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67

TRANSACTIONS
OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

‘\ THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

iva! HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON
MONT.

BELT GN

JUL161919

ty ‘

og +
Mth. : ns
Ms enian Dep

LONDON: (
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,

AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CQ,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ; AND NEW YORK.

1917-1918.

_—s

DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.

Part I. (Trans., p. 1-267, Proc. i-xxxii) was published 24 Nov., 1917
eM TV. (-°%, 269-426, ,, xxxiii-xcvi) 5 16 May, 1918
a Ne -. X¢Vii—cil) 10 Dec., 1918

- :
| \ . “4 .

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

FouNDED, 1833.

INCORPORATED BY RoyAL CHARTER, 1885,

Ce eee

PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1917-1918.

President,
Cc. J. GAHAN, M.A., D.Se:

Vice=Presidents,

T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.5.
G. B. LONGSTAFF, M.A., M.D.
THE Hon. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Treasurer,
ALBERT HUGH JONES.

Secretaries

CommanpER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.IS.
THE Rev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.

Librarian,
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S., A.L.S

Otber Members of Council,

A. W. BACOT.

E. C. BEDWELL.

E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., M.D.
: W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A.
H. WILLOUGHBY ELLIS, F.Z.S.
J. C. EF. FRYER, M.A.
S. A. NEAVE, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z,S.
R. M. PRIDEAUX.
A. E. TONGE.

Resident Librarian.
GEORGE BETHELL, F.R.HIst.S.

(vie)
Wusiness and Publications Committee.
ROBERT ADKIN.
G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER.
JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT.
REV. F. D. MORICE.
And the Executive Officers of the Council.

British Wational Committee of Entomological Momenclature.
G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER.
DER. Cala. GAEVAING
DR. K. JORDAN.
i. 6B, PROUD:
REV. GEORGE WHEELER.
JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT, Secretary.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
List of Fellows _... < = ae eat ire os ix
Additions to the Library ... 2s ae ee 7 ies ass XXX
MEMOTRS.

PAGE

I. Descriptions of South American Micro- se hc a ae: E.

Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. ... zee : 2

II. New Species of Hymenoptera in the British Museum. by
Row tanpd E. Turner, F.Z.8., F.ES. ... aes 53

. III. New or little-known Heterocera from ou Bae ‘By Sir
GeorGE H. Kenrick, F.E.8.... ae0 85

| IV. Additions to the knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British India.
By Otiver E. Janson, FES. ... eae 102

V. On the Protocerebrum of Jlcropteryx Reins sy

P. A. Buxton, B.A., F.E.S., M.R.C.S., Fellow of one
College, Cambridge (Lieut. R.A.M.C. ) a 112

VI. Some Notes on Butterfly ae in British Guiana. By
C. B. Wirtrams, M.A., F.E.S. ... : .. 154

VIL. The condition of the scales in the leaden males of eons

thetis, Rott., and in other Lycaenids. By E. A. CockAyYneE,
D.M., F.R.C.P., Temporary Surgeon, R.N. ... Reape eee Go

VIII. On new and little-known Lagriidae from Eee America.
By GrEorGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S. ; : cae LGD

IX. A Eg of the genus Tarucus. i G. T. BeTHUNE-BAKER,
»» EZ: oe aa ; 269

X. Notes on some British Guiana Biba Sister fesatuaiee of the
ey, By G. E. Bopxty, B.A., Dip. Agric. (Cantab.),
F.Z.S.,F.E.S8., Government Economie Biologist, cs agar
of Science and Agriculture, British Guiana ... . 297

XI. On a Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa by Mr.
W. A. Lamborn. By H. Etrrincuam, M.A., D.Sc. With
notes on the Prerinae, by Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., and
description of a new form of P. dardanus g, by Prof. E. B.
Povtton, F.RS. ... os ‘ ‘ 322

XII. Further notes on ee vos attitudes in Lepidepter ra. _
T. A.CHapman, M.D. ... me z= .. 308

ee eee eae el

-
( viii, 4

PAGE

XIII. A Preliminary Catalogue of British Cectdomyidae (Diptera),

with special reference to the Gall-midges of the North of

England. By Ricuarp 8. Bac ee F.L.S., and J. W.
Hestor Harrison, D.Sc. , - se .. 346
Proceedings for 1917 eae oes Be Ss a ae Me i-cii
Annual Meeting ... Fie? or see oe pie “3 Se clii
Balance Sheet —... oes = ae fe =~ a: wee eviii
President’s Address ive vey as = aes eee as cix
General Index _... ser se _ aa uae aa re CXXiv
Special Index 435 a <— ee “0 55 aes Bad cxxix

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS.

Plate I. See page 85 Plate XI. See page 168
Plate IT. = 86 Plate XII. 262
Plate III. * 92 Plate XIII. aA 263
Plate IV. 5 93 Plates XIV-XX. 5 284
Plate V. 4 99 Plates XXI-XXIII. 3 321
Plate VI. - 100 Sketch Map % 321
Plates VII-X. ~~ 152
PROCEEDINGS.
Plate A. See page xxii.

Plates B, C, » page xlvii.
Plates D, E, F. ,, pages Ixxiii-lxxv.
Plates G, H, J. ,, pages xe, xci.

“—.

—

————e

pe eet

(me)

Vist of Fellows

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Marked * have died during the year.
Date of
Election.

1900 Aurtivitiius, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1915 Beruesu, Professor Antonio, ria Romana, 19, Firenze, Italy.

1905 Bontvar, Ignacio, Museo nacional de Historia natural, Hipodromo,
17, Madrid.

1911 Comstock, Prof. J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.

1912 * Frey-Gressner, Dr. Emile, La Roseruie, Genéve, Switzerland.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.

1915 Howarp, Dr. L. O., National Museum, Washington, U.S.A.

1914 Lameere, Professor A., Bruvelles.

1908 OpertHUr, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.

1913 Tran-SHanski, A. P. Semenoff, Vassili Ostrov, 8 lin., 39, Petrograd,
Russia.

1911 Wasmany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland.

SPECIAL LIFE FELLOWS.
ate of mrs
Election.

1916 (1894) Mratt, Louis Compton, F.R.S., (CounciL, 1903, 1908),
Norton Way N., Letchworth.

1916 (1888) YersBurRy, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., (COUNCIL,
1896, 1903-5), 2, Ryder-street, St. James's, S. W.

FELLOWS.

Marked * have died during the year. a
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.

Date of
Election

1914 Aparr, E. W., B.A., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt.

1913 Apams, B. G., 15, Fernshaw-road, Chelsea, S.W.

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria
street, S.W. 1.

ee

1902 ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.

1885 ADKIN, Robert, (Counciz, 1901-2, 1911-13), Hodeslea, Meads,
Eastbourne.

1904 Agar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.

1915 Azyar, K. 8. Padmanabha, Trivandrum, Travancore, India.

1914 Aryar, T. V. Ramakrishna, B.A., F.Z.S., The Agricultural College,
Coimbatore, S. India.

1912 Aen, J. W., M.A., 266, Wiliesden-lane, London, N.W. 2.

1911 AwnprErRson, T. J., Entomological Laboratory, Kabeti, Brit. E.
Africa.

1910 7 ANDREWES, H. E., 8, North Grove, Highgate, N.

1899 ANnpREws, Henry W., Shirley, Welling S.0., Kent.

1901 ANNrNG, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 3.

1908 | AnrRAM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills,

S. India.

1913 ArmyraGE, Edward O., Penrose, Millock, Poundstock, Bude.

1907 ARNOLD, G., M.Se., A.R.C.S., Curator, Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo
S. Africa.

1899 | Arrow, Gilbert J., (CounciL, 1905-7), 9, Rossdale-road, Putney,
S.W. 15; and British Musewm (Natural History), Cromaell-road,
S, Wit

1911 AsHpBy, Edward Bernard, 36, Bulstrode-road, Hounslow, Middlesex.

1907 + Asupy, Sidney R., 39, Park-lane, Wembley, Middlesex.

1886 Armorg, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.

1913 Avinorr, André, Liteyny, 12, Petrograd, Russia.

1914 Awartt, P. R., Medical Entomologist, c/o Grindlay & Co., Bankers,
26, Westmorland-street, Calcutta.

1901 Bacor, Arthur W., (Counctn, 1916— ), York Cottage, York-hill,
Loughton, Essex.

1904 | BaGnatL, Richard S., Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw, Durham.

1909 BaGwertu-PureFoy, Capt. Edward, Hast Farleigh, Maidstone.

1916 Batrour, Miss Alice, 4, Car/ton-gardens, 8.W., and Whittingehame,
Prestonkirk, Scotland.

1912 Batuarp, Edward, Govt. Entomologist, Agricultural College and
Research Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, S. India.

1886 BanKes, Eustace R., M.A.

1890 Banrcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer.

1886 BarcGacut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No.1
Florence, Italy.

1895 Barker, Cecil W., 244, Hssenwood-road, Durban, Natal, South
Africa.

1902 Barravup, Philip J., Chester Cottage, Benhill-road, Sutton, Surrey.

1907 Barrierr, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth.

1894 + Bareson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey

1908 Bayrorpb, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley.

’

( xi )

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Castle-street, Framlingham,
Suffolk.

1912 Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus 120, Warwick-street, Eccleston-
square, S.W. 1.

1896 | BeaRE, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., (V.-Pres., 1910;
Councin, 1909-11), 10, Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

1908 Beck, Richard, Heckitt, The Park, Yeovil.

1905 Benronp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc., Woburn Abbey, Beds.

1912 Brprorp, Gerald, Entomologist to the Union of South Africa,
Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory, Ondestepoort, Pretoria,
Transvaal.

1913 Brprorp, Capt. Hugh Warren, Church Felles, Horley.

1899 Brpwett, Ernest C., (Councin, 1917- ), Bruggen, Brighton-road,
Coulsdon, Surrey.

1914 Benperirrer, Eugene, 11, Rue St. Jacques, Le Mans, France.

1904 Brnetsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;
Curator, Entomological Collection Gh tlie University.

1915 Brnuam, Prof, William Blaxland, M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., University
of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1906 Brnraut, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

1913 Brst-Garpner, Charles C., Rookwood, Neath, Glamorgan.

1885 Brraune-Baker, George T., F.LS., F.Z.S., (Pres., 1913-14;
V.-Pres., 1910-11, 1915 ; Councrt, 1895, 1910-15), 19, Clarendon-
road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

1891 Braper, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromwell-road, Hove, Brighton.

1904 Brack, James E., F.L.S., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1904 Buratr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N. 6.

1885 Buaruwayt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.8., Eagle House, Batheaston,
Bath.

1904 Briss, Maurice Frederick, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 26 Woodville-
gardens, Ealing, W. 5.

1916 Bocock, Charles Hanslope, The Elins, Ashley, Newmarket.

1912 Bopxrn, G. C., Govt. Entomologist, Georgetown, British Guiana.

1903 Bogus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet.

1911 Boreav, H., "99, Rue de la Cote St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes,
Seine, France.

1891 Bootu, George A., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., The Hermitage, Kirkham,
Lanes.

1902 Bostock, E. D,, Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffs.

1913 Bowlers, Canidet William, 20, Russell-roac, disci Birmingham.

1888 Bower, Benjamin A. : Eengien, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.

1894 + BowxsEs, FE. Arigenthy M.A., Myddelton Bouse) Waltham Cross.

1912 ¢ Bowrtne, C. Talbot, Hoihow, Hainan, 8. China.

1916 Box, Leonard Charles, F.R.H.S., Dominion Experimental Station,
Fredericton, New Brunswick.

1910 Boyp, A. Whitworth, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.

( “xi

1917 Breer, Dr. H. G., Ph.D., Director of the Transvaal Museum,
Pretoria, Transvaal, S. Africa.

1904. BripnGemMan, Commander The Hon. Richard O.B., R.N., 44, Lowndes-
square, S.W. 1; and e/o Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope
Station, c/o G.P.O.

1870 Briacs, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth 8.0.,N. Devon.

1894 Bricut, Percy M., Cheriton, 26, Portchester-road, Bournemouth.

1909 Brirren, Harry, Myrtle View, Windmill-road, Headington, Oxon.

1902. Brovanton, Major T. Delves, R.E., Mhow, India.

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Chey. Legion of Honour, Mount Albert,
Auchland, New Zealand,

1904 Brown, Henry H., Tower House, 8, Brimtsfield-terrace, Edinburgh.

1910 Browne, Horace B., M.A., Park Hurst, Morley, Yorks.

1911 Brurzer, Rev. Henry W., Great Bowden Vicarage, Market Harboro’.

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey.

1898 | BucHAN-Herporn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeuton-
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1917. Buckuery, Dr. George Granville, M.D., F.S.A., Rye Croft South,
Manchestler-road, Bury, Lanes.

1916 Buanton, Prof. E., La Luciole, Aix-en-Provence, France.

1907 Buxnurrip, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somersetshire.

1896 + Burr, Malcolm, D.Se., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., (V.-PREs.,
1912 ; Councin, 1908, 4, 1910-12), The Dutch Cottage, Woking.

1909 Burrows, The Rey. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-
Hope, Essex.

1868 ButLer, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Sec. 1875 ; Councin
1876), The Lilies, Beckenham-road, Beekenham.

1883 Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., (Councin, 1914-16), 14,
Drylands-road, Hornsey, N. 8.

1902. Burner, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 BurrerrietD, Jas. A., B.Se., Ormesby, 21, Dorville-road, Lee, 8.E.

1914 + BurreRFIELD, Rosse, Curator, Corporation Museum, Keighley, Yorks.

1912 + Buxton, Patrick Alfred, M.B.O.U., Fairhill, Tonbridge; and 40,
Cadogan Place, London, 5.W.

1904 Byavr, Horace A., B.A., The Palace, Malta.

1917 Cameron, Dr. Alfred E., M.A., D.Se., The Entomological Branch,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.

1902. CameEron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., 7, Blessington-road, Lee, S.E.

1885 CamppBett, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., ete., Brynllwydiyn,
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.

1898 Canpize, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége.

1880 CanspaLE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E. 25.

1889 Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, 8.W.; and c/o Fredk. Du Cane
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W. 1.

1910 Cartier, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road,
Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham.

1892
1910

1895

1898
1915

1915
1911

1895

1912

1906

1900

( xitie

CARPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W. 1.

CARPENTER, Geoffrey D. H., D.M., B.Ch., Uganda Medical Service,
Uganda Protectorate.

CaRPENTER, Prof. George H., B.A., B.Se., Royal College of Science,
Dublin.

CARPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead.

Carr, Professor John Wesley, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of
Biology, University College, Nottingham.

Carr, William, B.Sc., Station-road, Bentham, Lancaster.

Carson, George Moffatt, Entomologist to the Government of New
Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua, vid Australia.

CarTER, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., Greycliffe, Lower Warberry-road,
Torquay.

Carter, Henry Francis, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in
Medical and Economic Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine, University of Liverpool.

Carter, H. J., B.A., Garrawillah, Kintore-street, Wahroonga,
Sydney, N.S.W.

Carter, J. W., 15, Westfield-road, Heaton, Bradford.

1889 | Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.

1900
1871

1914
1891
1897
1913
1902
1889
1914
1909
1908
1914

1914

1908
1908

1904

CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbourne, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

CHAMPION, George C., F.Z.S., A.L.S., Liprartan, 1891— (Councit,
1875-7); Heatherside, Horsell, Woking; and 45, Pont-street,S.W. 1.

Cuampion, Harry George, B.A., Assistant Conservator of Forests,
W. Almora, U.P., India.

CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.8., Vick-PREsIDENT,
(V.-PrEs., 1900, 1904-5, 1908, 1916; Councit, 1898-1900,
1903-5, 1907-9, 1916-— ), Betula, Reigate.

CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst S.O., Hants.

CHEAVIN, Harold S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., The Glenroy Hotel, 22,
Woburn Place, Russell-square, W.C.

CHEESMAN, E. M.

Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

Curystat, R. Neil, B.Sc., 277, First-avenue, Ottawa, Canada.

Cuark, Major C. Turner, F.Z.S., Hillerest, St. Augustine’s-avenue,
S. Croydon.

Crark, Edgar L., Laureston, Ridge Road, Overport, Durban,
Natal.

Cirarr, lL. D., Dept. of Science and Agriculture, Georgetown,
British Guiana.

CLeGHORN, Miss Maude Lina West, F.L.S., 5, Alipore-road,
Calcutta, India.

CLUTTERBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester.

Ciurrersuck, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United
Provinces, India.

CockayNnE, Edward A., M.A., M.D., (Councit, 1915— ), 16, Cam-
bridge-square, London, W. 2.

1913
1916
1911
1913
1895
1913

1909

1890

( xiv )

CockKeRELL, Prof. T. D. A., University of Colorado, Colorado, U.S.A.

Cocks, Frederick, 26, Crown-street, Reading.

CoLeMAN, Leslie C., Dept. of Agriculture, Bangalore, Mysore, India.

Contin, James E., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1913; Councin, 1904-6,
1913-15), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. ;

CoLLINGE, Walter E., D.Sc. (St. And.), M.Se. (Birm.), F.LS.,
Research Fellow of the University of St. Andrews, The Gatty
Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, Scotland.

Coney, Miss Blanche A., The Poplars, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire.

Cornrorb, The Rev. Bruce, 18, Havelock-road, Portsmouth.

Corron, Sidney Howard, 1A, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair, W. 1.

Cowarpb, Thomas Alfred, F.Z.8., 36, George-street, Manchester.

CRABTREE, Benjamin Hill, Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Manchester.

Crace, Capt. F. W., M.D., I.M.S., c/o Messrs, Cox & Co,, Hornby-
road, Madras, India.

Craw ey, W. C., B.A., (Counctn, 1917— ), 29, Holland Park-road,
W. 4.

CREWE, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 ¢ Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P.

1907
1908
1968

1901
1900
1907
1886
1911

19123

1905
1912

1910
1903
1898

1912
1913
1917
1875

1887

Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Clarendon-road, Leeds.
CuLPin, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., Zhe Palace Hotel, Shanghui.
Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset.

Davp, Edward Martin (Ruhleben Internment Camp).

DateuisH, Andrew Adie, 7, Keir-street, Pollokshields, Glasgov.

Dames, Felix L., 10, Lortzingstrasse, Berlin-Lichterfelde.

Dannatt, Walter, St. Lawrence, Guibal-road, Lee, 8.E.

Davey, H. W., Inspector of Department of Agriculture, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia.

Davipson, James, M.Sc., Imperial College of Science and Tech-
nology, South Kensington, 5.W.

Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

Davis, Frederick Lionel, J.P., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Belize, British
Honduras.

Dawson, William George, Manor House, Upper Wick, Worcester.

Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.

Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Duncan’s Station, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia.

Dewirz, Dr. John, Devant-les-Ponts, Metz, Lorraine.

Dickinson, Barnard Ormiston, B.A., Beech Hill, Newport, Salop.

Dickseg, Arthur, 24, Lyford-road, Wandsworth Common, W. 18.

Distant, William Lucas, (V.-PREs., 1881, 1900; Sxc., 1878-
80; CounciL, 1900-2), Glenside, 170, Birchanger-road, South
Norwood, S.E. 25.

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow and Bursar
of Wadham College, (PRus., 1909-10; V.-Prus., 1904-5, 1911;
CouNcIL, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oxford.

a a ee,

ee

A. eS SE ea

oe

pen

( xv )

1909 + Dogpson, Thomas, 399, Plodder-lane, Farnworth, nr. Bolton.

1905
1912

1906
1903
1906
1891
1913
1910
1884

1900
1894

1913

1906
1883

1910
1912
1865
1902
1911
1886
1884
1913
1916

1900
1900

1903

1878

Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland.

Dore, Capt. Kenneth Alan Crawford, R.A.M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3, Whitehall-place, London, 5.W. 1.

Douitman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 4.

Douimay, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W. 4.

Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University Musewm of Zoology,
Cambridge.

DonistHoRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., (V.-PRes., 1911;
CounciL, 1899-1901, 1910-12), Dirandesthorpe, 19, Hazlewwell-
road, Putney, S.W. 15.

Dow, Walter James, 5, Great College-street, Westminster, S.W. 1.

Downes-SHaw, Rev. Archibald, Scotton Rectory, Gainsborough.

Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., (CounciL, 1903-5), Trefusis
Lodge, 3, Norfolk-road, N.W. 8.

Drury, W. D., Clarendon, Lalon-road, Hastings.

Dupceon, G. C., Director General of the Dept. of Agriculture,
Meadi, Cairo.

DUFFIELD, Charles Alban William, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and
Wye College, Kent.

DUKINFIELD Jones, E., Castro, Reigute.

Durrant, John Hartley, (V.-PREs., 1912-13 ; Councin, 1911-13),
Merton, 17, Burstock-road, Putney, 8.W. 15; and British Musewn
(Natural History), Cromavell-road, South Kensington, S.W. 7.

Eaes-Wuire, J. Cushny, 47, Chester-terrace, Euton-square, S.W. 1.

Ear, Herbert L., M.A., 12, Avondale-road North, Southport, Lanes.

Karon, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., (Councin, 1877-9), Rich-
mond Villa, Northam S.0., N. Devon.

Epexsten, Hubert M., The Elins, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

Epwarps, F. W., Kingswear, Cornwall-road, Harrow.

Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.8., I.Z.S., (Councin, 1912-14), 15, St.
Germans-place, Blackheath, 5.E. 3.

Epwarps, William H., Natural History Dept., The Museum,
Birmingham.

EFFALATOUN, Hassan, Chowbrah-avenue, Cairo, Egypt, and S.B.
Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.

Enwiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.

Exuis, H. Willoughby, F.Z.S. (Councin, 1916— ), 3, Lancaster-
place, Belsize Park, N.W. 3.

ELtHinNGHAM, Harry, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S.,. (V.-Pres., 1914;
CouncitL, 1913-15), Woodhouse, Stroud, Gloucestershire ; and Hope
Department, University Museum, Oxford.

Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., (PREs., 1893-4 ;
V.-PreEs., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CouncrL, 1888-90), Colesborne,
Cheltenham,

1914
1908
1908
1909
1917

1907
1900

1861
1910

1889
1900
1900
1898
1883
1905
1885
1914
1913
1900
1898
1880
1908

1896
1888

1910
1908

1891

-
( [eee
Emmett, Capt. Charles P.,1, High Cliff Villa, Feliastowe.
ErxHeripGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.
Eustace, Eustace Mallabone, M.A., Wellington College, Berks.
Evans, Frank J., Superintendent of Agriculture, Calabar, Eastern
Province, S. Nigeria.

FarquHaArson, Charles Ogilvie, M.A., B.Sc., Government Agri-

cultural Department, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria.

FratHer, Walter, Kibwezi, British East Africa.

Fectaam, H. L. L., Mercantile Buildings, Swmmonds-street,
Johannesburg, Transvaal.

Fenn, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. 12.

Fenygs, A., M.D., 170, North Grange Grove-Avenue, Pasadena,
California, U.S.A.

Frryawp, Prof.C. H., c/o H.T. Fernald, Esq., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

Fira, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

FiemynG, The Rev. Canon W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, co.
Waterford.

Fiercuer, I’. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural Research Institute,
Pusa, Bihar, India.

} Frercuer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.

FLoERsHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, S.W.

Fokker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

ForpuHaAM, William John, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Villa, Bublwith,
Selby, Yorks.

Foster, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Eng.), M.B.0.U., Sussex
House, Hitchin, Herts.

Founkes, P. Hedworth, B.Se., Harper-Adams Agricullural College,
Newport, Salop.

FountaIne, Miss Margaret, 1727, Wilcox-avenue, Los Angeles,
California, U.S.A.
Fow.er, The Rey. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., (Pres., 1901-2 ;
V.-Pres., 1903 ; Suc., 1886-96), Harley Vicarage, near Reading.
Fraser, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., I.MLS., c/o The Ent. Soc. of
London.

FREKE, Perey Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.

Fremury, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Markwith, Nether-street,
North Finchley.

Frispy, G. E., 31, Darnley-roud, Gravesend,

Froccarr, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George-
street, Sydney, New South Wales.

Fronawk, F. W., Stanley House, Park-road, Wallington, Surrey.

1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal

1900
1907

Colony.

Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, M.A., (Councit, 1916- ), Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries, Northumberland-avenue, W.C, 2.

OO —

(° xvi)

1876 Futuer, The Revs Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, S.E. 26.

1898 FuLier, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

1887 GAHAN, Charles Joseph, M.A., D.Sc., PRESIDENT, (V.-PREs., 1916 ;
Sxc., 1899-1900 ; Councin, 1893-5, 1901, 1914— ), 8, Lonsdale-
road, Bedford Park, W. 4; and British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. 7.

1890 GARDNER, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.

1901 ¢ GarpNER, Willoughby, F.L.8., F.S.A., Deganwy, N. Wales.

1913 DE Gayg, J. A., King’s College, Lagos, S. Nigeria.

1899 GeLpART, William Martin, M.A., 10, Chadlington-road, Oxford.

1913 GisB, Lachlan, 38, Blackheath Park, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

1906*}GisBs, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Councrt, 1912-14, 1917),
Houndspath, Upper Marlborough-road, St. Albans.

1915 Gipson, Arthur, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Canada.

1908 GrrraRD, Walter M., P.O. Box 308, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1907 GiuEs, Henry Murray, Head Keeper of Zoological Gardens, South

Perth, W. Australia.

1904 Ginuiat, Francis, B.A., Windham Club, St. James’s-square,
Piccadilly, S.W. 1.

1914 Goprrry, E. J., Education Dept., Bangkok, Siam.

1865 | Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,(PREs.,
1891-2; V.-Pres., 1882-3, 1886, 1889-90, 1902; Councin, 1880-
1, 1900), South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont-
street, S.W.

1886*}+GoopRicH, Capt. A. Mainwaring, Brislington House, nr. Bristol.

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.O., Wigtownshire.

1898 Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Drumblair, Inverness.

1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., (Councrt, 1882-3), High-
croft, Great Malvern.

1913 Govan, Lewis, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of
Agriculture, Cairo.

1909 Gowpry, Carlton C.," B.Se., Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box. 5,
Kampala, Uganda, E. Africa.

1914 Gravecey, F. H., The Indian Musewm, Culeutta.

1911 Graves, Capt. P. P., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt.

1891 + Green, E. Ernest, F.Z.S., (V.-PRes., 1915; Counc, 1914-16),
Way's End, Beech avenue, Camberley.

1910 GREEN, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal.

1894 GREEN, J. F., F.Z.8., 49, Victoria-road, Kensington, W. 8.

1893 + GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.8., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.

1888 GrirritHs, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1894 GriIMsHAW, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

1905 Grist, Charles J., The Croft, Carol Green, Berkswill, Coventry.

1906 Gurney, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.

b

1910

1912

1906

( xv )
Gurney, William B., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of

Agriculture, Sydney, Australia.

Hacker, Henry, Butterfield-street, Bowen Bridge-road, Brishane,
Queensland,
Haut, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon.

1890 + Hatt, Albert Ernest, c/o City Librarian, Surrey-street, Sheffield.

1885
1912

1898

1915
1891

1891

Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.

Hauierr, Howard Mountjoy, 64, Westbowrne-road, Penarth,
Glamorganshire.

Hamuyn-Harnis, R., D.Se., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Director of the
Queensland Museum, St. Ronans, Wilston, Brisbane, Australia.

Hamm, Albert Harry, 22, Southfield-road, Oxford.

Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1898 ;
CouNcIL, 1896-8), 62, Stanhope-gardens, S.W. 7.

Hanbury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhurst, EB. Grinstead.

1905 | Hancock, Joseph L., 5454, University-avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.

1916
1917
1903
1904
1910
1910

HANNyNGTON, Frank, c/o Messrs. Parry & Co., Madras, India.
Harpine, William G., Ascham, St. Vincent’s Meads, Eastbourne.
Har, E. J., 4, New-square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2.

Harris, Edward, 50, Wilson-street, Finsbury, B.C.

Harwoop, Philip Bernard, 2, Fern Villas, Melford-road, Sudbury.
HawksHaw, J. C.

1913 + HAwKsHAw, Oliver, 3, Hill-street, Mayfair, W. 1.

1910
1910

1898
1903

1908

1913

1913

Hences, Alfred van der, Stoke House, Stoke Mandeville, Bucks.

HENDERSON, J., c/o Messrs. Osborne & Chappel, Ipoh, Perak,
Federated Malay States.

Hero, Francis A., B.A., 9, Park House, Highbury Park, N. 5.

Herrop-Hempsat, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road,
Luton, Beds.

Hewitt, C. Gordon, D.Se., Dominion Entomologist, Dept. of
Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.

Hewitt, John, B.A., Director, Albany Museum, Grahamstown,
S. Africa.

Hitt, Gerald F., Govt. Entomologist, Port Darwin, Northern
Territory, South Australia.

1876 | HittMan, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

1907

1917
1914

1912
18838

1902
1910

Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Albany-road, Leighton
Buzzard.

Hockin, John W., Castle-street, Launceston.

Honan, The Rev. Prebendary Edward Grose, The Vicarage, Pad-
dington, W. 2.

Hopar, Harold, St. James’ Mansions, 54, Piccadilly, W.

Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,
Lytham.

Hots, R. §., e/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.

Hoxrorp, H., O., Elstead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey.

(mix )

1887 Hontanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., Carnegie Musewm,
Pittsburgh, Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Hoxtman-Hunt, C. B., Asst. Entomologist, Department of Agri-
culture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.

1910 Homes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks.

1901 Hopson, Montagu F.,L.D.S.,R.C.S.Eng., F.L.8.,7, Harley- street, W. 1.

1897 Horne, Arthur, Bonn-na-coile, Murtle, Aberdeenshire.

1903 Hovuaurton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.

1907 | Howarp, C. W., Canton Christian College, Canton, China.

1900 Howes, W. George, 432, George-street, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1907 How.ert, Frank M., M.A., Wymondham, Norfolk.

1865 | Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New
Zealand,

1907 Huaues, C. N., 178, Clarence Gate-gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W.1.

1912 Hue, Miss Lily, Hollywood, Colinton-road, Edinburgh.

1917 Ilunrer, David, M.A., M.B., The Coppice, Nottingham.

1897 Inmace, Prof. Selwyn, M.A., (CounciL, 1909-11), 78, Parkhurst-road,
Camden-road, N. 7.

19127 Imus, A. D., D.Sc., B.A., F.L.S., Entomological Dept., The Uni-
versity, Manchester.

1908 Irsy, Col. Leonard Paul, Evington-place, Ashford, Kent.

1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department
of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

1917 Jackson, Miss Dorothy J., Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire.

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, 8.W. 12.

1907 Jacost, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the -R. Zoological and
Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.

1911 Jacoss, Capt. J. J., R.E., 15, Paget-street, Gillingham, Kent.

1910 Jacoss, Lionel L., c/o Algoma Steel Corporation, Sawlt Ste. Marie,
Ontario, Canada.

1914 * Jannines, Rev. Frederic 8. F.,. Warmsworth Rectory, Doncaster.

1914 Janse, A. J. T., 1st-street, Gezina, Pretoria, S. Africa.

1869 JANsoN, Oliver E., 44, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1. ;

— and Cestria, Clarenont-road, Highgate, N. 6.

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 6.

1912 JARDINE, Nigel K., Summerhill House, Willeshorough, nr. Ashford,
Kent.

1912 Jemmert, C., Withersdane House, Wye, Kent.

1886 JENNER, Tyrade Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, ae.

1899 Junwines, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N. 18.

1909. Jepson, Frank P., Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands.

1917 Jermyn, Col. Turenne, Highcliffe, Weston-super-Mare.

1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrisant S.0., Glamorganshire.

1907 Jounson, Charles Fielding, West Bank, Didsbwry-road. Heaton
Mersey.

o
(ax)

1917 JoHnson, Jesse, 16 and 17, Marston-road, Stafford.

1889 JoHnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
co. Armagh.

1908 Jorcry, James J., The Hill, Witley, Surrey.

1888 Jones, Albert H., TREASURER, 1904- , (V.-PREs., 1912, Counctrn,
1898-1900), Shrublands, Eltham, S.E.

1894+ Jorpan, Dr. K., (V.-PREs., 1909; Councim, 1909-11), The
Museum, Tring.

1910 Josrrn, E, G., 23, Clanricarde-qardens, W. 2.

1910 Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley.

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Theale, Berks.

1913 Junxk, Wilhelm, 68, Sachsische-strasse, Berlin, W. 15.

1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1896 + Kayr, William James, (Councin, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill,
Surbiton.

1907 Kertiy, Albert Ernest McClure, Division of Entomology, Department
of Agriculture, Pretoria, S. Africa.

1890 Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

1904 KersuHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.

1900 Krys, James H., 7, Whimple-street, Plymouth.

1911 Kuunan, Kunui, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore,
Bangalore, South India.

1912 Kine, Harold H., Govt. Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartoum,

Sudan.

1889 Kune, Prof. James J. F.-X., 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvinside,
Glasgow.

1913. Kirsy, W. Egmont, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick,
W. 4.

1917 KirKxparrick, Thos. W., The Deanery, Ely, and Room 270, War
Office, Whitehall, S.W.

1889 KLAPALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 | Kier, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Hatherlow, Raglan-road,
Reigate.

1917 Kusnezoy, Nicholas J., The Imperial Academy of Sciences,
Petrograd.

1916 Laine, Frederick, Natural History Museum, Cromwell-road, S.W. 7.

1910 Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 2, Park-crescent, Portland-
place, W. 1.

1911 | LamBorn, W. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Zomba, Nyasaland, E. Africa.

1917 Lanauam, Sir Charles, Bart., Z’empo Manor, Co. Fermanagh.

1916 Larva, Prof. Robert, D.Phil., University of Glasgow.

1912 Larour, Cyril Engelhart, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British West
Indies.

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.

(sat)

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Museum, Adelaide,
S. Australia.

1914 LxercuMan, Alleyne, M.A., F.L.S., F.C.S., Corpus Christi College,
Oxford; and St. Hubert’s, Main-street, Georgetown, British
Guiana.

1910 Leiau, H.8., The University, Manchester.

1900 LrtcH-Puiniirs, Rev. W. J., Burtle Vicarage, Bridgwater.

1903 ¢ Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., (Counct, 1878, 1884), 30, Shorneliffe-road,
Folkestone.

1908 + Lewis, John Spedan, Grove Farm, Greenford Green, South Harrow ;
and 277, Oxford-street, W.

1892 Liagatroor, R. M., South African Museum, Cape Town, Cape of
tood Hope.

1914 Lister, J. J., St. John’s College, Cambridge; and Merton House,
Grantchester, Cambs.

1903 Lirrner, Frank M., Bow 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania.

1865 | Lurwetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart., M.A., F.LS.,
Peullergare, Swansea,

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor.

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, (Councm, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany,
Piccadilly, W. 1.

1903 Lorrnouse, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1908 Lonaspon, D., The Flower House, Southend, Catford, 8.E. 6.

1904} Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.A., M.D., VicE-PRESIDENT,
(V.-Pres., 1909, 1915; CounciL, 1907-9, 1915- ), Highlands,
Putney Heath, S.W. 15.

1899 Lounspury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Box 513,
Pretoria, S. Africa.

1894 Lowe, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., Pinurro, South Australia.

1901 Lower, Rupert S., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.

1909 * Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakefield-buildings, Adelaide-street, Brisbane,
Australia.

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., (CounctL, 1904-6), 28, Knight's Park,
Kingston-on- Thames.

1903 LyExt, G., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.

1912 Lyne, George Trevor, Mayfield, Linsfield-road, Cambridge.

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, 89, Clarence Gate-gardens, Upper Baker-
street, N.W. 1.

1887 M‘DouGaut, James Thomas, St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight.

1910 Macpovueatt, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh Uni-
versity.

1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.

1899 + Mary, Hugh, B.Se., (Councrm, 1908-10), Almondale, Buckingham-
road, South Woodford, N.E.

all

(i xm)

1914 Mattock, J. Russell, State Entomologist’s Office, Urbana, Illinois,
U.S.A.

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Dept. of Agriculture, Cape Town,
S. Africa.

1892. MansprinGk, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertrec, Liverpool.

1894 | MarsHatt, Alick.

1895 Marsa, Guy Anstruther Knox, D.Se., F.Z.S., (Councir, 1907-8),
6, Chester-place, Hyde Park-square, W. 2.

1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Sc. F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand.

1856* + MarsHatt, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley S.O.,
Kent.

1897 Martineau, Alfred H., 15, Avonmore-road, W. 14,

1916*} Mason, C. W., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset.

1895 Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Alanchester.

1865 Maruew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., (CouNcIL,
1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich,

1887 MarrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon.

1912 Mauttk, Samarenda, 211, Piccadilly, W.

1900 Maxwe.i-Lerroy, H., Imperial College of Science and Technology,
South Kensington, S.W.

1916 May, Harry Haden, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

1913 Mrapen, Louis, Melbourne, Dyke-road, Preston, Brighton.

1885 Metvitt, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrews-
bury.

1907 Metvitie, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Redvers, Essa-road, Saltash.

1914 Menon, J. R., B.A., Trichur, Cochin State, S. India.

1887 MERRIFIELD Frederic, (PreEs., 1905-6 ; V.-PREs., 1893, 1907 ; SEc.,
1897-8 ; CouncIL, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.

1912 Mercatre, Rev. J. W., The Vicarage, Ottery St. Mary, Devon.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., *.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough.

1883 Mines, W. H., c/o E. Step, Esq., 158, Dora-road, Wimbledon Park,
S.W. 19.

1913 Mixurr, F. V. Bruce, Livingston, N. Rhodesia, Africa.

1905 Murrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., Thornlea, Weybridge. '

1914 Miyaxkk, Dr. Tsunekata, The Agricultural College, Tokyo Imperial
University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan.

1879 Mownreiro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.

1902 Monrcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-
road, North Acton, W. 11.

1899 Moore, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.

1916 Moore, Ralph Headley, B.A., Heathfield, Plymstock, Devon.

1886 Morean, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W. 14.

1889 t Moricr, The Rey. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford
(PRES., 1911, 1912, V.-PREs., 1902, 1904, 1913; CounciL, 1902-4),
Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking.

( “sxni}

1895 + Mortey, Claude, F.Z.S., Monk Soham House, Suffolk.

1907 Mortimer, Charles H., Royton Chase, Byfleet, Surrey.

1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.

1910 Mosety, Martin E., 21, Alewandra-court, Queen’s-qate, S.W. 7

1900 Moser, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.

1882 Mostey, 8. L., The Museum and Technical College, Huddersfield

1911 Moss, Rev..A. Miles, Helm, Windermere.

1907 + Moutron, Capt. John C., M.A., F.Z.S., 4th Wiltshire Regt., Fort
Canning, Singapore, and The Hall, Bradford-on- Avon.

1911 Movnsery, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Edinburgh.

1901 + Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu,
TP.

1912 + Muay, Jal Phirozshah, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology,
St. Xavier’s College, Lamington-road, Grant Road Post, Bombay,
India.

1869 | Méuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., (CouncrL, 1872-3), c/o Herr A. Miiller-
Mechel, Grenzacherstrasse 60, Basle, Switzerland.

1914 Murray, George H., Government Station, Kikori, Detta Division
Papua.

1917 MuscHamp, Perey A. H., Charterhouse School, Godalming.

1909 Musxam, John F., 48, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.

1903 Neave, 8S. A., M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S., (Councin, 1916— ), 24, de Vere-
gardens, Kensington, W. 8.

1901 Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.

1907 Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.

1913 Newman, Leslie John William, Bernard-street, Claremont,
W. Australia.

1909 NewsrxaD, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

1890 NewsteaD, Robert, M.Sc., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., Dutton Memorial
Professor of Entomology, The School of Tropical Medicine, Univer-
sity of Liverpool.

1914 NicHoson; Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale-end, Chingford, E. 4.

1909 NicHonson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D., (Councrn, 1913-15), Oxford
and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1.

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.

1916 Nontra, Akio, T'chijoji, Otugigun, Kyoto, Japan.

1914 Norris, Frederic de la Mare, The Agricultwral Department, Kuala
Lumpur, Federated Malay States.

1915 Norracore, Dr. A. B., Blenheim House, Monkgate, York.

1878 Norrimer, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

1877 OpBertaiir, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.
1893 ¢ OaLE, Bertram §., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.

1910 Oxpaxker, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere.
1913 Ormiston, Walter, Kalupahani, Haldummulle, Ceylon.

al

( =i 9

1895 Paar, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine’s Park,
S.E. 15.

1916 Patmer, Arthur Raymond, Ingleholme, Norton Way, Letchworth,
Herts.

1912. Parerson, Edward J., Fairholme, Crowborough.

1911 Pearson, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilvell, Notts.

1916 Presies, Howard M., 13, Chesham-street, S.W. 1.

1915 Perrier, Major Harry Diamond, I.M.S., c/o Alliance Bank of Sind,
Peshawar, India.

1914. PrnpLeBURY, Major Wm. J. von Monté, Broadlands, Shrewsbury,
and Keble College, Oxford.

1883 PséRiINGUEY, Louis, D.Sc., F.Z.S., Director, South African Museum,
Cape Town, South Africa.

1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.S¢., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton,
Devon; and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,
Honolulu, Hawaii.

1879 Perkins, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.

1907 + Perrins, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Davenham, Malvern.

1897 Puitiirs, Capt. Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 37, Princes-square,
Bayswater, W, 2.

1903 ¢ PHitiirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., Devonshire House Prepara-
tory School, Reigate.

1917 Prckarp-CamprinGE, Arthur D., M.A., Balliol College, Oxford.

1891 Pierce, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

1903 PincuErR, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, G'loucester-
road, Kensington, S.W. 7.

1913 Prarr, Ernest Edward, 403, Essenwood-road, Durban, Natal.

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Driebergen, Netherlands.

1870 f Porritt, Geo, T., F.L.S., (CounciL, 1887), Elm Lea, Dalton,
Huddersyield.

1884 + Poutron, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
(PrEs., 1903-4; V.-PReEs., 1894-5, 1902, 1905 ; CouNcIL, 1886-8,
1892, 1896, 1905-7), Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxford.

1905 Powe tt, Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.

1908 Prarr, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

1878 Pricer, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.

1908 Pripraux, Robert M., (Councit, 1917— ), Woodlands, Brasted
Chart, Sevenoaks.

1904 Priske, Richard A, R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing.

1893 Provur, Louis Beethoven, (CounciL, 1905-7), 84, Albert-road,
Dalston, E. 8.

1910 Punnett, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College,
Cambridge.

1900 Rarnsow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S.W.

1912 Rair-Smitx, W., Hollybrook, Rose Heyworth-road, Abertillery,
Monmouthshire.

1915
1916
1907
1898
1910
1912
1908
1917
1905

1904

C aie 3

Rao, H. Ananthaswamy, Curator of the Goverwment Museum,
Bangalore, India.

Rao, Yelseti Ramachandra, M.A., Asst. Govt. Entomologist,
Agricultural College, Coimbatore, India.

Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, 91 and 93, Southwark-street, S.E. 1.

Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

DE Ruf-Puiniper, G. W. V., Chief Examiner of Accounts, North-
Western Ry., Abbott-road, Lahore, India.

Riney, Norman Denbigh, 94, Drakefield-road, Upper Tooting,
S.W.17.; and British Musewn (Natural History), S. Kensington,
mW. F<

Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Walton-street, Oxford.

Roperts, A. W. Rymer, M.A., Rothamsted Experimental Station,
Harpenden.

Rosrnson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor.

Ropiyson, Lady, Worksop Manor, Notts.

1869 | Ropryson-Doveras, William Douglas, M.A., F.LS., F.R.G.S.,

1908

1912
1907
1868

Orchardton, Castle Douglas.

Rogers, The Rey. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Church Missionary Society,
Mombasa, British Hast Africa.

RosEn, Kurt, Baron, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Mumich.

RosensBerea, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W. 3.

Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, S.E.

1888 | Roruscuip, The Right Honble. Lord, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.8.,

(Councin, 1900), Zoological Museum, Tring.

1894 + Roruscaitp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

1890
1913
1887

1916
1892

1905
1906

1910
1901
1907
1912

VicE-PRESIDENT, (PRES., 1915-16; V.-PReEs., 1914; CoUuNcIL,
1904, 1913— ), Arwndel-house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8.
Rovut.epeER, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.
Rowpen, Alfred Oliver, 3, Archibald-road, Exeter.
Row.anp-Brown, Henry, M.A., (V.-PRes., 1908, 1910; Ssc.,
1900-10 ; CounctL, 1914-16), Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald.
Rupcg, Charles Henry.
RussE.1, 8. G. C., Monk’s Wood, Heatherside, Park-road, Woking.

Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.

Sampson, Colonel F. Winn, Commandant Prisoners of War (Officers)
Camp, Dyffryn Aled, Llansannan, Abergele, N. Wales, and
115, Tannsfield-road, Sydenham.

Saunpers, H. A., Brookfield-house, Swanage.

Scuaus, W., F.Z.S., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

ScoMassMANN, W., Bewlah Lodge, London-rcad, Enfield, N.

Scuunok, Charles A., Hwelme, Wallingford.

1881 * Scotrick, A. J., Eimswood, 8, Malden-road, New Malden.

19t1

Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford.

1911 +
1862
1902
1915
1886

1905

nal =x 3

Scorr, Hugh, M.A., F.L.S., Curator in Entomology, University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

Scorr, Perey William Affleck, Chinese Imperial Customs Service,
Hangchow, China.

Serrz, Dr. Adalbert, 59, Bismarckstrasse, Darmstadt, Germany.

Setous, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Sleaford, Penn
Hill, Parkstone, Dorset.

SENNErT, Noel Stanton, 24, de Vere-gardens, Kensington, W. 8.

SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Pres., 1887-8 ;
V.-PREs., 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-3; Sec., 1867; CouNnctn,
1893-5, 1902-4), Lawnside, Brockenhurst, Hants.

Suarp, W. E., (Councrm, 1912-13), The Bungalow, Crowthorne,
Berks.

SHaw, Dr. A. Eland, c/o R. Kelly, Esq., Solicitor, 59, Swaunston-
street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

SHaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.

SHEtpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.

1900 + SHEPHEARD-Watwyy, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.
1887 + Stcu, Alfred, (Councin, 1910-12), Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4.

1911
1904

1913
1902

1902
1907
1906

1916
1915
1901
1911
1912
1898
1885

1916
1908

Srmgs, James A., Mon Repos, Monkham’s-lane, Wood ford-qreen, Essex.

SimmonpDs, Hubert W., 12, Grey's Chambers, Court House-lane,
Auckland, New Zealand.

SrrweEcy, Capt. F., Wooler, Northumberland.

Siapen, Frederick William Lambart, Dept. of Agriculture, Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

Storer, Gerard Orby, F.Z.8., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, W.1.

Sty, Harold Baker, Oxford House, East-drive, Brighton.

SMALLMAN, Raleigh 8., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle-road, Beckenham,
Kent.

Smart, Capt. H. Douglas, R.A.M.C., Shelley, Huddersfield,

Samira, Adam Charles, Horton, Mornington-road, Woodford Green.

Sairx, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.

Sairu, B. H., B.A., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey.

Smith, Roland T., 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, 8.W. 19.

Sopp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S., 34, Ferndale-road, Hove.

Sourn, Richard, (CounciL, 1890-1), 4, Mapeshwry-court, Shoot-up
Hill, Brondesbury, N.W. 2.

Sowerby, Lieut. F. W., R.N.D., Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire.

Speyer, Edward R., Ridgehwrst, Shenley, Herts.

1889 *StanpEN, Richard 8., F.L.S., (Councin, 1906), Newlyn, Romsey,

1910
1898

1898
1910

Hats.
Sraney, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff.
Srares, C. L. B., M.LR.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Junction,
Kent.
SresBine, Henry, Chasewood, Rownd Ouk-road, Weybridge.
STENTON, Rupert, St. Edward’s, St. Mary Church, Torquay.

1910

1913
1915
1896
1900
1895
1908
1884

1894
1876
1911

1910
1908
1916
1911
1911

1903
1914

1910
1901
1892

1907

1911
1897

1907
1914
1907
1906

1895
1910
1898
1893

1906
1915

( xzvin” }

SronEHAM, Hugh Frederick, Capt. 1st Batt. E. Surrey Regt.,
Stoneleigh, Reigate.

Srorgy, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Eqypt.

Srort, Charles Ernest, Eaton, Reigate.

SrrickLanp, T. A. Gerald, Southcott, Poulton, Fairford.

Strupp, E. A. C., P.O. Box 906, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Strupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.

Swierstra, Corn. J., Ist Assistant, Transvaal Musewm, Pretoria.

SwinHogr, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1894 ;
CounciL, 1891~3 ; 1902-4), 4, Gunterstone-road, West Kensing-
ton, W. 14.

SwinHog, Ernest, 4, Gunterstone-road, West Kensington, W. 14.

Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants.

Swynnerton, C. F. M., Gungunyana, Melsetter, S.-E. Rhodesia.

Tait, Robt., junr., Roseneath, Harborough-road, Ashton-on-Mersey.

Taxpot, G., Mon plaisir, Wormley, Surrey.

TatcHELL, Leonard Spencer, 43, Spratt Hall-road, Wanstead, N.E.

Tautz, P. H., Cranleigh, Pinner, Middlesex,

Taytor, Frank H., Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine
P.O. Box 207, Townsville, Queensland.

Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

TEMPERLEY, Reginald, c/o Dr. W. Griffith, 43, Park-square, Leeds,
and LT’ Aurore, Vevey-la-Tour, Vaud, Switzerland.

THEOBALD, Prof. F. V., M.A., Wye Court, Wye, Kent.

THompson, Matthew Lawson, 40, Gosford-street, Middlesbrough.

THORNLEY, The Rey. A., M.A., F.L.S., “* Hughenden,” Coppice-road,
Nottingham.

TittyaRD, R. J., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow in
Zoology, Kuranda, Mount Errington, Hornsby, New South Wales.

Topp, R. G., 54, Hornsey-lane, Highgate, N.

Tomtin, J. R. le B., M.A., (Councit 1911-3), Lakefoot, Hamilton-
road, Reading.

Toneg, Alfred Ernest, (CounciL, 1915— ), Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.

DE LA TorRE Bueno, J. R., 25, Broad-street, New York, U.S.A,

TRAGARDH, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden.

Tuxiocn, Col. B., The King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, ¢/o
Messrs. Cox & Co., 16, Charing Cross, 8.W.

Tunaey, Henry, Castleton, Searle-road, Farnham.

Turatt, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy.

Turner, A. J.. M.D., The Manor War Hospital, Epsom, and
Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

Turner, Henry Jerome, (Councin, 1910-12), 98, Drakefell-road,
New Cross, 8.E. 14.

TuRNER, Rowland E., (Councin, 1909-10).

TytitER, Col. H. C., c/o Mrs. Tytler, Messrs, Grindlay & Co.,
Parliament-street, 8.W. 1.

ball XXVili_)

1893 Uric, Frederick William, C.M.Z.8., Port of Spain, Trinidad,
British West Indies.

1904 | Vauauan, W., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Bath.

1914 Verrcx, Robert, Entomologist, Natova, Nadi, Fiji Islands.
1909 VIDLER, Lacpuld A., The Cuirhaabite Stone House, Rye.

1911 VITALIS DE SALVAZA, R., Vientiane, Laos, Indo-China.

1895 Wacuer, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury.

1897 Wartnwricnt, Colbran J., (Councin, 1901, 1912-14), 45, Handsworth
Wood-road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

1878 Waker, James J.. M.A. R.N., F.LS., Secretary, 1905-
.(V.-PrEs., 1916 ; Counctt, ° 1894; Src. 1899), Aorangi, ‘Lonsdae
road, isgonettor: n, Ouford,

1912 Wauwacr, Henry 8., 6, Kayll-road Villas, Sunderland.

1914 Wats, Nive. tps Hivaeeaia: Soekaboemi, Java, Dutch East Indies.

1866 | WatstneHamM, The Right Honble. Lord, (PREs., 1889-90 ; V.-PREs.,
1882, 1888, 1891-2, 1894-5; CounciL, 1896), British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W. 7.

1910 Warp, John J., Rusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry.

1908 Warren, Brisbane C.'8., Hotel Moy, Oberhofen, Lac de Thoune,
Switzerland.

1901 + WateRHoUsE, Gustavus A., B.Sc, F.C.S., Allonrie, Stanhope-road,
Killara, New South Wales, Australia.

1914 Warerston, Rey. James, B.D., B.Sc., 32, Blandford-road, Bedford
Park, W. 4.

1914 Warr, Morris N., St. John’s Hill, Wangenui, New Zealand.

1893 Wesp, John Cooper, 89, Dulwich Villa, Dulwich, S.E. 22

1876 | Western, E. Young, 27, Pembridge-square, Notting Hill
Gate, W. 2.

1906 WHEELER, The Rev. George, M.A., F.Z.S., Secrerary, 1911-
(V.-PREs., 1914), 37, Gloucester-place, W. 1.

1910 Wire, Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Cardig’ City Mental Hospital,
Cardiff.

1913 | WairLey, Percival N., Brantwood, Halifax; and New College,
Oxford.

