyonushgr -ggt 


"GOGI ‘I ‘Suy 
‘Teo ‘sT[Iqpurg 


BOT O ON E 


"GO6T ‘9z oun 
‘uopsulqgy iveu ‘fauqny, 


ULE ET “TT “VW 


“PO6T “OL ATue 
‘sydog ‘uopsurqy aveu ‘Kouquy, 


*§ Sarsupoxy ‘syyn.uyqsouas 
pipbup ‘(a@uruorydg) wounesuyoy ey, 


‘dog edoxy uy 
"} 
“DI ‘sruohiy snyoouslig *2Z9T 


°§ SHO snqjaqnud snqunig 
“(qjoul-sseiy) Your priquivry oxy, 


‘deg odoy uy 
°} 
“SPT ‘snuohiy snyonwshig ‘gg 


UOTJVULUTIOJOp ofes vB Ioy rood 


00} WOT}IpUOd Sspuy ][eWoA "AT “O 
*§ ‘oimpzy snues ayy jo Ag piduq uy 


‘dag edoy uz 
*} 
“Sy ‘snuohi snyoousligr -egt 


‘sropuneg “q "T 


“AINGIOX “AV “f 


| 


‘SOG6L ‘oune 
‘Aosiap ‘uIqny ‘19 
JO “M'S “H ST “Opepug “4g 


‘BOGL “Gz oun 
“so[@M “N ‘INOUE 


20 “3S 
‘nunqun neplipy ‘hyp prduioyjyuy oxy, 


‘dag edoxy uy 
a 
“SW ‘snuohiy snyooushiq Pgt 


*§ “doog “nsomof miiw 
-00jyQ “(a@urbuog) Ay prXuroryeayg oy, 


‘deg edoxy uy 
To 
“ST ‘snuohi1 sinpousig ‘Egy 


‘(panwyuor) WNITISV “TIT 


“aaAUTSAO 


‘aLVd ANV ALITVOOT 


“Adud 4O Sa10udS 


“dITISV AO SHIOgaS 


351 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


‘moyNog “T "A 


“ZO6T ‘Oz Ane 
‘7 QOOF Moqe ‘urudg ‘vluerDH eT 


‘6 
“qorg ‘supbva (snuapouiinjg) si.lyjoq 
*-ouagg “(aoddoysseryy) UeIpPUoVy SL 


‘deq edoy ut Aorg 
‘poranjdvoun pryisy 

“Sy ‘sugishuyo — siwaryouo yyy 

Ajqvqoad ‘prpisy 6 waorg “LAT 


“snasith sivwwn}200 AT SB 

spuvys pr[Isy otoyd 

‘egg “d ‘GO6T ‘sUeLL, 
‘eSINN "OD 


‘668T “390 
‘Kouoptsorg Avquaiog ‘estq 


‘mayey you 
uoutpadg “ug “pv.~uU0d sdoshwvyo 
-oyoy “ontg) yxoyynq prawoATT tL, 


‘daq edoy Ut prtisy 
*§ ds ‘snujoyng 4 “OLT 


‘TTetI9A “HOD 
Aq powayuoo MOU PIT 
reve UOL EO USpT 
ree “d ‘ZO6T ‘SUeay, 
‘moyNog “Gd “A 


‘uvutrdeyp “VL 


‘ooMOTT “CT “AY 


‘LO6L ‘et Aine 
‘I OOOF oqe 


‘pesvais f nupbnd 10 
nungen “Pr rye A{quqord ‘vaeph py 
snues eyy jo Ag pifmoyuy P V 


‘deq edoy ut 

“ford yt 68 Apqeqoad “oosut 

| remot ayy “doo w & pue P 
“ar ‘snyondn snwpoyngy ‘GLI 


‘euopaoIvg, Ivo “4RILOS}TLOT 


eget F3-21 ATHE 
‘41 QOOG-F ‘uredg 


‘essoSearg jo “Ay ‘oxvoUOTY 


“DP -qoad “doag ‘sn] 
-palaqnio snqunig Tou prqwray oT, 


‘dag adozy uy 
"Pp “ds ‘snyooush(y ELT 


“cet ‘adv 
‘uredg ‘sviles[y 


mocondauiereg ‘7 CO 


"1e9 ‘d ‘FOGT ‘SURI, 
‘uoJNOg “G “A 


ZO6L ‘ae Ane 
"41 0OGL, ‘uredg “efurty 
wry ‘ervpeuag jo yumung ree 


"ZOGL ‘Gz ATUL 
"WF 00GL ‘uredg ‘efuety 
ey ‘ervpeusd jo pIwuUNg Ivan 


“D SQFT SnrIn.1g00 = “Tssoy “7.409.1Y90 
sanpdsp ‘yjour priayewmoey = eL 


‘dag edoyx uy 
“& Smry ‘snunds 
Aqquqoad “ds snysouslig “ELT 


‘sn howgozvyay 
eH 


“DP srjaway “2uvos 4 “ds 
(aezeyp) 9198 PIUIMOTOTPTN 


‘dog edoyy Uy 
“oad oures aq} SULJOO[AS puB 
aaoged J oy yA poanzdey 
-d Smry ‘sodiwgn sdeysod oq 
0} Kanqaex “A “¢ Aq porepts 
-uoo ‘ds ‘snyoowsiq ‘S&T 


‘pesutm 66 “50 
‘sumorqyn 4 “ds ‘sngsoooowwipg “yue OUT, 


‘daq ado Uy 
“DPD QuvaaryT oy} WOdF WAOUY 
Apuo axozoyosoyy “ANT ‘ahzyas 


Ajqeqoad “ds ‘snyoousig ‘TAT 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


352 


‘uoyNoOg “gE T 


‘U0yNOg "Ff “a 


MoyNOg “{ “A 


‘ZO6T ‘96 ATur 
‘93 OOOF oe ‘uredg ‘vfueryg evry 


‘ZO6I ‘9% ATUL 


‘13. OOOF Jnoqe ‘aredg ‘efuvry eT 


‘GOGT ‘ee A[ue 
‘13. OOOF Jhoqe ‘uredg “vfuvary eT 


xs 
“qatg ‘supbna (snaapounngg) sn.yqog 
-ouazy ‘(reddoyssvry) uUeIploy oq, 


‘daq adoy uz 

"SLT ‘ON UO [TeIIO A, 
‘HD Aq syreur vag +s 
“OI ‘syppshuyo SUMO “SRT 


“4 
‘srmuawn svyjajquig ‘Snq predsarq oy J, 


“& “ip Ssrusooyonf snboydoyjug 
{(ajooq-sunq) opeoq pridog oxy, 


"moyNog “Ef “A 


‘GOGL ‘3s ATH E 
"J OOOF noqe ‘uredg ‘eluerpy eT 


"MoYNog “GT “GT 


‘UoT[NOd “ ‘WT 


"Ad AUASAO 


No) PRL 
‘pwaepmp wobodisnog ‘ky pryIsy eL 


‘BO6I ‘es Aju 
‘IF OOOP Jhoqe ‘uredg ‘efueuy eT 


°& “Sy ‘sunoww 4 ‘ds 


‘pwobung (Ay-esaoyy) AY pruvqey, oy, 


‘dag edoy uy 

"BL “ON ‘SIQ} er0Joq 
woutfoods TINO} OY} WO SyavUT 
“Ol SJ[VIIOA “YH 20g *P 
“SIN ‘supishuyo snuyovyy “BRT 


‘deg edoy ut org 
‘pornydvoun : xos { 
“SIT ‘sayishuyo snunyooyr 
Aqqeqoid “prisy waoig “TET 


‘deg odoy ut Aorg 
‘pornqdeoun : xos § 
“SI ‘sapishiayo STUD AT 
Aqqeqord ‘prpisy uMorg ‘OST 


‘dag adoyzy uy 
2 
“SW ‘supshiuyo snumyoony ‘6241 


‘ZO6L ‘oe ATE 
‘IJ OOOF noe ‘uredg ‘efweny vy 


‘qSOT wourtOeds 
2G “STL ‘snynsond snsagdognwspyg 
‘aqjooq (ULOdITJoMNT) putydepy oy, 


“ALVd GNV ALITVOOT 


*“AGUd AO SAIOGdS 


_ ‘deq odoy ur pry 
‘aA0qe pouappar 
YONUL JOU d1V VIOUIOF OY} JVYY 
SYIVUIIL T[PMIA “HH ' LP 
“SA ‘siishuyo snumpooyy -gLT 


‘(pai juoo) #NITISY “TTT 


“GITISY AO SAIONaS 


393 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


S588 SSS SSS 


i 
| 


‘uvtadeyy “WV iL 


‘aeudeyy “VL 


‘uvudeyy "VoL 


‘uvudeyy “VL 


} 


} 


‘pO6T ‘Te Atne 
‘uredg ‘soreleg op ‘01g 


"FO6T ‘te-¢ Aqne 
‘uredg ‘sareleg ep ‘01g 


“FOGL ‘I Aor 
‘uredg ‘sarvfeg ep 01g 


& “qary ‘sadvosnf nuaupup ‘ooq LT, 


‘pH ‘ep ‘dd ‘coet ‘suery, JO 
"DP ‘qaqytoy ‘snumporjafl snboupowyy 
(reyeyO) = eTieeq «— PIIMOTOPPN PTL 


‘daq odoy ut 
. 4 “SIT 
‘sugish.vya j, “ds ‘snumypnpy “T6L 


‘dag odoyy uy 
3 Sy 
‘syishuyo, “ds ‘simmyooyy “O6T 


‘pr ‘ep ‘dd ‘coet “suet, JO 
*D ‘zaqqteyy ‘snumpoyal snbowozyyy 
‘(reyeqg) apeeq = PIUIWOTOTPINT OL 


‘daq odoy uy 
‘moutroeds qjems Bi dh “Spy 
‘supishuya 4, “ds ‘srmyoyy “6ST 


"Poe! “Er AoE 
"13 000F ‘utedg ‘sorvfeg op 01g 


‘uveurdeyp “VL 


‘oufoyy “yy 


‘uordmvyy “OD 


‘re9 “d ‘FOBT ‘suUBL, 
“UOJ[NOg ef “a 


“"ZO6L ‘ATNp-oune 
‘47 OOO ‘uredg Terquay AA “Ieyag 


-§ Bnpy ‘snssaudap snapoydy 
‘(aqjooq-8unqg) epjeeq prrpoydy ey, 


‘dog adoy uy 
P “3 
‘saqishuyo 4 “ds ‘snmiysvoyy “SBT 


"A Sry ‘wnfrjow sidp ‘eaq-Louoyy oy, | 


‘daq edoxy uy 
6 “OW 
sipishaya 4 “ds ‘snunpooyy “28 
‘supisayo 4 Cds ‘srunpoonT “LST 


"S681 ‘LT oun 
‘sola A] 


"FOS ‘Ane 
"43 000F ‘utedg ‘sorefeg op ‘01g 


‘ZO6L ‘8 Ane 
"7 OOFE Hoge ‘uredg ‘Ter100sy [WH 


& Sry ‘arousspg st.targ “(OVUM 
uoprey eSiery) AYa10}Nq oULeTg oy], | 


‘deq edoxy ut 
‘supshayo peord sy 
UL UBy} INO[OD ,,PfOd PTO,, 
JURIT[IAq ILOUL B JO ST suduT 
-roods XIs Surpasoons oy} pus 
sIqy UI UoWOpqveyT, *P “SI 
‘sapishwyo 4 “ds ‘snumyonyy “98T 


mee) C4 
‘poynaris vppursig ‘a1}90q-I9STY, SUL, 


‘posura 6S 
“IyT ‘sngojuan..o sngouodunyg ‘Quy ey, 


‘dag adoyy uy 

PBT ONS HON Eat 
‘HOD Aq syreutar ag ° 6S 
“Sry ‘supshup snuypvyy “Sst 


‘dag edoy ut 

‘BL 1c ON, GO. [eaters 
‘HD Aq syaeurer vog 0° 6 
“SI ‘sepshyo srimyonyy “PST 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


354 


"SNOUYUM 

“yun sngdiupday se 
spuvjs plfIsy odo At 
‘cee ‘d ‘ZO6T 
“MO4[NOg “gq “A 


‘SUvLI, 


‘LO6I ‘LT Ayne 
“OOUVL LT 
919.199) 


‘soouetAg  Uld}seoT 


‘uvuldeyy “VW “YL 


“PP Syog ‘npihif vu 
-sipog “aoddoysseay) uerpuoy ou, 


‘dag edozy uy 
"} 
“197 ‘sajstjnuoh simmaypovyy “SBT 


‘FOGL ‘TZ A[ne 
"13 OOOF ‘uredg ‘jy ‘asuey 
uvliqujuey ‘sorvleg op ojtong 


°& “spy ‘suuuadayia wosnpy ‘AY og, 


‘daq edoyy uy 
°} 
“AMT ‘si1g.v0g2jas snULYypovT “261 


‘UoJNOg “gq ‘| 


‘uemdeyy ‘VL 


‘OGT ‘FB ATue 
‘13 OOOF Jhoge ‘uredg ‘eluery wT 


°& Sa ‘snoaewb 
snungny, ‘(Ay-asxoyy) AT ptuvqey, oy, 


‘daq adoyy uy 
TS 
“ANT ‘snQmguas SLUM, ‘9BT 


‘CO6L ‘A[np-oune 
‘IF OOES ‘Uredg “IyUAH “Ay Sreyagy 


‘uvudeyy “WL 


"S061 ‘A[ue 
‘tuedg 
TerqueD “A ‘sopery op vaeIg 
dq} JO Sopa Loyno ‘eyrYPeIpeTg 


‘dag, adoyy uy 
" 
“MrT ‘siuq.ungiyas SULOLy YOUTISIP’ 
qnq aveu ‘ds ‘snmyoopy ‘Get 


‘daq edoyzy uy 
“ay ‘syypsvg ATqeqoad 64 
“ST ‘snousne ‘utory yOUTISTpP 
qnq avou “ds ‘snmiupvyyy “PET 


‘MOINog “_{ “| 


‘ZO6T “es ATuE 
"IF 000G qnoqe ‘uredg 
‘efuwagy wry eanpenog 07 yyed oy, 


‘uvuUdeyy “WL 


“AMAUASIO 


“FOGL ‘TS Aq 
‘uindg ‘sareleg ep ‘0g 


‘ALVA GNV ALITVOOT 


“P Sry ‘snags si.ta9 
-oydwoy ‘(xoddoussery) uvipioy au 
je eLe 


‘AGUd JO SAINNdS 


‘dag odoyxy uy 
*P Gourystp nq “avy 
‘sof mm ‘ds ‘sivmyoopy “S6T | 


dag adoyy uy 
. g “SW 
‘sapshwyo i “ds ‘snumpryy ‘S6L 


*(panuyuoo) WNITISV “TIT 


“dGITISV JO SHIOddS 


ooo eee eee 


5 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


“poureuun 

st Asad ayy aay 

‘eee “dC “ZOGT “sued, 
‘AIMGIOX “AA *f 


‘FEST ‘CZ OUNL 
‘qs010,. MON “WStnqpUATT 


‘9061 ‘og ATUL 


‘WUIeET “ELV ‘MOAR, *S “JOYC YW WOMEN 


“A Sr ‘simupjgauy siapoydy 
(aqjooq-Sunq) epjeeq prpoydy oxy, 


LSS eel 
‘soummuoa "Fr Aiqeqord ‘snwoshypy 
snues oy} Jo ‘(aprdoosan : reddoy 
-So1g)  yoosut snoreydomoy 6 VW 


‘SNT “Wag uy 
. 4 MT 


‘snwiwolia SNUWDY}WINT *QOB 


"CO6I ‘9g “SUV 


‘uUURyT ‘HCV ‘S[[Eypueg Teed 


74 Sy ‘oupw;, “ds 
‘phoydoowng ‘(@uboydoowwg) AY omy, 


‘deg adofzy uy 
‘oid yt & 
ayy “doo wm & pure P “up 
‘sippdnouin sinuvnporyy ‘GOS 


‘daq odoy uy 
. 4 “UL 


‘srypdniyo sinwupryy ‘POs 


"FOGT ‘6 ATUL 


CATA Oat) V7 


[29 


*& Sy ag ‘snaue = “ry ‘sngnynb 
-un sndoyojog ‘ky prpodoyorpog ety, 


‘deq, odozy Uy 
$6 “ULE 


‘sppdnn4o snwiupryT ‘808 


‘OGL ‘FS “SNY 


"‘SBOT “CM "yS0.10 97 ANON, 


O85 oe Alp) 
-pos numojgsounpyy ‘Ay prydisg ety, 


“£INGIAX “MM ‘L 


"ZO6L ‘9% AINE 


“AINGION "M 'f ‘aITysproyaao zy ‘opsurq dosng 


*(ssaTpvay) 


‘ds ‘nhwajigy ‘Ay prsuoyjuy oq, 


| ‘snypdnor.qy 


‘daq odoy uy 
26 MUG 
SNUMPYTT “BOG 
‘daq odoy uy 
"PS 


‘saypdpayy §=snunyponyyt ‘LOS 


‘F6SI ‘FI oune 
‘qWsolOY MON “4sdntUoyoorg 


‘ege d ‘Zoe ‘sueaqy, 


*D “ry ‘swargnaeo 
sdoshwyo <(Ay-asioFz) AY pruvqey, oyL, 


SOY “Wg Uy 
“8 “Uy 


‘snypdnor.yo snupryT ‘008 


"snoy 
-wyywo sngdiijidy se 
spuvys pIpTISy oot 
‘cee “d “GO6T ‘sued, 
MOJO “_{ ‘A 


“LOGT “LT ATae 
“Q0URL 
A1NqQ1A9 


‘soouorsg  udoqsuny 


~~ 


°P “yor ‘wpibif ou 
-sipog ‘(aeddoyssery) ueipuoy oly, 


‘dag, edoy uy 
“S 
“raz ‘sagsyynuoh simiyovyy “66 


TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART III. 


| 


(JAN.) 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


356 


< U0}8S PUL JYSNVO OSTR 919M 219921109) PazIs- 
uodn Sarounod puv ‘sqnays JOSSIAg ot4 JO Spas SsayBaT eyy UO ‘gogT 


Ivy waae YSnoyy ysel Moy yor “ry ‘Munprura 12.1710 JO wauttoads A199 
‘UIST PUNL UO ‘poo, YQUOIV| UT StoquINu aSI[ UW QTM UT SULA, sem snunupho SNUDILOINT ,, 


—? PILISW Jo sajoads siyq Jo sorqisuedoad Suryozva-yyour ey} uo eyou SurMmolpoy ayy aur ques ATPULY svy [TeIEA “AD “AW LOZ x 


‘wUey “HOV 


“ULULe FT ‘H ‘Vv 


‘906T ‘OL eune 
‘MOpsuIqy ivou ‘pooa, Aouquy, 


"qS0T usutpeds oy] : ABW 


‘dag edozy uy 


. 4 “AT 
‘snunwoha SNUDPOINT “OTS 


‘906T ‘OL eunr 
‘uOpsuIqy rou ‘pooa, Aouquy, 


UU AW 


“CO6BT “OT oune 
"p1lofxg ‘poor, Aopseg 


. 4 “SN 
‘sroopryvu snyduhigy ‘Ay prydakg oxy, | 


°P “ry ‘nyn00ng | 
ndohyg ‘(audoiyg) Ay prdouog oy, | 


‘ad10y4 "OGL ‘Og AvPT ; ie al 
stud "MN ‘£38 “H | {Solo Laqureg ‘sptgsoaglis stuoooyjupy ond PPTUAT) OL, 
(Gog “d 


“SBON'T “CF "AA 


‘FOGL ‘SI oune 


"AOIING “LAULOD SPURTE NT 


| 


‘CO6T “WW A UE Gystimure py “fp *O) 
Gh SS Swnsowaw 


(auohiig) njaynww 4 ‘ATE pluULyoRy, ou, 


“AINGIOX “ML 


‘ZO6T ‘9 ATuE 
"SOTR AA “NT ‘UJNouLIed 


| 


"P Coy ‘nidiws onda 
‘(ssepsuoy-Appeq) Ap piyndry, oyy, 


‘B81 “d “9681 “WW “A 
“Ao[LOP epneyp 


‘9681 “EI oun 
‘Iau Spoom ‘TpOrMsdy 


"P Sry ‘sigqoay 
sryoidayy (4ztMg) your prperdazyz oxy, 


‘dag edoy uz 
“ary 


‘syumnwolo 


. Pay “AT 
SIVUUWDPLOIAT “TTS 
‘deg edoyy uz 

Pop Gl 
SNUDILOINT ‘OTS 


‘sru.munlio 


‘snwnuplia 


‘dag edozy ut 

°6 “AAT 
SNIUDPLOINT "GOS 
‘dag edoxy uy 

‘Aoud ym & 
ayy “doo w & puw P cary 
‘siwivwolia SNUDPLOANT “BOB 


‘snwivuvlia 


“AVTLOW “O *[[OO uy 
22 Ag 
SHUMDJLOINT “208 » 


‘(panuyyuod) WNITISV “TTT 


‘sr.viwolo 


‘AHAUASAO 


‘ALVA GNV ALITVOOT 


“AGUd AO SHINNdS 


“AITISV AO SHIONdS 


357 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


‘ogg *d uo 940 999 


“sryonushg UviIeq] [le 0} Ajquqord pue snunvyooyy Jo saieds ysiuedg or} jo [erdAes 04 sortdde yarvmar sIyy, 
paurejqo useq SBY [VIeyVUL OO Ivy [YUN Hp2psP Ystuedg smMosqo s1OUr ay} FN YLOM 09 4dw19}48 07 YUalpedxou! ST FI AVY SLOPISuOd [[VIIOA "H “OD “IW '$SS-OVS x 


‘ueurdeyy “VY WL 


“9061 ‘L-6T eune 
“I 006 
0} eAdey-vas ‘uIvdg *A\'N ‘OSTA 


‘usudeyO “VL 


‘POGL ‘Z “Suny 
"17 0002 ‘uredg ‘efavrpy vy 


‘SIT[] ‘vsobi.ys niuydouswhyzr 
‘(aogey) §epqeeq  pIEWoTOTENW 


"2 “BIOS (91109 
-siiun miqoapayy ‘yout prpetkg oy, 


OUL | Jo eugsy ATrurey-qug "Osx 


*SIJUNOD SII[y WLOIF 


‘dag odoxy uy | 
"3 


‘soroods pue sntes [nyqnop 


‘dag edopy uy 
“OWN ‘SUDZsUOOUE 
srgdiugidg ATqeqoid aq 04 
Tread “FT 9 Aq poroptsuoy 
PHISV & pasvais yout WV ‘61S 


‘sdapuneg “WH 


"C061 ‘8 “Sny 
“LadaIng ‘WOFTe AL 


"P “7 wuasoo nosnpy ‘Ay oud, 


| 


‘daq edoy uy 
“6 
og ‘sngopnbhws sindipdy ‘Ste 


‘UWB ET “HCW 


‘OO6T ‘tT ANE 


“AIMqIOX “AA 
Aq shoauors1 yysn0yy 
MOU WOLYBOYTJUSpT UB 
‘siphgsibwo7 4, poureu 


SI plfisy eao1pas 
‘ces -d ‘ZO6l ‘sued, 
‘OSINN “OD 


*plofxg “TI 1A0joysg 


TT ‘unrwgnf siyjavuig— 
‘gtaydoptdey-or1yy 949 ur uoTyIsod 


| etnosqo Jo ‘JOU O[}IIT WotmuUtod oy, 


‘dag edox uy 
"6 


“a7 ‘sngomnburs sngdiupeday * 218 


"LOST ‘ounr 
‘Aouapisorg Avquiog “esi. 


‘Taye} Jou woutroadg 
CUSTOM WALO YT 90M} OT}O0q WV, 


‘daq edoxy ur prsy 
°§ “dy ‘suppoany “918 


EO) ae 


‘9061 ‘OT oun 
‘MOpsuIqy ieau ‘pooa, Louqny, 


74 Sry ‘snuiawao snsnaphjog 
{rao AA) «= aT}Jooq «=pmuopNoing =e, 


BUTTTO OIL 


‘9061 “OT eung 
‘dopsurqy avout ‘pooj, Aouqny, 


“S 
“Sy ‘nyopund sidwuug ‘Ay prduay oy, 


‘dag adozy uy 

. 4 “MIT 
SNUD}LOINT “GTS 
‘deg odoy uy 

. 5 “MIT 
SNUDPLOIN “HIS 


Ssnununlio 


‘snuiunha 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


358 


‘gee “dl ‘ZO6l ‘SuUBIL, ‘OO6L 699 “MOP ‘DWa.vop | ‘ds 
Tee “MVD 47 OOLE * puvpeaoysuyy qq, 7109 waRLoy ‘Ayaayng sure aL /pue ‘ues <“Aqimey-qne;, ‘9ge 
‘eee ‘d ‘ZO ‘suBry, “1681 ‘83 YOILV ; “MOTT “Darbja i eit 


‘Teysiep, “VO ‘IJ OOS-L, ‘TeIBN ‘Wraapepy  svoaeg ‘Aproynq ourpeydwAy ayy, pue “as ‘ATIUIVJ-(NG 4, “GBs 


‘uayejun svar osye Load ayy, 
‘epuysp jo setoeds poutunejepun pure pornydvoun Aq yougy{e Jo splOdII SULAOTLOF oy} oLV 9LIT} VAOGR BY} 0} LOTYIppe UT 


‘9061 ‘ST-1T Aine 
"IJ OOSE Juoqu 
‘uvmdeyg “WL 


‘uivdg "\A'N ‘uoory ‘svjonuvrg | ‘(X TeaTIg 


°& Sry ‘wumnab misingg 
ou) Mou pmyeoN NL 


‘9061 “6-3 Ane 
"IF OOGE qnoqge ‘uredg 
‘uvtdeyy “WoL 


"M'N ‘Ooreg [Tq Jo ‘q'g ‘odeseg 


‘D “SITTT ‘siynsopd snwaqdoqousnyy 
‘aqyooq (uadootpouvTy) prrdydepy et, 


‘9061 ‘6-@ Ayu 
"tH OOGE Jhoqe ‘uredg 
‘uvurdeyg “VL 


"M'N ‘Ooreg [q Jo ‘q's ‘odvsen 


“DP “Sy ‘supnsaqo) vyndyy 
“(s8a[Su0]- -Xppeq) Ay pyndiy, ey 


"9061 “LZ-61 oun 
‘W006 
‘uvmdeyy “WL 


0} JaAdcT-vas furedg *AA'N fOSTA | 


“P oT ‘snmp snipoydp 
‘(apqaeq-sunq) spjeeq prpoydy ey, 


‘dag, edoyy uy 
“SUL 
-paosard amoz woaz yuarayTp 
oe SIN Ayrurey-que VES 


‘dag adoy uy 


‘SUI 
“pooord ddI} WOLF JUILEYIp 


oo, ‘ourisp A[TULRy- hes} Eee 


-doq adoxy uy 
“SUL 


-pasoaid OM} Wory yUaII_Ip 
‘DP ‘amupsy Aprorey-qug ‘BBs 


‘dag, adoy uy 
"NGG Worf JUSLEyTp 
‘4 ‘euypisp ATIUIL]-qug ‘TBs 


‘(panwjuo?) WNITISV “TIT 


“UAAUASAO “ULV ANV ALITVOOT 


“AGUd AO SAIONdS 


‘dITISV JO Sa10udS 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 359 


Certain general conclusions of much interest may be 
reached from the study of the preceding list. 


PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES. 


Females are far more commonly found with prey than 
males—being in fact between three and four times as 
numerous. These results will be found to be curiously 
reversed in the case of the Hmpide (p. 388), The following 
table shows the exact proportion of the two sexes in the 
recorded examples :— 


| SEX 


| FEMALES. MALES. DOUBTFUL. 
Daeypogonin oe 51 ie 10 
Lophrine | 12 | &@ | 1 
“Asilinze | 97 28 8 
eto com en ee 


Nos. 225 and 226 are omitted from the above table, 
but the total reaches 226 because three individuals are 
included under the single No. 117. 


ANALYSIS OF THE PREY. 


Although conclusions of interest at once suggest them- 
selves when the sexes of Asilid victims are studied, the 
consideration of this part of the subject is postponed until 
after the accumulation of a far larger number of data. 

Before proceeding to consider the list of Asilide in 
detail it 1s of importance to analyse the prey as a whole. 
We shall thus gain a standard with which to compare the 
habits of particular species and genera of these predaceous 
flies. 


ANALYSIS OF PREY. 


I. ORTHOPTERA. 
Acridiidx (Grasshoppers) . ; id 


fomuy.  - 18 


360 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


II. NEUROPTERA. 


Termitidxe (White ants) 
Odonata (Dragonflies) 
Panorpidx (Scorpion-tflies) 


TOTAL 


~ | me HE bo 


III. HEMIPTERA. 
Coreidx 
Lygede . 
Pentatomidx 
Cimicidze 


TOTAL 


Hee | feet eel eet ND 


IV. HoMoprTeRA. 


Cicadide . 
Cercopide 


TOTAL 


| 


ees 


V. COLEOPTERA. 


Undetermined . 
Cicindelidx 
Hydrophilide . 
Copride . 
Aphodiide 
Glaphyridx 
Melolonthidexe 
Rutelide . 


Jetonuideae ; ; (1 abandoned) 


Buprestidx 
Galerucidx 
Melyridzx 
Lagrudx 
Cantharidz 
Curculionide 


TOTAL 


1 


ee Ne NO on RO) a NO) 


nw 
fo) 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


VI. LEPIDOPTERA. 
A, HETEROCERA. 


361 


Hepialidx (Swifts) 1 
Lymantridxz 1 
Geometride 2 
Noctuwidz 9 
Pyralide . , 2 
Crambide (Grass- moths) . 2 
Tineidx (Including 1 Adela? and 1 Simaéthis) 3 
B. RHOPALOCERA. 
Danaine 2* 
ACTRANL . il 
Nymphaline 3 
Lycenidex (Blues) 6 
Pierine (Whites) Gi 
Re 
VII. HYMENOPTERA. 
A. PHYTOPHAGA. 
Tenthredinide. . if 
B, PARASITICA. 
Chalcidide i 
Ichneumonide ; ; : : Sn) 
Braconide. alae .  (1doubtful) 2 
C. ACULEATA. 
| Hive-bee . : . 14 
Anthophila (Bees) + African form of hive-bee 1 
lother mt 14 
Diploptera (Wasps) . 6 
Fossores (Sand- wasps) 9 
Heterogyna (Ants) 9 
ToTaL 67 


* Including the LZ. chrysippus mentioned in the footnote on p. 345. 
{ Including the C. florella mentioned in the footnote on p. 346. 


362 Professor E. B. Poulton on 
VIII. Drietera. 


Undetermined . , ; 1 
Tipulide (Daddy-longlegs) 5 
Stratiomyide : : : i 
Tabanide (Horse-flies) . : : er: 
Females devouring males of same sp. 3 

Asilide x females i i! 
Were a species different from captor 10 
Lmpide ; : : : 3 
Dolichopodide . 1 
Syrphide . 8 
Conopidx 2 
Tachinide 2 
Sarcophagine 5 
Dexine it 
Muscine . 4 
Anthomyidex 6 
TOTAL 57 


The whole of the 226 records in the tabular statement 
are included in this analysis, except No. 29, in which the 
nature of the prey is uncertain. To these 225 are added 
the 2 butterflies im the footnotes on pages 345, 346, 
together with one extra example, because three victims 
accompany the two Nos. 59 and 117 in the Table. Thus 
the total number included in the analysis of prey is 228. 

A glance at the above list shows that the Hymenoptera, 
Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera, placed in the order 
of importance, make up between them ,%, of the recorded 
prey. The other Orders are of small importance, but it is 
a striking fact that Acridiidx are the only recorded prey 
among the Orthoptera, Cicadide (except for a single 
Cercopid) among the Rynchota Homoptera. 

HyMENoPTERA.—About 307 of the entire records 
belong to this order. The Aculeata are strongly repre- 
sented, other groups except the Jchnewmonide (restricted), 
very weakly. Among the Aculeates the Anthophila include 
more than half the victims ; but this immense preponder- 
ance is brought about by the numbers of Apis mellifica. 
Reasons will be given below (p. 366) for the conclusion 
that the hive-bee, weakened by domestication, is an easy 
prey,—a conclusion supported by the fact that there is only 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 363 


a single record* of the capture of the African wild form of 
the species as compared with 14 of the European domes- 
ticated race. It is interesting to observe that the Fossors 
contribute more victims than the Diploptera. The latter 
are doubtless more formidable and chiefly attacked by 
specially adapted Asilids. The ants were probably all 
winged when captured, and the numbers must here be 
considered in relation to the limited period when the prey 
possesses the power of flight. 

DipererA.—The most striking facts are the wide range 
of selection in the Order, and the marked predominance in 
the number of victims from the Asi/idx themselves (14 out 
of a total of 57). This predominance goes some little way 
to reduce the economic significance of Asilide# as destroyers 
of insects. 

CoLEOPTERA.—The range of selection is here also very 
wide, but there is this in common between the victims: 
all are conspicuous flower-haunting forms or species which 
are freely upon the wing by day. 

LEPIDOPTERA.—The range of selection is wide, the only 
predominance being among the Lycenide and Pierine— 
probably the two groups of butterflies most abundant in 
individuals. The moths—with the possible exception of 
the single Hepialid—are probably all such as are on the 
wing by day or fly readily when disturbed. 

Looking at the list as a whole there is, as we should 
expect, a marked absence of purely cursorial forms and of 
forms that hide by day. 

ASILIDA AS THE ENEMIES OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED 
InsEcts.—This investigation into the habits of predaceous 
insects was largely undertaken in order to ascertain the 
enemies of the specially protected groups. The conclusion 
had already been provisionally reached that the Asilidx 
take an important place among these foes (Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 336-337). “The stings of the 
Aculeates, the distasteful qualities of Danaine and Acreine 
and of the odoriferous Lagria, the hard chitinous covering 
of Coleoptera, the aggressive powers of Odonata, are alike 
insufficient protection against these active and voracious 
flies.” The sentence just quoted (1. c. p. 83386) conveyed the 


* Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall however writes as follows (Nov., 1906) :— 
“Mr. E. S. Buttemer, of Estcourt, Natal, who kept wild bees on 
a considerable scale, told me that they were much preyed upon by 
Asilidx.” 


364 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


impression made by a study of 36 examples (pp. 8332-335). 
The conclusions expressed are confirmed and extended 
by the consideration of 190 additional examples recorded 
in the present Memoir. 

The analysis on pp. 359-862 makes evident the following 
facts :— 


1. The great predominance among the prey of that 
specially defended Order, the Hymenoptera, and 
within its limits of the section including the 
stinging insects. 

2. The fact that half the families of Coleoptera which 
contributed victims are looked upon as _ specially 
protected :—The Galerucide, Melyridx, Cantharide, 
Aphodiide, Cetoniide, Lagriide, and Cicindelide 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, pp. 392-397).* 

3. Among Rhopalocera the inclusion of Danaine, 
Acreine and Pierine (including Mylothris) victims : 
among Heterocera of a Lymantrid victim. 

4, The existence, although in small numbers, of 
Hemipterous prey. 


CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE HABITS OF THE SPECIES AND 
GENERA OF ASILIDZ RECORDED IN THIS MEMOIR. 


I. DASYPOGONINA. 


Dioctria (Nos. 1 to 10).—It is not necessary to present 
any further analysis of the tabulated record in the case of 
this genus. It is obvious that Ichnewmonide form the 
chief prey of these slender Ichneumon-like Asilids (‘T'rans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 336). In 4 out of 10 examples 
the prey belonged to this group; while in the whole of 
the Asilide other than Dioctria, only 6 instances of 
Ichneumonid prey are tabulated. Hence we are led to 
believe that the species of Dioctria are the chief Asilid 


* This list of specially protected Coleopterous victims will 
undoubtedly be extended. Indeed some evidence is already in 
existence as recorded in the following statement by Kirby and 
Spence (Fifth edn. 1828, vol. i, p. 396), which I owe, together with 
the quotations on pp. 365 and 388, to Mr. A. H. Hamm, Assistant 
in the Hope Department :—‘‘ De Geer has seen an Asilus pierce . . « 
the elytra of a lady-bird ; and I have myself caught them with not 
only an Elater and weevil, but even a Hister in their mouths.” 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 365 


foes of the Ichnewmonidx.* The other insect prey is very 
varied : a Bracon ?, a Tenthredinid, two flies, (a Syrphid 
and an Empid), a Panorpa and a small moth. Further 
material is greatly needed in order to test the provisional 
conclusions here arrived at, and to afford grounds for 
estimating the relative influence of the various species 
of the genus. 

Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, Nos. 11—55.—The 
record in the case of this species is remarkably complete, 
no less than 45 examples being tabulated. Of these all 
except one, in which the nature of the prey is uncertain, 
are available for an analysis which demonstrates at a 
glance the relative preferences of this predaceous species. 


The Prey of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema. 


HEMIPTERA. 
Coreidee : Ff : : : ; F iy oll 
TOA aL 
COLEOPTERA. 
Hydrophiide ‘ : 5 : 1 
Copride : : : : 1 
Glaphyride 3 


Cetonude . (abandoned) if 


TOTAL). : Pea 


* That the Hymenoptera are the special victims of Dioctria was 
well known to Kirby and Spence. Thus we read (Fifth edn, 1828, 
vol. i, p. 274) :—‘* The Asili also, which are always upon the chase, 
seize insects with their anterior legs and suck them with their haus- 
tellum. The cognate genus Dioctria, particularly Diclandica, prey 
upon Hymenoptera, by some unknown means instantaneously killing 
the insect they seize.” 

This last observation is also of great interest. The collapse of the 
Asilid’s victim—often an active powerful insect—is so instantaneous 
that there can be little doubt that a poison is injected. In the case 
of Laphria gibbosa (No. 86) which was devouring the Buprestid 
beetle Ancylocheira flavomaculata (see p. 339) the proboscis was thrust 
through the cephalo-thoracic articulation. Dr,Chapman has pointed 
out to me that if the beetle had not been already killed or killed 
the instant of insertion it could have crushed the Asilid’s proboscis 
with ease. When an Asilid is captured and held by the wings it 
often extrudes asif in defence a trothy liquid from the end of its 
proboscis ; and it is probable that this is the poison. It would be 
interesting to experiment upon insects with it, introducing a minute 
quantity by means of a finely drawn out glass tube. 


366 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


HYMENOPTERA. 
Ichneumonidx 4 ee 
.. { Hive-bee : ia lky 
a lone Anthophila iss 
Diploptera : Le 
ossores nH 
Heterogyna . TS) 
VAL rei Toran. 0.0328 
DIPTERA. 
aes Patino fiol Own) sp.) ; 1 
Asitidae| a sp. different from captor 1 
Syrphidex 4 ; 2 
Sarcophagine 1 
TorTaL 5 


Comparing this analysis with that of all the recorded 
prey of Asilidx, we find no examples of D. diadema attack- 
ing Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Homoptera, or Lepidoptera, 
and only a single instance in which Hemipterous prey was 
selected. Rather less than $ of D. diadema’s captures 
were selected from among the Coleoptera, and an equal 
proportion from the Diptera. The great majority of the 
victims, }~ of the whole, were Hymenopterous, and of 
these about half belonged to the Anthophila. The 
numbers of these latter are inflated by the abundance of 
the hive-bee and probably by the fact that this artificially 
protected species is extremely abundant in certain locali- 
ties, and especially easy to capture. Probable evidence of 
the comparative helplessness of the hive-bee is afforded 
by the following considerations. The sexes are recorded 
in 42 out of the 45 tabulated examples of this Asilid: 30 
were females, 12 were males. The smaller weaker males 
selected upon the whole smaller weaker victims than the 
females. But in 3 cases out of the 12 the comparatively 
large and heavy hive-bee worker was found in the 
clutches of a male diadema. As regards the female also, 
the 9 hive-bees were considerably larger than the average 
of the other victims selected by this sex. (See also p. 362.) 


The Courtship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, 


Only a single pair were observed im coitu, both male 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 367 


and female being without prey at the time. On the 
other hand three females with prey (Nos. 22, 25 and 40) 
were seen to be persistently courted by males. In one 
case (No. 40) both sexes were resting on a leaf, the female 
absorbing the juices of a small 9 Ichneumonid, Pimpla 
([tioplectis) pomorum, which was soon sucked dry. She 
then deliberately withdrew her proboscis from the victim 
and dropping it upon the leaf faced round upon her suitor 
in a menacing manner. The male, as if realizing the 
danger, at once became far more cautious and wary in 
courtship. When we remember that once in this species 
(No. 41), and once each in the case of two other species of 
Asilidx, Promachus xqualis (No. 96), and Promachus, sp. A. 
(No. 103), the female has been captured devouring the male 
of her own kind, we can well understand the increased wari- 
ness observed on this occasion, as well as the persistent 
courtship of females already provided with prey and the 
well-known examples of females with prey captured im 
coitu.* Four instances of this latter kind are recorded in 
the present paper,—Laphria gibbosa, No. 86; Hutolmus 
apicatus, No. 175; Machimus atricapillus, No, 205, and 
Neoitamus cyanurus, No. 208. That the male is 
extremely wary in the courtship of females without prey, 
the following observations upon PD. diadema sufficiently 
prove. 

July 24th, 1902, 11.45 am. La Granja, Sierra Guadar- 
rama, Spain.—I watched a male Dasypogon diadema 
pursuing the female. Every time the female flew the 
male followed and almost invariably settled behind, about 
three or four inches away, with his head towards her. 
Sometimes the female on alighting turned round so as to 
face the direction from which she had flown, and the 
pursuing male; but the latter flew round her and took 
up the characteristic position behind. Not only on 
these occasions but usually the male flew once or twice 
round her before alighting, but until the final act this par- 
ticular male never touched the female. About a quarter 
of a minute after settling the male flew nearer to the 
female. Although only three or four inches away he did 
not walk but flew towards her, taking up a nearer position, 
in which he sometimes faced her from the side, sometimes 

* Also frequently observed in the Hmpide, as stated by Kirby and 
Spence. For their amusing conjectures as to the significance of the 
fact see footnote f on p. 388. 


368 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


from behind. On one occasion he alighted only an inch 
behind the female. 

The only movements observed in the female after 
alighting were of the head, but the male often fluttered 
his wings. 

Pairing took place after the courtship had been watched 
for six minutes, during which the insects flew and alighted 
several times. The male seized the female in the air 
after she had flown a short distance, and both fell to the 
ground together from a height of about eight inches. 
Copulation probably occurred the instant the insects 
reached the ground, but the movements were too rapid to 
be followed. In flight the female supported the male, 
but the horizontal position of the latter was apparently 
maintained by the use of his wings. When the female 
alighted the male always hung in a vertical position. 
Coitus was not terminated by capture, or even by 
boxing. 

The courtship of another pair was watched on the same 
morning and in the same fees Coitus was not seen, 
the insects being lost after 12} minutes of observation. 
In this case the female when settled moved her abdomen 
up and down. Movements of the third pair of legs were 
also seen, while those of the head were frequent and pro- 
nounced. The male also sometimes faced the female, and 
once or twice darted down upon her, certainly touching 
some part of her dorsal surface.* After one of the flights, 
when they had come to rest upon a couple of flower-heads 
about two inches apart, the male more than once took a 
turn in the air round the female, and then returned to his 
flower-head. In spite of the differences here stated, the 
relative positions of male and female were generally 
similar to those of the last pair. In fact, the positions first 
taken up after each flight of the female are probably 
characteristic. 


Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema, a mimic of its most 
conspicuous victims, 


The dark-winged, dark-bodied Dasypogon diadema is 
undoubtedly mimetic of the Hymenoptera Aculeata. 
* A male, watched on the previous day, July 23, also appeared to 


dart at and touch the female. The observation was made in the same 
locality, and the female was in this instance carrying a bee. 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 369 


Especially is this true of the female, which with a red 
band across the abdomen, strongly suggests the appear- 
ance of a large group (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 
647, 648) of similarly banded Aculeates. Out of 29 
Aculeate victims three belonged to the group in question, 
—Pompilus viatieus, Sphecodes gibbus, and Ammophila 
hirsuta. All three were captured by female Asilids. 
With the exception of a single Bombus these three victims 
are the most conspicuously marked of all the prey of 
D. diadema, and the most suitable models for mimetic re- 
semblance. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1904, pp. 661-662.) 


Remaining genera of the Dasypogonine. 

Of these there is not much to be said, inasmuch as the 
number of records is insufficient to justify conclusions as 
to preferences. specially is this the case with Saropogon, 
Nos. 56, 57, and Jsopogon, No. 66; while the three exam- 
ples of a single species of Tipulid prey seized by the bee- 
like Lasiopogon cinctus, Nos. 76-78, were all observed in 
the same locality and at nearly the same time. How- 
ever, so far as it goes the evidence certainly suggests a 
mainly Dipterous diet for this latter species. The seven or 
eight victims recorded for the genus Microstylwm, Nos. 
58-65, indicate comprehensive tastes; including 3 beetles, 
2 or 8 Cicadas (or possibly a Vespid), 1 grasshopper and 1 
Asilid fly. The huge Microstylum dux appears to be an 
Aculeate mimic. Stenopogon, Nos. 67-69, twice captured 
the specially protected Melyride among the Coleoptera, 
and once a well-defended bug, Thyanta. In Seleropogon, 
Nos. 71-78, alone among the Das) ypogonine, we meet with 
the record of a butterfly victim, a species of the distasteful 
sub-family Danainx. The two remaining captures recorded 
for this genus are Asilid flies. One “of these offers an 
example—so far unique—of a female Asilid preying upon 
another female of the same species. The two species of 
Damalina, Nos. 74, '75, are probably specialized foes of the 
Dammar-bees (Melipona), and both are beautiful mimics 
of their victims. The two tabulated examples support 
this conclusion, but further observation is greatly wanted. 
Colonel C. T. Bingham, to whom we owe both the records, 
has however recorded that flies of this genus “ persist- 
ently hover round the nest-mouth of the dammar bees, 
and catch the latter on the wing as they issue from the 
nest.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 336.) 


370 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


IJ. LAPHRINA. 


The number of records in this sub-family is small, so 
small indeed that we can only reach provisional conclu- 
sions as to the preferences of the species. Mimicry of 
the Hymenoptera Aculeata is here more conspicuous than 
elsewhere among these predaceous flies. Zamyra (Nos. 91, 
92) and Proagonistes (No. 98) are beautiful mimics of dark- 
winged Aculeates, and two out of the three recorded indi- 
viduals were preying upon Aculeates, although not upon 
their models. It is probable that these species present us 
with a case similar to Dasypogon diadema, where there is a 
general attack upon the Aculeata accompanied by mimicry 
of a type of colouring common and specially conspicuous, 
but by no means universal among the victims. The bee- 
like Laphria, sp. ? gilva (No. 89), was captured with a fly, 
Laphria gibbosa (Nos. 86, 87), a mimic of the heavy 
Bombus type of Aculeates, was twice, and the bee-like 
Hoplistomerus serripes (No. 79) once, recorded with a 
beetle. These species may probably be grouped with the 
common Aszilus crabroniformis, mimetic of a specially 
abundant and conspicuous Aculeate type, but showing no 
preference for an Aculeate diet. Laphria flava (No. 88), 
—also Lombus-like—recorded with an ant, may perhaps 
belong to the same category as Lamyra and Proagonistes. 
The species of Laxenecera (Nos. 80-83)—all mimetic of 
Aculeates (bees) and all preying upon Aculeates although 
usually not upon their models—appear undoubtedly to be- 
long to this latter category. MHyperechia (Nos. 84, 85), 
long suggested as a specialized foe of the Aculeate genus 
Xylocopa (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 662, and Proce. 
1904, p. Ixxxvi), has now for the first time been proved to 
prey upon its model. It offers a case precisely parallel to 
that of Damalina. 

Not only are the Laphrinx here recorded more generally 
mimetic than the species of either of the other sub-families 
but their resemblances are curiously restricted to the group 
of bees (Anthophila), although Zamyra and Proagonistes 
offer magnificent exceptions. 


III. AsILinz. 


Craspedia (No. 94), now shown for the first time to attack 
the Yylocopidx, is probably a specialized foe of these bees, 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 371 


and is a mimic of its victim. Save for the less perfect 
mimetic resemblance, it falls into the same category as 
Damalina and Hyperechia. 

Promachus (Nos. 95-121)—We find in this large genus 
examples sufficiently numerous and interesting to justify 
separate tabulation. 


The Prey of Promachus, 


TEQUALIS. | OTHER SPECIES. 
| NEUROPTERA = Termitidz 2 | 
ODONATA 3 
“HEMIPTERA  Ooreide ers 
[HOMOPTERA  Ciadide 3 or 4* 
(GORHOPTERA) | /Courdel) | | a1) Guu 
Melolonthide 1 
TEE Rutelidx ce 1 
| Lagriide. 1 
[HYMENOPTERA Ichneumonide | | 2 
| ANTHOPHILA : 
(Apide) : 
b DIPLOPTERA 1 or 2* 
FossoRES ‘ih 
Hrrrroayna | | 
(Formicidx) ! 
DIPTERA Tabanide enn en 1 
4 ae Fan 3 of same 1 1 
| Asilidee | prey dir 
ferent sp. 3 
Sarcophagine th 1 
| Totals | 7 —_ 21 or 22 


_ * One of these alternatives—Cicadide or Diploptera—must be 
included, and both may be : see No. 117, p. 344. 


TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART III. (JAN.) 25 


By Professor E. B. Poulton on 


Promachus xqualis (Nos. 95-101) is probably an im- 
perfect mimic of the white-banded Yylocopide ; but with 
the exception of the winged Termites and the male of its 
own species, its victims (4) were all Coleopterous. Hence 
if a mimic at all it must be classed with Asilus crabroni- 
Jormis (Nos. 149-156). The second column of the table 
includes a fine species, testaceipes? (No. 117), from Macao, 
probably mimetic of a wasp. Its prey is insufficiently 
known, but must include one, perhaps two wasps, although 
apparently not the model, and may include a Cicada. 
The tolerably indiscriminate list of victims in this column 
seems however to indicate an undoubted preference for 
Dragonflies and Cicadas, inasmuch as the majority of 
the records of these insects are here to be found. 

Philodicus, Alcimus and Apoclea (Nos. 122-140).—We 
here encounter the most obvious preference for a particular 
diet to be met with anywhere among the Asilidx, except 
in those specialized forms which prey upon their models. 
Omitting the doubtfully determined Philodicus sp., which 
had attacked a Tachinid fly, the prey of the remaining 
species of these three genera is tabulated below :— 


The Prey of Alcimus and allred genera. 


ORTHOPTERA, Acridiide aan eae 
LEPIDOPTERA Lymantridx 1 72 cea 
HETEROCERA Noctuids | 1 | | 
Pyralide ai Rae 
LEPIDOPTERA Nymphaline ia ens, 
RHOPALOCERA Lyceenidee taal } 1 
Pierinez )/ TW lara | 
Totals 15 |lor2| 1 


When this table is compared with the general analysis 
of prey (pp. 359, 361), the preference for Lepidoptera and 
Orthoptera will be seen to be remarkably clear, As re- 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 373 


gards Rhopalocera the preference is even more marked 
than this comparison suggests ; for some and perhaps all the 
butterflies seized by uncaptured Asilids were probably the 
prey of Alcimus. The species of this genus stand out as 
by far the most important of the Asilid foes of butterflies, 
and the study of the habits of the group is especially 
commended to those who believe that all Aszlide are indis- 
criminate in their attacks on insects. The preference for 
Lepidoptera manifested in common by these genera is an 
interesting example of the support which a purely struc- 
tural foundation for affinity may receive from the study of 
instincts, themselves the outcome of structure in the central 
nervous system. 

As regards mimicry the remarkably long-bodied species 
of these three genera are perhaps protected by a vague 
resemblance to the more slender Hymenoptera—Parasitic 
or Aculeate—but, as the above analysis shows, they have 
not been hitherto observed with victims belonging to this 
Order. 

Philonicus (two species), Nos. 141-147.—So far as the 
insufficient evidence justifies any conclusion this genus 
appears chiefly to attack Diptera (6 examples), although a 
single Tineid victim is also recorded. 

Pamponerus germanicus (No. 148).—The single example 
—a Melolonthid beetle—does not justify conclusions as to 
the preferences of this species. 

Asilus crabroniformis (Nos. 149-156).—Considering the 
abundance and conspicuous appearance of this fine insect 
the records of prey are somewhat scanty. I am myself 
familiar with the species in several localities but have 
only once seen it with prey—a beetle (No. 150). The 
other tabulated instances, including 3 different grass- 
hoppers, indicate a preference for Orthoptera and Diptera. 
The four recorded examples of the latter Order belong to 
four different families or sub-families—Asilidx, Syrphide, 
Sarcophagine and Muscine. Asilus crabroniformis “ recalls 
in a general way the type of Aculeate colouring and 
pattern which is commonest and most conspicuous in its 
region’ *—especially the black and yellow banded appear- 
ance of the most abundant Palzarctic species of Vespa. 
At the same, time I have been unable to find a single 
example of an attack by this species upon Hymenoptera. 


* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 1904, p. 662. 


374 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


An observation on the cryptic attitude of Asilus crabroni- 
Jorms during prolonged rest. 


As this Memoir contains certain miscellaneous observa- 
tions upon the Asilidx, such as the notes upon the court- 
ship of Dasypogon (Selidopogon) diadema on pp. 366-368, I 
have thought it worth while to include the following. On 
the evening of July 28, 1906, I observed a female of this 
species at rest on a head of Centaurea scabiosa beside 
the footpath leading to Stone’s Copse, above North 
Hinksey, near Oxford. The insect had evidently gone to 
rest for the night and was quite torpid. The appearance 
strongly suggested a rolled-up crumpled brown leaf or leaf- 
fragment which had accidentally fallen upon the flower. 
This cryptic resemblance was brought about by a remark- 
able attitude, the insect being precisely in the position 
formed by a half somersault,—arrested when the ventral 
surface was uppermost. Hence the closely-folded wings 
and the conspicuous gold and black bands were entirely 
invisible from above; the only appearance being that of the 
brown shades on the legs and ventral surface. The colour- 
ing of these was so beautifully adapted to produce the 
cryptic effect suggested above that I think it is probable 
that I witnessed a single example of an attitude commonly 
assumed by the species during prolonged rest. 

Lophonotus (two species), Nos. 157-162.—Hymenoptera 
contribute half of the six victims recorded for this genus. 
The list is as follows: a Dragonfly, a beetle, a Geometrid 
moth, two Fossorial wasps, and a Chalcid. Some preference 
for Hymenoptera may be regarded as probable. 

Dysmachus (Nos. 163-174).—Five species have been 
discriminated by Col. Yerbury and Mr. Verrall in the 
material upon which this paper has been prepared. (See, 
however, note on p. 350.) They differ but slightly in size 
and superficially resemble each other in appearance. 
Twelve examples are tabulated, the prey belonging to the 
Coleoptera (8 Melolonthids, 1 Coprid), Lepidoptera (1 Geo- 
metrid, 2 Crambids), Diptera (1 Stratiomyid, 1 Empid, 1 
Anthomyid), and Hymenoptera (1 Ichneumon, | winged 
ant). At first sight the selection seems entirely indis- 
criminate and haphazard, but when regard is paid to the 
circumstances of the case it is found that choice was 
exercised at least in one case. When I captured the 
three specimens (Nos, 169, 170, 172) with Melolonthid 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 375 


victims on Pefialara, these beetles were by no means 
conspicuously common, while on the same ground the 
grasshopper, Gomphocerus sibiricus, was positively swarming. 
This species is certainly attacked by other kinds of Asilids: 
an example is in fact put on record in the table (No. 
192). The attacks upon Lepidoptera also probably 
indicate some preference, especially when we consider that 
only one other Geometrid victim is recorded,* and that, 
except Dysmachus, no Asilid is known as the captor of a 
Crambus. 

Eutolmus (Nos. 175, 176).—Of the two species one is 
not with certainty to be included in this genus. The 
records are insufficient to justify conclusions ; but there is 
one interesting point about Lutolmus apicatus which deserves 
notice. The species was very common on Montserrat, and 
14 specimens (6 ¢ and 8) captured July 14-15, 1901, 
exist in the Hope Collection: yet only a single pair of 
the insects were observed 7m coitu, and the female of this 
pair was the only individual of the species observed with 
prey (an Anthomyid fly). The coincidence supports the 
conclusion already arrived at, that females with prey are 
especially sought by the males (p. 367). 

Machimus (Nos. 177—205).—At least 7 species are dis- 
criminated by my kind friends Col. Yerbury and Mr. 
Verrall; and no less than 29 examples of prey are recorded. 
These are so numerous and striking that the results are 
shown below in a tabular form on page 376. 

Certain preferences are very obvious in this table. The 
choice of Acridians is clearly seen in the fact that nearly 
half the number recorded for the whole of the Asz/ida are 
found in the first two columns. Apart from this, the best 
known form is seen to attack beetles freely, Hymenoptera 
and Diptera slightly, while there is a single record of a 
butterfly and a Lygzid bug among the victims. Jf. sete- 
barbus is only known to attack Diptera. The British 
species also exhibits a strong preference for Diptera ; for 
these contribute 5 out of the 6 records of prey. The sixth 
record is interesting, as it affords the only example of an 
attack on the Cercopidx as yet observed among Asilids. 

Neoitamus (Nos. 206-216).—Of the two species with 
prey there is, in the case of the British form, WV. cyanwrus, 
evidence suggesting that Diptera are the chief element in 


* See, however, footnote on p. 356. 


376 Professor E. B. Poulton on 
The Prey of Machimus. 


z 
g . 5 n g | a 
|aea D Bi ra 
Va See dee le 
| = = a Gr) 
=| 
ORTHOPTERA = Acridiide | 3 
HEMIPTERA Lygexide 1 
HOMOPTERA Cercopide. ig) 
COLEOPTERA Cicindelidx 1 | 
Copridex | 1 | 
Aphodiidzx lea 
Glaphyridex 1 
Melolonthidz | 2 
LEPIDOPTERA | 
RHOPALOCERA Nymphaline 1 
Pierine 1 
HYMENOPTERA ANTHOPHILA 5 1 
ACULEATA (Apide) || ~ 
HnreRoGyNa 1 | 
(Formicidex) | 
DIPTERA Tabanidee 1 rata 
Asilidx 1 1 
Dolichopodidx 1 
Syrphide. 1 
Sarcophagine 1 
Muscine wae 1 age 
Anthomyide = 1 
Totals 163) 2) 25) Gis 


* Including three uncaptured specimens probably belonging to this species. 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 377 


a mixed diet. Six examples out of ten belong to this 
Order (1 Tipulid, 1 Empid, 1 Conopid, 1 Syrphid, 1 
Tachinid, 1 uncertain), the other victims being an Aphodiid 
and a Curculionid beetle, a Cimicid bug, and a Hepialid 
moth.* A single example of another species of the genus 
Neoitamus was carrying a beetle. 

Epitriptus (Nos. 217-219).—The three victims (2 small 
moths, and 1 Muscid) recorded for two species are quite 
insufficient as evidence for the existence of any prefer- 
ence; but comparing the number of the moths with that 
shown in the complete analysis (p. 361), it becomes not 
improbable that future observation will demonstrate 
some preference for this diet. 

The remaining records (Nos. 220-226), dealing with 
undetermined Asilidx, cannot of course be considered in 
this section. 


Mimicry IN ASILIDA RECORDED WITH PREY. 


The statements on mimicry and its varying relationship 
to the prey attacked by the mimetic species, scattered 
through the preceding pages, and already published (Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, pp. 661-665) may now be gathered 
together into a tabular statement. It is important to 
remember that most of the species are only provisionally 
included in their respective groups on account of the 
insufficiency of the records. It is hoped however that the 
publication of a tabulated scheme, given on page 378, will 
stimulate observation and the preservation of material, 
so that at no distant date the means for a more com- 
prehensive and more trustworthy classification may be 
gained, 

* Mr. G. H. Verrall’s observation recorded in footnote * on p. 356, 


proves that moths are sometimes attacked on a large scale by 
this species. 


378 


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Professor E. B. Poulton on 


MIMETIC SPECIES OF 
ASILID 


a@uruob 
-odlisog 


Lastopoyon ctnctus 


Laphria gibbosa 


Laphvria, sp. ? gilva 


A bee of the genus 


MoDEL 


PREY 


A small bee 


Bombus 


Tipula,—s records 


Beetles,—2 records 


A hairy bee such as 
avery small Bom- 
bus 


Flies,—1 record 


| BUMYUvT | 


Hoplistomerus 
serripes 


Promachus xqualis 


BUSH 


Philodicus gracilis 
Alcimus, 

3 African sp. 
A poclea femoralis 


A white-banded Xylo- 


A rather large bee 


copid bee 


A beetle,—1 record 


Beetles—4, Termites—2, 


3 of its own species—1 


Long-bodied slender 
Aculeate or Ich- 
neumonid 


ATOLUITAAL “TT 
auruohodhksng 


Astlus crabront- 
formis 


Dioctria, 3 British 


A large yellow dark- | 
banded Aculeate 


Ichneumonidx 


Lepidoptera,—18 or 19 
records : grasshoppers, 
4 records 


‘Flies, —4 records : beetle, 


—l record:  grass- 
hoppers,—3 records 


Insects of various orders, 


species but chiefly Zchnewmon- 
| wae 
Dasypogon Dark _ red-banded | Insects of various orders, 
diadema ? Aculeates, -Pom- but Aculeates far 
pilus, Ammophila, more frequently than 
&e. others. Models of 2 9? 
Dasypogon Uniformly dark | are among the most 
diademna Aculeates conspicuously coloured 


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BUMYIVT 


| BUMS | 


SI} WO Yor}}e OUT, 


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D 


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-odhsnq 


BUWYADT | 


Microstylum dua 


Laphria flava 


of the prey 


Large Aculeate 


Bees of the 
Bombus 


genus 


Laxenecera, 
2 African species 


Bees of medium size 


Lanyra, sp. ? gulo 


“A slender blue-black | 
yellow - 
Aculeate 


barred | 


Proagonistes, sp. 
? praeceps 


Promachus, 
sp. ? testacetpes 


Damatlina, 
2 Burmese species 


Laxenecera 
flavibarbus 


“Hyperechia 
aylocopiformtis 


Craspedia, sp. 


“BY 


wun) 


from Queensland 


with orange legs, 
such as Sa/vus 


Large Aculeate 


The black and white | 


Dammar bees 


(Melipona) 
A bee of medium 
size 


Cicada and beetle: may 
also include wasp 
The single record is an 
Aculeate—an ant 
~The three examples were 
all Aculeates, but quite 
unlike the Asilids 
Of the two records one is 
an Asilid fly while the 
other is a wasp (Bele- 
nogaster) unlike its 
captor in appearance _ 


A large dark Fossor | The single record is a 


small bee (Halictus) 
totally unlike its captor 


A large J espa,—appat- 
ently not a model—was 
certainly attacked, 1 
or 2 records: also per- 
haps one Cicada 


| 


The models 


The single record is abee 
(Apis florea) which the 
captor superficially re- 
sembles 


‘Dark Xylocopid bees 


Dark Xylocopid bees 


The models,—one record 
and another probable 
one 


_ 
The models,—one record 


379 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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‘daq, adoyy, uy 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


‘GO6T “¢ oun os ej ‘hard yytm 6 “doow & pue 
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380 


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“UHAUHSAO “ALVA ANY ALITVOOT “AGUd AO SAIOddS *“dIidNa@ dO Sa1OddS 


381 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


SS SS ee ET Ee ee en nn | Le nnn ee Eee 


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383 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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385 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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387 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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(JAN. 1907) 26 


PART III. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906. 


388 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


Proportion of the Sexes—In the recorded Asilide it was 
found (p. 359) that females with prey were between three 
and four times as numerous as males with prey. In the 
Empide tabulated above, such females are almost exactly 
halfas numerous as males carrying prey. In spite of this 
great preponderance of the latter sex, females alone were 
found in 7 species, males alone in only 5, while 4 included 
both sexes. The large proportion of males is entirely due 
to their numbers in only 4 species out of the 15, viz. 
fybos grossipes, Hmpis tessellata, Himpis livida, and 
Pachymeria femorata. 

Female Einpide with prey captured in coitu.—This fact is 
recorded frequently in Pachymeria femorata,* twice in 
Eimpis tessellata, Nos. 243, 244, once in EF. livida, No. 273, 
and once in /. opaca, No. 274. These instances out of 65 
recorded cases form a much higher proportion than in the 
Asilide ; but there are as yet no examples of the female 
attacking the male of its own species or of a remarkably 
cautious pursuit by the male during courtship, to support 
the interpretation which seems inevitable in the former 
group (see p. 367).+ 

The choice of Prey by Empide.—Only provisional con- 
clusions can be reached in all the tabulated species except 
E. tessellata, with 20 records, and £. livide with 16. Ail 
others, except Hybos grossipes (7) and Pachymeria semorata 
(6), are hopelessly insufficient. 

Hybotine.—The 10 records divided between three 
pairs, show an attack upon minute Homoptera, ants and 
Braconide ; and the Mycetophilide and Bibionidze among 
the Diptera. 

Emping.—It is evident that Diptera form by far the 
most important insect food of this sub-family. In fact, 
we find no other prey, except in the case of Khamphomyia 


* Vide footnote on p. 384. 

+ Kirby and Spence were well acquainted with the facts recorded 
in the above paragraph, and make amusing suggestions as to their 
significance. Thus we read (5th edition, 1828, vol. i, pp, 274, 
275) :—“ Many species also of Hmpis, whose haustellum resembles 
the beak of a bird, carry off in it Tipularix and other small Diptera ; 
and what is remarkable, you can seldom take these insects in coitu, 
but the female has a gnat, some fly, or sometimes beetle in her mouth. 
Can this be to deposit her eggs in, as soon as they are impregnated 
by the male? or is it designed for the nuptial feast?” No Coleo- 
pterous victim of an Empid is recorded in the present Memoir. On 
the other hand, the predominance of Dipterous prey is abundantly 


confirmed. 


gQ 


Predaccous Insects and their Prey. 589 


dentipes attacking an Ephemerid, and Lmpis livida, the foe 
of Tortrix viridana and other small moths, also captured 
with a Phryganid. The 20 records of Hmpis tessellata 
—all Diptera—render it improbable that other insects 
are attacked.* The variety of prey within the limits of 
this Order is remarkable, no less than 8 families or sub- 
families being divided between the 20 victims. Of these 
the Bibionide (7) and to a far less extent the Zipulidx 
(4) are responsible for more than half. 

The 16 records of Hmpis livida include 6 moths 
(4 examples of Toririz viridana, 2 of Crambide,) 1 Phry- 
ganid, and 9 Diptera, belonging to 5 different groups 
of which the Anthomyide furnish the largest number of 
victims (3). Of special interest in this species is the series 
of 9 examples (264-272) with prey captured by Mr. 
H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe at Huntingfield, Kent, on the 
evening of July 21,1906. In circumstances such as these, 
when an abundant predaceous species is feeding in a 
locality where insects are common and varied, we obtain 
the most valuable information possible as to the range of 
its preferences. It is to be hoped that much time and 
labour will be directed to the collection of all possible 
material whenever such exceptionally favourable oppor- 
tunities arise. The deeply interesting results of Mr. 
Donisthorpe’s captures of H. livida, and of the two series of 
Dasypogon diadema (15-41 and 43-54) observed at nearly 
the same times at La Granja, indicate the importance and 
interest of the conclusions which may be thus reached. 

The records of the other species of Hmpinxy, though 
quite insufficient in numbers, render it likely that their 
diet also is normally confined to Diptera of various groups. 

Ocydromine.—The single’example was found devouring 
a Mycetophilid. 

Tachydromine.— Only 5 captures are recorded for 3 
species. Of these 3 are Diptera (a Cecidomyid, a Myce- 
tophilid, and an Empid), the 4th a minute Braconid, 
the 5th a minute Cynipid. The evidence is entirely 


* It is pretty clear that the Rev. J. G. Wood was mistaken in 
speaking of Hmpis tessellata as the captor of Tortrix viridana. Thus 
he says :—“ There are several species of this useful fly, one attaining 
some size; but the one that claims our notice ... is the little 
empis, scientifically called Empis tessellata.” Now this latter is 
a large species, and Wood doubtless witnessed the attacks of the 
smaller H. livida. For the otherwise excellent popular account see 
“Common Objects of the Country,” London, N. D., pp. 101, 102. 


390 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


insufficient, but such as it is suggests that Diptera and 
minute Hymenoptera form the chief prey of this sub- 
family. 

Summing up, we may conclude that with comparatively 
few exceptions the Hmpidze are the foes of their own 
group,—the Diptera. In the vast preponderance of cap- 
tures within the limits of a single Order, they are sharply 
contrasted with the Asiidz. 


391 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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Professor E. B. Poulton on 


392 


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Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 3 


Dolichopodidy and Anthomyide.*—The single record of 
a victim captured by a species of each of these families 
will I trust be of value in calling the attention of natur- 
alists to the fact that these flies are predaceous, and that 
specially directed observation will surely yield the material 
upon which to base a sound conclusion. 

Cordyluride.—The fact that*flies of the genus Scato- 
phaga are predaceous is fairly well known, although the 
extent of their attacks is probably insufficiently recognized. 
We here find 10 records as the result of the observations 
of five observers in several very different British localities. 
The prey is remarkably scattered through varied Dipterous 
groups, as will be seen at a glance in the following table :— 


The Prey of Scatophaga. 


; g | & 
2° |) onee iee 
= s a aS 
% © SLE 
> S a : 
bes = 3 | iS 
Ss S21) Shi] ake 
S 3 iS Sy 

S 3 3 
R B 5 = 

Hymenoprersa . | Tenthredinidx | 1 
Diptera . . .|Mycetophilide .. || 1 
Bibionide . | 1 
Limnobidee. Peale ra 1 
Syrphide. orcas 1 
IDOE? 5 6 ol 1 
Muscine .. .|i il 
Anthomyide . .) 1 1 
Total Someone etter eee 1 1 7 
Malests "23% 4 it 4 

vee i in ae ok || d 

Females): ..i: s.j/; 1 1 3 


* Mr. G. H. Verrall informs me that all the Dolichopodidex are 
predaceous. Only one sub-family of the Anthomyide is predaceous, 
namely, the Cenosine which are closely allied to the Cordyluride. 


394 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


The predaceous habits of the Cordyluride were well 
known to Messrs. Kirby and Spence :— 

“Even Scatophaga stercoraria and scybalaria, and pro- 
bably many others of the same tribe, feed upon small flies, 
though their proboscis does not seem so well adapted for 
animal as for vegetable food.” * 

The sexes of the captors are seen to be nearly evenly 
divided in the only record that is fairly complete; that 
of S. stercoraria. It is certainly remarkable that each of 
the 7 victims of this species should belong to a different 
family or sub-family of Diptera. The surprising example 
of a Tenthredinid victim (of merdarvia) is of much interest, 
and prepares us for a wide variety of insect diet when 
naturalists have seriously turned their attention to the 
habits of the genus Scatophaga. 


Ochromuia jejuna, F., Nos. 304-808. 


The JMuscine are not admitted among predaceous 
Diptera, the structure of the mouth-part being different 
from that in flies which attack and kill other insects. It 
is therefore of the utmost importance that any evidence 
which is held to prove the contrary opinion should be 
tested and sifted with far more than ordinary care. 

During the past summer (of 1906) I received through 
the kindness of Mr. E. Ernest Green, a female example 
(304) of the abundant fly Ochromyia jeyuna, together with 
a winged termite identified by Mr. W. F. Kirby as Zermes 
taprobanes, Hg. The insects had been taken at Wellawaya, 
Ceylon, in November 1905, and Mr. Green described the 
termite as the prey of the Muscid. The observation is 
recorded in “Spolia Zeylanica” (see the number following 
date of capture). Colonel Yerbury, who determined the 
fly, was decidedly of the opinion that the observation was 
erroneous, I therefore wrote again to Mr. Green, and 
received the following reply :—“ Peradenyia, Ceylon, July 
17, 1906. The circumstances were as follows. I was 
personally working my moth-trap, which consists of a 
powerful acetylene lamp throwing its light on to a white 
cotton screen. Immediately after lighting up, the screen 
was covered with a crawling mass of winged termites. 
While watching these, I noticed the flies actually pouncing 


* Fifth ed. 1828, vol. i, p. 275. 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 395 


upon the termites. They did not attempt to carry 
them away, but fastened themselves on to the dorsum 
of the abdomen of each termite. There must have been 
some fifteen or twenty termites, each with its attendant 
fly. I very much regret that I did not bottle any of the 
couples alive and watch the subsequent proceedings, 
Instead of that I put them all into my poison bottle. 
Should the opportunity again occur, I shall pay closer 
attention to the actions of the fly. I think that the 
note in ‘Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.’ (vol. xvi, No. 4, p. 
747), to which I have already referred you, is a strong 
corroboration of the supposed fact, though we do not 
know for certain that the Indian fly was the same species 
as my Ceylon insect. I am writing to ask if specimens 
can be obtained for comparison.” 

In a few days Mr. Green obtained four of the specimens 
(305-808) referred to, and forwarded them to me, with 
the following letter :—“ Peradenyia, Ceylon, Aug. 2, 1906. 
I am now able to send you some of the actual specimens 
that were the subject of the note in ‘Journ. Bomb. Nat. 
Hist. Soc.’ (vol. xvi, No. 4, p. 747). They have been 
received from the Secretary of the Society. They appear 
to be identical with or very closely allied to the flies taken 
by myself under similar circumstances, in Ceylon. These 
Indian flies are said to have been seen actually hawking 
the termites—on the wing. I think thisis another sound 
link in the chain of evidence! [remember noticing par- 
ticularly that the flies invariably attacked the abdominal 
part of the termite,—where the chitinous derm is thinner 
and softer than on the thorax.” » 

The four specimens are.all females of Ochromyia geyuna. 
They were captured by Capt. K. E. Nangle, 96th Berar 
Infantry, at Tarbund, Secunderabad, on July 17, 1905. 
Captain Nangle’s note in the “Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 
Soe.” (vol. xvi, 1905, p. 747) is as follows :—* Last night 
after heavy rain there was a large flight of flying ants at 
about 9.30 p.m. After the swarm appeared we heard a 
loud humming noise and went out into the verandah to 
see what it was and found these flies in swarms. We at 
first thought from the noise, until we caught some, that 
it was bees swarming, although it was so late at night. 
We found these flies were hunting the flying ants, regularly 
hawking at them in the air. When a fly seized an ant 
it proceeded to devour the soft hind quarters.” 


396 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


“This swarm was noted all over our quarters: every 
house our Officers were present in at that time reported 
them.” 

“We none of us have ever come across a case like this 
during our service in the country. . . .” 

Colonel Yerbury believes, from his knowledge of the 
fly, that it is erroneous to suppose that it actually hunts 
and kills living termites. He has written to me as follows 
upon the subject :—‘ Oct. 11, 1906. With reference to 
the Ochromyia jeyuna question I can only reiterate my 
opinion that it is absolutely impossible for this fly to 
kill anything. All Muscide will go to moisture, and as 
winged termites, come to grief in many ways, doubtless 
many a crushed termite attracts a muscid. The tongue 
of O. gejuna and O. Juscipennis is an extraordinary organ, 
but it is not that of a predaceous fly but more closely 
resembles that of Glossina without the piercing tip which 
the Tsetse flies possess. Possibly this is the explanation 
of my observation * in Ceylon of these flies taking away 
grains of sugar from large ants (Lobopelta and Camponotus), 
z.e. that the tongue acts as a suction pump—so when it is 
a case of ‘pull devil, pull baker’ between the fly and the 
ant the former gets the best of it.” 

If the opportunity should occur again, it is to be hoped 
that the flies may be subjected to a most minute and 
critical observation, in which special attention is directed 
to the tongue. If such examination should prove that 
Ochromyia is undoubtedly predaceous, we should be driven 
to suppose that the tongue contains some piercing instru- 
ment, undiscovered and concealed, or that the thin body- 
walls of the termite are penetrated by suction alone. The 
statement of these alternatives may serve as some slight 
guide to future observations. 


The Prey of the Larval Syrphid Fly, Xanthandrus comtus, 
Harr.,= Melanostoma hyalinatum, Fln., No. 309. 


The preceding examples of predaceous Diptera have 
been confined to the perfect insect; but as the material for 
the present Memoir accumulated, I received an instance of 


* Colonel Yerbury tells me that he observed this on the verandah 
of the Rest House, Kanthalai, Oct. 19, 1890. 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 397 


a predaceous Dipterous larva of such special interest that 
I determined to include it. 

Dr. T. A. Chapman (“ Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1905, pp. 150, 151 ; 
1906, pp. 14-16) has observed the larva of Xanthandrus 
comtus feeding upon Tortricid iarve, but only upon such 
as are gregarious or at any rate numerous upon their food 
plant. Hastula hycrana fulfilled this condition at Hyeres, 
Acroclita consequana in Sicily, and a larva, probably of 
Ancylis derasana in the Alps: in all these cases Dr. Chap- 
man found the larva of the Syrphid feeding upon that of the 
Tortricid. In Sicily H. hyerana occurred singly, and the 
Syrphid was not found attacking it. Dr. Chapman con- 
cludes from these instances that “ X. comtus feeds especially 
on the larve of Tortrices when there are many on a plant,” 
while “the isolation of the individual larvee” renders them 
“an unsuitable prey for this parasite.’ The Syrphid larva 
would in fact “perish when it had destroyed its solitary 
prey and could find no others.” 

It is of the highest interest therefore to establish the 
fact, as Mr. G. T. Lyle of Brockenhurst has now done, that 
the larva of this species is found attacking single Lepi- 
dopterous larvee when they are large enough to provide 
sufficient food. 

In August 1903 Mr. Lyle found the full-fed Syrphid 
larva inside the shelter (constructed of sallow leaves 
loosely spun together) of the larva of the Geometrid moth, 
Scotosia undulata. Nothing remained of the latter except 
the dry and empty skin. The Syrphid larva was of a 
bright apple-green colour with darker markings. In 
September 1903 the perfect insect emerged. The speci- 
men, together with the empty globular puparium,* was 
presented to the Hope Department by Mr. W. J. Lucas to 
whom Mr, Lyle had given it. The fly, a male (3809), was 
kindly identified for me by Col. J. W. Yerbury. 

Putting together Dr. Chapman’s and Mr. Lyle’s 
observations, there is reason for the opinion that the 
female Syrphid is instinctively led to deposit her eggs 
where there are either many minute larve or single 
larvee of sufficient size. The adaptation to two different 
conditions under either of which sufficient food may be 
provided is of much interest, and it is to be hoped that 
further observations will be directed to the subject, so that 


* See Dr, T. A. Chapman’s description in ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.” 1905, 
p. 151. 


398 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


conclusions which at present seem to be justified may be 
confirmed or modified.* 

The instincts of certain moths with phytophagous larve 
do not seem to be equally perfect. I have often observed, 
and every student of Lepidoptera must have noticed, that 
the large solitary larve of Sphingide are far more 
frequently found upon small bushes of their food-plant 
than upon large ones. It appeared to me that the 
explanation was to be found in the instincts of the parent 
moth leading her to deposit two or three eggs on each 
bush or tree, irrespective of size. If this were the case, 
the larvee would of course be much easier to find and 
their effect upon the food-plant far more conspicuous upon 
the smallest bushes. However this may be, the parental 
instinct is certainly liable to error, for such large larve 
may occasionally be found still immature upon a bush so 
small that it has been completely denuded of its leaves. 


II. NEUROPTERA. 


Records of the attacks of predaceous insects are very 
scanty in all Orders except the Diptera and Fossorial 
Hymenoptera. It is hoped, however, that the following 
brief tabular statements will draw attention to the great 
need for a large body of accurate observations. 

Leaving the Hymenoptera to form Part II of this Memoir, 
because of the voluminous literature and the fact that 
Fossors are predaceous in a somewhat peculiar and special 
sense, the remaining Orders are arranged in a succession 
determined by the number of records. The Neuroptera 
follow the Diptera, because the list of examples, although 
short, is longer than that of any except the two chief 
Orders. 


* Compare Professor A. Giard’s observation that the larve of 
Melanostoma mellinum, L., generally supposed to feed upon Aphides, 
can be reared upon Musca domestica and Chortophila pusilla (Bull. 
Soc. Ent. Fr. 1896, p. 234). Quoted in Verrall’s British Flies, p. 
303 (bottom line) and p. 311 (lines 12-17). 


399 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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Predaceous Insects and their Prey 401 


In addition to the above records W. L. Distant quotes 
the observation, made at Candahar, that Cicadas formed 
the prey of Dragonflies.* 

Looking at the above list the most striking fact is the 
great variety of the prey and the marked inclusion of 
specially protected forms. The latter are as follows :— 
Limnas chrysippus, two common wasps (2 species) and three 
beetles belonging to distasteful groups, a Malacoderm, a 
Coccinellid, and a Galerucid. Thus specially protected 
species make up more than one-third of the 16 recorded 
captures, and include the whole of the Coleopterous 
victims. It is also of much interest to observe that a 
single species of Dragonfly, Cordulegaster annulatus, was 
responsible for both the wasps (Nos. 312, 315), and the 
Malacoderm (No. 314). The remaining victim of this 
species was a Tabanid fly (No. 313.) 

As regards the ten species of prey which do not appear 
to belong to specially protected groups, we find 3 Diptera 
(1 Syrphid, 1 Tabanid, and 1 Muscid), 3 Lepidoptera 
(1 ? Lyceenid, 1 Hesperid, and 1 Crambid), 4 Neuroptera 
(1 Ephemerid, 2 Odonata, and a Termite). Of the latter 
three specimens are only counted as one, inasmuch as 
the actual attack on these three victims was not witnessed 
and the number of individual foes is therefore unknown. 
Many Dragonflies, flying high, were seen attacking large 
numbers of Termites. It was of course impossible to 
determine whether these particular Termites had been 
seized by one, two, or three of their enemies, 

The inclusion of 2 Dragonflies (Nos. 311, 316) among 
the prey shows that the attacks of Odonates, as in the 
case of somany other predaceous insects, do not altogether 
tend to the destruction of insect life; for here the preda- 
ceous forms themselves are the victims. The same con- 
siderations are suggested by the two species of Vespa | 
devoured by Cordulegaster annulatus. 

Short as it is, the list is extremely interesting, and 
raises the expectation that Dragonflies will be found to 
prey rather largely upon specially defended groups of 
insects. 


* “Tnsecta Transvaaliensia,” vii, 1906, pp. 169, 170. 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


402 


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(SHITA-NOIdYOOS) WAIdUONVd dO ATUd AHL ‘A 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 403 


In addition to the above records Kirby and Spence 
quote Lyonnet’s observation of a Panorpa attacking a 
Dragonfly many times its size.* 

This brief list of the attacks made by Panorpid# contains 
facts of much interest. The crowd surrounding a dead 
worm (No. 325) seems to prove beyond doubt that the 
Panorpas had been attracted by smell. The insects had 
congregated round the worm in a sheltered position on a 
roadside bank. The Telephorid victim (No. 329) is a 
striking example of specially protected prey; while the 
Empid (No. 328) and the Dragonfly recorded by Lyonnet 
show that predaceous insects are attacked as well as others. 
It must be borne in mind however that the first record 
(No. 325) strongly suggests, although it does not prove, 
that these insects devour dead prey. The record of actual 
capture and the condition of the victim become therefore 
of special interest and importance in the Panorpide. 


III. HEMIPTERA. 


Considering the immense number of predaceous species 
included in the Hemiptera the following table is insig- 
nificant. I trust however that it may lead to abundant 
future observations on which trustworthy conclusions may 
be based. 

So far as it is possible to judge from the following table it 
appears that Hemiptera will prove to be extremely danger- 
ous foes to the specially protected groups. Thus out of 15 
victims, we find 3 Lepidopterous larvee (Nos. 331, 333, 337) 
all probably defended by special qualities; 2 stinging 
Hymenoptera (Nos. 335, 338); 2 Phytophagous beetles 
(Nos. 832, 345) and a Cetoniid (No. 334); 2 Hemiptera 
(Nos. 341, 342) ;—altogether no less than two-thirds of the 
total records. The remaining five examples include a 
Lycenid butterfly, 2 Longicorn beetles of one species, and 
2 Diptera. Even among these the conspicuous colouring 
of the beetle suggests the probability of special defence. 


* Kirby and Spence, 5th Ed. 1828, vol. ii, p. 253. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Til. (JAN. 1907) 27 


Professor E. B. Poulton on 


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405 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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Professor E. B. Poulton on 


406 


—————— ee — eee 


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408 Professor E. B. Poulton on 


In addition to the above, Mr. W. L. Distant draws 
attention to the records of Cicadas attacked by species of 
Mantis at Delagoa Bay and in the Transvaal.* 

Although the evidence is so inadequate, it presents 
indications that conclusions of much value will be reached 
by extended observations. In the first place, the whole of 
the victims except one were Lepidopterous. In the second 
place, the proportion of specially protected forms was very 
high. Thus a Delias was attacked twice, an Acnewa once, 
Limnas chrysippus once in the imaginal and once in the 
larval state. In respect of the attacks on such forms no 
distinction can be drawn between the Mantide and the 
Locustide. We are led to believe that the predaceous 
Orthoptera are important foes of those Lepidoptera that are 
specially defended from vertebrate insect-eaters. 