1913 | WairraKer, Oscar, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-wpon-Mersey.

1911 Wurrrinanam, Rey. Canon W. G., Giacion Rectory, Uppingham.

1917 WickHamM, Ren. Prebendary A. P., East Brent Vicarage, High-
bridge, Somerset.

1906 Wickwar, Oswin 8., Charlemont, Gregory-road, Colombo, Ceylon.

1903 Wiaerns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda.

1896 Witeman, A. E., Thatched House Club, St. James’-street, 8.W. 1.

1910 Wrtucocks, Frank C., Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural
Society, Cairo, Hqgypt.

1911 Wrttams, C. B., M.A., Port of Spain, Trinidad, and 20, Slatey-road,
Birkenhead.

.
,

1915
1915

1894
1905

1914
1912

1892

(Ry)

WitriaMs, Harold Beck, 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19.

Winn, Albert F., Library of McGill University, Westmount,
Montreal, Canada.

Wottey-Dop, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.

WooppridGk, Francis Charles, Briar Close, Latchmore-avenue,
Gerrard’s Cross S.O., Buel.

WooprorDk, Francis Cardew, B.A., 2, Isis-street, Oxford.

WoopruFFE-Pracock, Rev. E. Adrian, F.LS., F.G.S., Cadney
Vicarage, Brigg, Lincolnshire.

YoupDaLg, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 21, Belle [sle-street, Workington.

( xa)

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DuRING THE YEAR 1917.

AINSLIE (G. G.). [See LuGrysitt (P.).].

ATKIN (E. E.) and Bacor(A.). The relation between the hatching of the
eggs and the development of the Jarvae of Stegomyla fasciata
(dédes calopus), and the presence of bacteria and yeasts.
[ Parasitology, Vol. IX, 1917. ] The Authors.
Back (EH. A.) and Pemperron (C. E.). The Melon Fly in Hawaii (Bactro-
cera cucurbitae, Coq.).
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 491, June 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Bacor (A.). The Use of Insecticides against Lice.
{ Brit. Med. Journ., Sept. 30, 1916. ]
—-—— A simple means of ascertaining if a sterilising hut is hot enough to
destroy lice and nits in clothing and in blankets.
[Brit. Med. Journ., Aug. 4. 1917. ]

A contribution to the Bionomies of Pediculus humanus (vestiment?)
and Pediculus capitis.

[ Parasitology, Vol. XX, 1917.]

The Louse Problem.

[Proc. Royal Soc.Medicine, Vol. X (Sect. Epidemiology and State
Medicine), 1917. | The Author.

[See ATKIN (E. E.).]

Baker (A. C.) and Davipson (W. M.). A further contribution to the study
of Ertosoma pyricola, the woolly pear Aphis.
[ Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. X, July 1917. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
[See QuAINTANCE (A. L.).]
BemMELEN (J. F. van). The colour pattern on Diptera wings.
[ Koninkl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, Vol. XIX, Nos. 9, 10, 1917. ]
The Author.
Botton (H.). The “ Mark Stirrup” collection of Fossil Insects from the
~Coal Measures of Commentry (Allier), Central France.
[Reprinted from the Memoirs Manchester Museum, Vol. LXI,
No. 2, 1917.] G. C. Champion.
Bavine (A.). A Generic synopsis of the Coccinellid larvae in the United
States National Museum, with a description of the larva of
Hyperaspis binotata, Say.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LI, Jan. 1917.]
The Sinithsonian Institution.
Broun (T.). Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera.
Part V.
{New Zealand Institute, Bull. No. 1, June 1917. ]
The Author.
BurGess (A. F.) and Cotiins (C. W.). The genus Calosoma, including
studies of seasonal histories, habits, and economic importance
of American species north of Mexico and of several introduced
species.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 417, July 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

(7a)

Burks (H. E.). Flat-headed borers (Buprestid larvae) affecting forest trees
in the United States,
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No, 437, Jan. 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Buscr (A.). The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella.
[Journ. Agric. Research, ‘Vol. IX, June 1917. ]
US. Dept. Agric.

CarRPENTER (G. H.). Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in
Ireland during the years 1914 and 1915.
[Econ. Proc. Royal Dublin Soe., Vol. IJ, 1916. |
The Author.

Cuampion (G. C.). Coleoptera, Heteromera (excluding Tenebrionidae) from
the Seychelles Islands and Aldabra.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 8, Vol. XIX, Feb. 1917.]

——_-——— A remarkable new species of Scivtes from Nyasaland.
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LITT, 1917.]

The larva of Byrrhus pilula, if
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LIII, 1917. ]

Some Coleoptera from Northern India.
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LITT, 1917.]

—_———- A new Barid from a Costa Rican bromeliad.
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LIII, 1917. ]

———— Notes on Tropical American Lagriidae, with descriptions of new
species.

[Ent. Pitauthly Mag., Vol. LILI, 1917.]

New Xylophilids from Australia, India and Borneo.
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LIT, 1917. ]

——-— Notes on the Coleoptera recorded from “ Resin Animé” by the
Rev. F. W. Hope, (1), (2).
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LIIT, 1917.]

———— On new and little-known Lagriidae from tropical America.
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917. ] The Author.

CHITTENDEN (F. H.). The horse-radish Flea-beetle (Phyllotreta armoraciae,
Koch) : its life-history and distribution.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 535, June 1917. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Curystat (R. N.). The Western Cedar-borer (Trachykele sp.).
[Agric. Gazette of Canada, Vol. V, Nov. 1917.]
Canad, Dept. ee

Crement (G, E.) and Munro (W.). Control of the Gipsy Moth by forest
management. Part I: The Gipsy Mothin Woods. By G. E.
Clement. Part 11: Management of typical wood lots infested
with the Gipsy Moth in the White-pine region. By Willis
Munro.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 484, April 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Coan (B. R.). and McGeruex (T. F.). Collection of Weevils and infested
squares as a means of control of the Cotton Boll-Weevil in the
Mississippi.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 564, Oct. 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
CockErEtt (F. D. A.). Some Bees from Australia, Tasmania, and the New
Hebrides.
[Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1916.]

—

( xe +)

Cockerett (F. D.A.). The Ceratinid Bees of the Philippine Islands,
[Philippine Journ, Sci., Vol. XI, 1916. ]

——~—— A collection of Bees from Queensland.
[Memoirs Queensland Mus., Vol. V, July 1916. }

———— The Fauna of Boulder County, Colorado, Insecta, III, IV.
[Univ. Colorado Studies, Vol. XII, No. 1, Jan. 1917.]

—_—_—— New Tertiary Insects.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LII, Feb. 1917.] ae

———~— The Dawn of History: a drama in three acts.
{Amer, Museum Journ., May 1917.]

———— Descriptions of Fossil Insects.
[Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXX, May 1917. ]

Some Fossil Insects from Florissant, Colorado.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, June 1917. ]

——~—— Some Bees of the genus Psaenythia (Hym.).
[Ent. News, Vol. XXVIII, July 1917.}

——— Arthropods in Burmese Amber.
[Psyche, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, 1917.] The Author.

Coxe (A. C.) and Imms (A. D.). Report on an infestation of larvae of the
Antler Moth (Charaeas graminis, L.) in the Peak District.
[Journ. Board Agric., Vol. XXIV, Aug. 1917. ]
Dept. Agric. Entom., Manchester.

Cocuins (C. W.). [See Burcess (A. F.).].

Comps (A. F.). Notes on a collection of Odonata from Schoolcraft County,
Michigan.
[Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 41, May 1917.]
Univ. of Michigan.
Cummincs (B. F.). The Louse and its relation to disease, its life-history
and habits, and how to deal with it.
[British Museum (Natural History), Economic Series, No. 2, 1915. ]

— — The Bed-bug, its habits and life-history, and how to deal with it.
(British Museum (Natural History), Economic Series, No. 5, 1917.)
The Trustees Brit. Mus.

Curriz (B. P.). Gomphus parvidens, a new species of Dragon-fly from
Maryland.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIT, June 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.

Cusuman (R. A.). Eight new species of reared Ichneumon-flies, with notes
on some other species.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, Aug. 1917.]

—__—— A revision of Hymenopterous insects of the tribe Cremastini of
America north of Mexico.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, Aug. 1917. ]
The Smithsonian Institution.

Davinson (W. M.). [See Baker (A. C.).]

D’EmMerEz bE CuHArMoy (D.). Moth-borers affecting sugar-cane in
Mauritius.
[Dept. Agric. Mauritius, Scient. Series, Bull, No. 5, 1917.)
The Author.
Distant (W. L.). Rhynchota. Part IT: Sub-order Homoptera. Percy
Sladen Trust Expedition to Indian Ocean in 1905.
(Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 2nd Ser., Vol. XVII, 1917. ]
By Exchange.

.

Doenin (P.). Hétérocéres de PAmérique du Sud.
[Fase. XIII, 1917.] The Author.

—— a

—

( (ee =)

DonistHorer (H.). (Dolichodei'us) (Hypoclinea) crawleyi, n. sp., a species
of Ant new to Science; with a few notes on the genus.
[Entom. Record, Vol. X XIX, 1917.] The Author.

Epwarps (F. W.). Mosquitoes and their relation to disease, their life-
history, habits and control.
[British Museum (Natural History), Economic Series, No. 4, 1916.]
The Trustees Brit. Mus.
FaGan (M. M.). [See Ronwer (S. A.).].

Forsom (J. W.). North American Collembolous insects of the subfamily
Onychiurinae.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, Aug. 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.

Forp (G. H.). Observations on the larval and pupal stages of Agriotes
obscurus, Linneus.
[Ann, Applied Biology, Vol. III, Jan. 1917.]
Dept. Agric. Entom., Manchester.

Fox (H.). Field notes on Virginian Orthoptera.
{Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LII, March 1917. ]
The Smithsonian Institution.

FroeeGatr (J. L.). [See Frocearr (W. W.). ].

Froeeattr (W. W.). Forest Longicorn Beetles and their parasites.
[Agric. Gazette N. S. W., Misc. Publ., No. 1886, Aug. 2, 1916.]

The Tomato and Bean Bug (Vezara viridula, Linn.).
[Agric. Gazette N. 8. W., Misc, Publ., No. 1894, Sept. 2, 1916.]
The Author.

Froee@att (W. W. and J. L.). Sheep-maggot Flies, No. 3. Report of work
carried out in the Riverina District, during 1915-16, at the
Government Sheep-fly Experiment Station at Wooloondool,
near Hay.

[Dept. Agric. N.S.W., Farmer’s Bull., No. 113, June 1917.]
NASW. Dept. Agric.

Gauan (A. B.). Descriptions of some new parasitic Hymenoptera.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, May 1917.]
The Smathsonian Institution.
GerYER (E. W.). [See Quarnrance (A. L.). ].
Gipson (A.). A new species of Zortrix of economic importance from New-
foundland (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae).
[Canad. Entomologist, Vol. XLVIII, 1916. ]
The Author.
—-— The Entomological Record for 1916.
[ Reprinted rrom 47th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc., Ontario, 1916. ]
Canad, Dept. Agric.

Grar (J. E.). The Potato tuber Moth (Phthorimaea operculella, Zell.).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 427, Feb. 1917. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric,

GREEN (E. E.). Notes on Coccidae occurring in the Seychelles Islands, with
descriptions of new species.
[Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. VII, Oct. 1916.]

——— Observations on British Coccidae, with descriptions of new species,
No. III.
[Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LITT, 1917.]

a

GREEN (E. E.). Observations on British Coccidae, with descriptions of new
species. No. IV.
[ Ent. Monthly Mag., Vol. LILI, 1917. ]

—-— A list of Coccidae affecting various genera of plants.
{Ann. Applied Biology, Vol. IV, Sept. 1917.) The Author.

GrimsHaw (V. H.). A Guide to the Literature of British Diptera.
[ Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, Session 1916-17, Vol. XX, Part 2.
The Author.

(. xexIvE

GuIpE to the specimens and enlarged models of insects and ticks exhibited in
the Central Hall, British Museum (Natural History), illustrat-
ing their importance in the spread of disease.

[Special Guide No. 7, 1916.] The Trustees Brit. Mus.

Hacrerr (H. M.). Entomological Notes.
(Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol. XLIX, 1916.]

———— The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

{Traus. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol.. X LIX, 1916. ] The Author.
Hampson (Sir George). The Determination of Generic Types in the
Lepidoptera.
{Entom. News, Vol. XXVIII, Dec. 1917.] The Author.

Hewirr (©. G.). Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act,
with instructions to importers and exporters of trees, plants
and other nursery stock.

[Canad. Dept. Agric., Entom. Branch, Circular No. 10, 1917.]

—-— Report of the Dominion Entomologist for the year ending March
31, 1917.

-——— Regulations under the destructive Insect and Pest Act, 1917.
{Canad. Dept. Agric., Entom. Branch, Circular No. 10, 1917.]
Canad, Dept. Agric.
——-—— [See Report of the Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, 1917.]

Hirst (S8.). Species of Arachnida and Myriopoda (scorpions, spiders, mites,
ticks and centipedes) injurious to man.
[ British Museum (Natural History), Economic Series, No. 6, 1917.]
The Trustees Brit. Mus.

Honexiss (H. E.). [See Parrorr (P. J.).]

Imus (A. D.). Tarred felt “dises” for protecting cabbages and related
vegetables from attacks of the root fly (Chortophila brassicae).
[Journ. Board Agric., Vol. XXIII, March 1917.]
Dept. Agric. Entom., Manchester.

-— [See Coxe (A. C.).]
Isety (Dwight). Control of the grape-berry moth in the Erie-Chatauqua
Grape Belt (Polychrosis viteana, Clem.).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 550, Aug. 1917.]
U. S. Dept. Agric.
Izquierpo (J. Joaquin). Investigaciones sobre el Paludismo en Puebla.
[Pub‘ished by the Colegio del Estado de Puebla [Mexico], 1916. |
The State College of Puebla.
JENNINGS (H.8.). Pure lines in the study of genetics in lower organisms.
[Amer. Nat., Vol. XLV, Feb. 1911.]
————~ The Numerical results of diverse systems of breeding.
[ Genetics, Vol. I, Jan. 1916.]

Heredity, Variation and the Results of Selection in the uni-
parental reproduction of Diffluyia corona.
[Genetics, Vol. I, Sept. 1916.]

XEXV, )

JENNINGS (H.S8.). he numerical results of diverse systems of breeding, with
eet to two pairs of characters, linked or independent, with
special relation to the effects of linkage.

[Genetics, Vol. If, March 1917. ]

— —— Modifying factors and multiple allelomorphs in relation to the
results of selection. [Based on the fruit fly Drosophila. ]}
[Amer. Nat., Vol. LI, May 1917. ]

———— Observed changes in Hereditary characters in Relation to Evolution
[ Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, May 1917. ]
The Author.

JonEs (D. W,). The European Earwig ( Forficula auricularia) and its control.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 566, June 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Jonrs (T. H.). The Sweet-potato leaf-folder (P2locricis tripunctata, Fab.).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 609, Nov. 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Kirkpatrick (R.). The Biology of Waterworks.
{British Museum ( Natura] History), Economic Series, No. 7, 1917.
The Trustees Brit. Mus.

Kraatz (G.) [See Kisrer (H. C.)]

Kister (H. C.) Die Kafer Europa’s. Nach der Natur beschrieber. Heft
Xxv-xl viii, 1852-1912.
[Heft xxix, by Dr. G. Kraatz. Heft xxx-xlviii, by J. Schilsky.]
Purchased.

La Rus (G. R.) Two new larval Trematodes from Thamnophis marctana
and Thamnophis eques.
[Oceas. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Michigan, No. 35, Jan. 1917.]
Univ. ‘of Michigan.

Laturop (F. H.). [See Parrott (P. J.).]

Lucas (T. P.). Memoir (published in Brisbane 1917).
Carter- Watson Co., Brisbane.

LuGinBict (P.) and Ainstiz (G. G.). The Lesser Cornstalk-borer (Elasmo-
palpus lignosellus, Zell.).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 539, Sept. 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
LunpbBeck (W.). Diptera Danica. Parts IV, V, 1912, 1916.
The Author.

Marsu (H. O.). Life-history of Plutella maculipennis, the diamond-back
moth.
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. X, July 1917.
U. S. Dept. Agric.
McCray (A. H.). Spore-forming Bacteria of the Apiary.
[Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. VIII, March 1917. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
McDonoucu (F. L.). [See McGrecor (E. A.) |
McGenex (T. F.). [See Coan (B. R.).]

McGrecor (BE. A. c Descriptions of seven new species of Red Spiders,
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LI, Jan. 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.

McGrecor (E. A.) and McDonoven (F.L.). The Red Spider of cotton
(Tetranychus bimaculatus, Harvey).

[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 416, Jan. 1917. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

-

() ape)

MclInpoo (N. E.) and Srevers (A. F.). Quassia extract as a contact
insecticide,
[ Journ. Agric. Research, Vol. X, Sept. 1917. |
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Misra (C.8.). The Indian Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper ( Pyril/a aberrans, Kirby).
(Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Series, Vol. V, No. 11. Aug.
1917.1] India Office.

Morrison (H.). Monograph of the Nearctic Hymenoptera of the genus
Bracon, Fabricius,
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LII, March 1917.]

The Smithsonian Institution.
Munro (W.). [See Cremenr (G. E.).]

Myers(P.R.). An American species of the Hymenopterous genus Wesmaelia
of Foerster.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, May 1917.]

— A new American parasite of the Hessian fly (.Wayetéolu destructor,
Say).
[Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, May 1917.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Newton (L. V.). The Domestication of the Indian Honey-bee.
[ Agric. Journ. of India, Vol. XII, Jan. 1917. | India Office.

Norman (H.). Coleoptera Illustrata. Vol. 1, No. 38. Carabidae. 1917.
: The Author.
Oxsertuir (Charles). Etudes de Lépidopterologie Comparée. XIII, XIV,
1917. The Author.
Paine (J. H.). An asymmetrical Bird-louse found on three different species
of Troupials.
[ Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIIT, June 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.

Parker (J. B.). A Revision of the Bembicine wasps of America north of
Mexico.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. LII, Feb. 1917.]

The Smithsonian Institution.

Parker (R. R.). New flies of the genus Sarcophaga from Guam and the
Philippines.
[Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus., Vol. LIV, Oct. 1917.]

The Sintthsonian Institution.

Parrotr (P. J.), HopGxiss (H. E.), and Larnrop (F. H.). Plant Lice
injurious to apple orchards. IT,
{New York Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 431, March 1917. ]
New York Dept. Agric.
Parcu (E. M.). Elm-leaf rosette and woolly Aphid of the apple.
[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Orono, Bull. No. 256, Nov. 1916. ]
Maine Agric. Exper. Station.
Priars (L. M.). [See Sanperson (E. D.).]
PrMBERTON (C. E.). [See Back (E. A.).]
QuarntTance (A. L.) and Baker (A. C.). A Contribution to our Knowledge
of the White flies of the subfamily Aleyrodinae (Aleyrodidae),
| Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LI, Jan. 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
QouaintANncr (A, L.) and Gryrr (E. W.). Life-history of the Codling moth
(Carpocapsa pomonella, L.) in the Pecos Valley, New Mexico.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 429, Feb. 1917. ]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

( xaxvir )

Report of the Dominion Entomologist for the year ending March 31, 1917.
By C. Gordon Hewitt.
[Canada Dept. Agric., Ottawa, 1917.] Canad. Dept, Agric.

Report of the Manchester Museum for the year 1916-17.
G, C. Champion.

Report of the Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting held at
Pusa 5th to 12th February, 1917. Edited by T. Bainbrigge

Fletcher.
Agric. Research Institute, Pusa.

Rouwer (S. A.). A Report on a collection of Hymenoptera (mostly from
California) made by W. M. Giffard.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, May 1917.]

—- Descriptions of thirty-one new species of Hymenoptera.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, June 1917.]
The Sintthsontan Institution.

Rouwer (S. A.) and FaGcan (M. M.). The Type-species of the genera of
Cynipoidea, or the gall-wasps and parasitic Cynipoids.
[Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LIII, June 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.

Ross (W. A.). The Black cherry Aphis.
[Agric. Gazette of Canada, Vol. V, Jan. 1918.]
Canad. Dept. Agric.

Sanpers (G. E.) and Brirrarn (W. H.). Spraying for insects affecting
apple orchards in Nova Scotia.
[Canad. Dept. Agric., Entom. branch, Circular No. 8, 1916.]
Canad, Dept. Agric.

Sanperson (EF. D.) and Prerars (C. M.). School Entomology and Elemen-
tary Text-book of Entomology. 1st Edition. New York, 1917.
Mezsrs. Chapman § Hall.

ScuHieRBEEK (A.). On the setal pattern of caterpillars and pupae. Leiden
1OuT:
On the setal pattern of caterpillars. IL.
{ Koninkl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, Vol. XIX, Nos. 9, 10, 1917. |
The Author.
Scuitsky (J.). [See Kusrer (H. C.). |

Screntiric Reports of the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa (including
the Report of the Imperial Cotton Specialist), 1916-17. Calcutta,
1917. India Office.

Srevers (A. F.). [See McInpoo (N. E.)].

Sprare (A. T.). Sorosporella uvella and its occurrence in cutworms in
America.
{[Journ. Agric, Research, Vol. VIII, Feb. 1917. |
U.S. Dept. Agric,
Srorry (G.). Machines for the treatment of cotton-seed against pink
boll-worm (Gelechia gossyptella, Saund.).
[Ministry Agric. Egypt, Techn. and Sci. Service, Bull. No. 14

(Entom. Sect.), July 1917. |
Ministry Agric., Eqypt.
Swarne (J. M.). Canadian bark-beetles. Part I. Descriptions of new
species.
[Canad. Dept. Agric., Entom. Branch, Bull. No. 14, 1917. |
—— — The False tussock caterpillars of shade trees.

[Agric. Gazette of Canada, Vol. IV, Nov. 1917.]
Canad. Dept. Agrre.

nal XXXVill_ )

THEOBALD (F.¥.). The Aphid of the tea, coffee and cacao ( Toxoptera coffeae,
Nietner).
[Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. VII, 1917,]
The Author.

TiLtyarD (R. J.). The Biology of Dragonflies (Odonata or Paraneuroptera),
(Cambridge Zoological Series), Cambridge, 1917.
The Author.

Turati (Conte Emilio). Un genere nuovo alla fauna paleartica, Emmalocera
3 + |
palaearctella, nova species.

[ Bull. Soe. Entom. Ital , Vol. XLVIIT, 1916 (1917).

Revisions delle Syntomis paleartiche a doppio cingolo giallo, e
saggio di una classificazione delle varie specie e forma.
[Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Vol. LVI, 1917. ] ‘The Author.

Turner (R. E.). On a collection of Sphecotdea sent by the Agricultural
Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar,
[Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Series, Vol. V, Sept. 1917.]

India O ffice.

Wapvsworrn (J. T.), Report on a trial of tarred felt “dises” for protecting
cabbages and cauliflowers from attacks of the cabbage root-fly
(Chortophila brassicae).

[Ann. Applied Biology, Vol. III, Jan. 1917.]
Dept. Agric. Entom., Manchester.

Waterston (J.). Fleas as a menace to man and domestic animals, their
‘ life-history, habits and control. British Museum (Natural
History), Economic Series, No. 3, 1916.
The Trustees Brit. Mus.

Wickuam (H. F.). New species of Fossil beetles from Florissant, Colorado.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. LI, Feb. 1917.]
The Smithsonian Institution.

WirvermutH (V. L.). The Desert-corn flea-beetle (Chaetocnema ectypa
Horn).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 436, Feb. 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
WirttAmson (E. B.). An Annotated list of the Odonata of Indiana.
(Univ. of Michigan, Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. No, 2, 1917.)
The Author.
Woop (H P.). The Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae, Redi): its life-
history and habits.
LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 593, Aug. 1917.]
US. Dept. Agric.
Worrtutey (L. H.). Solid-stream spraying against the Gipsy moth and the
Brown-tail moth in New England.
LU. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. No: 480, June 1917.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

?

(ai)

Periodicals and Publications of Societies.

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Lonpon, Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XLIX, 1917.
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Ontario. Entomological Society of Ontario. 47th Annual Report, 1916.
Toronto, 1917. The Society.

UNITED STATES.
New York. New York Entomological Society. Journal. Vol. XXV, 1917.

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Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 2, 1917.
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WasuHinGron. Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report, 1916.
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American Entomological Society. Transactions, Vol. XLII, Nos. 3,
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AMERICA (SOUTH).
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Corposa. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias. Tomo XXII,
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Agricultural News. Vol. XVI, 1917.

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Pusa. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological
Series. Vol. II, Nos. 8, 9, 1910, 1912. Vol. IV, Nos. 1, 2, 5,
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( xl)

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Entomologist (The). 1917. R. South.
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. 1917. The Editors.
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Entomological Society of London. Transactions, 1915, Parts 3, 4,

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London Natural History Society. Transactions, 1916.
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Naturalist (The). 1917. By Exchange.
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Zoological Society. ‘Transactions and Proceedings. 1917.
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TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
LONDON 840 “hg <\
For THE YEAR .1917. | MULT S'919

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Msanian | ep®

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I. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S.

[Read December 6th, 1916.]

THE following descriptions are from specimens in my own
collection. They include some further interesting material
from high levels in the Andes (9000-12,000 feet elevation),
amongst which are examples of the genera Phalonaa,
Crocidosema, Aristotelia, and Phthorimaea. Altogether six
genera and 102 species are described as new.

PHALONTADAE.

AMALLECTIS, n. g.

Palpi rather long, porrected, triangularly rough-scaled. An-
tennae in ¢ strongly ciliated. Forewings with 2 from towards
angle, 3 absent, 8 absent, 11 from middle. Hindwings with 2 from
towards angle, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7
long-stalked.

Probably a development of Phalonia,

Amallectis devineta, n. sp.

dg. 13mm. Head ochreous-whitish, sides more ochreous. Palpi
ochreous-whitish, laterally more ochreous, with a few dark fuscous
specks. Thorax ochreous-whitish, shoulders marked with dark

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.) B

- ee
2 Mr. EK. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish, anal tuft whitish. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen obliquely rounded; ochreous-whitish; a dark fuscous spot
mixed with brownish-ochreous on base of costa, and another near
beyond it; a transverse fascia from middle of costa, costal portion
rather narrow, dark fuscous, mixed with ochreous-brownish, lower
half formed of grey irroration, dilating to dorsum, where it extends
over more than median third, and is marked with dark fuscous; a
cloudy grey spot on costa towards }: cilia ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings whitish, with some cloudy grey strigulae in disc and
posteriorly ; cilia whitish.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); one specimen.

Phalonia sublimis, n. sp.

2. 16 mm. Head whitish. Palpi 2}, pale ochreous mixed with
ferruginous. Thorax whitish-ochreous tinged with ferruginous.
Abdomen greyish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly
slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen hardly
rounded, oblique; whitish-ochreous, almost wholly suffused with
ferruginous except towards costa beyond middle; some minute
blackish strigulae scattered along costa; a moderate suffused deep
ferruginous fascia slightly before middle parallel to termen, this
fascia and dorsal half of wing beyond it minutely speckled with
black; several deep ferruginous spots and marks on apical fourth
of wing forming a coarse reticulation: cilia whitish-ochreous, suf-
fusedly barred with grey. Hindwings whitish-grey, indistinctly
strigulated with grey; cilia grey-whitish.

Peru, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, in July (Parish); one
specimen.

Phalonia galbanea, n. sp.

3. 11-13 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous, face
whitish-ochreous. Palpi 23, ochreous-whitish tinged with brownish.
Antennal ciliations of g 1. Abdomen rather dark grey. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; light brownish-ochreous ;
basal patch slightly darker, undefined, on costal edge often suffused
with dark fuscous; a rather narrow ochreous-brown postmedian
fascia, obtusely angulated and interrupted above middle, its costal
edge sometimes marked with dark fuscous; a more or less indicated
ochreous-brown mark, sometimes with dark fuscous scales, on dorsum
before tornus; a rather narrow ochreous-brown fascia from 4 of

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 3

costa to middle of termen, and three or four small indistinct dark
fuscous costal strigulae on or near this: cilia pale ochreous, variably
spotted with dark fuscous or blackish irroration. Hindwings
blackish-grey; cilia pale grey, with darker grey subbasal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, from December
to March (Parish); Peru, Pacaya, in August (Mounsey) ;
eight specimens.

Phalonia scarificata, n. sp.

3 2. 8-llmm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale ochreous. Antennal
ciliations of ¢ 1. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely
rounded; 7 to costa; ochreous, more or less silvery-iridescent ;
some minute scattered strigulae of black irroration along costa; a
quadrate deeper spot on costa beyond middle, edged laterally with
strigulae of black irroration; some indistinct darker suffusion, with
irregular marks of black irroration, in disc beneath this; a more or
less developed triangular blotch of black irroration on dorsum before
middle, and a small spot towards tornus; an indistinct spot of
deeper suffusion above tornus; an indistinct deeper fasciate streak
from 4 of costa to middle of termen, its lower portion covered by an
irregular patch of scattered black irroration: cilia pale ochreous.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 closely approximated or connate; grey,
thinly scaled in cell, veins darker; cilia pale grey.

BritisH Guiana, Bartica and Mallali, from December to
March (Parish); DutcH Guiana, Paramaribo; Brazit,
Parana; twenty-six specimens.

Phalonia enclitica, n. sp.

dg. 13-15 mm. Head whitish. Palpi 23, ochreous-whitish,
tinged or sprinkled with brownish. Antennal ciliations nearly 2.
Thorax whitish, sometimes tinged with ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal
tuft whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, oblique; pale
brownish-ochreous, sometimes more or less whitish-tinged; a faint
brownish basal patch, edge angulated, its lower portion marked by a
more or less indicated darker streak; a moderate brownish post-
median fascia angulated and more or less interrupted in disc, par-
tially sprinkled and marked with dark fuscous on edges, lower portion
forming a semioval spot; a roundish brown spot on costa at 4, and
one or two dark brown strigulae before and beyond it: cilia pale

—

4 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal
shade.

Ecuapor, Alausi, 9450 feet, in June (Parish); five
specimens.

Phalonia mordax, n. sp.

6. 15-17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish, more or less
sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous, palpi 3. Antennal cilia-
tions 2. Abdomen whitish-fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded,
oblique; whitish, strewn with pale ochreous strigulae more or less
irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous; markings brownish
sprinkled with dark fuscous; three somewhat oblique spots from
costa at 3, middle, and ?; three rather irregular oblique fasciate
streaks from dorsum, first at }, reaching half across wing, second
from beyond middle, similar but more or less interrupted beneath its
apex, third from tornus, more or less obsolete at lower extremity,
reaching ? across wing near termen; some small marginal spots round
apex and termen: cilia whitish, mixed or indistinctly barred with
fuscous. Hindwings pale grey, strigulated with grey; cilia whitish-
grey, with darker subbasal shade.

ArcEentTiINA, R. Parana; four specimens.

LASIOTHYRIS, n. g.

Antennae in ¢ ciliated. Forewings with 2 from 4, 3 and 4

approximated, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings with 3
and 4 connate, 5 hardly approximated, 6 and 7 nearly parallel.

Apparently allied to Pharmacis.

Lasiothyris limatula, n- sp.

6. 9mm. Head and thorax light ochreous, face whitish-ochreous.
(Palpi broken.) Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen grey, anal tuft
grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse, termen rounded, oblique; light ochreous; costa marked
with some minute indistinct dark fuscous strigulae, and with narrow
elongate spots of ferruginous-fuscous suffusion at } and middle;
dorsal half suffused with ferruginous, more strongly posteriorly,
with a few dark fuscous specks, crossed by some silvery-whitish
iridescence beyond middle; an oblique ferruginous-ochreous fascia
from ? of costa to middle of termen, preceded and followed by
silvery-whitish iridescence: cilia ochreous, towards tips whitish-
tinged. Hindwings hyaline with thinly strewn dark grey hairscales,

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 5

towards termen suffused with grey, veins and terminal edge dark
grey; cilia whitish-grey.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); one
specimen.

Phtheochroa praeposita, n. sp.

6. 26-30 mm. Head and palpi fuscous. Antennal ciliations
13. Thorax white. Abdomen light grey. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly considerably dilated, costa anteriorly hardly, posteriorly
moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather
oblique; silvery-white; a rather broad somewhat oblique fuscous
median fascia, tending to be partially interrupted above middle,
extended along costa as a suffused diminishing band to base, on
costa marked with small darker spots or strigulae, in disc with some
silvery iridescence and transverse markings of raised silvery scales;
about seven dark fuscous dots on dorsal edge; a rather curved
transverse fuscous streak mixed with dark fuscous above tornus,
and a small spot above upper extremity of this; a triangular fuscous
apical patch, partially sprinkled with dark fuscous, extending over
nearly $ of costa and to below middle of termen : cilia grey (imper-
fect). Hindwings pale grey, coarsely strigulated or marbled with
grey; cilia whitish-grey.

Cotomst1a, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; two
specimens.

TORTRICIDAE.

Capua arrecta, n. sp.

g: 17 mm. Head and thorax brown, suffusedly irrorated with
dark grey. (Palpi broken.) Abdomen grey. Forewings sub-
oblong, costa anteriorly moderately, posteriorly slightly arched, with
costal fold reaching nearly to }, apex obtuse, termen straight,
somewhat oblique; ferruginous-brown, irrorated with dark grey;
costal fold and about five costal spots suffused with blackish-grey ;
central fascia and large triangular costal blotch represented by a
broad indefinite general blackish-grey suffusion; a tuft of raised
scales on fold beneath middle of wing, and numerous scattered
raised scales on surface of wing: cilia brownish, basal half spotted
or mixed with dark grey. Hindwings grey, towards apex and upper
part of termen paler and strigulated with darker; cilia grey-whitish,
with subbasal line.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); two specimens.

-
6 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Capua illaqueata, n. sp.

9. 14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-yellow, anterior margin
of thorax marked with brown. Palpi yellow-whitish, with two
transverse fuscous bars on second joint, and one on base of terminal.
Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; light
brassy-yellow sprinkled with ferruginous, partially suffused with
silvery-white on margins of markings; markings lilac-brown, edged
with some dark brown scales; a ferruginous-brown spot along base
of costa, enclosing two pale yellow strigulae on costa; a small
ferruginous spot on base of dorsum; an irregular oblique fascia
from 4 of costa to below middle of wing, its extremity dilated and
truncate; a triangular blotch on dorsum about 4; a large spot on
middle of costa and a smaller one beyond it, connected by a thick bar
beneath; a small costal spot beyond this; an irregular fascia from
costa before apex to tornus, including a pale yellow strigula on costa,
its anterior edge triangularly prominent above middle so as just to
touch angle of the subcostal bar and suffused here with ferruginous,
its posterior edge connected with termen below middle by a narrow
bar; some small silvery-white spots along termen and tornus : cilia
pale yellow barred with ferruginous. Hindwings dark grey; cilia
greyish with darker subbasal shade.

Frencu Gurana, R. Maroni; one specimen. Allied to
aluminias.

Pseudatteria fornicata, n. sp.

9. 30-38 mm. Head white spotted with black. Palpi nearly 6,
slender, black, basal joint white, second joint internally white.
Thorax black, posterior margin of collar, a mark on each side of
back, a dot in middle, and two posterior white. Abdomen black,
segmental margins white. Forewings suboblong, moderately
broad, costa strongly arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded,
somewhat oblique; orange; dorsal edge ochreous-whitish; a
moderate evenly broad ochreous-white border running all round
costa and termen, with purple-black markings as follows, viz. a
basal bar, eight thick transverse spots crossing it between this and
4 of costa, four marginal spots round apex connected anteriorly
by an irregular marking but first or second of these sometimes dis-
connected, and five semicircular marginal spots on termen, second
confluent with an anterior spot so as to form a bar crossing border ;
in one specimen a dot beneath this bar anteriorly, in the other a
small spot above tornal spot: cilia white, barred with purple-black
on markings. Hindwings coppery-orange, dorsum narrowly suf-

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 7
fused with dark grey; nine small semicircular purple-black marginal
spots round apex and termen; cilia whitish, becoming orange
towards tornus and dark grey on dorsum, barred with purple-
blackish on spots.

Cotomstia, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; two
specimens.

Cacoecia chelograpta, n. sp.

6. 13 mm. Head whitish, sides of crown mixed with crimson-
fuscous. Palpi whitish, slightly sprinkled with crimson. Antennal
ciliations 3. Thorax pale ochreous, anterior margin suffused
with purplish-brown. Abdomen ochreous-orange. Forewings sub-
oblong, moderately broad, rather dilated posteriorly, costa anteriorly
gently, posteriorly hardly arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen
slightly rounded, nearly vertical; pale glossy yellow-ochreous; an
oblique dark reddish-brown streak from middle of costa reaching
half across wing, suffused with dark grey except on costa; a small
dark brown spot on costa at #: cilia whitish-ochreous, on upper
half of termen suffused with reddish-brown. Hindwings ochreous-
orange; cilia light ochreous.

Frencu Guiana, R. Maroni; one specimen.

Cacoecia aerobatica, n. sp.

3. 30 mm. Head blackish-fuscous on crown, face and palpi
light greyish-ochreous. Antennal ciliations 1. Thorax light glossy
lilac-fuscous, anterior margin blackish-fuscous. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently
arched, without fold, apex obtuse, termen hardly oblique, obtusely
bent in middle; rather light purple-fuscous, finely striolated trans-
versely with dark grey, along costa suffused with grey; an irregular
transverse white spot in disc at 3; a large balloon-shaped blackish
blotch before termen, extending from near costa % across wing,
partially edged finely with white, especially on upper part anteriorly :
cilia purple-brownish (imperfect). Hindwings grey, with some faint
darker strigulae posteriorly ; cilia grey.

CotomsiA, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; one
specimen.
Tortrix lutosulana, Zell.

I think I have correctly identified this as a species of
which I have eleven examples taken at Huigra, Ecuador,
4500 feet, in June. - If so, it is a true Tortriz, very like

} -
8 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

the North American peritana, but Zeller is not strictly
correct in stating that the male has no costal fold; the
costal edge is slightly rolled over on basal fourth, and the
posterior part of this is furnished with rather long project-
ing scales, but so closely appressed to surface of wing as to
be unnoticeable unless lifted.

Tortrix homophyla, n. sp.

a

3. 12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous. Antennal cilia-
tions |. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold,
apex obtuse-pointed, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique;
whitish-grey-ochreous, strigulated with light grey, with several
indistinct grey-yellowish striae; edge of basal patch angulated in
middle, marked with blackish in dise but obsolete towards margins ;
central fascia moderate, oblique, grey, anterior margin straight,
marked with blackish scales, posterior irregular and indefinite ;
costal patch large, semioval, dark grey, sending a well-marked dark
grey line to termen below middle, continued a little down it; a
dark grey streak along apical part of termen: cilia whitish-grey-
ochreous. Hindwings ochreous-grey-whitish, towards apex with a
few grey strigulae; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish. ;

Cotompra, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish);
one specimen. Very similar to preceding, vet easily dis-
tinguished by sinuate termen of forewings and whitish
hindwings, besides other differences.

Tortrix capnosticha, n. sp.

3. 13-15 mm. Head and thorax pale fuscous. Palpi ochreous-
whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations of 3 1-
Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa anteriorly
moderately, posteriorly hardly arched, in g with edge very narrowly
rolled over from base to + and slightly rough-scaled, apex obtuse,
termen straight, rather oblique; pale ochreous irrorated with
fuscous; central fascia moderate, oblique, rather dark fuscous,
somewhat narrowed upwards, margins nearly straight, sometimes
irregularly interrupted above middle; costal patch rather large,
irregular-trapezoidal, rather dark fuscous, with an indistinct line
running from it to termen below middle: cilia pale ochreous, with
line of fuscous irroration. Hindwings whitish, obscurely strigulated
with grey towards apex and on termen, vein 2 and lower margin of
cell beyond it suffused with grey; cilia whitish.

Perv, Lima, in August (Parish); six specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 9

Tortrix lignea, n. sp.

32. 15-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown. Antennal
ciliations of § 4. Abdomen whitish-grey. Forewings suboblong,
costa without fold, anteriorly strongly arched, posteriorly slightly
sinuate, apex obtuse, termen somewhat bowed, little oblique ; brown,
somewhat tinged with ferruginous, obscurely strigulated with dark
fuscous, especially on margins; basal patch obscurely darker,
partially suffused with dark fuscous irroration, especially towards
lower half posteriorly, edge angulated in middle; central fascia
darker, broad, rather irgegular, from before middle of costa to
dorsum before tornus, narrower and irregularly mixed with dark
fuscous irroration towards costa; costal patch darker, flattened-
triangular, whence a thick streak runs to termen below middle;
a short darker streak along upper part of termen: cilia whitish-
ochreous, with dark brown subbasal shade. Hindwings grey-
whitish, strigulated with grey posteriorly; cilia whitish with grey
subbasal line.

Ecuapor, Huigra (4500 feet), Alausi (9450 feet), in June
(Parish); six specimens.

Tortrix fissiculata, n. sp.

32. 18-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish closely
irrorated with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations of ¢2. Abdomen
grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately
arched, without fold, apex obtuse-pointed, termen somewhat
sinuate, oblique; brown suffusedly irrorated with grey, with irregular
anastomosing dark fuscous transverse striae ; the confluence of these
forms a narrow somewhat curved fascia about 4, a narrow irregular
somewhat oblique fascia beyond middle, and a streak from } of
costa to tornus, widest on costa: cilia whitish-fuscous, with dark
fuscous subbasal line. Hindwings grey-whitish, more or less
strigulated with grey; cilia whitish, with grey subbasal line.

Peru, Aqualani, in June; four specimens.

Eulia atalodes, 1. sp.

3. 14 mm. Head and thorax silvery-white, face, palpi, and
shoulders dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen whitish.
Forewings rather elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa slightly arched,
straight in median area, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded,
oblique; silvery-white, tinged with pale greenish-yellow; a dark

-
10 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

fuscous streak along basal fifth of costa, edged beneath by an un-
defined spot of pale yellow suffusion ; a large dark fuscous triangular
blotch extending on costa from } to #, and reaching half across
wing; a small dark fuscous spot on costa near apex; some light
grey suffusion along median portion of termen: cilia light grey,
towards apex and tornus white. Hindwings pale grey, towards
base whitish-tinged ; cilia whitish, with two pale grey lines.

Cotomstia, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; one
specimen.

Eulia melanecta, n.sp.

2. 19mm. Head and palpi whitish tinged with fuscous. Thorax
whitish, anterior margin infuscated. Abdomen pale grey. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched,
apex obtuse, termen rounded, oblique; whitish; costa marked with
a series of small dark grey spots, and in middle with a moderately
large irregular spot; a dark grey patch occupying dorsal half of
wing from base to $, towards base extended to costa, posteriorly with
an irregular grey lobe above nearly reaching median costal spot
marked with a subtriangular black spot anteriorly and a black dot
beyond this; a curved subterminal grey streak, marked with some
small black dots in disc; a grey marginal streak round apex and
termen, marked with four small irregular black spots on its upper
portion: cilia dark grey irrorated with whitish. Hindwings grey-
whitish posteriorly marbled with grey; cilia whitish, with grey
subbasal line.

Ecuapor, Alausi, 9450 feet, in June (Parish); one
specimen.

Cnephasia setosa, n. sp.

3. 18mm. Head and thorax whitish, sides of crown and shoulders
mixed with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations ?. Abdomen grey-
whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
termen straight, rather oblique; ochreous-whitish, with a few
scattered dark fuscous scales posteriorly, and some dots along costa;
a subtriangular dark fuscous spot on base of costa, and a smaller one
at }; a quadrate dark fuscous spot on middle of costa, an oblique
fascia from dorsum before middle pointed above and reaching more
than half across wing, and a curved elongate spot in disc beyond
middle, these three all connected by a spot of grey suffusion; an
irregular-trapezoidal dark fuscous spot on dorsum at #?, and an
irregular bent fascia from costa at + directed towards this but only

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 11

reaching half across wing: cilia whitish (imperfect). Hindwings
ochreous-whitish; a brush of very long spreading black hairscales
within cell; cilia whitish. ,

Cotomsr4, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; one
specimen.

Cnephasia praecipua, n. sp.

g. 18 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi whitish, basal
half sprinkled with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations?. Abdomen
grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique ;
ochreous-whitish, faintly tinged here and there with pale reddish-
ochreous; markings dark fuscous; several dots or strigulae on costa,
and a small triangular spot at $; a quadrate spot on middle of costa,
an oblique fascia from dorsum before middle reaching half across
wing, and a mark in disc beyond the interval between them; a
large acute-triangular spot on dorsum beyond middle; a fascia from
3 of costa to + of dorsum, anterior edge with an irregular prominence
in middle, posterior edge nearly straight: cilia ochreous-whitish
(imperfect). Hindwings ochreous-whitish, irregularly marbled with
grey; cilia ochreous-whitish.

CotompBiA, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; one
specimen.

Cnephasia dentata, n. sp.

3. 138-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish, shoulders with some
dark fuscous scales. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal joint and apex
of second whitish. Antennal ciliations of g¢ 1. Abdomen whitish-
grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse,
termen slightly rounded, rather oblique; ochreous-whitish, tinged
here and there with light brownish; some blackish dots or small
strigulae on costa; a dark fuscous spot on base of costa, and a smaller
one at +; an ochreous-grey spot on middle of costa; an ochreous-
grey inwardly oblique fascia from costa at ?, reaching } across wing,
contracted above middle, becoming pale ochreous in disc; a dark
fuscous oblique fasciate blotch from dorsum before middle reaching
half across wing, its upper extremity denticulate and connected
by an irregular streak with a dark fuscous spot on dorsum at
#; some blackish strigulae on upper part of termen: cilia whitish,
on upper part of termen suffused with dark grey, on costa barred
with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey-whitish, irregularly strigulated

_

12 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

with grey; cilia whitish. Forewings beneath suffused with reddish-
brown.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); two
specimens.

Cnephasia incusa, n. sp.

3. 12 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous tinged with
brownish, Palpi rather short, whitish, irrorated with blackish.
Antennal ciliations 14. Abdomen ochreous-grey-whitish. Fore-
wings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, oblique; whitish-ochreous; a broad dark grey transverse
band, mixed with reddish-brown and blackish, anterior edge run-
ning from } of costa to beyond middle of dorsum, rather concave,
posterior edge from 8 of costa to ? of dorsum, slightly concave :
cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, posteriorly
irregularly suffused with grey; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Cotompia, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish);
one specimen.

Amorbia helioxantha, n. sp.

Q. 24-26 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax deep purple-ferruginous,
palpi 243. Abdomen orange. Forewings oblong, costa towards
base very strongly arched and somewhat roughened with scales,
then almost straight, apex obtuse-pointed, termen almost vertical,
sinuate below apex, rounded beneath; ferruginous-brown, strigu-
lated with dark grey; markings formed by darker ferruginous-brown
suffusion, with purple gloss, very undefined, strewn with dark grey
strigulae and some small groups of bluish-grey scales; basal patch
hardly defined, edge very oblique; central fascia moderate, very
oblique; a triangular apical patch, its edge running from 2 of costa
to tornus, somewhat sinuate : cilia ochreous-brown, with ferruginous-
brown basal line. Hindwing deep orange; an apical spot of deep
ferruginous suffusion, strigulated with dark grey; cilia orange, tips
pale, round apex more or less suffused with deep ferruginous; costa
somewhat sinuate before prominent origin of cilia.

FrencH Guiana, R. Maroni; eleven specimens. A
single § from the same locality is probably the other sex
of this species; the costa of forewings is much less strongly
arched, with moderately strong fold from base to 2, the
hindwings dull light fulvous-ochreous, deeper posteriorly,
with similar dark apical spot.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 13

Sparganothis illuminata, n. sp.

9. 20mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ferruginous-brownish, palpi
4. Abdomen orange. Forewings oblong, costa anteriorly strongly
arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen straight,
vertical; ferruginous-brown with silvery-iridescent-violet reflections,
strewn with transverse anastomosing greyish-ochreous striolae with
strigulae of dark fuscous scales adjoining them; two slightly sinuate
fine greyish-ochreous lines edged posteriorly with dark fuscous scales,
first from + of costa to 2 of dorsum, second from 3 of costa to tornus :
cilia brownish-ochreous, on termen with deep violet-ferruginous
basal line. Hindwings deep orange, towards apex and upper part
of termen coppery-tinged; cilia coppery tinged with fuscous.

Frencnw Guiana, R. Maroni; one specimen.

Sparganothis subacida, n. sp.

g. 15 mm.; 9. 22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax greyish-
ochreous, slightly sprinkled with dark fuscous, palpi in 33, in 94.
Antennal ciliations of ¢ 1. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous. Fore-
wings elongate-oblong, costa anteriorly in 3 strongly arched, slightly
bent over and roughened with scales to beyond middle, with more
marked subtriangular projection near base, in 2 very strongly
arched, posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate, little oblique; brownish-ochreous, strewn with ferruginous-
brown strigulae ; some blackish strigulae on costa; in 9 a ferruginous-
brown spot on costa at +; costal patch elongate-triangular, ferru-
ginous-brown, in g marked with black, in Q narrowly produced
anteriorly to before middle of costa; a wedge-shaped ferruginous-
brown streak along apical part of termen, with some black scales :
cilia light brownish-ochreous, on termen with basal half ferruginous-
brown. Hindwings light dull fulvous, faintly darker-strigulated,
in ¢ rather broadly suffused with grey towards dorsum; cilia
whitish-ochreous.

Frencu Guiana, R. Maroni; two specimens.

Peronea sphenobathra, n. sp.

g. 15 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous sprinkled
with fuscous. Palpi 3, fuscous, somewhat mixed with pale greyish-
ochreous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately
and evenly arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen slightly rounded,
oblique; pale greyish-ochreous suffused with light brownish; a
wedge-shaped fuscous and grey blotch extending along basal fifth

14 Mr. E. Pyrick’s Descriptions of

of costa, reaching at base to dorsum; a dark leaden-grey apical
patch irregularly spotted with dark fuscous, its edge running from
before middle of costa to tornus, nearly straight ; a transverse ridge-
tuft on lower half of wing beyond middle, and another above
tornus; some small tufts at $ above middle and towards apex:
cilia grey, beneath tornus pale greyish-ochreous. Hindwings with
5 from middle of transverse vein; rather dark grey, lighter towards
base; cilia grey.

British Gutana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one
specimen. Two other examples from the same locality
are in all probability the same species, the characteristic
tufts being in the same position; in these the forewings are
wholly fuscous with slight greenish tinge, sprinkled with
dark fuscous, and more or fess largely suffused with dark
leaden-grey; in one of them there is a cloudy white dot
on costa beyond middle.

Peronea cuprata, n. sp.

°. 13 mm. Head and thorax light greyish, patagia tinged with
coppery. Palpi 2, grey irrorated with whitish. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa anteriorly slightly,
posteriorly moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight,
little oblique; light brownish; a leaden-grey basal patch somewhat
sprinkled with blackish, especially on edge towards costa, edge
running from } of costa to 2 of dorsum, slightly sinuate; a broad
terminal patch of deep coppery-brown suffusion, mixed with purplish-
grey suffusion, towards apex with a somewhat oblique transverse
light greyish streak and some small spots round apical margin,
space between these mixed with blackish; small grey tufts at angles
of cell: cilia brownish irrorated with grey and grey-whitish. Hind-
wings with 5 from middle of transverse vein; dark grey; cilia
grey, with darker subbasal line.

British Gurana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one
specimen.

Peronea flexilineana, Walk.

British Gutana, Bartica, in April (Parish); ones peci-
men. An undoubted example of this widely distributed
Indo-Australian species, which has not been previously
recorded from America; it is probably attached to some
tree or shrub of cultivation.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 15

EUCOSMIDAE.

Spilonota imminens, n. sp.

39. 11-13 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey irrorated with
whitish. Antennae in 3 with notch at }. Abdomen dark grey.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly arched,
in f with strong fold from base to middle, apex obtuse, termen slightly
rounded, rather oblique; varying from light grey to pale brownish-
ochreous, more or less irrorated with whitish, with a few blackish
scales; some more or less developed oblique dark fuscous strigulae
from costa; in 3 costal half wholly suffused with dark grey from base
to 2 or ?: cilia rather dark grey. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey,
with darker subbasal shade.

BritisH GutANA, Mallali, in March (Parish); nine
specimens.

Spilonota viridans, n. sp.