V. COLEOPTERA. 


The following brief list is chiefly useful in drawing 
marked attention to the urgent need for observations with 
full and accurate data. The experiments of Professor F. 
Plateau (Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. t. vii, p. 375, §9: see also 
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1902, p. 330) suggest that preda- 
ceous beetles are probably important foes of specially pro- 
tected insects. These experiments are not quoted on the 
present occasion inasmuch as the Coleoptera were fed in 
confinement. The present Memoir deals only with the 
prey selected by predaceous forms in the wild state. 

It must be remembered that beetles are frequently 
scavengers rather than truly predaceous. Thus the 
observation of an actual capture becomes of especial value. 
In the following list the two flies had certainly fallen into 
the water, and No. 857 may have been drowned before it 
was seized. The Agabus, No. 356, and Elaterid, No. 362, 
were certainly attacking living prey. 


* «“Tnsecta Transvaaliensia,” Pt. vii, 1906, pp. 169, 170. 


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409 


Predaceous Insects and their Prey. 


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XVII. Notes on the dominant Miillerian group of Butterflies 
Jrom the Potaro District of British Guiana. By 
WILLIAM J. KAyYE, F.ES. 


[Read October 3rd, 1906.] 
Puates X XITI—XXVII 


AT the request of Prof. E. B. Poulton I have undertaken 
to give some account of the Bionomics of British Guiana 
insects, especially of the Lepidoptera. The long and 
interesting paper by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in the Trans- 
actions for 1902 has also impressed one that perhaps similar 
notes from another continent, though in no sense so full and 
complete, might not only prove of interest but perhaps of 
value in clearing up some debatable points. For the most 
part deductions have been made in the present case from 
the accumulation of specimens and no such experiments 
as recorded by Mr. Marshall can be given. Dates and condi- 
tions of capture have been recorded, and in many instances 
Iam able to give my own observations on the specimens 
in Nature. Furthermore my collector, Mr. C. B. Roberts, 
who has been the whole time on the same ground, is able 
to supply many facts which are of value. It is a little 
unfortunate that he is not a trained naturalist or his notes 
might have been much fuller and more complete. The 
specimens that he has captured are however taken all 
together so remarkable that the bare list of what has 
occurred in one particular forest-path, would probably be 
thought sufficiently interesting. Besides this particular 
district—a forest road stretching for 16 miles back from the 
Potaro river about 30 miles above its confluence with the 
Essequibo—I personally in March, April, May, and early 
June in 1901, collected in many other districts, but I 
propose to deal chiefly if not exclusively with the joint 
captures by Mr. C. B. Roberts and myself made on the 
Potaro road. The road is more or less a winding track 
varying from 12 to 15 or even 20 feet wide and is in 
places on sandy soil, in others gravel, and is crossed with 
“corduroy” * for a great part of its length, while a small 
part is built up with the natural gravel. On either side it 

* “Corduroy” is the term employed for a road made similarly to 


a railway track, 7. e. with the small trunks of trees split in half and 
laid close together with the flat side downwards. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Il. (JAN. 1907) 


412 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


is flanked throughout its entire length with heavy forest 
containing greenheart, wallaba, and mora, besides a vast 
number of other less known trees. 

The forest itself is dark and gloomy and throughout 
the greater part of the year excessively damp owing to a 
superabundant rainfall. The sheer of the vegetation 
is always the same as even in the dry season the trees are 
never otherwise than a fresh green. It is not surprising 
therefore that practically the whole of the Lepidoptera, 
excepting of course the several species of Jorpho, present 
a very uniform sombre tone of coloration. Even the very 
fine and brightly-coloured Heliconius catharine, Heliconius 
astydamia and Heliconius egeria do not strike one in their 
surroundings as particularly gaudy, and one is bound 
largely to admit the assertion of A. H. Thayer in his 
memoir in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 553, that many species 
we call conspicuous are not really so in their surroundings. 
It must however have been quite impossible for Nature 
to have evolved such minutely close resemblance in 
unrelated groups without the aid of Miillerian mimicry. 
It is impossible to imagine that say an Erycinid butterfly 
LEsthemopsis sericina, should have arrived at the identical 
colour and markings of a Syntomid moth Agyrta micilia 
purely and simply by the process of syncriptic selection. 
It is the minutest details in the coloration that dispel 
such a probability: moreover in certain cases, as Prof. 
EK. B. Poulton has cited, I could definitely state that 
butterflies settled on most “unsuitable” flowers for their 
protection. A good example is found in the Lycorexa,- 
Melinea,-Heliconius group that frequents the white 
flowers of the plant Hupatorium macrophyllum. This 
becomes a most valuable piece of evidence, as the species 
frequenting these flowers form one of the most extensive 
of all the groups that we are in the habit of calling 
Miillerian. Although this Lycorwa,-Melinxa,-Heliconius, 
etc., group is by far the largest and most dominant, there are 
many other groups in the region : in fact the vast majority 
of the individuals belong to one or other of a “ coterie” of 
similarly coloured species. In the Hesperide there are one 
or two conspicuous examples of synaposematic coloration, 
and the Hrycinide offer some examples, and it is only 
in the Lycenide that there appears to be an absence of it ; 
this bears out exactly what Prof. Poulton said in the 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 500. It should however be 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 413 


noted that the Lycenids here are all very uniformly of a 
blue shade of colour, and doubtless amongst themselves 
they offer protection in some sort of way. 

By far the most numerous, conspicuous and characteristic 
group of butterflies is the large Ithomiine, Lycoreane, and 
Heliconine group. The number of individuals contained 
within this series, certainly more than equals all the other 
butterflies to be found in most of the months of the year 
and probably in every month. This group is composed 
of the following species in their respective Families and 
Subfamilies :— 

Family NYMPHALIDA. 
Subfamily J7HOMIIN A. 
Genus MELINA. 

. Melinva mneme, Linn. 
. Melinza crameri, God. and Salv. 
. Melinxa egina, Cram. 
. Melinea mnasias, Hew. 

Genus MECHANITIS. 

Mechanitis pannifera, Buti. 

. Mechanitis polymnia, Linn. 

Genus CERATINIA. 
1. Ceratinia philidas, God. and Salv. 
2. Ceratinia euclea,* Godt. 

Subfamily HELICONIN 4. 

Genus HELICONIUS. 
. Heliconius numata, Cram. 
. Heliconius vetustus, Butl. 
. Heliconius silvana, Cram. 
. Heliconius eucoma,+ Hiib. 

Genus KUEIDEs. 


. Lueides nigrofulva, Kaye. 
. Eueides isabella, Cram. 
. Eueides vibilia, Godt. 


Subfamily NYMPHALIN 4, 
Genus ERESIA. 


He ©2 bo et 


noe 


em Go bo et 


oo be 


1. Eresia eunrce.t 


* The more transparent Ceratinia species, C. barii and C. vallonia, 
do not strictly belong to this association. 
+ 2 ab. of H. nwmata. t Accidentally omitted from text. 


414 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


Family DANAIDA. 
Subfamily LYCOREAN A, 
Genus LYCOREA. 


1. Lycorea ceres, Cram. 
2. Lycorea pasinuntia, Cram. 


Family ERYCINID. 
Subfamily ZLEMONIIN AL. 
Genus STALACHTIS. 
1. Stalachtis calliope, Linn. 


Supplementary species belonging to the group but 
occurring in other localities and not yet detected from 
the Potaro :— 


Family NYMPHALIDZ. 
Subfamily 77HOMIIN 4. 


Tithorea harmonia, Cram. = T. megara, Doub. Hew. nec. 
Godt. 


Subfamily MY MPHALIN A. 
Protogonius hippona, Fab. (true). 


Family PIERID. 


Dismorphia amphione, 


Of all these there is no doubt whatever that the several 
species of Melinxva are the models to which all the other 
species are converging. Melinwa mneme at the present 
time occurs in prodigious numbers. From March to 
May and from September to December inclusive (these 
approximating to the two dry seasons), it 1s almost 
invariably to be found sitting upon the white flowers of 
Eupatorium macrophyllum wherever that plant is found 
growing. In much lesser numbers JJelinxwa crameri is to 
be found. Melinwa egina is rather more plentiful than 
M. crameri, yet a very long way from being as common as 
M. mneme. Of the fourth Melinza there is little to be 
recorded ; it is a single straggler that was taken on March 
17th, 1905, and is either Melinza mnasius or a closely 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 415 


allied undescribed species. There must be much specula- 
tion as to whether JZ. mneme or M. cramert commenced to 
draw the many other species to them in coloration and 
pattern. Melinwa mneme is a strong variant in both fore- 
and hind-wings while MW. crameri is very constant above 
and only as a very rare aberration is a form found with 
the black of the hind-wing divided by the ground colour 
so as to form a band. On the under-side, however, there 
is considerably more variation. The latter species, owing 
to its comparative constancy, must be looked upon as 
older than J. mneme, a very variable and apparently 
unstable species. It is however certain that if MZ. cramert 
was first in the field, J mneme must have entered soon 
after, for many of the associated species of other genera 
follow M. mneme to a greater extent than JZ. cramerv. 

In fact JZ. mneme must have been far more potent than 
M. crameri, and the strong variability must have been a 
great factor in drawing so many different species to the 
association. Of M. eyina there is every reason to suppose 
that it became a fixed and well-defined species early in 
the history of the group, for we find only one other species 
closely following it, and that also is a usually very constant 
species, Heliconius silvana. It should here be mentioned 
however that two specimens of Heliconius have been 
caught, one in March 1905, the other without date, which 
appear to be aberrations of H. silvana with a distinct 
transverse black band to the hind-wing. These un- 
doubtedly point to a not very distant genetic relationship 
with Heliconius numata. 

Unquestionably the closest “pairs” are the JMelinza 
with Heliconius species. Mechanitis follows them very 
closely with Zycorea also.. While Hueides, Ceratinia and 
Stalachtis, in the order named, diverge more and more 
from the protected pattern. ‘The identical pattern and 
colour in some of the forms of Heliconius numata to M. 
mneme is remarkable, as in the Potaro district the Heliconvus 
is apparently never abundant, rarely even really common. 
I have only 32 specimens, and this represents the whole 
take. The series is most remarkable for the very ex- 
tensive variation, some having a narrowly barred hind- 
wing, others having almost the whole of the hind-wing 
black except for the costal portion. The Lycoreas are 
certainly more abundant, while the Mechanitis species, 
both pannifera and polymnia, occur in large numbers. Of 


416 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


the Hueides species the new £. nigrofulva has turned up 
twenty-four times to the twice only of the usually com- 
mon JL. isabella. Ceratinia philidas is probably only just 
beginning to be influenced by the group generally, and 
comparatively few specimens have been taken, in fact one 
only from the district proper. 

The following table will show at a glance the adherents 
to each Melinza, though doubtless the stress is a very 
complicated one, and inclined to form a general uniform 
pattern in the long run, rather than four. 

The numbers under each species show the numerical 
quantity, actual or estimated. 


LYCOREA, MELINA, HELICONIUS, MECHANITIS.| EUEIDES. | CERATINIA.,| STALACHTIS, 

ceres mneme * numata pannifera | nigrofulva | philidas t calliope 

30 33 80 24 1 1 

pasinuntia cramert vetustus 
40 40 8 ae Lam ae <aae 
egina silvana eb Ys 
ara 70 4 a Sar ae 
mnasius euclea ¢ Le, 
ae eel ay ae 50 
extreme extreme 
eee “meme banded | 4) banded polymnia | isabella CAG 
400 4 700 
eucona vibilia 


Some of the above large numbers are estimated only. 
A trained collector might have detected many more 
specimens of some of the apparently rare species. 

The result of a single day’s catch recorded by Professor 
E. B. Poulton, p. liv—-ivi, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1903, fairly well 
upholds the proportion of the various species. Mr. Roberts 
has been collecting for me for over four years, and my 
own three months brings the period up to four and a half 
years, soit must now be tolerably certain that we know 
all the species of the group and approximately the propor- 
tion of each one to one another. 

This is a matter of very great interest, and it shows how 
the Ceratinia may obtain protection doubly—(1) when fresh 
by conforming to the main group, and (2) when it is worn 
and of a different appearance by being then mistaken for one 
of another group of species, a group composed of species of 
Napeogenes, Ceratina and Sais, ete. 

Although Melinxa mneme is nearly always present when 


* Collector stopped catching this species. He could doubtless 
have taken several thousand. 


ft See under Ceratinia, p. 421. 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 417 


a collection of these brown and black insects is found on 
the Hupatoriwm flowers, it is not so invariably. On May 
14th, 1901, I remember being disappointed (from the 
collector’s point of view), in coming upon a bush where 
there were only Mechanitis polymnia and Ceratinia euclea 
(C. philidas and C. bendis) present. Such a case as this 
clearly shows the value it 1s to these members to have 
been brought into harmony with the colours of the 
dominant Melinwa mneme. As although these species are 
only commencing to conform to the main colouring of the 
model they are able even among themselves to alight on 
these flowers and be comparatively immune from danger. 
It would have been interesting had every specimen of 
Melinxa mneme been retained to see the accurate propor- 
tions of the different forms. I have actually kept 70 set 
specimens, and these are divided up as follows :— 


Melinxa mneme. 


Hind-wing distinctly banded 40 = 57 Upper-side and 


Hind-wing obscurely banded 22 = 313% Wnderude 


Hind-wing with band obliterated 8 = 11$% 
Thus only 1 in 9 is heavily black, and this I have more 
than once verified to be the approximate percentage. 
A further interesting phase of variation is the presence 


or absence of the red marks just before the yellow apical 
band on fore-wing. The specimens give these figures :— 


UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE. 


Fore-wing with large red spots or band 


before yellow apical band . 6 12, = LAG |, 50. S787 
Fore-wing with faint or greatly suffused 

spots . 40 = 577% | 20 = 297% 
Fore-wing with red spots, band obliterated, 

or nearly SO Gero eed =o oon 6 {| Jk See —- 


These comparative figures are of great interest, as 
although this species is so dominant in point of numbers, 
the influence it exerts with its dark forms is very small 
indeed compared with that of its banded forms. It there- 
fore becomes tolerably clear that the allied Melinwa,— 
cramerti—which, although not nearly such a common 
species, but has a very constant black pattern, must 
have acted very strongly to create the powerful darkening 
tendency in the hind-wing. 


418 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Millerian 


Melinxa cramert. 


Of the 28 specimens retained of this species there are 
the following proportions with regard to the dark area in 
the hind-wing :— 


UPPER-SIDE, UNDER-SIDE, 
Hind-wing withoutaband . .| 27=96 % 21 = 75 7, 
Hind-wing with a band I=, 4 F 7 =25 7 
28 28 


The single specimen that shows a band above only 
shows it very indistinctly, but the seven that show banding 
beneath have it well defined, three of them show it par- 
ticularly well, yet on the upper-side it is hardly discernible. 
A specimen in the Hope Collection at Oxford shows a very 
distinct band on the upper-side and this came from the 
same locality and was caught on August 28th, 1903. 
Seven other specimens were captured on the same day, 
but all of these were unbanded. It should be noted that 
this presence of a band on the under-side only, while the 
upper-side shows no sign of it is particularly instructive 
and interesting as it shows that selection on the wing and 
selection at rest are two different factors; moreover, as 
it will be shown later, the under-side shows more general 
agreement in the various members of the group taken as 
a whole. 

The proportions of the spotted to non-spotted, with 
reddish, before the yellow apical band is most striking, 
especially when compared with the same on the under- 
side. 


UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE, 
Fore-wing with distinct red 
marks before yellow apical 
batid .f |. 1 soe 1g" = 5457 
Fore-wing with faint red marks b= 5.% 13 = 46 7 
Fore-wing withoutany red marks| 26 = 90 ¥ 0 = — 
28 28 


* These show the spots coalesced into a band. 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 419 


It appears evident from the specimens that the banding 
of the hind-wing and the presence of the red marks before 
the apex of fore-wing go together. It is also significant 
that these specimens have been secured in one or other 
of the two dry seasons. My own specimen, with an indi- 
cation of a band in the hind-wing, has also the red marks 
before apex and was taken on March 27th, 1905, the end 
of the short dry season. Professor E. B. Poulton’s banded 
specimen has also red marks before apex and was taken 
on August 28th, 1903, the early part of the long dry season. 

In view of the great interest attached to this species as 
to whether it is the centre of the association of the dark- 
ened hind-winged insects, it may be useful here to look at 
the range of the insect. From the limited material avail- 
able it seems certainly to be most plentiful in British 
Guiana. It occurs in the Berbice district adjoining 
Surinam, and from the only two specimens seen from 
there one shows a tendency to banding above and strongly 
below, the other is normal, both have indications of red 
apical marks on upper-side and strongly developed 
beneath. Six specimens originally in the Godman and 
Salvin collection now at South Kensington are labelled 
Roraima. This must mean somewhere in the Royaima 
district and not the mountain itself, which is bare rock 
and out of the Forest region. None of these six are at 
all banded, either above or below, and only one shows any 
apical marks, and that is only weakly and on the under- 
side. These six specimens are therefore interesting as 
suggesting a more extreme dark form away back in the 
interior of the country. A single specimen has the label 
“ Bartica,” a place 40 miles in from the mouth of the Esse- 
quibo, and I myself took it there, though only singly. 
The only locality outside of British Guiana that I have 
been able to discover is a specimen with a label “ Colombia,” 
which like the Roraima specimen is now in South Kensing- 
ton, but originally in the Godman and Salvin collection. 
Were it not that all insects in the latter collection have 
been set up and labelled with the greatest care one would 
be inclined to discredit the locality. The specimen is a 
very interesting one. It is strongly banded below, and 
both above and below has exceptionally strong red apica 
marks. 

Of the other two Melinxa species there is little variation 
to record. JMelinxwa egina is extremely constant on the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906, PART IIL (JAN. 1907) 28 


420 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


upper-side, but again on the under-side there is a most 
interesting minor piece of variation. It is that there are 
indications of the formation of a black patch in the centre 
of the wing by the presence of a long black streak between 
veins 6 and 7 extending inwards towards base of wing. 
From 32 specimens examined the following are the tabulated » 
results :— 


Under-side with black streak well developed 6=19% 

Under-side with black streak slightly developed 14 = 44 % 

Under-side without black streak 1I2=37 7 
32 


Thus no less than 63 °/ show some slight development 
towards the pattern of Melinxwa crameri on the under-side. 

The other Melinva, M. mnasias, is only represented by 
a single specimen and is probably only a wanderer to the 
Potaro district, its home being further south on the 
Amazons. As a link with the Ceratinias it is extra- 
ordinarily close, and indeed when sitting with closed wings 
would be even passed over by a skilled collector, so alike 
is it toa large Ceratinia euclea. 


Mechanitis pannifera. 


This is a most variable species and is very common. 
The @ is apparently quite rare compared to the male 
as I find I have only three in a series of 56 examples. 
The lkeness however of these females, and one in 
particular, to the darkest forms of Melinza mneme is 
extraordinary, for not only is the pattern and marking 
so clos; but the greatly enlarged size give the insect a 
look much more in general like the Melinvas than the 
smaller and narrower Mechanitis species. 

The 56 specimens divide up as follows :— 


UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE. 
Hind-wing with a well-defined 
band ... (9) = WO LSi— 3207, 
Hind-wing with the band partly 
obscured. . 26 = 46 % 30 = 63 7% 
Hind-wing with the band w wholly 
obscured . at he Renee, le aye) = lal Be 1% 


kK 


56 56 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 421 


It will be noticed there are only three examples 
exhibiting a wholly obscured band on the under-side. 
Two of these are of males and one a female. All three 
have the extreme dark upper-side as well. Those put in 
the “partly obscured” category are examples showing a 
great contraction of the fulvous band by an extension 
of the black inwards from the outer margin. It, again, 
in this species is evident that on the under-side a wholly 
black area is the exception and not the rule while on 
the upper-side nearly half (44°) the individuals are of 
the extreme black form. Again, looked at from another 
point of view there are no less than 95 °/ showing some 
sort of banding on the under-side, while on the upper-side 
there are only 56°/, and of these only 10°7/ that are 
well banded. 


Mechanitis polymnia. 


This species, which in point of numbers comes next 
to Melinwa mneme, is here as elsewhere a very constant 
one. I have estimated that at least 700 specimens have 
passed through my hands and I have detected only one 
example that showed any tendency towards a darkening 
of the hind-wing. This individual, a female, was taken on 
March 14th, 1905. On the upper-side the whole of the 
ground colour is darker and in the hind-wing the central 
black band and the black marginal band are considerably 
extended so that at the anal angle and near vein 5 these 
just meet. On the under-side of the hind-wing there is 
an even greater amount of black scaling. The costal 
band is increased in width in addition to the central and 
marginal bands, while the latter join at several points and 
between veins 4 and 5 completely coalesce. 

There is a specimen that shows a very distinct yellow 
apical streak just as in the previous species IZ. pannifera 
but which is quite normal in the size of the band of the 
hind-wing. It also exhibits an almost complete suppression 
of the black mark between veins 2 and 3 of the fore-wing, 
and this also is a much more common phase of variation 
in the previous species. 


Ceratinia spectes. 


There yet remain the Ceratinia species, which although 
not very conspicuously within the group nevertheless link 
up certain other species of Napeogenes, Sats and Ceratinia, 


422 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


These all group themselves together in a remarkable way, 
but it is not proposed here to deal with all of them. The 
Ceratinia which above all others conforms to the main 
group 1s Ceratinia philidas,G. and 8. Whether this is a 
good species or a form of another is open to question. 
It becomes a matter of importance when one wishes to 
make a statement of its abundance or otherwise and its 
distribution through the different months of the year. 
C. philidas, G. and 8., is in all probability only an 
aberrational form of C. ninonia, Hiib., and this again links 
up with intermediates to C. bendis, G.and 8., and C. euclea, 
Godt. The species should therefore be called ewelea, and 
all the ditferent forms are merely aberrations on the Potaro. 
But the forms doubtless become fixed and definite in dif- 
ferent localities. Thus at Roraima the philidas form seems 
predominant, but in Trinidad typical ewclea occurs alone. 
C’. ab. philidas is much more frequent in the f sex. The 
genitalia of C. philidas look hardly different to C. ninonza, 
the former only having a longer clasper, but the genitalia 
of C. ewclea and C. ninonia are the same. The very trans- 
parent look of some C. ninonia males is unquestionably 
due to wear, the scales brushing off in the way that the 
Hemarine Hawk Moths do. C. bari, Bates, is, however, 
a good species, and is always to be distinguished. Of un- 
doubted C. philidas only seven specimens have been secured, 
but only one on the Potaro.* None of these show anything 
very different from the type which has the black central 
band not joined at any point with the black marginal 
band. It is of interest to note that the type specimen 
came from the Sierra de Sta Martha in Colombia. Although 
hitherto the Potaro district has not produced any very 
extreme forms there is no reason to suppose that they 
don’t exist, as at Omai lower down the Essequibo some 
much darker forms have occurred, and I have a specimen 
from there with a black streak in the cell of the hind-wing 
and which has a much heavier and wider black central 
band. But in the National Museum at 8. Kensington 
are two remarkable specimens labelled “ Roraima,” which 
have the whole of the lower half of the hind-wing black 
as in the dark Lycorea species and in Heliconius vetustus. 
Further evidence from Roraima supports that adduced 
from the Melinza crameri that probably there there is 
to be found a much darker association generally. 


* The specimen mentioned on page 416. 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 423 


Heliconide. 


Haying reviewed the whole of the Jthominzx of the 
group one turns to the Heliconidy, The members of 
this family form much the closest mimics, and the varied 
series of Heliconius nwmata makes a remarkable “ pair” 
in all its forms to the equally variable Melinza mneme. 

The association of all the Heliconius species within the 
group must be very ancient as there is never any great 
divergence from some one or other of the Melinzas. It 
is a remarkable fact that while there are many other 
differently coloured Heliconius species in the neighbour- 
hood they are never (? absolute) found on the white 
blossoms of the Eupatorium. 

Four species of Heliconius have occurred that belong 
to the group. It is possible that one of these, H. ewcoma, 
is not distinct from H. nwmaia. But it is just probable, 
if unlikely, that several of the supposed aberrations are 
really distinct. Thirty-three of what have been all 
called H. numata have occurred. These are tabulated 
as follows :— 


HELIconInNz—Genus Heliconius. 


Heliconius numata.—Thirty-three specimens received 
in all. 


UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE. 
Hind-wing narrowly banded 
black . Sh icayie i (a ae, nde a = OF — 
Hind-wing widely banded black | 19 = 58 ¥ — 
Hind-wing with band almost 
submerged with outer margin SS i Gh — 
Hind-wing with band totally 
submemed 2.3.5 6 6 at Q G7 — 
33 _— 


It will be seen that by far the largest percentage have 
the hind-wing very broadly (but very variably) black 
banded and that the extreme darkening is quite of rare 
occurrence, only 6'/ having been seen from the Potaro 
District. It is interesting to note that not a single 


¥ One of these may prove to be a distinct species, having a much 
narrower wing and a much broader yellow post-median band. 


424 Mr, W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


one of the forms shows signs of forming the rounded 
shape of the black patch conforming to that of Melinxa 
cramert, yet I have six H.numata from the Demerara River, 
and two or three from much lower down the Essequibo, 
viz. Rockstone and Bartica, which show this in a remark- 
able way. ‘Two in particular show a great extension of 
the black inwards about the cell, a phase of variation 
unknown to me from the Potaro. 

The other two species of Heliconius, viz. H. vetustus 
and H. silvana, have occurred quite sparingly, the latter 
especially so. HH. vetustus is here a comparatively constant 
species, and in the eight specimens secured the black area 
in the hind-wing is never divided by the ground colour. 
The only variation of the black area is that in some 
individuals the black extends nearer the costa, basally 
giving the appearance of a rounded area, while in others 
the black area stops short by quite a horizontal line. 


Heliconius vetustus. 


The eight specimens divide up thus :— 


. Black area sharply cut off 2i— 25 7, 
Upper-side Black area extended upwards 6 = 75 % 
BA gike Black area divided . 2= 25 7 
Under-side Black area undivided . 6 = 75 % 


The latter with the rounded black area agree very 
closely with some of the H. nuwmata, especially those 
(6 “% only) in which the black is undivided by the 
ground colour. But in the case of those that are almost 
undivided the shape is the same giving an agreement of 
another 27 //, or 33 / in all of the H. nwmata with this 
more usual form of /. vetustus. 

A study of the red sub-apical patches in the fore-wing 
gives the following interesting result :— 


Upper-side of fore-wing without red markings before apex 8 = 100 % 
Upper-side e with a rs = 
8 
Under-side of fore-wing without red markings before apex 7 = 88 % 
Under-side “ with $5 - L=12)% 
8 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 425 


The solitary specimen with three red markings has them 
well developed. The specimen is a 2, and has the more 
usual rounded black area to the hind-wing, and it was 
captured on July 19th, 1904—the height. of the rainy 
season. 

Heliconius silvana—the four specimens of this species 
are of remarkable interest. Two of them bear the usual 
pattern of black marking on the hind-wing while two 
show the black area divided by the ground colour, one 
being a good intermediate. Not one of the four have the 
white marginal spots developed. ‘The species undoubtedly 
shows the strong local influence of its relatives, and 
especially is this ‘to be noted in the two specimens with 
a banded hind-wing, these conforming with the predomi- 
nant forms of Melinwa mneme and Heliconius numata. 
These banded H. silvana, although rare, have been re- 
corded elsewhere. ‘There are two such specimens in the 
Hewitson collection at South Kensington. One labelled 
Upper Amazon, and another a much smaller specimen, 
but more completely banded, from Para. The species is 
evidently on one of the limits of its distribution or would 
surely be commoner, especially as elsewhere, such as at 
Para, it is a very common and plentiful insect. 

Heliconius ewcoma—aA single specimen was secured by 
Mr. C. B. Roberts in 1902. It ditfers in no way from the 
type, and is'a mere accidental visitor, apparently to the 
Potaro region. The home of the species is on the Lower 
Amazon. The species readily fits in with the group 
through the more extremely banded forms of Heliconius 
numata. 


HELICONINE, Genus Hueides. 


Three species of Hucides have occurred, Hueides isabella, 
Eueides vibilia, and Euecides nigrofulva.* The two former 
only singly and the last not uncommonly. It is curious 
that one of the single specimens (that of #. <sabella) is a 
“common species, while the only species that has occurred 
at all frequently was found to be an undescribed species. 
It is this new species that conforms to a considerable 
extent to the main group, while #. zsabella (as far as can 
be ascertained from a single individual) is of the ordinary 


* Vide Ent. 1906, p. 52. Three other species of Hueides have 
occurred belonging to another small family group, EH. lybia, H. 
aliphera, and EH. unifasciatus (?). 


426 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


form and shows no special influence of the main group. 
Eueides isabella, it should be mentioned here as elsewhere, 
strongly retains the pattern of the abundant Jechanitis 
polymnia, and this association is probably so ancient that 
the two species have had time to become fixed and definite. 
Both these two latter insects occur over a very wide area, 
and small variations of climate and environment have 
apparently little or no effect. 


Hueides nigrofulva. 


Of this newly discovered species twenty-five individuals 
in all have been secured. No less than twenty-two have 
been females while but three males have been taken. 
This may indicate that the males and females have 
different habits, but it may be simply that the males and 
females emerging at different times and that when the 
males were out they were either overlooked for something 
else or perhaps not looked for at all. This latter explana- 
tion seems to be more plausible when one examines the 
under-sides of the specimens as remarked on later. The 
series of females shows considerable transition from a 
moderately heavy-banded hind-wing, tending to fuse with 
the dark outer margin, to a fairly narrowly-banded form 
with no trace of fusion. 

Of the extreme dark form there are four examples, but 
in no case is the area between the central band and the 
dark outer margin uniformly black.. The males, as will 
be seen by a reference to the specimen of the insect, have 
a very much less dark hind-wing, with the black band far 
more broken up into spots than is ever found in the female. 
This difference together with the absence of yellow bands 
to the fore-wing gives the male sex a very different general 
appearance above. On the under-side, however, except for 
size, these differences vanish and there is practically no 
variation in the whole series of either males or females. 
This is remarkable testimony to the efficacy of selection 
when the species is at rest. Not only do male and female 
closely resemble one another on the under-side, but they 
with closed wings have a remarkable similarity to the 
under-side of Heliconius numata, and particularly to the 
less dark individuals of that species. The series of 
white marginal spots to the hind-wing, the most in- 
teresting appearance of a yellow patch of scales beyond 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 427 


the cell between veins 5 and 7, and three white apical 
spots on the fore-wing are alike found in both H. numata 
and £, nigrofulva, not to mention the general arrangement 
of bands and colours. 


Hueides isabella and Hueides vibilia. 


As already mentioned both of these species have 
occurred but only singly. #. isabella is a_ perfectly 
normal example. It is remarkable that on the under-side 
with the wings closed it is hardly to be distinguished from 
LE. nigrofulva except for the smaller sub-apical yellow spots 
forming a band. The straw-coloured patch of scales be- 
tween veins 5 and 7 is wanting, and points to a more 
recent association with the group or at least with 
Heliconius numata. 

The example of Luweides vibilia is much more removed 
from the normal and illustrates how this species is assum- 
ing a darkened hind-wing above. The black scaling of 
the marginal band shows an extension inwards towards 
the cell, and this is quite a special development in this 
species. The sub-apical straw-coloured spots are smaller 
than in typical examples and follow the pattern £. isabella. 
It must be confessed that on the under-side this insect has 
little of the general appearance of the majority of the 
group. The strong rayed aspect of the hind-wind without 
any band gives the insect a much more distinct and dif- 
ferent-looking appearance. But it cannot be overlooked 
that the dark suffusion of the hind-wing above is signifi- 
cant of the influence of the more pronounced black hind- 
winged species, and this like the Protogonius is probably a 
resultant of selection for this end made only on the wing. 


FAMILY—DANAIDA. 
Sub-family—L YCOREAN 4. 


The two members of the family Danaidx both offer 
remarkable instances of the influences of colour and 
pattern. The two species are Lycorea pasinuntia and 
Lycorea ceres. The former shows the influence of the 
darkening tendency in the hind-wing much less than the 
latter, and this is the more remarkable because in other 


428 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


localities even as close as Venezuela and Trinidad Z. ceres 
occurs, and never shows the deep black colour on the 
hind-wing, while Z. pasinuwntia has its home almost 
confined to Guiana and yet does not conform to the local 
influence to so great an extent nor in such a large pro- 
portion of the specimens. Both species occur chiefly in 
the long dry season which usually sets in at the end of 
August and lasts up to nearly the close of December, but 
odd specimens may be turned up at most times of the 
year, and I personally took several of each in May 1901, 
when the rainy season had begun in earnest a month 
previously. 

As has already been seen with the Ithomiines the 
darkening of the hind-wing is far more pronounced on the 
upper-side, in fact on the under-side there is always a well 
defined area where the dark scales fail to obliterate the 
band. Tabulated, Lycorea ceres works out thus :— 


Lycorea ceres. UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE. 


Hind-wing distinctly banded G— 2007 18 "9077, 
Hind-wing obscurely banded 12 ='60 7 | 2 On, 
Hind-wing band obliterated Zi Oi = 

20 20 


We thus find that on the upper-side the specimens with 
a wholly and partially obscured band number 70 /, while 
on the under-side they only number 10 °/, while the banded 
forms claim no less than 90'/, an almost complete reversal 
of the one to the other. 

That this species should vary so in regard to the 
colouring of the hind-wing is not to be surprised at, but it 
is very remarkable that the pattern of the fore-wing 
should remain so constant, as there is never any tendency 
to the form atergatis, such as is so frequently met with in 
Trinidad, nor is there any tendency to darkening of the 
fore-wing, such as is frequent in Peru, proving by the 
latter case that the species is in no need of adopting a 
more uniformly dark aspect, even though it is able under 
certain conditions to do so. The interest centring round 
Lycorea ceres must always be considerable. It is a species 
that occurs in one or other of its forms throughout nearly 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 429 


the whole of Central and South America with Cuba and 
Haiti, It is true most of the forms are known as distinct 
species, but if we only could ascertain where the forms 
overlapped such as we know atergatis and ceres overlap in 
Trinidad, there could be no possible doubt that the species 
was continuous from Mexico to Southern Brazil and from 
Peru to Para, and that we should find the forms merging 
one into another. With such a species as this it should 
be possible to decide by experiment whether all different 
climates and different climatic conditions tend to produce 
different geographical races as we know them, or whether 
the action of mimicry by selection is sufficient to account 
for these changes. That such a species should adopt 
so many tones of colour cannot be, because the forest has 
such a varying aspect, and that the insect when on the 
wing is variously concealed. The species in several of its 
phases (? all) is extremely conspicuous in flight, and in 
Guiana at least it is very conspicuous at rest on the 
flowers of Hupatoriwm macrophyllum. This Hupatorium 
is a widely distributed and common plant, and it is quite 
likely that in other parts of the continent it is frequented 
by this same Zycorea under various guises, 


Lycorea pasinuntia. 


This species is certainly commoner than the previous 
but its variation is not so considerable. And with regard 
to the complete darkening of the area of the band in the 
hind-wing it is a comparatively rare feature. 

The variation works out thus with 27 examples :— 


Lycorea pasinuntia. UPPER-SIDE. UNDER-SIDE. 


Hind-wing distinctly banded 18 = 66 7% 25 = 93 % 
Hind-wing obscurely banded * 692.7% wih 
Hind-wing band obliterated + = ee I = 

27 27 


* This is the extreme form, but it is not nearly so complete as in 
L. ceres, 

+ Under this class are placed all those that are not completely 
banded, but the average is not so great as with L. ceres. 


430 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


Table showing comparative percentages of species 
exhibiting a large undivided black area on UNDER-SIDE 


and UPPER-SIDE of hind wing. 


UPPER-SIDE, 


UNDER-SIDE. 


ee 
puoona snisnwUL 
7% OG = 
DUALS purba 
ze OL 9 =m SI 
$9.99 pyaqnsr DynUNU pajona oruulijod awa 
= % UU 4% 8 7 OOL anes h, v¥ * 96 
adovyyno pyunuisnd paynfoubru sngqsngaa sppupyad dlafuod VLaUDLo 
OLY 
puLoona SNISDUUW 
Dunas amunrba 
ae ae 5 hb & aa zh BI 
$9.199 mpjaqnsy DIU wajona pruulijgod auLawur 
ae x fo I = fo Gh aie xh G he Gh 
adovjn9 piyunursnd naynfoubrve sngsnganr sppypryd nvafrwund WLIW 
“STPTPORTRIG “"BaLOOATT “‘soprongy “SHIMOOTTOFT | ‘VIUTyVAIAD | ‘SIJIUBTOSTT | “VeUIpEPT 
‘WOLVNVG 
*H# CINIOAY “WW NIN zc VHdQ? 
a ANVANOOKT W NINOOITS HY WAIIVHAWAN ONIIWOHLT 


* The extreme black form still shows slight indication of banding 


} Still showing a trace of banding. 


beneath. 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana. 431 


Tithorea harmonia, Protogonius hippona, and Dismorphia 
amphione. Of these three species that fit into the group 
but have not yet occurred on the Potaro it is highly 
probable that the Zithorea harmonia remains to be dis- 
covered. It has been taken at Aunai,a locality higher up 
the Essequibo. Two specimens at South Kensington bear 
Aunai labels, and it is remarkable that both of these show 
no trace of the darkening of the hind-wing but are of the 
extreme banded form. One of the specimens exhibits the 
characteristic red apical markings on the under-side while 
the other is wholly without them. It seems clear from 
the material available that Surinam and Cayenne produce 
the darkest forms of 7. harmonia, while British Guiana 
gives the megara form which is banded. Cramer's figure 
of harmonia shows the insect on the under-side and gives 
the heavy black form with only the veins showing of the 
ground colour. It is however significant that in five 
specimens from Paramaribo at South Kensington only one 
shows an unbanded form on the under-side. In this latter 
form the Zithorea fits in much better with the group 
generally, as it has already been shown how frequently 
the black area is divided on the under-side even when 
complete on the upper-side. 

Protogonius hippona fits in admirably with the group; 
many of the special characteristics being exceedingly well 
brought out. The only specimens that I know of and 
have seen of this species are one from Berbice and two 
from Cayenne. It is therefore possible that the insect 
belongs more strictly to the territory known as Dutch and 
French Guiana, Berbice being conterminous with Surinam 
although within the British area. The insect is chiefly 
remarkable in having besides the heavy blackening of the 
hind-wing a row of very conspicuous large white spots to 
the margin of the hind-wing, at once recalling the Lycoreas, 
ceres and pasinuntia. As with all the Protogonius species 
this one is doubly protected in having a cryptic under- 
side, while on the upper-side it gains protection by simili- 
tude to a protected group. 

It cannot however here be insisted too strongly that 
the Protogonius proves most conclusively that when it is 
on the wing it must be the wpper-side that is seen by its 
enemies, or else how could such a pattern be evolved 
independently of the very different pattern of the under- 
side ? 


432 Mr. W. J. Kaye’s Notes on the dominant Miillerian 


Table showing members of the group that 


ITHOMIINE NYMPHALID&. 


HELICONINA. 


LYCOREANE DANAIDA., 


ERYCINIDA, 


JANUARY. 


FEBRUARY, 


MARCH. 


APRIL. 


MAY. 


JUNE. 


J 


M. mneme. 
M. crameri. 


M. egina. 


Mech. pannifera. 


M, polymnia. 
C. euclea. 


Hel. vetustus. 


Hl. numata. 


— 


E. nigrofulva. 


M. mneme. 
M, crameri. 
M. egina, 

M. pannifera. 
M, polymnia, 
C. euclea. 


H, vetustus. 
H. numata. 


H, silvana. 


M. mneme. 
M. crameri. 
M. egina. 


M. mnasius. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia. 


C. euclea. 


H, vetustus. 
H. numata. 
H. silvana. 


E. nigrofulva. 


S. calliope. 


M. mnene. 
M. crameri. 
M. egina. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia. 


C. euclea. 


H. numata,. 


H, eucoma. 


E. nigrofulva. 


M. mneme. 
M. crameri. 
M. egina. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia, 
C. euclea. 


C. philidas. 


H. vetustus. 


A. numata. 


E. nigrofulva. 


L. pasinuntia. 


L. ceres. 


M. mneme. 


M. crameri. 


M. pannifer 
M. polymnic 


C. euclea. 


E. nigrofulw 


group of Butterflies, Potaro District, British Guiana, 433 


have occurred in each month of the year. 


JULY. AUGUST, SEPTEMBER. OCTOBER. NOVEMBER. DECEMBER. 
M. mneme. M. mneme. M. mneme. M. mneme. M, mneme. M. mneme. 
M, crameri. M. crameri. M. crameri. M, crameri. M. crameri. M. crameri. 
— M. egina. == = M. egina. M. egina. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia. 
C. euclea. 


— 


H. numata. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia. 


C. euclea. 


H. vetustus. 


E. nigrofulva. 


L. pasinuntia. 


L. ceres. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polyinnia. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia. 


L. pasinuntia. 


L. ceres. 


M. pannifera. 


M. polymnia, 


HZ, vetustus. 


HA. numata, 


E. nigrofulva. 


L. pasinuntia. 


L. ceres. 


M. pannifera, 


M. polymnia. 


H, vetustua. 


A. numata, 


EB. nigrofulva. 


L. pasinuntia, 


LI. ceres. 


434 Mr. W. J. Kaye on Miillerian Butter flics. 


In viewing the group as a whole what is most striking 
is that there is much closer agreement on the under-side 
than on the upper-side, and it is quite clear that selection 
must take place while the insects are resting with their 
wings folded. It should be convincing to the greatest 
sceptic that say the red apical marks on the under-side 
could never run through such a series if selection were 
made on the wing as is affirmed by all those who implicitly 
believe in the protective environment theory. What 
comes out clearly from these investigations is that only 
two species, Melinva crameri and Heliconius vetustus, show 
a large proportion of specimens with a heavy black under- 
side. The tendency at the present time is all in favour 
of a banded under-side. On the upper-side the black 
development is far more pronounced as Mechanitis panni- 
fera joins in with 50 °/ of its forms dark and Lycorea ceres 
with 40 /. Whatever however may be the real cause of 
these darkened hind-winged forms so characteristic of the 
Guiana region it is certain that the forces at work are now 
not so potent for their development as for the more barred 
forms. It however may be that the selection for the 
upper-side made upon the flying specimen is acting much 
more slowly than upon the sedentary individuals, and 
this at least seems plausible as it 1s beyond question 
that the members of this large group spend the greater 
part of their time at rest on flower-heads and become so 
engrossed, that they show no inclination to fly, a collector 
being able to catch individuals with his fingers as they sit 
feeding. 


Explanation of Plates. 435 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PPAR xO LD 


Miullerian group of lthomiine, Lycoreane, Heliconine, and Lemon- 
line butterflies, showing the darkest forms. The upper- and under- 
sides of every specimen is shown. 

All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its 
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth 
and tenth mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.) 

All figures are about 3 of the natural size. 