39. 12-13 mm. Head and palpi grey, pale-speckled. Antennae
in gd with notch at }. Thorax grey, sometimes tinged with greenish
or partially suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey,
anal tuft in 3 grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
slightly dilated, costa gently arched, in $ with strong fold from base
to beyond middle, filled with whitish hairs, apex obtuse, termen
slightly rounded, somewhat oblique; grey suffused with dull greenish,
with scattered blackish scales and short variable marks; costa with
short oblique blackish marks; costal 3? from base to 3 in gj more or
less wholly suffused with dark fuscous, this area projecting down-
wards as an obtuse-triangular blotch marked with black crossing
fold beneath middle of wing, preceded by a light grey tuft on fold,
dorsal area beneath this more or less tinged or suffused with whitish,
in 2 the lower portion and black marks of this area appear as an
irregular median interrupted longitudinal band; a black longitudinal
median streak from cell to near termen, and some shorter black
longitudinal marks above and below this posteriorly; lateral
margins of ocellus obscurely indicated with leaden-metallic: cilia
grey sprinkled with whitish and obscurely barred with dark fuscous.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; dark grey, basal area subhyaline ;
cilia grey, with darker basal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica, December to February
(Parish); twenty-seven specimens.

16 Mr, E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

CROCIDOSEMA, Zell.

I had abandoned this genus, which, being originally
founded on the single species plebeiana, seemed to be
unnecessarily separated from Hucosma by a structure which
could be regarded as specific. As, however, I now describe
five other species undoubtedly allied to it and possessing
the same distinguishing peculiarity of structure (the erect
tuft at the base of hindwings in @), it becomes worth while
to restore the generic validity of the group, which is
evidently characteristic of South America, the wide dis-
tribution of pleberana being doubtless due to artificial
introduction. The interesting features of the genus would
be concealed if merged in the extensive and cosmopolitan
Eucosma.

Crocidosema roraria, n. sp.

39. 16-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey. Abdomen in ¢
pale greyish-ochreous, basal half ochreous-whitish speckled with
black, in 2 light grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat
dilated, costa gently arched, in g with edge shortly folded over at
base and large erect tuft of scales beneath it, apex obtuse, termen
slightly sinuate in middle, somewhat oblique; pale greyish-ochreous,
in 3 sprinkled with fuscous and on costal half and towards termen
rather suffused with fuscous, in 2 with dorsal half suffused with dark
fuscous from near base onwards, posteriorly extending to near
costa; costa strigulated with dark fuscous, and on posterior half
with pairs of indistinct whitish strigulae, two distinct white strigulae
before apex followed by a small dark brown apical spot; in 2 a
quadrate whitish blotch on dorsum beyond middle more or less
apparent; ocellus narrow, speckled with whitish, margined laterally
by leaden-metallic streaks reaching more than half across wing and
above by some more or less developed irregular blackish markings,
its apex connected with that of dorsal postmedian blotch by an
oblique grey-whitish streak cutting off between them a triangular
dark fuscous dorsal blotch, in 3 less clearly indicated: cilia grey
irrorated with whitish and blackish, towards tornus whitish. Hind-
wings grey-whitish, in towards dorsum speckled with black, lower
margin of cell black, tuft rather short but extending nearly to vein 2,
ochreous-whitish, at base black, in Q suffused with grey towards
termen; cilia whitish, with light grey subbasal line.

Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); six
specimens (1 3, 59). ry

|

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 17

Crocidosema cosmoptila, n. sp.

3. 17 mm. Head and thorax grey mixed with blackish. (Palpi
broken.) Abdomen mostly black (partly defaced), towards apex pale
ochreous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa
gently arched, with narrow fold from base to near middle and rough
scales beneath it basally, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate in
middle, somewhat oblique; grey, mixed with whitish and suffused
with dull greenish, on costal 2 dark violet-grey; costa blackish, on
posterior half with five pairs of whitish strigulae; basal patch
suffused with blackish, undefined, cut by an irregular suffused white
median streak from base, running into a large trapezoidal median
dorsal whitish blotch whose upper portion projects posteriorly so as
almost to reach ocellus; ocellus margined laterally by silvery-metallic
streaks and limited above by a curved irregular outwardly oblique
black streak, internally speckled with white and containing two
black dots: cilia grey sprinkled with blackish (imperfect). Hind-
wings dark grey, paler and thinly scaled in cell, veins dark fuscous ;
tuft long, grey, posteriorly whitish, projecting downwards over an
ochreous-yellow space surrounded with a few scattered black scales ;
cilia grey.

ARGENTINA, R. Parana, in April; one specimen.

Crocidosema impendens, n. sp.

36 2. 16-17 mm. Head whity-brownish, crown in ¢ sometimes
suffused with dark grey. Palpi whitish. Thorax ochreous-whitish,
somewhat strigulated with dark fuscous, or in ¢ anteriorly and
dorsally suffused with dark grey. Abdomen whitish-grey. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched,
in g without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, faintly
sinuate in middle, somewhat oblique; pale brownish-ochreous; in
3 a basal patch of dark fuscous suffusion extended on costal half
almost to apex, on dorsal half reaching to 2 and followed by an
ochreous-whitish quadrate dorsal blotch; in 2 whole wing longi-
tudinally streaked with dark fuscous suffusion on veins, most
strongly subdorsally, costal and dorsal edges strigulated with
dark fuscous; ocellus laterally margined with indistinct silvery-
metallic streaks, containing three or four undefined black dots near
posterior edge: cilia whitish-ochreous somewhat mixed with dark
fuscous above middle and on base of lower part of termen, on
costa and a sul tornal spot dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-grey

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.) Cc

-
18 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

strigulated with grey; tuft in ¢ large, dense, ochreous-whitish,
basally suffused with fuscous; cilia whitish, with grey basal line.

Ecuapor, Alausi, 9450 feet, in June (Parish); three
specimens.

Crocidosema callida, n. sp.

6: 17 mm. Head and palpi dark grey, collar paler. Thorax
greyish-ochreous, anteriorly and centrally suffused with dark
purplish-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
rather dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse, ter-
men slightly sinuate in middle, little oblique; fuscous suffused with
purplish-grey; basal patch suffused with dark purplish-fuscous,

extending on costa to middle and on dorsum to 2, followed by a
quadrate whitish dorsal blotch; posterior half of costa with five
pairs of oblique whitish strigulae, last more distinct and followed by
a small dark fuscous apical spot; ocellus filled with white irroration,
margined laterally with silvery-metallic streaks, and limited above
by an outwardly oblique curved blackish-fuscous streak : cilia dark
grey with rows of whitish points. Hindwings pale grey, veins and
termen suffused with darker grey; tuft somewhat shorter and more
extended towards dorsum than in plebeiana, grey-whitish, towards
base suffused with blackish; cilia grey, with dark grey basal line.

Perv, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); one specimen.

Crocidosema ptiladelpha, n. sp.

6. 13-14 mm. Head grey, face and palpi whitish. Thorax
dark grey. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish. Forewings elongate,
costa gently arched, without fold but with a tuft of scales near base,
apex obtuse, termen sinuate, somewhat oblique; grey, sometimes
tinged with whitish-ochreous in disc posteriorly; basal patch dark
fuscous, extending on costa to 4 and on dorsum to middle, edge
obtusely angulated in middle, costal tuft grey or grey-whitish; a
subquadrate whitish blotch on dorsum beyond this, posteriorly
suffused; four or five indistinct pairs of whitish strigulae on costa
posteriorly, with obscure oblique leaden strigae running from them,
a more distinct pair of white strigulae before apex; ocellus whitish,
margined laterally with silvery-metallic streaks, enclosing three or
four linear black dots, and preceded by some ochreous tinge, with
a black subdorsal dash: cilia whitish, speckled with blackish ex-
cept on tornus. Hindwings grey-whitish, veins and terminal area
suffused with grey, anteriorly semihyaline; tuft large, extending to
basal portion of dorsum, ochreous-grey-whitish, with a spot of grey
suffusion anteriorly ; cilia grey-whitish, with faint grey subbasal line.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 19

9. 14-15 mm. Differs from ¢ as follows: head mostly ochreous ;
palpi whitish, second joint suffused with grey towards apex; thorax
pale ochreous, partially mixed with grey; forewings greyish-
ochreous, paler or whitish-tinged anteriorly, sometimes strigulated
with fuscous; lower half of basal patch more or less mixed with
dark fuscous, remainder obsolete; dorsal whitish blotch obsolete ;
other markings as in ¢: cilia suffused with pale ochreous.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Peru, Chosica,
2800 feet, and Lima, 500 feet, in July and August (Parish) ;
forty-five specimens. The ¢ is easily distinguished from
plebeiana by the costal tuft, dark thorax and basal patch ;
but the 9, which differs much in appearance from the g.
would sometimes be very similar to obscurely marked
forms of that species. I have not, however, yet received
plebeiana from South America.

Eucosma procellosa, n. sp.

39. 10-1lmm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey, more or less irro-
rated or suffused with ochreous-grey-whitish, palpi moderate, sub-
ascending, shortly rough-scaled. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa slightly
arched, in ¢ without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly sinuate,
little oblique; dark fuscous irrorated with whitish; costa on
posterior half with five pairs of strigulae of whitish irroration,
first and third pairs emitting very oblique blue-leaden strigae,
second of these running to termen beneath apex, others with short
blue-leaden marks; a very undefined oblique patch of whitish
suffusion or strigulation from middle of dorsum reaching half across
wing, sometimes little indicated; ocellus margined laterally by
erect thick leaden-metallic streaks, and enclosing three black dots :
cilia fuscous, with dark fuscous basal line edged by whitish suffusion.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 stalked; whitish-grey, veins and a suffused
terminal band fuscous; cilia whitish-grey, with darker basal shade.

Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, and Lima, 500 feet, in July
and August (Parish); forty-two specimens.

Eucosma evidens, n. sp.

39. 12-15 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, forehead and collar
sometimes spotted with fuscous. Palpi porrected, second joint
broadly rough-scaled, whitish-ochreous, more or less wholly suffused
with fuscous except on a median blotch on upper portion, terminal
joint fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, posterior extremity whitish-

-

20 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

ochreous, patagia more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous.
Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated,
costa gently arched, in 3 without fold, apex obtuse, termen slightly
sinuate, little oblique; brown, more or less strigulated with dark
fuscous; dorsal area more or less suffused with dark fuscous, with
some indistinct whitish transverse strigulation towards base, and a
postmedian subquadrate blotch formed of four subconfluent whitish
strigae not reaching half across wing; costa dark fuscous obscurely
strigulated with whitish suffusion, posteriorly with more distinct
paired white strigulae, whence arise violet-leaden oblique strigae,
two beyond middle running respectively to anterior margin of ocellus
and termen above middle; ocellus margined laterally by thick
leaden-metallic streaks reaching more than half across wing and
closed above by a curved black streak, internally blackish closely
speckled with white : cilia on upper part of termen blackish speckled
with whitish, on lower part ochreous-whitish. Hindwings with 3
and 4 stalked; rather dark grey; cilia grey.

British Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, from December
to March (Parish); DurcuH Gutana, Paramaribo; CUBA,
Holguin; twenty-two specimens.

Eucosma operta, n. sp.

3. 11 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi whitish, second joint
with fuscous median spot and apical band. Abdomen fuscous.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly rather dilated, costa gently arched,
with moderate fold from base to beyond middle, apex obtuse, termen
hardly sinuate, nearly vertical; brownish-grey; basal ? obscurely
strigulated with dark fuscous ; a dark brown triangular blotch extend-
ing over posterior half of costa, its apex reaching to lower angle of
cell, marked with an irregular blackish longitudinal streak across its
middle, a blackish longitudinal mark on its margin above ocellus,
and on costa with four pairs of indistinct whitish strigulae whence
rise faint oblique violet-leaden strigae; ocellus margined laterally
by thick silvery-metallic streaks, anterior triangularly dilated
upwards to adjoin costal blotch, internally crossed by five fine
blackish dashes separated with whitish: cilia rather dark fuscous
finely sprinkled with whitish, towards tornus greyish. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 stalked; rather dark fuscous, near base thinly sealed ;
cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica, in December (Parish); one
specimen.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 21

Eucosma religiosa, n. sp.

g- 12mm. Head white, sides of crown crimson-fuscous. Palpi
subascending, white, second joint fuscous except rough anterior
scales. Thorax white, patagia with a crimson-fuscous bar. Abdo-
men grey, anal tuft grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex very obtuse, termen
somewhat prominent, slightly rounded; fuscous suffused with dull
crimson, mixed with blackish in disc; a broad ochreous-whitish
dorsal band occupying nearly half of wing, upper edge very irregular ;
costal edge blackish with pairs of whitish strigulae, a violet-leaden
striga from 2 of costa to termen below apex; ocellus limited beneath
and posteriorly by short silvery-metallic streaks not united, contain-
ing three short black marks partially surrounded by whitish : cilia
whitish, on upper part of termen with reddish-fuscous subbasal line,
on tornus spotted with reddish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate;
rather dark grey; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica, in January (Parish); one
specimen.

Eucosma atricapilla, n. sp.

9. 12 mm. Head, palpi, collar, and shoulders dark fuscous,
thorax otherwise ochreous-whitish, palpi ascending, shortly scaled.
Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa towards
base rather strongly arched, then nearly straight, apex obtuse,
termen hardly sinuate, nearly vertical; pale pinkish-ochreous,
somewhat suffused with whitish anteriorly, and strigulated with
violet-grey; a large rounded-triangular dark fuscous blotch on
dorsum slightly before middle, reaching more than half across wing ;
an oblique ferruginous spot on middle of costa, whence a line of very
fine transverse black and white striolation runs to near termen
beneath apex, thence downwards to middle of termen, closely
followed on subcostal portion by a very fine violet line; costa
beyond this with three small deep ferruginous marks separated by
white strigulae, and then a wedge-shaped deep ferruginous spot
occupying apical portion and cut transversely in middle by a dark
leaden mark: cilia pale ochreous, with interrupted violet-grey
basal line, round apex dark brown with blackish basal line. Hind-
wings with 3 and 4 connate; dark grey; cilia grey, tinged with
whitish towards tips.

British Gurana, Bartica, in February (Parish); one
specimen.

22 Mr. E. Wrecks Descriptions of

Eucosma digna, n. sp.

3. 11-12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fulvous, palpi ascending,
shortly scaled. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, pos-
teriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex
obtuse, termen nearly straight, almost vertical; fulvous, irregularly
reticulated with rather dark violet-fuscous, costal area on posterior
half suffused with deep ferruginous; costa strigulated with blackish,
and on posterior % with whitish; an irregular blackish line, angu-
lated in middle and suffused with deep ferruginous, from 4 of costa
to = of dorsum; a slender oblique blackish streak from middle of
costa reaching nearly half across wing, somewhat angulated near
its extremity, with a fine acute projection from angle posteriorly,
followed by two small black marks; a short oblique blue-leaden
striga running to termen below apex, finely edged with ochreous-
whitish beneath; ocellus limited beneath by a leaden dash and
posteriorly by a leaden-metallic streak edged externally with
ochreous-white, and enclosing three strong black dots: cilia fulvous,
on termen with a leaden line, on tornus spotted with dark grey at
base. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate or short-stalked; dark
fuscous; cilia grey, with darker subbasal shade.

British GuraNna, Bartica, in- December (Parish); two
specimens.

Eucosma ortygia, n. sp.

39. 17-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous
variably spotted or suffused with reddish-fuscous, palpi ascending,
shortly rough-scaled. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse,
termen straight, nearly vertical; whitish-ochreous strigulated with
reddish-fuscous mixed with dark fuscous, towards costa and pos-
teriorly or sometimes wholly suffused with ochreous-brown; costa
strigulated with blackish and posteriorly with whitish; short
violet-leaden marks from posterior pairs of whitish strigulae, and
a striga from % of costa to termen beneath apex; ocellus limited
beneath by a dark fuscous dash and posteriorly by a thick leaden-
metallic streak edged externally with ochreous-whitish, containing
three strong black dots or short dashes: cilia whitish-ochreous with
reddish-brown line, broken up on tornus. Hindwings with 3 and 4
connate; dark fuscous; cilia grey, tinged with whitish towards
tips, with darker subbasal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica and Mallali, from December

to March (Parish); eleven specimens. The allied species
transferrana, Walk. (= descriptana, Walk. = vincentaha,

=f

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 23

Wals.), metaspilana, Walk., and lewcomesana, Walk., were
all received from Bartica in good series.

Eucosma prudens, n. sp.

39. 15mm. Head in 3 ochreous-whitish somewhat spotted with
dark fuscous, in 2 ochreous spotted or almost wholly suffused with
dark fuscous. Palpi subascending, shortly rough-scaled, whitish,
second joint suffused with reddish-fuscous except towards apex,
base of terminal joint dark fuscous. Thorax whitish more or less
mixed or suffused with fuscous, anterior fourth dark fuscous. Abdo-
men dark grey, anal tuft in g grey-whitish. Forewings elongate,
posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, without fold, apex obtuse,
termen somewhat sinuate, vertical; fuscous, sprinkled with dark
fuscous and blackish, in ¢ irregularly mixed and suffusedly striated
with whitish, dorsal half in 9 suffusedly striated with violet-leaden-
grey; costa marked with pairs of whitish strigulae, and small
blackish spots between these; edge of basal patch indicated by
an irregular dark fuscous streak, angulated in middle, across fold
with a blackish mark edged posteriorly with white; central fascia
very irregular, oblique, dark fuscous, suffused, only distinct on costa ;
four blue-leaden oblique marks from pairs of costal whitish strigulae
posteriorly, second running as a striga to termen beneath apex, edged
beneath with white posteriorly, others short; termen narrowly
fulvous-brown, with a fine oblique white strigula before apex;
ocellus limited beneath by a whitish line and posteriorly by a
leaden-metallic streak edged externally with white, and enclosing
two black dots: cilia whitish, greyish towards tips on termen, with
a leaden subbasal line broken on tornus. Hindwings with 3 and 4
connate; dark grey; cilia grey-whitish, with grey subbasal line.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); three specimens.

Polychrosis arenacea, n. sp.

6 9. 11-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-whitish or
whitish-ochreous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft of ¢ grey-whitish.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique; pale
ochreous or whitish-ochreous; costa with whitish strigulae, more or
less sprinkled with blackish between them; dorsal edge with very
small blackish strigulae; a more or less developed blotch of darker
suffusion about fold indicating angle of basal patch; an oblique rather
narrow deeper ochreous or brownish fascia from middle of costa
reaching half across wing, and some undefined suffusion towards

24 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

dorsum beyond middle, seldom forming a distinct transverse blotch ;
sometimes a patch of blackish irroration on costa beyond this, or an
oblique streak of blackish irroration from above middle of disc to
dorsum before tornus, or more undefined blackish irroration towards
dorsum generally and across wing beyond middle, all very variable
and sometimes wholly absent; a deeper ochreous or brownish
transverse spot on tornus, and a wedge-shaped upwards-oblique
streak from middle of termen, both often very faint; a slender
streak of fine blackish transverse striation along termen: cilia
whitish or whitish-ochreous, with ochreous subbasal shade. Hind-
wings grey-whitish, thinly-scaled, veins and termen suffused with
grey; cilia whitish, with faint grey subbasal line.

Ecuapor, Duran, low swampy country, in June (Parish) ;
twenty-three specimens. Varies remarkably, but easy of
recognition.

Polychrosis oxymochla, n. sp.

39. 12-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark grey. Abdomen
pale grey, anal tuft of ¢ grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, pos-
teriorly rather dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen
almost straight, rather oblique; dark fuscous finely speckled with
whitish, variable in development; costa strigulated with blackish-
fuscous, with some small spots; basal patch dark grey, edge blackish-
fuscous, angulated in middle, often interrupted above angle, some-
times followed by a fascia of grey-whitish suffusion; an oblique
rather narrow blackish-fuscous fascia from before middle of
costa, reaching more than half across wing, extremity pointed; a
quadrate blackish-fuscous blotch on dorsum before middle; a
moderate blackish-fuscous fascia from below middle of termen
obliquely upwards towards # of costa but not reaching it: cilia
rather dark fuscous speckled with whitish, with blackish-fuscous
subbasal line. Hindwings grey, lighter towards base, veins and
termen darker-suffused ; cilia pale grey, with dark grey subbasal line.

Perv, Lima, in August (Parish); twenty-eight speci-
mens. Varies considerably in distinctness of markings;
nearly allied to the preceding, notwithstanding difference
of colouring.

Bactra seria, 0. sp.

3. 18-21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale brownish-ochreous,
palpi 3. Antennal ciliations ?. Abdomen light grey, anal tuft pale
greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow anteriorly,
posteriorly rather dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse-

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 25

pointed, termen faintly sinuate, rather oblique; whitish-ochreous
tinged with brownish, tending to be marked with fine fuscous lines
on veins, and fine brownish lines between veins; costa obliquely
strigulated with brownish and fuscous; dorsal edge with a series of
cloudy dark fuscous dots or marks; some dark fuscous irroration
towards lower margin of cell, tending to form dark fuscous lines on
veins, with a more or less developed irregular dark fuscous spot at
4, and one or two cloudy dark fuscous marks on end of cell; a
more or less developed triangular spot of fuscous suffusion on
termen beneath apex: cilia whitish-ochreous suffused with grey,
with obscure dark grey bars. Hindwings whitish-grey or light grey,
somewhat darker posteriorly; cilia grey-whitish, with grey subbasal
line.

Peru, Aqualani; three specimens.

Argyroploce faceta, n. sp.

32. 13-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-whitish suf-
fusedly spotted or marbled with red-brown. Abdomen dark grey,
anal tuft of 3 grey-whitish. Forewings rather elongate-triangular,
costa moderately arched, somewhat bent beyond middle, apex
rounded, termen rounded, somewhat oblique; ochreous-whitish to
light ochreous-brownish, irregularly strigulated with brown-reddish
and leaden-grey; basal patch and central fascia coarsely strigulated
with black but very indefinite, on costa suffused with dark red-
brown, edge of basal patch irregular, somewhat curved, central
fascia broadening downwards, rather oblique; beyond central fascia
a very irregular blue-leaden stria; posterior half of costa black with
white strigulae, whence rise short blue-leaden marks, and a sinuate
blue-leaden striga from 2 of costa running to termen beneath apex,
subcostal area round these deep fulvous or ferruginous; beneath
this a curved dark red-brown fasciate patch crossed by black lines
on veins extending to near termen below middle, its lower extremity
followed by a blue-leaden terminal mark; a very fine black terminal
line: cilia pale red-brownish, deeper towards base, spotted with
leaden-grey. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; _blackish-grey;
cilia grey, with dark grey subbasal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica, from January to April
(Parish); five specimens.
Argyroploce cataphracta, n. sp.

3 9. 14-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, head
tinged with crimson. Abdomen dark grey. Posterior tibiae in ¢

26 Mr. E. rick’s Descriptions of

clothed with long dense whitish hairs above. Forewings suboblong,
rather broad, costa anteriorly strongly, posteriorly slightly arched,
apex rounded, termen rounded, slightly oblique; dark crimson.
fuscous; basal patch, lower half of central fascia, and an irregular
patch above tornus marbled with dark blue-leaden; a whitish-
ochreous elongate-triangular patch extending over posterior half
of costa, more ochreous towards costa, anterior side longest, marked
with an iridescent-violet-silvery streak dilated downwards, costal
edge deep ferruginous with five pairs of oblique white strigulae, a
blue-leaden striga running from fourth pair obliquely across apex,
apex suffused with deep ferruginous round this; a very fine black
terminal line, partly edged with silvery anteriorly: cilia leaden-
grey, basal half deep ferruginous except towards tornus. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 connate; dark grey; cilia grey, with dark grey basal
shade; dorsal edge in ¢ thickened and rather contorted, with long
cilia.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February
(Parish); seventeen specimens.

Argyroploce cymotoma, n. sp.

32. 13-14 mm. Head whity-brownish, sides marked with dark
red-brown. Palpi whitish, second joint suffused on lower part with
grey, on upper part with red-brown marked with black. Thorax
whitish mixed with grey and irregularly spotted with dark red-brown,
sometimes much suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey,
anal tuft of ¢ grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated,
costa moderately arched, apex rounded-obtuse, termen rounded,
nearly vertical ; red-brownish ; basal patch mixed and strigulated with
white, spotted with black on its lower portion, suffused with fuscous
on dorsum, marked posteriorly on costa with a dark red-brown
blotch; beyond this a somewhat angulated fascia of white striation,
on costa forming a more conspicuous white blotch, followed on
costa by a dark red-brown blotch, narrow on costa and produced
posteriorly into a long acute prominence beneath costa, and on
dorsum by a triangular brown blotch edged with white; costa
posteriorly dark red-brown with pairs of whitish strigulae, with
more or less orange suffusion beneath these, and a sinuate blue-
leaden striga running from edge of costal blotch to termen beneath
apex, edged beneath with whitish posteriorly; ocellus narrow,
whitish-speckled, containing three black marks and _ enclosed
laterally by broad erect spots of pale purplish iridescence: cilia
red-brownish, on termen darker towards base. Hindwings with

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 27

3 and 4 connate, 5 very closely approximated; dark grey; cilia
grey, with darker subbasal shade.

British Gurana, Bartica, in January and February
(Parish); five specimens. Allied to albimacula, Wals.

Argyroploce nomaea, n. sp.

3 9. 9-10 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark leaden-
grey. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; dark leaden-grey; markings
blackish-fuscous; small spots along costa, separated by groups of
two or three very fine indistinct whitish strigulae; some scattered
marks and strigulae on basal area; an irregular streak from } of
costa to 4 of dorsum, sharply angulated in disc; central fascia
narrow, oblique, nearly straight or slightly curved, in one specimen
thicker on lower half; ocellus containing three black dots, and closed
above by a rounded-triangular blotch : cilia grey, with dark fuscous
subbasal line. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; dark fuscous;
cilia whitish-grey, with dark fuscous subbasal line.

British GuIANA, Bartica, from December to February
(Parish); six specimens.

Argyroploce cycladica, n. sp.

g- 12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax grey, patagia terminating
in expansible tufts of broad scales. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-
wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, termen rounded, nearly vertical; grey, mostly suffused
with glossy blue-leaden between the markings; markings blackish-
fuscous, finely edged with white laterally and above; some small
marks and spots along costa; an irregular subcostal streak from
base to 4; a large rounded blotch extending on dorsum from near
base to middle, and reaching more than half across wing; a smaller
rounded praetornal blotch, not reaching half across wing; an
irregular rather thick bisinuate streak from above middle of disc
to near termen above middle: cilia grey, on termen with blackish
basal line. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; dark fuscous; cilia
whitish-grey, with dark fuscous subbasal line; dorsum with a short
much thickened lobe clothed with scales.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December (Parish); one
specimen. ,

28 Mr. EK. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Argyroploce platyzona, n. sp.

3. 16mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish-fuscous. Abdomen
dark grey. Forewings suboblong, moderately broad, costa moder-
ately arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; rosy-
ochreous, slightly sprinkled with dark fuscous on veins posteriorly ;
costa with small blackish marks edged with whitish; basal patch
blackish-fuscous, edge nearly straight, space between this and cen-
tral fascia suffused with ochreous-whitish, of even width; central
fascia blackish-fuscous, moderate on costa, becoming very broad
downwards, anterior edge straight, posterior evenly curved, finely
edged with whitish; a fine black whitish-edged streak along upper
part of termen, with a strong oblong projection inwards beneath
apex; a few leaden-grey strigulae in region of ocellus: cilia dark
grey with blackish basal line, with light rosy-ochreous tornal patch.
Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; dark grey; cilia grey, with darker
basal line.

Frencu Guiana, R. Maroni; one specimen.

Argyroploce impolita, n. sp.

3. 24mm. Head, palpi, and thorax rather dark brownish, tinged
with reddish, especially on patagia. Abdomen grey. Forewings
rather elongate-triangular, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, termen hardly sinuate, little oblique; rather dark brownish
marbled with bluish-leaden on basal half; basal patch edged with
a suffused dark fuscous streak, obtusely angulated on fold; two
pairs of whitish strigulae on costa between this and central fascia,
and a blotch of whitish suffusion beneath these; central fascia
broad throughout, dark fuscous, oblique, followed on upper portion
by orange-ochreous suffusion more extended posteriorly beneath
costa, and on tornal area by a patch of whitish suffusion; costa
posteriorly dark fuscous, with pairs of indistinct whitish strigulae ;
apical area ochreous-brownish: cilia fuscous, on tornus mixed
with whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 connate; grey; cilia grey,
towards tips whitish-tinged.

CotomsB1A, San Antonio, 5800 feet, in November; one
specimen.

GELECHIADAE.

ANOMOXENA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennae 3,
in ¢ simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 29

long, recurved, second joint thickened with whorls of scales roughly
projecting beneath or with whorls forming separate acute projecting
teeth of scales, terminal joint as long as second or somewhat shorter,
slightly thickened with scales, acute. Maxillary palpi minute,
filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with rough
projecting hairs above and beneath. Forewings with 16 furcate,
2 from angle, 2-5 parallel, transverse vein very oblique outwards
from 2 to 5, faint between 5 and 6, 6 and 7 stalked, 7 to costa, 8
separate, approximated to 6 at base, 11 from.mear middle. Hind-
wings 2, narrow-trapezoidal, apex acute, more or less strongly pro-
duced, termen emarginate beneath apex, cilia 4; 2 remote, 3 and 4
nearly parallel, 4 from angle, 4 and 5 somewhat approximated, 6
and 7 approximated at base.

Type spinigera. A remarkable genus, differing from the
whole of the family in having vein 8 of the forewings
separate instead of stalked with 7; the structure is un-
questionable, since all the veins are present, and is alike in
both species. Nor can there be any question that the genus
belongs to this family, and to the most advanced type of
it, since the highly characteristic hindwings (similar to
those of Aristotelia) are found in no other. The genus must
be supposed to have arisen from Aristotelia or a form of
similar structure, and the peculiarity of neuration can be
explained by the reduction and eventual absorption of
the stalk of 7 and 8 and apparently in this way only.
I regard it therefore as a proved instance of a struc-
tural change which is certainly rare, and would usually be
difficult of demonstration.

Anomoxena spinigera, Nl. sp.

32.10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown with a few dark
fuscous specks. Palpi white, second joint with eight rather long fine
whorl-teeth edged with black above, terminal joint with black rings
near base and above middle. Antennae white ringed with black,
towards apex with several narrow grey black-dotted bands separated
by single white rings. Thorax ochreous-whitish, dorsally finely
striated transversely with blackish. Abdomen _blackish-grey.
Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate; pale ochreous irregularly
irrorated with blackish; an inwardly oblique slender fascia of
blackish suffusion from costa at 3, not or scarcely reaching dorsum ;
costal area from this to apex fulvous, without dark irroration, with
four oblique fine wedge-shaped pale ochreous streaks posteriorly
edged with black: cilia grey, round apex whitish with three curved

_

30 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

dark grey lines and.a straight rather oblique black bar at base.
Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Cotompia, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish);
three specimens.

Anomoxena tetraxoa, n. sp.

3 @. 8mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous with a few dark
fuscous specks. Palpi white, second joint with four confused whorls
towards apex roughly projecting beneath, irrorated with dark fuscous
on these, terminal joint with basal and median rings of dark fuscous
irroration. Antennae white ringed with dark grey, towards apex
with bands of two dark rings separated by single white rings. Ab-
domen grey. Forewings narrow-lanceolate ; light ochreous irrorated
with dark fuscous; a slender irregular inwardly oblique fascia of
blackish suffusion from % of costa, and undefined blotches at tornus
and apex; costal area posteriorly narrowly orange, with four short
slender oblique pale greyish-ochreous streaks edged posteriorly
with blackish: cilia light grey, round apex speckled with black,
with a rather oblique straight black basal line across apex. Hind-
wings and cilia light grey.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); four
specimens.

Aristotelia aulonota, n. sp.

39. 7-9 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white, patagia dark
fuscous. Palpi white, basal 2 of second joint dark fuscous. Abdo-
men grey, apex whitish. forewings elongate-lanceolate; 7 and 8
out of 6; dark fuscous, slightly pale-freckled except on edge of
dorsal streak; a rather broad whitish-ochreous streak along dorsum
from base to beyond tornus, posteriorly pointed, upper edge with
two or three slight irregular prominences; a small whitish-ochreous
spot on costa at #: cilia fuscous, blackish-sprinkled, towards tornus
ochreous-whitish. Hindwings light grey, in g with expansible pencil
of long ochreous-whitish hairs from costa near base; cilia grey-
whitish.

Ecuapor, Duran, low country, in June (Parish); three
specimens.
Aristotelia plumata, n. sp.

3. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax glossy grey or dark grey.
Palpi dark fuscous, very finely lined with white irroration, terminal
joint longer than second. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate,

—_--- i

South American M icro-Lepidoptera. 31

narrow, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, termen extremely
obliquely rounded; 6 separate; grey, sprinkled with blackish and
tinged here and there with whitish ; plical and second discal stigmata
moderate, ochreous, edged with black marks above and beneath,
first discal small, black, obliquely beyond plical; thick cloudy
ferruginous-blackish oblique fasciate bars from costa at 4, $, middle,
and 2, reaching about half across wing, second terminated by plical
stigma, third shorter but with a more oblique projection reaching
to apex of fourth, both these terminated by second discal stigma,
fourth being little oblique; a cloudy darker spot on tornus; an
irregular blackish praeapical blotch: cilia light greyish, with two
blackish lines. Hindwings grey; cilia light grey; in g with two
or three expansible enormously enlarged shuttle-shaped pearly
scales (+ length of wing) from towards base lying along costa above,
and a very large elongate chitinous process projecting obliquely
from costa near base, beneath black and concave to receive a fine
pencil of long hairs, partially covered beneath by a fringe of much
enlarged flat pearly prismatic scales, the remainder covered by a
fringe of very long scales projecting downwards from beneath costa
of forewings on basal 3.

British Guiana, Bartica, in December and January
(Parish); eight specimens. The curious and exception-
ally complex apparatus for protecting the scent-producing
hairpencil of the hindwings suggests that the perfume is
in this species unusually volatile and precious.

Aristotelia erycina, n. sp.

32. 9-10 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, sometimes sprinkled
with fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second and terminal joints
each with two dark fuscous bands. Thorax pale greyish-ochreous
sprinkled with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous more
or less suffused with grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa
slightly arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen extremely obliquely
rounded; 6 separate; pale greyish, suffusedly irrorated with dark
fuscous, irregularly tinged and spotted with light rose-pink; a very
oblique suffused blackish streak across fold about }, and an oblique
blackish streak from costa to plical stigma, space between these
and towards dorsum anteriorly sometimes suffused with pale ochre-
ous; stigmata black, rather elongate, plical obliquely before first
discal; two or three small pale marks on costa towards apex; a
more or less developed longitudinal blackish streak from second
discal stigma: cilia pale greyish, with blackish subbasal line round
apex interrupted with pale rosy-tinged spots on tornus, and dark

32 Mr. E. Pics Descriptions of

grey postmedian shade. Hindwings grey, in 3 with a streak of very
fine blackish-grey striation along submedian groove; cilia light grey.
Forewings in 3 beneath with costal edge slightly reflexed and rough-
ened from near base to %, with a more or less developed patch of
pale ochreous towards this anteriorly, rest of wing suffused with
rather dark fuscous. Hindwings in ¢ beneath greyish-ochreous,
suffused with rather dark fuscous towards costa posteriorly, and
with a streak of very fine blackish striation along submedian groove
as above.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Perv, Chosica,
2800 feet, in July (Parish); twenty-five specimens.

Aristotelia cytheraea, n. sp.

39. 8-10 mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-
whitish, second and terminal joints each with two dark fuscous
bands. Thorax pale greyish-ochreous sprinkled with dark fuscous.
Abdomen grey, anal tuft of 3 whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,
narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen extremely
obliquely rounded; 6 separate; pale greyish-ochreous suffusedly
irrorated with dark fuscous, more or less tinged with rosy-crimson,
especially posteriorly; stigmata strong, blackish, somewhat elon-
gate, more or less accompanied with spots of yellow-ochreous suffusion
beneath and second discal also above, plical obliquely before first
discal, an oblique suffused dark fuscous streak from costa to plical ;
two small pale spots on costa at 3: cilia pale ochreous, with blackish
subbasal line interrupted on tornus with pale sometimes rosy-tinged
spots and grey postmedian shade, towards tornus greyish-tinged.
Hindwings grey; in ¢ with expansible fringe of long grey-whitish
hairs from costa near base; cilia light grey. Forewings in 3 with
costal edge on anterior half ochreous-whitish and folded over
beneath.

CotomBiaA, Cali, 500 feet, in May (Parish); thirty
specimens.

Aristotelia cynthia, n. sp.

3 2. 10-12 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish, second
and terminal joints each with base and two bands irrorated with dark
fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdo-
men grey, anal tuft of 3 pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow,
costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely obliquely
rounded; 6 separate; white irrorated with dark fuscous, dorsal
half suffused with grey and partially mixed with ochreous; broad

Pal

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 33

blackish-fuscous oblique bars from costa at 4 and } to fold, second
margined beneath by a brownish-ochreous mark; a subtriangular
dark fuscous blotch on costa beyond middle, terminated beneath by
a brownish-ochreous mark; a suffused dark fuscous apical blotch,
sometimes connected with preceding in disc but separated from it on
costa by a whitish spot: cilia whitish, sometimes with faint rosy or
ochreous tinge at base, with two wide sometimes confluent grey
shades, on costa wholly dark grey. Hindwings dark slaty-grey,
pale in cell; cilia in § whitish-ochreous, in 9 light greyish; in j on
basal half of costa with extremely long expansible cilia. Forewings
and hindwings beneath in both sexes blackish-tinged, forewings in
6 clothed with ochreous hairs in disc.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); sixteen specimens.

Aristotelia saturnina, n. sp.

6. 11-12 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Palpi
whitish or sometimes suffused with grey, second with two dark
fuscous bands, terminal joint considerably longer than second, suffus-
edly lined with dark fuscous. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceo-
late; 6 separate; rather dark fuscous, sometimes whitish-speckled,
dorsal area more or less suffused or marked with ochreous; obscure
darker oblique bars from costa at } and 4 to fold, marked with black
on fold, more or less edged with whitish towards one another; discal
stigmata blackish with a suffused brownish-ochreous streak beneath
them; a suffused pale brownish-ochreous spot on costa at 4: cilia
grey or grey-whitish, with two darker grey lines, towards base
sprinkled with blackish or dark fuscous in indistinct bars. Hind-
wings grey; cilia light grey; in ¢ with basal portion of costa clothed
with much longer expansible pale greyish cilia.

PERU, Lima, in August (Parish); ten specimens.

Aristotelia perfossa, n. sp.

36. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish irrorated
with fuscous. Palpi whitish, second and terminal joints each with
base, two bands, and tip dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft
of 3 whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate;
whitish irrorated with dark grey; oblique bars of blackish suffusion
from costa at 4 and 4, just crossing fold, plical stigma forming an
elongate black mark on end of second; discal stigmata black, first
obliquely beyond plical, second indistinctly edged with ochreous
beneath; a suffused white spot on costa at 4; sometimes some indis-
tinct ochreous marking near tornus: cilia whitish, round apex with

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) D

34 Mr. E. Mick's Descriptions of

two dark fuscous lines. Hindwings grey; cilia pale greyish. Hind-
wings in g beneath with expansible brush of long light ochreous hairs
beneath basal portion of costa, and similar hairs clothing dorsum and
termen from base to beyond middle of wing.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; PrErvu, Chosica,
2800 feet, and Lima, in July and August (Parish); thirty-
five specimens.

Aristotelia paphia, n. sp.

3 Q. 10-12 mm. Head rosy-whitish, more or less or sometimes
wholly suffused with grey. Palpi white, with two bands of second
joint, and two bands and anterior edge of terminal joint blackish.
Thorax grey, sometimes rosy-tinged, shoulders darker. Abdomen
grey, apex yellowish or rosy. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceo-
late; 6 separate; rather dark grey, dorsal area more or less mixed
suffusedly with light crimson-pink and sometimes with light ochre-
ous; blackish oblique bars from costa at } and 4, just crossing fold,
first posteriorly and second on both sides more or less distinctly
edged with whitish tinged with crimson-pink; a rosy-white mark on
middle of costa; discal stigmata black, first sometimes connected
with apex of preceding bar, second larger, edged beneath by a light
yellow-ochreous spot; a pale rose-pink spot on costa at #, white
on costal edge: cilia whitish-grey, with three dark grey lines, tips
whitish. Hindwings grey; cilia light greyish.

Perv, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); sixteen
specimens.

Aristotelia aphiltra, n. sp.

3 9. 10-12 mm. Head fuscous more or less mixed with whitish.
Palpi very long and slender, whitish, second and terminal joints
each with base and two bands dark fuscous. Thorax fuscous mixed
with dark fuscous, somewhat sprinkled with whitish. Abdomen
grey, anal tuft whitish. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate ;
6 separate; grey sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish, dorsal area
suffused with brownish-ochreous; oblique dark fuscous bars from
costa at } and 4 to fold, space between these sometimes more mixed
with white; a dark fuscous trapezoidal blotch narrowed downwards
on costa about %, edged beneath by a brownish-ochreous spot, beyond
this a white spot on costa, produced along margin of blotch, followed
by a dark fuscous apical blotch: cilia whitish with two grey shades,
on base spotted with dark fuscous irroration. Hindwings grey; cilia
pale greyish.

Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); three

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 35

specimens. Two other examples ($2) from La Crumbre,
6000 feet, Colombia, I consider also identical; the 3 has
the white markings towards apex tinged with rosy.
Another 3 specimen from Alausi, 9450 feet, Ecuador, may
probably be the same species, but is in poor condition.

Aristotelia radicata, n. sp.

32. 9-10 mm. Head pale ochreous, more or less sprinkled with
fuscous. Palpi whitish, second joint with three, terminal joint
with four dark fuscous rings, terminal joint longer than second.
Thorax pale ochreous irrorated with dark grey, shoulders with a dark
fuscous spot. Abdomen grey, apex pale greyish-ochreous. Fore-
wings elongate-lanceolate; 6 closely approximated to 7; grey irro-
rated with dark fuscous and sometimes with whitish; a suffused
yellow-ochreous gradually attenuated streak along dorsum to near
apex; oblique dark fuscous bars from costa at } and 4, terminated
by blackish marks on fold; a small cloudy whitish mark on middle
of costa; discal stigmata blackish, second elongate, edged beneath
by an elongate yellow-ochreous spot; a whitish spot on costa at 4,
formed of two subconfluent inwardly oblique strigulae, continued by
an oblique white line to posterior extremity of preceding ochreous
spot; some white marginal dots or scales round apex: cilia whitish-
grey, round apex white with two dark grey lines, base sprinkled
with blackish. Hindwings grey; cilia pale greyish.

Cotompi1a, Caldas, 4400 feet, in May (Parish); eight
specimens.

Aristotelia oribatis, n. sp.

9. 14 mm. Head whitish. Palpi white, second joint with base
and two bands brownish-ochreous, terminal joint with base and
three bands dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-whitish, shoulders dark
fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 sepa-
rate; blackish-fuscous; a suffused brownish-ochreous streak along
dorsum from base to apex, occupying about } of wing, partially
confluent with a brownish-ochreous longitudinal streak above it from
before middle to ?, which is partially edged with white above; an
oblique white bar from costa at } almost reaching dorsal streak, and
a similar inwardly oblique white bar from costa at 4; a white apical
dot: cilia pale greyish, round apex with four dark grey lines, at
base sprinkled with blackish, above tornus with an indistinct whitish
bar. Hindwings light violet-grey; cilia pale grey.

PERv, Oroya, 12,200 feet, in July (Parish); one specimen,

36 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Aristotelia vicana, n. sp.

3 9. 10-11 mm. Head grey-whitish. Palpi whitish, second
and terminal joints each with base and two bands dark fuscous.
Thorax grey more or less sprinkled with whitish, shoulders dark
fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex whitish. Forewings elongate-
lanceolate; 6 closely approximated basally to 7; light grey irrorated
with dark fuscous; oblique dark fuscous bars from costa at } and $
terminated by black marks on fold, space between these suffused
with white; a fascia of irregular white suffusion crossing wing in
middle; discal stigmata black, second forming an elongate mark,
edged beneath by an elongate yellow-ochreous spot; an inwardly
oblique triangular white spot on costa at #, and a mark on tornus
sometimes connected with it; some undefined ochreous .marking
before tornus and along termen; two or three white marginal dots
round apex: cilia pale grey, round apex white with a blackish
antemedian line, on termen with basal groups of blackish irroration,
on costa dark fuscous, white on costal spot. Hindwings grey;
cilia pale grey.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); seventeen specimens.

Aristotelia ephoria, n. sp.

6: 9 mm. Head white, slightly sprinkled with grey. Palpi
whitish, second and terminal joints each with basal and supramedian
dark fuscous bands, terminal joint shorter than second. Thorax
whitish irrorated with grey. Abdomen light grey, anal tuft whitish.
Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; grey sprinkled with
whitish and dark fuscous; a very oblique blackish mark on fold near
base; an oblique dark fuscous bar from costa at 4, terminated by a
blackish mark on fold edged beneath with ochreous; discal stigmata
blackish, edged beneath with ochreous, first beyond plical; some
blackish scales above tornus and at apex: cilia light grey, round
apex sprinkled with blackish. Hindwings light bluish-grey; cilia
pale grey.

Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); one
specimen. Distinguished from all the preceding by the
short terminal joint and different marking of palpi.

Aristotelia cosmographa, 1. sp.

6 2. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax brownish-ochreous. Palpi
white, second joint with three and terminal joint with four dark
fuscous bands, terminal joint much longer than second. Abdomen

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 37

grey, apex grey-whitish. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate ;
6 separate; brownish-ochreous or deep yellow-ochreous, costal
edge suffused with dark fuscous; an oblique interrupted silvery-
white streak near base; three white streaks from costa terminated
by silvery-metallic subdorsal spots, first from 4, oblique, edged
anteriorly with blackish suffusion, second from middle, direct,
third from 4, inwardly oblique, second and third connected by a
suffused blackish streak in disc, a spot of silvery-white suffusion
beneath costa between first and second connected with costa by a
white strigula; a white dot on apex, and sometimes two or three
on termen : cilia pale greyish, with indistinct blackish median shade
and several slender whitish bars. Hindwings slaty-grey; cilia pale

grey.
Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); three
specimens.

HAPALOSARIS, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antennae 3,
in g simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi
very long, curved, ascending, second joint above in g clothed with
long fine expansible hairs, in Q with triangularly expanded hair-
scales towards apex, beneath smooth-scaled, terminal joint some-
what shorter than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimen-
tary. Posterior tibiae clothed with long rough hairs above. Fore-
wings with 16 furcate, 2 from very near angle, 3 absent, 4 from angle,
5 approximated, 7 and 8 out of 6, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hind-
wings ?, elongate-trapezoidal, apex acute, termen obliquely bisinuate
beneath apex, cilia 3; 2 remote, 3 and 4 almost connate from angle,
5 approximated, 6 obsolete.

Allied to Compsosaris, which it closely resembles
superficially. Vein 6 of hindwings appears to be truly
obsolete (represented by a weak fold parallel to 7), and
not coincident with 7.

Hapalosaris petulans, n. sp.

362. 9-1l mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish with a few
fuscous specks. Palpi whitish, second joint with three rings of dark
fuscous irroration, terminal joint with two black rings. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; white, irregu-
larly irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous, more thinly towards
dorsum anteriorly; an oblique blackish bar from costa at } to
fold; blackish spots on costa before middle and at 3; a black

-
38 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

subcostal dot at }; stigmata black, sometimes ringed with white,
plical rather obliquely before first discal, an additional dot between
second discal and dorsum; a small blackish spot on dorsum before
tornus; three blackish dots on costa towards apex, apical area
darker-suffused: cilia pale grey, round apex sprinkled with dark
fuscous. Hindwings light grey, in ¢ thinly scaled and whitish-
tinged anteriorly; cilia grey-whitish, in whitish-ochreous on lower
part of termen and dorsum; in ¢ a long fine pale ochreous-yellowish
hairpencil from base of wing lying along abdomen.

CotompiA, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May; Ecuanor,
Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, in
July (Parish); twenty-six specimens.

Recurvaria xanthotricha, n. sp.

3 2. 8-9 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, sides of crown with some
dark fuscous specks. Palpi whitish, second joint with basal half
irrorated with dark fuscous and a blackish subapical ring, terminal
joint with two black rings. Thorax whitish irrorated with dark
fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft of g pale ochreous. Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen
slightly sinuate, rather strongly oblique; whitish, irregularly irro-
rated with grey and dark fuscous; markings suffused, blackish, more
or less confused with the dark irroration; a spot on base of costa;
a curved oblique series of three spots (costal, plical, dorsal) towards
base, followed by a more or less developed narrow white fascia; a
subcostal dot at 4, spots on costa at 2 and 3; stigmata represented
by cloudy dots, plical slightly beyond first discal; a spot on tornus ;
sometimes an irregular angulated fine whitish transverse line is
traceable beyond this: cilia whitish-grey, sprinkled with dark fus-
cous or black except towards tornus. Hindwings and cilia pale
greyish; costa in g rolled on anterior portion, with long expansible
yellow-ochreous hairpencil from base.

Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, and Lima, in July and August
(Parish); twenty-four specimens.

Recurvaria thiodes, n. sp.

3: 10mm. Head pale yellow. Palpi whitish-yellow, second joint
with black subapical ring, terminal joint with base and supramedian
band black. Antennae dark grey. Thorax pale yellow, with two
minute black marginal dots posteriorly. Abdomen grey-whitish,
anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; pale
sulphur-yellow, slightly speckled with fulvous; an elongate black

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 39

spot along basal sixth of costa; small black semioval spots on costa
at 2 and 2; plical and second discal stigmata black; two or three
small black dots on costa towards apex; four narrow semioval dark
grey marks along termen, with a few black scales: cilia grey, on
costa pale yellow. Hindwings light grey; cilia pale greyish.

CotomsiA, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); one
specimen.

Recurvaria aequorea, n. sp.

369. 8mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-whitish, shoulders
suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen in 3 grey-whitish, in 2 grey.
Forewings lanceolate; dark fuscous, sprinkled with whitish; a
cloudy whitish dorsal streak from base to tornus, speckled with dark
fuscous, pointed posteriorly, edge irregular: cilia ochreous-whitish,
round apex and upper part of termen irrorated with dark fuscous.
Hindwings in ¢ pale slaty-grey, in 2 grey; cilia ochreous-whitish ;
in g with ochreous-yellowish expansible hairpencil lying along costa
from base to beyond middle.

Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, and Lima, in July and August
(Parish); four specimens.

OXYLECHIA, 0. g.

Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennae 3, in
¢ simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very
long, recurved, second joint with short rough tuft beneath and hairs
roughly expanded towards apex above, terminal joint longer than
second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior
tibiae clothed with hairs above. Forewings with 1b furcate, 2 from
near angle, 3 absent, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle.
Hindwings }, elongate-trapezoidal, apex somewhat produced, acute,
termen obliquely bisinuate beneath apex, cilia 4; 2-4 remote, 4
from angle, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 connate.

Oxylechia confirmata, n. sp.

6. 8mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint marked with
black towards base, terminal joint with black submedian ring and
supramedian band. Thorax white, shoulders dark fuscous. Abdo-
men grey, segmental margins and anal tuft white. Forewings
elongate, very narrow, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen
very obliquely rounded; white, tinged with ochreous-yellowish in
disc, more strongly and sprinkled with fuscous posteriorly ; markings
dark fuscous, with some black scales on their edges, and margined

40 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

with clear white; a basal patch, edge running from } of costa,
straight, oblique; an elongate narrow patch extending along costa
from before middle to apex, anteriorly pointed and preceded by a
slight blackish strigula, beneath with slight prominences at middle
and § of wing tipped with black scales probably representing discal
stigmata; a small white costal mark intersecting this at $; narrow
elongate brownish spots sprinkled with black on dorsum beyond
middle and on tornus; a black apical dot ringed with white: cilia
whitish, round apex with two dark fuscous lines. Hindwings
whitish-grey; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Cotomp1A, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); one
specimen.

THOLEROSTOLA, N. g.

Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue apparently obsolete. An-
tennae ?, in 3 serrulate, simple, basal joint elongate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint rather thickened and
roughened with scales beneath, terminal joint hardly shorter than
second, slightly thickened with scales, acute. Maxillary palpi
rudimentary. Posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs above. Fore-
wings with 1b long-furcate, 2 from towards angle, 4 and 5 stalked,
7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings 4, trape-
zoidal, apex rather produced, acute, termen obtusely emarginate
beneath it, cilia 2; 2 from % of cell, 3 approximated to 4 at base,
4 and 5 connate or closely approximated from angle, transverse
vein mostly obsolete except near lower extremity, 6 obsolete,
represented only by a weak fold parallel to 7.

Allied to Phthorimaea.

Tholerostola omphalopa, n. sp.