Fic. ITHOMIINE. 

1. Mechanitis pannifera, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 
1903 : in Hope Dep. 

2. Mechanitis pannifera, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, about Aug. 
—Oct. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye. 

3. Mechanitis polymnia, 2: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 14th, 
1905: in Coll. Kaye. 

4. Ceratinia philidas: captured by W. J. Kaye, May 17th, 1901 ; 
in Coll. Kaye. 

5. Melina egina: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug, 28th, 1903: in 
Hope Dep. 

6. Melinxa crameri: captured by C. B. Roberts, no date: in Coll. 
Kaye. 

7. Melinxa mneme: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 ; 
in Hope Dep. 

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 7, Pl. XXVI. 


LyYcoREAN#. 
8, Lycorea ceres: captured by C. B, Roberts, Nov.—Dec. 1901 : in 
Coll. Kaye. 
9. Lycorea pasinuntia: captured by C. B. Roberts, no date: in 
Coll. Kaye. 
HELICONINA. 
10. Heliconius silvana : captured by C. B, Roberts, March 5th, 1905: 
in Coll. Kaye. 
11. Heliconius vetustus: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 18th, 
1905: in Coll. Kaye. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART LI. (JAN. 1907) 29 


436 Explanation of Plates. 


Fig. 

12. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, April 2, 1905: 
in Coll. Kaye. 

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 14, Pl. XXVI. 

13. Hueides aigrofulva g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.—Dec. 
1902 : in Coll. Kaye. 

14, Hueides nigrofulva, 9 : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 25th, 
1905 : in Coll. Kaye. 


LeMONIIN”. 
15. Stalachtis calliope : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 26th, 1905 : 
in Coll. Kaye. 


PLatEes XXIV (UPPER-SIDES) AND XXV (UNDER-SIDES). 


Miillerian group of Ithomiine, Lycoreane, and Heliconine butter- 
flies, showing the extreme banded forms. 

The specimens represented are the: same, and their figures occupy 
corresponding positions on both plates. 

All specimens are from the Potaro River, and all, except those 
represented in 10 and 14, from thirty miles above its confluence with 
the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth and tenth 
mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.) Specimens 
shown in Figs. 10 and 14 are from Tumatumari, fifteen miles lower 
down the Potaro river. 

All figures are 3 of the natural size. 


I?rHOMIINA, 
1. Mechaunitis pannifera, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Sept. 1903: 
in Coll. Kaye. 
2. Mechanitis polymnia, g : captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.— 
Dec. 1901: in Coll. Kaye. 
3. Mechanitis polymnia, 2 : captured by C. B. Roberts, Sept. 3rd, 
1903 : in Coll. Kaye. 
4, Cerutinia euclea form ninonia: captured by Percival, April 3rd, 
1904: in Coll, Kaye. 
. Melinxa crameri, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 
1903 : in Hope Dep. 
6. Melinxa mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, August 28th, 
1903: in Hope Dep. 
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 2, Pl. XXVI. 
7. Melinxa mnasius: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 17th, 1905: 
in Coll. Kaye. 


on 


Explanation of Plates. 437 


Fic. LYCOREANS. 
8. Lycorea ceres: captured by C. B. Roberts, probably Dec. 1901 or 
Jan. 1902: in Hope Dep. 
9. Lycorea pasinuntia: captured by C. B. Roberts, Oct. 1901: in 
Hope Dep. 
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 2, Pl. XXVILI. 


HELICONINAE. 


10. Heliconius silvana ab. divisus : captured, in 1904, by G. C. Cole 
at Tumatumari, Potaro River, fifteen miles above confluence 
with the Essequibo : in Coll. Kaye. 

11. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 10th, 1905: 
in Coll. Kaye. 

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 8, Pl. XXVI. 

12. Helicomus ewcoma: captured by C. B. Roberts, about 1902 : in 
Coll. Kaye. 

13. Eueides nigrofulva, 2? : captured by C. B. Roberts, June 30th, 
1902: in Coll. Kaye. 

14. Eueides isabella : captured, in 1904, by G. C. Cole at Tumatu- 
mari (see Fig. 10): in Coll. Kaye. 


PLATE XXVI. 


Series of Melinea mneme and Heliconius numata, showing parallel 
transition from barred to black hind-wings. ? 

All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its 
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth 
and tenth mile from the Potaro, on the road to the gold mines.) 

All figures are ? of the natural size. 


1 Melinea mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B, Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903: 
in Hope Dep. 

2. Melinxa mneme, g: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903: 
in Hope Dep. 

The same specimen is represented in Fig. 6, Pl. XXIV, XXYV. 

3. Melinxa mneme, J: captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903: 
in Hope Dep. 

4. Melinxa mneme, J : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1908 : 
in Hope Dep. 

5. Melinexa mneme, 3 : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 29th, 1903 : 
in Hope Dep. 


438 Explanation of Plates. 


Fic. 
6. Melinza mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903: 
in Hope Dep. 
7. Melinza mneme, ¢ : captured by C. B. Roberts, Aug. 28th, 1903 : 
in Hope Dep. ; 
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 11, Pl. XXIV, XXV. 
8. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 10th, 1905 : 
in Coll. Kaye. 
9. Heliconius numata : captured by C. B. Roberts, March 8rd, 1905 : 
in Coll. Kaye. 
10. Heliconius nwmata: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 4th, 1905: 
in Coll. Kaye. 
11. Heliconius numata, captured by C. B. Roberts, Feb. 9th, 1905 : 
in Coll, Kaye. 
12. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, March 4th, 1905 : 
in Coll, Kaye. 
13. Heliconius numata: captured by C. B. Roberts, Dec. 9th, 1904 : 
in Coll Kaye. 
14. Heliconius nwmata: captured by C. B. Roberts, April 2nd, 1905 : 
The same specimen is represented in Fig. 12, Pl. XXIII. 


Prate XXYII. 


Series of Lycorea pasinuntia and Lycorea ceres, transition from 
barred to black hind-wing, showing parallel. 

All specimens are from the Potaro River, thirty miles above its 
confluence with the Essequibo, British Guiana. (Between the eighth 
and tenth mile from the Potaro on the road to the gold mines.) 

All figures are about ? of the natural size. 


1. Lycorea pasinuntia, barred form; captured by C. B. Roberts, 
Oct. 1901: in Coll. Kaye. 
2. Lycorea pasinuntia, darkest barred form: captured by C. B. 
Roberts, Oct. 1901 : in Hope Dep. 
The same specimen is also figured in Plates XXIV and XXV, 
Fig. 9. 
3. Lycorea pasinuntia, intermediate form: captured by C. B, Roberts, 
Nov.—Dee. 1901: in Coll. Kaye. 
4, Lycorea pasinuntia, dark form with faint traces of inner section 
of pale submarginal band ; captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.— 
Dec. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye. 


Explanation of Plates. 439 


Fia. 
5. Lycorea pasinuntia, dark form with faint trace of inner end of 


pale submarginal band: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.— 
Dec. 1901 : in Coll, Kaye. 

6. Lycorea pasinuntia, darkest form: captured by C. B. Roberts 

in 1901: in Coll. Kaye. 

Lycorea ceres, barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts, Nov.— 

Dec. 1901: in Coll. Kaye. 

8. Lycorea ceres, darker barred form: captured by C. B. Roberts, 
Oct. 1901 : in Coll. Kaye. 

9. Lycorea ceres, median section of pale submarginal band has 
disappeared : captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec., 
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep. 

10. Lycorea ceres, more complete disappearance of median section of 
pale band: captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec., 
or 1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep. 

11. Lycorea ceres, submarginal bar as in last figure ; the pale discal 
bar is however far more reduced in the specimen here repre- 
sented: captured by C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec., or 
1902, probably Jan. : in Hope Dep. 

12. Lycorea ceres, darkest form, only the costal end of the sub- 
marginal bar can now be detected, while the inner section of 
the discal bar is only represented by traces, and its outer part 
has disappeared, In this important respect Lycorea ceres is 
much in advance of DL. pasinwntia in the tendency towards 
progressive darkening: C. B. Roberts, 1901, probably Dec., 
or 1902, probably Jan, : in Hope Dep. 


-~J 


k 


( 44a) 


XVIII. A Contribution to the Classification of the 
Coleopterous family Passalide. By GILBERT 
J. ARrRow, F.E.S. 


[Read October 3rd, 1906,] 


THE Passalide form a family which, almost universally 
distributed and very abundant in the forest regions of 
the Tropics, is probably as compact and homogeneous as 
any equally numerous and widely distributed group of 
animals. As a corollary we find the differences between 
the component forms very slight and with exceedingly 
numerous degrees of variation the separation into species 
is very imperfect. 

Whether the remarkable secondary adaptation of the 
wings to serve as organs of sound-production is to be 
regarded as cause or effect, it seems to be the case that 
their primary function is becoming obsolete, species being 
found in different parts of the family in which they are 
already useless for flight. The result is that locomotion 
has become very restricted and segregation into a multi- 
tude of local forms, too recent for marked specific 
differentiation has taken place. 

From their generally large size, general form and 
manner of life, the Passalidx could not fail to be associated 
in the mind with the Lucanide, but the generally accepted 
view that there is a special relationship between the two 
families I believe, as I have previously stated, has little 
substantial foundation. A rather striking feature in which 
the Passalide differ from the Lucanidx, as from wood- 
feeding insects in general, is their constancy of size, a 
phenomenon of which we have recently learnt the probable 
explanation, Dr. Ohaus has made the very interesting 
discovery that these insects are not during their early 
stages at the mercy of the rather precarious circumstances 
of their environment like others of the same habit of life, 
but that by asocial organisation of a kind new to us among 
insects they have become to some extent masters of their 
fate. The Brazilian species studied by this naturalist 
live in small communities consisting of the two parents 

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND, 1906.—PART IV. (JAN, 1907) 


1.42 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


and from two to seven larve, the parents tending their 
young, preparing their food and if necessary guiding them 
into safety. 

The lamented death of Herr Richard Zang is only the 
latest of a series of misfortunes which have befallen a 
family of insects which as regards its systematic treatment 
has surely been the most unfortunate of groups. The 
remarkable classification of Kaup, based upon geometrical 
principles is notorious. The posthumously published 
monograph of Kuwert, without bemg founded upon a 
radically false conception, has similarly suffered from a 
futile attempt to achieve finality with extremely im- 
perfect materials. The much less ambitious work of 
Stoliczka upon Oriental species, being the work of a 
naturalist who would scarcely have claimed to be an 
entomologist, has naturally in its degree increased instead 
of diminishing the confusion. And now a fresh mis- 
fortune has overtaken this study in the untimely death 
of a young entomologist who had within the last two or 
three years commenced a serious investigation of the 
family. The few papers already published by him 
reduced at least to a small extent the tangle existing 
and gave promise of a valuable accomplishment in a field 
where the exceptional difficulties must repel anyone not 
both enthusiastic and painstaking in a special degree. 
It can hardly be hoped that the loss will be soon repaired 
in spite of the great need. No list of the species has 
been published since 1868 although the number of names 
now almost quadruples that of the Munich Catalogue, 
nor can a complete catalogue be usefully undertaken 
until a thorough examination and comparison of the more 
than 600 types have been made by a specialist. 

The Monograph of Kuwert is an admirably consistent 
and laborious work which, had its author lived and availed 
himself of increased materials and experience, would no 
doubt have been considerably corrected and improved. 
In its published form its value is largely destroyed by the 
aim at an impossible exhaustiveness having led him to 
include hasty determinations and descriptions based upon 
single, imperfect or abnormal specimens and to ignore 
the facts of geographical distribution and the rules of 
nomenclature. 

Most of the common species of older authors have been 
subdivided by Kuwert by a minute examination of 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 44:3 


external structure and some of the forms distinguished 
by him are no doubt constant and worthy of separation, 
but he seems not to have recognised the existence of 
variability and based species as confidently upon single 
specimens, even if immature or worn, as upon compared 
series. The absence of the types of the older systematists 
too rendered it impossible to allocate the old names 
among the forms tabulated by him, nor did he pay much 
attention to the indications afforded by locality, ete. <A 
further complication has been introduced by the publica- 
tion of anumber of descriptions of Central American forms 
by Mr. T. L. Casey during the issue of Kuwert’s Monograph. 

Thus the Paxillus leachi of Macleay, hitherto regarded 
as ranging from Mexico to Brazil, has been divided into 
six species by Kuwert and the original name assigned to 
an insect from Guatemala, although Macleay indicates 
the habitat of the type as “8S. America.’ Yet another 
name, P. parvus, has been bestowed upon specimens from 
Honduras by Mr. Casey who assigns P. leachi to Brazil, 
and distinguishes it as a larger species, although neither 
size nor province was specified by Macleay, whose type is 
presumably in Australia. Such work done in the dark 
has introduced almost hopeless confusion into many parts 
of the family. In the present instance I have been 
unable to find any specific distinctions after carefully 
examining a long series of specimens representing almost 
every province from Southern Mexico to the Amazons, 
and the range of size is not greater than that given by 
Mr. Casey for his Honduran examples. H. W. Bates was 
of the same opinion with regard to the Central American 
specimens, of which Kuwert makes five species. The 
latter's disregard for both geographical distribution and 
the element of wear is curiously shown in one of these five 
forms which he records from “Guatemala and Paramaribo,’ 
and distinguishes only by the absence of the customary 
slight hair-tufts upon the shoulders and in the separation 
of the five into two divisions according to the existence 
of two or three terminal teeth to the mandible. These 
features are valueless by themselves, since the shoulder- 
tufts frequently and the inner teeth of the mandible almost 
invariably, become worn down and indicate nothing but 
the age of the individual. 

A considerable number of Kuwert’s species have no 
greater value than these, but on the other hand his 


444, Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


minute research has led him to detect points of difference 
overlooked by others which in insular forms or when 
from any cause segregation has taken place have a real 
value. 

In the present paper I have only attempted to correct 
a few of his errors which have come under my notice 
in the course of an examination of older authors’ types 
existing in this country. M. René Oberthiir, now the 
possessor of Kuwert’s collection, has kindly sent me such 
of his types as were necessary for comparison. I have 
examined all the types of Hope, Smith, and Bates, and 
those of Percheron, Truqui and Kaup in our collections. 

A second purpose of this paper is to enumerate the 
species of Passalide brought by Mr. H. H. Smith from 
the islands of St. Vincent and Grenada, so completing my 
list of the Lamellicorn fauna of those islands so far as it 1s 
known. This has entailed the description of one new 
species. Descriptions of a few other new species in the 
British Museum collection have also been added. 

The following list comprises the whole of the species of 
which the types are in the Oxford Museum placed in 
their modern genera, the names in brackets being those 
which become synonyms— 

Ceratocupes (Cihastatus, Perch.)=/fronticornis, Westw. 
This is recorded by Percheron as of unknown locality, but 
his type bears the label “ Hardwickii, Hope. Nepal,” and 
on another label “ Bengal,’ and was no doubt brought 
from Nepal by Maj. Gen. Hardwicke. The species was 
described two years earlier by Westwood, from the Melly 
collection in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, (vi), p. 124. 
There has been strange confusion about this reference. 

Comacupes punctifrons, Hope. 

Heliscus (subcornutus, Hope)=H. tropicus, Perch. 

Spasalus hoper, Perch. 

Veturius platyrrhinus, Hope. As stated by Hope, the 
type is from Venezuela. Kuwert has given the Amazons 
as its habitat, while Bates has put together several Central 
American forms under this name, Of these all the 
specimens from Nicaragua and part of those from Costa 
Rica and Panama belong to V. sinwatocollis, Kuw., and two 
other specimens I have described later on as V. isthmicus. 
The remaining specimens from Costa Rica and Panama 
agree with the short diagnosis of V. platyrrhinoides, Kuw. 
(Bolivia) which I do not consider sufficiently differentiated 


the Coleopterous family Passalidex. 445 


from Hope’s example for separate recognition. We have 
also a series from Ecuador, but I have seen no examples of 
V. platyrrhinus from Brazil. 

Epiphoroneus, gen. nov. (tetragonus, Hope) = (quadri- 
Jrons, Perch. = occipitalis, Eschs). I have found in the Hope 
Collection, in addition to the type of Hope’s description, a 
specimen of this species labelled in Percheron’s handwrit- 
ing “quadrifrons, P. localité?” In Percheron’s Mono- 
graph quadrifrons is said to come from the Cape of Good 
Hope, and Kuwert has placed it, on account of its reputed 
habitat in the genus Didymus. No Passalidz are known 
in §. Africa, although Kuwert includes several others, and 
this insect seems to be not uncommon in Brazil. It was 
tentatively referred (as tetragonus, Perch.) by Kuwert to 
his species Morosophus ruhli, but is quite different and 
agrees with no existing genus, and I have been obliged to 
form one (characterised later) to receive it. 

Leptaulax vicinus, Perch. This occurs in Penang and 
Borneo (Sarawak). It is incorrectly put down by Kuwert 
as synonymous with ZL. planus, Il., but is more related to 
LI. angustifrons. It is rather larger and has no large 
punctures upon the metasternum, which is finely and 
thickly punctured in front. All these species belong to 
the genus Leptaulacides as recently characterised by Zang. 

EHumelosomus africanus, Perch, = (#. levipectus, Auriv.). 
Burmeister and all subsequent writers have relegated this 
to Didymus parastictus, Imh. It is a much more convex 
species with a more thickly punctured thorax and by the 
median tooth of the clypeus is excluded from the gen. 
Didymus in Kuwert’s sense. In the British Museum 
there are specimens from Sierra Leone, Cameroon and 
even from Uganda (Msozi), so that its range is very wide. 

Pentalobus palinii, Perch. Inhabits the Gold Coast 
(Akropong) and Gaboon. 

Basilianus cantori, Perch. 

Gonatas naviculator, Perch. 

Pharochilus rugiceps, Hope, is probably P. brevidentatus, 
Kuw., and is exceedingly close to P. politus, Burm., but 
the side pieces of the mentum are smooth and sooty. It 
is placed by Kuwert in another section of the genus. 

Pharochilus cancrus, Perch. = P. dilatatus, Dalm. 
This has been wrongly identified with a species of Tiberius. 
The type is a very immature specimen of unknown habitat 
and the error is therefore not surprising. Percheron 


446 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


applied the name dilatatus to the allied P. politus, Burm., 
as has long been known. As the species to which the 
name cancrus has hitherto been assigned is a well-marked 
one for which no other name is available it will be well to 
call it Tiberius kuwerte. 

Certain of the most remarkable forms of Passalidee have 
not yet found their proper places in the system. The 
genus Cylindrocaulus of Fairmaire, a curious Chinese 
insect, and the Mexican Spurius bicornis, Truqui, were 
together made into a sub-family by Kuwert, a strange 
proceeding due only to the absence in both of the median 
cephalic horn common to most sections of the family. 
Cylindrocaulus bucerus, Fairm., is an apterous insect of 
very peculiar form, but still more peculiar is Awlacocyclus 
patalis, Lewis, an allied Japanese species for which a new 
genus Aurikulus has been made by Zang. It was de- 
scribed and figured in the Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1883, 
p. 341, Pl. xiv, figs. 6 and 7, but was overlooked by 
Kuwert. In both species the dise of the thorax is drawn 
out in front imto a bifid protuberance, a feature very 
strange for this family, although shghtly suggested by the 
form of the thorax in Ceratocupes, and it is in the vicinity 
of that genus that other essential characters of these forms 
place them, although probably the most aberrant species 
in the family. In C. bucerus the front coxa are separated 
by a strongly elevated lamina, which is an infringement of 
a main feature of the Aulacocyclinz, but in A. patalis the 
cox are more elevated than the intervening lamina, 
which is so much reduced that they are practically con- 
tiguous in the middle. The very short connate elytra 
(indicating inability to fly) are also quite exceptional, 
the only flightless Passalide hitherto recorded being of 
American genera. A. patalis, Lewis, has the elytra even 
shorter relatively and more bulbous than C. bucerus, 
Fairm., which I have been kindly enabled to examine by 
M. Oberthiir, who possesses also an undescribed insect 
from Wa-shan which, although head and thorax are formed 
like those of Cylindrocaulus, is winged and has the hinder 
part of the normal shape. The head in these beetles is 
quite smooth and concave, and its lateral walls are pro- 
duced above the eyes into a pair of horns, which in C. 
bucerus are slender and pointed and in A. patalis flattened, 
widening from base to extremity, where they are truncated 
by an incurved line. In the latter insect there is also a 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 44:7 


rather sharp tubercle below each shoulder formed by the 
extreme lateral margins of the elytra. The stridulating 
apparatus is like that of Proculejus and other flightless 
genera, a narrow strip of each wing having been retained 
for the purpose. 

Another Oriental genus Kaupiolus (Vellejus, Kaup.), is 
flightless, a fact not ‘hitherto recorded. Although having 
the form of the elytra always attending this condition it 
has no special affinity with any of ‘the other genera 
exhibiting it. 

I am able to supply the true habitat of two species of 
Aulacocycline of which it has remained unknown. The 
type of Comacupes felderi, Stol., is in M. Oberthiir’s col- 
lection, and I have identified it with an insect in our 
collection found by Wallace at Amboina. Teniocerus 
deyrollet, Kaup, is recorded as coming from St. Denis in 
Réunion I. M. Oberthiir has sent me a specimen showing 
that this is due to a mis-reading of “Pt. Denis.” an 
abbreviation standing for Port Denison in N. Queensland. 

The Passalus sagittarius of Smith has been the subject 
of extreme confusion. In his “ Prodromus,’ Kaup placed 
this first in his new genus Ozlews, uniting P. rimator, 
Truqui, with it as conspecific. The types, both of which 
are in the British Museum, are quite different. Kaup deter- 
mined a specimen in the collection as sagittarvus, but 
evidently overlooked the type, for his description applies 
to neither that nor his identified specimen which are quite 
distinct from one another. In a later work he restricted 
Oileus to the so-called sagittarius, and another species 
(heros, Truqui), not previously assigned to it, and finally, 
in his Monograph he rejected sagittar 1Us also, completing 
the transformation of his genus into ‘ ‘something new and 
strange.” “Sagittarius” now constitutes, together with a 
second form sargi, Kaup, the genus fimor; but further 
adventures are in store for it, for Kuwert has contributed 
his share to the tangle, dividing Aimor into two, and 
placing the perturbed ghost of sagittarius in his Rimoricus 
Both authors refer to rimator, Truqui, by this name, and 
they have been followed by Batesin the “ Biologia Centr.- 
Americana”; and it seems to have been again described 
by Casey as Limor munitus. Our specimens, recorded by 
Bates, are chiefly from the same part of Mexico as those 
to which the later name is given, and although larger 
than Truqui’s, vary considerably in their proportions. In 


448 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


the latter respect, by which he distinguishes A. munitus, 
Casey's dimensions agree almost exactly with those of 
Truqur’s type. 

This species is therefore the proper type of Ovleus. 
Zang has rightly indicated the true species but without 
knowing that Kaup had wrongly applied the name sagit- 
tarius to it and has so become involved in the confusion. 
Passalus sagittarius, Smith, of which no second specimen 
is yet known, really belongs to Kuwert’s group Petrejine, 
ditfering from the genus Petrejus in being flightless, and 
having accordingly very short elytra fused together at the 
suture and curvilinear at the sides, <A similar form has 
been described as Procululus inca by Zang and, although 
the generic characters formulated from that species are 
not all exhibited by Smith’s insect, I think the two may 
very well be associated together. The type of Procululus 
sagittarius is rather larger than that of P. inca, it has the 
labrum arcuately excised along its whole width, so that 
the angles are acute, as the clypeal ridges extend beyond 
the front margin and are distinctly tuberculated both at 
their extremities and a little before, and the median horn 
is long, free, acutely pointed and without lateral out- 
growths behind. 

The synonymy of Oilews is accordingly as follows :— 


OILEus, Kaup, Col. Hefte, 1869, p. 3. 

ftimor, Kaup, Monogr., App. p. 119. 

, Bates, Biol. Centr.-Amer. (2) ii, pp. 10 and 383. 
, Kuwert, Nov. Zool, 1897, p. 287. 

Rimoricus, Kuwert, 1. c. 

rumator, Truqui, Rév. de Zool., 1857, p. 266. 
sagittarius, Kaup (nec Smith). 

, Bates, l.c. 

, Kuwert, 1. c. 

nunitus, Casey, Ann, New York Acad., 1x, 1897, p. 644. 
sargi, Kaup, l.c. 

v. honestus, Kuwert, l. ¢. 


Kuwert’s Rimor ridiculus has been separated by Zang 
as Coniger ridiculus, Kuw., and for the second Ozleus of 
Kaup (i.e. heros, Truqui) Zang has coined the new generic 
name Nasoproculus, 

The differences which served Kuwert for the generic 
separation of Oileus rimator, Truqui, and Saryi, Kaup, are. 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 44.9 


very insignificant and I do not thmk the desirability of 
sinking his name Aimoricus will be disputed. Similarly 
fiimor honestus, Kuw., owes its existence only to the 
occasional absence in Costa Rican examples of 0. surgi, 
Kaup, of a slight furrow upon the scutellum and a few 
other variable features of no greater importance. 

Fhodocanthopus maillei, Perch. has been quite un- 
naturally removed by Kuwert to the neighbourhood of 
Phoroneus and renamed Polyacanthopus, which is certainly 
a redundant name. Of the specimens attributed by Bates 
to the same species I can only recognise those from 
Cordova, Orizaba and Jalapa as really belonging to it. 
Other Mexican examples belong to Neleides punctatostriatus, 
Perch. and cwrtus, Bates, the series from Nicaragua 
appears to be another species, and the specimen from 
Chiriqui yet another. 2. molestus,iKuw., is very difficult 
to distinguish from /. mazllei, Perch. The genera Rhodo- 
canthopus and Neleides, although placed in different groups 
by Kaup and Kuwert, have been distinguished solely by 
the degrees of spininess of the middle tibia, which, as it 
shows a gradual crescendo from one extreme to the other, 
makes the line of demarcation quite arbitrary. Another 
difference which generally accompanies that of the middle 
tibia has not been noticed. It consists in the degree of 
prominence of the eyes, which in the species with strongly 
spined middle tibize are sunk in the head, very small and 
in general coarsely facetted. In the other series (Weleides) 
they are large and prominent and typically finely-facetted. 
This correspondence although not exact, probably indicates 
some difference of habit. Lhodocanthopus curtus, Bates, 
and tnops, Truqui, must be placed in Neleides. Both have 
been wrongly determined by Kuwert. ‘The former is very 
closely allied to WV. punctatostriatus, Perch., differing only 
in its shorter form. Although Bates recognised only 
a single specimen, identical individuals from Mexico, 
Guatemala and Panama were placed by him in &. puncta- 
tostriatus and &. maillet. 

The genus Plewrostylus owes its existence only to the 
exigencies of the Kaupian system. The type specimen of 
Pleurostylus trapezoides in our collection is a Brazilian 
species of the very common genus Veturius. By some 
accident the label of an Indian insect became attached to 
it, but there is no apparent reason why Kaup assigned 
it to his “Solenocyclee” as a probably African species, 


450 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


except that in his geometrical scheme a blank chanced to 
occur at that point. Vetwriws trapezoides is larger than, 
but has otherwise almost the characters of V. gabonis, 
Kuw., which is also attributed to Africa with no greater 
credibility. It should never have been described and least 
of all by a name selected to perpetuate an error. VJ. 
trapezoides, Kaup, was found at Bahia by Lacerda. Its 
middle tibize are rather thickly hairy and are also armed 
on the outer edge with a fairly strong spine. 

A curious example of the Kuwertian method is afforded 
by his genus Proculejoides. This he formed for Proculejus 
championi, Bates, of which the original specimens are in 
the British Museum. M. Oberthiir has sent me a speci- 
men of it from the Kuwert collection, which reveals the 
fact that this species is that figuring in the Monograph, 
not as Proculejoides championt, but as Ogyges levior, of 
Kaup, which is an obviously different insect. The few 
characters tabulated as distinctive of Proculejoides cham- 
proni, Bates, do not apply to it, and were apparently only 
derived from what he wrongly assumed it to be from 
Bates’ description. As it is very distinct from Ogyges it 
will be best to retain Kuwert’s name while correcting his 
diagnosis. The front of the clypeus forms a broad de- 
pressed band, not cut off, as stated, by a transverse groove. 
The antennal leaflets are much shorter than those of 
Ogyges levissimus. The elytra are not at all flattened, the 
intervals very convex and the striz not punctured except 
faintly in the lateral ones. The sides of the elytra are 
quite without hairs but there are a very few minute ones 
scattered over the anterior face. 

Herr Zang has added another species, P. granulipennis, 
Zang, which appears to have the true characters of the 
genus, but he was mistaken in also including Proculejus 
nudicostis, Bates, which he knew from description alone. 

The flightless Passalidee seem to var y in size to a greater 
extent than is usual in the family. There is a considerable 
range of variation in this respect in the giant Proculus 
seen and the same is the case in the genus Publius, 
of which the two species have both been described from 
unique specimens. Of P. crassus, Smith, we have, besides 
the types, two other specimens from Colombia, one of 
which is 50 mm. long and the other 42 mm. 

By the kindness of Herr Schenkling, of the Deuts. 
Ent. National Museum, I have also been able to examine 


the Coleopterous fanily Passalide. 451 


the types of P. spinipes, Zang, of which we have 
specimens from Chulumani, Bolivia, and R. Marca- 
pata, Peru. The Peruvian specimen is 47 mm. long. 
The spines upon the four posterior tibize, from which the 
species is named, are not always easily distinguishable, 
but it is a very well-marked form, easily recognisable by 
the feebleness of the elytral strize, which, contrary to the 
almost invariable rule among these insects, become fainter 
instead of stronger towards the sides. 

Kuwert has formed a new genus Vervoides for certain 
insects inhabiting Brazil and Guiana, of which he has 
recognized three species, differing from Verres only in the 
labrum being very deeply cleft. I believe one or all of 
them to be Verres furcilabris, Eschs., which Kuwert has 
left in the older genus. This is evidently due to some 
blunder, as he gives the habitat as Guatemala, although 
each of the authors quoted by him without comment has 
recognised it as a South American species. There are 
specimens in our collection, all of which I regard as belong- 
ing to Verroides furcilabris, Eschs., from the Amazons 
(Monte Alegre and Para), Pernambuco, British Guiana 
(Georgetown) and Trinidad. 

In the succeeding pages I describe, in addition to a 
new genus which I have already referred to as necessary 
for Passalus occipitalis, Eschs., a few well-marked new 
forms in our collection, beginning with one from the 
island of Grenada. In order to complete the enumeration 
of the Lamellicorn Coleoptera of St. Vincent and Grenada 
contained in two previous papers in these Transactions I 
give here a list of all the Passalidee from the West Indian 
Islands contained in our collection :— 


Verroides furcilabris, Eschs., Trinidad. 

Spasalus puncticollis, Serv. (Kuw.), Dominica, St. Lucia, 
Nevis. 

Passalus (Neleus, olim) interruptus, L., Trinidad. 

P. unicornis, Serv., Dominica, St. Lucia. 

P. tlascala, Perch., Trinidad, Grenada, St. Vincent. 

Scalmus (Ninus, Kuwert), wmterstitialis, Eschs., Trinidad, 
Grenada, Cuba, Jamaica. I can find no adequate 
justification for the numerous so-called species into 
which Kuwert has divided this. 

Pertinacides afinis, Perch., 8. Domingo, Hayti. 

Neleides antillarwm, sp. n., Grenada. 

TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907) 30 


452 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


Neleides antillarum, sp. 0. 


Modice convexus, sat brevis, cornu pyramidale postice vix pro- 
ducto, carinis anterioribus late et arcuatim divergentibus, brevissi- 
mis, tuberculis prominentibus a cornu et clypei dentibus externis 
fere equidistantibus terminantibus; prothorace subquadrato, margine 
antico fere recto, postice leviter arcuato, lateribus medio paulo con- 
strictis, angulis anticis fere acutis, disco lateribusque impunctatis, 
linea lata sinuata postoculare ex punctis magnis consistente ; 
scutello parcissime punctulato; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, 
interstitiis convexis, humeris paulo prominentibus, corpore subtus 
fere nudo, metasterno impunctato vel punctis obsoletis nonnullis 
lateraliter sparsuto. 

Long. 18°5-20 mm. 


Hab. GRENADA I., Windsor, Chantilly, Grand Etang. 

Among described species this 1s most nearly related to 
NV. guatemalensis, Kaup, but is rather larger and con- 
siderably more convex. It may easily be distinguished 
from that and all the other species tabulated by Kuwert 
by the form of the frontal carinz. The median cephalic 
process is short and upright, the posterior lateral append- 
ages are obsolete and the anterior carine are very short, 
enclosing a semicircular area with a slight elevation in 
the middle and stopping short at the frontal tubercles, 
which are placed only a little beyond the middle of the 
interval between the cephalic horn and the outer clypeal 
teeth. The shoulders are rather prominent and without 
hairs, and the elytra are deeply sulcate, with rather feeble 
puncturation in the sulci and highly convex intervals. 

Beetles and larve were found together by Mr. H. H. 
Smith in rotten logs in the forest between 500 and 2000 
feet altitude. 

The following is the third species of a peculiar and 
apparently rare Central American genus :— 


Trixnurgus solidus, sp. 0. 


Crassus, latus, subdepressus, clypeo antice toto marginato, minute 
quadridentato, dentibus interioribus distantibus, cornu frontale longo, 
usque ad clypei marginem porrecto, postice gibboso, profunde 
sulcato, carinis posticis brevibus, valde elevatis, anticis nullis ; pro- 
thorace fere quadrato ubique minutissime punctulato; medio pro- 
funde sulcato, lateraliter obsolete cicatricoso, punctis nonnullis in 
cicatrice, linea angusta, marginali vix punctata, antice haux dilatata ; 


the Coleopterous fanuly Passalide. 453 


scutello impunctato, medio suleato; elytris connatis, pone scu- 
tellum paulo productis, nitidis, profunde sulcatis, sulcis subtiliter 
punctatis, humeris paulo acuminatis; prosterno postice producto, 
rugoso, mesosterno glabro, lateraliter punctato, metasterno polito, 
postice transversim impresso, lateraliter grossissime punctato, tibiis 
4 posterioribus ‘vix spinosis, antennarum flabellis tribus modice 
elongatis. 
Long. 41-43 mm.; lat. 17 mm. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, Chuipache, Quezaetenango. 

Two specimens found by Mr. Richardson have been 
presented to the Museum by Mr. F. D. Godman. The 
species seems to closely resemble 7. junctistriatus, Kuw., 
which is intermediate in size between it and 7’. subopacus, 
Bates. In addition to its considerably larger size, it 
differs by the deep channel upon the posterior part of the 
cephalic horn, the absence of punctures upon the scutellum 
and the different form of the prosternal process. The 
median part of this is broad, parallel-sided, and strongly 
produced behind. In front it is deeply grooved at the 
sides and the median part is coarsely rugose. The meso- 
sternum is quite smooth and shining in the middle and 
the metasternum, as in 7. junctisir iatus, Kuw., is hairy at 
the sides, with very large confluent punctures near the 
hind angles. 


Veturius isthmicus, sp. 0. 


Parvus, modice elongatus, parallelus, cornu frontale parum elevato, 
carinis posticis transversis, frontalibus angulo acuto incipientibus, 
deinde angulo obtuso, tuberculo medio incluso duobusque termin- 
alibusaclypei margine multo distantibus ; prothorace modice trans- 
verso, margine antico fere recto, postico leviter arcuato, lateribus 
valde ampliatis, late sulcato, sulco obsolete punctato, antice haud 
dilatato, scutello dense punctulato, linea media angusta levi, elytris 
sat profunde striatis, haud punctatis ; mesosterno antice toto velutino, 
metasterno polito impunctato; tibiis 4 posterioribus spina valida 
post medium armatis, antennarum flabellis brevissimis. 

Long. 32°5 mm. 


Hab. Costa Rica, La Virgen, Sarapique; PANAMA, 
Bugaba. 

This is very near V. tuberculifrons, Kuw., from the 
Amazon region, and indeed the short description of that 
species applies also to this except for its rather smaller 
size and the fact that the sides as well as the middle of 


454 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


the mesosternum are silky and opaque. It is one of the 
smallest species of the genus, being about the size and 
shape of V. assimilis and cirrhatus, from which it differs 
by the strong spine on each side of the four posterior 
tibie and the deep but unpunctured elytral strie. The 
ridges of the head are well developed. The posterior 
caring are almost in a straight line and the frontal carinze 
form a very acute angle at the base of the median horn 
and afterwards rather abruptly diverge obtusely and en- 
close a broad tubercle. The terminal tubercles are promi- 
nent and separated by an interval rather more than half 
the breadth of the clypeus. There is no sharply incised 
line on the vertex of the head behind the horn. 


Veturius punctatostriatus, sp. 0. 


Sat brevis, nitidus, capite levissimo, clypeo paulo excurvato, 
utroque angulo late fossulato, cornu simplice ; prothorace parum 
transverso, lateribus sat regulariter curvatis, fossa laterale lata, 
antice haud dilatata; scutello crebre punctato, linea media levi; 
elytris profunde sulcatis, sulcis ubique punctatis, interstitiis valde 
convexis, prosterno postice dentato, mesosterno antice et lateraliter 
sericeo, postice nitido, metasterno nitido, impunctato, medio postice 
transverse impresso ; tibiis 4 posterioribus post medium fortiter 
spinosis. 

Long. 38 mm. 


Hab. British GUIANA, Georgetown. 

A number of specimens were collected by the Rev. W. 
Harper in 1877. The species is very distinct from all 
hitherto described and is easily recognisable by its com- 
paratively short form and the very deep punctured strize 
of the elytra. Like the last it must also be grouped with 
V. tuberculifrons in Kuwert’s arrangement. The head is 
very smooth, with a conical median horn, of which the 
lateral outgrowths (“nebenhocker”) are obsolete. The 
clypeus is slightly rounded in front and minutely notched 
in the middle and it is divided into three parts of equal 
length by the frontal tubercles, the two lateral divisions 
being rather deeply excavated. The carinz from the base 
of the horn to the frontal tubercles form almost a semi- 
circle. The transverse impression behind the horn is 
strongly curved and deeply incised. The prothorax is 
about 14 times as broad as it is long. The lateral margin 
is regularly curved and the channel is deep and punctured 


the Coleopterous family Passalidex. 455 


at the side but not punctured or dilated in front. The 
scutellum is thickly and finely punctured on each side of 
‘the median line. The elytra are rather short and convex, 
all the strize visibly and closely punctured and the inter- 
stices rounded. The labrum is slightly emarginate and 
the mentum has a protuberance at the middle. Each of 
the four posterior tibiz has a strong spine beyond the 
middle. 


Veturius peruvianus, sp. n. 


Parum elongatus, convexus, capite polito, cornu acuto, antice 
directo, carinis frontalibus triangulum equilaterale includentibus, 
carinis posticis fere transversis, paulo sinuatis, suleco postico paulo 
profundo, absque linea incisa ; prothorace convexo, toto impunctato, 
sulco laterale profundo, margine antico sinuato, angulis omnibus 
arcuatis, scutello punctulato, medio leve ; elytris profunde striatis, 
striis vix perspicue punctatis, interstitiis convexis, humeris antice 
pilis perpaucis ornatis ; meso- et metasterno glabris, impunctatis, 
illo antice toto sericeo-opaco ; tibiis 4 posterioribus extus absque 
spinis, dense hirsutis. 

Long. 42 mm. 


Hab. 8.E. Peru, Marcapata R. 

This is closely related to V. platyrrhinus, Hope, but is 
smaller and has the elytra relatively shorter and more 
broadly rounded behind, with more elevated costs. The 
clypeal ridges are distinct but rather less divergent than 
in that species, and the median horn is similar but the 
transverse lmpression behind it is shallow and without any 
incised line. The prothorax is rather less broad and more 
convex, the front margin sinuated, but less strongly, and 
less prominent in the middle. The anterior angles are also 
less prominent. 

Verres cavicollis, Bates, was evidently unknown to 
Kuwert, since the insect described by him under that 
name is scarcely distinguishable from V. hagent, Kaup. 
We have a specimen, also from Jalapa, agreeing with 
Kuwert’s diagnosis. The true V. cavicollis is a quite 
unmistakable species with avery long horizontal horn 
and large, nearly circular, pits at the front angles of the 
pronotum. 

The species described by Kuwert as Verres deflexicornis, 
of which the habitat was uncertain, is also in our collection. 
It inhabits Costa Rica. 


456 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


Petrejus archidonx, sp. n. 


Modice convexus, paulo brevis, clypei margine recto, capite postice 
glabro, cornu angusto, fere recto, haud sulecato, usque ad clypei 
marginem producto, carinis posterioribus fere parallelis, validis, 
earinis frontalibus postice transversis, deinde valde arcuatis antice 
recte productis, spatium triplice latius quam longius, subtiliter 
granulatum, includentibus, capite postice plane impresso, linea incisa 
valde arcuata, hujus intra utrumque extremitatem fossa profunda 
tuberculoque sat parvis ; prothorace transverso, sulco medio integro 
punctisque perpaucis posticis lateralibus ; scutello impunctato ; 
elytris profunde punctato-striatis, convexis, humeris antice pilis 
nonnullis brevissimis ornatis; metasterni angulis posticis vix 
punctatis. 

Long. 25 mm. 


Hab. N. Ecuapor, Archidona. 

This appears from Percheron’s sufficiently careful 
description to be very near P. nasutus, Perch., but with a 
rather different head. In P. archidonxe the clypeus is 
finely granulated, and has no trace of the large impres- 
sions characteristic of the other species. The cephalic 
horn reaches as far forward as the front of the clypeus and 
is compressed and not channelled. The posterior acces- 
sory ridges are nearly parallel to it, carinated and separated 
from the base of the horn by deep grooves. There is a 
wide flat depression behind these which is bounded by a 
strongly curved and deeply incised line, at each end of 
which there is a small tubercle with an impression just 
behind it. The prothorax is gently curved outwards in 
front and behind and has its sides nearly straight to 
beyond the middle. The marginal channel is punctured 
and not dilated in front and there are a few large punc- 
tures in front of the lateral impressions. The scutellum is 
smooth and the elytra strongly punctate-striate. There 
are two or three punctures on each side of the metasternum 
behind. 

Petrejus henrict, Rosmini, appears to be very similar to 
this species, but is smaller, and has the clypeus smooth 
except for small isolated punctures. 


Petrejus peruvianus, sp. D. 


Convexus, sat elongatus, capite rugoso, clypei margine recto, 
angulis productis, cornu antice producto, acuto, sed sat brevi, postice 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 457 


lato, globoso, carinis posterioribus fere parallelis, carinis frontalibus 
valde arcuatis, ante marginem evanescentibus, spatium grosse 
punctato-rugosum, duplo latius quam longius includentibus, capite 
postice plane depresso, linea arcuata incisa ; prothorace lato, later- 
aliter crebre et fortiter punctato, sulco marginale profunde punctato, 
antice arcuato, paulo dilatato ; scutello postice impunctato ; elytris 
modice convexis, profunde punctato-striatis, humeris antice pilis 
nonnullis brevissimis ornatis ; metasterni lateribus postice parcissime 
punctatis. 
Long. 23 mm. 