39. 6-7 mm. Head whitish, crown more or less speckled with
dark fuscous. Palpi white, with two bands of second joint, and
basal and median bands of terminal joint of blackish irroration.
Thorax whitish irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen light grey,
anal tuft of ¢ grey-whitish. Forewings rather broad-lanceolate ;
whitish irrorated with dark fuscous or blackish; markings formed
by denser blackish irroration or suffusion, undefined, viz. a rather
oblique bar from costa at } to fold, a broad rather oblique fascia
before middle, a broad fascia at % including an ochreous spot in
middle, and an apical blotch: cilia pale grey, round apex suffused
with whitish and speckled with blackish. Hindwings grey; in ¢

Se eee

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 41

an expansible pencil of long light greyish-ochreous hairs from
costa near base; cilia pale grey.

Ecuapor, Duran, low country, in June (Parish); nine
specimens.

Phthorimaea trichinaspis, n. sp.

$92. 9-10mm. Head and thorax whitish-grey-ochreous, more or
less sprinkled with fuscous. Palpi whitish, second joint irrorated
with dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint shorter than second,
with basal and supramedian bands of dark fuscous or blackish irro-
ration. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, in g with broad median dark
fuscous band. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 sometimes out
of 7 near base; whitish-grey-ochreous, irregularly irrorated with
dark fuscous; stigmata dark fuscous, obscure, plical slightly before
first discal: cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, round apex irrorated with
dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish; in g beneath
with an elongate-oval patch of long black hairscales below cell,
covered by a fringe of very long obliquely directed ochreous hairs
from lower median vein.

Perv, Lima, in August (Parish); five specimens.

Phthorimaea Jenta, n. sp.

69. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish irrorated
with grey. Palpi whitish, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous
except apex, terminal joint almost as long as second, with basal and
supramedian bands of dark fuscous irroration. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; pale grey irrorated with
darker, obscurely and irregularly mixed with light ochreous; stig-
mata blackish, plical beneath first discal: cilia pale grey, somewhat
sprinkled with black. Hindwings light bluish-grey; cilia pale
greyish-ochreous; in ¢ with long ochreous-grey-whitish expansible
hairpencil from base lying along costa.

Perv, Lima, in August (Parish); eight specimens.

Phthorimaea perfidiosa, n. sp.

6. 10mm. Head and thorax whitish irrorated with grey. Palpi
whitish, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous except apex, ter-
minal joint somewhat shorter than second, with basal and supra-
median bands of dark fuscous irroration. Abdomen dark grey, anal
tuft ochreous-whitish, claspers very long, clothed with ochreous
whitish hairs suffused with yellow internally. Forewings elongate,
narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen very obliquely

-
42 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

rounded; 6 separate; grey-whitish sprinkled with grey and dark
fuscous, more strongly irrorated along costa; plical stigma rather
large, blackish: cilia pale greyish, sprinkled with blackish towards
base. Hindwings bluish-grey; a strong ochreous-yellowish expan-
sible hairpencil from base lying along costa to beyond middle; cilia
pale ochreous-grey.

CotomptA, Caldas, 4400 feet, and La Crumbre, 6600 feet,
in May (Parish); two specimens.

Phthorimaea crustaria, n. sp.

39. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, sometimes
sprinkled with grey. Palpi white, second and terminal joints each
with basal and supramedian bands of blackish irroration, terminal
joint somewhat shorter than second. Abdomen ochreous-whitish,
sometimes dorsally greyish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa
gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ;
6 separate; ochreous-whitish, irregularly and variably sprinkled
with grey, ochreous, and blackish; small cloudy spots of blackish
irroration on costa at base and 4, and a cloudy blackish dot on fold
near base; stigmata rather large, black, sometimes ringed with
ochreous, plical rather obliquely before first discal; sometimes
indications of cloudy dots of blackish irroration on costa posteriorly
and termen: cilia ochreous-whitish, on basal half with scattered
dark grey and blackish points. Hindwings light slaty-grey; cilia
ochreous-whitish, sometimes tinged with grey.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); fourteen specimens.

Phthorimaea densata, n. sp.

$9. 12-14mm. Head and thorax grey, sometimes sprinkled with
whitish. Palpi white, second and terminal joints each with basal
and supramedian bands of blackish irroration, terminal joint some-
what shorter than second. Abdomen grey, basal segment sometimes
with two small fulvous spots, segments 2 and 3 with fulvous dorsal
patches. Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; whitish irro-
rated with dark grey or blackish; several indistinct blackish dots
on basal area, an obscure rather oblique darker streak from costa
at } to plical stigma, sometimes edged with whitish anteriorly, pre-
ceded and followed beneath costa by ochreous marks; stigmata
moderate or large, black, edged below by ochreous spots and some-
times surrounded by irregular ochreous markings, plical rather
obliquely before first discal; indistinct cloudy whitish opposite costal
and tornal marks at 3, sometimes united into a slightly angulated

—————— ee

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 43

shade: cilia light grey, basal half more or less sprinkled with white
and black. Hindwings slaty-grey; cilia grey.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); twenty-seven speci-
mens.

Phthorimaea gregalis, n. sp.

39. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax dark grey, more or less
sprinkled with whitish, face sometimes suffused with whitish. Palpi
whitish, second and terminal joints each with basal and supra-
median bands of blackish irroration, terminal joint somewhat shorter
than second. Abdomen dark grey, apex tinged with ochreous.
Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; dark fuscous, speckled
with whitish; sometimes short brownish-ochreous dashes beneath
costa attand4; stigmata small, black, sometimes edged with brown-
ish markings, plical rather obliquely before first discal; sometimes
some obscure brownish marking in disc posteriorly : cilia light grey,
basal half sprinkled with black. Hindwings slaty-grey; cilia light
ochreous-grey.

Peru, Lima, in August (Parish); five specimens.

Phthorimaea urosema, nN. sp.

g. 14 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, crown irrorated with grey.
Palpi whitish, second joint with two suffused fuscous bands, terminal
joint with two dark fuscous bands. Thorax pale greyish-ochreous,
mostly suffusedly irrorated with dark grey. Abdomen grey, anal
tuft ochreous-whitish with a strong black mark on each side above.
Forewings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; greyish-ochreous, some-
what sprinkled irregularly with dark grey, costa suffused with dark
grey irroration; three or four cloudy blackish-grey dots towards
base on dorsal half; an oblique transverse patch of ochreous-whitish
suffusion from costa towards base followed on costa by a small
blackish spot and in disc by an elongate blotch of blackish suffusion ;
stigmata blackish, surrounded by irregular ochreous-whitish suffu-
sion, plical obliquely before first discal, a blotch of blackish suffusion
in middle of disc lying between and beneath discal stigmata; costa
towards apex with three small ochreous-whitish spots interrupting
the dark grey irroration : cilia ochreous-grey-whitish, towards base
spotted with dark grey irroration. Hindwings slaty-grey; cilia
pale greyish-ochreous.

Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, in July (Parish); one
specimen.

-

44 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

Phthorimaea melanocampta, n. sp.

g. 16mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous suffused with
grey. Palpi whitish, second joint sprinkled with dark fuscous,
terminal joint with two blackish bands. Abdomen blackish becom-
ing brown towards base, sides and anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; light greyish-ochreous,
irregularly sprinkled with blackish-grey, costa narrowly suffused with
dark grey irroration; several cloudy black dots on basal area; a
thick black suffused streak from costa at } rather obliquely half
across wing, thence abruptly bent and continued through middle
of disc to apex, attenuated posteriorly, nearly interrupted by small
pale spots representing discal stigmata, and irregularly interrupted

near apex : cilia light greyish-ochreous, sprinkled with black towards
- base. Hindwings pale slaty-grey; cilia light greyish-ochreous.

Perv, Lima, in August (Parish); one specimen.

Phthorimaea aquilina, n. sp.

3 Q. 19-22 mm. Head and thorax varying from pale ochreous
to grey. Palpiochreous-whitish, second joint sprinkled with fuscous,
terminal joint with basal and supramedian rings of dark fuscous
irroration. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, segments tinged with fuscous
towards base, two basal segments more or less suffused with yellow-
ochreous. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate ; 6 separate ; vary-
ing from pale ochreous, sprinkled with ferruginous (9) to light fuscous
(3); a thick black (or in 9 deep ferruginous) rather oblique streak from
costa at } reaching half across wing, in dise dilated posteriorly, form-
ing base of an undefined cloudy wedge-shaped patch rather darker
than ground colour extending along costa to $; indistinct cloudy spots
of darker suffusion in disc at middle and #; several small obscure
cloudy darker spots on costa and termen towards apex: cilia pale
greyish-ochreous or whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with fuscous or dark
fuscous. Hindwings pale slaty-grey; cilia pale greyish-ochreous or
whitish-ochreous.

Peru, Matucana, 7780 feet, and Huancayo, 10,650 feet,
in July (Parish); four specimens.

Phthorimaea absoluta, n. sp.

6: 14 mm. Head whitish-grey-ochreous, crown sprinkled with
grey. Palpi stout, ochreous-whitish sprinkled with grey, second
and terminal joints each with two bands of blackish irroration, second
joint with longer rough scales beneath towards apex. Thorax

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 45

greyish-ochreous irroratéd with whitish and dark grey. Abdomen
grey, segmental margins and anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings narrowly elongate-lanceolate; 6 separate; greyish-ochreous
sprinkled with dark grey and whitish, here and there mixed with
brownish, costa suffusedly irrorated with blackish-grey, veins
posteriorly obscurely irrorated with dark grey; several obscure
blackish dots on basal area; irregular rather oblique transverse bars
of blackish suffusion from costa at } and 2, reaching half across wing ;
stigmata blackish, plical obliquely before first discal; costal irrora-
tion towards apex interrupted by three or four small pale spots:
cilia light ochreous-greyish, on basal half mixed with ochreous-
whitish and sprinkled with fuscous and black. Hindwings light
slaty-grey; cilia light ochreous-grey.

Peru, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, in July (Parish); one
specimen. Much like wrosema, but readily distinguished
by absence of the characteristic black marks on anal tuft.

Phthorimaea loquax, n. sp.

39. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax grey, sometimes partially
tinged with ochreous, face sometimes whitish. Palpi fuscous
sprinkled with whitish, second and terminal joints each with basal and
supramedian bands of blackish irroration, terminal joint somewhat
shorter than second. Abdomen in ¢ dark grey, in 2 whitish-grey.
Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; 6 separate; dark grey sprinkled with
whitish, tinged here and there with ochreous; a black dot beneath
tosta near base, and two or three other indistinct ones on basal area;
a small black costal spot before 4; sometimes ochreous subcostal
dashes before and beyond this; stigmata moderate or large, ochreous-
brownish, sometimes accompanied by a few blackish scales, plical
slightly before first discal; a blackish dot on fold beneath middle of
wing; a small cloudy darker spot on costa at 3; a cloudy darker dot
above tornus; a cloudy spot of dark fuscous suffusion on termen
above tornus; an elongate blackish mark in disc near apex: cilia
light grey, basal half sprinkled with whitish and dark grey. Hind-
wings slaty-grey; cilia pale ochreous-greyish, in g longer and darker
towards basal portion of costa.

Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); thirteen
specimens.

Phthorimaea atrifascis, n. sp.
39. 9-10 mm. Head ochreous-whitish irrorated with grey.

Palpi grey, sprinkled with whitish, second and terminal joints each
with basal and supramedian bands of blackish irroration, terminal

_

46 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

joint nearly as long as second. Thorax grey sprinkled with whitish.
Abdomen whitish-grey. Posterior tibiae in g with very long
whitish-ochreous hairs. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ; 6 separate ;
dark grey irrorated with white; a blackish dot beneath costa near
base ; an oblique blackish bar from costa at } to fold; discal stigmata
blackish, indistinctly edged with ochreous beneath, plical ochreous,
slightly before first discal; indistinct whitish opposite marks on
costa at } and tornus: cilia whitish-grey, irrorated with dark grey
and black round apex and towards base generally. Hindwings pale
slaty-grey; in g a very long dense black expansible hairpencil lying
along costa from base to %; cilia whitish-grey.

Perv, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); two specimens.

Phthorimaea altisona, n. sp.

6. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous, slightly whitish-
sprinkled. Palpi dark grey sprinkled with blackish and slightly
with whitish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate-lanceolate ;
6 separate; dark fuscous, slightly whitish-sprinkled, dorsal area
tinged with ochreous-brown; stigmata cloudy, black, plical obliquely
before first discal; in one specimen some ochreous-brown streaking
towards costa posteriorly; apical area suffused with blackish :
cilia grey, round apex mixed with dark fuscous and somewhat
sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings bluish-grey; cilia light grey.

PERU, Huancayo, 10,650 feet, in July (Parish); two
specimens.

Phthorimaea exacta, n. sp.

$Q. 11-12 mm. Head whitish, sprinkled with dark grey. Palpi
white sprinkled with grey, second joint blackish except towards
apex, terminal joint nearly as long as second, with black basal ring
and supramedian band. Thorax whitish irrorated with dark grey.
Abdomen grey, anal tuft in J ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate,
narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely
obliquely rounded ; 6 separate; whitish irrorated with grey and dark
fuscous; a small blackish spot beneath costa near base; a suffused
dark fuscous bar from dorsum at 4 to above middle; blackish spots
on costa at 4 and before 3, stigmata cloudy, black, plical beneath
first discal, second discal elongate; blotches of darker suffusion on
tornus and at apex: cilia pale grey mixed with dark fuscous.
Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly; cilia light grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, in January and February
(Parish); two specimens.

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 47

Phthorimaea epitricha, n. sp.

39. 8-10 mm. Head whitish, more or less sprinkled with grey.
Palpi whitish, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous except apex,
terminal joint as long as second, with subbasal and supramedian
bands of dark fuscous irroration. Thorax whitish more or less irro-
rated with dark grey. Abdomen grey, in 3 with raised lateral sub-
apical tufts of long grey hairs. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;
6 separate; grey-whitish irrorated with dark fuscous; a blackish
spot or short oblique bar from costa near base ; a small ochreous spot
on fold at }, sometimes edged above and beneath with small blackish
spots; a thick oblique blackish streak from } of costa to fold;
stigmata ochreous, more or less edged above and beneath with small
blackish spots, plical obliquely before first discal, an elongate cloudy
blackish spot on costa just above second discal, sometimes edged
beneath by another ochreous dot; undefined spots of blackish
suffusion on tornus and at apex: cilia pale grey sprinkled with
black. Hindwings grey, subhyaline in disc anteriorly and towards
dorsum; cilia light grey.

British Guiana, Bartica, from December to February
(Parish); ten specimens.

Phthorimaea involuta, n. sp.

$9. 9-11 mm. Head whitish sprinkled with grey. Palpi
whitish, second and terminal joints each with subbasal and supra-
median bands of dark fuscous irroration, terminal joint as long as
second. Thorax whitish irrorated with dark fuscous, patagia
sometimes suffused with ochreous. Abdomen dark grey. Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen
very obliquely rounded; 6 separate; grey-whitish or whitish-grey,
irrorated with black; a narrow oblique blackish bar from costa
near base and broader one at }, both terminated by small yellow-
ochreous spots on fold edged beneath by black marks, second spot
representing plical stigma; discal stigmata yellow-ochreous, edged
above and below by black spots, first obliquely beyond plical stigma,
its margin separated by an ochreous mark from a small blackish spot
on costa above it, margin of second usually absorbed in a subquad-
rate blackish blotch on costa above it, its lower margin sometimes
forming a considerable spot; a well-defined blackish apical blotch :
cilia grey, irrorated with black except towards tips. Hindwings
dark grey, subhyaline in disc anteriorly and towards dorsum; cilia
rather dark grey.

48 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Descriptions of

British Guiana, Mallali, in March (Parish); six speci-
mens. Nearly allied to epitricha, but forewings rather
narrower, yellowish markings clearer and larger, black
markings also larger and better defined, hindwings darker,
abdomen in § without praeapical tufts of hair.

Stegasta zygotoma, n. sp.

39. 9-11 mm. Head white, often irrorated with dark grey.
Palpi white, second joint with ill-defined basal and subapical bands
of dark fuscous irroration, terminal joints with two blackish bands.
Thorax dark fuscous, slightly whitish-sprinkled, with small ochreous-
white posterior spot. Abdomengrey. Forewings elongate, narrow,
costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen very obliquely rounded;
dark fuscous, sometimes suffused with deep ferruginous-bronze,
slightly whitish-sprinkled; two connected ochreous-white triangular
blotches occupying dorsum from near base to near tornus, sometimes
much suffused with grey irroration, especially dorsally, first narrowly
reaching costa at }, second reaching nearly half across wing, its apex
connected with an indistinct whitish dot on middle of costa by a
faint grey or grey-whitish cloud in which is a more or less strongly
expressed blackish dot (first discal stigma); second discal stigma
close beyond this, blackish, sometimes edged below with white or
yellowish, or obsolete; a slightly inwards-oblique transverse white
spot on costa at }, tending to connect with a leaden-grey spot on
tornus; apical area sometimes irrorated with grey-whitish: cilia
whitish, with two indistinct lines of blackish irroration. Hindwings
grey or light grey, darker posteriorly; cilia grey or grey-whitish.
Forewings in ¢ beneath with an expansible pencil of long whitish
hairs from beneath base of costa, covered by fringe of projecting
scales.

CotomeiA, Cali, 500 feet, and La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in
May; Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June; Prru, Lima,

and Chosica, 2800 feet, in August (Parish) ; forty-four »

specimens. The Peruvian examples have the white mark-
ings’ always much more suflused with grey, whilst in the
others they are nearly clear ochreous-white, but I can find
no reliable distinction between them otherwise.

Gelechia lacticoma, n. sp.

g. 10-11 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, shoulders
with a suffused dark fuscous spot. Palpi whitish, basal third of
second joint dark fuscous, terminal joint as long as second,
with blackish subapical band. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-

ee

= SO

South American Micro-Lepidopltera. 49

whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
tolerably pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; ochreous-
whitish or yellow-whitish ; markings fuscous, towards costa irrorated
with blackish; an oblique wedge-shaped spot from base of costa to
fold; a v-shaped marking from costa before middle, its apex reach-
ing fold, marked with black plical and first discal stigmata, latter
obliquely posterior; an irregular fascia from } of costa to dorsum
before tornus, second discal stigma forming a black mark on its
anterior margin; some more or less indicated blackish irroration
towards apex: cilia ochreous-whitish, slightly sprinkled with black.
Hindwings light grey; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, in July (Parish); three speci-
mens.

Gelechia litigiosa, n. sp.

$9. 11-13 mm. Head and thorax pale pinkish-fuscous or whitish-
fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi fuscous-whitish irrorated
with dark fuscous, on terminal joint sometimes forming two dark
bands. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently
arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded;
dark fuscous, variably irrorated (sometimes very slightly) with
whitish-fuscous or whitish-ochreous; stigmata cloudy, blackish,
plical slightly before first discal; a small cloudy pale ochreous or
whitish-ochreous spot on costa at $: cilia grey, somewhat mixed
with dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); thirteen
specimens.

Gelechia dryobathra, n. sp.

dg. 13-14 mm. Head fuscous, face paler. Palpi pale greyish-
ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous, terminal joint somewhat
shorter than second. Thorax brown or fuscous. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in
middle, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; dark fuscous,
in one specimen streaked with brownish in disc posteriorly; a
brown basal patch occupying about }+ of wing, edge irregularly
curved or bent; stigmata blackish, approximated, plical somewhat
obliquely before first discal; a small pale brownish spot on costa at
#: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, with two lines of blackish irroration,
at base fuscous, on costa wholly fuscous. Hindwings grey; cilia
light greyish-ochreous.

Cotomspia, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); two
specimens.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) E

50 Mr. E. Me meks Description of

Gelechia eburata, n. sp.

369. 14-15 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi white, base of
second joint black, terminal joint as long as second, apical % black
except extreme tip. Thorax dark ashy-fuscous, with broad ochreous-
white dorsal stripe. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate,
rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed, termen
rounded, rather strongly oblique ; dark ashy-fuscous; stigmata black,
obscure, plical rather obliquely before first discal; a small cloudy
white dot on costa at ? ; sometimes one or two white scales on upper
part of termen: cilia dark grey. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey.

Cotompta, La Crumbre, 6600 feet, in May (Parish); five
specimens.

Gelechia consona, n. sp.

9. 13 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi white, base of second
joint blackish, terminal joint nearly as long as second, anterior
edge blackish on apical half. Thorax ochreous-white, patagia dark
purplish-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow,
costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;
dark purplish-fuscous; a thick white streak along dorsum from base
to 2, irregularly terminated and uniting with a roundish white spot
in disc beyond middle of wing; a roundish white spot on costa at
3%: cilia grey mixed with blackish. Hindwings grey; cilia light
grey.

Perv, Lima, in August (Parish); one specimen. Allied
to the North American unifasciella.

Gelechia argosema, Nn. sp.

39. 9-11 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi ochreous-white,
basal third of second joint blackish, terminal joint as long as second,
apical % blackish except extreme tip. Thorax ochreous-white,
patagia dark purplish-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elon-
gate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse-pointed,
termen very obliquely rounded; dark purplish-fuscous; a sub-
triangular transverse ochreous-white spot from dorsum before
tornus, reaching half across wing, and a smaller spot from costa at
#: cilia grey suffused with dark purple-fuscous. Hindwings grey;
cilia light grey.

Ecuapor, Huigra, 4500 feet, in June (Parish); five
specimens.

Je ortein<o tm

South American Micro-Lepidoptera. 51

Gelechia pentadora, n. sp.

$9. 12-14 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi yellow-whitish,
second joint with base dark fuscous, terminal joint as long as second,
with subapical band and sometimes base blackish. Thorax dark
purple-fuscous, with yellow posterior spot. Abdomen dark grey.
Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex tolerably
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; dark purple-fuscous ;
markings yellow; a slightly oblique oval transverse blotch from
costa at } reaching 3 across wing; a spot beneath middle of disc;
an irregular inwardly oblique transverse blotch from costa at 3,
reaching more than half across wing; a spot on tornus; a small
spot before apex: cilia dark purple-fuscous. Hindwings and cilia
dark grey.

Frencu Guiana, R. Maroni; three specimens.

Polyhymno gladiata, n. sp.

6: 9 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white (partially defaced),
shoulders dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish.
Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex
pointed, prominent, termen sinuate, oblique; costal half dark fus-
cous, dorsal area silvery-grey-whitish, these separated by a broad
median longitudinal shining white streak from base to 8, pointed
posteriorly, lower edge suffused; a very fine white line along costa
from near base to middle, thence diverted as a slender very oblique
streak to just above apex of median streak; an oblique white
strigula from costa about ?, whence a rather thick angulated leaden-
metallic line runs to tornus; beyond this a small white costal strigula,
followed by a small white triangular spot; apical and terminal
areas round these markings brownish-ochreous: cilia pale grey,
above apex with two white wedge-shaped marks separated with dark
fuscous, on termen white towards base, with a very short black
subbasal mark beneath apex and two black subbasal dots below
middle. Hindwings and cilia light grey.

Cotomstis, Cali, 500 feet, in May (Parish); one specimen.

Polyhymno conflicta, n. sp.

6 @. 10-13 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint
fuscous except apex, scales roughly projecting beneath towards
apex, terminal joint fuscous anteriorly. Thorax fuscous-whitish.
_Abdomen whitish-fuscous, anal tuft fuscous-whitish. Forewings
elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex produced, acute,

-

52 Mr. E. Meyrick’s Description of Micro-Lepidoptera.

termen sinuate, oblique; dark fuscous, with cloudy white or whitish
markings, viz. a subcostal line on basal half, a supramedian line to
&, where it meets an attenuated streak from beneath middle of disc,
and a confused and irregular more or less confluent suffusion occupy-
ing most of dorsal area up to fold; a very oblique white line from
middle of costa to near termen above middle; a white oblique
strigula from costa at #, whence a fine acutely angulated leaden-
metallic line runs to tornus; two white wedge-shaped marks from
costa beyond this; apical area tinged with ochreous: cilia light grey,
above apex with two white triangular marks separated with dark
fuscous, at apex with a projecting dark fuscous hook, beneath apex
white towards base, with a very short black subbasal mark beneath
apex and dot below middle. Hindwings light slaty-grey; cilia
pale greyish.

Peru, Chosica, 2800 feet, and Lima, in July and August
(Parish); twenty-seven specimens.

a

a

es

( B38)

Il. New Species of Hymenoptera in the British Museum.
By Rowtanp KE. Turner, F.Z.8., F.E.S.

[Read December 6th, 1916.]
Family BETHYLIDAE.

Genus DicroGENnium, Stadelm.

Dicrogenium, Stadelm., Entom. Nachricht, xx, p. 201,
1894.

Nonmineia, Kieff., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixxx, p. 453,
1911.

I consider that these are identical, and that Ashmead’s
action in transferring the genus from the Bethylidae to
his Cosilidae was entirely unjustifiable.

Dicrogenium maximum, sp. n.

3. Niger; mandibulis apice fusco-ferrugineis; alis fuscis, apice
fusco-hyalinis.

Long. 18 mm.

§- Mandibles strongly bidentate at the apex, the outer tooth the
longest; clypeus short, transverse, with a strong median carina.
Flagellum punctured, hairy, becoming slender towards the apex,
scape smooth and shining, the antennae as long as the thorax
and median segment combined. Head very large, broader than
the thorax, broadly emarginate posteriorly, closely and coarsely
punctured-reticulate ; eyes very near to the base of the mandibles,
separated from the posterior margin of the head by a distance
exceeding their own breadth; the cheeks broader than the eyes,
sparsely but deeply punctured, bearing a stout, acute, spine. Prono-
tum short, strongly narrowed anteriorly, the anterior margin raised,
a deep groove along the posterior margin. Mesonotum coarsely
punctured, more sparsely on the middle than on the sides, the
parapsidal furrows shallow; scutellum very sparsely punctured;
mesopleurae closely and coarsely punctured, with a shining, almost
smooth, area behind the wings. Median segment irregularly
rugulose, with two longitudinal carinae close together, the narrow
space between the carinae transversely striated, the sides of the
segment strongly horizontally striated, the apical slope more finely

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.)

a
D4 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

transversely striated. Abdomen shining, almost smooth; the
seventh dorsal segment sparsely and shallowly punctured, broadly
truncate at the apex; apical ventral segment closely punctured,
hairy, deeply divided longitudinally in the middle. Radial cell
open at the apex, but the radius is indicated by a brown continua-
tion almost to the apex of the wing; cubitus indicated by a white
scar beyond the first transverse cubital nervure, the latter indicated
by a brown scar, the’second transverse cubital by a white scar.

Hab. Sterra Leone, Tamadu (J. J. Simpson), June.

There is no tooth on the inner side of the mandibles as
there is in D. conradti, Stadelm., and the carina of the
prosternum is not furcate as in D. rosmarus, Stadelm.

Family MUTILLIDAE.

Ephutomorpha contigua, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; mandibulis basi, tuberculisque antennalibus fusco-
ferrugineis; thorace rufo-ferrugineo; flagello subtus, tarsisque
brunneo-ferrugineis; segmento dorsali primo apice late luteo;
segmento dorsali secundo obscure aeneo-virescente.

Long. 4 mm.

9. Antennal tubercles well developed, rounded; second joint
of the flagellum distinctly longer than the third. Eyes oval, with
distinct facets, situated nearer to the posterior margin of the head
than to the base of the mandibles. Head nearly as broad as the
thorax, feebly rounded at the posterior angles, closely and not very
finely punctured. Thorax closely punctured rugose on the anterior
two-thirds, the apical third coarsely rugose, the sides of the apical
slope feebly serrate; the thorax broadest anteriorly, the anterior
angles feebly rounded, the anterior margin almost transverse, the
length of the thorax greater by about one quarter than the greatest
breadth, abruptly but not strongly narrowed behind the middle,
a small tuft of erect white hairs on the mesopleurae. Second dorsal
segment a little longer than the greatest breadth, the sides rather
strongly convex, closely punctured rugulose; with an apical patch
of white hairs, which is continued as a median band on the third,
fourth and fifth segments. Pygidial area triangular, finely longi-
tudinally striated.

Hab. 8. QUEENSLAND, Brisbane (Hacker), December.

Nearest to E. virulenta, Turn., from 8.W. Australia,
but the thorax is less strongly narrowed posteriorly than
in that species, the colour of the thorax is much brighter,

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 55

and the spots of pubescence on the dorsal segments
are different, virulenta having an apical fascia of white
pubescence instead of an apical spot.

Ephutomorpha lurida, sp. n.

9. Pallide ferruginea; segmento dorsali secundo fascia mediana
longitudinali nigra, segmentis quinto sextoque fuscis; segmento
dorsali secundo macula magna utrinque fasciaque angusta apicali,
tertioque macula mediana albopilosis; area pygidiali late triangulari,
delicatissime punctata.

Long. 5-6 mm.

9. Head and thorax sparsely clothed with pale fulvous pubescence ;
antennal tubercles fairly well developed, second joint of the flagel-
lum very little longer than the third... Eyes round, strongly convex,
much nearer to the posterior margin of the head than to the base
of the mandibles. Head narrower than the thorax, strongly rounded
at the posterior angles, finely and closely punctured. Thorax fully
half as long again as the greatest breadth, strongly narrowed pos-
teriorly, the apical margin scarcely more than half as wide as the
basal; the anterior margin feebly arched, not quite transverse,
rugose, more coarsely at the apex than at the base, the posterior
slope coarsely rugose. Second dorsal segment finely longitudinally
rugulose; fully half as long again as the greatest breadth, the sides
very feebly convex. Sides of the abdomen thinly clothed with
long fulvous hairs; pygidial area broadly triangular, very minutely
punctured. Hind tibiae with one row of four spines.

Hab. N. QuEENSLAND, Townsville (F. P. Dodd), Sep-
tember.

This belongs to the group of #. darwiniana, André, and
E. excerpta, Turn., but differs from both in colour; from
the former in the more strongly narrowed apical portion
of the thorax, the longer second abdominal segment and
the sculpture of the pygidial area; from the latter in the
more gradually narrowed thorax and in the less convex
sides of the second abdominal segment.

Ephutomorpha diversipes, sp. n.

9. Nigra; vertice late, fronte nigro intaminato, thoraceque
ferrugineis ; tuberculis antennalibus, flagello articulo primo, tarsisque
pallide testaceis; segmento dorsali primo fascia apicali pallide
lutea; calcaribus pallidis; segmentis dorsalibus 2-5 fascia mediana
longitudinali continua albido pilosa,

Long. 5 mm.

-

56 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

9. Antennal tubercles well developed, rounded; second joint of
the flagellum distinctly longer than the third. Head a little
narrower than the thorax, rounded at the posterior angles; finely
and closely punctured tn the vertex, more deeply but not so closely
on the front. Eyes nearer to the posterior margin of the head than
to the base of the mandibles, round and strongly convex. Thorax
a little less than half as long again as the greatest breadth, broadly
rounded on the anterior margin, slightly narrowed posteriorly,
longitudinally rugose striate on the basal two-thirds, coarsely rugose
on the apical third; the posterior slope almost vertical, coarsely
rugose, with two minute lateral teeth close to the basal angles.
Second dorsal segment finely longitudinally rugose, about one-third
longer than the greatest breadth, the sides moderately convex.
Pygidial area very narrowly rounded at the apex, finely longi-
tudinally striate on the basal half. Hind tibiae with two rows of
four rather feeble spines.

Hab. N. QuEENSLAND, Townsville (F. P. Dodd), Novem-
ber and June.

Near E. vittigera, André, a variety of which occurs in
October in the same locality. It differs in the sculpture
of the thorax, which does not run into striae in viltigera,
in the absence of fulvous hairs on the thorax, in the ferru-
ginous colour of the head and thorax, in the feebler spines
of the hind tibiae, and in the colour of the tarsi; it is also
a smaller species.

Ephutomorpha unilineata, sp. n.

9. Nigra; capite fusco-ferrugineo, fronte et vertice nigro in-
taminatis; scapo fusco; flagello infra pallide testaceo; thorace
rufo-ferrugineo, brevi, latitudine vix longiore; segmento dorsali
primo fascia apicali pallide lutea; segmentis dorsalibus 2-5 fascia
mediana longitudinali continua albopilosa; area pygidiali late
triangulari, longitudinaliter striata; calcaribus pallidis.

Long. 5 mm.

9. Antennal tubercles rather large, with a low transverse carina
between them; second joint of the flagellum short, no longer than
the third. Eyes round, strongly convex, situated nearer to the
hind margin of the head than to the base of the mandibles. Head
narrower than the thorax, broadly rounded posteriorly; the front
rugose, the vertex closely punctured. Thorax closely punctured
rugose, scarcely longer than the greatest breadth, slightly narrowed
from the middle both anteriorly and posteriorly, the anterior margin
straight, the posterior slope almost vertical, shallowly rugose,

SL ee

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 57

pleurae almost smooth. First dorsal segment short, slightly
depressed. below the second, which is nearly half as long again as its
greatest breadth, finely and closely punctured, the sides somewhat
convex. The sides of the abdomen sparsely clothed with long
white hairs, interspersed with black near the apex. Hind tibiae
with two rows of four spines.

Hab. 8. QUEENSLAND, Brisbane (Hacker), November.

Allied to #. argenteolineata, André, but may be dis-
tinguished by the colour of the legs, the distinctly stronger
sculpture of the head and thorax, the slightly different
shape of the latter, and the distinctly longer second
abdominal segment.

Ephutomorpha setigera, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; tuberculis antennalibus pallide testaceis; segmento
dorsali primo margine apicali pallide luteo; segmento dorsali secundo
in medio longitudinaliter late, tertio, quarto, quintoque in medio,
sextoque basi brunneo-ferrugineis; tarsis fusco-ferrugineis.

Long. 6 mm.

Q. Clypeus small and flat, truncate at the apex; antennal tubercles
rather large, second joint of the flagellum a little longer than the
third, less than twice as long as the first; a low carina from the
antennal tubercles not reaching the eyes. Head closely and rather
strongly punctured, more sparsely on the front than on the vertex,
sparsely clothed with close lying fulvous bristles, interspersed with
which are a few long black hairs. Eyes round, strongly convex,
situated nearer to the hind margin of the head than to the base of
the mandibles; the head rounded at the posterior angles, no wider
than the thorax. Thorax granulate-rugose, more coarsely pos-
teriorly than anteriorly, nearly half as long again as broad, the
sides almost smooth, the posterior slope finely rugulose, the sides
almost parallel, the anterior angles rounded, the dorsal surface
clothed with short setae as the head, but with rather more numerous
long black hairs. Dorsal segments 1-5 with a small patch of sparse
white hairs in the middle of the apical margin; second segment half
as long again as the greatest breadth, the sides convex, closely but
not very coarsely punctured, the punctures confluent longitudinally.
Pygidial area triangular, finely longitudinally striated, the striae
not reaching the apex. Base of the abdomen with long whitish
hairs, the hairs on the sides of the abdomen whitish near the base,
mostly black near the apex. Hind tibiae with two rows of four
spines.

Hab. 8. QUEENSLAND, Brisbane (Hacker), November.

-
58 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

Family THYNNIDAE.

Zaspilothynnus striatifrons, sp. n.

g. Niger; mandibulis, apice excepto, clypeo macula subapicali
fusca utrinque, orbitis, macula arcuata inter antennas, pronoto
margine antico, propleuris, pronoto margine postico, tegulis, meso-
noto macula magna quadrata postice, mesopleuris antice et macula
magna postice, scutello fascia latissima, postice ad apicem producta,
scutelli angulis anticis, postscutello, segmento mediano fascia lata
longitudinali lateribusque, segmentis dorsalibus 1-6, ventralibus
2-5 fascia transversa anguste interrupta, segmento primo ventrali
macula mediana, coxisque subtus flavis; segmento dorsali sexto
apice, septimoque, ventralibus sexto septimoque pedibusque
ferrugineis; alis subhyalinis, venis ferrugineis.

9. Nigra; capite ferrugineo, pedibus brunneo-ferrugineis, femori-
bus nigro-maculatis; sterno, segmentisque ventralibus secundo
tertiogue brunneis; prothorace postice nigro-marginato, scutello,
postscutello, segmento mediano lateribus, segmentis dorsalibus
1-3 fascia transversa undulata, segmentoque ‘dorsali quarto fascia
transversa interrupta flavis; pygidio fusco.

Long. 3, 15mm; 9, 13 mm.

. Clypeus pointed and prominent at the base and connected
by a short carina with the interantennal prominence, very broadly
truncate at the apex, the apical angles not prominent, strongly
longitudinally striated. Interantennal prominence very broadly
triangular, a low longitudinal carina from the apex reaching more
than half-way to the anterior ocellus. Front rugosely punctured,
irregularly rugose striate above the base of the antennae; vertex
more sparsely punctured. Antennae about as long as the thorax
and median segment combined; pronotum rather sparsely and finely
punctured, with a shallow shining groove behind the slightly raised
anterior margin; mesonotum very closely punctured between the
deep parapsidal furrows, but much more sparsely in the middle.
Scutellum very broadly rounded at the apex, subtruncate, rather
closely punctured; median segment oblique from the postscutellum,
finely rugulose, the middle rather sparsely punctured. Abdomen
somewhat elongate, the basal dorsal segment oblique anteriorly,
as broad at the apex as the second segment, all the segments rather
sparsely punctured and not constricted; sixth ventral segment
with a spine on each side at the apical angles; seventh dorsal
segment produced into a broad flattened lamella, longitudinally
striated and very broadly rounded at the apex. Hypopygium
obliquely striated above, subtriangular, broad at the base with a

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 59

distinct spine on each side at the basal angles, narrowly rounded at
the apex. Maxillae with a few long hairs at the base beneath.
Wings sparsely clothed with very short hairs, third abscissa of the
radius much longer than the second, first recurrent nervure received
a little beyond two-thirds from the base of the second cubital cell,
second a little before one-third from the base of the second cubital
cell.

Q. Mandibles acute at the apex; clypeus punctured, without a
carina, truncate at the apex. Front with a large concave area on
each side touching the inner margin of the eye and extending nearly
to the vertex, smooth and shining; the ridge between the depressions
not quite as wide as one of them, smooth and shining, with a median
longitudinal sulcus and with a few punctures on the sides; vertex
shining, with a few scattered punctures. Head nearly twice as
broad as long, rounded at the posterior angles. Pronotum broader
than the head, the anterior margin straight, slightly narrowed
posteriorly, the hind margin broadly arched, twice as broad anteriorly
as long, shallowly punctured, with a few large setigerous punctures
on the anterior margin. Scutellum smooth and shining, broadly
truncate at the apex; postscutellum plainly visible, transverse.
Median segment very short, the dorsal surface scarcely half as long
as the scutellum, widened from the base, almost vertically truncate ~
posteriorly, the dorsal surface smooth and shining, the face of the
truncation microscopically punctured. Dorsal surface of the
abdomen shining, with a few scattered punctures; first segment
almost vertically truncate anteriorly, with a deep groove close to the
apical margin and a few indistinct, short, transverse striae close to
_the apical angles; second segment with numerous transverse striae,
which gradually increase in height from the base to the apex, the
basal striae strongly curved, those at the apex straight. Ventral
segments coarsely, but not very closely, punctured; the fifth seg-
ment coarsely longitudinally striated. Pygidium narrow, trans-
versely striated at the base, vertically truncate posteriorly, strongly
compressed before the truncation, the dorsal plate of the truncation
narrowly rounded at the base, broadly rounded at the apex, with
about ten arched striae, longer than the greatest breadth, scarcely
reaching beyond the middle of the truncation; the ventral plate
rather broadly truncate at the apex, finely, but distinctly serrate
at the sides. Basal joint of intermediate tarsi rather broad, with six
stout spines on the outer margin.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay

(H. Hacker), September 17, 1915.
This is intermediate between Thynnus and Zaspilo-

_

60 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

thynnus, and perhaps might be placed in the former genus.
The nearest ally seems to be Thynnus brisbanensis, Turn.,
but it is also very near Zaspilothynnus rufoluteus, Turn.
It differs from brisbanensis in the form of the hypopygium,
in the more oblique median segment, and in the less trun-
cate first dorsal segment, also in the colour of the legs and
apical abdominal segments. The distinct postscutellum
of the female is remarkable.

Family SCOLIIDAE.
Subfamily HLIDINAE.

Elis (Mesa) nursei, Turn.

Plesia nursei, Turn., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), iu,
p. 480, 1909, ¢.

Elis (Mesa) nursei, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 721,
FS) Rep

Q. Nigra, capite thoraceque crasse, abdomine sparse punctatis,
pygidio longitudinaliter rugose striato, alis hyalinis, venis pallide
testaceis; tegulis testaceis, calcaribus albidis.

Long. 13 mm.

2. Clypeus with a low carina, strongly punctured, the apical
margin smooth and transverse. Head coarsely punctured, the
punctures on the front more or less confluent; scape smooth and
shining above, with a few strong piliferous punctures beneath;
pronotum coarsely punctured, mesonotum and scutellum rather
more sparsely punctured, the parapsidal furrows very distinct.
Median segment more finely punctured, not margined posteriorly,
the posterior slope rugulose, two convergent longitudinal carinae
from the base close to the middle of the median segment. Abdomen
rather sparsely and shallowly punctured, the punctures rather
large; sixth dorsal segment longitudinally rugose-striate, narrowly
rounded at the apex. Basal joint of the hind tarsi with a row of
close set hairs beneath. Second abscissa of the radius very little
shorter than the third, first recurrent nervure received just before
the middle of the second cubital cell, second just before three-
quarters from the base of the third cubital cell.

Hab. Stmua (Nurse), September.

This is nearest to #. ustulata, Turn., but the sculpture
is much coarser and the sixth dorsal segment much more
narrowly rounded than in that species. #. nurser Q was

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 61

identified by Cameron for Colonel Nurse as anthracina,
Sm.; but, as I have pointed out in other papers, that
insect is an Anthobosca and is Australian; not Indian, as
stated by Smith and Bingham.

Elis (Mesa) heterochroa, sp. n.

Q. Fusco-ferruginea; mandibulis apice, flagello, pleuris, sterno,
coxis posticis subtus, segmento mediano, segmento ventrali primo,
segmentisque dorsalibus 1-4 margine apicali late nigris; calcaribus
albidis; alis pallide flavo-hyalinis, venis fuscis; segmento dorsali
sexto longitudinaliter striato, apice truncato.

§. Niger; clypeo apice, mandibulis apice excepto, macula
transversa utrinque inter antennas, pronoto macula transversa
mediana, tegulis basi, segmentis dorsalibus 1-6 fascia angusta apicali
lateribus dilatata, in medio anguste interrupta, segmentis ventra-
libus 2-5 macula parva apicali utrinque, coxis subtus, femoribus
anticis posticisque subtus et apice, intermediis apice, tibiis anticis
intermediisque supra, posticis basi, tarsisque hic illic infuscatis,
flavis; alis hyalinis, stigmate venisque nigris.

Long. 9, 18 mm; 3, 17 mm.

Q. Clypeus sparsely but rather strongly punctured, with a low
median carina which does not reach the broadly truncated apex.
Head coarsely and closely punctured, more sparsely on the vertex
than on the front, antennal tubercles well defined. Scape smooth
above, beneath punctured, with long pale fulvous setae towards
the apex. Pronotum coarsely and closely punctured, subcarinate
longitudinally in the middle; scutellum and mesonotum rather
more sparsely punctured; pleurae more finely and shallowly
punctured. Median segment subopaque, with a longitudinal
impressed line on the dorsal surface, the puncturation shallow and
obscure, finer at the base than at the apex, the posterior slope
shallowly punctured-rugulose, the sides of the segment very finely
and closely striated and clothed with short white pubescence. Abdo-
men shining, sparsely punctured, more closely on the fourth and fifth
than on the basal segments, ventral segments more coarsely punctured
than the dorsal. Sixth dorsal segment closely longitudinally striated,
the apical margin broadly smooth and rather broadly truncate at
the apex. Second abscissa of the radius as long as the third, first
recurrent nervure received close to the middle of the second cubital
cell, second just before two-thirds from the base of the third cubital
cell Basal joint of the hind tarsi with a close row of hairs beneath
mingled with a few spines.

¢: Clypeus finely punctured, clothed with white pubescence,

-

62. Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

slightly convex, subcarinate longitudinally at the base. Inter-
antennal prominence bilobed ; the front rugose, the vertex punctured.
Head much broader than the thorax; rounded at the posterior
angles; the posterior ocelli further from the eyes than from each
other; antennae about as long as the head, thorax and median
segment combined. Thorax punctured, more finely and sparsely
on the scutellum than elsewhere, mesopleurae finely rugose; pro-
notum shorter than the mesonotum, the anterior margin straight,
the angles not prominent. Median segment closely and strongly
punctured. First abdominal segment long; the petiole occupying
rather more than the basal third of the segment, rather shorter than
the basal joint of the hind tarsi; the apical portion moderately
swollen, the extreme apex a little constricted; second segment
scarcely more than half as long as the first, broadened from the base,
longer than the apical breadth; third segment a little broader than
long; basal segment smooth and shining, the remaining segments
gradually becoming more strongly punctured; the punctures on
the sixth dorsal segment large but rather sparse; seventh segment
smooth at the base, with a few large punctures before the apex, the
apical emargination narrow, a little deeper than its apical breadth.
Second abscissa of the radius about equal to the third.

Hab. Nyasauanp, Mlanje (S. A. Neave), December to
June.

The female is very near FL. heterogamia, Sauss., which
occurs in the same district, and may prove to be only a
variety of that species, but the difference in the colour
of the legs and abdomen seems to be constant. The nine
females in the collection were taken from January to June,
seven of them in February, specimens of heterogamia being
taken from December to June. The male has the first
abdominal segment distinctly more elongate than in
clavata, Sauss., and the colour of the nervures is different.
In some specimens of the male the clypeus is wholly black,
and in some the yellow mark on the pronotum shows a
tendency to disappear.

Elis (Mesa) erythropoda, Turn.

Plesia (Mesa) erythropoda, Turn., Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (8), i, p. 505, 1908, 9.
The type was from Lake Ngami. Mr. Neave has sent
a series of the female from Mlanje, taken from January to
May. In these specimens the head is more sparsely
punctured than in the type.

= es

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 63

Elis (Mesa) arnoldi, sp. n.

9. Nigra; mandibulis dimidio apicali fusco-ferrugineis; flagello
subtus fusco; pronoto propleurisque rufis; calcaribus albidis ;
unguiculis pallide testaceis; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis.

Long. 9 mm.

Q. Clypeus subcarinate longitudinally in the middle, the apical
margin transverse and slightly depressed. Front closely and
strongly, vertex and pronotum less closely punctured; mesonotum
and scutellum sparsely punctured. Propleurae sparsely, meso-
pleurae very closely and strongly punctured; median segment
more finely and very closely punctured, with the usual shallow,
margined, longitudinal groove from the base, the sides of the segment
finely and closely striated. Abdomen rather closely and shallowly
punctured on the dorsal surface; the ventral surface more finely
and closely punctured at the base of the segments, the groove be-
tween the two basal ventral segments very deep as in other species
of the genus. Sixth dorsal segment closely punctured at the base,
the punctures towards the apex intermingled with fine longitudinal
striae, the apical margin broadly smooth and pale testaceous, broadly
rounded at the apex. Third abscissa of the radius twice as long as
the second, recurrent nervures received distinctly beyond the middle
of the second and third cubital cells. Basal joint of the hind tarsi
with a scopa of fine whitish hairs beneath.

Hab. 8. Ruopesta, Buluwayo (G. Arnold), March.

In colour this species somewhat resembles Anthobosca
erythronota, Cam., but is generically distinct. The sculpture
of the sixth dorsal segment separates it from all other
African species of Elis, the segment being nearly always
striated; in ZL. peringueyi, Sauss., in which it is punctured,
the punctures are very coarse and sparse.

Pterombrus williamsi, sp. n.

3g. Niger; mandibulis ferrugineis; abdomine segmentis tertio
quartoque apice lateribusque, quinto, sexto septimoque omnino
rufo-ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris.

Long. 7 mm.

¢- Head shining, sparsely and rather finely punctured; antennal
tubercles well defined, forming short longitudinal carinae. Man-
dibles bidentate at the apex; labrum transverse, with an apical
fringe of hairs. Pronotum distinctly longer than the mesonotum,
the anterior margin distinctly raised, rather sparsely punctured ;
mesonotum rather more strongly punctured; scutellum as long as

-

64 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

the mesonotum; median segment very coarsely rugose, the sides
finely and closely striated. Abdomen smooth and shining, petiolate ;
the first segment as long as the second and third combined, very
narrow at the base, the apical half moderately swollen and slightly
constricted at the apex; the second segment twice as broad at the
apex as at the base; the recurved apical spine of the hypopygium
rather short. First recurrent nervure received just before one-
quarter from the base of the second cubital cell, second just before
one-third from the base of the third cubital cell. Third abscissa
of the radius as long as the second and first combined, second fully
twice as long as the first.

Hab. British Guiana, Bartica (C. B. Williams),
September.

This is distinguished from other known males of the
genus by the black basal and red apical segments of the
abdomen; the anterior margin of the pronotum is raised,
which is not the case in glabricollis, Diicke, or confusus, Sm.

Family PSAMMOCHARIDAE.

The two following species belong to the wide-ranging
genus Hpisyron, in which the tarsal ungues are bifid in
both sexes, the cubitus of the hindwing originating just
before the transverse median nervure, the third cubital
cell much shorter than the second and strongly narrowed
on the radius, the first dorsal segment clothed more or less
densely with scale-like hairs, and the male antennae rather
slender, with the joints not arcuate beneath. The labrum
is slightly exposed.

1. Episyron lepidohirtus, Turn.

Anoplius (Episyron) lepidohirtus, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 331, 1910, 2 3.

This is a true Episyron, nearly related to the European
P. rufipes, the type of the genus. It is very closely related
to the New Guinea species #. papuensis, Sm.

Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Mackay to Cooktown.

2. Episyron kurandensis, Turn.

Anoplius (Episyron) kurandensis, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc,
London, p. 333, 1910, °.

sean

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 65

The scale-like hairs on the first dorsal segment are not
very strongly developed in this species.
Hab. N. QuEENSLAND, Kuranda.

Genus PsAMMOcHARES, Latr.

The Australian species still included in this genus fall
into several sections, which will doubtless eventually be
raised to generic rank; but I consider it best to wait until
a more comprehensive revision is possible, in the meantime
defining certain groups of related species. One of these
groups, somewhat allied to Batozonus, Ashm., and Episyron,
Schiodte, has the tarsal ungues of both sexes bifid as in the
latter genus, but has the joints of the flagellum in the male
strongly arcuate beneath as in Batozonus, though shorter
than in that genus, and differs from both in having the
cubitus of the hindwing interstitial with the transverse
median nervure. The median segment of the female is
truncate at the apex and more or less emarginate, with a
distinct median sulcus on the dorsal surface; and the third
cubital cell is much narrowed on the radius. The sexual
dimorphism in the group is great, much greater than in
Episyron, though less than in Batozonus. The species
included are—

1. Psammochares consimilis, Sm.

Pompilus consimilis, Sm., Descr. new species Hymen.,
p. 152, 1879, 9.

Q. Nigra; fronte, vertice, pronotoque pilis brevissimis auran-
tiacis, subsquamosis, stratis, dense obtectis; postscutello macula
utrinque segmentoque mediano angulis posticis albo-pilosis; seg-
mentis dorsalibus 2-3 fascia transversa grisea utrinque; alis fuscis,
apice obscurioribus, venis fuscis.

3g. Niger; antennis fusco-ferrugineis, scapo supra infuscato,
segmento dorsali sexto albido; segmento mediano angulis posticis
albo-pilosis; fronte, pronoto, segmentis dorsalibus 1-3 fascia lata
basali, quarto quintoque omnino griseo-pubescentibus; alis fusco-
hyalinis, apice obscurioribus.

Long. 2, 14mm; 3, 12 mm.

Q. Clypeus widely but very shallowly emarginate at the apex,
the labrum exposed. Head somewhat flattened, the posterior ocelli
nearly twice as far from each other as from the hind margin of the
head. Second joint of the flagellum less than half as long again as

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.) F

-

66 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

the third. Pronotum arched posteriorly, not angulate, almost as
long as the mesonotum; scutellum depressed at the sides. Median
segment longer than the mesonotum, with a distinct median sulcus,
rather strongly emarginate at the apex, the apical slope almost
vertical. Second ventral segment convex, pygidium smooth.
Basal joint of the fore tarsi with four short spines, all the ungues
bifid. Third cubital cell pointed on the radius, subpetiolate.

6. Clypeus broadly and shallowly emarginate, the labrum ex-
posed. Head flattened, the front subcarinate longitudinally from
the anterior ocellus but grooved on the lower part towards the base
of the antennae, the posterior ocelli very near the hind margin of the
head; antennae stout, tapering towards the apex, very little longer
than the thorax and median segment combined, fifth to eleventh
joints of the flagellum strongly arcuate beneath. Hind margin of
the pronotum with a distinct angle in the middle. Median segment
without a distinct sulcus, the apical slope less abrupt than in the
female and less deeply emarginate. First abdominal segment long,
second ventral segment convex, with a distinct, though shallow,
transverse impressed line near the base. Third cubital cell not quite
pointed on the radius, but the third abscissa of the radius is ex-
tremely short. All the tarsal ungues bifid. The distance between
the base of the mandibles and the eyes is considerable.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Mackay (Turner), March; Brisbane,
(Hacker), January and February.

The male has not been previously described ; the deserip-
tion is taken from two Mackay specimens; the specimen
from Brisbane is without the transverse groove near the
base of the second ventral segment, but does not differ
otherwise. The female shows no trace of such a groove,
the presence of which in males is most remarkabie. The
female has a strong superficial resemblance to Psammo-
chares frontalis, Fabr., which belongs to another section
of the genus and has the tarsal ungues unidentate, not

bifid.
2. Psammochares doddi, Turn.

Anoplius doddi, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 328,
L910; 2.

6. Niger; flagello articulis secundo tertioque subtus fulvis;
clypeo macula magna utrinque, pronoto margine posteriore, seg-
mento dorsali tertio fascia basali interrupta, segmento dorsali
septimo, calcariis, tibiisque posticis supra albido flavis; alis hyalinis,
fascia apicali fusca, extremo apice hyalinis. Var. segmento mediano

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 67

angulis apicalibus, segmentoque secundo dorsali macula basali
utrinque flavis.

Long. 8-9 mm.

$. Clypeus truncate at the apex, the labrum exposed. Fourth
to eleventh joints of the flagellum strongly arcuate beneath; eyes
only narrowly separated from the base of the mandibles. Head
somewhat flattened, the posterior ocelli very near the hind margin
of the head. Hind margin of the pronotum strongly arched, not
angulate. Median segment with a distinct longitudinal sulcus,
shorter than the mesonotum, steeply sloped posteriorly, but not
abruptly truncate, with patches of white pubescence at the apical
angles. First dorsal segment rather densely clothed with scale-like
hairs, as in the genus Hpisyron, fourth, fifth and sixth segments
covered with grey pubescence; second ventral segment convex,
seventh with a longitudinal carina. Third abscissa of the radius
about half as long as the second.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dodd) ; Mackay (Turner),
January to March; Brisbane and Stradbroke Island
(Hacker), October to February; NorTHerN TERRITORY,
Alexandria (Stalker), January; Hermannsburg (Hillier),
April.

The femaleis easily distinguished by the fasciate forewings.

The following species are very closely allied to Episyron,
but differ in having the third cubital cell much larger than
the second and the cubitus of the hindwing in most speci-
mens interstitial with the transverse median nervure.
The forewings are crossed by two fuscous fasciae. They
form a generic group.

1. Psammochares limpidus, Turn.

Anoplius (Episyron) limpidus, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 332, 1910, 2g.
This is not a true Hpisyron, and pending a revision,
must be retained in Psammochares.
Hab. N. QUEENSLAND, Kuranda.

2. Psammochares muiri, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; mandibulis basi, clypeo dimidio apicali, scapo, pronoto
margine postico, pedibusque anticis brunneo-ferrugineis; flagello
subtus, tegulisque fusco-ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, anticis fusco
bifasciatis.

Long. 8 mm.

Q. Clypeus transverse at the apex, clothed with delicate white

o
68 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

pubescence, microscopically punctured, with a very sparse trans-
verse row of large punctures near the middle, from each of which
springs a long black hair. Eyes distinctly divergent towards the
clypeus; the posterior ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes ;
a distinct frontal sulcus reaching the anterior ocellus. Antennae
slender, the second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third
combined. Pronotum strongly arched posteriorly, not angulate
in the middle; scutellum rather strongly compressed laterally,
the dorsal surface small. Dorsal surface of the median segment
shorter than the scutellum, much broader than long, without a
median sulcus; the posterior slope oblique and clothed with short
whitish pubescence. Abdomen opaque, the basal dorsal segment
clothed with greyish scale-like hairs; sixth dorsal segment finely
punctured and sparsely clothed with long fuscous hairs, elongate
triangular; second ventral segment strongly convex. Third
abscissa of the radius longer than the second, as long as the second
transverse cubital nervure, the cubital margin of the third cubital
cell half as long again as that of the second; first recurrent nervure
received at two-thirds from the base of the second cubital cell,
second just beyond the middle of the third cubital cell. Cubitus of
the hindwing interstitial. Fore tarsi very feebly spined, the basal
joint with three short spines; hind tibiae feebly spinose. The basal
fascia of the forewing is not very broad and is situated on the outer
side of the basal nervure, not reaching the costa; the second fascia
very broad, crossing the wing, and occupying the whole of the radial
and second and third cubital cells.

Hab. AmBoins (F. Muir), October.

Kasily distinguished from limpidus by the colour of the
antennae and legs, but very close in structure.

Another group has the tarsal ungues unidentate in both
sexes; the joints of the flagellum in the male not arcuate
beneath; the second cubital cell always longer than the
third on the radius, though not always on the cubitus; the
median segment with a sulcus, usually strongly developed
from base to apex; and the fore tarsi of the female in most
species strongly spinose. The species are all black, with
white or grey pubescence, rarely with orange close-lying
hairs on the pronotum. To this section belong—

1. Psammochares senex, Turn.

Anoplius senex, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 327,
1910, 2.

Hab. VicTorta.

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 69

2. Psammochares atavus, Turn.

Anoplius atavus, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 326,
1910, 9.

Hab. N.W. AUSTRALIA.

3. Psammochares ahrimanes, Turn.

Anoplius ahrimanes, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 326,
1910, &.

Hab. N. QUEENSLAND.

4, Psammochares pluto, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; alis nigro-violaceis; flagello subtus fusco; unguiculis
unidentatis.

3g. Feminae simillimus; scapo subtus bruneo, orbitis internis
anguste flavis; unguiculis unidentatis.

Long. 9,17 mm.; 3, 14 mm.

Q. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex, the labrum not exposed ;
second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third combined,
the third distinctly longer than the fourth. Eyes slightly divergent
towards the clypeus, separated on the vertex by a distance equal
to the length of the third joint of the flagellum. Pronotum shorter
than the mesonotum, the posterior margin broadly arched, without
a distinct angle; scutellum narrowly truncate at the apex. Median
segment broader than long, without tubercles, rounded at the
posterior angles, gradually sloped posteriorly, with a deep median
sulcus from the base. Abdomen opaque, with a few long black
hairs on the sides near the apex; sixth dorsal segment rather
broadly rounded at the apex and sparsely clothed with long black
setae. Basal joint of fore tarsus with three moderately long spines
on the outer margin, hind tibiae spinose, tarsal ungues with one
tooth. Third abscissa of the radius a little longer than the first,
and more than two-thirds of the length of the second, submedian
cell equal in length to the median, second recurrent nervure received
beyond the middle of the third cubital cell, cubitus of the hind-wing
interstitial with the transverse median nervure.

¢g. Antennae not stout, the joints very slightly arcuate beneath,
second joint of the flagellum scarcely longer than the third. Clypeus
widely emarginate at the apex, the labrum exposed in the arch of
the emargination. Median segment as long as broad, without a

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70 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

sulcus. Tarsal ungues unidentate, hind tibiae moderately spinose ;
neuration of wings as in the female.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), 1 2, November 1897; 1 3,
February 1899.

5. Psammochares frontalis, Fabr.

Sphex frontalis, Fabr., Syst. Entom., p. 349, 1775, 9.
Pompilus frontalis, Fabr., Syst. Piez., p. 188, 1804, ©.

The male is similar to the female, but has the pubescence
on the head and pronotum greyish instead of orange.
The seventh dorsal segment is broadly truncate at the
apex, the seventh ventral segment carinate longitudinally
and produced into a short spine at the apex.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Brisbane and Mackay.

6. Psammochares semiluctuosus, Sm.

Pompilus semiluctuosus, Sm., Cat. Hym. B. M., iti, p. 166,
1855, Q.
This is a large species, with six long, slightly spatulate,
spines on the basal joint of the fore tarsi.
Hab. SYDNEY.

7. Psammochares berthoudi, sp. n.

2. Nigra, fronte, clypeo lateribus, pronoto marginibus, mesonoto
fascia transversa apicali, scutello angulis basalibus, postscutello
macula magna mediana, maculaque minore utrinque angulis
apicalibus, mesopleuris fascia obliqua, segmento mediano angulis
basalibus et apicalibus, segmento dorsali primo macula utrinque,
segmentis dorsalibus 1-5 macula transversa apicali utrinque, seg-
mentisque ventralibus secundo tertioque macula utrinque angulis
apicalibus albido-pubescentibus; alis fuscis, apice obscurioribus,
venis nigris; metatarso antico spinis septem longis instructo.

Long. 23 mm.

Q. Clypeus broadly truncate at the apex; second joint of the
flagellum very long, nearly as long as the third and fourth com-
bined; front flat, without a distinct sulcus, posterior ocelli much
nearer to each other than to the eyes. Pronotum strongly arched
posteriorly, not angulate; scutellum with a broad dorsal surface,
not very strongly compressed laterally. Median segment scarcely
longer than the pronotum, much broader than long, the suleus on
the dorsal surface very deep, the lateral tubercles not developed.

ee ee

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 71

Sixth dorsal segment broadly rounded at the apex, with sparse
punctures, each of which bears a long black hair. Basal joint of
the fore tarsi with seven long slightly spatulate spines; inter-
mediate and hind tibiae with a patch of grey pubescence at base
and apex, fore tibiae with a line of grey pubescence on the outer
side. Tarsal ungues unidentate. Second abscissa of the radius
more than half as long again as the third, the second cubital cell
as long on the cubitus as the third; first recurrent nervure received
at about one-sixth from the apex of the second cubital cell, second
close to the middle of the third cubital cell. Cubitus of hindwing
interstitial.

Hab. S.W. Avustratia, Waroona (G. F. Berthoud),
January.

This is a western form of semiluctuosis, differing little
from that species except in the presence of an additional
spine on the basal joint of the fore tarsi, and in the much
more broadly interrupted abdominal fasciae.

8. Psammochares melancholicus, Sm.

Pompilus melancholicus, Sm., Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
p. 244, 1868, 9 3.

This species closely resembles semiluctuosus in colour,
but is much smaller, the joints of the flagellum are less
elongate, the abdominal fasciae continuous, the sixth
dorsal segment much more narrowly rounded at the apex,
the basal joint of the fore tarsi with only three spines,
and the median segment with an oblique band of cinereous
pubescence on each side near the apex. The male has
the apical ventral segment with a low longitudinal carina,
the hairs on the segment and the apical fringe short; the
sixth ventral segment almost flat, not strongly convex.

Hab. S.W. Austratta, Yallingup (Lwrner), October to
December; Champion Bay (Du Boulay).

Smith’s type is unfortunately lost, but his description
of the species as only 5 lines long agrees with the present
species much better than with the larger allied species
occurring in the same locality. My specimens measure
oO 13 mm", 7 mm.

9. Psammochares vassei, sp. n.

9. Differs from melancholicus in the larger size, the female
measuring 18 mm., in the much broader apex of the sixth dorsal

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72 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

segment, in the more convex base of the second ventral segment,
and in the presence of a fourth spine on the basal joint of the fore
tarsus.

6. Differs from melancholicus in the larger size, 11 mm; in the
strongly compressed sides of the apical ventral segment, which
leave the median carina very prominent, the segment is also covered
with long hairs, which are especially conspicuous along the carina
and on the apical fringe; the sixth ventral segment is more convex
than in melancholicus, and the fasciae of cinereous pubescence
which in melancholicus are confined to the three basal segments
extend in vassei to the sixth.

Hab, 8.W. Austrauia, Yallingup (Turner), December.

10. Psammochares bassianus, sp. 1.

9. Closely allied to vassei, but has three spines only on the basal
joint of the fore tarsi, the sixth dorsal segment is quite distinct,
the apical half of the segment being smooth, shining, and slightly
concave in bassianus, the apex a little produced and not very
broadly rounded, in vassei the segment is slightly convex throughout,
the apical half subopaque and very closely and minutely punctured
and very broadly rounded at the apex; in melancholicus the seg-
ment is more narrowly rounded at the apex than in either, convex
throughout, the apical quarter shining and almost smooth.

Hab. TasmantA, Eaglehawk Neck (7'urner), February.

Unfortunately I did not take the male. The group of
melancholicus seems to be very extensive and the species
very closely allied, but differing especially in the apical
segments of both sexes. I have two or three Eastern
Australian forms, but have not sufficient material from
which to describe them.

11. Psammochares labilis, Sm.

Pompilus labilis, Sm., Descr. new species Hymen., p. 151,
1879, 3 (as 9).

The thorax in this species is without pubescence in the
female, but the pronotum of the male is covered with
close-lying whitish hairs, the head also being covered with
similar hairs in both sexes except on a transverse band
across the ocellar region. The colour of the pubescence
varies from whitish to dull yellowish. The female has
three long spines on the basal joint of the fore tarsi.

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 73

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dodd), January and
February; NortTHerRN Territory, Port Darwin (G. F.
Hill); N.W. Austratta, Nicol Bay (Dr. Clement).

12. Psammochares basilicus, sp. n.

9. Nigra, capite luteo pubescente, fascia transversa in regione
ocellari nuda; segmento dorsali fascia angusta apicali subinter-
rupta, secundo tertioque macula transversa utrinque cinereo-
pubescente; segmento mediano lateribus ante apicem distinctissime
tuberculato.

Long. 19 mm.

Q. Very near P. labilis, but may be distinguished from that
species by the absence of the very broad abdominal fasciae, by the
presence of four long spines on the basal joint of the fore tarsi;
the median segment has a very deep median sulcus and a blunt
tubercle on each side before the apical angles, the tubercle being
almost obsolete in labilis; in both the apical dorsal segment is
broadly rounded at the apex, but the puncturation of the segment,
though very minute in both, is more distinct in /abilis. The second
abscissa of the radius is scarcely twice as long as the third in bastlicus,
and in West Australian specimens of labilis, but about four times as
long in Queensland specimens of labilis.

Hab, N. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dodd).

Nearly allied to this group but differing in having the
submedian cell distinctly longer than the median in both
sexes and the tarsal ungues in the male bifid are the two
following species—

1. Psammochares amoenulus, Turn.

Anoplius amoenulus, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 329, 1910, 9.
Hab. QUEENSLAND, Brisbane and Mackay.

.2. Psammochares elatus, Sm.

Pompilus elatus, Sm., Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., viii, p. 82,
1864, 9.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Mackay and Townsville; Motuccas,
Morty Island.

Another generic group is easily distinguished by the
coarse eranulation of the thorax, especially strong on the
median segment; by the very long submedian cell, which
is much longer than the median; by the very short third

-
74 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

cubital cell, which is twice as long on the cubitus as on
the radius, but no longer on the cubitus than the length
of the third transverse cubital nervure; by the red colour
of the thorax and median segment, and by the unidentate
tarsal ungues. To this group belong—

1. Psammochares erythrostethus, Sm.

Pompilus erythrostethus, Sm., Cat. Hym. B. M., iii, p. 162,
1855, 9.

The male of this wide-ranging species is unknown, but
I have seen a male closely resembling this female, but
with red legs, from Western Australia.

Hab. 8.W. Ausrrauia, Yallingup (Turner), November
to January; Tasmania, Eaglehawk Neck (Twrner),
February; QUEENSLAND, Mackay.

2. Psammochares perpuleher, sp. n.

9. Rufo-ferruginea; capite nigro; scapo subtus, mandibulis
clypeoque ferrugineis; tarsis infuscatis; alis hyalinis, tertio apicali
fasciaque mediana fuscis.

Long. 7 mm.

9. Second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third
combined; the clypeus and lower part of the front clothed with
silver pubescence. Head finely and very closely punctured;
posterior ocelli further from the eyes than from each other. Thorax
closely and very distinctly punctured; pronotum very widely
arched posteriorly; scutellum subquadrate. Median segment
coarsely granulate, without a sulcus, with short, spare, white
pubescence. Abdomen shining, the punctures microscopic; sixth
dorsal segment with a few large scattered punctures, broadly
rounded at the apex. Fore tarsi with a short comb, the basal
joint with four short spines. Cubitus of the hindwing originating
just beyond the transverse median nervure.

Hab. QUEENSLAND, Townsville (Dodd), August.

Differs from erythrostethus in the smaller size, the sculp-
ture of the thorax, the colour of the abdomen and legs,
and the much shorter spines of the fore tarsi.

Agenioideus expulsus, sp. n.

9. Nigra; pronoto margine postico late, tibiisque posticis macula
basali albidis; calcaribus pallidis; alis hyalinis, anticis fusco
bifasciatis, venis nigris.

ee

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 75

g. Feminae similis; tibiis intermediis etiam basi albido macu-
latis; segmento dorsali septimo albido; alis fascia basali sub-
obsoleta.

Long. 2, 7-8 mm.; 3, 7 mm.

Q. Clypeus short toad broadly truncate at the apex; antennae
about as long as the thorax and median segment combined, the
second joint of the flagellum as long as the first and third com-
bined. Pronotum broadly arcuate posteriorly, not angulate;
scutellum convex. Median segment slightly convex, oblique, the
dorsal and posterior surfaces not separated, rather thinly covered
with short white pubescence. Abdomen subopaque; the apical
dorsal segment subtriangular, with a few rather long dark hairs.
Tarsal ungues unidentate. Cubitus of the hindwing received at a
distance beyond the transverse median nervure equal to the length
of the transverse cubital nervure; submedian cell of the forewing
very slightly longer than the median; third abscissa of the radius
scarcely more than half as long as the second, the third cubital
cell shorter on the cubitus than the second. The fascia on the
basal nervure narrow, that from the radial cell broad, filling the
second and third cubital cells.

6. Tarsal ungues as in the female, but the tooth rather nearer
to the apex.

Hab. QuEENSLAND, Mackay (Turner), November to
March.

This seems to be undoubtedly congeneric with A. humilis,
Cress., from N. America, the type of Ashmead’s genus.
The description of the genus, however, is far from accurate.
The cubitus of the hindwing in all species of the genus
known to me originates well beyond the transverse median
nervure, though not so far as in the ptesent species. The
Indian Pompilus maculipes, Sm., also belongs to this genus.

Genus AUSTROSALIUS, gen. nov.

®. Head small, flattened, rather longer than broad; clypeus
very short, broadly truncate at the apex; the labrum exposed,
emarginate at the apex. Pronotum long, sometimes longer than
the mesonotum, sometimes a little shorter; median segment either
vertically or obliquely truncate, opaque and smooth, with a median
sulcus, the sides parallel, without tubercles; abdomen rather
narrow, convex, the sides of the four basal segments almost parallel ;
the transverse line on the second ventral segment visible, but not
deeply impressed. Fore femora very stout; fore tarsi without a

all
76 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

comb; hind tibiae with a few small spines, not serrate. Second
abscissa of the radius at least as long as the third, the recurrent
nervures received at the middle of the second and of the third
cubital cells; submedian cell of the forewing very slightly longer
than the median; cubitus of the hindwing either interstitial with
or originating just beyond the transverse median nervure. Male
unknown.

Type of the genus Ferreolomorpha artemis, Turn.

1. Austrosalius artemis, Turn.

Ferreolomorpha artemis, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 325, 1910, 9.

Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner), October to March.

2. Austrosalius malignus, Sm.

Salius malignus, Sm., Journ. Proce. Linn. Soc. Zool., ii,
p. 157, 1858, 9.

This is the only other species of the genus known to me.
It is much larger than artemis, and the mesonotum is much
longer, the colour of the antennae and of the wings is also
different. It has not been recorded from Australia.

Hab. Aru (Wallace).

Nearly allied to this genus are the South Indian Pseuda-
genia rava, Bingh., and an allied species which seems to
be undescribed; but in which the submedian cell is much
longer, the head rather larger and the labrum not so
strongly exposed. The tarsal ungues are bifid in these
species, not unidentate as in Austrosalius. For this genus
I propose the name

CRYPTOSALIUS, gen. nov.

Type of the genus Pseudagenia rava, Bingh.

1. Cryptosalius rava, Bingh.

Pseudagenia rava, Journ. Proce. Linn. Soc. Zool., xxv,
p. 426, 1896, 9.

Hab. BANGALORE (Bingham); CormBatore (T. V. Rama
Krishna), February.

2 —_— UCU

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 1%

2. Cryptosalius pandiyanus, sp. n.

9. Nigra, albopilosa; mandibulis ferrugineis, apice nigris; an-
tennis tarsisque anticis fuscis; alis flavohyalinis, apice late infu-
matis, venis testaceis; vertice, pronoto postice, segmento mediano
postice, segmentis dorsalibus 1-4 fascia lata apicali, segmentoque
sexto, dense albopubescentibus; pronoto elongato, mesonoto duplo
longiore.

Long. 6-8 mm.

Q. Head longer than the greatest breadth; clypeus short, the
apical margin widely and very shallowly emarginate. Posterior
ocelli about half as far again from the eyes as from each other;
inner margins of the eyes parallel; the front with a distinct but
very shallow longitudinal sulcus extending to the anterior ocellus.
Front, pronotum and median segment, except broadly posteriorly,
clothed with very short and sparse fulvous pubescence. Antennae
short and stout, not more than twice as long as the head, second
and third joints of the flagellum subequal. Pronotum at least
twice as long as the mesonotum, narrower than the head, as long
as the greatest breadth, very slightly narrowed anteriorly. Meso-
notum very short; median segment shorter than the pronotum,
obliquely sloped posteriorly, the sides parallel. Second ventral
segment with a distinct transverse groove near the base. The
whole ventral surface clothed with very delicate silver pubescence.
Anterior tibiae produced at the apex without and ending in two
spines; hind tibiae smooth. Second abscissa of the radius longer
than the third; first recurrent nervure received close to the middle
of the second cubital cell, second at about three-quarters from the
base of the third cubital cell; submedian cell much longer than
the median, cubitus of the hindwing interstitial with the transverse
median nervure.

Hab. Coimpatore, 8. India (7. V. Rama Krishna),
January to August.

This is a much smaller species than C. rava, and may
be distinguished by the very much longer pronotum,
which in rava is much broader than long and, no longer
than the mesonotum. The third cubital cell is shorter
than in rava and receives the recurrent nervure nearer to
the apex. There is some difference in the present species
in the length of the third cubital cell, specimens taken in
July and August having the third abscissa of the radius
as long as or longer than the second. The type was taken
in January. There is also some variation in the position

78 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

of the second recurrent nervure. But I regard these as
individual variations only.

Cryptochilus commixtus, Turn.

Cryptocheilus commiztus, Turn., Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 317, 1910, 9 g.

This species belongs to the group in which the male has
the tarsal ungues bifid, while they are unidentate in the
female. This structure is found in a considerable number
of oriental and Malayan species, also in one or two Ethio-
pian species, but not as far as I know in any other Australian
Cryptochilus. Superficially the species closely resembles
Hemipepsis australasiae, but is not as plentiful and has a
mote limited range.

Hab. Mackay and Carrns, Q.

The nearest ally is C. basimacula, Cam., from New
Britain.

Genus CypHononyx, Dahlb.

Cyphononyx, Dahlb., Hymen. Europ., i, p. 461, 1843.

This genus was founded on the single character of the
bifid tarsal ungues. But I am very doubtful if it will
eventually stand, owing to the fact that a considerable
number of species have males with the bifid tarsal ungues
of Cyphononyx and females with the unidentate ungues
of Cryptocheilus. At present I retain the name for those
species in which the tarsal ungues are bifid in both sexes.
Taken in this sense there is only one Australian species of
the genus.

Cyphononyx aspasia, Sm.

Mygnimia aspasia, 8m., Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. Zool., iii,
p. 157, 1858, 9.
A beautiful large species with yellow wings and the
abdomen glossed with blue.
Hab. Mackay and Kuranpa, Q. (Turner); New Guinea ;
Arn (Wallace); Ké (Stalker).

Cyphononyx vitiensis, sp. n.

Q. Nigra; capite, antennis, pronoto, mesonoto lateribus, tegulis,
scutello, postscutello apice, segmentis abdominalibus tertio apice,
quarto, quinto sextoque, pedibusque fulvo-ferrugineis; alis flavo-

—

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 79

aurantiacis, anticis matula magna mediana fusco-purpurea, apice
leviter infuscatis, venis ferrugineis. ,

6: Feminae similis; mesonoto fusco-ferrugineo.

Long. 2, 18-21 mm.; 3g, 18 mm.

2. Clypeus broad and transverse at the apex; labrum scarcely
exposed, very broadly rounded at the apex and with a fringe of
long fulvous hairs. Antennal prominence somewhat porrect, very
feebly bilobed and divided by a strong longitudinal sulcus. Second
joint of the flagellum a little longer than the first and third com-
bined. Posterior ocelli further from the eyes than from each
other. Pronotum short, rounded at the anterior angles, the posterior
margin very broadly arched. Head and pronotum sparsely, meso-
notum and scutellum closely, covered with short dark golden
pubescence, the mesonotum and scutellum very finely and closely
punctured; scutellum with a flat dorsal surface, broadly rounded
at the apex; postscutellum subcarinate longitudinally in the
middle, slightly produced in the middle posteriorly and rounded
at the apex. Median segment with a blunt tubercle on each side
at the base, with a deep median sulcus from base to apex, opaque,
with very minute and indistinct transverse striae; the posterior
slope oblique, not abruptly separated from the dorsal surface,
sparsely clothed with fuscous hairs. Abdomen highly polished,
with a few small scattered punctures; sixth dorsal segment more
coarsely punctured, narrowly rounded at the apex, densely clothed
with golden pubescence intermingled with coarse fulvous setae.
Hind tibiae rather feebly serrate; tarsal ungues bifid; spines of
the fore tarsi rather short. First recurrent nervure received at
about three-quarters from the base of the second cubital cell, second
just before the middle of the third cubital cell; third abscissa of
the radius nearly half as long again as the second; cubitus of the
hindwing interstitial with the transverse median nervure; sub-
median cell of the forewing longer than the basal.

6. Antennae very long, measuring 15 mm., the whole length of
the insect being 18 mm.; groove near the base of the second
ventral segment very distinct, quite as deep as in the female;
seventh dorsal segment very broadly rounded at the apex; sixth
ventral segment widely emarginate at the apex, with a short acute
spine on each side at the apical angles; seventh ventral segment
flat, subquadrate, broadly truncate at the apex.

Hab. Fist (British Museum ex Crawley Coll.); Fiji
(R. C. L. Perkins), Fiji, Natova, Nadi (R. Veitch), October.
Not very nearly related to any other species known to
me, though nearer to the group of C. flavus, Fabr., than

all
80 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

to C. aspasia, Sm., and the related species C. intrepida,
Sm., and C. confector, Sm.

Genus Hemipepsis, Dahlb.

Hemipepsis, Dahlb., Hymen. Europ., i, p. 123, 1843.

I think this is a good genus and distinct from Crypto-
cheilus, Panz. After much consideration I disagree with
Schulz, who uses Shuckard’s name Mygnimia for the
genus. This name was published in 1840, and therefore
has priority over Hemipepsis. But no species are given
in Shuckard’s work, and the single character given, the
position of the first recurrent nervure, would apply to other
species not included in Hemipepsis, such as some species
of Cyphononyx, equally well. Thus Shuckard’s name
should, in common with other names in the same work,
be treated as a nomen nudum, and only date from Smith’s
publication of the name in 1855. There is only one
Australian species of Hemipepsis.

Hemipepsis australasiae, Sm.

Mygrimaa australasiae, Sm., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
xl, p. 259, 1873.

This seems to me to be the Australian form of the
Indo-Malayan H. auwreosericeus, Guér. It has a wide
range in Australia, especially in the northern half of the
continent.

Hab. Cooktown, Cairns and Mackay, Q.; Hermanns-
burg, Central Australia; Fowler’s Bay, S.A.

Family CRABRONIDAE.
Subfamily AMPULICINAE.

Ampulex crawshayi, sp. n.

9. Viridi-cyanea; antennis tarsisque nigris; mandibulis ferru-
gineis; alis hyalinis, venis nigris, anticis in cellulis radiali, cubitali
secundo discoidalique secundo leviter infuscatis; abdomine seg-
mentis apicalibus fortiter compressis.

Long. 20 mm.

9. Carina of the clypeus sharply bent downwards near the apex,
produced into a short blunt apical tooth. Second joint of the
flagellum about equal to the combined length of the third and

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 81

fourth; eyes separated on the vertex by a distance slightly less
than the length of the second joint of the flagellum. Head strongly
rugosely punctured, less coarsely on the vertex than on the front,
the median frontal carina not nearly reaching the anterior ocellus,
the lateral carinae curved, not straight, and meeting above the
anterior ocellus. Pronotum rather long, narrowed anteriorly,
sparsely punctured, produced posteriorly into a low tubercle, with
a median sulcus reaching to the base of the tubercle, the anterior
half of the sulcus with a few short transverse striae. Mesonotum
and scutellum smooth, with a few scattered punctures. Median
segment broader in the middle than long, the third carina in the
middle as far from the fourth as from the second; the tubercles
at the apical angles elongate triangular, not curved. Second
dorsal segment at least one-quarter longer than the breadth in the
middle, the sides not strongly convex; the three apical segments
very strongly compressed laterally. Hind tibiae very sparsely
punctured; fifth joint of the tarsi inserted at the base of the
fourth, the latter not reaching the middle of the fifth joint. Length
of the radius beyond the third cubital nervure less than half of
the length of the second transverse cubital nervure. Three cubital
cells.

Hab. NyAsauanp, Kondowi, Lower Nyika (R. Craw-
shay), June.

In the compression of the apical segments of the abdo-
men this species resembles A. sibirica, Fabr. (compressi-
ventris, Guér.); but in neuration is close to assimilis, Kohl.,
which, however, differs much in sculpture and other
points.

Ampulex kristenseni, sp. n.

' 9. Viridi-cyanea; clypeo antennisque nigris; tarsis fuscis; man-
dibulis, tibiis anticis, femoribusque ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, venis
nigris, cellula radiali leviter infuscata.

Long. 16 mm.

9. Clypeus strongly convex, porrect, the carina not produced
into a tooth at the apex. Second joint of the flagellum as long as
the third and fourth combined; eyes separated on the vertex by
a distance scarcely exceeding the length of the second joint of the
flagellum. Head rugosely punctured, the median frontal carina
very short, not nearly reaching the anterior ocellus, the lateral
frontal carinae well developed. Pronotum shining, feebly and
irregularly transversely striated, with a median sulcus on the
anterior portion, raised into a tubercle at the apex. Mesonotum

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) G

-
82 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of

in the middle and scutellum with a few scattered punctures, the
sides of the mesonotum more closely punctured. Median segment
as in conigera, Kohl., but with the tubercles at the apical angles
much smaller and less curved. Second dorsal segment much
broader than long, shorter than in conigera; second ventral seg-
ment convex at the base as in conigera. Fifth joint of the tarsi
inserted close to the base of the fourth joint. Three cubital cells,
the length of the radius beyond the junction of the third transverse
cubital nervure equal to the length of the second transverse cubital
nervure.

Hab. AsysstntA, Harar (Kristensen).

Very nearly allied to conigera, Kohl., but differs, as
pointed out in the description, also in the much greater
length of the radius beyond the third cubital cell, and in
the narrower apical portion of the clypeus and shorter
frontal carina.

Subfamily STIZIN AL.

Stizus pacificus, sp. n.

9. Nigra; labro, clypeo macula magna utrinque, orbitis interiori-
bus, scapo subtus, flagello subtus, callis humeralibus, mesonoto
angulis posticis, scutello macula utrinque, postscutello fascia
angusta interrupta, segmento mediano angulis posticis, segmentis
dorsalibus 1-4 macula transversa apicali utrinque, 2-5 striga
transversa apicali in medio, tibiis anticis, intermediis subtus, tar-
sisque anticis subtus flavis; tibiis posticis tarsisque ferrugineis;
mandibulis fusco-ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, leviter infuscatis, venis
fusco-ferrugineis; segmento mediano angulis lateralibus fortiter
excisis.

Long. 10 mm.

2. Eyes separated at the base of the clypeus by a distance half
as great again as the length of the scape. Head and thorax sub-
opaque, very closely and minutely punctured and covered with
very short fuscous pubescence, which is closer on the mesonotum
than on the head; median segment much more strongly punctured,
thinly covered with short whitish pubescence; abdomen rather less
strongly punctured than the median segment, with faint blue tints
in certain lights, sixth dorsal segment very closely punctured.
Second cubital cell not petiolate, the first abscissa of the radius at
least three times as long as the second.

Hab. F131, Natova, Nadi (R. Veitch), October.
This belongs to the group of S. tridens, Fabr., but

Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 83

differs in the colouring, especially of the legs, from the
allied species. The infuscation of the wings is caused by
numerous small hairs.

Subfamily CRABRONINAE.

Entomognathus rugosissimus, sp. n.

9. Nigra; abdomine pedibusque ferrugineis; coxis anticis, tro-
chanteribus anticis, femoribusque anticis subtus nigris; tegulis
testaceis; alis fuscis, venis nigris; clypeo argenteo-pubescente.

Long. 8 mm.

Q. Mandibles deeply excised on the outer margin, simple at the
apex. Clypeus raised into a porrect tubercle just above the middle
of the apical margin, with a very short blunt tooth on each side
near the apical angles. Eyes hairy, the facets in front rather
larger than elsewhere. Head large, but not broader than the
thorax; front broad, the eyes separated at the base of the clypeus
by a distance equal to the length of the scape; antennae short
and stout, the third joint of the flagellum as long as the second;
ocellar region and vertex very coarsely punctured; ocelli in a very
broad triangle, the posterior pair far apart, but nearly as far from
the eyes as from each other, an irregular oblique groove from each
posterior ocellus reaching almost to the eye. Pronotum trans-
verse, rounded at the angles, punctured; mesonotum coarsely
punctured-rugose; scutellum with sparse large punctures; meso-
pleurae coarsely, but rather sparsely, punctured, with a smooth
groove in front for the reception of the anterior femora. Median
segment very short, the dorsal surface only half as long as the
scutellum; the basal area very broadly rounded at the apex,
with several strong longitudinal carinae; the posterior slope
‘abrupt, almost smooth, with a broad shallow median groove narrow-
ing towards the apex. Abdomen sessile, the basal segment the
broadest, the two basal dorsal segments with sparse, but rather
large, punctures; the remaining segments with small scattered
punctures; sixth dorsal segment rather narrowly triangular, clothed
with golden pubescence. Hind tibiae hairy, almost unarmed, with
feeble serrations near the apex; fore tarsi unarmed. Recurrent
nervure received at three-quarters from the base of the cubital cell;
radial cell broadly truncate at the apex, the transverse cubital
nervure received at the middle of the radial cell.

Hab. Nyasatanp, Mlange (S. A. Neave), January.

This is very distinct in colour and sculpture from other
species of the genus, but does not differ much in structural
characters.

_

84 Mr. R. E. Turner on New Species of Hymenoptera.

Crabro veitchi, sp. n.

2. Nigra; flagello, pronoto, callis humeralibus, scutello angulis
anticis, postscutelloque fascia transversa flavis; mandibulis apice
excepto, tegulis, segmentis dorsalibus secundo dimidio basali, sex-
toque, ventralibus primo, secundo dimidio basali, quinto, sextoque,
pedibusque ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, leviter infuscatis, venis fuscis.

Long. 11 mm.

9. Mandibles tridentate at the apex; clypeus porrect, triangu-
larly emarginate at the apex, not carinate, clothed with silver
pubescence. Eyes with very large facets in front, separated at
the base of the clypeus by a distance equal to the length of the
second joint of the flagellum, a groove along the inner margin of
the eyes near the summit. Second joint of the flagellum nearly
as long as the first and third combined. Head large and massive,
broader than the thorax, minutely and closely punctured, the
temples very broad and clothed with silver pubescence; ocelli in
a wide triangle, the posterior pair as far from each other as from
the eyes, fully half as far again from the posterior margin of
the head as from each other. Pronotum transverse, rounded at the
anterior angles; mesonotum very finely punctured-rugulose on the
anterior half, more sparsely punctured posteriorly, a broad depres-
sion from the anterior margin to the middle. Scutellum and post-
scutellum shining, with scattered punctures; propleurae vertically
striated; mesopleurae sparsely and rather coarsely punctured,
without a groove for the intermediate or hind femora. Median
segment closely and rather strongly punctured, the triangular
basal area defined by grooves and with a median longitudinal
groove, the sides of the segment closely and rather strongly obliquely
striated. Abdomen petiolate, smooth and shining, the first seg-
ment longer than the second and third combined, slender, the
apical half moderately swollen, not constricted at the apex; second
segment nearly as broad at the apex as the third, the second ventral
segment with a small, oblong, pubescent, opaque mark on each side
near the base; fifth dorsal segment minutely punctured; pygidial
area very narrow, lanceolate. Recurrent nervure received just
beyond three-quarters from the apex of the cubital cell; transverse
cubital nervure received close to the middle of the radial cell.
Hind tibiae serrate.

Hab. F131, Natova (R. Veitch), April.
The petiolate abdomen gives this insect somewhat the
appearance of a Dasyproctus, but it does not belong to

that genus, but does not seem to be closely allied to any
described Crabro.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate I.

Stauropus malgassica @

v

Elzodes proteoides

Borolia carneotincta

Perigea rubidata

Scalmicauda obliquifasciata

Andre, Sleith & Anglo, Ltd

NEw HETEROCERA FROM MADAGASCAR.

( 85)

III. New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. By
Sir Gro. H. Kenrick, F.ES.

[Read May 2nd, 1917.]

Pirates I-VI.

,In continuation of a paper read before the Society on
November 5th, 1913, I now submit a further list of insects
taken in Madagascar by Mr. Felix B. Pratt in 1910.

There still remain the Geometridae to be described, and
among them there appear to be many interesting forms.

I have again to thank Sir George Hampson and
his assistants for their very kind help in the work of
identification.

I wish that it had been possible to compare the insects
with types to be found in Continental cabinets before pub-
lishing these descriptions, but as that is out of the question
for the present, I let these go out as they are.

NOTODONTIDAE.

Stauropus malgassiea, sp.n. Plate I.

Head, thorax, base and shaft of antennae, upper part of palpi
white; base of palpi and fringes round eyes dark brown; antennae
chestnut; legs white, tarsi blackish; abdomen, base and last two
segments white, remainder grey. Fore-wing white; an oblique
basal black line from costa to eell; followed by an antemedian
black line, oblique with strong angulation in the cell, and a thicken-
ing at inner margin, which in the female develops into a round
spot; the median line is faint and not visible beyond the middle
of the cell; the postmedian line has three distinct angulations
and the subterminal is composed of 6 V-shaped marks; there are
4 dark dots on the costa beyond the postmedian line. Hind-wing
white, slightly fuscous towards the inner margin, with a dark
subterminal line. Exp. 50 mm.

Stauropus lilaeina, sp.n. Plate I.

Head, thorax, and legs pale grey; tibiae darker, antennae dark
brown, abdomen grey, the two last segments lighter. Fore-wing
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.)

86 Sir Geo. H. Kenrick on

pale grey suffused with lilac with dark brown lines; basal line
oblique and diffused, antemedian line oblique and angulated;
median line faint and interrupted; postmedian double, angulated,
and not very oblique; in the female with a round spot just before
the inner margin; subterminal line composed of 6 V-shaped mark-
ings; a more or less pronounced dark shade beyond the antemedian
line, most conspicuous towards costa. Hind-wing dark grey, fringes
pale. Exp. 50 mm.

Sealmicauda obliquifasciata, sp.n. Plate I.

Head and legs reddish brown, palpi paler, antennae and collar‘

dark brown; thorax above pinkish; abdomen dark at the base,
then ochreous, but tuft blackish. Fore-wing pinkish brown, with
a brownish cloud, more or less intense, from cell to costa; a fine
double line from middle of inner margin to apex; an irregular
dark brown transverse line at base, reaching half across wing,
followed by an angulated antemedian line; the 3 stigmata are of
the ground-colour, but outlined by fine dark lines fringes dark.
Hind-wing pale straw-colour with fringes concolorous. Exp.
44 mm.

Varies a good deal in intensity of colour, and the stig-
mata in some specimens are more or less black.

Secalmicauda ochreopicta, sp.n. Plate II.

Somewhat like the foregoing, but has no oblique line; the stig-
mata are barely discernible, and in most specimens the area at
base of wing and at the angle is spotted with pale ochreous. Hind-
wing much darker than in the preceding species. Exp. 40 mm.

Sealmicauda pratti, sp.n. Plate IT.

Head, legs, palpi, and thorax reddish brown, shaft of antennae
pale; abdomen reddish brown, paler beneath, tuft of the same
colour. Fore-wing reddish brown, mottled with pale ochreous,
which forms a patch extending from cell to near apex; a black
spot at base of wing, and a whitish horizontal line extending from
base to near middle of inner margin, where it meets an irregular
transverse pale line extending to costa; a black streak at end of
cell, and a pale postmedian waved line with dark border; 8 black
dots form a subterminal line, and a pale line precedes the margin.
Hind-wing reddish ochreous. Exp. 34 mm.

“AVOSVOVGV], NONA VAHOONULAR MAN
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TT Md ‘LI6I “puoy ‘205 jug “suvay

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 87

NOCTUIDAE.

Trachea triangulata, sp.n. Plate II.

Head, legs, palpi, and thorax pinkish ochreous, a pale line at
base of collar; abdomen ochreous at base and then pinkish. Fore-
wing pale pinkish brown, with a conspicuous triangle having its
apex on inner margin, and of a dark chestnut colour; inside the
base of the triangle is a semicircular band of the ground-colour.
The triangular marking is edged with a fine pink line, and there is
a straight subterminal line. Hind-wing whitish ochreous, fringes
of both wings pinkish. Exp. 30 mm.

Daseochaeta malgassiea, sp.n. Plate IV.

Head, legs, palpi, and thorax apple-green with black markings,
antennae pale brown; abdomen blackish with pale green tufts, the
last segment bright green. ore-wing apple-green, with 7 or 8 black
spots on costa, a black basal patch and antemedian, median, and
postmedian interrupted black lines, the latter connected above
the inner margin by a black dash to the subterminal line, which is
outwardly bordered by a silvery white line; there are also black
dashes along the inner margin, and a row of black dots on the
hind margin. Hind-wing uniformly smoky with two transverse
darker striae, fringes paler. Exp. 42 mm.

Hypoperigea minuseula, sp. n. Plate I.

Head, legs, and palpi ochreous with a pink tinge, antennae dark
brown; thorax ochreous with scattered black scales; abdomen
ochreous with a smoky tinge. Fore-wing dark brown with ochreous
spots, the whole suffused with a faint purple gloss; a dark basal
line is followed by two ochreous blotches and then an antemedian
line; the postmedian line is parallel with the hind margin, and
between them are three ochreous blotches, besides a small one at
end of cell; both inner and hind margins have ochreous patches on
them. Hind-wing uniformly smoky, fringes paler. Exp. 36 mm.

Hypoperigea variegata, sp. n. Plate I.

Head and palpi reddish ochreous; antennae pale brown; legs
ochreous with dark rings on tarsi; thorax whitish above, patagia
dark; abdomen dark ochreous paler between segments. Fore-
wing dark yellowish grey, with pale ochreous blotches; a whitish
spot at base, with indications of a dark basal line; an interrupted
black antemedian line, and a curved and angulated postmedian
line; the stigmata outlined with black, and the reniform filled with

-
88 Sir Geo. H. Kenrick on

white and continued beyond, making a large round spot. There
are two pale blotches on the inner margin, and two on the hind
margin, with a dark streak between them. Hind-wing very pale
with dusky margin, fringes pale. Exp. 40 mm.

Perigea rubidata, sp. n. Plate I.

Head, antennae, palpi, and legs reddish, the tarsi ringed with
darker, collar dark with whitish crest; thorax and patagia dark
with whitish scales; abdomen reddish brown with darker crests
and yellowish tuft. Fore-wing dark brown suffused with pink,
costa broadly covered with whitish scales; a conspicuous curved
central streak from base to costa very dark, and a dark spot on
costa beyond end of cell. The stigmata are pale, but the clavi-
form has a dark streak in it; there is an indistinct pale subterminal
line, and some dark streaks before the hind margin. Hind-wing
reddish brown. Exp. 42 mm.

Perigea griseata, sp. n. Plate II.

Head, antennae, palpi, and legs reddish, the tarsi ringed with
darker; collar dark brown, patagia pale ochreous; abdomen
yellowish ochreous, crests not developed. Fore-wing whitish
ochreous, the stigmata, which are large, outlined with black, with
a black space between them; an antemedian line starting from
near base on costa curves outward to inner margin; a postmedian
line is nearly straight, the space between these is filled in with
dark blackish-brown; there is a waved and interrupted subterminal
line, and some dark streaks near it. Hind-wing uniformly ochreous,
fringes paler. Exp. 38 mm.

Macrosemyra robusta, sp. n. Plate II.

Near to M. tenebrosa, Butl., but the wings are squarer, and the
insect decidedly stouter. Head, legs, palpi, and antennae brown;
thorax and abdomen darker and shaggy. Fore-wing with scales
slightly raised, giving them a rough appearance, dark brown, but
the costa bright brown, especially underneath; indications of the
beginning of a dark antemedian line on costa, and a stronger dark
subterminal line begins on the costa before the apex and is con-
tinued to vein 4. Hind-wing uniformly dusky, fringes rather
paler. Exp. 36mm. One ¢.

Borolia carneotineta, sp. n. Plate I.

Antennae of male ciliated. Head, palpi, legs, and collar yellowish-
ochreous, antennae darker; patagia ochreous, abdomen smoky,

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 89

tuft ochreous. Fore-wing yellowish olive suffused with pink,
divided longitudinally into three folds, the costa and edge of second
fold pale pink; indications of a dark first line; a triangular olive
blotch midway along costa, a black dot on vein 5 forming part of
a postmedian line; the hind margin is broadly suffused with fuscous,
and there are a few black subterminal points. Hind-wing greyish
with faint dark lunule, fringes paler. Exp. 30 mm.

Borolia parvula, sp. n. Plate II.

Antennae of male nearly simple. Head, palpi, legs, antennae
and thorax reddish ochreous, abdomen rather darker. TFore-wing
reddish ochreous, with veins paler, but rather more colour in the
cell; a short dark streak from the base under the cell, two or three
dark specks along the costa indicating a postmedian line, a small
black dot below the middle of the cell, and another more conspicuous
two-thirds along the inner margin from the base. Hind-wing of
male pale ochreous, of female pale grey. Exp. 26 mm.

Borolia iithargyroides, sp. n. Plate II.

Head, thorax, palpi, antennae, and legs pinkish ochreous, abdo-
men less pink. Fore-wing pinkish ochreous, with a central shade
and a triangular shade below apex; on the central shade at the
end of tle cell is a short white longitudinal streak, and above this
a black dot; both antemedian and postmedian lines are repre-
sented by a few black dots, and the subterminal line by a complete
row. Hind-wing grey, fringes pinkish. Exp. 28mm. One 2.

Acosmetia malgassica, sp. n. Plate II.

Head, legs, antennae and palpi greyish brown; thorax grey, the
collar divided into two prominences; abdomen greyish ochreous.
Fore-wing dark grey with a purplish gloss; indications of ante-
and post-median lines, subterminal line paler. Hind-wing pale
grey. Underside whitish, thickly irrorated with grey. Exp.
28 mm.

Paracaroides pratti, sp. n. Plate I.

Head, antennae, palpi, and legs chestnut; thorax darker, but
with patagia paler; abdomen yellowish ochreous. Fore-wing: the
disc is sparsely covered with scales, while the margins have a thicker
coat so as to appear decidedly raised; pale ochreous, darker to-
wards margin, the costa chestnut, with a few white scales; the
inner and hind margins have a pale band, followed by one nearly
black; there are two small dark dots at end of cell; fringes purplish.

a
90 Sir Geo. H. Kenrick on

Hind-wing ochreous, darker round the margins, fringes pale. Exp.
38 mm.

Trachea leucopicta, sp. n. Plate II.

This species falls among the section in which the males
have lateral tufts of hair on the abdomen.

Head, palpi, and legs black, with white spots, antennae chest-
nut; thorax black with a dorsal white streak, and white on the
patagia and back of collar; abdomen ochreous, inclined to fuscous
above, the crests darker, tipped with white. Fore-wing black,
with white markings, the median area partly suffused with lilac,
an irregular three-lobed white blotch at base; the antemedian line
white, angulated, and running into a square white spot on inner
margin; the orbicular and reniform stigmata black with white
margins. A large white blotch fills the remainder of the wing
beyond the postmedian line, but it is interrupted by a square patch
of black at the apex, with two white spots in it, and by an irregular
black patch at anal angle which is connected to the central area.
Hind-wing fuscous, but whitish at anal angle. Exp. 40 mm.

Elaeodes proteoides, sp. n. Plate I.

Head, palpi, antennae, and collar, pale pinkish ochreous; legs
the same colour, with tarsi ringed with darker, the long hairs on
tibiae paler. Fore-wing greenish with purple blotches; ante-
median and postmedian lines pale with darker margins; reniform
and orbicular stigmata with some pink and darker markings, out-
lined by a pale line; a row of subterminal black dashes, fringes
spotted. Hind-wing brownish with pale fringe, and paler at the
base; a faintly darker lunule and on the underside a dark stria.
Exp. 32 mm.

Hypocalymnia gloriosa, sp. n. Plate IV.

The venation of the hind-wing does not agree with Hampson’s
figure, p. 186, in this insect there is a distinct vein 5 from just
above the lower angle of cell. Head and thorax greyish ochre-
ous, legs, antennae, and palpi reddish ochreous. Fore-wing coppery
shot with purple; an angulated pale stripe starting from thorax
below costa reaches to inner margin, and turns at the hind margin,
gradually becoming narrower; it is bordered on the outside by a
chestnut semicircular line; the orbicular and reniform stigmata
are of the same colour, and towards the hind margin on the disc
are two small dark dashes. Hind-wing and fringes pale ochreous.
Exp. 40 mm.

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 91

Stictoptera pectinata, sp.n. Plate IV.

If this insect does not constitute a distinct genus it
should be placed in a separate division on account of the
strongly pectinate antennae of the male, and the square-
shaped wings; in other respects it follows the genus.

Head and terminal joint of palpi ochreous; legs, antennae and
second joint of palpi rather darker; collar reddish ochreous, patagia
purplish brown; abdomen dark grey with pale tuft. Fore-wing
dark marbled with grey, green, purple and brown; basal line dark,
margined with paler extending to cell; antemedian obscurely
double, greenish; median line sharp and dark, but not extending
to inner margin; postmedian line dark, angulated, and interrupted,
followed by two brown blotches and a brown subterminal line.
Hind-wing dark grey, subhyaline at base. What I take to be the
female has plain antennae, and the patagia and basal half of fore-
wing, together with a postmedian area pale grey. Exp. 31 mm.

Eutelia aureopicta, sp.n. Plate IV

Head, antennae, legs, and palpi pinkish grey; thorax and crests
of abdomen coppery bronze, abdomen pinkish grey. Fore-wing
bronze, with grey lines and chocolate blotches; basal line ill de-
fined, followed by three chocolate patches; an antemedian angu-
lated whitish line; the orbicular, a dark dot outlined with white;
the reniform large, oblique, outlined with white, with a dark edging
of chocolate on the inner side; three ill-defined chocolate patches
on the hind margin, and traces of a double white subterminal line;
before the middle patch is an oblique golden spot, followed by a
minute dot of same colour. Hind-wing whitish, with a broad
fuscous margin. Underside grey, with reddish suffusion towards
the margins, and a white spot on costa before the apex. Exp.
30 mm.

Eutelia ochreoplagata, sp. n. Plate II.

Head, legs, antennae, and palpi dark fuscous; abdomen without
crests, dark fuscous. Fore-wing purplish grey, with lines much
darker; basal line broad, antemedian line double, one portion
joining with central line on inner margin; the postmedian line
angulated below costa, and preceded by a slightly paler patch;
beyond this the apex becomes abruptly pale ochreous, and pene-
trating half of this patch is the subterminal line, consisting of six
dark brown connected spots. Hind-wing purplish grey, inclining to
ochreous at base, with three angulated transverse lines, the outer-

92 Poeo. H. Kenrick on

most dark brown, fringes dark. Underside fuscous, pale at the
base, the apical patch dark yellow. Exp. 33 mm.

Phlegetonia pratti, sp. n. Plate III.

Near to artipars, but the male has the tibiae very heavily
fringed with hairs, and the markings are somewhat different.