Hab. PERU. 

This species is very similar to P. recticlypeatus, Kuw., 
but the cephalic horn, although horizontally produced, 
reaches scarcely half way to the clypeal margin, whereas 
in Kuwert’s species it attains to the front. The frontal 
carinze terminate in slight tubercles before the margin of 
the clypeus, enclosing a wide, deeply pitted and rugose 
area, There are no wrinkles in front of the posterior 
carinee, which are longitudinal. The punctures at the 
sides of the prothorax are coarse and numerous and the 
marginal grooves are punctured throughout and in front 
are very large, deep and strongly curved. The general 
form is more elongate than in the preceding species. The 
elytra are similarly sculptured, but the striz are rather 
finer and the interstices less convex. 


Petrejus spinosus, sp. n. 

Parallelus, parum depressus, capite fortiter spinoso, impunctato, 
clypeo levi, quadridentato, dentibus interioribus indistinctis, cornu 
frontali longo, acuto, lateraliter paulo sinuato, supra fere carinato, 
postice haud globoso, carinis frontalibus obsoletis, tuberculis nullis, 
carinis posterioribus longitudinalibus, carina oculari utroque tri- 
spinosa, spina antieca longissima, acuta, horizontali, secunda valida, 
obliqua, tertia minuta; prothorace parum transverso, medio anguste 
sulcato, lateribus medio irregulariter sat crebre punctatis, angulis 
anticis paulo productis, acutis ; scutello antice subtiliter punctato ; 
elytris auguste striatis, striis dorsalibus haud perspicue, lateralibus 
leviter, punctatis, humeris fere recte angulatis, nudis ; metasterni 
medio polito, nitido, lateribus crebre punctatis, nudis, metasterni 
lateribus parce punctatis. 

Long. 18-30 mm. 


Hab. Ecuapor, Cachabé. 


458 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


Four specimens were collected by Mr. W. H. Rosenberg 
in November 1896, and, like the preceding species, formed 
part of the collection of the late Mr. Alexander Fry. It 
is a form very easily recognised by the strong spinous 
processes with which the ocular ridges are armed. It is 
smooth and almost entirely devoid of hair. The prothorax 
is long and its front angles sharply pointed. The elytra 
are less strongly ‘sculptured than in any other species 
known to me, the punctures in the striz being not coarse 
at the sides and barely traceable dorsally. 


Tetraracus centralis, sp. 0. 


Elongatus, parum convexus, antennarum clava articulis tribus 
ultimis longibus duobusque pracedentibus multo brevioribus com- 
posita, clypeo antice 4-dentato, dentibus interioribus minutis, ap- 
proximatis, exterioribus validis, cornu frontale minuto, carinato, 
carinis frontalibus integris, arcuatis, spatium magnum rugosum 
includentibus, angulo obtuso, tuberculato ; prothorace vix transverso, 
antice angustato, angulis anticis fere rectis, lateribus grosse irregu- 
lariter punctatis, sulco marginale angusto, antice valde sinuato, 
dilatato, grosse punctato; scutello postice impunctato; elytris 
profunde striatis, interstitiis convexis, striis fortiter punctatis, 
humeris parce flavo-hirsutis ; mesosterno glabro, utrinque profunde 


fossulato, metasterno medio parce minute punctato, lateraliter grosse 
haud numerose punctato. 
Long. 19 mm. 


Hab. Costa Rica, Volean de Barba (1600 metres). 

Tetraracus is very closely related to Paxillus, from which 
it is unnaturally separated by Kuwert on account of the 
existence of two minute projections at the middle of the 
clypeal margin. The form of the club of the antenna in 
the present insect is shared by only two other described 
species of Passalide, although others exist. The three 
terminal lamellze are long, and the two preceding them 
about half their length, so that even when the club is con- 
tracted a distinct break occurs. 7. centralis is smaller and 
more elongate than the other two species. The prothorax 
is rather narrow, distinctly tapering towards the front, 
with rather sharp front angles. The elytra are moderately 
flattened, with closely punctured strize and there are a 
few short hairs at the shoulders. 


Two specimens have been sent to the museum by Mr. 
P. Biolley. 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 459 


HLumelus nasutus, sp. n. 


Elongatus, valde depressus, capite toto impunctato, clypeo pro- 
ducto, tridentato, dente mediano sat lato, apice subtiliter emarginato, 
lateralibus acutis validis, cornu frontale minuto, acuto, multo pro- 
jecto, haud producto, carinis frontalibus fere toto rectis, transversis, 
ante dentes laterales tuberculis terminantibus, area clypeali omnino 
leve, cornu postice subtiliter producto, tuberculis lateralibus rotun- 
datis, sat validis ; prothorace fere quadrato, angulis anticis leviter 
productis, acutis, lateribus fortiter disperse punctatis, angulis posticis 
subtus longe et dense hirsutis ; scutello postice impunctato ; elytris 
haud grosse, dorso subtiliter, punctato-striatis, humeris fere recte 
angulatis, nudis ; meso- et metasterno omnino glabris, impunctatis, 
illo utrinque profunde fossulato ; tibiis 4 posterioribus parce setosis, 
vix spinosis. 

Long. 23 mm. 


Hab. Ecuapor, Cachabé. 

One specimen was found at Cachabé by Mr. W. H. 
Rosenberg, and I have also received the species from 
M. Oberthiir, whose specimens were collected by Semi- 
radski. It isa peculiar form for which a new genus would 
no doubt have been made by Kuwert, but in the present 
state of the classification I prefer to avoid the further 
multiplication of genera as much as possible. I cannot 
however compare this species with any other known 
to me. 

The median part of the head is rather produced for- 
wards, so that the anterior declivity of the frontal horn, 
which is smaller and vertical in front, is nearly on a level 
with the outer angles of the head, as well as the frontal 
caring, which form almost a straight line. In front of the 
latter the clypeus forms a smooth transverse parallelogram 
terminating in three strong teeth of equal length, the 
outer ones triangular and acute and the middle one 
parallel-sided and slightly impressed at its extremity. 
The prothorax is rather long, with sharply pointed front 
angles, the elytra are strongly depressed, with finely 
punctured striz, and the body is very smooth beneath. 

I have already mentioned that Passalus occipitalis, 
Eschs., has remained unknown to successive monographers 
of the group, and can be referred to no existing genus. 
I propose for this the name of Lpiphoroneus, as it will 
enter the Phoroneinz of Kuwert. 


460 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


The clypeus is produced in the middle where it bears 
two closely approximate teeth. The frontal carinze are 
directed towards the two outer teeth which they do not 
quite reach. They are parallel in front, sinuated behind 
and meet in an acute angle far back upon the head, push- 
ing the median horn back, so that it forms a backwardly- 
directed blunt tubercle. The elongate area enclosed by 
these carinz is densely covered with large annulated pits. 

Epiphoroneus occtpitalis, Eschs., is excellently described 
by its author, but the species to which the name was 
applied by Percheron is an obviously different insect. It 
is placed in Phoroneosomus by Kuwert, who refers only to 
the later description. In the Munich Catalogue Esch- 
scholtz’s species is strangely identified with the West 
Indian Passalus (Neleus) unicornis, Serv. 

The references are as follows :— 


(Epiphoroneus) occipitalis, Eschs., Nouv. Mém. Soc. Ent., 
Mose, 1829) p21. 
tetragonus, Hope, Cat. Lucanoid Coleoptera, 1845, 
p. 28. 
quadrifrons, Perch., Monogr., 1835, p. 64. 


The African Passalidee, which are not very numerous, 
and form a fairly homogeneous assemblage, were arranged 
by Kuwert in two principal groups, which he placed far 
apart. The majority of them form the Mitrorrhine, 
named from the American Mitrorrhinus, which he curi- 
ously associated with them. The other group, the Eriono- 
mine, he boldly placed in the very midst of the main 
body of American genera, All really belong to the Lep- 
taulax group of Old World Passalidze, Hrionomus forming 
a section distinguished by its convexity and the hairy 
sides of its elytra. Two species of this latter genus were 
separated by Kuwert under the name of Hriopterus, on 
account of the existence of two minute projections at the 
middle of the clypeus, which are inconstant and of little 
importance. A more important feature by means of which 
the species may be separated is found in the elytral epi- 
pleure. In the two species forming Kuwert’s Eviopterus 
(Z. pilosus, Auriv., and alterego, Kuw.), the marginal costa 
of the elytron if traced from the apex will be found to shut 
off anteriorly a broad external strip. In Hriononwus late- 
ricrinitus, Kuw., this strip is very narrow, and in £. 
planiceps, Eschs., the costa is not continued to the shoulder 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 461 


and the epipleural strip is consequently undefined. In 
the following new species a similar condition exists. This 
species, according to Kuwert’s definition, would belong to 
Eriopterus, and, therefore, that genus must be abandoned. 
Zang has already pointed out that Eriosternus of Kuwert 
has no generic value. 


Krionomus platypleura, sp. a. 


Sat convexus, parum nitidus, capite ubique subtiliter punctato, 
clypeo fortiter 4-dentato, medio plerumque minute bidentato, carinis 
frontalibus antice parallelis, postice angulo recto convergentibus, 
spatium lingitudinaliter plicatum includentibus, cornu mediano 
breve, postice lato, tuberculis lateralibus fossis sat profundis dis- 
tincte diviso; prothorace lato, ubique minute punctulato, punctis 
majoribus nullis, fossa laterale minuta, sulco laterale paulo rugoso, 
antice haud dilatato, paululo deflecto ; scutello levi; elytris tenuiter 
et equaliter striatis, striis ubique impunctatis, interstitiis lateralibus 
ab humeris fere ad medium crebre punctatis et pilosis, costa mar- 
ginale postica haud ad humerum producta ; prosterno postice con- 
vexo, crebre punctato, piloso, mesosterni medio anguste levi, convexo, 
lateribus crebre punctatis, pilosis ; antennarum flabellis tribus ultimis 
brevissimis. 

Long. 35 mm. 


Hab. British E. Arrica, Kavirondo. 

E. platypleura is similar to £. pilosus, Auriv., in size 
and the configuration of the head, but markedly differs in 
the peculiarity already referred to in the lateral portion of 
the elytra, in which it most nearly resembles #. plancceps, 
Eschs. The lateral punctured area extends nearly half 
the length of the elytra and is rather flat, the striz 
becoming faint. The costa’ forming the outer edge of the 
elytron behind is not continued forward to the shoulder, 
so that no definite epipleura is traceable. The striz are 
everywhere destitute of the punctures faintly traceable in 
all the other species. The three lamelle of the antennal 
club are extremely short, as in JZ. latericrinitus, Kuw. 
The frontal carinz of the head at their posterior part, 
which is marked off by distinct tubercles, are slightly 
curved outwards, instead of inwards as in JL. pilosus, and 
meet in aright angle. The posterior appendages of the 
median horn are separated from it by distinct grooves and 
form rounded bosses. The whole surface in our series of 
specimens is less glossy than that of the other species. 


462 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


Didymus carnifex, Kuw. I have identified this species, 
of which the habitat is quoted by Kuwert as “ Gaboon ?” 
in a form collected at Kavirondo, British E. Africa. I 
have seen a series of specimens which are interesting as 
uniting Kuwert’s genera Didymus and ELumelosomus. In 
some specimens there are two quite distinct teeth at the 
middle of the clypeal margin, while in one they are very 
closely approximated and in others actually form a single 
median tooth, which may or may not be minutely bifid at 
the end. I have not noticed similar variation in other 
species, but it is evident that Kuwert has attached undue 
importance to this feature and that, failing other means 
of differentiation, Humelosomus cannot be retained as a 
distinct genus. The present species seems to be most 
closely related to D. (Humelosomus) klugi, Kaup. 


Didymus curvilineatus, sp. na. 


Modice elongatus, depressus, capite vix distincte punctato, clypeo 
valde 4-dentato, medio vix emarginato, carinis frontalibus antice 
parallelis, postice acute convergentibus, cornu obtuso, postice suleato, 
tuberculis lateralibus globosis ; prothoracis lateribus fortiter arcuatis 
haud crebre, postice parce, punctatis, angulis anticis paulo productis, 
acutis ; scutello impunctato ; elytris profunde striatis, striis dorsali- 
bus minute, lateralibus scalariforme, punctatis ; mesosterno utrinque 
longe et profunde fossulato, metasterni postice medio et lateribus 
punctatis: abdominis segmentis omnibus lateraliter subtilissime 
rugosis. 

Long. 26-27 mm. 


flab. Brit. E. Arrica, Kavirondo, Msozi (Uganda). 

This is a rather broad and flat species, with the elytra 
conspicuously widening behind, so that the discoidal striz 
are strongly curved. The lateral interstices and their 
connecting rods are narrow, but less so than in the 
following species. The head is rather smooth and shining, 
without any coarse punctures. The frontal carinz are 
angulated behind the middle, where there is a tubercle, 
being nearly parallel in front of this and converging 
behind to an acute angle. There is a patch of punctures 
at the middle of the posterior part of the metasternum 
and a patch of larger punctures on each side. The 
abdomen is finely punctured at the sides and at the 
extreme apex of the terminal segment. 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 463 


D. curvilineatus appears to be allied to D. haroldi, Kuw., 
but is smaller, the labrum is distinctly emarginate in front 
and the sides of the prothorax are punctured from the 
front to the hind angles. 


Didymus congoensis, sp. n. 


Modice elongatus, depressus, capite ubique parum profunde 
varioloso-punctato, clypeo valde 4-dentato, medio minute bi-tuber- 
culato, carinis frontalibus antice leviter, deinde acute, convergenti- 
bus, cornu frontale obtuso, postice globoso, sulcato, cum tuberculis 
lateralibus minute punctulatis; prothoracis lateribus antice et 
postice grosse punctatis, ubique arcuatis, angulis anticis acutis ; 
scutello impunctato ; elytris profunde striatis, striis dorsalibus vix 
perspicue punctatis, lateralibus latis, crebre scalariforme punctatis, 
interstitiis lateralibus angustis; metasterni postice medio et lateribus 
sat crebre et grosse punctatis, abdominis lateribus segmentoque 
ultimo toto subtilissime punctato-rugosis. 

Long. 26-28 mm. 


Hab. Conao, Mayanda; ANGOLA, San Salvador. 

This nearly resembles the preceding species, of which 
it has the size and form; but the elytra are more strongly 
sculptured laterally, with narrower longitudinal and trans- 
verse ridges. The head is punctured all over, the punctures 
being fine upon the elevated parts and large and round in 
the depressions. The punctures upon the posterior part 
of the metasternum, but at the middle and in the angles, 
are closer and more numerous. The last abdominal 
segment is finely punctured all over, but less closely at 
the middle. 

In most respects the species agrees with D. latro, Kuw., 
but the lateral sculpture of the elytra is stronger and the 
transverse fold upon the last abdominal segment of that 
insect is absent. 


Didymus levisternus, sp. 0. 


Modice depressus, capite punctato-rugoso, postice nitido, clypeo 
fortiter 4-dentato, medio minute emarginato, carinis frontalibus 
arcuatis, post medium tuberculatis, haud angulatis, angulo apicale 
fere recto, cornu obtuso, lato, vix sulcato; prothoracis lateribus 
ubique haud crebre punctatis, arcuatis, angulis anticis fere rectis ; 
scutello impunctato; elytris profunde striatis, striis dorsalibus 


464 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


minutissime, lateralibus grossissime scalariforme, punctatis ; abdo- 
minis segmento ultimo medio et lateribus subtiliter rugoso ibique 
dense fulvo-villoso. 

Long. 28-30 mm. 


Hab. British HE. Arrica, Kikuyu, Aberdare Mountains 
(Kenya Prov.). 

A number of specimens were collected by Dr. S. L. 
Hinde in the Aberdare Mountains. In general appearance 
the species is closely similar to the last, although rather 
larger. It is easily recognised by the absence of punctures 
from the disc of the metasternum, a feature found previ- 
ously only in D. /evis, Klug. There is generally, though 
not invariably, a single large impression near the posterior 
margin of the metasternum, the sides of which are also 
smooth except for a very few punctures in the hind angles. 
The last abdominal segment is finely rugose except at the 
front margin and the middle part bears a thick pad of 
golden hairs. The other segments have a small triangular 
rugose area on each side. ‘The head is strongly rugose in 
front, the rugosity being produced by large shallow punc- 
tures which tend to coalesce and become obliterated. The 
median process is broad behind and scarcely sulcate. The 
lateral margins of the thorax are rather uniformly but not 
thickly punctured and those of the elytra have a strong 
scalariform sculpture. 


Didymus ruwenzoricus, sp. n. 


Parum depressus, supra ubique minute punctulatus, capite vario- 
loso-rugoso, clypeo fortiter quadridentato, medio minute bidentato, 
cornu mediano parum prominente, tuberculis posticis distinctis, 
conicis, carinis frontalibus integris, regulariter arcuatis, angulo acuto 
convergentibus, prothoracis lateribus leviter arcuatis, sat crebre 
punctatis, angulis anticis fere rectis; scutello impunctato; elytris 
punctato-striatis, punctis dorsalibus subtilibus, lateralibus densis, 
scalariformibus; mesosterno glabro, utrinque late foveolato; meta- 
sterni medio impunctato, angulis posticis punctis parvis nonnullis; 
abdominis segmentis utrinque triangulariter rugose impressis, seg- 
menti ultimi dimidio postico crebre punctato et aureo-hirto. 

Long, 21-22 mm. 


Hab. UGANDA, Mount Ruwenzori. 
A series of specimens were collected by the Hon. Gerald 
Legge. 


a 


the Colcopterous family Passalide. 465. 


This species is also distinguished by the metasternal 
plate being quite free from punctures. It is much smaller 
than the previous insect, but greatly resembles the West 
African D. parastictus, Imh. In addition to the unpunc- 
tured metasternal disc, it differs from that species in the 
rather less acute front angles of the prothorax, the sharply- 
limited rugose puncturing of the sides of the abdomen, 
which is confined to definite depressions, the very slight 
emargination of the last segment and the pilosity of its 
latter half. 


Didymus crassus, sp. 0. 


Robustus, sat brevis, modice convexus, capite subtiliter punctato- 
rugoso, clypeo quadridentato, medio late emarginato, dentibus zqua- 
libus, carinis frontalibus vix arcuatis, post medium angulatis et 
tuberculatis, cornu mediano obtuso, postice haud lato aut sulcato, 
tuberculis posticis transverse carinatis; prothorace lave, medio 
canaliculato, fossis lateralibus minute punctatis, sulco laterale 
angusto, paulo punctato, prothorace preterea impunctato; scutello 
antice subtiliter punctulato, postice impresso; elytris striatis, striis 
lateralibus leviter punctatis, duabus juxta-suturalibus fortiter im- 
pressis, tribus intermediis tenuibus; mesosterno lato, glabro, 
utrinque fortiter foveolato, lateribus punctatis et hirsutis, metasterni 
medio et angulis posticis impunctatis, lateribus punctatis et hirsutis; 
abdominis segmento ultimo postice depresso et crebre punctato, 
penultimo omnino polito. 

Long. 34 mm. 


Hab. UGANDA, Mount Ruwenzori. 

A single example of this isolated form was found by 
Mr. Legge. Although agreeing in essential features with 
Didymus it has more the aspect of Hrionomus. It is 
large, broad, and little flattened, the head is normal, the 
prothorax devoid of punctures except for a few minute 
ones in the lateral scars, and the elytral striz are only 
slightly punctured, the three exterior dorsal ones being 
much feebler than the rest. The sides of the elytra are 
naked, but there are a few hairs at the anterior face. The 
sides of the meso- and metasternum are hairy, and the 
latter is without punctures either at the middle or the 
hind angles. 


Humelosomus affinis, sp. n. 


E. sansibarico, Har., proxime affinis, sed metasterni angulis posticis 
parce punctatis abdomineque fere omnino polito: sat convexus, 


466 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


clypeo 5-dentato, carina media nulla, carinis frontalibus valde 
arcuatis, angulo obtuso convergentibus, cornu mediano antice conico, 
postice vix suleato, a tuberculis lateralibus vix diviso ; prothoracis 
lateribus grosse sat crebre punctatis, angulis anticis rectis; scutello 
polito; elytris punctato-striatis, punctis dorsalibus subtilibus, latera- 
libus grossis, scalariformibus; metasterni medio impunctato, angulis 
posticis sat sparse punctatis; abdominis lateribus vix punctatis, 
segmento ultimo polito, postice transverse bifoveolato. 
Long. 26-28 mm. 


Hab. UGANDA, Mt. Ruwenzor1. 

Several specimens were collected by Mr. Legge. 

This is of the same size and shape as FZ. sansibaricus, 
Har., from which it is only distinguishable by a close 
examination. It differs by the shield-like space between 
the frontal carinze being rather less pointed behind and 
showing no trace of a median carina, by the thinly, instead 
of closely and coarsely, punctured hind angles of the 
metasternum, and the almost unpunctured sides of the 
abdomen. 


Leptaulacides pulchellus, sp. un. 


Parvus, subconvexus, niger, metasterno, abdomine elytrorumque 
dimidio anteriore rufis; capite parce punctato et piloso, eclypeo quad- 
ridentato, dentibus exterioribus brevioribus, carina mediana obsoleta, 
antice perpaulo producta, cornu frontal acuto elevato, carinis anticis 
late divergentibus, vix arcuatis, ad marginem haud attingentibus, 
carinis posticis ad illas parallelis, angustis, productis ; prothoracis 
lateribus ubique sat disperse punctatis ; scutello postice impunctato ; 
elytris parum depressis, punctato-striatis, punctis lateralibus fere 
scalariformibus ; metasterni lateribus punctis confluentibus bene 
demarcatis, medio uni-impresso ; abdomine toto polito. 

Long. 14 mm. 


Hab. NEw Guinea, Ekeikei. 

Of the 600 species of Passalidee hitherto described, all 
are unicolorous black (or castaneous when not fully 
coloured), with one exception which, having been de- 
scribed from a single specimen has been regarded as a 
possible abnormality. ‘This is Leptaulacides (Leptaulax 
olim.) glaber, Kirsch., of which the anterior half of the 
elytra is red and the rest of the upper surface black. I 
have seen several specimens of this, all collected by 
Wallace in Batchian, and all exactly alike, and the insect 
described above is a second species ornamented in the 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 467 


same way, so that the existence of forms less sombre-hued 
than the generality need no longer be doubted. 

The genus Leptaulax has been restricted by Zang to the 
large species in which there is a well-defined cephalic horn 
and lateral appendages behind completely separated from 
the supra-orbital elevations. They may generally be dis- 
tinguished also by the four clypeal teeth being in a straight 
line at their tips and by the absence of hair from the 
depressed parts of the head. Zeptaulacides comprises nearly 
all the remaining Oriental species of the family having 
only three leaflets in the antennal club and contains all 
the smallest representatives of the family. 

Although similarly coloured to Z. glaber, Kirsch., Leptau- 
lacides pulchellus is very distinct. It is smaller and less 
flattened, with much shorter leaflets to the antennze 
and the inner teeth of the clypeus more advanced. 
The shoulders of the elytra are less pointed, and the 
hinder border of the red band is a little indented at 
the suture, whereas in LZ. glaber it is slightly produced at 
that point. 


Chilomazus borealis, sp. n. 


Robustus, convexus, capite rugoso, antice late et arcuatim excavato, 
angulis acute productis, sinistro perpaulo longiore, cornu mediano 
parum elevats, lato, carinis posterioribus confuso, carinis anterioribus 
angulum acutum includentibus, brevissimis, ante tuberculos evane- 
scentibus, his fortibus, approximatis, inter se et cum dentibus clype- 
alibus connexis, prothorace sat longo, parum transverso, impunctato, 
stria mediana vix perspicua foveaque laterale rugosula ; scutello 
postice levi ; elytris fortiter striatis, striis dorsalibus haud, laterali- 
bus vix punctatis, elytris postice paulo ampliatis, apice leviter acu- 
minatis, humeris nudis ; mesosterno polito, foveis nitidis, metasterni 
medio bi-impresso, lateribus rugoso-punctatis, hirsutis ; antennarum 
lamellis tribus ultimis longibus, duabus precedentibus brevibus. 

Long. 37 mm. 


Hab. Assam, Naga Hills (Doherty). 

I have seen only a single specimen of this aberrant 
species, which has many of the characteristics of Tiberius, 
but is excluded from that genus by the existence of a large 
well-defined tubercle on the anterior part of the mentum. 
The head is only very slightly assymetrical. The median 
horn and the two anterior tubercles are placed very close 
together and enclose an equilateral triangle. The club of 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PaRT IV. (JAN.1907) 31 


468 


Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Classification of 


the antenna is composed of three long and two short 


lamellee. 


The prothorax is rather long, without lateral 
puncturation, and the median groove is obsolete. 


The 


elytra are very broad behind, the shoulders rather promin- 
ent and not hairy, and the apical angles rather acute. 
The striz are very feebly punctured at the sides. 


Index to the Passalidee referred to in the foregoing paper. 


Aurikulus patalis, Lewis, 446 

Basilianus cantori, Perch., 445 

Ceratocupes fronticornis, West. 
=bihastatws, Perch, 444 

Chilomazus borealis, sp. n., 467 

Comacupes punctifrons, :Hope, 
444 

Coniger ridiculus, Kuw., 448 

Cylindrocaulus, systematic posi- 
tion, 446 

C. bucerus, Fairm., 446 

CO. felderi, Stol. 447 

Didymus and Humelosomus, 462 

. carnifex, Kuw., 462 

. congoensis, Sp. n., 463 

D. crassus, sp. n., 465 

D. curvilineatus, sp. n., 462 

D. haroldi, Kuw., 463 

D. klugi, Kaup, 462 

D 

D 

D 


SS 


. levis, Klug, 464 
. levisternus, sp. n., 463 
. ruwenzoricus, sp. n., 464 
Epiphoroneus, gen. nov. for Pass. 
occipitalis, Eschs. (= tetrago- 
mus, Hope, and quadrifrons, 
Perch.), 445, 460 
Erionomus pilosus, Auriv., 460 
HE. platyplewra, sp. n., 461 
Eriopterus, syn. of Hrionomus, 
460 
EE. alterego, Kuw., 460 
H. latericrinitus, Kuw., 460 
E. planiceps, Eschs., 460 
EHumelosomus affinis, sp. n., 465 
Eumelosomus levipectus, Auriv., 
syn. of H.africanus, Perch.,445 
EE. sansibaricus, Har., 466 
Ewmelus nasutus, sp. n., 459 
Gonatas naviculator, Perch., 445 
Heliscus tropicus, Perch. = sub- 
cornutus, Hope, 444 


Kaupiolus, flightlessness, 447 

Leptaulacides glaber, Kirsch, 466 

L. pulchellus, sp. n., 466 

Leptaulacides vicinus, Perch., 
distinct from LZ. planus, I11., 
445 

Morosophus riihi, Kuaw., distinct 
from Epiphoroneus occipitalis, 
Eschs. (tetragonus, Hope), 445 

Nasoproculus heros, Truq., 447 

Neleides punctatostriatus, Perch.., 
449 

N. antillarwm, sp. n., 452 

N. guatemalensis, Kaup., 452 

Oileus rimator, 'Truq. = sagit- 
tarius, auctt.=nvunitus, Casey, 
448 

Oileus= Rimor = Rimoricus, 447 

Ogyges levior, Kaup, 450 

O. levior, Kuw. (nec Kaup) = 
Proculejus championi, Bates, 
Biol. Centr. Amer. (2), p. 5, 
450 

O. levissimus, Kaup, 450 

O. sargi, Kaup=honestus, Kuw., 
449 

Passalus interruptus, L., 451 

P. sagittarius, Smith, 447, 448 

P. tlascala, Perch., 451 

P. unicornis, Serv., 451 

Paxillus parvus, Casey, syn. of 
P. leachi, Macl., 443 

Pentalobus palinii, Perch., 445 

Pertinacides affinis, Perch., 451 

Petrejus archidonex, sp. n., 456 

P. henrict, Rosmini, 456 

P. peruvianus, sp. n., 456 

P. spinosus, sp. n., 457 

Pharochilus cancrus,  Perch., 
syn. of P. dilatatus, Dalm. 
445 


the Coleopterous family Passalide. 


Plewrostylus, syn. of Veturius, 
449 

Polyacanthopus, syn. of Rhodo- 
canthopus, 449 

Proculejoides, 450 

Proculejus nudicostis, Bates, 450 

Procululus inca, Zang, 448 

Proculus mniszechi, 450 

Publius crassus, Smith, 450 

P. spinipes, Zang, 451 

P. granulipennis, Zang, 450 

Rhodocanthopus and Neleides, 
distinctions, 449 

R. curtus, Bates, transferred to 
Neleides, 449 

R. inops, Truqui, 449 

R. maillei, Perch., 449 

R. molestus, Kuw., 449 

Scalmus interstitialis, Esch., 451 

Spasalus hopei, Perch., 444 

Spasalus puncticollis, Serv., 451 

Spurius bicornis, Truq., 446 

Teniocerus  deyrollei, Kaup, 
locality, 447 


469 


Tetraracus centralis, sp. n., 458 

Tiberius kwwerti, nom. nov. for 
T. cancrus, auctt. nec Pharo- 
chilus cancrus, Perch., 467 

Trixnurgus solidus, sp. n., 452 

T. junctistriatus, Kuw., 453 

T. subopacus, Bates, 453 

Verres cavicollis, Bates, nec Ku- 
wert, 455 

V. deflexicornis, Kuw., 455 

V. hageni, Kaup, 455 

Verroides, 451 

V. furcilabris, Esch., 451 

Veturius isthmicus, sp. n., 453 

V. peruvianus, sp. n., 455 

V. platyrrhinus, Hope = platyr- 
rhinoides, Kuw., 445, 455 

V. punctatostriatus, sp. n., 
454 

V. sinuatocollis, Kuw., 444 

V. (Pleurostylus) trapezoides, 
Kaup., 449 

V. tuberculifrons, Kuw., 453 


Grail V) 


XIX. Notes on the Life History of Trochilium andre- 
neforme, Lasp. By the Hon. N. CHARLES 
RotuscHiLD, M.A., F.LS. With notes on the 
larva by Eustace R. BAnKES, M.A., F.LS., and 
on the pupa by 'T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.LS. 


[Read November 21st, 1906. ] 
PEATE: x XOVEDIE 


In this year’s “Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,” Ser. II, 
vol. xvii, p. 160,* I have already recorded the fact of the 
breeding of T'rochilium andreneforme from larvee collected 
in Great Britain. 

In the late summer of 1898 Mr. Sydney Webb of 
Dover suggested to the present writer that a search for 
the larva of this rare insect in the stems of Viburnum 
lantana might possibly prove successful. Mr. Sydney 
Webb had found an empty pupa-case protruding from 
the stem of this plant, and as the case in question un- 
doubtedly belonged to a Sesiid he came to the conclusion 
that it could be none other than the present species. 

It appears, however, that the food plant of this moth 
was already known at that time, though it was not until 
August of this year that the writer, on reading Max 
Bartel’s +} book was made aware of this fact, and appar- 
ently the record has been generally overlooked. As 
stated by Max-Bartel,t Mr. Heinrich Neustetter found in 
July 1896 two freshly emerged specimens of this moth at 
rest on the stem of a Guelder-rose from which the empty 
pupa-cases were protruding, in a garden at Bleiberg, in 
Austria.§ 


* “HM. M., 2nd Series, vol. xvii, p. 160, 1906. 

+ Die palaearktischen Gross-schmetterlinge und ihre Naturges- 
chichte, vol. ii, p. 334, 1902. 

{ Bartel’s reference to Neustetter’s paper is misleading, as the page 
quoted is that of the separatum and not of the journal. 

§ Beitrag zu Macrolepidopteren—Fauna von Kiarnthen von 
Heinrich Neustetter X. Jahrenbericht des Wiener Entomologischep 
Vereines, 1899, p. 38. Wien 1900. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 


A472 Hon. N. Charles Rothschild’s Notes on 


All the larve that I have examined were secured in 
stems of the Wayfaring tree, Viburnum lantana, but the 
above-mentioned record would lead one to suppose that 
the species mines both in Viburnum lantana and in 
V. opulus. The first larva that I found was mining in 
a bush of V. lantana at the edge of the author’s garden 
at Ashton Wold, Oundle, Northamptonshire, in November 
1905. This specimen duly emerged as a fine female on 
the 12th June this year. During a walk in Surrey in the 
winter of 1905 I was surprised to see in a_ hedge 
several old mines of this species, but owing to a lack of 
time was unfortunately prevented from re-visiting the 
spot. At the authors request Mr. H. McArthur went 
there in the following spring and secured two larve in the 
same hedge, which never emerged. The author found a 
mined stem, this time containing a pupa or full-fed larva, 
in another part of Surrey in 1906, which, as previously 
recorded, emerged on the 10th June, this specimen being a 
male. Mr. H. McArthur then visited another locality in 
Kent, and there was successful in securing several larvee 
and pupze, two of which, a male and a female, emerged on 
the 2nd and 6th July respectively. Some of these larvee 
are still feeding at the time this article goes to press, and 
others produced ichneumons. The author found two more 
larve, both of which unfortunately died, in Huntingdon- 
shire, and numerous old mines in Kent. The description 
of the larva, presumably about two-thirds grown, and of 
the empty pupa-case (for which I am indebted to Mr. 
Eustace Bankes and Dr. T. A. Chapman), are appended to 
this article. The peculiarity of the present species is that 
the mine is unlike that of any other Sesiid with which 
I am acquainted, and to exhibit these peculiarities, 
photographs on Plate XXVIII have been taken. The 
empty mine of the insect in question is most characteristic 
and cannot, we fancy, be mistaken for anything else, see 
Plate XXVIII, fig. 2. It will be noticed from an examina- 
tion of the photographs that the insect in question makes 
one straight mine in the centre of the twig or bough. One of 
the stems we have measures nearly two inches in diameter, 
while another is half an inch across or less. An opening 
from the mine to the outside of the bough (the opening 
from which the larval frass exudes and the insect emerges) 
is almost at right angles to the mine. 

The larva of Trochilium andreneforme, unlike that of 


the Life History of Trochilium andreneforme. 473 


most Sesiids, does not prepare a spot in the mine from 
which the imago emerges. The perfect insect on the 
contrary, as already stated, emerges from the only hole in 
the mine, from which the larval frass was also previously 
ejected. Some of the specimens cover the opening over 
with a cap consisting of a thin piece of bark quite separate 
from the rest of the twig, which apparently remains on 
until the insect emerges. The mine exhibiting this 
peculiarity, Fig. 4, contained a living pupa which was 
unfortunately cut through. Other mines lack the cap 
and have the characteristic appearance shown in Fig. 2, 
and in these cases the cap has obviously been dislodged. 
Other mines, again, have an irregular piece of bark 
gnawed right out, Jeaving the hole exposed, through 
which the frass of the living larva protrudes. In such 
' cases as these one would imagine that the larva had failed 
to make a cap. The construction of this cap appears to 
us to be difficult of explanation, and it is hoped that some 
other entomologist will solve the difficulty. One specimen 
which we had in the breeding cage crawled out of the 
twig, re-entered it, and bored a hole through the bark, 
but not into the wood underneath it, and excavated a 
circular spot between the bark and the wood in which it 
lay concealed.* Figs. 5 and 6 represent mined twigs 
from which ichneumons emerged. These have been 
identified by Mr. Claude Morley as Meniscus agnatus, 
Grav. Demopheles caliginosus, Grav., also identified by Mr. 
Claude Morley, emerged from another mine. 

While the present article was in the press I found 
several mines of this species at Tring, in Hertfordshire, 
in Viburnum lantana, and one old mine (undoubtedly 
belonging to this species) in Viburnwin opulus. 

* The mine of this specimen also contained the pupa of a 
Coleopteron. 


( 474 ) 


Notes on the larva of Trochilium andreneforme, Lasp. 


By Eustace R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S. 


On July 26th last I received, through the generosity of 
the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, a portion of a stem of 
Viburnum lantana that he knew, by deduction, must 
contain a feeding larva of the extremely rare Z'rochiliwm 
andreneforme. As Mr. Rothschild had informed me that, 
although it was certain that some of the very few larve 
he had obtained had made external journeys along the 
stems, he had not succeeded in catching sight of any of 
them, and, to the best of my belief, no human eye had 
ever rested on the insect in this stage, it was with all the 
more intense satisfaction that, at 7 am. on July 28th, 1 
found my larva on the outside of the stem, near the top 
of it. Thinking that it might prefer a fresh-cut piece of 
stem, I started off in search of a suitable one, leaving it 
where it was, and it then proceeded to gnaw an excavation 
in the bark, and to build a circular, blister-like, chamber 
over itself, composed of fragments of bark and gnawed 
wood, woven together with white silk. The small size of 
the chamber, of which the diameter was only 6.5 mm., did 
not nearly admit of its owner lying stretched in a straight 
line therein, and, during the whole course of operations, 
extending over some hours, the latter had to maintain a 
curled or contorted attitude, though its truly marvellous 
flexibility enabled it to reverse its position, or to assume 
any one that might be necessary. I was not free to 
describe the larva until about 3 p.m., by which hour it 
had apparently completed its chamber—which was soft to 
the touch and projected noticeably above the surface of 
the surrounding bark—and was entirely concealed therein. 
In order to extract the larva for examination, it was 
necessary to break open its chamber, of which the walls 
had been finished first, the centre of the somewhat arched 
roof being the last portion to be filled in, and the occupant 
was then found busily engaged in boring into the solid 
wood of the stem. It is clear, therefore, that the chamber 
is constructed im order to conceal and protect the larva 


St 


Notes on the Larva of Trochilium andrenxforme. 415 


until it has been able to excavate a burrow, sufficiently 
large to receive it, in the wood itself, and it subsequently 
serves the further useful purpose of concealing and pro- 
tecting from enemies the mouth of its burrow. 

The following is the description that I made of the 
larvai:— 

Length, when moderately stretched, 11 mm. Greatest breadth 
(i.e. across prothorax) 1:75 mm. Head broad, rather flattened, 
highly polished, brownish-ochreous, clouded on the sides with 
tawny-brown, partially retractile into the prothorax ; upper mouth- 
parts mostly blackish ; ocelli minute, black, well separated. Pro- 
thorax of great breadth (the broadest part of the whole larva), with 
a‘large, highly-polished, almost transparent, watery-whitish-ochreous, 
undivided plate, through which the posterior portion of the head, 
when retracted, is clearly seen. Meso- and meta-thorax rather 
narrower than prothorax, and somewhat broader than abdomen. 
The thorax and abdomen together form a mass which tapers gradu- 
ally from its anterior to its posterior extremity, and shows very 
clearly-defined segmental divisions; in colour it is semitransparent 
watery-ochreous-whitish, with the pulsating dorsal vessel showing 
through as a broad (zigzag, in reality, and of varying width), deep 
purplish-brown, mediodorsal line. Skin not glossy, smooth, but 
with various transverse wrinkles, each segment being divided into 
three distinct subsegments, the larva being thus enabled to contort 
itself to an extent almost past belief. There is a well-developed 
lateral flange below the spiracles. Anal plate polished, semi- 
transparent, watery-ochreous-whitish, the dark contents of the 
cloaca being clearly visible through it. T'ubercles of moderate size, 
polished, concolorous with ground-colour, each emitting a single 
short hair. Spiracles small, watery-whitish, with ochreous centres. 
Hairs few, short, single, scattered, pale brown. Legs highly polished, 
whitish-ochreous externally, paler internally ; claws dusky-brown. 
Prolegs semitranspareut watery-ochreous-whitish, with dark brown 
terminations. 

I inadvertently omitted to note down details about the ventral 
surface, but feel sure that it was concolorous with the dorsum, In 
colour, undulating constrictions on being touched, etc., this larva is 
decidedly maggot-like, though by no means so in shape when 
extended. Its movements are deliberate, and its rate of progression 
is remarkably slow. 


At 3.45 p.m. the larva was placed on a crack in the 
bark of the fresh-cut stem of Viburnum lantana, and, 
ensconsing itself therein, it forthwith proceeded to build 


476 Notes on the Larva of Trochilium andrenxforme. 


over itself another chamber, similar in construction to the 
previous one, only longer and much narrower, its breadth 
being made to coincide with that of the crack in the bark. 
By 11 p.m. the indefatigable subject of these notes had 
nearly completed its temporary domicile, and was almost 
concealed from view, though it could be seen, through the 
diminishing gap in the roof, to be still hard at work thereon. 
This chamber, which appeared quite finished by 7 a.m. on 
the following day (July 29th), and probably had been so 
for several hours, was elliptical in shape, 9 mm. long, by 
3 mm. wide across the middle, and became covered ex- 
ternally with numerous frass-like pellets (mostly reddish- 
brown, though some were quite ochreous) of gnawed inner 
bark and wood, mixed with frass, which seems to vary in 
colour from reddish-brown to blackish-brown. The larva 
continued to feed in this same burrow, at any rate for the 
next two or three weeks, as was evidenced by the frass 
and pellets, which continued to be extruded through some 
invisible opening in the walls of the chamber, the pellets 
that could not adhere to these falling on the sand at the 
bottom of the cage. But, at some time between the 
middle of August and the latter part of October, it clearly 
left this burrow, wandered a few inches down the stem, 
constructed an elliptical-oval, blister-like, chamber (about 
10 mm. long, by 5°5 mm. wide across the middle) over 
itself between the two Viburnwim stems just where they 
closely approached one another, its base being fixed to one 
stem and its roof to the bark of the other, and bored 
thence into the solid wood, in which it still (November 
7th) remains lost to view. 

It seems obvious that the larva of 7. andrenxforme 
feeds throughout one year and through portions of two 
others, that is, for the greater part of two years, for there 
can be but little doubt that the individual under notice, 
which must have been deposited as an egg about mid- 
summer 1905, hatched out within the next month or two, 
and that it will not be full-fed before the spring of next 
year (1907). 


CATS) 


Notes on the pupa of Trochilium andrenzformis, Lasp.* 


By T. A. Caapman, M.D., FES. 


Pupa of 77. andreniformis from an empty case (2). Of the 
usual Aigeriad structure. Belongs to the genus Trochi- 
liwm. The genera known to me may be divided as 
follows :— 


Aigeria (crabroniformis = bembeciforme), has spines along 
front row of second abdominal segment, and five spines 
on each side of crown on tenth abdominal segment, the 
two dorsal ones (four altogether) very small. 

Sciapteron (tabaniforme = vespiforme), has no spines on 
second segment (abdominal), on each side five nearly equal 
to crown on tenth. 