Head, palpi, legs and thorax entirely pale ochreous, antennae
reddish ochreous; abdomen ochreous with darker crests. Tore-
wing pale ochreous, with a faint purplish gloss and dark blotches;
basal line indicated by a dark dot on the costa, the antemedian is
a dark and sinuous line in the middle of a brown transverse blotch;
there is a dark central spot, and a fine indistinct median line, followed
by two others nearly parallel; the postmedian is a fine dark line,
inwardly angled below cell and on vein 2; on its inner side near
the costa is a pale blotch, surrounded by a dark triangular patch
on costa in which are three pale costal dots; the subterminal line
is fine and black, and there is a round dark dot near the angle on
inner margin. In the female the whole wing is darker, and the
markings are obscured by a dark grey central band. Hind-wing
pale ochreous, with numerous striae and a double dark line from
anal angle to middle of wing, subterminal line very fine and black.
Exp. 40 mm.

Blenina hyblaeoides, sp. n. Plate III.

Palpi with second and third joint well developed; termen of
hind-wing very slightly excised. Head, palpi, thorax and legs
greenish grey, tarsi ringed with black, antennae dark; abdomen
blackish above, with orange margins to the segments, ochreous
below. Fore-wing greenish grey with faint pink reflections; first
line black, joining a black basal streak; antemedian line oblique
and angulated; three black dots at end of cell, followed by a much
angulated postmedian black line, edged outwardly with paler;
beyond this are some irregular dark brown tooth-shaped markings
forming a subterminal line. Hind-wing orange, with broad fuscous
margin and orange fringes; in one specimen there is a wide black
transverse band quite absent in the other. Underside fore-wing
fuscous, with paler costal band, interrupted by dark central spot.
Hind-wing orange with dark marginal band. Exp. 33 mm.

Chlorozada purpurea, sp. n. Plate IV.

The position of vein 7 in the fore-wing differs from the
type in leaving vein 8 beyond the end of the cell, but this
is hardly sufficient for the creation of a special genus.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate II.

Corgatha subindicata

Xanthodesma rectangulata

cj

Corgatha thyridoides

ee een bipunctata

Ozarba viridaria

Phytometra pratti
Singara albomacula

Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd

New HETEROCERA FROM MADAGASCAR.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate IV.

Eutelia aureopicta

—

{ F \

Polydesma tessellata

Nigramma

Hypercalymnia gloriosa

yy Peed) Eo] (ee ee SS ee Oe ee eT he a ee ead ©

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 93

Antennae and palpi brown, head and patagia pale olive; legs
white, abdomen and thorax purplish grey, paler below. Jore-
wing whitish, with a purple cloud occupying the centre of the wing,
and leaving a narrow pale external margin; traces of a dark basal
blotch edged with white externally; a sinuous fine white ante-
median line edged with darker; two dark dots in the central area,
followed by an oblique fine white angulated postmedian line; the
subterminal line takes the form of six dark dots on the pale apical
area; there is a dark terminal line extending half way down the
wing; fringes pink. Hind-wing uniformly grey, with pale fringes.
Exp. 26 mm.

Polydesma rectefasciata, sp. n. Plate IV.

Head and thorax fawn-colour; antennae, legs, and palpi dark
brown with numerous pale grey hairs; abdomen fawn-colour above,
the crests darker, paler below. Fore-wing hind-margin subangular,
fawn-colour; antemedian line whitish edged with darker, much
angulated and interrupted; stigmata represented by three minute
dots, dark, edged with paler; from just before the angle to the
costa there is a group of fine lines, nearly straight; the first is
white, the second dark, the third pink, the fourth wider and dark
brown, the fifth pale ochreous, forked at the top and expanding
into an apical patch in which are two dark dots; beyond these
lines there is a broad pink area. Hind-wing yellowish, broadly
margined with fuscous, but again yellowish at the outer margin;
a few whitish dots at the angle. Underside uniformly whitish
thickly irrorated with black, a black transverse stria and central
dot in both wings. Exp. 42 mm.

Polydesma tessellata, sp. n. Plate IV.

Antennae, head, and thorax dark brown, palpi brown outside
and ochreous inside; abdomen dark brown above, ochreous be-
neath, legs ochreous. Fore-wing brown with violet shade, the
costa with a series of dark brown spots; a basal patch of ochreous
irrorated with black, followed by an irregular double violet line; an
indistinct dark median line and a strongly marked dark postmedian
line; the reniform stigma outlined with a pale line, and with internal
lunule; the subterminal line much angulated, double, and whitish,
followed by a series of dark marks outlined with paler, and a thin
terminal pale line, fringes rather paler. Hind-wing similar to fore-
wing, the pattern of the outer portion forming a continuation of the
pattern of the fore-wing. Underside ochreous, with lunules, and a

F
94 Sir Geo. H. Kenrick on

eurved postmedian line in both wings; a row of black dots along
the margin. Exp. 50 mm.

Baniana ecallaxantha. Plate IV.

After describing and figuring this insect, it was identified
with Baniana callaxantha, Holl., but the figure could not
be withdrawn.

Phytometra pratti, sp. n. Plate III.

Head, antennae, palpi, and legs smoky grey, thorax and abdo-
men rather paler. Fore-wing dark grey, with coppery reflections
on the disc. Neither lines nor stigmata are visible, but there is a
fine silvery line from inner margin near the base extending obliquely
upwards to the cell, where it turns outward to form a silvery oblong
spot, in continuation of which, but quite distinct is a second silvery
oval spot. Hind-wing ochreous-grey. Exp. 40 mm.

Nigramma malgassica, sp. n. Plate LV.

Head, antennae, palpi, and legs, reddish ochreous; tegulae
ochreous, with two darker transverse bands, patagia dark brown;
abdomen reddish grey. Jore-wing pale ochreous clouded with
reddish; a conspicuous oval basal blotch, edged with paler and not
reaching either to the costa or inner margin; there is an antemedian
darker fine line, not very distinct, and a similar postmedian line and
three dark dots at end of cell; on the inner margin there is a pale dot
near the anal angle, and at the angle another pale dot, from which
extends upwards a pale subterminal line; on either side of this is
a row of black dots. Hind-wing uniformly dark grey, fringes paler.
Exp. 34 mm.

Corgatha subindicata, sp. n. Plate IIT.

Head and thorax pale ochreous, palpi, antennae, and legs reddish
brown; abdomen pale at the base, but darker on the remaining
segments. J'ore-wing pale ochreous, clouded with brownish grey;
antemedian line whitish, slightly angulated at cell, and edged with
darker; central shade oblique, straight, and brown, reniform
stigma indicated by a white margin; postmedian white, angled
outwards below costa and oblique, terminating in the middle of
inner margin; a fine interrupted subterminal line extends from
below vein 2 to vein 5; beyond this is a distinct pale patch, followed
by an angulated brown marginal line. Hind-wing pale ochreous,
with two oblique dark lines, the outer one margined with white,

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 95

and beyond this are a few dark dots, fringes pale brown. The
underside of both wings much darker than the upper, and the
hind-wing has a well-defined dark margin. The angle of the hind-
wing is strongly crenulated, possibly a sexual development. Exp.
26 mm.

Corgatha thyridoides, sp. n. Plate III.

Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax reddish ochreous; legs reddish
ochreous with the tarsi paler; abdomen reddish above, paler beneath.
Fore-wing pale ochreous with reddish irrorations; basal line darker,
extending from costa to middle of cell; a dark angulated ante-
median line, followed by a dark central dot, and this again by an
outwardly angled median dark line, beyond which the reniform
stigma is outlined with darker; the postmedian line is strongly
angled outwards at costa, and then continued obliquely to middle
of inner margin; beyond this is a diffused reddish band, after which
the wing is paler, with the subterminal line indicated by three black
dots; in the apex there is an indistinct marginal row of dots. Hind-
wing dull red, slightly ochreous at the base, with two transverse
dark lines beyond which is a paler patch with some grey in it; the
anal angle of the wing is strongly crenulate, as in subindicata.
Underside paler, with similar markmgs. Exp. 28 mm.

This insect is figured by Saalmuller, but neither named
nor described.

Ozarba viridaria, sp. n. Plate III.

Head and thorax ochreous, with a faint reddish tinge; antennae,
legs, and palpi rather darker; abdomen pinkish ochreous. ore-
wing dark grey, marbled with green with whitish lines; basal line
indicated by dark dots on costa; an outwardly curved whitish
antemedian line; the reniform stigma pale margined with darker;
the postmedian line whitish, strongly outwardly curved at costa
and margined on both sides with darker; beyond this the wing is
whitish ochreous, with a half round dark spot on costa before apex
and a grey cloud, with a few black terminal dots, before the hind
margin. Hind-wing uniformly grey with paler fringes. Exp.
26 mm.

Gonepteronia bipunctata, sp. n. Plate III.

Head, palpi, antennae, and legs dull reddish ochreous, tarsi
ringed with white. fF ore-wing dull reddish, minutely irrorated
with ochreous; lines darker, antemedian angulated, sloping out-
wards from costa, median line nearly vertical, not reaching above

or
96 Sir Geo. H. Kenrick on

reniform stigma; postmedian line much angulated from costa to
vein 3, then turning inwards abruptly and meeting the median
line; subterminal line faintly indicated, pale ochreous and much
angulated; the orbicular stigma a minute white dot, and a similar
white dot at the top of the reniform stigma; fringes reddish. Hind-
wing uniformly greyish ochreous, fringes paler. Exp. 48 mm.

Xanthodesma rectangulata, sp. n. Plate III.

Head, antennae, palpi, legs, and thorax ochreous-orange, abdo-
men dull yellowish. Fore-wing dull orange, the veins all dark
brown; a short dark basal line, a straight antemedian line sloping
outward from costa, a postmedian line, strongly angulated on vein 6;
from the middle of this a short line extends to the reniform stigma ;
the subterminal line is curved, and is followed by a distinct ter-
minal line. Hind-wing uniformly dull yellow; fringes of fore-wing,
orange of hind-wing dull yellow. Underside uniformly dull yellow.
Exp. 44 mm.

DELTOIDAE.

Singara albomacula, sp. n. Plate III.

Palpi well above vertex, second joint thickly scaled, third joint
bare and sharp; antennae bipectinated, tibiae spurred; veins 3
and 4 from end of cell, 5 from just above, 6 and 7 from upper end
of cell; costa nearly straight, hind margin rounded. Head, thorax,
and patagia orange; palpi orange outside and paler inside; legs
ochreous, antennae pale brown. Fore-wing orange irrorated with
darker; a basal dark patch, followed by an antemedian line curved
inwards, a dark oblique streak from apex to middle of inner margin ;
the orbicular a conspicuous white dot with dark margin; the reni-
form also white, with dark margin and dark centre. Hind-wing
ochreous, the outer portion inclined to orange; a narrow median
line extending to vein 3, fringes narrow, orange. Underside ochre-
ous, the fore-wing with three dark spots, and the hind-wing with
dark central lunule. Exp. 40 mm.

PYRALIDAE.
Acara pratti, sp. n. Plate V.

I cannot distinguish any generic character to separate
this species from the genus, but the hind-wing is squarer
than in morosella, and vein 2 of hind-wing is not present

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 97

as shown in the figure,* but this is not mentioned in the
description.

Head, legs, and antennae reddish brown; thorax rather brighter,
palpi in female darker; abdomen shining ochreous with reddish
suffusion. Fore-wing uniformly reddish ochreous, the costa clothed
with ochreous scales, and many transverse bars of the same. Hind-
wing yellowish ochreous without markings. Exp. 3 50, 2 70 mm.

Macalla malgassica, sp. n. Plate VI.

Somewhat like a smali species from Natal.

Head white, antennae, palpi and legs dark grey; thorax dark,
with collar and patagia grey; abdomen ochreous. Fore-wing pale
grey, with darker markings; an antemedian and postmedian line
indicated by dark dots, a darker patch in the cell; subterminal
line a series of dark dashes, fringes grey. Hind-wing ochreous.
Exp. 24 mm.

TAENIAPHORA, gen. nov. (Sub-family Hpipaschianae).

Palpi porrect, extending twice the length of the head, second
joint fringed with hair above and below, third joint long and naked.
- Antennae of both sexes pectinated, but simple at the tip; tibiae
with fairly long spines. Fore-wing vein 6 from end of cell, 7, 8,
and 9 stalked. Hind-wing 3, 4, and 5 from end of cell; median
nervure not pectinated; no raised scales below the cell on the
upper side, but on the underside of the fore-wing the scales in the
cell are crowded together, and slightly raised; the longitudinal fold
below the cell in the fore-wing in the male has no scales, but a
number of vertical striae; in the female the scales are normal.

Taeniaphora submarginata, sp. n. Plate V.

Palpi and antennae pale ochreous; legs the same, with reddish
hairs on the tibiae; thorax and patagia reddish ochreous, abdomen
paler. Fore-wing pale ochreous with fuscous inner and hind margin ;
at the base of the costa is a blackish shade, followed by two dark
spots; fringe ochreous spotted with reddish; at the end of the cell
is a conspicuous black dot, and beyond this a series of fine black
triangular marks margined outwardly with paler. Hind-wing pale
ochreous, with a thin black marginal line and pale fringe. Under-
side pale, broadly margined on the costa of both wings with reddish,
and with a dark spot at the end of cell in both wings. Exp. 50 mm.

* Hampson’s Moths of India.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) H

98 Sir Geo. H. Kenrick on

Sindris leucomelas, sp. n. Plate VI.

Head, legs, antennae and palpi olive, patagia the same; thorax
and abdomen orange. Jore-wing olive suffused with orange, and
with three distinct white blotches, one roundish on hind margin;
one in the middle of the wing, rounded towards the body, but
forming a broad lateral stripe outwardly; one at apex just joining
the last, and with three pointed teeth on the outside; fringes
ochreous. Hind-wing uniformly golden. Exp. 38 mm.

LopHocera, gen. nov. (Sub-family Pyralinae).

Palpi upturned, the third joint well developed and acute, pro-
boscis present; antennae pectinated in the male, with a bunch of
long hairs about the middle; venation. Fore-wing 3, 4, and 5 from
lower end of cell, 6 from upper end, 7, 8, 9, stalked. Hind-wing 6
from end of cell, 7 anastomosing with 8.

Lophocera flavipuncta, sp. n. Plate VI.

Head, legs, palpi, and thorax black, patagia and collar orange,
abdomen orange, tuft black. Fore-wing black, with a large yellow
oblique spot beyond the end of the cell. Hind-wing orange with ™
broad black border. Underside similar. Exp. ¢ 34 mm., 9 30 mm.

Filodes alboterminalis, sp. n. Plate V.

Palpi, head, antennae, and legs ochreous; antennae barely the
length of the fore-wing; patagia of male long and darker; abdo-
men golden above, paler beneath, tuft conspicuously white. ore-
wing ochreous with golden suffusion; a dark spot at base of costa,
a dark antemedian line curved outwards; a conspicuous oblong,
lunulated, oblique dark spot at end of cell; a postmedian angulated
dark line thickest at costa; beyond this the wing is greyish; in
some specimens a dark dot in the cell. Hind-wing with central spot.
Exp. 36 mm.

Filodes grisealis, sp.n. Plate VI.

Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, and abdomen dark grey; legs
and underside silvery white. Fore-wing dark grey, with slight
tinge of purple; the antemedian line central shade, and post-
median line more or less distinctly divide the area into four nearly
equal portions; in the cell is a dark spot, and a darker mark at the
end of the cell. Hind-wing with central spot and transverse line

“UVOSVOVGVIN WONA VYRAOONALAF, MAN

"pry ‘olfay y UFIeIS ‘erpuy

eyeujsiewqns esoydeluse |
‘
t

S|[ByoOujooINe

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eqsneikd

spol

sijeauljinuay
slu0yd0q

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‘A Aid ‘LI6[ “Puoy 209 JuUq "Suva

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 99

rather indistinct; these markings are clearer on the underside.
Exp. 32 mm. One 9.

Bocehoris rectilinealis, sp. n. Plate V.

Head, antennae, and palpi pale ochreous; pectus and legs silvery
white; thorax ochreous with two dark spots on collar; abdomen
with a golden tinge, tuft paler. Fore-wing ochreous suffused with
pale lilac, the costa paler; an indistinct dark basal line, an angu-
lated, broad dark antemedian line, a faint dark mark at end of
cell; a broad dark nearly straight oblique postmedian line, followed
by a much fainter thin parallel line. Mind-wing pale with dark
central spot, angulated dark line and broad dark border, strongest
at apex; a fine subterminal pale line, fringes darker. Exp. 24 mm.

Bocehoris tenuilinealis, sp. n. Plate V.

Head, palpi, and legs pale ochreous, antennae pale brown; thorax
and abdomen whitish. Fore-wing semi-hyaline with golden sheen,
the veins showing dark; a dark basal spot, a straight oblique ante-
median line, the angle formed by it and the inner margin being
darker, a very faint dot at end of cell, and a fine, dark, evenly
curved postmedian line. Hind-wing pale at base, with an irregular
darker lunule, and a fine curved median line, the veins darker;
fringes pale golden. Exp. 23 mm.

Sylepta malgassica, sp. n. Plate VI.

Head and antennae ochreous, palpi, first joint white, second joint
ochreous; legs pale ochreous and silvery; thorax and abdomen
ochreous. Jore-wing grey, with gold and purple sheen; a whitish
blotch at base extending to first line, which is dark; the cell itself
is whitish, with dark spots at either end; beyond this is a strongly
angulated dark line, followed at costa by a white blotch with two
teeth; below the cell is another white blotch; at apex is a small
dark streak. Hind-wing whitish, with dark lunule and angulated
line, the margin widely bordered with fuscous. Exp. 26 mm.

Sylepta acutipennalis, sp.n. Plate VI.

Head dull orange, palpi darker, antennae pale brown; legs
silvery, the tibiae of the median pair of legs with a long tuft of
yellow hair tipped with darker; thorax, abdomen, and patagia
pale brown, tuft blackish. ore-wing pale brown with buff patches

100 Sir e H. Kenrick on

—the two first in the cell, the third very small at end of cell, the
fourth large, extending in triangular form from the costa to vein 4,
and margined outside by a dark line. Hind-wing with two faint
striae enclosing a paler space. Exp. 28 mm.

Glyphodes paramicalis, sp. n. Plate VI.

On comparing this insect with Swinhoe’s description of
amicalis, and the type of this and of swbamicalis in the
Natural History Museum, I am convinced that this is a
different species.

Head, antennae, palpi, and legs whitish; thorax and abdomen
fuscous brown, collar and patagia dove-colour. Fore-wing dark
brown suffused with purple, with two semi-hyaline bands with
violet reflections; the first band oblique, and sharply angulated on
the outside; the second wide on the costa, and tapering to a point
a little below the third vein; a faint pale dot at end of cell. Hind-
wing similar, with one triangular transverse hyaline band bordered
outside by a double oblique dark line, beyond which the dise has a
greenish reflection; fringes pale, but not white. Exp. 36 mm.

Pyrausta aureotinctalis, sp.n. Plate V.

Head, antennae, and palpi pale brown, legs and underside of
thorax white; thorax and abdomen orange, patagia canary-yellow.
Fore-wing semi-hyaline with golden reflections; antemedian line
indicated by two dark dots; a dark dot at end of cell, and two
dots nearer to inner margin, the postmedian indicated by four faint
dots. Hind-wing similar, with a row of dark marginal dots, fringes
golden. Exp. 34 mm.

Pyrausta elutalis, sp. n. Plate VI.

Head, antennae, and palpi dark brown, legs paler, and the tarsi
ringed with dark brown; thorax and patagia greenish grey; abdo-
men pale brown, tuft pale. Fore-wing greenish grey mottled with
paler; a curved antemedian line darker, a sinuous median line, and
a postmedian angulated line, curving outwards from the costa but
not reaching the inner margin. Hind-wing pale brown without
markings, fringes paler, Exp. 32 mm.

Pyrausta marginescriptalis, sp. n. Plate VI.

Head, palpi, and antennae dull red, legs red above, silvery below;
thorax and abdomen above dull red, paler below, tuft pale. Fore-

“MVOSVDVGVIN WON VAHOONALA H MAN

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sljeuuad|ynoe eydalk{S

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sjjeo|weied sapoydh|5

sifeasi8 sapoll-

IA Ad ‘LI6I “puoy ‘205 yugq “suvAy

New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. 101

wing uniformly dull pink with brown irrorations; a few black scales
obliquely placed indicate the antemedian line, and there is a dark
mark at end of cell; the subterminal line is very distinct, con-
sisting of fine black angulations. Hind-wing semi-hyaline and
whitish, fringes of both wings pale. Exp. 34 mm.

( 102 )

IV. Additions to the knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British
India. By Otrver E. Janson, F.ES.

[Read February 7th, 1917.]

THE basis of this contribution is an interesting and well-
preserved series of Indian Cetoniidae collected by the late
Captain R. Selous, and placed in my hands for identification
by his brother, Dr. C. F. Selous, who has most generously
allowed me to retain any of the specimens that I desired
for my collection. A list of the species with the collector’s
notes that accompany them is given below, followed by a
description of the very pretty new Anatona that he had the
good fortune to discover.

I have taken this opportunity to describe three other
new Indian species that have recently come into my posses-
sion from other sources, and of giving references to the
additions that have been made to the family since the
publication, in 1910, of the admirable volume by Mr. G. J.
Arrow, on the Cetoniidae of the “ Fauna of British India.”
I have also added some notes on a few errors and omissions
in that work, and relative to the subject of this contribution.

List OF THE CETONIIDAE COLLECTED BY THE LATE
CapTaIn R. SELOvs.

1. Anthracophora crucifera, Oliv.

Mhow. “On grass, September 1905,” one specimen.
A common and widely distributed species, but not
hitherto recorded from Central India.

2. Anatona selousi, n. sp.

Mhow. “Found on Nil Gai dung, July 15th, 1905,”
one specimen.

Of this very distinct and pretty new species a single male
example only was found by Capt. Selous.

3. Aethiessa bagdadensis, Burm.

Quetta. “ Found flying and on the ground, March 11th,
1907,” two specimens.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.)

Mr. Janson’s Additions to Cetoniidae of British India. 103

A rather scarce species, occurring in Armenia, Meso-
potamia, Persia and Afghanistan, and already recorded by
Arrow from Baluchistan.

4. Protaetia (Potosia) imparvida, Jans.

Kashmir. “On flowering bush, July 1906,’ one
specimen.

This species appears to be confined to the northern parts
of India and is not common.

5. Protaetia (Potosia) neglecta, Hope.

Bandipur Nallah, Kashmir. “On flowering bushes,
July and September 1906,” three specimens.

A common and somewhat variable Indian species, with
a range extending northwards to EH. Turkestan.

6. Protaetia (Eumimimetica) terrosa, G. P.
Near Mhow. “July 27th, 1905,” one specimen.

7. Protaetia alboguttata, Vigors.

Mhow. “On grass and flowering plants and flying to
lamp, June to August, 1905,” nine specimens.

A common and generally distributed Indian species
extending into Ceylon, but not before recorded from Central
India. Capt. Selous’ series include blue, green and fine
coppery-red varieties.

8. Oxycetona versicolor, Fab.
Mhow. “On Date Palms, July 7th, 1905,” two speci-

mens.

Capt. Selous’ specimens of this very variable and widely
distributed species are the typical form (the “var. a” of
Arrow), with a shining upper surface, and the prothorax
and elytra extensively adorned with red.

9. Chiloloba acuta, Wied.

Mhow. “ On grass, August and September 1905,” four
specimens.
10. Epicometis hirtella, Linn.

Quetta. “ Hating Inis flowers, March and April 1907,”
nine specimens.

This species is an addition to the list of Indian Cetonzidae.
The very closely allied #. squalida, Linn., is recorded by

104 Mr. Oliver Janson’s Additions to

Arrow from the same locality; both are common European
species and of wide distribution, ranging through Asia
Minor, Mesopotamia and western Persia to Baluchistan,
where the Indian fauna assumes a very Palaearctic char-
acter. All Capt. Selous’ specimens have a second white
spot on the outer discal costa, a little before the middle
of the elytra, that I do not find present in any of the many
European examples that I have had an opportunity of
examining.
Anatona selousi, n. sp.

3 Body of an oval, compact and convex form. Castaneous,
shining; base of head, the prothorax and elytra testaceous red,
opaque, and with shining castaneous markings disposed as follows :
On the prothorax a marginal band on each side, and eight small
spots, viz. three placed in a nearly regular longitudinal row on each
side of the disc and two in the middle (both prolonged anteriorly
with a tendency to form a median stripe); on the scutellum an
apical spot prolonged anteriorly; on each elytron eight spots, viz.
one in the middle near the base, one near the suture and just before
the middle, one about equidistant between the last and the apex
and close to the suture, and four adjoining the outer margin, the
first at the lateral sinus, the second and third (both small) behind the
middle and the fourth close to the sutural angle. The pygidium and
the sides of the prothorax, sternum and abdomen with irregular
chalky-white markings. Head somewhat flattened between the
eyes, coarsely and confluently punctured; clypeus long, narrowed
in front, with a slight median carina and slightly produced and
strongly reflexed angles. Prothorax nearly as broad in the middle
as at the base, strongly narrowed in front, the base feebly tri-sinuate
and with the lateral angles rounded; the disc with a very fine and
sparse puncturation which becomes coarser and very much closer
in front and towards the sides. Scutellum large, slightly rounded
at the sides, impunctate. Elytra feebly bi-costate, with six discal
rows of small and rather remote punctures, the sides with scattered
fine punctures and the apex slightly strigose. Pygidium sparsely
setose and remotely punctured, transversely strigose only in the
middle. Underside thinly clothed with yellowish-grey pubescence
and punctured at the sides; metasternum with an impressed median
line; sternal process broad, rounded and with an impressed hirsute
line just before the apex; abdomen with a broad central depression.
Legs stout, anterior tibiae with two large marginal teeth, and the
apex rather obtuse, all the femora and tibiae thinly fringed with
long golden-grey hair. Length 17 mm., breadth 9 mm.

the knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British India 105

Muow (Type, coll. Janson) ; Poona (coll. British Museum).

Apart from the very peculiar coloration this pretty
species differs from its nearest ally, A. alboguttata, Burm.,
in its narrower and less convex form, in having the pro-
thorax more abruptly narrowed in front, the clypeus more
strongly carimate and the pvgidium strigose only in the
middle. The darker markings on the upper side are pro-
duced by the absence of the lighter coloured opaque
indumentum, that covers the other parts of the surface,
leaving the derm exposed and with a talc-like lustre.*
I have named the species after the discoverer, the late
Captain R. Selous.

Clerota rigifica, n. sp.

Black and very shining above and below, with orange-yellow
markings comprising a median stripe on the head, a marginal band
on each side and a median stripe on the prothorax, a spot occupying
nearly the whole of the scutellum, a broad and slightly sinuous
longitudinal stripe on each elytron and a large triangular patch on
each side of the pygidium. The sides of the mesothoracic epimera,
metathoracic episterna and post-coxae, and a large spot at the sides
of the first to fourth abdominal segments are also orange-yellow.

Head finely and sparingly punctured in the middle, more coarsely
punctured in the lateral furrows, clypeus slightly sinuous at the sides
and distinctly widened in front. Prothorax almost as broad as the
elytra at the base and obliquely narrowed to the apex, broadly
sulcate behind, very minutely and remotely punctured at the sides.
Elytra slightly narrowed behind and separately rounded at the apex,
sulcate at the suture, the middle third of the disc with several rows
of more or less obsolete punctures, the sutural stria feeble and
becoming obsolete before reaching the middle, the apical third of
the sides and the apex very closely and deeply strigose. Pygidium
broad and transversely convex, closely and concentrically strigose.
Underside of the body almost entirely smooth, the flanks of the
prothorax and sides of the basal abdominal segment feebly strigose ;

* A second specimen from the Shevaroy Hills, Madras, that has
since come to the British Museum, has these shining spaces covered
to a large extent with a dense white squamose or farinose clothing,
which is apparently very lightly attached and easily rubbed off, and
in my type specimen is only present to a small extent on the sides
of the prothorax and on the pygidium. It would most probably
be found that in freshly emerged examples the clothing entirely
covered the spaces, so that the markings of the upperside would be
white instead of castaneous as I have described them.

106 Mr. Oren Janson’s Additions to

mesosternal process very broad at the base, pointed and slightly
curved inwards at the apex; anterior tibiae with the two lateral
teeth and the produced apex acute. Length 36 mm., breadth 17 mm.

Movutmern, Lower Burma (Type in coll. Janson).

This fine species is closely allied to C. vittigera, Hope.
but is larger and of a more robust form, the prothorax is
broader at the base and less sinuate at the sides, the elytra
more parallel-sided and longer in proportion to the pro-
thorax, and the aedeagus of the male is much broader and
less constricted before the apex.

The type specimen, a male, was taken flying by the late
Col. Bingham in August 1894, and I have others from
Penang; Mana Riang, Sumatra; and Kuching, Borneo.
This distribution would seem to indicate that it is a Malayan
species with a range extending northwards into southern
Burma.

C. bodhisattva, Kunck., an evidently closely allied species
from Annam and Tonkin, and only known to me by descrip-
tion, is of a much larger size (44 mm. in length) and has
yellow markings on the elytra only.

Clerota arrowi, n. sp.

Shining black, the outer edge of the epimera and posterior
coxae, and a small spot on the sides of the second, third and fourth
abdominal segments orange-yellow.

Head strongly punctured, the punctures of an ovate form in front
and coarser, closer and irregularly confluent towards the apex, the
extreme base smooth; clypeus a little narrowed towards the apex,
the apical lobes rounded and with a strongly reflexed margin, the
raised side margins becoming almost obsolete before reaching the
eyes. Prothorax obliquely narrowed from the base, with the sides
slightly sinuous and very narrowly margined, the basal angles
obtuse, the entire surface, excepting a narrow and rather indistinct
median line, with a very strong puncturation that becomes more
dense as it approaches the sides and strigiform close to the lateral
margins, the basal lobe broad and slightly depressed but not sulcate.
Scutellum slightly suleate and smooth in the middle, punctured at
the base, the apex very acute. Elytra gradually narrowed from the
base and sub-truncate at the apex, the basal part very convex and
smooth, strongly punctured on the median third, the punctures
extending to the humeral callosity at the side and forming five or
six tolerably regular rows in the middle, and one row next the suture
that extends to the base, the apical declivity and the sides, behind

the knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British India. 107

the middle finely and closely strigose. Pygidium and the apical
dorsal segment of the abdomen finely and closely strigose, the former
very prominent and feebly bi-nodose at the apex. Underside coarsely
but rather sparsely punctured on the meta-coxae and sides of the
metasternum; mesosternal process gradually narrowed to the apex
where it is acute. Legs closely strigose on the femora and outer
side of the tibiae, anterior tibia with the two marginal teeth and the
produced apex very acute. Length 33 mm., breadth 15 mm.

Kuasta Hitus, Assam (Type in coll. Janson).

The strongly raised margins of the apical lobes of the
clypeus form a semicircular tim to a pit-like cavity on
either side, and coalesce with the narrow median carina
at the base of the excision : this peculiarity and the strongly
punctured and non-sulcate prothorax and closely strigose
legs will suffice to at once distinguish C. arrowi from all
the hitherto described members of the genus. In general
aspect it most nearly resembles narrow examples of C.
budda, G. P., that are without the usual yellow markings
on the upperside.

Pseudochaleothea ritsemae, n. sp.

Body of a narrow oval form and deeply channelled along the
median line of the upperside. Dark grass-green, shining; the
sides and suture of the elytra with a reddish tinge in some lights;
head, sides of the prothorax and underside golden green; antennae,
palpi, tibiae and tarsi fulvous tinged in parts with green and coppery
red. Head sparsely punctured, convex and smooth in the middle;
clypeus a little widened in front, margined at the sides and deeply
notched at the apex. Prothorax strongly narrowed in front, the
sides sinuous and slightly emarginate at the basal half, the basal
angles produced and sub-acute, smooth on the disc, punctured and
strigose at the sides. Scutellum punctured at the base only.
Elytra gradually narrowed posteriorly, separately rounded at the
apex, the sutural angles a little produced and acute, some scattered
fine punctures in the sutural depression and a regular row next the
suture, at the sides four or five rather confused rows of punc-
tures on the basal half and thence irregularly strigose to the apex.
Pygidium prominent and closely strigose, deeply grooved and bi-
nodose at the apex. Underside of the body almost impunctate;
sternal process broad at the base and obliquely narrowed to a point
at the apex; abdomen concave in the centre and broadly emarginate
at the apex. Front tibiae slender, curved and without marginal
teeth; hind tibiae on the inner side with a broad, thin and flattened

4

108 Mr. Oliver Janson’s Additions to

appendage curving forwards, and towards its extremity narrowed
and strongly bent backwards in the form of a sharply pointed hook,
Length 26 mm., breadth 12 mm.

In the female, besides the usual sexual characters, the prothorax
is broader in middle than in the male, the pygidium is only feebly
bi-nodose, the apex of the abdomen is broadly rounded and the last
“segment and the apical part of the preceding one have a coarse
setigerous puncturation, and the outer apical spine of the hind
tibiae is broad and bi-mucronate.

RancGoon and Penance (Types, 3, 9, in coll. Janson).

This species comes nearest to P. virens, Ritsema, but is
smaller and of a much narrower and more parallel-sided
form, and has the prothorax more strongly sinuate at the
sides. The male differs, moreover, in the form of the
appendage of the hind-tibiae, and the female in having
the pygidium sulcate and the apical ventral segment of
the abdomen rounded, instead of broadly emarginate as
it is In virens.

P. ritsemae is the first Pseudochalcothea (if kept as distinct
from Plectrone) that has been discovered on the mainland,
the genus being essentially an insular one, with its head-
quarters in North Borneo, and the occurrence of this
species at Rangoon brings it Just within the limits of the
British-Indian fauna. Plectrone tristis, Westw., is recorded
by Wallace from Penang.

Macronota batillifera, Bourg., Bull. Soc. Ent. France,
1914, p. 292.

This is the flavofasciata, Arrow (nec Moser), and is de-
scribed by Bourgoin as a distinct species, differing in the
structure of the hind-tibiae in the male. It is recorded
from Bhutan and Assam.

The “female” specimen in my collection referred to by
Arrow (“Fauna Brit. Ind.,” Ceton., p. 52) proves upon
dissection to be a male, and is the true flavofasciata, Moser,
from Tonkin. The females of both species are apparently
still unknown.

Clinteria sternalis, Moser, Deuts. Ent. Zeits., 1910, p. 532.

This addition to the Indian Fauna would appear, from
the description, to come nearest to C. modesta, Blanch., in
coloration, but is stated to have the mesosternal process
broad and flat, a character not found in any other member
of the genus. It comes from Pegu, Lower Burma.

the knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British India. 109

Glycosia dureli, Pouill., Insecta iv, 1914, p. 187.

From the description and figures this is evidently a
slight variety of G. luctifera, Fairm., with markings similar
to those of the Indian specimens described by Arrow.
It is also from Bhutan.

THE FOLLOWING NoTES REFER TO THE “‘ FAUNA OF
British Inpra,’’ CETONIINAE.

Macronota, p. 41.

In the synonymy and sub-genera Coilodera, Hope, 1831,
is cited as undescribed; it was later emended to Coelodera,
and characterised by Burmeister, Handb. Ent. in, 1842,
p. 320.

M. diardi, p. 43.

The two specimens referred to (p. 44) with black elytra
and purple-black prothorax are in my collection, and came
from the late M. Jacoby, labelled “‘ Ceylon (W. Morton).”
This locality is most probably incorrect, as 1 now have
similar specimens, from the van de Poll collection, from
Mana Riang, Sumatra, and this form has since been de-
scribed as a distinct species, under the name maindronq,
by Bourgoin, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1916, p. 133.

M. mearesi, p. 45.

The type, as cited by Westwood, was in the Parry collec-
tion, which was dispersed by auction-sale, and the par-
ticular “lot ’’ comprising this specimen was bought by
Mr. R. Oberthur, in whose possession it should now be
found.

Cyphonocephalus smaragdulus, p. 69.

Reference to Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 29,
pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, is omitted.
Torynorrhina distincta, p. 82.

Var. pilipes, Burm. Handb. Ent. ii, p. 779; Westw.,
Arcana Ent. i, p. 120 and 192, is omitted from the synonymy.

This is the brassy green variety and usually has the legs
tinged with blue.

Rhomborrhina microcephala, p. 87.

Var. staudingeri, Nonf. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1890, p. 17,
is omitted. Nonfried described this as a variety of micro-

110 Mr, Oliver". Janson’s Additions to

cephala, but the description applies to the typical form,
and the name therefore sinks as a synonym.

The specimen bearing the “‘ Type ” label from the Parry
collection, cited by Westwood, is in my possession.

Heterorrhina sinuatocollis, p. 96.

The type is incorrectly stated to be in the Paris Museum.
The specimen described and figured by Westwood (as a
variety of elegans, Fab.), as cited by him, was in the Parry
collection, and is now in my possession. It bears Parry’s
“Type” label, and must be regarded as the type of this
species, Westwood’s description taking priority over that
of smaragdina, Burm. (nec G. P.), and it is the type of the
latter that is in the Paris Museum.

Anatona alboguttata, p. 115.
Reference to Westw., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1874,
p. 476, pl. 7, fig. 4, is omitted.

Glycyphana minima, Bates, Entomologist, xxiv, 1891,
Supp. p. 21.

This species, founded on a single specimen stated to have
been received from Captain G. Young, from the Hill region
of Kulu, North-western India, is omitted. Mr. Arrow
informs me that he doubts the correctness of the locality
assigned to it, and believes it will prove to be of Malayan
origin. I have at present seen nothing from India that
agrees with the description.

Goliathopsis despectus, p. 206.

The type of this species is undoubtedly the specimen in
the Oxford Museum, which I have examined and found to
agree with Westwood’s description and figures. It, more-
over, has the mouth-parts extracted and mounted on a
card beneath the specimen, as is usually the case with the
Westwoodian types. I have before stated (Cist. Ent. ii,
1881, p. 610) that Westwood’s figures were evidently not
made from the specimen that is in the British Museum.

The examination of the type of despectus has shown me
that cervus, Jans., is not the same species. In comparing
the two forms (the female type in both cases) I find that in
cervus the clypeus is more broadly and strongly reflexed
at the apex (especially at the sides, where it projects in an
obtuse angle), the prothorax is conspicuously larger and

the knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British India. 111

more convex and has the basal angles more prominent ;
it is also of an altogether stouter and more robust form
than despectus, and the mouth-parts differ, as will be seen
on comparing the figures that accompany the original
descriptions of both species.

The following that have been relegated by the author to
the rank of varieties and synonyms, have, I consider,
sufficient distinctive features to warrant their retention as _
species :

Cyphonocephalus smaragdulus, Westw., sunk under C.
olivaceus, Dup., p. 69.

Heterorrhina mutrata, Wall., sunk under Diceros dives,
Westw., p. 72.

Glycyphana subcincta, Jans., sunk under G. torquata, F.,
p. 124.

Protaetia aerata, Er., sunk under P. orientalis, G. P..
p. 143.

Clinteria valida, Lansb., sunk under C. auronotata, B1.,
p. L179.

Clinteria decora, Jans., sunk under C. klugi, Hope, p. 187.

Agestrata samson, Sharp, sunk under A. orichalcea, L.,
p. 192.

Goliathopsis cervus, Jans., sunk under G. despectus,
Westw., p. 206.

( 112 )

V. On the Protocerebrum of Micropteryx (Lepidoptera).
By P. A. Buxton, B.A., F.E.S., M.R.C.S., Fellow
of Trinity College, Cambridge (Lieut. R.A.M.C.).

[Read February 7th, 1917.]

Pruates VII-X.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

ForrWORD : é ; ; ; si : : spp iP

INTRODUCTION . : : 7. U4

THE PROTOCEREBRUM oF Micropr ERY _

I. The Neurilemma and Ganglion Cells: ; iL

II. The Protocerebral Lobes . ; : : ; wl26

II. The Mushroom Body . ; - . : i et

IV. The Central Body ; : : , . . 133

V. The Bridge 2 : : . : : . 134

VI. The Visual Centres , ; P . : ~. 13S

VII. The Protocerebral Tracts . : : é a aeiy

SUMMARY 3 : ‘ F , 2 E ; aalss
TECHNIQUE—

I. Fixation and Impregnation . ; ; : eye 4

II. Section Cutting . : é : : . 145

III. Staining . : . , . 146

IV. Note (Composition of Reagents) ; : : . 148

BIBLIOGRAPHY . é ; ; : : : : . 149

ABBREVIATIONS ; ; : : : : : .- . 1bt

EXPLANATION OF PLATES . : . F F : 4 lay

FOREWORD

More than four years ago I commenced to study the
internal anatomy of Micropteryx (Eriocephala) in the hope
that I might be able to throw some light on the question of
its systematic position. As is well known, most entomo-
logists regard it as a primitive Lepidopteron (Protolepido-
ptera), though there is really quite as good ground for
regarding it as a Trichopteron.* I am now in a position
to publish my results only in so far as they relate to a
portion of the brain of that insect. This I do with a feeling

* Vide, however, Dr. Chapman’s paper (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1916,
pp. 310-4, pl. 81-98, (1917)), which raises Micropteryx to ordinal
rank ( order Zeugoptera).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.)

ow WS ew aw

— AL

Mr. P. A. Buxton on Protocerebrum of Micropteryx. 113

that some apology should be made, because I do not at
any rate describe the whole brain: it is owing to the war
and pressure of other work that there is no likelihood of my
being able to carry my investigations further. This paper
is however complete in itself, and is not of the nature of a
preliminary note. From the point of view of comparative
anatomy, the Protocerebrum, with which alone this paper
deals, is by far the most important part of the insect brain,
not only on account of its complicated structure, but also
because of certain questions relating to the homologies of
some of its parts. Such questions of homology do not at
present arise in connection with the Deuterocerebrum or
Tritocerebrum, or ventral brain. My hope that my inves-
tigations would throw light on the systematic position of
Micropteryx will not be fulfilled until we can compare the
brain of this insect with a number of other Lepidopterous
and Trichopterous brains, after they have been fully and
properly investigated.

I have made some attempt to render this paper useful
also as an introduction to the study of the brain of insects ;
this I think is justified, because it is the first paper on the
subject published in Great Britain since 1878 (Newton),
and I know by bitter experience how exceedingly difficult
it is to obtain a clear knowledge of the subject from a
variety of papers written by many men in many languages
at different dates. My task has been rendered difficult
by the small size of Micropteryx, which is, I believe, the
smallest insect of which the brain has been investigated
in any detail.

I take this opportunity of acknowledging how much I am
indebted to many friends in the University’s Zoological
Laboratory at Cambridge, particularly to Mr. F. Balfour
Browne for constant criticism and much good advice, and
for reading through the whole paper before it was published ;
also to Mr. L. A. Borradaile for helping me with the theory
of the segmentation of the head of the Arthropoda; also
to Dr. D. Keilin of the University of Paris, and of the
Quick Laboratory and Magdalene College, Cambridge, for
putting at my disposal his deep knowledge of fixing and
staiing. Canon W. Brocas Waters gave me a room to
work in, while I was stationed in Bury St. Edmunds on
military duties.

T must also acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. K. F.
Kiihnle of Stuttgart for his paper on the brain of the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.) 1

114 wn? A. Buxton on the

Earwig and other types (see Bibliography), which gives a
full review of insect neurology up to 1913, together with a
bibliography and a table of the terminology ‘of the insect
brain, which has materially lightened my labours. This
paper is by far the most important contribution which has
yet been made to insect neurology.

All my material has been collected in the neighbourhood
of Cambridge, and I have worked entirely with Micro-
pteryx (Eriocephala)* calthella (Linn.), and not with any
other species.

INTRODUCTION.

The anterior part of the central nervous system of insects
consists of a supracesophageal portion, which is the brain in
the narrow sense of the word. From this the circum-
cesophageal commissures pass round the cesophagus to the
ventrocerebrum or subcesophageal portion of the brain.
Most authors include this also in the brain of the insect.
The supracesophageal ganglion, or brain in the narrow sense
of the word, was found by Viallanes to be composed of three
paired elements or neuromeres, which he believed to be
segmental; these give rise to the parts of the brain to which
he gave the names Protocerebrum, Deuterocerebrum (or
Deutocerebrum) and Tritocerebrum. We now know that
the Protocerebrum is not a segmental ganglion; and it
will be convenient at this point to give a short summary of
the results obtained by those who have studied the subject
of the segmentation of the head of the Arthropoda, and the
homologies of the various appendages throughout the class
from the point of view of comparative embryology. The
‘ whole matter is one of great difficulty, and has been neg-
lected by insect neurologists; as, however, it is a matter
which bears directly upon the subject of this paper I give
this summary of our knowledge in so far as it affects the
insect protocerebrum.

* The subject of this paper belongs to the true genus Micropteryx
Hiibner. This genus has been referred to in some writings, e.g.
Meyrick’s Handbook, the Cambridge Natural History, etc., under
its synonym Hriocephala Curtis: while the leaf-mining genus erron-
eously called “* Micropleryx”’ in certain of the same works should be
known as Eriocrania Zeller.

Eriocephala Curtis = Micropteryx Hiibner.

** Micropteryx”’ auctt. (nec Hiibner) = Lriocrania Zeller.

See Tutt, Brit. Lep., I, pp. 129-137 (1899), and Staudinger-Rebel,
Cat., Il, pp. 246-8 (1901).

ee

OS Etre me ow

Protocerebrum of Micropteryzx. 115

The brain of the Arthropoda in its fullest development,
that is to say as exemplified in the brain of the embryo of
Scolopendra (Heymons), consists of the following parts :
an archicerebrum, which is median, unpaired and preoral :
three lobes on each side, the syncerebral lobes, the outer
two of which arise from a common rudiment; these also
are preoral, and together with the archicerebrum form the
syncerebrum : the preantennary ganglion, or protocerebrum,
which is the ganglion of the first somite, or true segment ;
we believe that this was primitively postoral, but it is
preoral in all living Arthropoda: the deuterocerebrum or
antennary ganglion, and the tritocerebrum or premandi-
bular ganglion, which correspond respectively to the second
and third somites. It may be said at once that the deutero-
cerebrum and the tritocerebrum correspond in Heymons’
nomenclature to the organs which I shall subsequently
describe under those names. This is not, however, the case
with the protocerebrum, for that word has been used in a
great variety of senses. In the development of the insect
head that part of the central nervous system which entomo-
logists generally call the protocerebrum (Viallanes) is
developed from the archicerebrum and the syncerebral
lobes : we do not yet know which parts of the insect brain
correspond to which of these structures, except that the
outer syncerebral lobe gives rise to the optic lobe, and
Haller suggests that the mushroom body is formed from
the archicerebrum. The preantennary ganglion or proto-
cerebrum of Heymons is not found at all in the insect
head, and is to be carefully distinguished from that part
of the brain which is commonly called by that name. The
synonymy is further complicated because the preantennary
ganglion or protocerebrum of Heymons is the precerebrum
of Verhoeff, and the word “ protocerebrum” has been
used in yet a third sense to denote the procerebrum of
Heymons, that is the syncerebrum and preantennary gang-
lion (protocerebrum) together. The word protocephalum
has been used by Holste, and perhaps by others, to denote
that part of the brain which is dorsal to the gut in the
insects: 7.e. the syncerebrum of Heymons (the proto-
cerebrum of insect neurologists since the time of Viallanes),
with the deuterocerebrum, and the tritocerebrum.

I shall continue to use the word protocerebrum in the
sense in which neurologists from the time of Viallanes have
always employed it, though I should be glad to avoid a

116 ve A. Buxton on the

word to which so many meanings have been assigned. By
it I mean a mass of nerve tissue arising from that preoral
part of the embryo which is not segmented and which bears
no appendages. It is the nervous element corresponding
to the acron of some embryologists, and it is not the serial
homologue of the deuterocerebrum and tritocerebrum
(mesocerebrum and metacerebrum of some writers on the
segmentation of the Arthropoda). The protocerebrum of
insects is, in fact, the syncerebrum of Heymons, unless it
contains some element not yet differentiated as belonging
to the preantennary ganglion.

In this paper I propose as I have said to deal solely with
the protocerebrum. I give, however, the following brief
summary of the function and connections of the other two
supracesophageal ganglia. The deuterocerebrum is the
ganglion of the antenna, to which it gives motor and sensory
nerves. The pair of ganglia forming the deuterocerebrum
are united across the middle line above the cesophagus, and
lie before and below the protocerebral lobes. They are the
antennary or olfactory lobes of some authors. The deutero-
cerebrum gives rise to the paired sympathetic system, which
lies upon the lateral wall of the cesophagus on each side; this
consists of two pairs of small ganglia with nerves which con-
nect them to each other, and, as is known in some insects, to
the median or tritocerebral sympathetic system. The pair
of ganglia composing the tritocerebrum lie on each side of
the anterior part of the cesophagus and are generally fused
above to the rest of the supracesophageal brain. The lower
part of the tritocerebrum is the circumcesophageal connec-
tive or commissure. This ganglion supplies the labrum,
but has no paired appendage connected with it in the
insects; a band of fibres, the tritocerebral bridge, passes
across from one side to the other beneath the cesophagus.
The tritocerebrum also gives rise to a pair of fine nerves
which run forwards and inwards to the frontal ganglion,
which lies upon the upper surface of the anterior part of the
cesophagus. This is the largest ganglion of the sympathetic
system: from it a fine nerve runs forwards and another
backwards. This latter, the nervus recurrens of some
authors, connects the frontal ganglion with a short chain of
ganglia lying on the upper surface of the cesophagus, and
from this unpaired sympathetic system the stomodaeum
is innervated.

The subcesophageal ganglia or nerve masses will not

mer rrr i ee we

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 117

again concern us. They are formed by the fusion of four
segmental ganglia, the mandibular, the intercalary, the
maxillary and the labial. The intercalary ganglion has
hardly been noticed by insect neurologists; the correspond-
ing appendage is the maxillula, which is vestigial or absent
in adult insects; the ganglion is accordingly ill-developed
or absent. The other three ganglia are mainly if not
entirely motor and sensory centres to their respective
appendages.

All the nerve centres of insects consist of the following
layers.* They are bounded externally by a neurilemma,
which is a thin syncytial structure. Within this, and lying
loosely in a quantity of fluid, are the nerve cells, or ganglion
cells. The processes of these, the axons, pass inwards to
form the innermost part of the centre; here they unite
in very large numbers to form the tissue known as axonic
substance (or fibrillar material), which consists of innumer-
able axons and their twigs bound together by a varying
amount of neuroglia. Of this axonic substance two types
may be distinguished; the first is that which is called
Punktsubstanz, or Marksubstanz, or neurospongium; its
composition was first accurately explained by Viallanes.
Until his day it had been known as a tangled web, but
in it he distinguished very fine axis cylinders running
in all directions, and their twigs, and also the neuroglia.
In the second type of fibriliar substance, the Fasersub-
stanz, the axons run in bundles and form well-defined
tracts in which there is little or no neuroglia. The
distinction between these two types must not be insisted
upon, for every degree of intergradation may be found;
even in the most indisputable Punktsubstanz small tracts
of fibres may generally be detected. Physiologically again
the difference is one of degree, though Fasersubstanz
is mainly a tissue of conduction, Punktsubstanz one of
association, that is to say one in which impulses pass from
one neuron to another.

Two parts of the brain may be connected either hy
fusion of their component Punktsubstanz (Verschmelzungen,
soudures), or by definite tracts of Fasersubstanz (Faser-
verbindungen). This distinction, again, has only a relative
value.

Before we pass to examine the structure of the various

_ * The general relation of neurilemma, cells and axonic substance
is shown on Plate X.

a
118 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

parts of the protocerebrum it should be realised that this
portion of the brain is not merely a complex but also an
entity. We might compare it physiologically to the cere-
brum of a vertebrate. Both are known to be the highest
or governing centres of the organism; both possess a : soli-
darity or unity of action ; both consist also of parts, each
of which in its turn is not only an anatomical, but also a
physiological entity. We are quite justified in regarding
the protocerebrum of an insect as the headquarters from
which are directed all those complicated reactions and
instincts of the organism which give to its activities what
at any rate appear to be purpose, and adaptation to the
surroundings. There is too great a tendency to lay
emphasis on the potentialities for independent action
which are undoubtedly possessed by the lower nerve
centres of the insect. In all but the very lowest insects
there is a marked degree of specialisation in the structure
and function of the protocerebrum, and this fact of its
solidarity should not be allowed to pass from the mind while
we study in detail the structure and perhaps something of
the function of its parts.

THE PROTOCEREBRUM OF MICROPTERYX.

I. Toe NEuRILEMMA AND GANGLION CELLS.

The whole brain of Micropteryx, that is to say the axonic
parts and the cells, is included in a limiting membrane or
NEURILEMMA (Plate X). This is a very fine sheet of
substance which stains well with the acid stains. It is
certainly a syncytium in Micropteryx, and probably in all
insects. In places where no ganglion cells intervene be-
tween the neurilemma and the axonic part of the brain
the two are closely applied to each other, and the neuri-
lemma can hardly be distinguished, though in material
fixed in the picro-chlor-acetic mixture it can generally be
seen. Occasionally the nuclei of the neurilemma can be
seen even when the layer itself is indistinguishable. The
neurllemma is somewhat thickened mid-dorsally, partly
owing to the fact that a number of tracheal tubes (Plate X)
he in it in this position, partly owing to the presence of a
number of the nuclei, the cells corresponding to which have
fused to form the syncytium of which the neurilemma con-
sists. These nuclei are elongate and smaller than those of

i ae ok

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 119

“normal” ganglion cells. They stain deeply with hema-
toxylin. The neurilemma is continuous over the whole
brain dorsally and ventrally and also over the optic lobes;
it is continued downwards to cover the ventral parts of the
central nervous system.