Bembecia (hylaciformis), first and second abdominal 
segments very smooth, only one or two large spines on 
ninth abdominal (all the other genera have more or less of 
a row in both sexes, hylaciformis only in f), has six spines 
on each side of crown on tenth. 

Trochilium has only four spines on each side in the 
crown on tenth segment. The first abdominal has no 
spines, the second varies in the different species (or 
individuals ?). 

In asiliforme (=cynipiforme) and chrysidiforme there 
are present spines of both the anterior and posterior row. 

In scolixforme and formicxforme the spines are present 
in the front row, the back row being represented by a line. 

The majority of the genus have faint spines on the 
front row and no very definite indication of the posterior, 
the surface being smooth and no line easily made out. 

In andreniformis we have the extreme of this section, 
the front line has but faint elevations to mark some only 
of the spines, though the bases of those that are absent 
are rather more chitinized than the rest of the line, and 
there is a line showing the position of the posterior row. 
This is no doubt correlated with its being perhaps the 
palest (least chitinized) of all the species. 

* Laspeyres wrote andrenxformis; it is a pity that this does not 
agree with T'’rochiliwm. I have not verified the names of other species 
referred to. T. A. C. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907) 


478 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on 


In common with the whole group, Zrochiliwm has 
the appendages fixed to first and second abdominal seg- 
ments, and also almost as firmly to third; but this connec- 
tion dissolves on dehiscence and the suture 1-2 abdominal 
also opens. Segments 3, 4, 5 and 6 (abdominal) carry 
two (an anterior and posterior) rows of spines directed 
backwards, / also does so in the #; in the 2 like 8 and 9 
it only has the forward row. These spines are stronger on 

each segment than on the preceding one. 

Specific characters are probably confined to the relative 
strengths and extensions of these rows, to the development 
of the nose-horn (beak) and to the exact details of the 
spines on anal segments, possibly also to the forms of the 
spines. Even so, ‘it seems difficult to be sure in any case 
how far the variations observed are specific and how far 
individual. 

Spheciforme, scolivxforme and culiciforme differ slightly 
in build, the others taper regularly (or nearly so); these 
taper much more in the last few segments. 

Andreniformis differs in the spines in all the rows being 
finer, smaller and paler than in the other species examined, 
just as the pupa itself is so, though probably the paleness 
of the spines affords a good part of the impression that 
the pupa as a whole is pale. 

The nose-horn (beak) is in accord with the general weak 
structure in being very small and short, a mere fine nodule 
on the face, that one almost overlooks—it is nevertheless 
sharp. (In many species this is large, sharp and 
formidable.) 

The above memoranda seemed necessary in order to 
define its generic and subgeneric position, and if possible 
to suggest points by which it might be distinguished from 
most nearly allied species. The individual variations 
are however so considerable and the distinction so slight, 
that I doubt whether any species of Zvochiliwm could be 
named with certainty from its pupa. Having only one 
example of andreniformis, its range of vari iation cannot 
be estimated, and it is therefore so far fortunate that its 
general more delicate structure gives some points of 
difference with the other species examined. The following 
description is largely generic, or even family, rather than 
specific. The arrangement of the terminal crown of spines 
differs somewhat in most species. 


a 


the Pupa of Trochilium andreneformis. 479 


The pupa-shell is 19 mm. long, the segments are extended and the 
shell curved, it might be 20 mm. if straight, 16 mm. with the 
segments contracted. The width is about 3 mm. from front of 
mesothorax to fourth or fifth abdominal segment, thence it tapers 
regularly to about 1:1 mm. at crown in tenth segment. 

The maxille extend down to 7°5 mm. from front and include 
basally a lozenge of labrum (palpi) of 1 mm. long, divided by a 
median line, The wings and second legs reach 0°5 mm. further (to 
80 mm. from front), and the third legs extend by themselves 1 mm. 
beyond this to 9°0 mm., i.e. as far as fifth abdominal segment, but 
the flattening of abdominal ventral aspect shows that in some 
attitudes it would reach to quite end of sixth. The first femur is 
quite a large piece nearly 20 mm. long between the maxille and 
the first leg (tibia) which reaches about 1°5 mm. further, these abut 
forwards against the eye-pieces and the maxillary palpus, which 
stretches inwards here from the antenne, and almost shut out the 
second leg. The maxillary palpus is a transverse slip about 0°4 
mum. long, about 0°12 mm. wide against antennze narrowing inwards ; 
it has a raised sutural margin and has transverse lines of fine points. 

The labrum is pointed below and is very large in so far that it is 
not well marked off from the face and so reaches up to the beak ; 
the mandibles are comparatively narrow slips, meeting each other in 
the middle line by their pointed extremities. The beak is a minute 
sharp point in the middle of the projecting and rounded front. The 
antenne reach down to the same length as the maxille. In this 
dehisced specimen they are of course out of their grooves and in fact 
twisted away backwards, as often takes place in these Trochilia. 
There is a pair of hairs on the labrum (lower part of face), another 
pair above, and a hair at the base of each antennze, about 0:12 mm. 
long. 

The antennal segments are distinctly marked off. The maxillze 
also have many transverse markings like fine dotted wrinkles. 
Poulton’s line is well marked, the portion beyond it at the apex 
being about 0°3 mm. long. The hind-wing is about 0-4 mm. broad 
at its base, and continues slightly narrowing for nearly 2 mm., then 
does so more thoroughly, but leaves a fine margin all along round to 
the apex of fore-wing or nearly so. The dorsal head-piece is nearly 
0-5 mm. wide (on either side, 1:0 mm. right across), about 0°25 mm. 
longitudinally in middle line, pointed laterally. It has, like the 
prothorax, and the front of the mesothorax, a much raised sutural 
border, and has a ridge across it marking off the outer angle. The 
prothorax is similar in form, each side 1:0 mm. wide and 0-4 mm. 
long medially. The mesothorax is 2°6 mm. long with a central 
raised suture and a groove with raised inner margin extending back 


480 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Notes on 


from its front margin, marking off the wing base (or patagium 2). 
It points to, but does not (by 0°7 mm.) reach the notch formed by 
the forward lateral extension of the metathorax, each half is about 
1‘2 mm. wide, 0°4 mm. long in middle line, 1:0 mm. at lateral forward 
extension. These portions of the thorax are smooth, with very 
minute tessellations. One minute hair is detected on mesothorax 
perhaps 0:05 mm. long—there are probably others. 

The first abdominal segment is about 0°6 mm. wide (1:0 mm., 
with intersegmental membrane, after dehiscence). It has no marks, 
spines or processes, it probably has a hair or two, but they are not 
detected. The second abdominal segment is 1°3 mm. wide (with 
intersegmental membrane). Its spiracle lies in a hollow at its front 
outer angle, the hind-wing is slightly waved to make room for it, 
and there is a walled ridge round it internally and behind. Right 
across the front of the segment is a dark line in which it is just 
possible to believe one sees small elevations of obsolete spines, the 
more as their places are marked by dark lines radiating into the 
general surface; posteriorly, is a just discernible line. Each side 
carries three hairs (about 0°1 mm. long), one below and behind 
spiracle in the hollow with it, one just above inner front margin of 
hollow (111 ?), and one nearer the middle line, a little behind spine 
ridge (12). The third abdominal segment is larger than the second. 
The spiracle is on the smooth surface, both lines have spines well 
developed, the upper one reaches almost as far out as spiracle, the 
posterior rather less. On the next (fourth) segment the front row 
goes ten spines ventral of spiracle, the posterior much as on third. 
On the fifth the front line reaches for about twelve spines ventral of 
spiracle, the posterior much the same as previous segment. On 
these the front row comes to margin of lateral flange, on sixth it goes 
well on to it, as also on seventh. On eighth it is only just below 
spiracular level and on ninth a little lower. The posterior row on 
6 is much ason fifth. No trace of it on 7, 8 or 9 (probably like other 
species it exists on seventh in ¢). On third to ninth segments the 
dorsal hairs (I and 111 ?) exist, getting on fifth very close to the row 
of spines and on the following ones almost on it. On third and 
fourth segments is a hair below the spiracle and on fifth, sixth and 
seventh are two hairs in this position, one directly above the other 
and close to each other and to the spiracle. No other hairs are found 
(except on tenth abdominal). The spines get larger on the later 
segments, but are much the same on 7, 8 and 9. On9 there are 
about eleven spines on either side, with a dorsal vacancy of the 
width of three or four spines. On the fifth segment the front row 
has eighty-two spines. The larger posterior ones are wider and 
stronger than those in front, but not much longer, the longest about 


the Pupa of Trochilium andrenxformis. 481 


0:1 mm. and about half their length wide at base (those in front 
two-fifths). The length of the base is nearly the same as the height 
of the spine ; the form of the spines is much that of a rose-thorn 
but straighter and thicker, the front sloping backwards in a straight 
line, the back hollowed in a curve, but vertical to the surface of 
origin. The general surface is smooth, but very minutely tessellated 
like the thorax. The last (tenth abdominal) segment is not very 
definitely marked off ventrally from eighth and ninth. The curva- 
ture of the pupa and especially of this segment makes its termination 
rather ventral than posterior. It has a ring of eight strong spines 
round its margin, almost equally spaced, except that the space 
between the two ventral ones (3 and 4) on each side is rather less 
than the others. Each of these is about 0:1 mm. high, but stands 
on a little eminence making it twice as tall. All face to the centre 
of the segment, round which they form as it were the spikes of a 
crown ; each rises outside by a convex slope, on the inner side the 
face is a hollow, with a ridged margin; it terminates in a neck 
rather bent inwards, the end being the base of a hair, which in each 
case points to the centre of the segment. The hair is about 071 mm. 
long. Looking from behind or rather from below to the centre of 
the ring formed by these spines, the space is occupied by a rounded 
swelling, higher above (posteriorly), where it is rather full and 
rounded (the obsolete cremastral spike). The front half has the 
longitudinal anal scar with some lateral parallel ridges and some 
radiating wrinkles into the boss behind. The whole width of the 
ninth segment has a longitudinal ventral suture a little widened 
against eighth. The eighth has an obscure ventral flattened smooth 
space notched at each margin, but with little trace of line or pore. 

In dehiscence the fracture is down the median dorsal line through 
dorsal head-piece and through the whole thorax. The front head- 
piece separates from these and the antennz lift out clear; the head- 
piece is held in place by the maxilla, whose extremities remain 
in situ, and by mere shreds connecting it with the first femora and 
legs; the femora separate except at their extremities being held to 
the tibia at one end and to the head (prosternwm really) at the 
other. The eye-piece separates and forms a last element of a chain 
held together by membrane of mesothorax, pronotum, and dorsal 
head-piece. Essentially nothing is ruptured except the dorsal suture, 
and the dorsal from the ventral head-covering; though also no doubt 
much sternal delicate membrane interiorly suffers. 


482 


Dicer, vk, 


Explanation of Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII. 


Mine with empty pupa-case protruding. Imago ? emerged 
July 6th, 1906. 
The same with pupa-case removed, 


. Mine with pupa-case removed. Imago ¢ emerged July 


2nd, 1906. 


. Mine showing “cap” in situ. The living pupa was accident- 


ally cut through. 


. Mine from which the ichneumon Meniscus agnatus, Grav., 


emerged. 


. Vertical section of entire mine from which the Ichneumon 


Meniscus agnatus, Gray., emerged. 


@ 4835.) 


XX. A permanent record of British Moths in their natural 
attitudes of vest. By A. H. Hamm, Assistant in the 
Hope Department of Zoology, Oxford University 
Museum. Communicated by Proressor EK. B. 
Pou.ton, D. Sc., F.R.S. 


[Read November 21st, 1906. ] 
PEATE XX 


NATURALISTS have often described the remarkable har- 
mony between many of our common insects and_ their 
environment. Indeed no one can have collected or 
observed insects without noticing this for himself, par- 
ticularly in the species which usually rest upon tree- 
trunks, rocks and walls. 

Although the art of photography has recently made 
such rapid strides and has been utilized so successfully to 
demonstrate and record many of the processes and facts 
of Nature, very little has been done, so far as I am aware, 
to illustrate by its means the attitudes and resting habits 
of our common insects. Now, however, by the develop- 
ment and perfection of “half-tone”’ illustration, figures 
can be multiplied to an indefinite extent easily, inexpen- 
sively, and so far as the printing is concerned in a perma- 
nent form. The paper it is to be feared is “ another story,” 
and one which requires, but has not as yet received serious 
consideration on behalf of posterity. The natural histories 
of British insects of the immediate future will I believe 
be largely illustrated in this way, and the present paper 
is an attempt to demonstrate the feasibility and success 
of the method. 

Any one unacquainted with living insects in their 
natural surroundings entirely fails to appreciate and value 
the various colours and patterns seen on glancing through 
a collection of insects, more especially Lepidoptera. Even 
less is he able to understand their meaning in the illustra- 
tions of the numerous works on the subject. It is not 
too much to claim that the figures on Plate XXIX are 


TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 32 


434 Mr. A. H. Hamm’s Record of British Moths 


not open to this criticism, and that the moths represented 
tell their own story at once to experienced naturalist or 
beginner alike. And this is just because the figures are an 
accurate register of the insects in positions assumed by 
them on surfaces chosen by them. 

Fig. 1 on Plate XXIX shows the male of Hybernia 
leucophearia, Schiff, one of the commonest and earliest 
moths to appear in our oak woods. The example here 
shown is fairly typical of this extremely variable insect. 
The figure shows the moth in its characteristic attitude 
with the body approximately horizontal. The object of 
this position is also well seen, viz. in order to bring the 
dark markings or bars of the fore-wings into parallelism 
with the dark lines of shadow in the main fissures of the 
oak bark. Thus the attitude has an obvious procryptic 
meaning, In this and in all the other figures illustrating 
this paper the natural orientation of the moths was care- 
fully preserved on the negatives and is now recorded on 
the Plate. 

Another very common species, Tephrosia biundularia, 
Bork., occurs in nearly every wood throughout the country. 
In the south where the pale typical form occurs unmixed 
with others the insect is far more conspicuous than /ewco- 
phearia, This is especially the case when it is found on one 
of its usual resting places, the dark bark of the larch. On 
oak, however, it is far less prominent. Fig. 2 represents 
the female at rest upon this tree in its usual attitude, 
which is to be interpreted in the same manner as in the 
species last described. The asymmetrical position of the 
wings is doubtless due to the costal margin of the right 
fore-wing being fitted closely against the side of the 
vertical fissure in the bark. Had the attitude been sym- 
metrical both sides of the fissure would have been entirely 
covered by part of one wing and a more conspicuous effect 
produced. 

Hupithecia abbreviata, St., a8 every one knows who has 
had experience of “trunk-searching” for “Pugs,” is very 
difficult to find when at rest upon oak ; so much so indeed 
that collectors generally prefer to hunt the smooth stems 
of the underwood, where it is far more easily detected. 
In Fig. 8 is seen a specimen of this common “ Pug” 
fitting into a depression in the bark of an oak, and the 
beautiful manner in which it harmonizes with its environ- 
ment is very evident. The main lines of the moth’s 


ats 


in their Natural attitudes of Rest. 485 


markings are seen to be rendered vertical by the attitude, 
as in the moths represented in Figs. 1 and 2. 

Among the moths which are usually found at rest upon 
rocks or stone walls the species of the genus Bryophila are 
probably the best known. The well-known B. perla, Fabr., 
is so common everywhere throughout the country that 
very little need be said of it. The range of variation in 
this moth is not very great, although in a few districts it 
tends to resemble some local peculiarity in the prevailing 
tints of the walls upon which it both feeds as a larva and 
rests as an imago. A typical example is shown in Fig. 4, 
upon an old, lichen-covered, stone wall. The peculiar grey 
lichen-like markings of its fore-wings are seen to blend 
almost perfectly with the surface upon which the moth is 
resting. B. muralis, Forst. = glandifera, Hiibn., is a species 
chiefly confined to our southern coasts and presents an 
interesting contrast to BL. perla in its great variability, 
ranging, as it does, from a grey through a number of inter- 
mediate shades to a very dark green. This wide range of 
variation may be seen in a single district, as [ have found 
in the locality in which I have chiefly observed it, viz. 
South Devon, where however the darker forms predomi- 
nate. By this great variability the species is much aided 
in the struggle for existence in localities where stone walls 
and rocks are as varied in hue as they are in South Devon. 
Fig. 5 shows one of the darker forms which are extremely 
well concealed on many of the walls. In this particular 
instance the moth was rather more conspicuous than usual. 
Fig. 6 is an example of the yellowish-green form, which 
is less common than the other. It is however equally 
well protected when at rest on walls or rocks covered with 
yellowish-green lichens. It is to be observed that the 
moths of this genus adopt no special orientation in their 
attitudes of rest, a fact which is in correspondence with 
the irregular growth of lichen-masses on stone. 


486 Explanation of Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X XIX. 


Photographed direct from nature, natural size. 


The orientation of the living insects is accurately recorded on the 
plate in every case, 


Fie. 1. Hybernia leucophearia, Schiff., g, at rest on an oak trunk 
with head to the right, about 34 feet from the ground, 
Bagley Wood, near Oxford, March 9, 1902. 

2. Tephrosia biundularia, Bork. $, at rest on an oak trunk 
with head to the right, about 3 feet from the ground, 
Henwood, near Oxford, May 10, 1902. 

3. Lupithecia abbreviata, St., at rest on an oak trunk in a 
crevice of the bark, about 15 feet from the ground, 
Henwood, near Oxford, April 27, 1902. 

4. Bryophila perla, Fabr., at rest on an old lichen-covered 
stone wall, 3} feet from the ground, Cheyney Lane, near 
Oxford, August 23, 1902. 

5. B. muralis, Forst. = glandifera, Hiibn., at rest on a stone 
wall 2 feet from the ground, Newton Abbot, South 
Devon, August 15, 1902. 

6. B. muralis, at rest on an old lichen-covered stone wali, 
3 feet from the ground, near the Coast Guard Station, 
Dawlish, South Devon, August 13, 1902. 


a 


ee 


©1487") 


XXI. Studies of the Blattide (continued). By R. 
SHELFORD, M.A., F.LS. 


[Read November 21st, 1906.] 


PLATE XXX, 


V. THE TYPES OF BLATTIDA DESCRIBED BY FRANCIS 
WALKER, AND NOW IN THE Hore MuvSEvUM, 
OXFORD. 


THESE types are all contained in the collection of Mr. 
W. W. Saunders which was presented in 1873 to the 
Oxford Museum by Mrs. F. W. Hope; the new species in 
this collection were described by Walker in his “‘Catalogue 
of Blattariz ” (1868); and in a supplementary volume, 
“Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Blattariz,” 
published in 1869. 

Owing to the inadequacy of Walker’s descriptions and 
to his elastic views of generic limitations many of his 
species can only be recognized by those who have access 
to his types. A careful revision of Walker’s work on 
Blaitide is urgently needed, and the notes here presented 
are a first contribution towards a complete revision ; 
thanks to Mr. Kirby’s “Synonymic Catalogue of Ortho- 
ptera,” vol. 1 (1904), the task has not proved so difficult as 
might have been expected. The species are discussed 
here not in the order in which they were arranged by 
Walker, but in the order that they take in modern and re- 
ceived systems of classification of the Blatiide. Wherever 
it hasappeared necessary the species have been re-described, 
but in some cases Walker’s descriptions are quite recogniz- 
able, once the generic positions of his species have been 
fixed. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 


488 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Family BLATTIDA:. 


Sub-fam. HOTOBITN AA. 
1. Theganopteryx apicigera, Wk. 
Blatta apicigera, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. p. 227 
(1868). 
Theganopteryx apicigera, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
(1906), p. 235. 


2. JAVA (Wallace). 


2. Hscala cirewmducta, W1k. 


Blatia circumducta, Walker. Cat. Blatt. B. M. Suppl. 
p. 142 (1869). 

Escala circumducta, Shelford, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 239, 
Pl. XV, f. 4 (1906.) 


g. S. AUSTRALIA. 


3. Escala longiuscula, Wik. 


Blatta longiuscula, Walker, |. c. p. 143 (1869). 
Escala longiuscula, Shelford, 1. c. p. 239. Pl. XV, f. 5 
(1906). 


gt. S. AUSTRALIA. 
4. Hemithyrsocera jissa, Wik. 
Psewdomops fissa, Walker, |. c. p. 213 (1868). 
g. Sumatra ( Wallace). 


‘This is synonymous with H. histrio, Burm. (cf. Trans. 


Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 238.) 


Sub-fam. PHYLLODROMIIN 44. 


5. Pseudomops inclusa, W1k. 


Pseudomops inclusa, Walker, 1. c. p. 212 (1868). 
Thyrsocera amend, de Saussure, Mél. Orthop. 1V, p. 97 
(1872). 


&@. BRAZIL. 
6. Pscudothyrsocera pica, Wik. 


Pseudomops pica, Walker, |. c. p. 218 (1868). 
Pseudothyrsocera pica, Shelford, |. c. p. 250 (1906). 


t. Sincarore (Wallace). 9. SUMATRA (Wallace). 


Ia 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 489 


7. Pseudothyrsocera scutigera, W1k. 
Pseudomops seutigera, Walker, |. c. p. 212 (1868). 
g. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


8. Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, Wik. (Plate XXX, figs. 1 
and 2). 
Blatta xanthophila, Walker, |. c. p. 230 (1868). 
gd. Mrenapo, CELEBES (Wallace). 


Fulvous. Antenne black, slightly incrassated in basal half 
and hirsute ; apex of maxillary palpi black. Pronotum trapezoidal, 
covering vertex of head. Tegmina with thirteen costal veins, 
discoidal field with seven longitudinal sectors, three of which are 
given off from the anterior ulnar branch, four from the posterior 
ulnar, the latter are strongly angled. Supra-anal lamina triangular, 
produced, the posterior angles bear each a short downwardly directed 
spine ; sub-genital lamina produced, narrow, covered with a dense 
pile of long hairs, asymmetrical, the left posterior angie strongly 
produced, no styles. 

Total length 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 10°8 mm. 


9. Ischnoptera reversa, W1k. 
Ischnoptera reversa, Walker, l.c. p. 147 (1869). 
g. SINGAPORE ( Wallace). 


Rufo-castaneous. Basal half of antenne, terminal joints of 
maxillary and labial palpi, fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, sides 
deflexed, not covering vertex of head. Tegmina with nineteen costal 
veins, discoidal field with ten longitudinal sectors. Wings with the 
mediastinal vein three-branched, radial vein unbranched, twelve 
costal veins, ulnar vein with nine branches, three of which go towards 
the dividing vein. Supra-anal lamina triangular, sub-genital lamina 
ample, its border notched, two styles. Legs with the genicular 
angles of the femora, the tibz and tarsi fuscous, all the femora with 
genicular spines, formula of apical spines, 4, 4, +, anterior margin 
of front femora with numerous spines, the more distal short and 
closely set. 

Total length 20 mm.; length of body 13 mm. ; length of tegmina 
15 mm. 

10. Ischnoptera erythrina, Wk. 
Blatta erythrina, Walker, |. c. p. 219 (1868). 

9. BRAZIL. 


This is synonymous with /schnoptera rufa, Br. 


490 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


11. Phyllodromia colligata, Wk. 
Blatta colligata, Walker. |. c. p. 221 (1868). 
Phyllodromia lisignata, Brunner, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 
RKO los ole atl aloo): 
The type, which is in a very fragmentary condition, is 
from Amoy. 


12. Phyllodromia anplectens, W1k. 
Llatta amplectens, Walker, 1. c. p. 223 (1868). 


Sex ? (abdomen lost). Morty ( Wallace). 


Fulvous. Pronotum with a fuscous horseshoe-shaped marking, 
the limbs of the horseshoe directed forward and not attaining the 
anterior border of the pronotum, Tegmina with sixteen costal veins, 
discoidal field with eight longitudinal sectors. 

Total length 16-2 mm.; length of tegmina 13 mm. 


13. Phyllodromia funebris, Wik. 
Blatta funebris, Walker, 1. c. p. 225 (1868). 
g. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


Pronotum not covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, sides scarcely 
deflexed, margined. Tegmina with twelve costal veins, the last 
three bifurcated. Supra-anal lamina triangular, sub-genital lamina 
ample, its posterior border slightly emarginate. Anterior border 
of front femora with three long spines in the middle, numerous 
piliform spines distally. 


Near P. lycoides, W1k., from India. 


14, Phyllodromia hamifera, Wk. 
Blatta hamifera, Walker, |. c. p. 224 (1868). 
gf. Sarawak (Wallace). 


The species is allied to P. variegata, Br., from Java. 
Walker’s description sufficiently illustrates its differences 
from that species. 


15. Phyllodromia contingens, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 4.) 
Blatta contingens, Walker, |. c. p. 229 (1868). 
Blatta humeralis, Walker, 1. c. p. 140 (1869). 


gd. (humeralis) SINGAPORE (Wallace). 
2. (contingens) SARAWAK (Wallace). 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 491 


Flavo-testaceous. Antenne longer than total length. Pronotum 
transversely elliptical, lateral margins hyaline, posterior border not 
produced. Lateral margins of tegmina broadly hyaline, mediastinal 
area areolated, eleven costal veins. Supra-anal lamina of male 
shortly produced, trigonal, sub-genital lamina with the posterior 
angles produced to form two setiform processes, the styles situated 
in deep notches ; supra-anal lamina of female short, transverse, sub- 
genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular. 

¢- Total length 13 mm. ; length of body 10 mm.; length of 
tegmina 10 mm. 

Q. Total length 15 mm. ; length of body 10 mm.; length of 
tegmina 12°8 mm. 


16. Phyllodromia sequens, W1k. 
Blatta sequens, Walker, |.c. p. 229 (1868). 
Sex ? (abdomen lost). MaAcassar, CELEBES ( Wallace). 


Fulvo-testaceous ; head not covered by pronotum, which is 
elliptical, and slightly produced behind, its lateral margins pellucid. 
Tegmina with eleven costals, anterior ulnar with four branches, 
posterior ulnar simple. Front femora with 8 long spines on the 
anterior margin beneath, all the femora with genicular spines, formula 
of apical spines }, t,t. Total length 13:2 mm. ; length of tegmina 
11 mm. 


17. Phyllodromia virescens, W\k. 
Blatia virescens, Walker, |. c. p. 231 (1868). 
9. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


The species is readily recognizable by its pale green colour. 
Small ; pronotum not covering vertex of head, trapezoidal, margins 
broadly hyaline. Tegmina hyaline, eleven to twelve costals, dis- 
coidal sectors oblique. Supra-anal lamina trigonal, sub-genital 
lamina ample, cerci elongate. Front femora with close-set piliform 
spines on anterior margin. 


18. Phyllodromia suffusa, Wik. 
Blatia suffusa, Walker, 1. c. p. 223 (1868). 
Sex? (tip of abdomen mutilated). New GurINEA 
(Wallace). 


Flavo-testaceous. Antenne flavo-testaceous at base, terminal 
half fuscescent, basal half fuscous. Pronotum trapezoidal, not 
covering vertex of head, lateral margins pellucid, sides not deflexed, 


492 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


posterior margin straight. Tegmina with ten costal veins, anterior 
ulnar with five oblique branches, posterior ulnar simple. Wings with 
eleven costals their apices incrassated, ulnar vein with-three branches. 
Front femora armed on the anterior margin beneath with minute 
piliform spines, armature of the other femora very sparse ; no 
genicular spine on anterior femora. 


19. Phyllodromia laterifera, W1k. 
Blatia laterifera, Walker, 1. c. p. 231 (1868). 
9. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


20. Phyllodromia propinqua, Wik. 
Blatta propinqua, Walker, |. c. p. 228 (1868). 
Blatta contigua, Walker, |. c. p. 228 (1868). 


2. (propingua). MACASSAR, CELEBES (JV allace). 
2. (contigua). New GUINEA (Wallace). 


21. Phyllodromia majuscula, W1k. 
Llaita majuscula, Walker, |. c. p. 139 (1869). 
2. CHAN-TI-BON, S1AM (Mowhot). 


These three species are all large testaceo-hyaline forms 
with broadly elliptical pronotum, broad tegmina with the 
marginal area equalling half the total breadth. They 
may be distinguished by the form of the supra-anal 
lamina :— 


a. Supra-anal lamina triangular and cleft at the 
apex; totallength 17mm. ... . . . P. propinqua. 

aa. Supra-anal lamina not cleft at the apex. 

b. Supra-anal lamina short, transverse ; total 
length 18 mm. 3 bol tos bis 

bb. Supra-anal lamina, slightly produced, trigonal ; 
total length 21mm... =. 2 . 2. 72 OP. majusculat 


P. laterifera. 


22. Phyllodromia elegans, W1k. 

Blatta elegans, Walker, |. c. p. 226 (1868). 
g. SaRawak (Wallace). 
23. Phyllodromia picticollis, W\k. 

Blatta picticollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 140 (1869). 
2. Macassar, CELEBES (Wallace). 


a 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 493 


24. Phyllodromia guttifera. Wk. 
Blaita guttifera, Walker, |. c. p. 230 (1868). 
¢. Aru Is. (Wallace). 


This and the two preceding species are all very closely 
allied. They are fulvo-testaceous insects about 17 mm. 
in total length with very long slender antennee and with 
the tegmina projecting considerably beyond the end of the 
body; the venation of the tegmina is the same in all 
species, there being twenty to twenty-one costal veins, 
eight discoidal longitudinal sectors and the radial vein is 
bifurcated. 

The following may be considered the differential 
characters of the three species : 


Pronotum with dise fusco-castaneous, a W-shaped 

mark and central line testaceous, margins testaceous, 

Cox not spotted. Supra-anal Jamina narrow, 

produced, triangular ; sub-genital lamina irregular, 

deeply cleft ; titillator nearly straight. . . . . P. elegans 
Pronotum with dise rufo-castaneous, a dumb-bell- 

shaped mark and margins testaceous. Coxe not 

spotted. Supra-anal lamina incised at apex. . . P. picticollis. 
Pronotum fulvous with irregular paler marking 

on disc. Coxee spotted with castaneous. Supra-anal 

lamina broad, produced, triangular; sub-genital 

lamina narrow, not cleft ; titillator strongly curved P. guttifera. 


25. Phyllodromia polygrapha, Wk. 
Blatta polygrapha, Walker, |. c. p. 222 (1868). 
Sex ? (abdomen missing). 
CHAN-TI-BON, SIAM (Mowhot). 
This is closely allied to P. hiecroglyphica, Br. but the 
head and pronotum are much more heavily marked with 


castaneous and the femora have their posterior margins 
marked with fuscous. 


26. Phyllodromia obtusifrons, Wk. 
Blatta obtusifrons, Walker, |. c. p. 226 (1868). 
9. SARAWAK (Wallace). 
Fulvo-testaceous. Head castaneous, antenne twice as long as the 


body. Pronotum trapezoidal, barely covering vertex of head, 
posterior margin very slightly angled, sides only slightly deflexed, 


49 4 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattidex. 


disc marked with castaneous dots and lines symmetrically arranged. 
Tegmina with marginal field equalling half the total breadth, radial 
vein bifurcated, the lower branch ramose and sending its branches to 
the apical part of the anterior margin, eleven costals, anterior ulnar 
with five branches, posterior ulnar simple. Ulnar vein of wings 
with four branches. Supra-anal lamina shortly produced ;_ sub- 
genital lamina ample, semi-orbicular; cerci elongate. Insertions of 
tibial and femoral spines marked with fuscous. 


27. Phyllodromia ignobilis, W1k. 
Blatia ignobilis, Walker, l.c. p. 224 (1868). 
2. Suxa Is. (Wallace). 


This is a small species, which can be recognized by the 
colouring of the tegmina; in these the veins are pale and 
the interstices filled with flavo-testaceous, in addition there 
are numerous castaneous points situated on the veins. 
The costal veins of the wing are somewhat irregular and 
their ends are clavate, they are ten in number, the ulnar 
vein has three branches and there is a prominent tri- 
angular apical area. The anterior margin of the front 
femora beneath are armed only with minute and close-set 
piliform spines. 

28. Phyllodromia marmorata, Wik. 
Blatta marmorata, Walker, |. c. p. 140 (1869). 
9. Mr. Opuir, Manacca (Wallace). 

A pale testaceous species, marbled with castaneous ; 

evidently a cryptic coloration. 
29. Phyllodromia extenuata, W1k. 
Blatia extenuata, Walker, l.c. 221 (1868). 


g. Eaypt. 
This is synonymous with P. supellectiliwm, Serv. 


30. Phyllodromia annulicornis, W1k. 
Blatta annulicornis, Walker, |.c. p. 219 (1868). 
gf. Para, BRAZIL. 


Head black, shining ; eyes pale ; antennz fuscous, with a testa- 
ceous annulus occupying eight joints, before the middle. Pronotum 
black, shining, with the posterior and lateral margins pale testaceous, 
not covering vertex of head, posterior margin slightly produced. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the “Blattidex. 495 


Tegmina rufo-testaceous, infuscated at base, fifteen costal veins, dis- 
coidal field reticulated. Abdomen and legs black, tibial spines 
and apical tarsal joints rufous. Sub-genital lamina small, narrow, 
quadrate, with two styles. 


31. Pseudectobia bipunctata, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 3.) 
Blatta bipunctata, Walker, 1. c. p. 141 (1869). 
9. Macassar, CELEBES ( Wallace). 


The species is rather convex, the marginal field of the 
tegmina 1s broad, the veins of the discoidal field are very 
indistinct, a triangular apical area is present in the wings, 
the supra-anal lamina is short and transverse and the 
femora are sparsely armed, which characters taken in 
conjunction may be considered as diagnostic of the genus 
Pseudectobia. 


32. Pseudophyllodromia laticeps, W1k. 
Blatta laticeps, Walker, 1. c. 142 (1869). 
Phyllodromia laticaput, Brunner, Abhand|. Senckenb. 
Ges, xxiv, p. 205, pl. 16, f. 9 (1898). 


2. SINGAPORE (Wallace). 


In Singapore examples the disc of the abdomen beneath 
is testaceous, whereas in examples from Borneo (= Jati- 
caput, Br.) this is rufous, otherwise the two forms are 
identical. 


33. Allacta latirupta, Walk. 


blatta mundicola, Walker, |. c. p. 101 (1868). 

Blatta latirwpta, Walker, |. c. p. 143 (1869). 

Blatia patula, Walker, 1. c. p. 143 (1869). 

Llatta biteniata, de Saussure, Mél. Orthopt. II, 
p- 63 (1869). 

g. (= latirupta, Wik.) NEw SoutaH WALES. 

2. (= patula, Wik.) SYDNEY. 


A, mundicola, Wik. is the earliest name for this species. 


34, Duryodana palpalis, Wik. 


Blatia palpalis, Walker, 1. ¢. p. 225 (1868). 
Phyllodromia palpata, Brunner, Abhandl. Senckenb. 
Ges. xxiv, p. 207, pl. 16, f. 13 (1898). 


g. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


496 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Sub-fam. HPILAMPRINAL 
35. Pinaconota obliqua, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 5.) 


Ischnoptera (?) obliqua, Walker, |. c. 148 (1869). 
g¢. BRAZIL. 


Pale testaceous. Head castaneous, a fuscous band between the eyes, 
clypeus and mouth-parts testaceous, sparsely but deeply punctate ; 
antennx about half the body-length, testaceous. Pronotum trans- 
versely elliptical, anterior margin truncate, not nearly covering 
vertex of head ; posterior margin nearly straight, sides deflexed, with 
large scattered punctures ; two angulate black vittee extend from the 
anterior to the posterior margins. Tegmina with basal fourth punc- 
tate, a short humeral stripe castaneous, radial vein bifurcated, 
extremities ramose, ten costal veins, discoidal field reticulate. 
Scutellum exposed, marked with castaneous, punctate. Supra-anal 
lamina large, fimbriated ; sub-genital lamina large with two styles 
asymmetrically placed ; cerci short ; legs short, the front and mid 
tibize shorter than the corresponding femora. Front femora armed on 
the anterior margin beneath with a close-set row of short spines, two 
spines on the posterior margin ; mid-femora with twelve spines on 
anterior, four on posterior margin ; hind-femora with five spines on 
anterior, four on posterior margin beneath ; the spines on the anterior 
margin about half the length of those on the posterior margin ; 
formula of apical spines 2, }, 4; minute genicular spines on mid- 
and hind-femora. Tarsi short, both tibiee and tarsi fimbriated, pos- 
terior metatarsus shorter than remaining joints ; pulvillilarge. Total 
length 21 mm. ; length of body 18mm. ; length of tegmina 17 mm. ; 
pronotum 5 mm. x 7 mm. 


This somewhat remarkable species appears to be un- 
doubtedly referable to the genus Pinaconota, Sauss., it 
can be distinguished from the only other species in the 
genus, P. bifasciata, Sauss., by its much larger size. 

36. Molytria dotata, Wik. 
Lpilampra dotata, Walker, |. c. p. 180 (1869). 
2. SINGAPORE (Wallace). 
The same as Molytria badia, Br. 
37. Molytria polyspila, Wik. 


Epilampra polyspila, Walker, 1. c. p. 197 (1868); 1. ¢. 
p. 183 (1869). 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 497 


fd. SmncaPorE (Wallace); 9. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


This is synonymous with J. maculata, Br.; M. shelfordr 
Kirby, is merely the Bornean race. 


38. Molytria ramifera, W1k. 
Epilampra ramifera, Walker, |.c. p. 132 (1869). 
gd. Sumatra ( Wallace). 


The species is very close, perhaps too close to MZ. badia, 
Br. ; it differs by the paler colour of the pronotum and teg- 
mina, by the more rufous coloration of the abdomen and 
legs, by the narrower pronotum (11 mm. x 14°5 mm. as 
against 11 mm. x 17 mm. in dadia) and by the more 
ample subgenital lamina and more spatulate styles. 


39. Homalopteryx basifera, Wk. 


Epilampra basifera, Walker, |. c. p. 131 (1869). 
g. CERAM (Wallace). 


Synonymous with H. macassariensis, Haan. 


40. Homalopteryx adusta, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 6.) 
Epilampra adusta, Walker, 1. c. p. 181 (1869).' 
2. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


Head testaceous, a cruciform castaneous marking on the front, 
vertex with small castaneous points, apex of maxillary palpi casta- 
neous. Pronotum with the disc castaneous, the lateral margins broadly 
testaceous, marked with numerous castaneous points, the surface 
granular, two impressions on the disc, black, lateral margins slightly 
reflected, posterior margin with a row of larger granules. Tegmina 
testaceous heavily mottled with castaneous, marginal area paler, 
serio-punctate, just failing to reach extremity of abdomen. Abdomen 
beneath with the disc heavily mottled with castaneous, margins 
testaceous ; supra-anal lamina bilobate, sub-genital lamina ample ; 
cerci testaceous. Legs testaceous, dotted with castaneous, four spines 
on anterior margin of front femora, formula of apical spines 4, 4, 4, 
no genicular spine on front femora ; posterior metatarsus shorter than 
remaining joints, spinous beneath, pulvillus not produced back- 
wardly. Total length 23mm.; length of tegmina 17 mm. ; pronotum 
85mm. xX 12 mm. 


498 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


41. *Pseudophoraspis conformis, W\k. 


Epilampra conformis, Walker, 1. c. p. 200 (1868). 
Epilampra scita, Walker, |. c. p. 200 (1868). 


2. SARAWAK (Wallace). “From the stomach of a 
cuckoo, Phenicophaus erythrognathus” [conformis]. 
2. SUMATRA (Wallace) [scita]. 


Both these species and also P. congrua, Wlk., are the 
same and synonymous with P. nebulosa, Burm. The 
species is highly variable both in size and coloration, 
but the study of a long series from all the greater Sunda 
Is. convinces me that there is no character that can be 
relied on to discriminate distinct species ; the Bornean race 
is generally larger and with the veins of the marginal area 
of the tegmina more strongly marked; but even these 
characters are not constant. 


42. Hedaia concinnula, W1k. 
Epilampra concinnula, Walker, |. c. p. 184 (1869). 
2. Trmor (Wallace). 


The species is very close to H. procera, Br., but differs 
in the more heavily armed front femora, the sinuate tip of 
the wing and more mottled coloration of the tegmina. 


43. Hedaia parvicollis, Wik. 
Epilampra parvicollis, Walker, |. c. p. 183 (1869). 
gd. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


Very like H. procera, Br., but the pronotum is much 
smaller, measuring 7 mm. X 85 mm., its anterior angles 
are less rounded, its anterior margin less arcuate, so that 
in general appearance it is more like a heraldic shield than 
is usual in the genus Hedaia. The posterior margin of 
the subgenital lamina is sinuate and from the slightly 
produced posterior angles spring the slender styles. 


44, Epilampra inclarata, Walk. 
Epilampra inclarata, Walker, 1. c. p. 198 (1868). 
2. SARAWAK (Wallace). 


* This genus is very badly defined, but the genus Epilampra is 
already so unwieldy that one is induced to welcome any attempt to 
split it up. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 499 


Allied to E. saravacensis, Shelf. Testaceous ; the ground-colour 
however obscured by a dense castaneous maculation and vermicula- 
tion. Pronotum not covering vertex of head, not punctate, posterior 
margin angulate, 95 mm. x 13mm, _ Large ocelliform spots on 
the distal halves of the tegmina ; mediastinal vein stout with three 
short branches and one slender ramose branch, costals few but 
highly ramose ; surface of tegmina not punctate. Wings with mar- 
ginal field semi-coriaceous and suffused with castaneous, apex not 
sinuate or angulate. Sub-genital lamina produced, trigonal. Front 
femora beneath with eight spines on anterior margin, two on pos- 
terior margin, no genicular spine ; formula of apical spines 7, }, 4. 


45. Epilampra plena, Wk. 


Epilampra plena, Walker, |. c. p. 211 (1868). 
Epilampra fervida, Walker, 1. c. p. 211 (1868). 


9. Macassar, Celebes (Wallace) [plena]. 
Q. Macassar, Celebes (Wallace) | fervida]. 


EL. plena, Wik.; £. puncticollis, Wik.; #£. quadrinotata, 
W1k.; £. lxvicollis, Sss., and EL. flavomarginata, Shelf. form 
a congeries of species that it is not easy to discriminate ; 
the differences in coloration are slight, and it is almost 
impossible to express them in writing. The species are 
small, averaging 25 mm. in total length; they are amber- 
coloured or testaceous, the ground-colour however being 
obscured by densely placed and minute castaneous or 
fuscous macule, and vermiculatious, so that the insects 
appear to be of some shade of castaneous. The pronotum 
does not cover the vertex of the head, its posterior margin 
is obtusely angled and produced, its surface is quite 
smooth. The posterior legs are long and slender, the meta- 
tarsus particularly so, and the pulvilli are margined with 
spines. The veins of the tegmina are strongly marked, 
and between them at the base only of the tegmen appear 
series of shallow ill-marked punctures. £. puneticollis, 
WI1k., from Borneo can be distinguished by two converging 
impressions on the front part ‘of the pronotum; JZ. /evicol- 
lis, Sss., from Java is possibly synonymous; L. quadrinotata, 
W1k., from Borneo is smaller (20 mm. total length), has 
four fuscous maculz on the pronotum, and the supra-anal 
lamina. is notched deeply, not merely cleft; 2. plena, W1k., 
from Celebes and New Guinea has no impressions on the 
pronotum and is larger than quadrinotata, the form fervida 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 33 


500 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


is less heavily marked and is of a rufous hue; #. favomar- 
ginata, Shelf., can be distinguished by its coloration. A 
revision of the genus Lpilampra is much to be desired, 
but without a comparison of all the types it is a matter 
of such consummate difficulty that it has been shirked 
by every student of the Blattide. The species noted 
above might well be considered typical of Kirby’s genus 
Heterolampra, but Mr. Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue 
of Orthoptera includes in it all the old world species of 
Epilampra that cannot be fitted into the genera Hedaia 
and Calolampra ; the result is a heterogeneous assemblage, 
whose diagnostic generic characters are in most cases 
merely their locality labels. 


46. Hpulampra varia, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 9.) 
Epilampra varia, Walker, 1. c. p. 180 (1869). 
2. SARAWAK ( Wallace). 


Head flavo-testaceous, with a large black patch covering nearly the 
whole of the front from between the eyes to the labrum, vertex 
mottled with castaneous ; antenne broken ; eyes pale. Pronotum 
not covering vertex of head, its posterior margin truncate, sides 
deflexed, smooth, shining, dark castaneons, all the margins flavo-testa- 
ceous, spotted with castaneous. Tegmina short, reaching only to the 
middle of the penultimate segment, coriaceous, smooth and shining, 
the venation obsolescent, the anal and axillary veins being entirely 
absent ; serio-punctate, the punctures indicating the obsolescent vena- 
tion ; flavo-testaceous heavily marked with castaneous, the part of the 
right tegmen overlapped by the left castaneous, its surface reticulated. 
Wings equalling in length the tegmina, marginal area coriaceous, 
Supra-anal lamina not markedly bilobate, its posterior margin 
merely notched slightly ; sub-genital lamina ample; cerci short, 
flavid. Legs mottled with castaneons ; front femora with three stout 
spines on anterior margin beneath, one on posterior margin ; formula 
of apical spines 2, 4, 4. ; 

Total length 28°5 mm.; length of tegmina 20 mm.; pronotum 
85 mm. x 11 mm. 


This species, together with #. imitans, Br., and an 
undescribed species from the Malay Peninsula, might con- 
stitute a new sub-genus, distinguished by the reduced 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 501 


wings and tegmina and the truncate or shortly produced 
posterior margin of the pronotum; they are smooth shin- 
ing insects somewhat ovate in form. 


Sub-fam. BLATTIN 44. 


47. Methana oculata, W1k. 
Periplaneta oculata, Walker, |. c. p. 152 (1869). 
9. AUSTRALIA. 


Synonymous with Methana soror, Sss. 


48. Pelmatosilpha aterrima, Wk. 


Periplaneta aterrima, Walker, |. c. p. 151 (1869). 
Pelmatosilpha prestans, Dohrn. Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlviu, 
p- 411 (1887). 


g. PERU. 


Kirby regards P. aterrima, W\k., as synonymic with 
Nyctibora tenebrosa, Wik. (Syn. Cat. Orth. I, p. 108, 1904); 
this is certainly erroneous, as tenebrosa is a true Nyctibora. 


49. Thyrsocera speciosa, Wk. 


Ellipsidium speciosum, Walker, |. c. p. 214 (1868). 
Thyrsocera speciosa, Shelford. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, 
p. 249, Pl. xiv, fig. 5. 


?. “ EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO ” ( Wallace). 


Sub-fam. PANCHLORINAL. 
50. Leucophxa conferta, Wk. 
Ischnoptera conferta, Walker, |. c. p. 148 (1869). 
dg. CHAN-TI-BON, S1AM (Mowhot). 


Testaceous. Head with large castaneous marking on the front, 
extending to base of clypeus. Pronotum punctate, disc with a large 
castaneous lyrate mark, margins hyaline. Tegmina serio-punctate 
at base, testaceo-hyaline, veins castaneous ; both tegmina and wings 
extend considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Sub-genital lamina 
shortly transverse, an asymmetrical projecting lobe on the right side. 
Legs testaceous, femora marked with castaneous towards apex. 


502 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


51. Tribonium guttulosum, W1k. 
Naupheta guttulosa, Walker, |. c. p. 184 (1868). 


. BRAZIL. 


Allied to 7. elegans, Br., but- much larger, head entirely 
black, apical half of antennz fulvous, pronotum and teg- 
mina more heavily marked, abdomen and legs darker. 


52. Stenoblatta paralella, Wik. (Plate XXX, figs. 7, 7a.) 
Stenoblatta paralella, Walker, |. c. p. 193 (1868). 


399. BRAZIL. 


This extraordinary linear and flattened cockroach has 
apparently not been met with since Walker’s description 
of it appeared. Walker placed it in his family Hypnorm- 
idx (= Plectopterinx) and Kirby (Syn. Cat. Orth. I, p. 179) 
places it at the end of the Plectopterine ; but since the 
wings do not possess a triangular intercalated area this 
classification is evidently wrong; the large, produced 
supra-anal lamina with notched margin and the presence 
of large arolia between the tarsal claws fix the position of 
the genus amongst the Panchlorinx of which sub-family, 
it may be considered an aberrant member. 

Walker’s description, so far as it goes, is quite accurate, 
except in his determination of the sex of the specimens, 
and the following may be regarded as merely supplement- 
ary to it :— 


Head much flattened, the vertex between the eyes forming a 
sharp edge, semicircular in outline, eyes very narrow. Tegmina 
punctate at base, radial vein very straight, bifurcate, the lower 
branch ramose, costals numerous, obsolete and irregular, five dis- 
coidal sectors, discoidal field reticulated, nine axillary veins. Wings 
with anterior half flavid, posterior field infuscated, costal veins highly 
irregular and reticulated, median vein quite straight, ulnar vein 
with five branches, two of which go to the dividing vein. Supra- 
anal lamina projecting considerably beyond the sub-genital lamina ; 
cerci equal in length to supra-anal lamina. Legs very short, femora 
without spines, tibiz very sparsely spined, the front pair with four 
apical spines only, hind pair with a few in a double row on the 
upper border, two only on the lower border and four apical spines. 
Arolia relatively enormous, tarsi only half-length of tibia, which are 
two-thirds length of femora, metatarsus not longer than the following 
three joints, shorter than the last joint. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 503 


53. Oniscosoma punctosa, Wk. 


Ischnoptera (?) punctosa, Walker, l.c. p. 149 (1869). 

Ischnoptera punctuosa, Tepper, Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral. 
xvul, p. 55 (1893). 

Pseudopanchlora punctosa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. 1, 
p. 189 (1904). 


gf. AUSTRALIA. 


Head castaneous, darkest on the frons which is very concave ; 
ocelli testaceous ; eyes wide apart; on the vertex a longitudinal 
carina testaceous in colour ; antenne mutilated, fuscous. Pronotum 
cucullate, an anterior carina, two converging impressions posteriorly ; 
its surface covered with granules, anterior margin slightly reflexed, 
posterior margin angulate ; testaceous with castaneous mottlings and 
a quadrate castaneous patch on posterior part of disc. Tegmina 
testaceous, mottled with castaneous, six to seven costal veins. Wings 
hyaline, venation as in O. granicollis, Sss. Abdomen above testace- 
ous, below testaceous with a castaneous patch on the disc ; supra- 
anal lamina short not projecting so far as the sub-genital lamina ; 
cerci short. 

Length of body 11 mm. ; length of tegmina 10°4 mm. 

There is really nothing to prevent the inclusion of this genus in 
the sub-family Perispheriine ; the sexual dimorphism debars it from 
occupying a natural position in the Panchlorine. 


Sub-fam. CORY DIINA. 


54. Corydia dasytoides, Wk. 


Luthyrrapha dasytoides, Walker, |. c. p. 191 (1868). 
Corydia tonkinensis, Kirby, AM.N.H. (7) xi, p. 405 
(1903). 
9. AMOY. 


Walker regarded as a variety of this species, another 
species from Siam which is evidently quite distinct, being 
the same as C. enea, Br.; it is a § collected by Mouhot. 

The genus Corydia includes five closely allied species, 
some of which may possibly be regarded later as mere 
geographical races of one species; unfortunately the insects 
are rare in collections and additional examples are required 
before the exact relationships that they bear one to 
another can be elucidated. ‘The following key will help 
in the identification of the species. 


504 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


1. Tegmina crossed by an orange band. 


2. The band interrupted . . . . . . purpuralis, Kirby 
(S. W. Fokien) 
2’. The band not interrupted . . . . dasytoides, W1k. 


(Amoy, Tonkin) 
1’. Tegmina not crossed by an orange band but 
with an orange costal patch. 


2. Apex of tegmina yellow. . . . . . hilaris, Kirby 
(Hab. ?) 
2’. Apex of tegmina not yellow. 
3. Abdomen orange with blue tip . . cerulea, Shelf. 
(Borneo) 


3’, Abdomen blue-black withmarginal 
orange Vitte . . .. . =. . «ned, Br. (Burma) 


55. Huthyrrhapha ipscides, Wik. 
Luthyrrhapha ipsoides, Walker, |. c. 191 (1868). 
g. PARA, BRAZIL. 


A synonym of the widely-distributed 2. pacifica, Coq. 


56. Holocompsa debilis, W1k. 
HHolocompsa debilis, Walker, |. c. p. 192 (1868). 
9. SARAWAK (Wallace), 


The only Oriental representative of the genus. 


57. Dyscologamia pilosa, Wk. 
Zetobora pilosa, Walker, |. c. p. 187 (1868). 
gf. JAVA. 


Allied to D. capucina, Br. but larger, more rufous, pro- 
notum anteriorly more cucullate, tegmina with only one 
hyaline spot in the basal third. 


58. Dyscologamia silphoides, W\k. 
Polyphaga silphoides, Walker, |. c. p. 182 (1868). 
9. CAMBODIA (Mouhot). 
Much larger than D. capucina, Br. 3, otherwise very 


similar, so far as can be gathered from the description of 
that species. 


or 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 50 


Sub-fam. OX YHALOIN 4f. 


59. Chorisoneura fragilis, W1k. 
Blatta fragilis, Walker, |. c. p. 218 (1868). 
g. BRAZIL. 
Synonymous with C. nigrifrons, Serv. 


60. Chorisoneura glabricula, W1\k. 
Blatta glabricula, Walker, 1. c. p. 218 (1868). 
gf. Brazit. 
Synonymous with C, discoidalis, Burm. 


61. Chorisoneura calogramma, W1k. 
Blatta calogramma, Walker, |. c. p. 217 (1868). 

Oy BRAZIL, 

Occiput, vertex, and centre of frons dark castaneous, a testaceous 
band between the eyes, traversed by a narrow black line, rest of 
head testaceous ; antenne testaceous, the basal joints fuscous above. 
Pronotum transversely elliptical, all the margins hyaline, the disc 
castaneous with two large semilunar markings, testaceous. Tegmina 
clear hyaline, the veins testaceous, veins of discoidal area oblique, 
reticulated. Abdomen beneath testaceous, margined with fuscous ; 
cerci testaceous. Legs testaceous. 


62. Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, W1\k. 
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, Walker, |. c. p. 189 (1868). 
g. Barcutan (Wallace). 


63. Prosoplecta gutticollis, Wik. 
Prosoplecta gutticollis, Walker, |. c. p. 189 (1868). 
2. CERAM (Wallace). 


In this species the sub-genital lamina is relatively 
enormous occupying nearly half the total length of the 
abdomen. 


64. Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. 
Prosoplecta trifaria, Walker, |. c. p. 190 (1868). 
Prosoplecta megaspila, Walker, |. ¢. p. 190 (1868). 
a. (trifaria). Batcutan (Wallace). 
2. (megaspila). Barcutan (Wallace). 


506 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


Sub-fam. PERISPHM#RIIN A. 
65. Aptera rubricosa, Wk. 
Naupheta rubricosa, Walker, |. c. p. 185 (1868). 
g. S. AFRICA. 


Synonymous with A. cingulata, Burm. 


66. Perispheria flexicollis, Wk. 
Zetobora flexicollis, Walker, 1. c. p. 187 (1868). 
dg. SINGAPORE (Wallace). 


This may well be the male of one of the Indo-Malayan 
species that have been described from female examples 
only. It is apparently most closely allied to P. fornicata, 
Br. from Burma, but is larger. 


Total length 25 mm. ; length of body 22 mm.; length of tegmina 
19 mm. ; pronotum 7 mm. x 10 mm. 


67. Hostilia cervina, Wik. 


Zetobora cervina, Walker, |. c. p. 186 (1868). 

? Zetobora congrua, Walker, |. c. p. 49 (1868). 

Zetobora carinata, de Saussure, Mél. Orth. iv, p. 139, 
Pix yt. 50 ((lsi3): 


Fe NAGE Ath 


68. Hypospheria leucopthalma, W1k. 
Zetobora leucopthalma, Walker, |. c. p. 186 (1868). 
ae NAT AT. 


According to Kirby, who has compared the types, this 
is synonymous with /. tenebrosa, Wlk., a species placed by 
Walker in the genus Panchlora ! It is somewhat doubtful 
if tenebrosa, W1k. is not the same as 7. stylifera, Br., but the 
wings are different in colour, and I hesitate to merge the 
species without comparing the types. H. ruficornis, Sss. 
and Zhunt. is also closely allied but can be distinguished by 
the colour of the antenne. 


My. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 507 


69. Blepharodera pilipes, W1k. 
Panchlora pilipes, Walker, 1. c. p. 184 (1868). 


a. Cape or Goop Hope. 


According to Kirby, who has compared the types, this 
is the equivalent of B. contusa, WIk. (1. ¢. p. 80, 1868), and 
it is probable that it is synonymous with B. pilifera, Stal, 
the description of which is rather brief. 


70. Hormetica subcincta, Wik. (Plate XXX, fig. 8.) 
Brachycola subcincta, Walker, |. c. p. 188 (1868). 


gt. COLOMBIA. 


Allied to H. verrucosa, Br. Head testaceous with a large black 
marking on the front, extending to base of clypeus ; labrum, palpi 
and antenne fusco-castaneous. Pronotum as in H. verrucosa but _ 
not bordered with black. Tegmina short, transversely truncate, 
not extending beyond the second abdominal segment, colour and 
markings as in H. verrucosa. Abdomen black, bordered above with 
testaceous, supra-anal lamina testaceous, sub-genital lamina rufo- 
castaneous, cerci black tipped with testaceous. 

Total length 31 mm.; length of tegmina 9 mm. ; pronotum 12 
mm. xX 18 mm. 

The female has the abdomen above coloured as in the male, where- 
as in H. verrucosa, Br. 9, the abdomen has transverse testaceous 
bands above and marginal testaceous spots below. The species 
varies considerably in size. 


71. Hormetica interna, Wk. 
Brachycola interna, Walker, |. c. p. 188 (1868). 


gd. Nauta (Bartlett). 


Allied to the preceding species but the head not so heavily marked 
with black, the pronotum more punctate, the tegmina with a large 
semicircular band castaneous in colour, abdomen beneath margined 
with testaceous. 

Total length 27 mm.; length of tegmina 11 mm. ; pronotum 
10 mm. x 15 mm. 


Of the seventy-seven species in Mr. Saunders’ collection 
described by Walker, fifty-seven can stand as distinct species 


b 


a 


508 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


the remainder must be sunk as synonyms of previously 
described species; one of Walker’s species it has been 
found necessary to separate into two. The following table 
gives the revised nomenclature of these species, which are 
now arranged in the order adopted by Walker in his 


“Catalogue of Blattide ” :— 


WALKER’S NOMENCLATURE. 


Polyphaga silphoides 
Panchlora pilipes 
Naupheta guttulosa 
Naupheta rubricosa 
Zetobora leucopthalma 
Zetobora cervina 
Zetobora flexicollis 
Zetobora pilosa 
Brachycola interna 
Brachycola subcincta 
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata 
Prosoplecta gutticollis 
Prosoplecta trifaria 
Prosoplecta megaspila 
Euthyrrapha dusytoides 


Euthyrrapha dasytoides, var. 


Euthyrrapha ipsoides 
Holocompsa debilis 
Stenoblatta parallela 
Epilampra polyspila 
Epilampra inclarata 
Epilampra conformis 
Epilampra scita 
Epilampra plena 
Epilampra fervida 
Epilampra dotata 
Epilampra varia 
Epilampra adusta 
Epilampra basifera 


Epilampra ramifera 
Epilampra parvicollis 
Epilampra concinnula 
Pseudomops inclusa 
Pseudomops scutigera 
Pseudomops fissa 
Pseudomops pica 
Ellipsidium speciosum 
Blatta calogramma 
Blatta fragilis 

Blatta glabricula 
Blatta annulicornis 
blatta erythrina 
Blatta extenuata 


REVISED NOMENCLATURE. 


Dyscologamia silphoides, W1k. 
Blepharodera contusa, W1k. 
Tribonium guttulosum, W1k. 
Aptera cingulata, Burm. 
Hypospheria tenebrosa, W1k. 
Hostilia cervina, W1k. 
Perisphxria flexicollis, W1k. 
Dyscologamia pilosa, W1k. 
Hormetica interna, W1k. 
Hormetica subcincta, W1k. 
Prosoplecta quadriplagiata, W1k. 
Prosoplecta gutticollis, W1k. 
Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. g 
Prosoplecta trifaria, Wik. @. 
Corydia dasytoides, Wik. 
Corydia enea, Br. 
Euthyrrapha pacifica, Coq. 
Holocompsa debilis, W1k. 
Stenoblatta parallela, W1k. 
Molytria maculata, Br. 
Epilampra inclarata, Wik. 
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa, Burm. 
Pseudophoraspis nebulosa, Br. 
Epilampra plena, Wik. 
Epilampra plena, Wik. 
Molytria badia, Br. 
Epilampra varia, W1k. 
Homalopteryx adusta, W1k. 
Homalopteryx — macassariensis, 
Haan. 
Molytria ramifera, W1k. 
Hedaia parvicollis, W1k. 
Fedwia concinnula, W1k. 
Pseudomops inclusa, W1k. 
Pseudothyrsocera scutigera, W1k. 
Hemithyrsocera histrio, Burm. 
Pseudothyrsocera pica, W1k. 
Thyrsocera speciosa, W1k. 
Chorisoneura calogramma, W1k. 
Chorisoneura nigrifrons, Serv. 
Chorisonewra discoidalis, Burm, 
Phyllodromia annulicornis, Wk. 
Ischnoptera rufa, Br. 
Phyllodromiasupellectilium, Serv. 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 509 


WALKER’s NOMENCLATURE. 


Blatta colligata 
Blatta polygrapha 
Blatta suffusa 
Blatta amplectens 
Blatta hamifera 
Blatta ignobilis 
Blatta funebris 
Blatta palpalis 
Blatta obtusifrons 
Blatta elegans 
Blatta apicigera 
Blatta propinqua 
Blatta contigua 
Blatta contingens 
Blatta sequens 
Blatta guttifera 
Blatta xanthopila 


Blatta laterifera 
Blatta virescens 
Blatta majuscwla 
Blatta marmorata 
Blatta humeralis 
Blatta picticollis 
Blatta bipunctata 
Blatta laticeps 
Blatta cireumducta 
Blatta longiuscula 
Blatta patula 
Blatta latirupta 
Ischnoptera reversa 


REVISED NOMENCLATURE. 


Phyllodromia colligata, W1k. 
Phyllodromia polygrapha, W1k. 
Phyllodromia suffusa, W1k. 
Phyllodromia amplectens, W1k. 
Phyllodromia hamifera, W1k. 
Phyllodromia ignobilis, W1k. 
Phyllodromia fimebris, W1k. 
Duryodana palpalis, W1k. 
Phyllodromia obtusifrons, W1k. 
Phyllodromia elegans, W1k. 
Theganopteryx apicigera, W1k. 
Phyllodromia propinqua, W1k. 
Phyllodromia propinqua, W1k. 
Phyllodromiacontingens, Wik. 2 « 
Phyllodromia sequens, W1k. 
Phyllodromia guttifera, W1k. 
Pseudothyrsocera  xanthophila, 
Wik. 
Phyllodromia laterifera, W1k. 
Phyllodromia virescens, W1k. 
Phyllodromia majuscula, W1k. 
Phyllodromia marmorata, W1k. 
Phyllodromia contingens, Wik. g. 
Phylodromia picticollis, Wk. 
Pseudectobia bipunctata, Wk. 
Pseudophyllodromialaticeps, W1k. 
Escala cireumducta, Wk. 
Escala longiuscula, WIk. 
Allacta mundicola, Wik. @. 
Allacta mundicola, W1k. 3. 
Ischnoptera reversa, W1k. 


Ischnoptera conferta 
Ischnoptera % obliqua 
Ischnoptera ? punctosa 
Periplaneta aterrima 
Periplaneta oculata 


Leucophxa conferta, Wik. 
Pinaconota obliqua, Wik. 
Oniscosoma punctosa, W1k. 
Pelmatosilpha aterrima, W1k. 
Methane oculata, W1k. 


VI. VIVIPARITY AMONGST THE BLATTIDA. 


ATTENTION was first called to this phenomenon amongst 
the Blattide by Riley (“Insect Life,” vol. 111, p. 443, 1890— 
1891 and vol. iv, p. 119, 1892), who observed it in 
Panchlora viridis, Burm. Scudder had already noted 
(Psyche, vol. v, p. 405, 1890) the occurrence of a female 
specimen of Panchlora nivea, L., found alive in a bath- 
room at Salem, Mass., surrounded by numerous newly- 
hatched young, but he had not been able to demonstrate 
the actual birth of these young. Riley dissected one of 


510 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


his specimens and found that it contained a perfect ege- 
cluster of crescentic form, the eggs to the number of forty- 
four and in different stages of development being arranged 
in a double row. The egg-mass was contained in a thin- 
walled prolongation of the genital pouch, which may be 
termed the brood sac. Whilst in most cockroaches the 
egg-capsule is a horny structure, in Panchlora viridis it 1s 
a fine membranous sheath enclosing only the basal half 
of the egg-mass. The colleterial glands have always been 
regarded as secreting the substance of the horny ootheca 
of Llattide, and Riley assumed that they are absent or 
much reduced in Panchlora viridis but did not test the 
‘truth of his assumption by dissection. From another 
specimen examined by Riley young larve and nearly 
mature embryoes had been extruded. 

Holmgren in a paper on viviparity amongst insects 
in general (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xix, p. 484,) records vivi- 
parity for three more genera of Dlattidx, viz. Hustegasta 
micans, Sss. and Zhnt., Oxyhaloa saussuret, Borg, and an 
undetermined species of Llabera. In the latter species 
the developing eggs are contained in a horny and sculp- 
tured capsule which lies in a thin-walled brood-sac and is 
apparently retained there till the eggs are mature or 
nearly so. In Hustegasta micans the ootheca splits open 
whilst still in the brood-sac, and the young larvee emerge 
two by two from the mother. Holmgren divides Blaitide 
into three sections according to their method of repro- 
duction, as follows :— 


1. Oviparous species, which carry the ootheca for some 
days protruding from the tip of the abdomen. 
Ex. Periplaneta. 


2. Viviparous species, the ootheca retained within a 
brood-sac. 
Ex. Hustegasta, Oxyhaloa, Blabera. 


3. Viviparous species, the ootheca practically absent. 
Ex. Panchlora. 


To this last section and possibly to the second I am 
able to add more examples. 

My own attention was specially drawn to this 
phenomenon of viviparity amongst Blattide in rather 
an interesting manner. Whilst arranging the South 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 511 


American species of Hpilampra in the Hope Museum, 
Oxford, I had occasion to examine closely a series of 
specimens of Hpilampra burmeistert, Guér., collected in 
Brazil by the distinguished traveller, W. J. Burchell, and 
I observed that one female example had been preserved 
with two young larvee actually emerging from the tip of 
the abdomen, and that they were still partially shrouded 
in some shreds of the embryonic membranes. The specimen 
is numbered “1400” and is the only one of the series that 
does bear a number. Those who have had occasion to 
study Burchell’s collections know that he attached num- 
bers to the specimens that were of special interest to him 
and his observations on such specimens were recorded in 
his note-books under corresponding numbers. Unfortu- 
nately Burchell’s note-books with records of specimens 
numbered from 1345 onwards are lost, but we can be 
tolerably sure that the young larvee emerging from the 
abdomen of his specimen No. 1400 did not escape the 
notice of this keen observer and that the specimen was 
consequently numbered and the fact actually recorded. 
To Burchell then may well be accorded the credit of first 
discovering the phenomenon of viviparity in blattide. 

In Sarawak, Borneo, I captured a female of Pseudo- 
phoraspis nebulosa, Burm., with numerous young larve 
clinging to the under surface of the abdomen, and in the 
Hope Museum is a female of Phlebonotus pallens, Serv., 
with the following label attached :—“ Ceylon. J. Staniforth 
Green. Carries its live young beneath its wing-covers. 
1878.” In the females of this species the tegmina are 
large and convex, the wings somewhat reduced and the 
abdomen above is concavely depressed, so that a brood- 
chamber is formed under the tegmina in which there is 
ample room to accommodate several young larve. It is 
hardly reasonable to suppose that these two species of 
Epilamprine deposit an ootheca containing newly-fertilized 
eggs and stay beside the ootheca until the young larve 
hatch out and return to the mother from whom they 
originated. It is, on the contrary, in the highest degree 
probable that the eggs are retained in the body of the 
mother until they attain maturity, but whether they are 
enclosed in a horny ootheca lying in a brood-sac or 
whether the ootheca is absent or much reduced as in 
Panchlora viridis is not known. I have dissected the 
female Pseudophoraspis nebulosa that I e:ptured with her 


512 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


young and find that below the genital pouch lies a forward 
prolongation of it with rather thick walls; this is the 
brood-sac and as it is not much larger than the genital 
pouch itself and much smaller than the brood-sac in 
Panchlora viridis and in Molytria maculata and Panesthia 
javanica, as described below, it is rather difficult to explain 
its function, unless one supposes that it becomes very much 
dilated as the fertilized eggs pass into it from the uterus, 
its walls then becoming membranous and the whole organ 
pushing forward to lie amongst the abdominal viscera as 
is the case in other viviparous species. The brood-sac 
was empty in the specimen examined; the genital pouch 


Dissection of Panesthia javanica, 2 , showing brood-sac, etc. 


3-7 = Nos. of segments. U.= Uterus. 
R. = Rectum. Ov. = Ovary. 
G.P. = Genital pouch. Br. = Brood-sac. 
C.G. = Colleterial gland. N.= Branches of ventral nerve-cord. 
Sp. = Spermatheca. 


had thick muscular walls, and when opened the four finger- 
like gonapophyses were seen attached to the dorsal wall 
and directed backwards; in the ventral wall was seen 
the orifice leading to the brood-sac and lying at the 
bottom of a depression in the wall of the pouch. The 
right colleterial gland was well developed, but the left one 
was aborted. 

In Panesthia javanica, Serv., the egg-mass, which is 
about 18 mm. long, is contained in a thin-walled brood- 
sac lying asymmetrically on the left side of the abdomen 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 513 


and extending as far forward as the third abdominal 
sternite ; this brood-sac is, as in the other viviparous 
species, connected with the genital pouch. The eggs 
number from 36 to 40 and are retained in the brood-sac 
until mature; they do not form a crescentic mass as in 
Panchlora viridis. The left colleterial glands are absent, 
but those on the right are well developed. It is by no 
means clear that these glands secrete the chitinous ootheca 
of Periplaneta, ete.; it is remarkable to find that on one 
side at least they are well developed in a species whose 
eggs are enclosed in a thin membrane. I have not been 
able to dissect Molytria maculata, Br., as I have nothing 
but dried specimens, but I have frequently removed egg- 
masses in all stages of development from the brood-sacs 
of freshly-killed females during my sojourn in the Eastern 
tropics and I have several of these egg-masses in my 
possession now; they are larger than those of Panesthia 
javanica, but otherwise show no differences worth con- 
sidering at present. I hope ere long to study the 
embryonic development of these two viviparous genera 
Panesthia and Molytria; it is possible that it differs 
considerably from that of oviparous species. Viviparity 
is now known to occur in six of the eleven sub-families 
of Blattide, viz. Epilamprine (4 genera), Panchlorine, 
Blaberine, Oxyhaloine, Perisphervine, Panesthiine (one 
genus each), and is consequently of more usual occurrence 
than was suspected; I think it likely that it will be 
shown eventually that it occurs almost, if not quite, 
universally amongst the Hpilamprine. Eustegasta is a 
genus placed by all authors in the Perisphervine, but in 
the majority of its characters it is much more closely 
allied to the Hpilamprine than to the other members of 
the Perispheriine and it is of interest that viviparity 
occurs in this genus. 

Notre—Just before going to press I received alive a 
female specimen of Panchlora virescens, Thunb., and some 
females of Phyllodromia germanica, L. Mr. H. Main, to 
whom I am indebted for the latter specimens, informs me 
that P. germanica carries the egg-capsule protruding 
from the tip of the abdomen for some weeks and deposits 
it only one or two days before the contained young hatch 
out. I was surprised to observe in the living female of 
Panchlora virescens an egg-mass partially protruding from 
the end of the abdomen; so far as can be determined 


514 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


by a superficial examination the eggs are not in a very 
advanced state of development ; in this specimen the egg- 
mass is so large that it cannot be retained entirely in the 
brood-sac ; the ootheca is represented by a thin transparent 
membrane, which however is complete, not incomplete as 
in the species observed by Riley. In an undescribed 
species of TZemnopteryx from East Africa, the female 
carries the eggs contained in a transparent membrane 
protruding from the end of the abdomen; in the only 
example examined the eggs are very advanced in develop- 
ment. These new facts enable me to modify Holmgren’s 
“series” of Blattide as follows :— 


1. Oviparous species. Eggs enclosed in a chitinous 
ootheca and carried by the female for a short time 
only. 

Ex. Eetobia, Blatia, Periplaneta. 


2. Ovo-viviparous species. (a@) Eggs enclosed in a 
semi-chitinous capsule and carried by the female, pro- 
truding from the abdomen during the greater part of the 
embryonic period. 

Ex. Phyllodromia germanica. 


(b) As above, but eggs enclosed in a_ transparent 
membrane. 


Ex. Temnopterye sp. 


3. Viviparous species. (7) Eggs enclosed in a chiti- 
nous ootheca which is retained in the brood-sac of the 
mother. Ex. Oxyhaloa saussuret, Hustegasta micans, Blabera 
sp. [?Pseudophoraspis nebulosa and Phlebonotus pallens}. 
(0) Eggs enclosed in a transparent membrane, which is 
retained in the brood-sac of the mother. i. Membrane 
complete. Ex. Molytria maculata, Epilampra burmeisteri, 
Panchlora virescens, Panesthia javanica |? Pseudophoraspis 
nebulosa and Phlebonotus pallens]. 1. Membrane incom- 
plete. Panchlora viridis, P. nivea. 


15 


Or 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


VII. A New Genus oF SymBioTic BLATTIDA. 


Genus Sphecophila, nov. 


Superficially resembling Attaphila, Wheel., but tegmina absent in 
the male ; subgenital lamina of male provided with two styles ; 
femora unarmed beneath ; no arolia between tarsal claws ; frons 
swollen ; eyes reduced ; ocelli present; antennie short, but conform- 
ing to normal Blattid type. 


The only known species was taken from the nest of 
the wasp, Polybia pygmea, Fab., in French Guiana. 

We have in this little cockroach an example of the 
difficulties which beset the systematist when he has to 
deal with aberrant species modified by peculiar habits and 
environment to a similar general facies, 

The genus Attaphila contains two species of myrme- 
cophilous cockroaches, A. fungicola, Wheel., and <A. bergi, 
Bol., found respectively in the nests of Atta fervens, Say, 
in Texas, and Atta lundi, Guer., in Uruguay. Wheeler, 
who first made known the genus (Amer. Nat. vol. xxxiv, 
p. 851, 1900), suggests that among the Blattidze it occupies 
“a peculiar if not unique taxonomic position ;” and Bolivar 
(Comm. del. Mus. Nac. d. Buenos Aires, p. 333, 1901) 
creates for its reception the sub-family Attaphilinze, regard- 
ing the peculiar antennal characters of high importance. 
This sub-family takes its place in the first of the two great 
divisions in which the Blattidze have been brigaded, viz. 
that in which the femora are spined beneath. Sphecophila 
cannot be placed in this division, for the femora are un- 
armed beneath; much less then can it be placed in the 
sub-family Attaphilinze, though its general resemblance to 
Attaphila is most striking. Must then a new sub-family 
be created for the reception of Sphecophila ? I think not; 
the multiplication of sub-divisions for the reception of 
anomalous genera is a practice to be deprecated for many 
reasons, chief among which is the consideration that it 
tends to obscure the relationships which must exist 
between these anomalous genera and genera of more 
normal type. In my opinion Attaphila may be regarded 
as an aberrant Phyllodromiine, akin to Loboptera, Br., or 
Temnopteryx, Br., and Sphecophila as an aberrant member 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART IV. (JAN. 1907) 34 


516 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 


of the sub-family Corydiinze (= Heterogamiine). Bolivar 
(l.c.) is much impressed by the structure of the antennz 
in Attaphila, the increasing lengths of the joints in pro- 
portion to their breadth particularly attracting his atten- 
tion, and he states that in all other Blattidz the joints of 
the antenne, with the exception of the first, are short and 
transverse. This as a matter of fact is scarcely accurate ; 
in cockroaches of normal type the first joint of the antennze 
is longer than broad, the second usually broader than long, 
and the third much longer than broad; the succeeding 
joints are short and transverse but gradually increasing 
in length until they are longer than broad, and the apical 
joints are usually sub-monilform. Attaphila is peculiar in 
that the third joint of the antennze is short and transverse 
and the increase in length of the succeeding joints is not 
gradual but sudden. Unfortunately in all the specimens 
of Attaphila that have been examined, the antennz are 
mutilated, so we know nothing of the terminal ends of 
these organs. Wheeler examined forty-five examples of 
A. fungicola, and found that in seventeen specimens the 
mutilation of the antennz was symmetrical, in twenty-one 
specimens almost symmetrical, the difference being not 
more than one joint; in only seven specimens were the 
antenne very asymetrically mutilated. He concludes that 
the ants, with which this cockroach lives, crop the antennee 
of their guests and suggests that the peculiar structure of 
the antenne is a result of continual clipping. Without 
subscribing to this opinion, it may be pointed out that 
a modification of the antennze of an insect living in the 
dark and under very peculiar circumstances is rather to be 
expected; indeed, it might be expected that profound 
modifications of the antennz would invariably accompany 
a marked reduction of the other sense-organs, the eyes, if 
Sphecophila was not a standing proof to the contrary. 
Attaphila, as shown by an examination of the contents of 
the alimentary canal, feeds on the fungus cultivated by the 
leaf-cutting ants; Sphecophila is nourished otherwise. The 
wasps of the genus Polybia construct small paper nests 
pendant from the under surface of leaves or twigs; in 
some species the nest is made up of a number of cells 
without any outer common covering ; every cell containing 
a larva is open at the lower end, and it is only the cells 
containing nymphs that are closed, each with a paper cap. 
Polybia pygmexa however constructs a nest composed of a 


Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 517 


aumber of cells enclosed in a common covering of paper, 
and the entrance to the nest is by one orifice in the floor 
of the nest. The mother wasp feeds the larvee with insects 
or spiders that she brings to them, and it is probable that 
the symbiotic cockroaches living on the floor of the nest 
feed on any small fragments of food that may drop down 
from the wasp-larve in the cells above. I owe this sug- 
gestion to my friend Vicomte R. du Buysson, who discovered 
the cockroaches in the nest of the Polybia, which was sent 
home by the collector, M. F. Geay. In conclusion, we may 
regard these two genera, Attaphila and Sphecophila, as 
affording an admirable demonstration of convergence in 
development, a result which we may fairly assume to have 
been brought about by very similar modes of life, viz. 
symbiosis with social Hymenoptera. The following tables 
show more graphically the similarities between the two 
genera and their dissimilarities, and it will be seen that 
whilst the former are in the main superficial and obvious, 
the latter are deep-seated and of great taxonomic import- 
ance, showing that the genera have arisen from totally 
different stocks. 


Features common to the two genera :— 


Colour. 

Pubescence. 

Size. 

Shape. 

Reduction of eyes. 

Vertex not covered by pronotum. 
Shortness of legs, 

One-jointed cerci. 


Differences between the two genera :— 


ATTAPHILA. ¢. SPHECOPHILA. ¢. 
Third antennal joint short. Third antennal joint long. 
Ocelli absent. Ocelli present. 
Tegmina and wings present. Tegmina and wings absent (? in 
nymphs only). 
Supra-anal lamina trigonal. Supra-anal lamina semi-orbicular. 
Styles absent. Styles present. 
Femora armed beneath. Femora unarmed beneath. 


Tarsal arolia present. Tarsal arolia absent. 


518 Mr. R. Shelford’s Studies of the Blattide. 
Sphecophila polybiarum. (Plate XXX, figs. 10-12.) 


¢. Fulvo-testaceous, with a fine fulvous pubescence. Vertex not 
covered by the pronotum; front of head swollen and projecting as is 
common amongst the Corydiine; eyes very much reduced, scarcely 
visible from the front and almost entirely hidden under the deflexed 
sides of the pronotum ; one pair of true ocelli situated low down on 
the frons and closer together than the antennal sockets ; maxillary 
and labial palpi small. Antenne short, of twenty joints, the first 
joint longer than broad, the second as broad as long, the third longer 
than broad, the remaining joints at first broader than long, but 
gradually becoming longer, the last four or five joints almost monili- 
form. Pronotum with anterior and posterior margins truncate, 
narrower in front than behind, longer than broad, sides deflexed ; 
meso- and metanotum broader than long, their posterior angles only 
slightly produced backwards. Nine abdominal tergites, including 
the supra-anal lamina, are visible, posterior margins of the first three 
and of the eighth straight, of the fourth to the seventh concave; 
the supra-anal lamina is semi-orbicular. Cerci one-jointed, acute, 
equal to the supra-anal lamina in length. Eight abdominal sternites, 
including the sub-genital lamina, are visible; sub-genital lamina 
slightly produced, not extending as far as the supra-anal lamina, 
with one pair of styles equalling in length the cerci and clothed 
with a few erect hairs. Femora without spines, on the anterior 
margin beneath of the front femur is a row of stiff seta, a genicular 
spine on each femur, no apical spines. Spines on tibize above in 
three rows, five apical spines on the posterior tibiz. Metatarsus 
longer than the remaining joints, no arolium between claws, 

2 unknown. 

Total length 3 mm, —3°2 mm. 


Sr. Marig, Oyapock, FRENCH Guiana (F. Geay, 1900). 
Ten examples (Paris Museum); from the nest of Polybia 
pygmea, Kab. 

The absence of female examples is striking, but it is 
possible that the entire colony was not secured by the 
collector, some individuals may have escaped from the 
nest. I cannot be certain that the specimens here de- 
scribed are fully adult, but I am inclined to think that 
they are, or if not, that the adults are apterous, for 
nymphs of winged cockroaches have the posterior angles 
of the mesonotum and metanotum much more strongly 
produced backwards than is the case in the specimens 
before me. 


Explanation of Plate. 519 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX. 


Fig. 1. Supra-anal lamina of Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, W1k., 


Bx 


. Sub-genital lamina of Pseudothyrsocera xanthophila, W1k., 


. Pseudectobia bipunctata, W1k.,9 x 3. 

. Sub-genital lamina of Phyllodromia contingens, Wlk., 3. 
. Pinaconotw obliqua, Wlk., ¢. Slightly enlarged. 

. Homalopteryx adusta, W1k., 2. Slightly enlarged. 

. Stenoblatta paralella, Wlk., 9. Slightly enlarged. 


a. side view. 


. Hormetica subcincta, Wlk., 9. Slightly enlarged. 

. Epilampra varia, Wik., 9. Slightly enlarged. 

. Head of Sphecophila polybiarum, mihi, ¢ x 35. 

. Supra-anal lamina of Sphecophila polybiarum, mihi, ¢ x 25. 
. Sub-genital lamina of Sphecophila polybiarwm, mihi, ¢ 


>< Why, 


( 521 ) 


XXII. On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina 
corva and Ixias baliensis. By F. A. Drxey, M.A., 
M.D., F.L.S., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. 


[Read December 5th, 1906. ] 


PLATE XXXI. 


AMoNG the geographical forms of Huphina nerissa, Fabr., 
there occurs in Java, Bali and Lombok a fairly well- 
marked island race to which Wallace in 1867 gave the 
name of corva. A similar form, called by Butler from 
its habitat H. swmatrana, seems almost indistinguishable 
from Wallace’s type. 

The object of the present paper is to call attention to 
the remarkable similarity that exists between both sexes, 
but especially the female, of Huphina corva, and certain 
females of a form of Jzias found in the same locality. 
The Jxias in question belongs to the group containing 
I. venilia, Godt., and J. reinwardtw, Voll., being indeed 
scarcely separable from the latter. It is the local race 
inhabiting the island of Bali, and has accordingly received 
the name balzensis from Fruhstorfer. 

The resemblance here spoken of is well seen on Plate 
XXXI, but is still more striking when the actual specimens 
are examined. It can, J think, scarcely be doubted that 
the likeness between these forms of such diverse affinities 
has a mimetic significance. The specimens represented in 
Fig. 3-7 were all captured on the same occasion by Mr. 
R. Shelford, M.A., F.E.S., and were kindly given by him 
to the Hope Department at Oxford. It does not appear 
to have been noticed that the series contained an Lxias 
until the insects were on the point of being incorporated 
with the general collection. 

It will be observed that the resemblance to [xias balien- 
sis, though shared by both sexes, is stronger in the female 
than in the male Huphina. This isin accordance with the 
well-known rule as to the superior means of protection 
employed by the female sex in correspondence with its 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PARTIV. (JAN. 1907) 


522 Dr. F. A. Dixey On the Diaposematic 


greater needs—a rule which holds good not only in 
mimicry but also in other kinds of defence. Another 
point worthy of notice is, that as shown by Figs. 6 and 7, 
compared with 64 and 7A, the resemblance borne to each 
other by the upper surfaces of the two insects does not 
extend to the lower. This seems to favour the view that 
the enemies in this instance guarded against are such as 
attack butterflies on the wing rather than at rest. 