Tue GANcLIon CeLts.—These are spread over the whole
anterior and superior parts of the brain, in a layer which
reaches its greatest thickness mid-dorsally. The layer is
discontinuous or absent beneath the protocerebrum. On
the upper side of the brain the cells may be as many as
15 cells deep, particularly near the middle line between
the ocelli. Various types of ganglion cell must, be distin-
cuished. They all possess a spherical nucleus and a very
small quantity of cytoplasm. The normal cells (g. c.)
cover the protocerebrum above, before and behind. Cells
of this type, which is much the most abundant, are either
motor or else cells of connecting-fibres (Kenyon). The
cells of the mushroom body (mb.c.) are found as a rounded
mass of cells lying just over the head of that organ. Their
nuclei stain heavily with hematoxylin; they are also
smaller than the normal cells. The fibres from these cells
pass into the mushroom body. The distinction in size
between these cells and those of the normal type is not very
great; it can be best observed in material fixed in Gilson’s
fluid. The cells of the optic lobes (0.c.) are still smaller
than those of the mushroom body; and their nuclei
are absolutely spherical and stain very heavily and com-
pletely. No structure within the nucleus can be detected
in ordinary sections and this gives to the masses of cells a
very characteristic appearance. The cytoplasm, per contra,
is scarcely stained at all. These cells form a deep coating
which completely envelopes the three optic ganglia; this
layer is less deep above than below. In Micropteryx giant
cells (gi.c.) are found in small numbers round the base of
the mushroom body just where it passes into the proto-
cerebral lobes (fig. 12, etc.). These cells are few in number,
hardly more than a score on each side. Their nuclei are
spherical and about four times as large as those of normal
cells; there is a considerable quantity of cytoplasm, which
can be stained with eosin; this distinguishes it at once
from the cytoplasm of the other types of ganglion cell.
The nucleolus is generally clearly seen. Haller states that
these cells are mainly, but not entirely, concerned with
conduction across the middle line, and that their axons

120 Mr. ae Buxton on the

pass to the opposite side of the brain, to the antennary lobe
or head of the mushroom body, or even into the optic
lobe. Inside the brain are found small cells, lying singly
or in groups (Plate X). Kiihnle refers to them as
neuroglia cells (ng.) and doubtless he is correct in so doing.
They are found particularly in the space surrounding the
central body and in the interval between the two capsules
of that organ; there are also a few on the surface of the
stem of the mushroom body and in other places (Pl. X).
The nucleus of a neuroglia cell is pyriform or elongate and
stains deeply, and its outline is generally irregular. The
nucleus is smaller than that of a “ normal” ganglion cell.

The axons from the ganglion cells enter the axonic part
of the brain vertically; and they are generally united into
small bundles at their point of entrance. It is to this that
Kiihnle gives the name Einstrémmung.

Spherical black granules occur among the cells in material
fixed in osmic acid, or any mixture containing osmic
acid. These granules are not found in material fixed in
any other fluid, and I regard them as unsaturated fat.
They are found among the ganglion cells and are quite
definitely extracellular.

A note on technique is given at the end of the paper;
suffice it to say here the cells may be studied in material
fixed in the picro-chlor-acetic fluid, but that some specimens
may with advantage be fixed in Bouin’s or Gilson’s fluids,
especially for the study of the different types of cell.

TRACHEATION.—In the brains of most insects fine
tracheal trunks can be detected ramifying in the fibrillar
part of the organ. This is not the case in Micropteryz,
perhaps because of the extremely small size of the whole
msect : so far as I can discover there are no tracheae at all,
either in the ganglion cell layer or the axonic fibrillar part
of the brain. There is a considerable collection of tracheal
trunks (é.) in the neurilemma which lies over the mid-dorsal
part of the brain (Plate X), and it is at least possible that
it is the function of these trunks, which are large and
numerous, to oxygenate the brain by diffusion through the
fluid which lies beneath the neurilemma.

II. Tue PrRorocEREBRAL LOBES.

The protocerebrum of insects is generally described as
consisting of the protocerebral lobes and the various
structures such as the mushroom body, the central] body,

ae “ —— —— ee ee ee ee ot — = re weg ~ re ee

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 121

the bridge, the ocellary glomerulus, and the optic lobes.
The term “ protocerebral lobes’ is a comprehensive term
for the great mass of the protocerebrum in or upon which
the other structures lie. The word “lobes” is perhaps
unfortunate, but its use in all papers from an early date to
the present day renders it a classical term. In all insects
the protocerebral lobes (pe. J.) form by far the greater part
of the brain; they are bilaterally symmetrical about the
middle line, but they are not divided from one another by
a raphe. Kiihnle describes their fusion across the middle
line (Verschmelzung), ‘‘ above,” “below,” ete. This is per-
fectly accurate, but it would give a clearer impression to
say that the two lobes are united over their whole extent
at the middle line, except that in the centre a space (la
loge, Viallanes) is left in which lie the central body and
ocellary glomeruli, and the inner root of the mushroom
body.

The union of the two sides in Micropteryx is complete,
but much less definite posterodorsally. Only a very vague
web of fibres covers the central body in this region. It
would, for instance, be possible for a micro-organism to
swim down from the fluid in which the ganglion cells lie
through this web into the space surrounding the central
body. The protocerebral lobes together form a rounded
mass, with its longest axis in the transverse direction.
The mass is flattened above, and prolonged downwards to
fuse with the deuterocerebrum and the tritocerebrum.
The dividing line between the deutero- and trito-cerebrum
cannot be accurately determined. In the embryo they lie
behind one another. In most adult insects, and Micro-
pteryx is no exception to the rule, the deuterocerebrum is
pushed forwards, and the tritocerebrum fuses directly
with the protocerebrum, at any rate by a small part of its
posterior surface. From the lateral side of the proto-
cerebrum the optic nerve is given off. This connects the
protocerebrum to the optic lobes (medullary masses of the
eye).

The relations of the protocerebral lobes are as follows
(text fig. 1, p. 122): mid-dorsally lie the rounded heads of the
mushroom bodies, and between them the bridge. Slightly
in front of this the ocellary nerve is seen, disposed in a
transverse plane with a slight inclination downwards and
backwards. Various organs lie within the protocerebral lobes
in a space full of fluid which has been called la loge by

122 Mr. v,. Buxton on the

Viallanes. These organs are the central body and the ocellary
glomerulus, and the stem and inner root of the mushroom
body ; the forward and backward roots are also buried in the
protocerebral lobes, but they are not definitely separated
from the surrounding parts by a free space. It may be
mentioned here that the mushroom body system is com-
pletely buried in the protocerebrum except at three points.
The parts which project are the head, the lower end of the
stem, and the tip of the forward root (see pp. 125 sqq.).

me lf

mela. vo Ca.

TEXT FIGURE 1.—General relationships of the parts of the proto-
cerebrum. The organ is divided at the middle line and the left
side is shown in the figure, viewed from in front. The cut surface
shows the loge of Viallanes and the organs within it. No cells are
shown; the whole organ as drawn here consists of axonic substance.
a, c, d, j, q, refer to tracts of fibres (see p. 136). br. bridge. d. I.
dorsal protocerebral lobe. hd. head of mushroom body. in. ca.
inner capsule of central body. in.r. inner root of mushroom body.
I. l. lateral lobes of protocerebrum. lo. la loge (Viallanes). mi. l. a.
and mi.l.p. anterior and posterior parts of middle lobe of proto-
cerebrum. oc. gl. ocellary glomerulus. oc. mn. ocellary nerve. ow. ca.
outer capsule of central body. sw. hd. swollen head of ascending
branch of mushroom body. sw. st. swollen foot of stem of mushroom
body. to dm. tracts passing from protocerebrum to deuterocere-
brum. fw. tumulus. vl. l.a. anterior part of ventrolateral lobe.

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 123

Special names have been assigned to various parts
of the protocerebrum (refer to Pl. VIJ-IX). Thus dorsally
there is the dorsal lobe (Hawptlappe), below this the ventro-
lateral lobe or Nebenlappe, and midventrally the middle
lobe (Mittelstiick). These parts may all be distinguished
in Micropteryx, and perhaps the mere shape of the lobes
merits description. The dorsal lobe (d./.) is the widest
part of the whole brain. In front its superior surface is
flat; further back there is a specialised rounded projection
in the middle line, to which I give the name Tumulus (tw.).
This lies between the heads of the two mushroom bodies,
and consists of a very tight homogeneous web of axonic
substance more densely compacted than any other part of
the brain. The portions of the dorsal lobe which lie around
and beneath it are of an extremely loose consistency
(see Pl. X).

A large lateral lobe (/.1.) is present on each side.* Its
relations are shown in figs. 10, 12, 13.

The ventrolateral lobes (Nebenlappe) consist of two very
definite parts placed one in front of the other. The anterior
part of the ventrolateral lobe (v./.1.a.) appears as a swelling
below the anterior extremity of the stem of the mushroom
body ; in the region beneath the inner root of the mushroom
body the lobe is insignificant ; and behind this its posterior
part (v.l.1.p.) appears as a large round lobe above the exit
of the motor antennary nerve from the deuterocerebrum.

The middle lobe (mz. 1.) of the protocerebrum lies between
the two ventrolateral lobes. In most insects it consists
of a single body, shaped like an hour-glass, and lying
transversely between the inner roots. In Micropteryx
we can distinguish an anterior and a posterior part of the
lobe. The anterior portion (mz. 1. a.) is of the shape of an
hour-glass, and lies, as it should, between the ends of
the inner roots; it is connected with the anterior part
of the ventrolateral lobe on the same side by a tract
of nerve fibres (tract h). Behind it there is a transverse
bar of axonic tissue, placed below the ocellary glomeruli
and above the various bands which connect the two anten-
nary lobes or deuterocerebra; this is the posterior part
(mi.l.p.) of the middle lobe; to the antennary lobe and
also to the protocerebrum above it this middle lobe is
united by well-marked tracts of nerve fibres (tracts 7 and /).

* This is not le lobe latéral du protocérébron moyen of Viallanes,
which is the ventrolateral lobe.

124 Mr. mm. Buxton on the

Histologically the whole of the protocerebral lobes are
very uniform in structure, and consist of Punktsubstanz of
a moderate degree of density. The tumulus, however, is
very much closer in structure, and the parts of the proto-
cerebral lobes immediately below and around it are very
loosely formed. The lobes are penetrated in all directions
by bundles of axons (Fasersubstanz), some of which are
enumerated below.

III. THe Musyroom Bopy.

(Stalked body—Packard. Pilz—Kiihnle, etc. Gestielte
Koérper—Leydig. Les Corps Pédonculés—Dujardin.)

Before I describe the mushroom body of Micropteryax it
may not be out of place to state that the organ consists
typically of a cup-shaped or globular head (calice, Pilzhut,
Becher, lobe a4 convolutions) supported by a stem (Stamm, tige,
cauliculus, pedunculus) which divides below into a number
of roots or branches. The word Stiel is used by Kiihnle to
denote the stem and roots together. An early worker,
Newton, described the brain of the cockroach. In this
insect the head and stem of the mushroom body are double,
and Newton named the two stems the cauliculus and
pedunculus, respectively. A small number of insects have
their mushroom body formed on a simpler plan, with only
one head and one stem. It is better, therefore, not to use
the terms cauliculus and pedunculus, which are responsible
for the notion that two supports of the mushroom body are
to be looked for in the typical insect brain. As will be seen
later the homologies of the roots of the organ are very
obscure.

This exceedingly simplified account of the least complex
type of mushroom body may serve to remind the reader
of the essential characters of that organ. A full account
of that of Forficula, together with a painstaking summary of
previous work, is given by Kiihnle. This is valuable, but
as I shall explain later I believe that Kiihnle has made
a fundamental mistake in homology. The summary in
Packard’s text book is out of date and most difficult to
understand.

At first sight it appears that the mushroom body of
Micropteryz is formed on a plan not altogether identical with
that found in other insects. This is not very surprising,
for nothing is yet known of the brains of the Lepidoptera
or T'richoptera. I hope, however, to show that the diffi-

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 125

culties are rather apparent than real, and that Micropteryx
is really one of those organisms from the study of which
we may draw valuable inference as to the comparative
anatomy of the insect brain. It is always a most difficult
thing to form a picture of the mushroom body of an insect
when that organ is described by another worker. This is
due, in part at least, to the complexity of the organs which
lie in all three planes of space. I shall endeavour to make
my meaning clear by giving several sketches of a mental
reconstruction of the organ in question. Its structure in
Micropteryx is comparatively simple, and I have not found
it necessary to make a wax-plate model. I have, of course,
most carefully examined sections in all three planes of
space (text figs. 2, 3, pp. 128—9).

The head of the mushroom body of Micropteryz is a single
globular mass of axonic tissue, and belongs to the Hécker
type of Kiihnle. It appears that a similar structure was
described by Flégel in certain moths; but it is never easy
to understand his descriptions, for he was much hampered
by the defective methods of his time.

The head of the mushroom body (hd.) projects conspicu-
ously into the ganglion cells above and behind. It is not .
so large, however, as to make a prominence in the upper
surface of that layer.

From the cells of the mushroom body (p. 119) the fibres
pass into the head of the mushroom body. We must notice
that there are no points at which a number of fibres enter
together; the entry is general and spread over the whole
surface of the head. Kenyon’s application of the Golgi
method to the brain of the bee makes it clear that after
entering the substance of the head the fibres give off a
collateral branch which in turn divides to form twigs.
These twigs interlace with similar twigs from the collaterals
of other cells to form a glomerular body (Faserbdllchen).
There must be several score of these bodies in the head of
the mushroom body of Micropteryx. They are very small
and by no means easily distinguished. After giving off
its collateral the fibre proceeds downward as a component
part of the stem. The fibres do not form a definite tract
within the head, but pass through in a diffuse manner. It
is only when they reach the underside that they unite to
form the stem.

From the inner and inferior aspect of the head of the
mushroom body a band of fibres sweeps downwards and

126 Mr. alt Buxton on the

inwards past the side of the outer capsule of the central body.
This band gives off a few fibres to the outer capsule (tract 7),
and then passes into that region of the protocerebral lobes
which lies on each side of the central body (tract r); there
the band divides and is lost to sight (Pl. VIII, fig. 12, and
Pl. X). Such a tract has not been described in other
insects.

The stem (st.) of the mushroom body leaves the ventral
side of the head and passes downwards and forwards and
also slightly inwards; it is a single cylindrical rod of parallel
fibres; and whatever may be the case in other insects it
is not penetrated by a canal. It may also be noticed that
it is not surrounded by a sheath. (Even if it were I should
not follow Kiihnle in calling the sheath a neurilemma.
A neurilemma is a syncytial layer covering a brain or
ganglion.)

The stem is one of the most striking features of any
section in which it occurs; it stains more heavily than
the surrounding protocerebral lobes, and is a most use-
ful landmark. The stem is a cylindrical structure, and
well-fixed material shows that the greater part of its
shaft is surrounded by a space which is not developed
at its top or bottom; at these points the stem simply
pierces the surrounding parts of the protocerebral lobes.
At its lower and anterior end the stem is swollen and be-
comes superficial, that is to say it is no longer buried in
the protocerebral lobes, but reaches the surface in the
interval between the dorsal lobe and the anterior part
of the ventrolateral lobe. At this point it is covered by a
few nuclei; some of these are merely nuclei of neuroglia
cells, some are nuclei of true nerve cells, which send their
axons into the foot of the stem. This is certainly remark-
able, but I have satisfied myself that it is the case by
examining a large number of sections through this region.

At the bottom of the stem we should expect the roots to
arise, and actually we find two processes of rather uncertain
homologies, both of which make a marked angle with the
stem. The first runs inwards and slightly backwards, and
is the inner root (in. r.; innere Wurzel of Kiihnle). It is
straight and cylindrical and separated from its fellow of
the opposite side by a very distinct part of the proto-
cerebrum, the anterior part of the middle lobe. At its
termination the inner root is somewhat swollen.

The second structure which leaves the anterior end of

I <<

Protocerebrum of Micropteryx. 127

the stem may be called the ascending trunk (as. tr.). The
homologies of this organ are obscure and will be discussed
- later. It runs upwards for a very short distance and
divides into two portions.

At its point of division it is swollen. For the moment
let us cal] one of its branches the ascending and the other
the posterior branch.*

The ascending branch (as. br.) runs up directly to the
surface of the brain and is there swollen into an acorn-
shaped head. It is covered by a thin layer of ganglion cells
of the normal type, and these send their axons into the
branch. This is a point of interest, for here and also at
the foot of the stem we have a few nerve cells which appear
to belong to the mushroom body. Similar conditions have
been occasionally described in other insects, notably in
Periplaneta by Haller.

The posterior branch (po. br.) of the ascending trunk runs
backwards and slightly upwards and inwards. Its ter-
minal part is bifid, but the two portions do not diverge from
one another. It is completely enclosed in the protocerebral
lobes, and even in fixed material is not always very easy
to see. It is about two-thirds the length of the stem.
Before we proceed to discuss the homologies of these organs
it is absolutely necessary to grasp their anatomy and
relationships.

Let us now consider the homologies of these three
branches of the stem. The first I have already identi-
fied as the inner root (innere Wurzel of Kiihnle). This
identification rests on its relations to other organs.

The ascending trunk is an organ for which I find no
parallel in any insect brain yet investigated. This is not
very remarkable when we remember that the brains of no
Lepidopteron or Trichopteron have yet been fully described.
According to a view which I now put forward the ascend-
ing trunk is to be regarded as the united base of the
forward root (vordere Wurzel) and of the backward root
(riicklaufige Wurzel). Great obscurity exists with regard to

* T use the term “ trunk” and ‘ branch” rather than “ root ”
in order not to commit myself to any view as to homologies which
are fully discussed later. The terms are of a provisional nature.
It may be objected that I am adding to the synonymy, but it is
almost a necessity to have some unequivocal name for an organ
until its homologies are fixed. The word “ root’ I use as a full
equivalent of the German Wurzel.

128 A Buxton on the

the homologies of the ascending and posterior branches of
the ascending trunk.

It is probably best to consider the ascending branch as
forward root (vordere Wurzel, Kiihnle; tubercule antérieur,

>

wwe we Oe ee em ee ete ew we

TrxT FIGURE 2.—Outline drawings of the right mushroom body.
A, seen from the outer side (lateral view). B, from above. C, from
in front. (The stem and head are behind and not shown in this
drawing.) The line aa represents the median (sagittal) plane.
The cells are not shown; the whole organ as drawn here consists
of axonic substance.

as. br. ascending branch. as.ér. ascending trunk. hd. head of
mushroom body. in.r. inner root. po.br. posterior branch. st.
se sw. hd. swollen head of mushroom body. sw. st. swollen foot
of stem.

——

TEXT FIGURE 3.—Outline drawing of six longitudinal vertical
sections (A—F), to show the relations of the parts of the mushroom
body to surrounding pe. /., the last being nearest the middle line.
The six sections are not consecutive. Dorsal is to the left; anterior
(cephalad) towards the top of the page. Only the axonic parts are
here shown, the cells being omitted.

a. etc. nerve fibres of tract a (p. 136) and other tracts, passing
from protocerebrum to lowér parts of brain. as. br. ascending
branch. as.tr. ascending trunk. 6. tract b. br. bridge. d. l.
dorsal lobe. ez. Einstrémmung (p. 120). hd. head of mushroom
body. im.ca. inner capsule of central body. in.7. inner root of
mushroom body. oc. gl. ocellary glomerulus. oc. n. ocellary nerve.
ou.ca. outer capsule. pe.l. protocerebral lobes. po. br. posterior
branch. st. stem. sw. hd. swollen head of mushroom body. sw. st.
swollen foot of stem. v/./. ventrolateral lobes.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) K

130 Mr. pm Buxton on the

Viallanes). This is suggested by its general direction and
by the fact that it ends on the surface of the fibrillar part
of the brain, under a thin portion of the ganglion cell layer.
With this we may compare the similar “ free’ ending of
the tubercule antérieur in Acridians (Viallanes, 1887, p. 42,
fig. 46), and of the vordere Wurzel in Apis (Jonescu, p. 137,
Text fig. 10a) and in Vespa (Viallanes, 1886). The author
remarks: “ La premiere se porte directement en avant pour
gagner la surface antérieure du renflement primaire; Cc est
la corne antérieure.”

If, then, the ascending branch is the equivalent of the
vordere Wurzel, we must homologise the posterior branch
with the riicklaufige Wurzel, or backward root, in considera-
tion of its backward direction and deeply buried termination:
this would probably be accepted were it not that Kiihnle
has asserted that the tubercule antérieur of Viallanes is the
homologue of the vordere Wurzel and also of the riicklaufige
Wurzel. Against this I must enter a most emphatic protest.
In the first place, there is an inherent improbability about
it; we cannot willingly believe that vordere and antérieur
refer to an organ which is described in other insects as
“running back’ (riicklaufige). We surely need good
evidence before we can accept such a statement? In the
face of that improbability Kiihnle was dangerously bold in
asserting the homology. When a great many more types
have been investigated we shall be able to bridge many of
the gaps which at present exist in our knowledge. Till
then we can none of us be certain of any but the most
obvious homologies, partly because the described types
are so few, partly because no living man has first-hand
knowledge of more than half a dozen insect brains.

Kiihnle was probably led into this error by the fact that
the majority of insect brains show only two roots, some of
them lacking the forward, others the backward root.

If, however, Kiihnle’s homology be accepted, the one
which I have suggested must fall; for clearly I cannot
give the terms vordere and riicklaufige to two structures if,
as Kiihnle says, they are in this case synonymous. Ido
not wish to press my own convictions unduly; but at any
rate they are based on considerations of relative position,
that is to say on actual fact.

If, then, Kiihnle is right and I am wrong, we may either
assume that the ascending trunk and its branches (ascend-
ing and posterior) together form the backward (riicklaw/ige,

Protocerebrum of Muicropteryz. 131

vordere) root, or else that the posterior branch represents
that organ and that the ascending branch is a new organ.
The first of these views is supported by the fact that the
ascending and posterior branches leave the stem by a com-
mon origin, the ascending trunk. On the other hand, so
far as our knowledge yet goes there is no other brain in
which the backward root is bifurcated, which is what this
view implies.

As I have said, it is also possible to regard the posterior
branch as the riicklaufige Wurzel (vordere Wurzel, tubercule
antérieur) and the ascending root as an organ which cannot
be homologised with anything yet described. This is quite
a rational view to adopt, for practically nothing is yet known
about the brain of the Lepidoptera. Personally I do not
see any necessity for dubbing this a new organ, but if
Kiihnle’s identification of the vordere with the riicklaufige
Wurzel is proved correct, then we shall probably find it
necessary to find a name for what I have provisionally called
the ascending branch. An investigation of other types
might yield most fruitful results.

This very small and abstruse point must be settled defi-
nitely before the study of insect brains has gone further.
Unfortunately it is not possible to attack the question from
a comparative standpoint, but it is essential that we should
start work with our homologies correctly and clearly defined.
There can be no compromise between Kiihnle’s view and
my own, and the point at issue is fundamental. I consider
that there is, at any rate, very little reason for doubting
my identification of the innere Wurzel, which agrees with
the views of previous writers.

These conflicting views may be expressed thus: accord-
ing to my view, ascending trunk = common origin of—

1. Ascending branch (vordere Wurzel, etc.)
= Forward root.

2. Posterior branch (riichlaufige Wurzel)
= Backward root.

Kiihnle, however, asserts that riichlaufige Wurzel=vordere
Wurzel. If this is so, then either—

(i) Ascending trunk and ascending branch and posterior
branch together = riicklaufige Wurzel, or else—

(u) Ascending trunk = common origin of (a) posterior
branch (riicklaufige Wurzel) and (b) ascending branch
(not homologous with anything yet described).

-
132 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

I believe that the characters by which the three roots
may be separated are these: The inner root (in. r.; innere
Wurzel, Kiihnle; tubercule interne, Dujardin; Balken,
Flégel) runs backwards and inwards and terminates
between the middle lobe and the inner capsule of the
central body. Its end is adjacent to that of its fellow on
the opposite side. It appears that this root is found in
nearly allinsects. The forward root (as. br.; vordere Wurzel,
Jonescu; Vorderhorn, Flégel; anterior root, Kenyon;
tubercule antérieur, Dujardin) runs forwards and upwards
and ends “ free” on the surface of the protocerebral lobes,
either under the ganglion cells or else directly beneath the
neurilemma. The backward root (po. br.; riicklaufige
Wurzel, Kihnle) runs backwards and terminates in the
posterior part of the protocerebrum without ever reaching
the surface. In many insects either the forward or the
backward root is absent; this has led Kiihnle to believe
that they are identical.

I should like to take this early opportunity of answering
one objection which will probably be made to the hypothesis
that the mushroom body in its typical development pos-
sesses three roots. It is well known from Kenyon’s work
by the Golgi method on the brain of the bee, that the axons
which compose the stem branch dichotomously, and that
the two branches form the two roots of the mushroom body
of that insect. Now it may be urged that this division of
the axon into two, which is probably characteristic of the
nerve cells of the Arthropoda in general, would find its
outward expression in a mushroom body with two roots.
To this I may, however, reply that there is no difficulty in
supposing that each fibre as it divides supplies two of the
three roots; and at any rate the difficulty remains whether
the ascending and posterior branches be one root or two,
for the plain facts of their anatomy can hardly be disputed.
Furthermore, we are already familiar with the division of
the roots in the brains of other insects; now if the fibres
which compose a root can be grouped in such a way as to
produce a bifurcation of the root, why should not the fibres
of a stem be so grouped as to supply almost any number of
roots? Moreover, Kiihnle has already described the mush-
room body of a Phasmid, and of a Termite, both of which
had three roots, though he failed to grasp the bearing of
this fact upon the general question of homology. The fact
of the existence of three roots to the mushroom body is

——_A >}. ...”.6.hUCr.,C,tT ee eee

|
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a
-
:
:

Protocerebrum of Micropteryzx. 133

not, then, a new discovery, but I trust that I have been
enabled to put the homologies of the matter on a sound
basis.

IV. Tue Centrat Bopy.

The central body of Micropteryx consists of two capsules ;
the larger of these, the outer (ow. ca.), is superior and
posterior, the smaller or inner capsule (im. ca.) is inferior
and anterior. They are respectively the dussere Schale
and innere Schale of Kiihnle. They le together in that
space in the middle of the protocerebral lobes to which
Viallanes gave the name la loge; this contains also the
ocellary glomeruli and the inner roots of the mushroom body
(Pl. VIII, figs. 7-10). The space is bounded on all sides by
the protocerebral lobes, and above by the tract f, in front
by the tract c, behind by the tract d, and below by the
double tract e (see p. 137).

Micropteryx is one of those insects in which the central
body is large and the mushroom body comparatively small ;
that is to say, it falls within one of Bretschneider’s lower
categories.

The outer capsule is slightly wider than the inner. The
anterior edge of each is in the same vertical plane, but the
outer extends back a considerable distance behind the inner,
and this posterior part of it is very thick; thus the outer
capsule overlaps the inner above and behind and is much
the more bulky of the two. This condition is character-
istic of nearly all the insect brains which have yet been
described. Turning to internal structure we find that the
outer capsule stains rather more deeply with eosin or
orange G than do the protocerebral lobes. There is no
definite division of either capsule into bodies like the rays
of a fan, a condition which has been described in the brains
of various insects since the time of Diet]. The anterior
part of the inner capsule is, however, divided into a number
of small rounded masses arranged in no definite manner
and separated from one another by bands of axons, the
great majority of which pass into the outer capsule. These
masses resemble to some extent the glomerular bodies
(faserbdllchen) of the antennary lobe. The scattered
neuroglia cells which lie in the space which surrounds the
central body are referred to elsewhere (p. 120). There is
no group of cells which can be said to belong to the central
body either here or in any other insect, and we believe that

134 Mr. rf Buxton on the

the organ is a reflex centre not connected with any one
motor or sensory function.

(The ocellary glomeruli, which are sometimes considered
with the central body, are described on p. 135.)

V. Tue Bripce.

(Die Hirnbriicke—Kiihnle, ete. Le Pont—Viallanes.
Fibrillar Arch—Kenyon.)

The Bridge (br.) is a protocerebral structure found in all
insect brains. In Micropteryx it occupies its usual position
as a transverse band of axonic material on the superior side
of the protocerebrum. It lies behind the nerve to the
ocellus, and between the heads of the mushroom bodies
(Pl. VIII, IX and X).

The bridge consists in part of Punktsubstanz; this is
found at either end. The middle of the bridge is much
attenuated and appears to consist entirely of nerve fibres
passing from one side to the other. The organ, then, is
dumb-bell shaped, the swollen ends, or “ heads,” being
presumably centres, the narrow waist a decussating tract.
The bridge is covered by some layers of ganglion cells,
which appear to belong to the normal type.*

The axons of these apparently “ normal ”’ cells pass down-
wards to several parts of the brain. Some which proceed
from the more lateral cells pass in front of, or behind, or
round the end of the bridge, and enter the dorsal surface
of the protocerebral lobes in a diffuse manner. Other
axons pass through the heads of the bridge and so on-
wards to the lobes of the protocerebrum ; it is probable that
these give off a collateral while they are within the sub-
stance of the bridge. Other cells, again, send their axons
into the bridge itself, where the fibre is lost to sight. It
is probable that some of these fibres cross the middle line.
The whole matter requires investigation by the Golgi
method. We have, then, a number of similar cells, some of
which appear to be associated with the bridge, some with
the dorsal part of the protocerebrum, some, again, with both.
From this I am inclined to argue that the bridge is of less
importance as a physiological entity than some authorities
have believed; that it is rather of anatomical than of

* In Forficula Kiihnle distinguishes several types of cell in this
region, but in every respect the ganglion cells of Micropteryx appear
to have very little tendency to be differentiated into types.

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. . 135

physiological signifieance. Against this view is the ad-
mitted fact that the bridge exists as a distinct structure in
all insect brains which have been investigated.

I can find no visible connection between the bridge and
the nerves supplying the compound eyes, though a few
fibres of the ocellary nerve enter the ends of the bridge.
This perhaps supports Kiihnle and tends to contradict the
contention of Bretschneider and others who regard the
bridge as a centre for the co-ordination of visual impulses.

VI. Tue VisuaL CENTRES.

A. The Ocellary Apparatus.

In Micropteryx paired ocelli are present, but the median
ocellus is not developed here, or in any other Lepidopteron
or Trichopteron. A stream of fibres, the ocellary nerve
(oc. n.), leaves the back of the spherical chitinous capsule
in which the ocellus is contained. At the point where the
fibres leave the capsule there is some tendency for the nerve
to break, as it is very much narrowed. The sensory cells
are contained partly in the capsule of the organ, and some
of them lie along the course of the nerve away from the
actual ocellus, and as the nerve proceeds inwards they
become less and less numerous. The nerve runs straight to-
wards the middle line in a plane slightly anterior to the head
of the mushroom body (PI. VIII, figs. 10 and 11). When
it is over the external edge of the central body it bends
backwards, and at this point a few fibres leave it to pass
into the protocerebral lobes. From here it passes backwards
and inwards and continually gives off more and more of its
fibres, so that though there is no point at which the ocellary
nerve as a whole passes into the substance of the proto-
cerebral lobes yet the whole nerve ultimately does so. A
few fibres may also be seen to pass into the swollen head |
of the bridge.

Two small spherical bodies with rather indefinite margins
are found in the space beneath the outer capsule of the
mushroom body, posterior to the inner capsule and to
the middle lobe (PI. VIII, fig. 10); these are the ocellary
glomeruli (oc. gl.) or “‘ tubercules du corps central”? (Vial-
lanes). In Micropteryx I have been unable to demonstrate
the connection between these structures and the ocellary
nerve, owing to the diffuse way in which the fibres of the
nerve pass through the dorsal part of the protocerebrum.

136. Mr. P. A. Buxton on the ©

From a consideration of what is known about similar organs
in other insects I do not consider that much doubt exists
as to the functional connection between these small, round,
deeply placed lobes and the ocellus. It is hardly to be ex-
pected that we should be able to find more than a propor-
tion of the smaller tracts in so minute a structure as the
brain with which we are dealing. Fibres pass from the
ocellary glomerulus to many parts of the brain, including
the paired (deuterocerebral) sympathetic system (tract s)
and the posterior part of the antennary lobe (tract ¢).

B. The Optic Lobes.

Pressure of other work has absolutely prevented my
devoting attention to the optic lobes (0. /.), and much special
study of the literature would be required before TI could
hope to treat of them at all adequately; this would
delay the publication of this paper almost indefinitely,
and I have accordingly decided to leave them entirely
undescribed rather than to deal with them in an inadequate
manner.

VII. Tue PRoTocEREBRAL TRACTS.

Authors have frequently attempted to enumerate the
tracts of fibres which connect one part of the brain with
other parts, but they can only detect and describe the larger
bundles and can never even attempt to follow the minute
tracts which ramify in all directions through the Punkt-
substanz. Such an enumeration must always be incom-
plete even if one part of the brain is proved to have a score
of paths connecting it with other regions : and even if the
Golgi method is applied to a very large number of individ-
uals, definitive completeness can hardly be arrived at. In
this present paper I make no attempt to give any complete
list: I only describe a few of the more noticeable tracts
which are useful either as landmarks or else as definite
boundaries to regions.

The following tracts should perhaps be noticed, because
they are important features of the sections in which they
occur. (a) A wide tract of fibres arising from cells situated
over the dorsal part of the protocerebrum, and passing
vertically downwards in the middle line over the front of
the protocerebral lobes: this tract forks below and the
fibres then pass to the antennary lobe of each side, and

ee

Protocerebrum of Micropteryzx. 137

possibly also to the tfitocerebrum and the ventral parts of
the central nervous system (Pl. VII, figs. 2-4).

(6) A tract of fibres which is the Riechstrang, or Riech-
bahn, of the German authors. The cells from which the
tract arises appear to be ganglion cells of the “normal ”’
type, and are situated dorsal to the protocerebral lobes
and slightly behind the head of the mushroom body: the
fibres pass downwards and forwards and slightly inwards,
through that part of the protocerebral lobes which surrounds
the space containing the central body, etc.; from here the
fibres are directed downwards and outwards to the anten-
nary lobe. Through most of their course the fibres lie
in a free space. Owing to its diffuse structure, which ren-
ders it difficult to distinguish it when it is cut transversely,
the lower part of this tract can only be distinguished in
longitudinal section (text fig. 3, D and E, p. 129).

(c) A broad anterior commissure (PI. VII, fig. 6).

(d) A deep commissure.

(e) A double ventral commissure (the vordere und hintere
Briicken der Nebenlappen unter sich of Kiihnle; PI.
VIII, fig. 9). These three are the most definite tracts
which unite the two sides of the protocerebrum, though it
should be remembered that the lobes are united over the
greater part of their internal aspects, and that a large
number of smaller tracts pass from one side to the other.
These three tracts form the boundary of the “loge” in
_ front, behind and below: the anterior and ventral ones lie

upon the surface of the fibrillar part of the brain, the deep
commissure passes between the two protocerebral lobes
behind the “loge’’: the ventral commissure (e) arises on
each side from the anterior part of the ventrolateral lobe.

(f) A small but distinct band of fibres which runs trans-
versely across the upper surface of the “loge.’’ This tract
is the Faserhof of Kiihnle, and possibly also the commessura
protocerebrale anteriore of Berlese (Pl VILE) fig: 8).

(g) A posterior commissure uniting the two ptotocerebral
lobes at their most posterior part, where they overlap the
tritocerebrum (Pl. IX, fig. 16).

(h and 7) Tracts uniting respectively the anterior part
of the middle lobe to the anterior part of the ventro-
lateral lobe, and the posterior part of the middle lobe to the
posterior part of the ventrolateral lobe of the same side.

(j) A tract running from the posterior part of the middle
lobe to the deuterocerebrum.

-
138 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

(k) A tract running up from the middle lobe into the
deeper parts of the protocerebral lobes which lie lateral to
the “ loge.”

(l-q) Tracts from or to the central body.

(1) The two capsules of the central body are united
especially along their anterior margin by fibres which make
the partitions between the ‘‘ Fdcher”’ of the inner capsule
(Pl. VIII, fig. 8).

(mand mm) Both capsules are united to the protocerebral
lobes by bands of fibres which leave their anterolateral
margins; the band from the upper capsule (m) passes
upwards, that from the lower (mm) downwards to the
ventrolateral lobes (Pl. VIII, fig. 7).

(n) The outer capsule receives fibres which leave or
possibly enter the head of the mushroom body on its under
side. This is really a part of tract r.

(0) A few fibres connect the outer capsule to the bridge.

(p) A few also pass from the ocellary nerve to the outer
capsule.

(7) A well-marked band connects the antennary lobe
with the outer capsule. This band enters that part of
the outer capsule which lies immediately superior to the
posterior part of the inner capsule (Pl. VIII, fig. 10).

(r) The tract which has been mentioned on p. 126 as leav-
ing the inner and inferior aspect of the head of the mush-
room body, and passing partly to the outer capsule of the
central body (tract »), but mainly to the deep part of the
protocerebral lobes lateral and posterior to the “loge”
(Pl. VOL fie. 12: Pl. TX, fia, 13 5.Bl, x9.

(s and t) These tracts pass from the ocellary glomerulus
to the paired deuterocerebral sympathetic system and_to
the posterior portion of the antennary lobe respectively.

(uw) This consists of a few fibres which pass down from
the swollen ends of the bridge to the dorsal lobe imme-
diately below and to the tumulus (Plate X).

It is, I believe, generally true that paired organs are
united across the middle line, but I am unable to say
whether this is invariably the case.

SUMMARY.

The protocerebrum of Micropteryx might be described
in the following terms. The neurilemma, which covers
the whole central nervous system in one continuous sheet,

as i ~~ oe

Protocerebrum of Micropteryzx. 139

is a thin syncytium, and beneath it are found the ganglion
cells and the axonic parts of the nervous system. Over the
protocerebrum the layer of ganglion cells is deep, and four
types can be distinguished : the normal type, the mushroom
body cells, the cells of the optic lobes, and the giant cells.
Neuroglia cells are found in the substance of the protocere-
brum in small numbers. The tracheal system of the
brain is very slightly developed. The protocerebral lobes
are large, and in volume greatly exceed the other parts
of the protocerebrum together. The various parts of the
protocerebral lobes which have been described in other
insects are all present, though Micropteryx presents some
peculiarities, for the ventrolateral lobe and the middle lobe
are each divided into anterior and posterior portions. A
mid-dorsal lobe is also present, and to this I have given the
name tumulus, an organ which has not been described
before. The mushroom bodies are of a small, simple type,
and only one is developed on each side : the head is remark-
able because of the shape, which is that of a rough sphere,
without any approach to the formation of a cup. In section
it is seen to contain minute glomerular masses of nerve
fibres, which are regarded as association centres: these
are comparable to similar structures described in the mush-
room bodies of many insects, and also in antennary lobes
and central bodies. The origin of the stem is below, not
within, the head of the mushroom body, and it runs down-
wards and forwards in a definite space; it is rod-lke,
and not perforated by a canal. The stem divides below
in a complicated manner which does not lend itself to
summarisation. I have suggested several possible homo-
logies for the parts into which the stem divides, and
my own view is that there are three roots to the mushroom
body in this insect—an inner, a forward, and a backward—
and that this is the typical number for the insect brain :
other views are also discussed. I have also given what I
believe to be the normal relations and characters of
these roots; and I believe that this part, at any rate, of
my paper has some permanent value. The central body
is large, and consists of two capsules, as usual; the outer
is the larger. There is no tendency towards the division
of either capsule in a fanlike manner, but the inner capsule
contains a number of minute glomerular bodies. The tracts
passing from or to the central body are numerous and some
of them are large. The nerves from the ocelli run inwards

ca
140 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

across the front of the head of the mushroom body and
pass gradually into the substance of the protocerebral
lobes, and a few fibres pass into the bridge. Two small
bodies are found beneath the central body, and these are
presumed to be the ocellary glomeruli of other authors,
though in the brain of Micropteryx there is no actual evi-
dence of their connection with the ocellary nerve. The
bridge is simple and straight; its ends are rounded and
consist of Punktsubstanz, and into these pass the axons of
a few cells which are situated in the immediate neighbour-
hood; the middle of the bridge is formed of a large number
of fibres which pass across the middle line. (I have under-
lined those characters which appear to indicate that the
brain of Micropteryx belongs to a simple type, so far as
morphological points are concerned.)

It would doubtless be interesting to compare the simple
brain of this Protolepidopteron with that of other Lepido-
ptera or Trichoptera. This is, however, impossible, except
to a very slight degree, because the only work to which we
can refer is the classic paper which Flégel published in 1878,
and a few lines in Berlese’s text-book. Flégel dealt with the
brains of a number of larvae and imagines of Lepidoptera,
and his fullest description is that of the brain of the imago
of Cossus. He devotes his attention to the mushroom body,
which differs from that of Micropteryx in several important
particulars. The head is developed as two cups on each
side, placed in apposition to one another. The two stems
which proceed downwards from these unite to form a
single cylindrical stem which stains deeply and lies in a
space. An inner root is given off, and this occupies the
usual position of that organ; there is also a forward root
which runs up to the surface of the brain and there divides
in a complicated manner which is not further described ;
no backward root is described, but it is possible that this is
represented by one of the branches of the forward root.
This suggestion is an attempt to bring Cossus into line with
Micropteryx, and it may well be correct, for we must remem-
ber that Flégel was hampered by the deficient methods
of his time, and that he was the earliest insect neurologist
in any true sense of the word.

Berlese describes the brain of Sphinx very shortly. The
protocerebral lobes are large, the mushroom bodies of
moderate size; two pairs are present, which lie one in

front of the other: their stems do not unite. A mass of .

ee ee

a

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 141

very large cells (cellule maestre) are developed behind and
above the protocerebrum, and the fibres from these proceed
over the front of the protocerebrum to the ventral brain
by way of the cesophageal connections.

TECHNIQUE.

I. FrxatTion AND IMPREGNATION.

My early work on Micropteryx was all done upon material
which had been fixed and stained by very simple methods.
I became convinced that for insect neurology the employ-
ment of complicated technique was not only desirable
but necessary. Accordingly I devoted the early spring of
1915 to a somewhat extensive series of experiments in
staining and fixing the brains of cockroaches (Periplaneta),
my object being to familiarise myself with some forms of
technique which I proposed to apply later to Micropteryz.
I shall describe my methods for both insects together,
though some of them are only applicable to one or other
of the insects.

Owing to the chitinous cuticle of insects it is necessary
to take every care to ensure the penetration of the fixing fluid.
Unless there is good reason to the contrary Micropteryx
should be cut in two with a sharp knife; only the anterior
end will be preserved and fixed. A cockroach, on the other
hand, should be chloroformed and held between the finger
and thumb, with the head resting on the thumb-nail; the
epicranium should then be punctured with a small sharp
knife, and also the eyes if the individual is a large one;
the same knife should then be used to remove all the mouth
parts and the labrum at one transverse sweep, the thumb-
nail forming a block on which the cutting is done. All this
can be performed without any damage being done to the
brain by pressure. The head is then cut off and placed in
the fixing fluid.

Fizxatiwes. Osmic Actb (osmium tetroxide).— This is
perhaps the most generally used of all fixatives, ever since
the time of Viallanes, who described it as “le réactif’ le
plus précieux que nous possédions pour mettre en évidence
le trajet des fibres.” It has been used in strengths of from
4% to 1%. Flemming’s solution has also been much
used, and it is probable that its results are slightly better
than those given by osmic acid alone. Béttger recom-
mended its employment for periods of about three weeks;

, ae
142 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

I cannot see that anything is gained by leaving material
in it for so long a time, though it is well known that all
fixatives containing osmic acid penetrate slowly even
through small pieces of tissue. Forty-eight hours is quite
sufficient, according to my experience. Borrel’s fluid also
gives good results very similar to those obtained with other
osmic acid fluids. Micropteryx tends to float in this and
other fixatives; if it cannot be caused to sink with the aid
of shaking it may be lightly painted with 90% alcohol in
order to reduce the surface tension. All these fixatives
are extremely useful, though they occasionally tend to
shrink the cytoplasm of the larger nerve cells. The nerve
fibres (axons) stand out from one another with great clear-
ness, and in this way the sections are well suited for study :
they are never distorted, and there is no tendency for
the ganglion cells to break away in masses from the under-
lying fibrillar substance. Great care must be exercised
in washing the material very thoroughly in water after
fixation, or the staining will be unsatisfactory.

FormMatin.—Formalin has been recommended in various
rather high percentages (10 °%, 20 %, etc.) by more than one
worker. It is customary to leave the heads in it for some
days. I anticipate that the use of formalin will soon be
discontinued, for though it gives a distinctly good demon-
stration of the tracts of axons, there is a great tendency for
the formation of vacuoles in the fibrillar substance. The re-
sult of this is that the tracts are pushed to one side and
distorted. This vacuolisation is not invariable, but it
constitutes a grave defect in the method, which is one that
I found unreliable.

Picro-Cuior-Acetic Mixturr.—I do not know to
whom we are indebted for this very useful fixative; but
it appears that it has not previously been used by insect
neurologists. My own experience is that it is the best
general fixative I have ever employed, and I trust that the
workers of the future will be as satisfied with it as I am
myself. It possesses very great powers of penetration,
and can be relied on to fix small insects completely without
decapitation or any other precautions. Insect histologists
will find that it is an exceedingly fine preservative of the
details of cell-structure; as far as the brain is concerned
this fluid demonstrated the tracts of axons with particular
clearness, and in this respect it does not fall far short of
osmic acid. The nerve cells are also well preserved, and

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 143

all the different types can easily be distinguished, though
for a special study of the cells it is certainly best to have
some material fixed for that purpose in Bouin’s fluid.

Bourn’s Fiurp.—This fixative is only of use for a study
of the nerve cells, and for this purpose it is unrivalled. It
fixes material in such a way that the tracts of fibres cannot
be distinguished at all, but that is immaterial provided it is
realised that the fluid is essentially a special fixative.

Acetic SUBLIMATE SoLtuTIoN.—This is simply a satu-
rated solution of mercuric chloride in dilute alcohol to which
a small percentage of acetic acid has been added. It has
been used by other authors but there is nothing to
recommend it; the tracts or bundles of axons are shown in
much the same way as they are in material fixed in the
picro-chlor-acetic mixture, the cells are shrunken and the
different types cannot. be distinguished, and the fluid has
poor power of penetration.

PERENYI’S Fiuip.—This is a fixative with very small
power of penetration, even when used hot. Even if penetra-
tion is secured the tracts of axons cannot be distinguished
from one another, and the cells are swollen and matted
together.

Gitson’s Fiurp.—The penetrating power of this fluid
is so great that insects may be fixed in it whole. It is an
excellent fixative of ganglion cells, and shows the differences
between the types very clearly: for this purpose it is
valuable but it fails entirely to define the axons.

BicHromaTE. — Potassium bichromate, apart from its
use in the Golgi method, is quite useless as a fixative of
insect nerve tissue, first because details of structure and
the course of axons are not well preserved, secondly because
material so fixed stains most intensely and generally with
the aniline dyes, thirdly because these stains can scarcely
be washed out or differentiated, and fourthly because of the
great brittleness of sections which have been exposed to
the action of these fluids.

Tue Gorter Metuop.—- This method has been applied
by Kenyon to the brain of the bee, and with it he has ob-
tained some very remarkable results; his original paper
(Kenyon, 1896, I) should be consulted for a full account
of his procedure. It is almost impossible to apply it to
insects which are not available for the greater part of the
year because it is extremely precarious, and even Kenyon
himself only obtained good results with an occasional

144 Ry A. Buxton on the

specimen. I have been unable to use it with any success
upon Micropteryz.

Meratiic ImpreaNnation.—The object of this method

is to impregnate nerve cells and fibres with actual metallic
silver and gold. The silver salt which is invariably used
is the nitrate, and as it gives excellent results I have tried
no other salts. The heads are dropped into a solution of
this salt and kept in the dark for a period. I have devoted
some time to discovering the best strength of silver solution
and the period during which the heads should be exposed
to its action. I find that the best results are obtained
by dropping them into 1 % silver nitrate in water, and leav-
ing them in the dark for ten days. The silver is very slow
in penetrating the head, and if a 6 % solution is used there
is great danger that the periphery will be blackened before
the central portions are affected at all. I believe that
penetration can be accelerated by keeping the whole at
30°-35° C. Itis probable that the period during which the
head lies in AgNO, is immaterial provided that the fixation
proceeds in the dark and that sufficient time is allowed for
the full and equal penetration of the silver. It was not
found advisable to assist the silver to penetrate more quickly
by employing an alcoholic solution of the salt. I have, for
instance, experimented with a 1 % solution in 30 °, alcohol,
following this by the various processes which I describe
below. The impregnation of the various fibres was not
obtained at all, though the various parts of the brain were
coloured to different degrees. In fact, the alcoholic solu-
tion of silver gave quite a pretty differential stain of no
particular value, but failed utterly to produce the sweeping
black lines which are what is desired.

The head, then, is fixed for ten days in 1 °% silver nitrate
in darkness. It is then washed. A few workers transfer
it to pyrogallic acid for a day, in order to reduce the silver
and leave it in the tissues in a finely divided state. I am
quite convinced that this is unwise. The reduction may be
done much more evenly by a method which I shall now de-
scribe. The heads are embedded, unreduced, in paraffin,
fixed to the slide in the usual manner, and treated with
xylol and descending grades of alcohol. At this stage the
sections are sienna-brown in colour. From a low grade of
alcohol the sections are moved to distilled water. (I need
hardly say that if the heads or sections are brought into tap
water a fine deposit of chloride will be precipitated which

Oe ee

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 145

will completely ruin the preparations.) The slides are now
placed in 1-2 % AgNO, and exposed to bright sunlight or
an electric lamp for about ten minutes. After this they
are washed for two minutes in distilled water and placed in

1% gold chloride for two minutes in a bright ight. They
are then again washed and placed in an aqueous “solution of
pyrogallic ‘acid until the reduction is complete, deposits of
metal being left in the fibres. The sections are now brought
up through the usual grades of alcohol, stained for a very
few seconds in orange G, and mounted. These prepara-
tions do not degenerate under the cover-slip in the same
manner as Golgi preparations.

This impregnation is only a modification of one intro-
duced by Ramon y Cajal; a similar method has been
employed by Jonescu.

If it is successful it gives sweeping black lines of axons
running through the brain in the most diagrammatic
manner. It is unfortunately almost inapplicable to so
small an insect as Micropleryx, owing to the fact that the
aqueous silver solution hardly penetrates the. insect’s
minute neck even after decapitation. Jam quite confident
that this method will be found most useful in the study of
the brains of insects which are large enough to admit of
the brain being laid partly bare to the fixing fluid.

II. Section Curtine.

All material should be stored in 90% alcohol, rather than
in a lower percentage. Excellent material may be com-
pletely ruined if the spirit in which it is kept has ever been
im contact with cork, the tannin of which interferes with
the action of most stains: glass-stoppered vessels must
accordingly be used.

Section Curtinc.—It is well known that the cutting of
sections through heavily chitinous insects presents oreat
difficulties. Much may be done to overcome this, but be-
fore discussing methods of softening chitin I should like
to state my firm conviction that the one factor of prime
importance is the microtome knife. In the absence of a
really sharp knife no softening reagents and no care exer-
cised during the embedding are of the slightest value. The
best softening reagent, so far as my limited know ledge goes,
is spirit soap (German ‘Pharmacopceia), the use of which was
first advocated by Kurt Bedau. The insects are placed in

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.) Ii

146 Mr. . Buxton on the

this for some days, well washed in 70 °% and 90 °% alcohol,
and then embedded. The chitin is certainly softened by
this solution, but will regain some of its hardness if it is
simply embedded in hot paraffin. It appears that heat,
absolute alcohol, and xylol, all exercise a marked harden-
ing effect on chitin. It is best, then, that the head or
insect should be dehydrated as much as possible in 90%
alcohol, left a short time in absolute alcohol, and cleared in
chloroform. I then place it for some days in a chloroform
solution of paraffin, and finally drop it into the hot paraffin
of the ordinary embedding bath. Here it remains only
long enough for it to attain the temperature of the bath,
and is then removed in the crucible or other vessel in which
the paraffin is contained, and placed under a vacuum pump ;
the pump will quickly remove the chloroform, most of
which has by now become diffused into the paraffin. The
mass may then be turned out into a mould and cooled.
Terpineol has also been used as a softening reagent and
it appears quite satisfactory, though I have not much
experience of it.