But the most interesting feature in the case is the 
evidence it affords of diaposematism, or the interchange of 
warning characters between mimic and model. In his 
original description of H. corva, Wallace drew attention to 
the fact that this form possesses a black border to the 
hind-wing, “much wider and more defined than in the 
allied forms” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Series, IV, 
1867, p. 339). This dark border, as can be seen in Plate 
XXXI, figs. 3-6, is present in both sexes; it is formed 
in the female by the fusion of the submarginal row 
of V-shaped spots seen in Fig. 1 with the actual dark 
edging of the wing. A somewhat similar feature, though 
less pronounced, occurs in H. lichenosa, Moore, from the 
Andaman Islands; but in the ordinary allied forms known 
as Huphina nerissa, H. phryne, H. oe etc., it does not 
exist. A comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, which represent 
the female and male respectively of the typical H. phryne 
of continental India, with the figures of H. corva in the 
same Plate, will show the difference referred to by Wallace. 
This difference is even better marked in the dry-season 
form of H. phryne than in the wet, the latter being the 
phase here figured. 

Now it is in large measure to the presence of this dark 
border on the hind-wing that . corva owes its correspond- 
ence in aspect with J. baliensis. It is of course open to 
anyone to assert that the dark border is merely an acci- 
dental feature in H. corva without any special significance. 
But when we consider that this feature is practically 
restricted to that form of the H. nerissa group whose 
range overlaps that of the Jzias which it so closely re- 
sembles, the conclusion seems at once to suggest itself 
that the presence of the dark border in H. corva is the 
result of a mimetic approach to the other insect. In this 
respect, then, the Huphina has acted as the mimic and 
the Jzias as the model. If, however, we turn to the fore- 
wing, we find the process reversed; here it is the Jzias 


Resemblance between Huphina corva and Ixias baliensis. 523 


that has departed from the usual aspect of its nearest 
relatives, becoming in this case the mimic, while the 
Huphina stands as the model. The resemblance has 
therefore been attained by a process of give-and-take on 
‘both sides; nor would it be easy to find a better illustra- 
tion of the principle of reciprocal change or diaposematism. 

It is fair to note that specimens of 7. corva from Java 
and the representative form H. swmatrana from Sumatra 
also possess the dark border to the hind-wing, and are not 
known to be in mimetic association with any Jxias found 
in those islands. It is perhaps unlikely, though not impos- 
sible, that a corresponding Jzias may yet be observed to 
inhabit these localities; but in view of well-ascertained 
facts as regards the shifting of areas of distribution among 
butterflies it would not be extravagant to suppose that the 
Huphina has somewhat extended, or the /zias has con- 
tracted its range since the resemblance was first set up. 
In any case, we have the fact that the specimens shown in 
Figs. 3-7 were all caught by the same person in the 
same place and on the same day. #. corva occurs also in 
Lombok, where its relation with Jxias reinwardtw, Voll. 2 
is no doubt the same as with J. baliensis in the neighbour- 
ing island. 

It is to be observed that not all female specimens of 
HT. corva show the mimetic approach to Jxias in the same 
degree. The hind-wings are sometimes rather conspicuously 
veined, as often in the wet-season phase of H. phryne ; 
moreover the dark Ixias-like border is less distinct in 
some specimens than in others. So too, L. baliensis 9 
may possess a pale orange suffusion in the central area of 
the fore-wing. These features, which may possibly be 
dependent on season, certainly tend when present to 
impair or abolish the excellence of the mimetic picture. 

Mr. Finn, in the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of 
Bengal,” 1895, pp. 621, 624, 626, 635, etc., has produced 
some direct evidence that Huphina phryne is disliked by 
insectivorous birds (Liothrix and Chloropsis). There is 
not, so far as I am aware, any such evidence in the case 
of Jxias. But if the foregoing conclusions are well- 
founded, it will follow that the association between the 
two forms here discussed must be synaposematic and not 
pseudosematic, Miillerian and not Batesian. 


524 Explanation of Plate. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI. 


Fie. 1. Huphina phryne, Fabr. 2. 
2. Huphina phryne, Fabr. ¢. 

These figures (1 and 2) represent the ordinary form from continental 

India. 

Huphina corva, Wallace ¢. 

Huphina corva, Wallace ¢. 

Hwphina corva, Wallace ¢. 

Huphina corva, Wallace ¢. 
6A. Huphina corva, Wallace 9 underside. 
7. Ixias baliensis, Fruhst. ?. 
7A. Inias baliensis, Fruhst. ¢ underside. 

The above butterflies (3-7) were all taken by Mr. R. Shelford at 
Buliling, Bali, on May 19, 1905. The resemblance between H. 
corva @ and JI. baliensis 2 does not extend to the lower surface, 
as will be seen on comparing 6, 7 with 6A, 7A. In the dark border 
of the hind-wing, H. corva (3-6) is seen to depart from the aspect 
of the closely allied H. phryne (1, 2) and approach that of JI. 
baliensis (7). 


Sew) Se 


( 525 ) 


XXIII. Xanthorhoé ferrugata (Clerck) and the Mendelian 
Hypothesis. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. 


[Read December 5th, 1906. ] 


AxBout ten to twelve years ago, consequently some time 
before I first made acquaintance with Mendel’s theory, I 
undertook some rather extensive heredity experiments 
upon Xanthorhoé (Coremia) ferrugata, Clerck, generally 
known to British entomologists as Coremia unidentaria, 
Haw., a common little Geometrid species which exhibits 
very definite colour dimorphism. A tolerably full account 
of the results I obtained has already been published in 
the “Transactions of the City of London Entomological 
Society” for 1897-98, pp. 26-34, but as that periodical 
has had but a limited circulation, and as, for obvious 
reasons, I made no reference to the relation of the experi- 
ments to the views of Mendel, I make no apology for 
republishing the main outlines. 

The synonymy of this species and its closest relative, 
X. spadicearia (Schiff.), Bkh. = ferrugaria, Haw., has 
been much confused, and is almost unintelligible in most 
of our catalogues, but will be found clearly set forth in 
Meyrick’s “Handbook of British Lepidoptera,” p. 229. 
The only fault there is that Meyrick omits to mention 
that the purple-banded form is the “type” of both Clerck 
and Linnzeus, and occurs (though sparingly) in Britain as 
well as “ abroad,” while the black-banded form is the ab. 
(et var.) wnidentaria of Haworth. For the purpose of 
the present paper it will be sufficient to speak of the type 
as “purple” and the aberration as “black,” thus avoiding 
any tax on the memory of those who may not be familiar 
with the complexities of the synonymy. 

There is no doubt that, in Britain, the tilack is the 
“dominant” form, in the ordinary acceptation of the word, 
and without postulating any Mendelian application. I 
have repeatedly bred from wild black females and have 
invariably obtained therefrom black specimens only, some- 
times carrying on the strain for two or three generations. 
Many friends have had the same result, and so has the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—ParRT Iv. (JAN. 1907) 


526 Mr. Louis B. Prout on Xanthorhoé ferrugata 


German entomologist Fuchs, who—on account of this 
“epigonic ” evidence—recently proposed to erect the form 
as a distinct species under the name of eximiata (fide 
R. Piingeler), The var. stwpida of Alphéraky, from 
Central Asia (No. 3370a, in Staudinger’s “Catalog”) is 
also invariably black-banded, so far as I have been able to 
learn; and a series which I have, through the kindness of 
Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod, received from Calgary, Alberta, 
shows the same stability of colour. The very few recorded 
cases of breeding purple examples among broods raised 
from wild black females may therefore pretty safely be 
taken as indicating mongrel origin—“ hybrids” in the 
Mendelian sense—the male parent being assumed to have 
been purple-banded. 

I know of no locality where the purple form entirely 
ousts the black, but I understand from Dr. R. T. Cassal 
that the first-named is the more frequent in the Isle of 
Man. Further, wild purple specimens have nearly always 
yielded a percentage of black in the progeny. The most 
important exception known to me was a considerable 
brood reared by my friend Herr Rudolf Piingeler, at 
Aachen. 

Coming now to the heredity experiments, I may say 
that the whole of the material which is of any significance 
for present purposes was obtained from a single locality, 
Sandown, Isle of Wight, where both forms (purple and 
black) occur together, with a considerable preponderance 
of the black. I have reared isolated broods from other 
British localities, which have merely tended to confirm 
the general results. 

From various causes, set forth in my earlier paper, I 
was unable to work as systematically as I could have 
wished. The resistance of this species to any continuous 
inbreeding is more pronounced than in any other case 
which has come under my notice, and many attempted 
crossings failed utterly, while many others yielded so few 
specimens as to be practically valueless for statistical 
purposes. I shall, in consequence, almost confine con- 
sideration to the larger broods, referring those who desire 
more detailed information of the rest to the afore- 
mentioned ‘Transactions of the City of London Entomo- 
logical Society.” 

Biack x Briack.—Taking these first, as I have called 
them “dominant,” I find there are four batches to be 


and the Mendelian hypothesvs. 527 


considered ; these produced respectively 16, 22, 17 and 27 
imagines, and all were black with the exception of a 
single intermediate * in the brood of 22. In this brood, 
and also in that of 27, the paternal grandmother was 
black, the maternal purple; in the other two, the reverse 
was the case; In no instance was a male grandparent 
known, as all were second generations from wild females. 
It is interesting, too, that in one of the broods which 
almost failed, the only four imagines that developed were 
black, notwithstanding that both the parents (black) were 
the offspring of a purple female. Practically therefore, 
black x black could be depended upon to breed true, 
whatever the ancestry. 

BLackK xX PURPLE-—Five broods give the following 
results: (1) 42 black, 27 purple; (2) 37 black, 32 purple, 
4 intermediate ; (3) 36 black, 31 purple; (4) 49 black, 
47 purple; (5) 7 black, 10 purple. This gives a total of 
171 black, 147 purple, 4 intermediate; or respectively 
(omitting fractions) 53 per cent., 45 per cent., 1 per cent. 

The brood which shows the greatest disparity in the 
representation of the two forms—numbered (1) above— 
had the ¢ parent black and the @ purple, while in the 
other four cases the sexes were reversed; but I am not 
inclined to attach much weight to this slight discrepancy. 
The pedigree, so far as known, was as follows: (1) paternal 
grandmother black, maternal purple; (2) and (3) vice 
versd ; (4) g parent a wild purple specimen, ? parent 
(black) the offspring of black and 2, which, in their turn, 
sprang of captured purple and black females respectively ; 
(5) both parents (brother and sister) the offspring of a 
captured purple female. 

PuRPLE X PuRPLE—I reared nine of these broods, 
mostly with somewhat complicated pedigree, as I was 
especially interested in attempting to eliminate the black 
element by selection; that I failed in this attempt, the 
following figures will show. Six of the broods were large 
enough, “numerically, to be taken into account: + (1) 52 
purple, 21 black (f parent purple, wild; 2 parent purple, 


* Real intermediates are, in my experience, of exceedingly rare 
occurrence; I have only reared 10 which can be so regarded, 
amongst considerably over 1000 specimens—i. e. less than one per 
cent. 

{ Even the few specimens reared in the remaining three cases 
showed, in each instance, at least one black specimen. 


528 Mr. Louis B. Prout on Xanthorhoé ferrugata 


bred from purple x purple, these being brother and sister 
reared from wild purple female). (2) 37 purple, 9 black, 
1 intermediate (f parent purple, from a wild purple 
female; ? parent purple, a member of the brood just 
described as (1) ). (8) 6 purple, 11 black (¢ parent purple, 
from a wild purple ¢; ¢ parent purple, likewise from a 
wild purple $). (4) 13 purple, 2 black, 1 intermediate 
(f parent purple, from wild purple 2; 2 parent purple, 
from wild purple ¢ x black , the latter the offspring of 
black t and §, which, in their turn, sprang from wild 
purple and wild black @ respectively). (5) 13 purple, 
8 black (f parent purple, from a wild purple 2 ; ? parent 
purple, likewise from a wild purple 2). (6) 16 purple, 
7 black (f parent purple, from wild purple 2; ¢ parent 
purple, from the brood just noticed as No. (3)). These 
figures give a total for the six broods, of 137 purple, 
58 black, 2 intermediate; or respectively (omitting 
fractions) 69 per cent., 29 per cent., 1 percent. It will 
be observed that in one case, No. (3), the black form 
actually preponderated, notwithstanding a known purple 
ancestry for two generations; in the other five, the per- 
centage of black varied from 38:1 per cent. to 12°5 per 
cent. approximately. 

It will be at once manifest, that the weakness of the 
above statistics for the purposes of elucidation of Mendelism 
consists in the almost constant necessity of introducing 
wild stock of unknown pedigree. Nevertheless, the 
“discontinuity” of the two forms and the apparent ‘‘purity” 
of most members of the black race give sufficient im- 
pression of a “Mendelian species” to justify my offering 
a few comments. 

I cannot refrain from remarking, in the first place, that 
if only certain species are “ Mendelian” in their behaviour 
—as seems to be hinted by some writers, e.g. Doncaster 
in “Ent. Record,” xviti, p. 249—it would, to me, be a grave 
argument against our attributing the Mendelian pheno- 
mena, when observed, to any deep-seated biological cause ; 
it is inconceivable that, among organisms so homogeneous 
as the various species of Lepidoptera—or even Insecta— 
there could be cytological ditterences vast enough to allow 
of gametic purity in certain cases only. Probably, how- 
ever, it may be a sufficient reply that all species are really 
alike “ Mendelian ” in vital organization, but that it by no 
means thence follows that a particular manifestation of 


and the Mendelian hypothests. 529 


dimorphism which appeals to the human eye—e.g. of 
coloration, as in our Aanthorhoé, is necessarily correlated 
to the true gametic differentiation. This is, at least, a 
possible interpretation of Doncaster’s words (oc. cit.) that 
in some cases, such as that of the melanism of Aplecta 
nebulosa, “the inheritance is not Mendelian.” 

The only in-bred broods of which I reared any imagines 
deserve mention here, in spite of their small numbers. 
(1) From a wild purple 9, which produced 21 black, 
15 purple, and one intermediate in her progeny, a pairing 
of two of the purple examples was obtained. From this 
pairing, 10 purple and 2 black were reared, none of which 
were successfully paired together. (2) From another wild 
purple 2, which produced 9 black and 4 purple, a pairing 
of two of the black was obtained. From this there resulted 
only 4 imagines, all of which were black. Again the 
strain failed at this point. (3) From a third wild purple 9, 
which produced 5 black and 8 purple, a pairing of purple 
@ with black 2 was obtained. This pairing resulted in 
the brood of 7 black and 10 purple, which has already 
been alluded to as “black x purple, No. 5.” Yet again 
the strain failed at this point. 

Neither of these results seems to suggest with any 
clearness that either form was a “recessive’’; one looks in 
vain for any approximate 3:1 ratio, such as might have 
been expected, by the ordinary laws of chance, even when 
allowance had been made for the large percentage of loss 
in rearing. Rather do they suggest some kind of biometric 
interpretation, and with the potency of each colour ap- 
proximately equal (or black somewhat the stronger) and 
equally direct in its effect. In the case numbered (1), a 
brood in which ;°; were purple, gave, in ulate next genera- 
tion and by the ‘aid of purple selection, {2 purple, or just 
double the percentage. In that numbered (2), a brood in 
which ,’, (69 per cent.) were black, gave one, by black 
selection, in which one hundred per cent. were black. In 
that numbered (3), where there was a cross-pairing of the 
two colours, the percentages in the two generations were 
very little disturbed, working out (roughly) at 38°5 per 
cent. and 41:2 per cent. of black specimens respectively. 

It remains to consider whether the larger experiments 
detailed earlier in this paper throw any further light on 
the statistical aspects of the question. It is manifest from 
the figures I have given, that there has been no behaviour 


530 Mr. Louis B, Prout on Xanthorhoé ferrugata 
analogous to that of Mendel’s classic “round” and 
“anoular” peas, or Raynor’s Abraxas grossulariata and 
ab. flavofasciata (cfr. “ Ent. Record,” xv, pp. 142-144) ; no 
case, that is to say, in which a crossing of the two colours 
has resulted in the appearance of a first generation mani- 
festing one colour only (Mendel’s “ Dominant.”) This, I 
apprehend, is not necessarily fatal to the application of 
the Mendelian hypothesis, as it is always conceivable that 
none of the pairings may have happened to be made with 
sutficiently pure stock; assuming the black to be the 
dominant colour, it is still not impossible that all those 
which were mated with purple specimens chanced to be 
really “ hybrids” in their organization, and in this event a 
part of the latent purple element in them should, in 
fertilization, meet the purple element of the ‘ recessive,” 
and result in specimens of that colour. But it seems to 
me improbable that this should always have happened, 
considering the number of pairings obtained ; it must be 
remembered that hybrids only outnumber pure dominants 
in the proportion of 2:1. 

Further, I do not see how to account for the reappear- 
ance of black specimens in all my considerable broods of 
purple x purple. If the recessive colour appears only in 
pure recessive individuals, two of such, when mated, should 
always breed true. And following the same line of thought, 
one feels that the black pairings ought not to breed true 
with the persistence which experience has revealed; for 
two-thirds of them ought to be veritable “hybrids” with 
simply an external dominant character. 

Taking all the facts into consideration, it thus appears 
demonstrable that the colour dimorphism of Yanthorhoé 
Jerrugata does not obey Mendelian law. If there is any 
correlation at all between the colouring and gametic 
purity, it must be of so involved a nature as to bafile our 
present powers of discernment. For instance, it is possible, 
on certain analogies which might be adduced, that the 
dominant form of this species may be a constantly black 
or a constantly purple one, and the “recessive” a variable 
one in colour, one of its forms being indistinguishable— 
so far as the human eye is yet trained—from the 
“dominant.” Or conversely, the recessive may be con- 
stant to one colour and the dominant variable. To me, 
however, the simplest view is still that which I deduced 
from my work at the time when it was undertaken, and 


and the Mendelian hypothesis. 531 


which I have mentioned in this paper as supported by the 
very few successful experiments of actual inbreeding ; 
namely, that in this species there is in general a “very 
direct response to immediate parentage, especially if 
black ; black x black producing black only (irrespective 
of ancestry), red x red producing over two-thirds red, red 
x black roughly half and half, or black slightly in the 
ascendant” (“Trans. City Lond.Ent.Soc.for 1897-8, p.30” ; 
of course “red” in this quotation corresponds to “ purple ” 
of the present paper). If I could learn how to inbreed it 
for a few generations with even tolerable success, I should 
be strongly tempted to resume my experiments upon it, 
with a view to definite biometric work; I am decidedly of 
opinion that with a little more practice and experience, it 
would be possible to forecast almost exactly the percentages 
of the two colours in a given brood of known parentage. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—ParRT Iv. (JAN. 1907) 35 


il .4 4 
+ io ime 


dicks 


Buintty les 
et ew 


XXIV. A note on the Cryptic Resemblance of two South 
American Insects, the moth Dracenta rusina, Druce, « 
and the Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, Serv. 
By Epwarp B. Poutton, D.Sc, M.A. F.RS., 
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of 
Oxtord and Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. 


[Read October 17th, 1906. ] 
PLATE XXXII. 


By the kindness of my friend Mr. W. J. Kaye I have had 
the opportunity of making a detailed examination of the 
deeply interesting moth exhibited by him on Oct. 17, 
1906 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, p. Ixxvii). Mr. Kaye 
has also kindly permitted me to add the results of my 
study, in the form of the following note, to Plate XXXII 
of the Transactions,—the Plate illustrating his exhibit 
of Oct. 17 last. 

Before I had heard of Mr. W. B. Grove’s suggestion that 
leaves attacked by fungi are the models resembled by 
Kallima (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, pp. xxxii, xxxiii), I 
too should have thought that the transparent networks 
of Dracenta represent “the work of some leaf-mining 
insect.” Mr. Grove’s suggestion however throws new 
light on the problem, and I now think that the moth 
bears a cryptic resemblance to a dead leaf partially 
destroyed by fungi. Mr. Kaye also considers that this 
interpretation is probably correct, and he points out that 
the position in which the moth was found is in favour 
of it. 

With Mr. Kaye’s permission I have added to Plate 
XXXII, figures of the upper and under surface of the 
Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, for comparison with the 
moth. 

It is interesting to observe that the effect of the ragged. 
outline of the wings of Drecenta is intensified in precisely » 
the same manner as in Grapta (Polygonia) c. albwm (Proce. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, pp. xxvi—xxvil). In both insects 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1906.—PART Iv. (JAN. 1907) 


534 Professor E. B. Poulton’s Note on the 


the fore- and hind-wings are sufficiently separated to 
produce a notch far deeper than anyother in the irregular 
contour. 

The upper surface of Dreeenta rusina exhibits an almost 
uniform pale brown colour with a narrow darker margin. 
Both wings are marked with reticulations of a tint faintly 
darker than the ground-colour, and barely visible at a 
little distance. The ground-colour is also very faintly 
deepened in tint at the extreme margin of the transparent 
networks. Although this deepening requires the use of a 
lens for its due appreciation, its effect upon the unassisted 
eye is undoubtedly considerable, the patches gaining a 
sharper outline and a greater prominence. Along the 
costa of the fore-wing the linear margin is made up of an 
irregular alternation of dark and light sections. The 
effect is to break up the hard line of the costa and produce 
the appearance of an outline eaten at irregular intervals 
into little shallow bays, each corresponding to one of the 
light sections. 

The chief projecting angles bounding the deeply cut 
bays along both hind margins curve either upward or 
downward out of the plane of the wings. Corresponding 
angles on the two sides are bent in the same direction in 
Mr. Kaye’s specimen, and thus probably retain the appear- 
ance presented in life,an appearance promoting the cryptic 
resemblance to a tattered piece of dead leaf with the most 
prominent angles of its margin bent or twisted. The 
curvature is chiefly marked in the principal or costal angle 
of the small bay at the extreme apex of the-fore-wing, 
and is here in a downward direction. The three chief 
projections near the anal angle of the same wing are on 
the other hand bent upward. In the hind-wing the 
curvature is much less pronounced, the chief projection 
at the apical angle being bent very gently downward, 
that at the anal angle rather less gently upward. 

Transparency is attained very much as in Castnia,* by 
the scales themselves becoming transparent and, at least 
in some of the areas, set on edge. The obliquity of the 
scales varies in different parts of the wing, but in the most 
completely transparent patches the two causes,—trans- 
parency and verticality,—always co-operate, and of the two 
the latter seems to be the more effective. The evolution 
of a transparent area from one in which the same effect 


* Linn Soc. Journ.—Zool., vol. xxvi, p. 601, Pl. 44, Fig. 6. 


Cryptic resemblance of two South American Insects. 535 


was more roughly produced by means of light, strongly 
reflecting, opaque body-colour is in some respects clearer 
in this moth than in butterflies of the genus Kallima. 
The presumably older less realistic method is found in the 
small patches placed nearest the base of the fore-wing, 
and in the small distinct patches bordering the lenticular 
nearly closed bay between fore- and hind-wing. The 
large irregular network of areas grouped round the anal 
angle of the fore-wing is clear and transparent over the 
greater part of its extent, but the meshes nearest to the 
anal angle itself are far less transparent, being covered 
with pale pigmented scales. On the hind-wing, apart 
from the border of the lenticular bay, the same contrasted 
stages of evolution are even better seen. Thus the anal 
network of areas is pale-coloured over its anal half, trans- 
parent over the other half. Of the network at the base 
of the wing, the three meshes—two large and one small— 
nearest to the inner margin are pale, the others trans- 
parent. A small isolated area coming to the very edge of 
the inner margin between this network and that last- 
named, is unusually opaque, but even this lets through 
a little light. The distinction between the two methods 
by which transparency is suggested can, in some cases, be 
made out in the representation given in Fig. 1, Plate 
XXXII. Thus the small basal pale patch of the fore- 
wing can be recognized as somewhat different from the 
transparent areas of the network which les next to it. 
Transition is easy; for the pale reflecting areas are also 
transparent, although to a much less extent than the 
others. We can apparently recognize four stages in the 
evolution of the clearest and most transparent areas of 
Dracenta:—(1) Opaque white strongly reflecting pig- 
ment, employed as an artist would use “body-colour” to 
suggest the bright light coming through a hole. (2) The 
pigment becomes less opaque and semi-transparent; so 
that some effect is produced when the surface of the wing 
is in deep shadow with a bright light on the other side of 
it. (8) The scales lose their pigment and become com- 
pletely transparent. (4) The scales assume a more up- 
right position so that most of the light passes between 
them; in the fullest development of this stage they 
become vertical. The second and fourth of these stages 
are very evident on part of the wing of this interesting 
moth and I think the third is also present. Some of the 


536 Professor E. B. Poulton’s Note on the 


pale patches are more opaque than others, but the first 
stage in its typical form is not now to be found: the 
species has passed beyond it. 

The under surface is in many respects very different 
from the upper. The pale brown ground-colour has the 
appearance of being overspread with a greyish bloom. 
The dark line is wanting from the costal and inner 
margins, but is far broader than on the upper surface 
along the hind-margin of both wings, especially so on the 
posterior. Centrally this broad marginal band passes by 
a gradual transition into the ground-colour. 

The transparent areas themselves are, of course, the 
same on both surfaces, but on the under-side of the hind- 
wing there is developed around and between them a black 
reticulated pattern with its meshes in some parts filled in 
with unaltered ground-colour, in others with a darker 
pigment, in others again with a much paler reflecting 
pigment. Furthermore many of the pale-coloured areas 
of the upper surface are distinctly darker on the under 
surface ; especially those near the anal angle of both wings, 
as can be well seen by comparing Fig. 1A with Fig. 
1. The whole effect on the hind-wing is to produce the 
impression of a fungoid growth spreading in reticulate 
fashion over the surface, and producing here and there at 
points longest exposed to injury, the culminating effect of 
transparency. ‘The scattered masses of transparent areas 
appear to become the centres of greatest injury in an 
almost continuous network of decay. This etfect, which 
probably represents in considerable detail the results of a 
leaf-attacking fungus, can in large part be made out in the 
representation of the left hind-wing under-side (right side 
of the figure) shown in Fig. 1A, Plate XXXII. The trans- 
parent meshes of the moth may represent actual holes in a 
leaf, or its transparent cuticle filling in the meshes of a net- 
work whose strands are the resistant fibro-vasular bundles. 
The latter appears to be the more probable interpretation. 

The most characteristic feature on the under surface of 
the fore-wing is the development of large patches of dark 
pigment which appear to stand out in low relief. This is 
especially the case with the largest and most prominent 
patch placed a little below the centre of the wing and 
distinctly seen, as indeed are all the others, on Fig. 1A of 
the accompanying plate. Except in the case of the small 
irregular dark areas near the apical and the anal angles, 


Cryptic resemblance of two South American Insects, 587 


these patches are traversed by a network of black pigment 
enclosing in its meshes scales of a lighter but still dark 
tint. This, although not well seen in Fig. 1A, 1s especi- 
ally clear and well defined in the chief patch alluded to 
above. 

It is evident that the network covering the dark patches 
represents at another stage the network with transparent 
and pale meshes. It is probable that the former corre- 
sponds to the fullest activity in the life of a leaf-destroying 
fungus, the latter to its ultimate effect. It has been 
already suggested that intermediate stages are represented 
on the under surface of the hind-wing. 

Comparing these two surfaces of the wings we see that 
the under possesses a pattern of varied and complex 
detail, representing as I believe prominent stages in the 
destruction of a dead leaf by a fungus. The upper surface 
on the contrary exhibits a pattern strong in contrast but 
deficient in detail; representing only the ultimate effect 
of such an attack upon the tissues of a dead leaf. The 
pale meshes are not only paler than on the under surface, 
but the margins of the networks appear to be cleanly and 
sharply punched through the substance of the wing. 
The difference in this respect between the upper and 
under surface is fairly well brought out by the figures, 
especially when the right side of Fig. 1 is compared with 
the left side of Fig. La. 

It seems to me possible that this wide difference 
between the surfaces is an adaptation associated with the 
normal position assumed by the moth: that in the 
usual attitude of prolonged rest the under surface is well 
illuminated while the upper is in comparatively deep 
shadow. If approached from the well-lighted side all the 
detail would be apparent; if from the dark side the light 
would be seen shining through the meshes. The upper 
surface has developed, on this hypothesis, all that could 
be seen on the shaded side of a dead leaf undergoing 
destruction by the attack of a fungus, the under surface 
all that could be seen on the well-lighted side. 

There is however another more probable interpretation 
which suggests itself,—that the fungus model is a species 
which attacks the leaf on one surface only, presumably the 
lower, finally destroying the tissues as far as the upper, 
cuticle or even so far as to cause complete perforation. And 
the final stage, that of transparency, would then be seen on 


by 


5388 Cryptic resemblance of two South American Insects, 


the upper surface, all the earlier stages on the lower. The 
upper surface of the moth would of course represent the 
former and its under surface the latter. It is to be hoped 
that the fungi attacking dead leaves in tropical America 
will be observed from the points of view here suggested, as 
well as the precise attitude of rest assumed by the moth. 

It is interesting to compare with Dreeexta rusina the 
small South American Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, of 
which the upper surface is shown in Fig. 2, the lower 
in Fig. 24 of Plate XXXII. Instead of the complex 
networks of small areas seen on the wings of the moth, 
the Locustid exhibits on each fore-wing a single coarse 
network including four large meshes and an isolated area 
enclosing a brown curved line. The transparent portions 
are surrounded by a brown margin, sharply demarcating 
them from the green ground-colour of the tegmina. It is 
probable that the Locustid in the attitude of prolonged 
rest, with its tegmina enclosing both body and under- 
wings, resembles a much bent or even rolled green leaf 
which has been attacked by a species of fungus producing 
in living leaves effects in some respects similar to those 
wrought in the dead leaves to which the moth Dracenta 
bears a likeness. 

The two insects come from the same Region, and both 
are probably widespread. The Locustid is indeed known 
to be so, while the capture of the moth in Trinidad and 
Guatemala suggests the likelihood of an extended range. 


Explanation of Plate. 539 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII. 


All the figures are the natural size. 


Fie. 1.—The Thyridid moth, Dracenta rusina, Druce, showing 
the upper surface. Tunapuna, Trinidad, 1905, L. Guppy. In Coll. 
W. J. Kaye. 

Fie. 14.—The under surface of the moth shown in Fig. 1. The 
cryptic resemblance is seen to be more detailed than that of the 
upper surface, including black fungus-like patches which present an 
appearance of standing out in relief. It is probable that during rest 
the lower surface is exposed as much as the upper, and perhaps even 
more completely. 

Fie. 2.—The Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, Serv. ach of the 
green tegmina is marked by two transparent patches with brown 
outlines and marked by brown lines. These patches probably 
resemble the injuries caused by a leaf-attacking fungus. The trans- 
parent patches, save for their small number and much larger size, are 
singularly like those on the totally different insect represented in 
Fig. 1, Colombia, 8. America. In Hope Dep. 

Fic. 24.—The under surface of the Locustid shown in Fig. 2. 
The appearance resembles that of the upper surface, which in this 
case is probably the only one exposed during rest. 


JANUARY 23, 1907. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate 1. 


= Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh Ltd. 


African Butterflies. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate II. 


orace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd 


African Butterflies. 


Trans. Ent.Soc.Lond. 1906, Pl. Tif, 


19 
W. Purkiss del. 


West,Newman chr. 


NEW AFRICAN PHYTOPHAGA. 


Trans Ent. Soc. Lond. roo6. Plate Iv. 


Horace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd 


South-African Butterflies. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate V. 


Horace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


South-African Butterflies. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate VI. 


16 16a 


Horace Knight, del. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


South-African Butterflies. 


Trans. F’nt.SocLond.1906, PU. Vi. 


E.C. Knight del. 


West, Newman chromo 


TRIGHOPTINUS PALTUDUM 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Pt. Vill. 


la — _ 13 


ea } 1 --—_-—_+4 


H.C.Knight del.et lith. 
MELANISM IN HASTULA HYERANA. 


West,Newman chromo. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906, Plate IX. 


| 
4 
| 


st psyttalea 
f. damocliaes, 


model. 


3 albimaculata 
f. hanningtont, 2 


mimic. 


albimaculata 
from Natal. 


2b 


echeria 
jacksoni 


mimic, 


é echeria 
from Natal. 
ilfred Robinson, phot. Andre& Sleigh, Ltd. 


Synaposematic resemblance between species of the Danaine genus Amauris, 


near the Victoria Nyanza. 


wy 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate X. 


ve 


Elymnias 


t 
I bamumakoo, a ‘ 
t 


Pe Fapilio dardant 
Q f. planemotde 


Rae a wee - S my 


Alfred Robinson, phot. Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 


Acreine, Nymphaline, Elymniine and Papilionine mimics of Planema poggei, 
from near the Victoria Nyanza. 


at 


cos 
— * 


“a 


= 
og 


oe 
kes 


Pte 
wt 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XI. 


Melinda formosa 3 


Papilio vex. Sb 


Papilio rex. & Melinda formosa @ 


Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh Ltd 


Synaposematic resemblance between Danainz and Papilioninee from the 
East of the Victoria Nyanza. 


= 7 


ma c oS) Tk 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XII. 


P. vex., f. intermediate to 


. . aA 
mimeticis & and & 


Melinda mercedonia 3 


Fapilio mimeticus 2 


Horace Knight, del. André & Sleigh, Ltd 


Synaposematic resemblance between Danainz and Papilioning from the 
Northern shore of the Victoria Nyanza. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Plate XIII 


Hinde. . Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
| Separate insects, natural size: chief drawing about 2. * 


Ptyelus sp., probably /lavescens F. upon an Araliaceous tree in the Aberdare Range, 
British East Africa, Dec. 2—5, 1902. 


* Trans. E-nt.SocLond 1906.Pl. XIV. 


W 8 


H. Knight del.et lith West,Newman chromo. 


VE oe Clns OF BEAT TI DAT. 


‘ 


Trans. Lint. Soc.Lond. 1906. Pl. XV. 


H. Knight del.et lith. West,Newman imp. 


NEW SPE Cin s. OL Bu Ara Za 


Trans. Eent.Soc Lond 1906. PL. XVI. 


H. Knight delet lith. West,Newman imp. 


NEW SPECIES OR BnAr Ti DAa 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XVII. 


MALE OFFSPRING (6). FEMALE OFFSPRING (5). 


FEMALE OFFSPRING, 


4 


i 


. 


he 
eo a 


5 


Alfred Robinson, phot Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
All figures ave about 3 of the natural size. 


Forms of Papilio dardanus, sub. sp. cenea, bred in 1904 from a trophonius 
form of female. Durban, Natal. 


“OpIs je] uO O1ydiowoipueUks 
“eqqeyuy seou woy (7) Woy & saplowauvjd Y “OM JOY}O BY} 0} [eNSeOUe SuIEq ., sylé},, AIeJUSWIpNA pue ‘8uLimojoo 
‘ure}ed oatuntad yy (]) wauiuj—eowyy “Ag ‘juswuidieosy nAnyLy] ey} WI snuppavp oyiddy jo (g-]) suo} Q[EWI9} Solu, 


‘aZIS ]VANJDU AY] JNOGD aAD SaAnSLf 


"PIT ‘YSIO1S * oApuy 


‘yoyd ‘uosulgoy poayty 


“~*~ 


« 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XIX. 


Alfred Robinson, phot. 


Andre & Sleigh, Ltd. 
All figures ave about ie of the natural size. 


Ancestral females of Papilio dardanus.—the pattern and pale yellowish 
colouring characteristic of trimeni (1), and the rudimentary “ tails ’’ of these 
exceptional examples of Aippocoon (2,3). 


‘(¢) uoosodadiy pue sapiowaunjd 
useMjoq pue ‘() vauao pue saploweunjd useH}oq O}eIpswUA9zUT YA ‘(p ‘Z) snubpAvp oidvy jo} & saplowaunjd sul 


"aZIS ]DANJDU ay) fo ¥ Jnogv adv Saansif VW 
"PIT ‘USISIS  erpuy "joyd ‘uosuiqoy party 


TOE N 


BzuvsSN JO ‘Y'N 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate X XT. 
MODELS. MIMICS. 
Danaine and Acrzeing. Forms of Acvza johnstoni. 


fallax, Sf 
Buff spots 


Amauris echeria, 3 : 
Chief spots pale buff. flavescens, Be 
Pale buff spots 


2 


— fallax, % 
ae White spots. 


fulvescens, 3 


fred Robinson, phot. 


Andre & Sleigh. Ltd. 


All figures ave about zy of the natural size. 
Forms of Acr#a johnstoni, together with their Danaine (Amauris, Limnas) and 
Acreine (Planema) models, from the slopes of Kilimanjaro, 1905. 


Plate XXIV. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 7 goo. 


‘d1V[q SUIMOT[OF dy} Jo omSy Sur 


I 


yuodsarI09 94} ul Uu MOYS SI pajuasaidar o19Y UIULLDIC 


“eUBING) YS “TOAD Olt 


 SOULM puly poiteqd UIA ‘SoTpaayng SUTIUOOTTS FT pue UBIIOOAT 


0D 8 


ENOECIELINN 


¢) (Y NINOOI'TAES 


‘21S [VANJVU BY Jo 


“pigunurspg 


-ol 


DILOMT 


on 


»J 94} ULody 


S 


) WNVANOOAT 


I 


S AI9AD JO d9RFINS JapuN 


INL 


IT UWsaarjoq souvlquiasay (onevuasodeuds) uvmarnyy 
£ a4v SIANSY 77 FE 


*yoyd ‘uosut 


DILOINT 


(1) WNIINOHLI 


Plate XXIII. 


Lond. 1900. 


Soc. 


Ent. 


Trans. 


“AXX pue ‘AlXX Se}e[q uo uMays o1e soloeds pons su} |e 


Ajze9u JO SUMO] poweg ‘uMEYS sedejuns Jepun pue reddq ‘eueINy Ysug ‘OAT O1e}Og 9} WO] 
[J49}]Ng SsUTIUOUIA7] pUe sUTUODTIaH ‘aueatODA7] ‘OUITUIOY}] UseMjeq SsoUR|qUIOSeY (ONeUIesodeUAS) UeLOT[NW 


UyA Sol 


"PIT ‘YSI9] 


S ¥ eipuy ‘aZIS JDANJDU ayy fo = jnogv aav Saansif ]]V 


pyunuispd 


HWNVALOOA'I 


() WNIINOWAT 


‘ 


DaAookT S8A2D_ fy ~VAAOIKT 


‘ SSUIA PULY yAep 


*xuld ‘JysIuy, SOCIOL 


. 
-¢ 
i 
4 
, 
2 > 
ort 
an . 
* 
, 
' 
7 a ~ 
* 
can ao 
2 
) 
< 
o > - 
A 


Plate AXALTI. 


Lond., 1006. 


nt. Soc. 


Ee 


Trans. 


YSl91S 7 espuy 


‘S[PPOW (VIUZUY[q) SUleeIy pue (sLuNDUY) sULEUeC 4194} YA 19YyIeS0} ‘WopsUYO! D#AIP JO SUIO.4 


"aZIS ]DANJDU aYyj atv SaAnsyf YW 


"epurs!) “AA 
“O10 [, 


PISOpOyy 


BESS) 


, 


a : Bee 


oer fo SUMO yy 


“SOTINTIN Fe ee Re (Oe 


“BULBPAIY pue 2ulpuog 


‘youd ‘uosulqoy pearly 


7 


EXT. 


Plate X 


Trans. Eent. Soc. Lond. TQ00. 


"3}e[q Surpaoaid ay} Jo aansy Surpuodsazs09 ayy ut UAMAYS St poyuosardar 


:SSUIM pUIy poeiieq YIM ‘sorpyseqng 


*OD).28 


AqAav 


1 


i 


i 


\\ 


A ~~ 


Gy cv NINOOITaES 


‘BURINX) YSU ‘IAAT o1ejog 


PULMOST[O FT pue IULIIOOAT “OUIIWOYIT UIIMj9q JOULTOULISI YT ( 


‘921s JVAnNIwU ayy fo = 


oy} 


stay uauttoads AraA9d Jo aovjans soddn ayy 


WOT 


IAD SIANSY 77 


‘waqunursng 207] 


(Z) G7 NV 


al 


(J) WNIINOHLI 


*S2- 


one 


677 


‘youd ‘ 


tuasodeuds) uemeynyy 


uoSsUIgOY payly 


DILOMT 


oe 


Be snd at eng ; 
s 
2 
Lo 
: 
re 
r 
4 . 
, 
=pen 
f : 
i 
cf 
0 
' 
te 
: 
r 
= 
Ae 
ae 
ie = 
” me = 
a 
fe 
; 
= wes 
: 
: } 
, 
= 
_ 
T 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate DOWIE 


ITHOMIINE. _ HELICONIN &. 
7 a 


Melinea mareme (7). fleliconius numata (7). 
Alfred Robinson, phot. ; Witherby & Co. 
All figure S are 5 of the natural size. 
Parallel transition from barred to black hind wing in an Ithomiine butterfly and its Heliconine 
(Miillerian) Mimic; from the Potaro River, British Guiana. 


Trans. F-nt. Soc. Lond. r 906. Plate XX VIZ, 


LYCOREANA. LYCOREANZE. 


Lycorea = pasinuntia (6). 


“Lycorea 


Alfred Robinson, phot. Witherby & Co. 


All figures are about 2 of the natural size. 


Parallel Transition from barred to black hind wing in two Lycoreane butterflies ; from the 


Potaro River, British Guiana. 


7 7 - 
say ee 
re a a Pee oe ns Lo 
eee a a i 
4 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate XXVIII, 


Mine of Larva of Trochilium andrenzeforme. 


(Naitral size.) 


m Photos by 
1. Sparrow, 


indel Square, N. 


teh, 
if 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1906. Plate XXIX. 
= SEO 


Sy ie) SS , : : nar Be: oS ‘ 
H. leucophzearia, on oak-bark. 2, T. biundularia, on oak-bark 


Bryophila perla, on 


5. Bryophila muralis, on stone. 6. Bryophila muralis, on stone. 


A. H. Hamm, phot. All figures are the natural size, Andre & Sleigh. 


British Moths in their natural attitudes of rest on Bark or Stone. 
Photographed from Nature in 1902. 


Trans. Fint. Soe Lond.1906 PL XXX. 


H.Knight delet lith West,Newman imp. 
GEES TOR i iS lc Aw hye 


Trans. Lent. Soc. Lond. 1900. Plate XXX. 


= cate \ 


Luphis 
phryne ( 


se ; 3-7 captured 
a May 19th, 1905, 


at Buliling, Bali, 
by R. Shelford. 


Witherby & Co. 


All figures are about 15 of the natural size. 


Diaposematism in the upper-side pattern of Huphina and Sxias from Bali. The fore 


wing of the 2 Zxzas (7) resembles that of the 2 Huphina (6); the hind wing in 
the § and 2? Auphina (3-6) resembles that of the 2 /xzas (7). Compare Huphina 
phryne from India (1, 2). 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906. Plate XXXII. 


bo 


Alfred Robinson, phot. Witherby & Co. 
All the figures are the natural size. 


Upper and underside of the Moth, Dracenta rusina, and of the Locustid, Plagioptera bicordata, 


shewing cryptic resemblance to leaves with holes or transparent areas in them. 


South America 


ie ., Uae 


LB Je 08 4 i 1 2G 


7 


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