CEeLLorpin.—I have used this to some extent, though
I no longer do so, because I find it unnecessary if spirit
soap is used as described above. It cannot be relied upon
to penetrate a whole insect unless thin celloidin be employed
for many days.

Both with and without celloidin I have been able to
obtain serial sections of the head of Micropteryx of con-
siderable thinness. I have several series of 3°5 », which is
not by any means too thin, because of the smallness and
complex structure of the brain.

Practical experience teaches me that it is never safe to
move either complete brains or sections from absolute
alcohol to xylol or vice versa, but that an intermediate
mixture of the fluids should always be employed. Unless
this is done the ganglion cells will frequently break away
from the axonic part of the brain.

III. Srarnina.

For general study sections should be stained with DELA-
FIELD'S HA MATOXYLIN, and ORANGE G (eosin may also
be used, but I think that the orange G gives better results).
Such sections are excellent for preliminary work, and I
always use this stain as a standard test for a fixative which
is new to me.

Protocerebrum of Micropteryzx. 147

Another valuable stain is Picro-nicrostn. This brings
into special prominence the tracts of fibres which run
through the brain. Counter-staining should be avoided,
and also over-staining, because picro-nigrosin washes out
only with difficulty in acid alcohol. The best results are
obtained with material fixed in osmic acid or Flemming’s
solution.

Other hematoxylin methods have little to recommend
them. The Weigert-Pal method cannot be used because
it is specific for myelin sheaths, which are never found on
the nerve fibres of insects.

5% HMATOXYLIN CONTAINING LITHIUM CARBONATE
is a stain for nerve fibres, but picro-nigrosin gives similar
though more distinct results. Staining with Ma.iory’s
HAIMATOXYLIN is very strongly recommended by Kenyon
and by Altens. The process is complicated. At first
sight the stain appears much too general to be of use.
Every tissue is stained a heavy dark blue, and differentia-
tion in acid alcohol is useless. I have discovered that the
sections may be quickly differentiated in a solution of
sodium bicarbonate in distilled water. The stain becomes
bright sky blue and most of the tissues are partly decolor-
ised. The nerve fibres retain the stain. This complicated
method produces results which are not really superior to
those produced by staining with picro-nigrosin. The blue
colour appears to be permanent. The cytoplasm of the
giant cells retains even more of the stain than do the nerve
fibres. The ordinary small ganglion cells are very reuch
decolorised in the alkali.

Matiory’s Anitin Biur.—This has been used by
Bretschneider in his work on the brain of Periplaneta. The
method is one of great complexity, especially with the addi-
tion of the modifications which he introduces. The results
are extremely beautiful, but most workers will probably
consider them hardly worth the trouble and time expended
on them.

Mann’s Srarn.—I am much indebted to Dr. D. Keilin
for insisting on my giving a trial to this stain, which
will be found of great value. I find it best to stain first,
lightly, with Delafield, but this is not necessary or desir-
able except for nerve cells; the stain is widely known
to insect histologists, and is strongly recommended to
neurologists. It is seen at its best when applied to
material fixed in the fluids of Bouin, or Gilson, or in the

_

148 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

picro-chlor-acetic mixture; it should not be used upon
osmic acid preparations.

I have tried several stains which have proved more or
less useless, and I mention them below in order to save
others from wasting time upon them.

MeTHyLENeE Bivue and Merayni Vioter.—It appears
that the cells have little affinity for these stains. This is
remarkable when it is remembered to how large an extent
methylene blue has been used as a vital stain for the
nervous systems of the Arthropoda.

Van GrEson’s Starn.—This stain is useless because it
colours all the soft parts of the section a uniform pink
colour, without any of the differentiation which it ae
with sections of the tissues of Vertebrates.

Various preparations of CARMINE were tried, because of
its historic interest as the only stain used by the workers
of thirty or forty years ago. It appears to have singularly
little affinity for any part of the brain of Micropteryz.

The stains on which I place most reliance are Delafield’s
hematoxylin with orange G as counter-stain for preliminary
study, picro-nigrosin and the reduced silver and gold method
for the study of the course of nerve fibres, and Mann’s stain for
the nerve cells.

IV. Nore.—Some of the fixatives and stains to which I
have had reason to refer are not very well known, and it
will perhaps be helpful if I give their compositions. The
prcro-chlor-acetic mixture is 1% picric acid in absolute
alcohol, 6 parts; chloroform 1 part; formalin (40%)
1 part; glacial acetic acid 4 part. Fix twenty-four hours,
then three days in 90 % alcohol. Borrel’s fluid consists of
osmic acid (Os O4) 1 gm.; acetic acid 10 ¢.c.; platinum
chloride 1 gm.; chromic acid 1°5 gm.; and distilled water
170 'c.c.

The spirit soap which is recommended as a reagent
for softening chitin is one of the official preparations of
the German Pharmacopoeia: 6 gms. of olive oil are
saponified with 7 gms. of a solution of potassium hydroxide ;
to this is added alcohol 30 gms., water 17 ¢.c. (Kurt Bedau,
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, Vol. 97, p. 418, 1910-11).

Of the stains the following should perhaps be described.
The picro-nigrosin I used was made up as follows: 1 vol.
1 % aqueous solution of nigrosin; 9 vols. saturated aqueous
sviution of picric acid. The fact that the various authors

08 EEE

toate

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 149

who have tried this stain give conflicting accounts of its
value is due to the fact that there is no standard composi-
tion for it. Mallory’s hematoxylin—The stain consists
of hematoxylin crystals 1 gm.; chloral hydrate 10 gms.;
10 % solution of phosphomolybdic acid in water 1 c.c.;
distilled water 100 c.c. The sections are mordanted in
5 °/ copper sulphate solution for twenty-four hours, washed
in tap water, placed for } or § hour in the stain diluted
with four times its volume of distilled water, rinsed and
carefully decolorised in a solution of sodium bicarbonate
in distilled water. Bretschneider’s application of Mallory’s
anilin blue, with some slight modifications of my own, is as
follows: Delafield’s hematoxyl 1 hour, or until the nuclei
are faintly stained; wash; eosin twenty minutes; wash in
water; 1°% phosphomolybdic acid two minutes. Mallory’s
stain one minute; wash, dehydrate and mount. The com-
position of the Mallory’s stain is anilin blue (water-soluble)
4 om., orange G (water-soluble) 2 gms., oxalic acid 2 gms.,
distilled water 100 c.c. Mann’s stain; 1°% aqueous sol.
methyl blue 35 c.c., 1 % aqueous eosin 35 ¢.c., water 100 c.c.
Stain ten minutes or longer, for it is impossible to overstain,
and then wash in alcohol containing 1 % of pyridin, watch-
ing the process of decolorisation under the microscope;
with practice the right degree of decolorisation can easily
be obtained.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A very complete bibliography is given by Kiihnle. It
is only necessary for me to give a list of the authors and
papers to which I have referred.

A. Works dealing with the Segmentation of the Arthro-
pod Head, ete.

Braver, A. (1) 1894. Beitrage zur Kentniss der Kn-
twicklungsgeschichte des Skorpions. Parti
I. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. LVII.
(2) 1895. Ditto. Part II. Op. cit., Bd. LVIX.
Heymons, R. (1) 1895. Die Embryonalentwicklung von
Dermapteren und Orthopteren. Jena
(Fischer).
(2) 1897. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Un-
tersuchungen an Lepisma saccharina.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. LXIT.
(3) 1901. Entw. gesch. der Scolopender.
Zoologica, (Chun.), XIII.

td
150 Mr. P. A. Buxton on the

Korscuett and Herper. 1899. Textbook of Embry-
ology of Invertebrates, Vol. ITI.

B. Works dealing with the Central Nervous System of
Insects.

Auten, Hans von, 1910. Zur Phylogenie des Hymeno-
pterengehirns. Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss., Bd.
XLVI, pp. 511-590.

Beriese, A. (1) 1907. Gh Insetti, Vol. I, pp. 569-588.

(2) Monogr. dei Myrientomata. Redia, Vol.

VI, p. 134.

BRETSCHNEIDER. 1914. Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss.,
Bd. LI.

Bouvier, M. KE. L. Henri Viallanes, sa vie et ses travaux.
Ann. de Sci. Nat. Zool., Sér. VII, Tome XV (1893).
(Contains a complete bibliography of the papers of
Viallanes, twenty-three of which deal with the nervous
system of the Arthropoda.)

Diett, M. J. 1876. Die Organisation des Arthropoden-
gehirns. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd.. XX VII, p. 489.

FioceLt, J. H. L. 1878. Ueber den einheitlichen Bau
des Gehirns in den verschiedenen Insectenordnungen.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Suppl.-Bd. XXX.

Haier, B. 1905. Ueber den allgemeinen Bauplan des
Tracheaten Syncerebrums. Arch. f. microscop. Anat.
und Entwick., Bd. LXV, p. 181.

Houste. 1910. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. XCVI,
p. 420.

Jonescu, C. N. 1909. Vergleichende Untersuchungen
iiber das Gehirn der Honigbiene. Jen. Zeitschr. f.
Naturwiss., Bd. XLV, p. 111.

Kenyon, C.F. (1) 1896. The Brain of the Bee. Journ.

of Comp. Neurol., Vol. VI.

(2) 1896. The Meaning and Structure of
the so-called “‘ Mushroom Bodies” of
the Hexapod brain. Amer. Nat., Vol.
XXX.

Ktunie, K. F. 1913. Das Gehirn des gemeinen Ohr-
wurm’s (Forfic., etc.). Jen. Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss.,
Bd. L, pp. 147-276.

LowneE. 1893. The Blow-fly, Vol. II, p. 432.

Newton, E. F. 1879. On the Brain of the Cockroach.
Q.J.M.S., Vol. XIX.

PackarD, A. 8. 1903. A Textbook of Entomology.

Protocerebrum of Micropteryz. 151

VIALLANES. (1) 1886. Le Cerveau de la Guépe. Ann.
de Sci. Nat. Zool., Sér. VII, Tome II.
(2) 1887. Etudes histologiques et organo-
logiques sur les centres nerveux. V™.
Mémoire. Le Cerveau du Criquet (Oedi-
poda and Caloptenus). Ann. de Sci. Nat.
Zool., Sér. VII, Tome IV.
ZIEGLER, H. E. 1912. Die Gehirne der Insecten. Naturw.
Wochenschr., Bd. XI.

ABBREVIATIONS USED.

In every case the same abbreviations are used in the
Plates as in the text figures.
The letters a, b, c, d, etc., refer in all cases to tracts.

a, b, ¢, d, etc. (p. 136).

as. br. = ascending branch (= forward root) of mushroom
body.

a.8. = axonic substance = fibrillar substance.

as. tr. = ascending trunk of mushroom body.

br. = bridge.

br. hd. = head of bridge.

d.1. = dorsal lobe of protocerebrum.

dm. = deuterocerebrum (= antennary lobe).

d. sy. = deuterocerebral or paired sympathetic system.

ev. = Einstrémmung (see p. 120).

g.¢. = ganglion cells of the “ normal” type.

gi.c. = giant cells.

hd. = head of mushroom body.

im. ca. = inner capsule of central body.

im. 7. = inner root of mushroom body.

I. 1. = lateral protocerebral lobes.

lo. = “la loge”’ of Viallanes.

mb. = mushroom body.

mb. c. = cells of mushroom body.

mi. l, = middle lobe.

mi.l.a, and mi.l.p.= anterior and posterior portions of
middle lobe.

mm. = tract mm. {p. 138).

mo.n. = motor antennary nerve.

ng. = nuclei of neuroglia cells.

nl. = neurilemma.

mn. = nuclei of the neuriiemma.

-

152 Explanation of Plates.

0.¢. = cells of optic lobes.

oc. gl. = ocellary glomerulus.

oc. n. = ocellary nerve.

0.1, = optic lobes.

ou. ca. = outer capsule of central body.

pe.l. = protocerebral lobes.

po. br. = posterior branch (= backward root) of mush-
room body.

Ss. 2. = sensory antennary nerve.

st. = stem of mushroom body.

sw. hd. = swollen head of ascending branch.

sw. st. = swollen foot of stem.

im. = tritocerebrum.

ir. = tracheal tubes.

tu. = tumulus.

vl. l. = ventrolateral lobe of protocerebrum.

vl. l.a. and vl.l.p. = its anterior and posterior portions.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plates VII to IX (figures 1 to 16) represent a series of vertical
transverse sections through the protocerebrum of Micropteryzx,
partially diagrammatic. Each figure represents a successive sec-
tion 3°5 « thick, except that single sections are omitted between
figures 6 and 7, 9 and 10, 14 and 15, and 15 and 16.

The neurilemma is shown as a black line, the cells of the mush-
room body (mb. c.) and those of the optic lobes (0. c.) by black masses,
and the normal ganglion cells (g: c.) by dark grey, except where one
or two occur alone, in which case they are represented as indi-
vidual black dots (e.g. fig. 5). Giant cells (gi. c.) are always drawn
individually. Axonic substance is shown pale grey, except the
stem of the mushroom body, which stains heavily and is coloured
dark, and certain other parts of the protocerebrum which are
shown in medium grey because they stain slightly more intensely
than other parts. Bands of fibres are shown as dark lines when
they are striking features of any section.

The upper part of each figure is dorsal, the lower ventral.

Plate X (fig. 17).—This plate is from a thin section, hence the
amount of free space among the ganglion cells. The drawing re-

Ce Cee AS, & Gee

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate V1,

$c.

Sar.st

BUXTON: PROTOCEREBRUM OF MICROPTERYX.

Trans. int. Soc. Lond., 1927, Plate VIII.

BUXTON: PROTOCEREBRUM OF MICROPTERY<X.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate LX.

BUXTON: PROTOCEREBRUM OF MICROPTERYX.

2
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ai
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7 %
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,
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Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1917, Plate X.

BUXTON: PROTOCEREBRUM OF MICROPTERYX.

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Explanation of Plates. 153

presents the upper part/of the protocerebrum (cf. fig. 12), and shows
mushroom body cells and normal ganglion cells lying in a loose
mass beneath the neurilemma (nl.), which here contains tracheae
and characteristic elongate nuclei. The minute glomerular bodies
on the head of the mushroom body are indicated, and also the large
tract r, typical of Fasersubstanz, and the dorsal lobe, an example
of Punktsubstanz. Note the mass of irregular neuroglial nuclei
beneath one head of the bridge.

The plates are in every case drawn with the aid of a drawing
eyepiece.

( 154 )

VI. Some Notes on Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana.
By C. B. Witiras, M.A., F.ES.

Witru SketcH Map.
[Read March 7th, 1917.]

THE whole problem of the migration of insects, and of
butterflies in particular, is one of great interest, and, at the
same time, one about which we have so little data that it
is almost impossible at present to make any generalisations.
With the exception of records of such well- known migratory
insects as the locusts, most of the published accounts are
fragmentary, inaccessible or isolated records for a country
by passing visitors. From the records relating to butter-
flies almost the only common fact which emerges is that
migrations are particularly abundant in the Pvzeridae,
records in this group being known from all parts of the
world.

I have recently spent a few months in British Guiana,
and have been fortunate enough to observe two migrations
of the yellow Pierid, Callidryas eubule, one of which lasted
for at least ten days. I also questioned a number of
residents of the district about migrations, which when
large are noticeable even by the non-entomological public,
and find that they are a phenomenon of regular occurrence,
and that almost every one who has resided there for any
length of time has seen the clouds “ of yellow butterflies
all flying steadily in one direction.’ Most of the accounts
were too vague to be of any value, especially with regard
to details; but from among them I was able to get some in
which the locality and the direction of flight was given
with sufficient appearance of accuracy to make it seem
worth recording. In addition to these I have given ex-
tracts from a few published accounts of migrations in
British Guiana, chiefly from local publications which are
not readily accessible to the entomologist.

The climatic conditions near the coast of British Guiana,
to which district most of the records refer, consist of two
wet and two dry seasons each year. In general, February

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.)

Mr. C. B. Williams’ Notes on Butterfly Migrations 155

to April is more or less dry; May to the middle of August
wet; the end of August to October the driest season;
and November to February again wet. Further in the
interior the second dry season is lost, and there is only
one wet and one dry season each year.

There are given below particulars of sixteen different
migrations (really more, as some of the records refer to a
number of similar migrations seen in the sanie locality in
different years). All except one of these refer to Callidryas
eubule. Two are from my own observations, nine are
collected from residents and are, I believe, quite reliable,
while five have been previously recorded. The exact
locality and direction of all, except one, will be found
indicated on the accompanying map.

1. This migration I saw in the North-west District of
British Guiana within.a short distance of the Venezuelan
border. Most of the observations were made on the River
Aruka, between the junction with the Barima, of which it
is a tributary, and Issororo about six miles further up the
Aruka. The junction of the two rivers is about twelve
miles in a direct line to the coast, and about nine miles from
Venezuela. The district is chiefly a vast forest swamp,
below the high-tide sea level, with here and there a small
rounded or flat-topped hill, one or two hundred feet high.

The migration consisted almost entirely of the yellow
Pierid Callidryas eubule, interspersed with a very small
proportion of at least three other species which I was
unable to catch; one of them, a large, dark, Papilio-like
insect, may possibly have been Cydimon [Urania] leilus,
a day-flying moth which is not uncommon in the district,
and which has been recorded as having migrations of its
own.

I first became aware of the migration on August Ist,
1916, although three days before specimens had been
noticed in the district. It was then two and a half months
after the beginning of the first wet season. The migration
was only at times really conspicuous and never attained
a density which could without exaggeration be recorded
as a “thick cloud.”” On many days only careful observa-
tion indicated that anything unusual was occurring. In
order to get a comparative idea of the density of the
migration a distance of about two hundred yards was
estimated from the observer in a line across the direction
of flight (in close spaces this sometimes had to be reduced

-

156 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Notes on

to one hundred yards or less), and the number of butterflies

crossing this line per minute was counted.
It will be best to give the actual observations taken

at the time.

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

<
Zz
<
=
os)

~DvLTCH

1st August.—The yellow butterfly, Callidryas eubule, was
migrating in large numbers to-day. They were flying in
an easterly to south-easterly direction almost across what
is, for this district, a rather strong wind. They were first

ee

Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 157

noticed crossing the’ River Aruka about half a mile from
Issororo. At 1.10 p.m. I counted in a little over five
minutes sixty-two Callidryas, one orange butterfly of about
the same size, one smaller yellow species, and two dark
Papilio-like insects crossing a space estimated at two hundred
yards (moving as our boat moved). They became rapidly
more common, and from 1.30—1.35 I counted three hundred
and fifty crossing the same estimated distance. They were
then for some distance a little less common, but at the
junction of the Aruka and the Barima, where we arrived at
about 2.15, at least a hundred and fifty per minute were
passing. Below this the flight thinned out, and at Mora-
whanna, four miles below the junction, scarcely any were
to be seen. The course of the rivers is far from straight,
but the flight must have been at least five miles across.
About one in a hundred of the butterflies was a bright orange
species, and a smaller proportion of the dark Papilio-like
species ; this latter may, however, have been more common,
as it was difficult to see at a distance.

Catching butterflies while standing up in a small boat
is neither easy nor safe, but | managed to net two specimens,
one male and one female.

2nd August—We left Morawhanna at 11.30 a.m., and
were in the migration practically the whole way back to
Issororo, where we arrived at 2.30 p.m. The butterflies
were occasional near Morawhanna, almost as common as
yesterday at the junction of the Aruka and Barima, and
frequent all the way up until near the end, when a very
heavy shower sent both us and them into shelter. Even in
the thinner parts ten to twenty per minute were crossing
every two hundred yards. To-day I caught five specimens,
four males and one female.

3rd August—At ten o’clock this morning the yellow
butterflies were flying at the rate of two or three per minute
past the house (in a clearing about one hundred yards wide
and about half-way up a hill about two hundred feet high).
At 10.15 none were to be seen; at eleven o’clock they were
again noticed for about five minutes; at 12.30 they were
still passing over three or four per minute, and again at
two o’clock they were seen occasionally in intervals between
showers. At 3 p.m. a few more were noticed. I caught
to-day one more specimen, a female.

4th August —At 9.30 a.m. six or seven Callidryas were
seen passing south-east over the house; about 11 a.m. they

-
158 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Notes on

were noticed whenever the sun was shining; between
11.35 and 11.40 thirty-four passed over on a hundred yards
line. At 1 p.m. two or three per minute were flying rapidly
at the foot of the hill, all going south-east. At 2 p.m. they
were still passing, but none were seen after three o'clock.
One caught to-day was a male.

5th August. —Very wet, 1°38 inches of rain; no butterflies
seen.

6th August.—They were first noticed to-day at 11 a.m.;
from 11.30-11.35 sixty-three passed over the garden, 7. e.
thirteen per minute on a hundred yards line.

ith August.—The butterflies are still migrating. At
9.30 a.m. six or seven per minute were passing the house ;
at 10.15 a.m. eight a minute were passing on a hundred
yards of garden; and again at mid-day and at one o’clock
they were still flying. One specimen captured to-day was
a male.

8th August.— At 11.15 a.m. they were again noticed
migrating. The sun seems to make a great difference to
the flight. I started counting at 11.16 a.m., and in the
first minute eight passed; then the sun went in, and in the
next four minutes only three were seen; in the first two
minutes of sunshine after this fifteen passed. Do they
follow the patches of sunlight, or settle when a shadow
comes? The former does not seem possible, as they have
always been flying across the direction of the wind. At
1.15 occasional specimens were seen crossing the river,
but they were far apart; at a casual glance it might not
be noticed, but every ten seconds or so one would come
into view going full speed south-east.

9th August.—The butterflies were still in migration,
but only occasionally in intervals between heavy showers.

10th August.—The butterflies were plentiful to-day,
crossing the river at Issororo at least twenty to thirty per
minute on two hundred yards line. Half a mile between
Issororo they thinned out and remained at three or four
per minute right down to the river junction; below this
to Morawhanna only very few were seen. I made an
attempt to-day to estimate the speed at which they were
flying; previously I had found it impossible to overtake
them even when on a clear footpath, and had considered
their speed as at the very least nine miles per hour. The
river now gave a good opportunity of testing this, as they
were passing directly across it and could be timed from

Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 159

one side to the other with ease. The river was at least
a hundred and fifty, and possibly two hundred vards wide.
Three butterflies were timed and took twenty, twenty-four
and twenty-six seconds to cross. Taking twenty-four
seconds as an average and a hundred and fifty yards as the
distance, this gives twelve miles per hour (if the river were
two hundred yards wide it would be sixteen miles per hour).
This is, I think, a not unreasonable estimate.

In flying the insects kept close to the surface over which
they were passing; over the forest they seemed never to
be more than a few feet above the tops of the trees, and in
any but the smallest clearing they descended rapidly to the
ground and flew between small bushes and trees about four
to eight feet up. On crossing the river they kept still
lower, being seldom more than three feet above the water
and occasionally almost touching it.

Any attempt to estimate the number of butterflies in a
flight of this kind must of necessity be only an approxima-
tion. Taking ten butterflies per minute per two hundred
yards as an average, this gives 5,400 per hour per mile,
or 135,000 for a day of five hours on a front of five miles.
At the rate noted at the junction of the Aruka and Barima
on the Ist August (150 per minute) 84,000 would pass in a
single hour on a front of one mile.

On the 10th August I left the district, and was later
informed by Mr. A. A. Abraham, Manager of the Govern-
ment Experimental station at Issororo, that the butterflies
disappeared shortly after my departure.

The chief points of the above migration may be summar-
ised as follows: (1) The migration lasted at least ten days ;
(2) both males and females were represented, the former
predominating (my total captures were seven males and
three females). (3) They flew constantly in a_ south-
easterly direction at a speed of about twelve miles per
hour across the prevailing north-east trade wind.

2. In the middle of October 1916 Mr. Abraham wrote
to me from Issororo to say, “ Since my last note to you [end
of September] I have observed that the butterflies are
returning at the same rate and numbers to the bank of the
river from which they migrated.” This is a particularly
interesting record, as it confirms several other records of
migration in opposite directions in the same locality about
which I had been doubtful.

3. In September 1916 I observed a very diffuse migra-

a se
160 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Notes on

tion at Bartica at the junction of the Essequebo, Cuyuni
and Mazaruni Rivers, and from there down towards the
mouth of the Essequebo. On the 11th September I
noticed that all the Callidryas passing over the garden of
the house where I was staying (at H. M. Penal Settlement
on the opposite bank of the Mazaruni to Bartica) were
flying in the same direction, towards the N.N.W., at full
speed. They were not common, and in twenty minutes
(12.40-1 p.m.) I only counted thirty-nine, 7. e. about two
a minute; during that time not a single one was seen to
settle, or fly in any other direction. They were still
passing over about half an hour later, but after that the
usual afternoon rains came on and they were not seen
again that day. There was a slight east wind blowing at
the time. On the following day (12th September) at
Bartica, several were seen, again all flying full speed N.N.W.
On the 15th September I descended the Essequebo to the
mouth by steamer, and during the early part of the journey
Callidryas were flying N.N.W. at the rate of four or five a
minute on a two hundred yards line. There was then
practically no wind. About 10.30 a.m. the north-east trade
wind became stronger, and the flight changed to a westerly
direction (almost directly across the river instead of down
it). This would be the natural resultant of a N.E. breeze
on an attempted flight in a N. or N.N.W. direction.

4. Mr. Withers, Manager of Hills Estate, Bartica, who
has resided in the district about seven years, tells me that
he has many times seen the yellow butterfly migrating,
sometimes for days together, always i a N. to N.W.
direction. These flights, he says, usually occur in October.

5. Mr. Frear, Chief of H. M. Penal Settlement, tells me
that about the beginning of August 1916 there was a small
flight about ten miles up the Mazaruni River flying north-
west. This would be about the same time as I saw them
at Issororo, flying in an exactly opposite direction.

6. Mr. Cameron, Acting Chief Engineer of the Govern-
ment Steamer Service, tells me that on the 8th September,
1916, he saw a small number of yellow butterflies at
Camaria on the River Cuyuni, about eight miles above the
Penal Settlement, all flying north-west.

7. H. W. B. Moore, in “ Timehri,” the Journal of the
toyal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British
Guiana, 3rd Series, vol. 11 (1912), p. 405, says: “In
July .. . I observed thousands of Callidryas eubule .

Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 161

flying across the Essequebo River from Wakenaam to Hog
Island and Great Troolie Island [all near the mouth of the
river]. They were flying chiefly in ones, but twos and

‘threes and higher numbers were not infrequent, whilst

once in a way a flock of twelve to twenty could be counted.
The great majority were males. . . . Soon after Kurubaru
Islands were passed the butterflies were seen to be flying
from the mainland towards Wakenaam. Going on towards
Aurora and Suddie on the west bank at the mouth of the
river they were seen flying upstream, following, it seemed,
the direction of the wind.” All the directions mentioned
are between south and east.

8. Mr. Marshall, who was for many years Manager of
a sugar plantation near Suddie, on the west bank of the
mouth of the Essequebo, tells me that migrations of the
yellow butterfly are a regular phenomenon there, chiefly
in May and June, rarely July, always flying from the N.W.
towards the S.E., which is across the prevailing N.E.
wind. They come from the north-west, and frequently
reach the coast just north of the Suddie; there they turn
southward along the coast to the mouth of the Essequebo
and then cross over via Tiger Island, Wakenaam, Leguan,
etc. It must have been one of these migrations which
Moore describes above (7).

9. Mr. Humphreys, for many years Manager of a sugar
plantation at Anna Regina, which is not far from Suddie,
says that he has frequently seen migrations going in a
northerly direction down the Essequebo River and up the
Coast. This is in the exact opposite direction to the last
recorder, but there is, I think, no reason to doubt that both
are possible. Mr. Humphreys made the further interesting
remark that the butterflies were sometimes in a long,
narrow band, only ten to twenty feet wide.

10. Mr. Rodway, in “ Timehri”’ (see above), 3rd Series,
vol. i (1911), p. 131, says: ‘‘ Callidryas eubule .. . is
noted for its extensive flights; for hours they have been
seen passing over the Demerara River going east, probably
billions in number, and all males. Whence they come and
whither they go is a mystery. Their food-plants [Cassia]
are common everywhere, and there does not appear to be
any scarcity of females.’ He refers again to this migration
in “In the Guiana Forest,” 2nd edition, 1911, p. 122,
but with no further particulars.

11. Mr. Peterkin, of the Department of Agriculture,

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaARTI. (NOV.) M

162 Mr. of Williams’ Noles on

tells me that about 1906 he saw a migration of some
thousands of yellow butterflies crossing the Demerara
River from Plantation Diamond to Plantation Wales,
that is, from the east to the west bank about six miles from
the mouth of the river. They were flying with a strong
wind behind them.

12. The Rev. Mr. Salmon tells me that at Wismar (about
sixty miles up the Demerara River) at the beginning of
August 1916 he saw a “ procession’ of yellow butterflies
between his house and the river. They were flying in
groups of ten to twenty, with a short interval between
each group. The flight was first noticed at mid-day and
lasted for several hours after this. It might have already
been proceeding for some time. They were flying approxi-
mately from N.N.W. to 8.8.E.

13. Messrs. Bancroft and Ward described to me a migra-
tion that they had seen a few days before, about the 20th
September, 1916, at Murirato, about ten miles above
Wismar on the Demerara River. The butterflies were all
flying from the left to the right bank of the river, that is,
from west to east.

14. Richard Schomburgk, in “ Reisen in Britisch Guiana,”
Zweite Theil, Leipzig, 1848, p. 157, describes a migration
of yellow butterflies which flew from $.E. to N.W. in the
interior of British Guiana near Pirara about the 13th
September, 1842. The flight lasted the whole day, and at
mid-day and just before sunset the butterflies settled in
countless numbers on the patches of sand at the edge of
the river. According to the natives they were the butter-
flies which came from certain caterpillars and chrysalides
which they readily ate.

15. Both Moore (/.c.) and Rodway (“In the Guiana
Forest,’ 2nd edition, p. 122) refer to a record of a migration
by Robert (not Richard) Schomburgk, of which, however,
I have been unable to trace the original. Moore says it was
observed by Sir Robert Schomburgk “on the 18th of
October, 1838, when going up the Essequebo, and it con-
tinued crossing the course of the river for nine hours and
a half, during which time his boat ascended nine miles.
A thousand million is not too high an estimate for the
number of individuals in the swarm.”

16. This last record relates not to Callidryas eubule, but
to another Pierid, Appias margarita, a small white species.
Mr. A. Leechman, in the “ British Guiana Handbook,”

Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 163

1913, p. 137, writes that he has “ once witnessed a flight
of white butterflies (Appias margarita) on the lower left
bank of the Berbice River which lasted for over three days,
and could only be compared during the whole of that time
to a heavy snowstorm. And the extraordinary thing was
that they were all flying directly out to sea. Mr. Leechman
has informed me that this occurred in April 1909.

It is difficult even from the above records to get any
indication of what is happening. On the real problem,
why the migration takes place, there is still no light, and
many more correlated observations must be made before
there can be any hope of solving it.* There are, however,
a few points to which attention might be directed. In the
first place, there are here two general directions of migra-
tion for Callidryas eubule, roughly from the north-west to
the south-east, and vice versa. There is as yet no record
of a migration in a north-east or south-westerly direction.
The prevailing wind is the north-east trade wind, so that
the migrations were across the wind. It is impossible to
say if this is the real determining factor in the direction of
the migration or not.

Secondly, all the migrations of Callidryas in which the
date is recorded took place between May and October.

Thirdly, it seems possible to distinguish between several
different types of migration. At least one can make a
rough but convenient grouping into three classes. (1) The
thick cloud, ‘‘ like a snowstorm,” a case which immediately
attracts the attention of the ordinary individual and is
most frequently recorded. (2) The diffuse migration,
which may vary from distinctly noticeable to so attenuated
that only a close observer would realise that anything
unusual was happening. There is, of course, no strict
line of demarcation between this and the last, and the
edge of a “cloud” migration would probably be diffuse.
A diffuse migration, however, can exist unaccompanied
by a cloud. (3) A particularly interesting form is the
“yvibbon ”? migration, or “ procession,” in which a narrow
band of butterflies a few feet or a few yards wide flies
across the country in the direction of its length. The edge
of such a migration is well defined. In this connection
it might be mentioned that, even when not on migration,

* British Guiana would seem to be a promising field for such
investigations, but they must be extended over a series of years,
with a number of competent observers stationed over the country.

-
164 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Notes on Butterfly Migrations.

Callidryas eubule has a habit of flying round and round a
field in short strings of about half a dozen almost head to
tail, and closely following each other’s movements. This
habit may throw some light on the formation of the ribbon,
but does not explain the movements of the leader.

Finally, we have the extremely interesting question of
the sexes represented in the migration. Rodway records
that all that he saw were males, but I understand that this
was from observing their colour whilst in flight. The male
and female of Callidryas eubule differ distinctly in colour
and markings, and perhaps any one very familiar with
this species could tell them apart in this way. I found it
impossible to do so, and could only tell the sex after capture.
My specimens were, as mentioned before, seven males and
three females. It does seem, then, to be a general rule
that the males predominate, and this is confirmed by obser-
vations in other parts of the world. This branch of the
subject seems to me to be of fundamental importance, for
if the migrations consist so largely of males, what becomes
of the corresponding females? Mr. Rodway has bred this
species and finds the two sexes to be more or less in equal
numbers, and this is the general rule for other insects
except in rare cases, such as parthenogenetic reproduction,
which seems scarcely feasible here. There remains the
possibility of the males developing more rapidly and
emerging from the chrysalides earlier than the females,
but there is no direct evidence for this, and against it is
the fact that, except perhaps at the beginning of the first
wet season, the successive broods of insects in the tropics
are ill-defined and usually overlap considerably. It may
be contended that the females are less fitted for long
flights, being heavily laden with eggs. Even if this is so,
we are left with the question, ‘‘ Why, then, do the males
migrate ? ”

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Part I.

wou4nia

Nwijnd

André, Sleigh & Anglo. Ltd.

SxeTcH Map SHOWING LocaLITIES OF HYMENOPTERA,
BRITISH GUIANA.

(STG)

VII. The condition of the scales in the leaden males of
Agriades thetis, Rott., and in other Lycaenids. By
H. A CocKAYNE, D. M., F.R.C.P., Temporary
Surgeon, R.N.

[Read March 7th, 1917.]
Prats XI.

THE peculiar colour of the leaden males of Agriades thetis,
many of which were taken near Folkestone in 1916 and
occasional specimens in previous years, led me to think
that a microscopical examination of their scales might be
of considerable interest.

In the normal male thetis the wing is covered with lines
of smoky scales, short and broad, which have strong
longitudinal ribs and well-marked cross striations. Alter-
nating with the rows of dark scales are rows of longer
scales, which I call for convenience the ‘‘ colour scales.”’
These are also longitudinally ribbed, but have weaker
cross striation, and are yellow by transmitted light and
brilliant blue by reflected light. The blue colour has
generally been regarded as an interference colour due to
the cross striae and not a pigmentary colour, but H. M. Sims
(Canadian Entomologist, 1915, p. 161) considers that it
is dependent on a fluorescent dye. In either case the
dark scales serve to absorb any light which passes through
the blue scales, and to prevent. the coloured scales on
the underside of the wing from being visible on the
upperside.

In addition to these two kinds of scales small colourless
androconial scales are present in abundance. In the leaden
males of thetis, the smoky scales and androconia are of
normal shape, size and colour, but all the colour scales
are very thin, and have their distal part rolled up to form
atube. By reflected light the curled-up edges and tubular
ends of these scales look silvery, and under a low power
of the microscope appear as ghostly triangles overlying
the dark scales, which are much exposed to direct view
and give the leaden colour to the wings.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.)

166 Dr. E. A. Cockayne on the condition of the scales

Examined under a high power (;'; inch oil immersion)
it is seen that they are quite colourless by transmitted
light. The longitudinal ribs are present, though often
crinkled, but no cross striae are present with the excep-
tion of a few imperfect ones at the extreme base of the
scales,

A few scales were found in which the lateral margins
were turned up, and in which very pale yellow dye was
present, but no cross striation. Unfortunately they were
mounted in balsam, and I could not see whether they
were blue by reflected light. If a scale of this nature
could be isolated and examined unmounted it would settle
the controversy as to the cause of the blue colour in the
blue Lycaenids.

Near the base of all four wings in both the specimens
examined, and along the costal margin of the mght fore-
wing in one of them, normal thick blue scales were found
with the abnormal ones.

Some of the scales on the fringes were thinner and more
hair-like than is usual, but the scales on the undersides of
the wings were all quite normal. The pecuharity can
scarcely be due to any pathological condition acting upon
the scales from without. If this were so the neighbouring
dark scales and androconia would not escape, nor would
the scales of the underside be perfect.

No injury, nor any infection by a pathogenic organism,
would be likely to affect the upper surfaces of all four
wings in the uniform and complete way in which it is
almost always affected in these leaden thetis. It is much
more likely to be dependent on some inborn error of
development.

The following observations of Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker
lend strong support to this view. According to this
author the blue scales in Polyommatus dolus var. vittata
are very similar to the abnormal scales of the aberration
of thetis. I quote the description of these in his Presi-
dential Address (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1913, p. elvii): “ An
extraordinary character, however, obtains in the ordinary
blue wing scales, the whole of which are curled round
so as to form more or less short tubes; the process ap-
pears to be that each side of the scales turns over, and
occasionally they meet thus in the centre, but more
generally one side will overlap the other and so form a
more or less perfect tube; by this I mean that the basal

~ te a ee Oe ee ee ee ee

a

in the leaden males of Agriades thetis. . 167

and apical ends remain open—a tube that is sealed at
each end naturally ceases to be a tube, becoming a
cylinder.”

This description agrees very closely with the condition
met with in the “colour scales’ of the leaden thetis, but
in dolus the tubular scales are blue and presumably retain
their cross striation or the fluorescent dye. Similar rolled-
up scales have been described by Mr. Bethune-Baker in
the “ Menalcas”’ group, in which the wing colour is much
whiter than in most Lycaenids.

I wrote to Mr. Bethune- Baker, who has examined micro-
scopically several leaden aberrations in his collection, and
has very kindly allowed me to publish his nates on the
condition of the scales in them. He has examined one
Lycaena arion, one Polyommatus icarus, two Lycaenopsis
(Celastrina) puspa, two Lycaenopsis planta, and a single
specimen each of three species of Tajuria, an exotic genus.

In the arion, which is a dull bluish colour, the scales
are only curled up in a small percentage, in the majority
being merely thin and inclined to buckle at the edges.
In the zcarus, which is greyer though not extremely leaden
coloured, the scales are thinner and more curled than in
the arion.

In all three species of Tajuria, which are much more
leaden coloured, the scales are rolled upwards and inwards
at the sides, the rolling being deeper at the apices, so that
in many they have a triangular shape. The rolled-up
scales are abnormally thin. This thinness is readily demon-
strated in one Tajuria, which has one or two spots of
blue on the wings, where the scales are flat, normal in
colour and of much greater density.

The two specimens of Lycaenopsis puspa from Formosa
show much the same condition as the Tauria. The two
L. planta from Borneo are quite unusually leaden coloured.
Under an inch objective the “colour scales’ are almost
invisible, but under a 12 mm. objective are seen to be
excessively thin and rolled up absolutely tight, so tight
as to look like a number of short thick pale hairs scat-
tered over the surface of the wings. The fringes are also
abnormal, the usual long, elegant, somewhat fan-shaped
scales being replaced by scales like long thin hairs with
the apex slightly split up.

Breeding experiments with leaden thetis would be very
interesting. These leaden aberrations, so widespread

168 Dr. E. A. Cockayne on the scales of Agriades thetis.

through the blue Lycaenids, may well be Mendelian
recessives to the normal blue males. The “ dolus” and
“ menalcas*’ group may be examples of Mendelian reces-
sives superseding the normal dominants through whole
species, as the recessive form of Callimorpha dominula with
yellow hind-wings has entirely replaced the dominant with
red hind-wings in certain parts of Italy. This suggestion
is one put forward in order that some one may take the
necessary steps to prove or disprove it.

‘A further point of interest in connection with the leaden
thetis is that Mr. L. W. Newman thinks that they are
unusually fragile. It is quite possible that the whole
wing membrane is thinner than that of normal males,
and, if so, it may be correlated with the thinness of the
“colour scales.” I have not been able to satisfy myself
on the point, as I did not wish to destroy a specimen for
this purpose.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

1. “Colour” scales of leaden male Agriades thetis.

2. Blue ‘“ colour” scale of normal male Agriades thetis.

3. Smoky (light absorbing) scale of leaden male Agriades thetis.

4. Androconial scale of leaden male Agriades thetis.

The fine regular striae of the blue scale are only roughly indicated.
The drawings are magnified equally.

Pwr

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XT.

' i

Ci
y

i

Pipe yt
ae Ga

E. A. Cockayne, del.

SCALES OF AGRIADES THETIS.

a WA 7 is

(:)189"%,)

VIII. On new and little-known Lagriidae frem Tropical
America. By Grorcr CHARLES Cuampion, F.Z5.

[Read March 7th, 1917.]
Puates XII, XIII.

THE present paper gives an account of the unnamed species
of Statira from S. America, the Antilles, etc., in the British
Museum, supplemented by those in the Hope Museum
at Oxford, and a few Brazilian and Trinidad forms kindly
supplied by Mr. G. E. Bryant. The study of these S.
American insects had to be undertaken under exceptionally
difficult circumstances, as not a single definitely-named
representative of any of the numerous species described
by Maklin was to be found in the collections in this country.
It is therefore not improbable that some of them have
been incorrectly identified by me from the descriptions
alone, in which the sexual distinctions are not given, or,
if seen, not recognised as such. The material examined
is mainly that obtained by J. Gray, H. Clark, and A. Fry
in the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, and by H. W.
Bates on the Amazons, the specimens from other 5S.
American localities being few in number. Dr. R. F.
Sahlberg was in Brazil in 1850 and earlier, and a few of
his captures (most of which have been identified in the
Fry collection) were described by Maklin in 1875. H. W.
Bates appears to have paid a good deal of attention to the
genus Statira and its allies! while he was resident on the
Amazons, doubtless on account of the great resemblance
of many of them to genera of Carabidae, e.g. Agra, Casnomia,
Dromius, etc.

Sratrra, Lep. et Serv.

Highty-three members of this genus were recorded
from Central America in the “ Biologia” in 1889-1893,
one only of which was known to me at that time to occur
south of Panama. The collections from South America,

1 These latter are described in the ‘‘Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine,” Vol. LIII, pp. 132-154, 188-195, 218-223, pl. 2, June-
October, 1917.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.)

all
170 Mr. G. C. Champion on

etc., now under examination, include representatives of at
least 130 more, showing that hundreds of species must
exist on the southern continent. The following additions
to the distribution, etc., of six of the Central American
forms require notice : S. denticulata, Colombia (Mus. Brit.),
an insect with denticulate anterior femora, one of two
placed under Sect. Aa in the table given in the “ Biologia,”
the other, S. glabrata, having been found by Biolley as far
south as Costa Rica; S. costaricensis, Colombia; S. ingens,
Costa Rica (Biolley) ; hi albolineata, Belize, British Honduras
(Mus. Brit.); S. nigripennis, Mikl. [not Champ.], var. y
(Biol. Centr. Am., iv. 2, pl. 2, fig. 18), from Mexico, has
been named championi by Pic (Mélanges exot.-entom. iv,
p. 20, Sept. 1912). Amongst the South American Statirae,
some (S. catenata, etc.) have very remarkable characters
in the legs, antennae, or aedeagus,” or in the clothing of
the under surface, in the males. Other structural peculiar-
ities to be noted are: the presence of a long curved spine
on the narrow basal portion of the anterior femora % in
both sexes of certain species (S. sutwralis, etc.) ; two rugose
stigmata on the disc of the prothorax (S. distigma, 3);
a basal constriction of the anterior tibiae (S. elegans, ele-
gantula, casnonioides); a deep, sharply-defined, triangular
or oblong sulcus on the prothorax in front (S. vageguttata,
etc.). etc. The apical joint of the antenna, too, is often
greatly elongated in the male, as in Lagria. The species
here enumerated may be grouped thus :—

A. Anterior femora armed with a long curved
spine at base ie oe OA ae eS
B. Anterior femora unarmed at fea
1. Species large, shining, castaneous, with
darker, submetallic, catenulato-tubercu-
late elytra, and sharply dentate anterior
HDI" ve. cs. sna) Pee ee oece ONG. Ou

2 Dr. Sharp has been kind enough to examine this organ in two
species (S. viridipennis and S. geniculata), and he tells me that
when two projecting pieces are visible, one will be the conjoined
lateral lobes (technically “‘tegmen”’), the other the median lobe,
this being really the inner one.

8’ A character evidently noticed by Hope or Westwood, the
specimen of S. costaricensis in the Oxford Museum having an anterior
leg detached and mounted separately to show this structure. It
was overlooked by Maklin in S. sutwralis.

New and little-known Lagridae. 171

2. Species large, elongate, mostly resembling

the Carabid-genus Agra, the elytra

usually metallic, nigro-tessellate in S.

meleagris, and with two or more of the

alternate interstices catenulato-tubercu-

late throughout, their length or at least

towards apex, the posterior femora

bidentate at base in S. gemmifer; 35 some-

times with strongly pronounced secondary

sexual characters in the legs or aedeagus,°

or in the clothing of the antennae or

ventral surface.

a. Elytra mucronate attip . . . . . Nos. 7-15.
b. Elytra not mucronate at tip . . . Nos. 16-34.

3. Species large, very elongate, with a ak

conical, red prothorax and metallic elytra,

the latter acuminate at apex and with

almost smooth interstices . . . No. 35.
4. Species moderately large, narrow, btaake,

with narrow head, elongate-cylindrical

prothorax and cyaneous elytra, the inter-

stices of latter almost smooth foal elt; SONGS RE
5. Species moderately large, black, with brilliant

green, non-tuberculate, mucronate elytra,

and extremely slender antennae (as in

Othryades) . . No. 37.
6. Species moderately ee or Saal pete a

some of those placed under B 2a, with the

elytra unarmed at the tip, blue or green, and

bearing small, scattered, rounded tubercles Nos. 38-40.
7. Species resembling some of those placed

under B 2b, with uneven, very feebly

striato-punctate, brilliantly metallic elytra,

which are catenulato-tuberculate towards

sides or apex sale Nos. 41—43.
8. Species moderately large or ional: sie ives

usually metallic or with metallic lustre,

with simple scattered setigerous impres-

sions to tip (interruptedly catenulate

laterally in S. impressipennis).

4 S. agraeformis, Champ., from Panama, belongs to this section.

5 Penis-sheath (= conjoined lateral lobes of tegmen, sec. Sharp)
twisted and asymmetric in males of S. catenata, viridipennis, geni-
culata, asymmetrica and tortipes.

_
172 Mr. G. C. Champion on

a. Prothorax not or obsoletely canaliculate
on dise
b. Prothorax distinctly sanationlats on Sains
9. Species elongate, with opaque black head
and prothorax and purplish or dull black
elytra, the latter bearing small rounded
tubercles, the legs long . ‘
10. Species with a short, broad head bain pro-
thorax, metallic praei and stout an-
tennae ° :
11. Species en rr in elvan with edad
viridi-vittate elytra and stout antennae
12. Species testaceous or brown, with the elytra
(except in vars.) infuscate or metallic along
the sides, and the antennae slender.
a. Head and prothorax shining
b. Head and prothorax opaque, scabrous
13. Species testaceous, reddish, or brown, with
the legs partly infuscate.
a. Prothorax densely, more coarsely punctate
b. Prothorax finely “hihi eesee or
almost smooth
14, Species testaceous or dericlight oa, “the
legs included.
a. Prothorax feebly shining; eyes a
proximate c
b. Prothorax opaque, Mntaasanee eyes
distant ;
15. Species testaceous, a blaskaeks dees
vittate elytra, the upper surface dull .
16. Species castaneous or piceous, shining.
a. Elytra with each alternate interstice more
or less tuberculate throughout .
b. Elytra with scattered setigerous impres-
sions, sometimes nigro-lineate .
17. Species with red head and prothorax al
blue or green elytra.
a. Anterior tibiae compressed at base; abdo-
men black . ; arp
b. Anterior tibiae simple ; tenn ( 6) with
two scabrous patches on dise

Nos. 44-60.
Nos. 61-65.

Nos. 66, 67.

No. 68.

Nos. 69, 70.

Nos. 71, 72.
No. 73.
No. 74.

Nos. 75, 76.

No. 77.
No. 78.

No. 79.

No. 80.

Nos. 81-86.

No. 87.

No. 88.

6 The Mexican S. crassicornis, Champ. and
S, validicornis, Mik]. belong to this section.

the Colombian

- Se Oe = ieee ...

at i he

New and little-known Lagridae.

18. Species small, slender, with opaque black
head and prothorax, blue tae and
yellow tarsi

19. Species slender, with Yara esti seal narrow
prothorax, piceous or in part testaceous,
resembling the Carabid-genera Dromius
and Casnonia; elytra with setigerous im-
pressions, preceded by a more or less
distinct tubercle; anterior tibiae com-
pressed at base in S. casnonioides

20. Species testaceous or reddish, the elytra
(except in vars.) with metallic or black
markings or fasciae, these latter sometimes
greatly extended or confluent, the alternate
interstices, at most, with setigerous im-
pressions, the prothorax not incised on
the disc in front, sometimes bivittate.

a. Elytra with numerous small tubercles
b. Elytra not tuberculate

21. Species testaceous, with nigro- fesvellate elstrs

22. Species testaceous, with a deep incision on
the disc of the prothorax in front, the
elytra (except in vars.) with coalescent
black markings or wholly black .

23. Species rufo-testaceous, shining, with nigro-
bivittate prothorax and _ nigro-fasciate,
closely setose, elytra, each of the inter-
stices of latter seriato-punctate

24, Species testaceous, hairy, with coarsely
punctate prothorax and nigro-maculate
elytra, each of the interstices of latter
seriato-punctate .

25. Species slender, testaceous, sith, head ae
prothorax opaque and elytral suture, at
least, infuscate.

a. Elytra tuberculate; head small
b. Elytra not tuberculate; head large

26. Species with prothorax distinctly margined
laterally.’

a. Body obscure testaceous, the elytra fusco-
fasciate [Nicaragua] ‘

b. Body nigro-piceous or inikabs ie pint ores
red, the elytra blue . ‘

173

No. 89.

Nos. 90-93.

No. 94.
Nos. 95-106.
No. 107.

Nos. 108-110.

No. 111.

Nos. 112, 113.

No. 114.
INoteLIS:

No. 116.

No. 117.

7 Various Central- and N.-American forms belong to this section.

174 ue c. Champion on

27. Species small, Anthiciform, with short head,
small eyes, stout antennae, and faintly
striato-punctate elytra, the elytra with
irregularly distributed, setigerous impres-
sions.

a. Body shining black, the prothorax and a
patch on elytra often reddish or tes-
taceous . ‘

b. Body black, the Ee setae “the
elytra blue . cis

c. Body and terminal ea eb pan ae tes-
taceous, head and apex of elytra black

28. Species resembling those placed under
sect. 27, but with longer, deeply punctate-
striate elytra, testaceous, with cae half
of elytra violaceous .

29. Species with head aictdaniies ceeclvad
behind the eyes, the latter small, the pro-
thorax subcylindrical or cordate.

a. Head and prothorax closely, coarsely punc-
tate; antennae stouter; body reddish-
brown, piceous, or black, head and pro-
thorax sometimes testaceous.

+Elytra more elongate, with numerous
setigerous asics: on alternate inter-
stices

{}Elytra shorter, veil very ee netiaarties
impressions; prothorax subcylindrical
or cordate: species small, Anthiciform

b. Head and prothorax much smoother,
obsoletely punctulate; antennae very
slender; body obscure testaceous, elytra
black ; a ae

30. Species small, narrow, aeneo-piceous, with
very coarsely, rugosely punctured head and
prothorax, small, depressed eyes, and each
elytral interstice seriato-punctate [Mexico }

31. Species elongate, Strongyliiform, hairy,
aeneo-piceous, with very coarsely punctate
head and prothorax and coarsely punctato-
striate elytra, the prothorax subquadrate

32. Species narrow, elongate, shining, hairy,
resembling Colparthrum, with very large
eyes in g, a long, smooth prothorax,

No. 118.
No. 119.

No. 120.

No. 121.

Nos. 122, 123,

Nos. 124, 125.

No. 126.

No. 127.

Nos. 128, 129.

Pe ee

New and little-known Lagridae. 175

metallic, coarsely punctato-striate elytra,

with inconspicuous setigerous impressions,

and clavate femora ee, cap) sR OME antl aa Io PO
33. Species narrow, elongate, resembling Hae-

monia, with extremely large eyes, very

long, subserrate antennae, an almost

smooth prothorax, and nigro-lineateelytra No. 131.

Section A.

1. Statira costaricensis. (Plate XII, fig. 1, anterior leg, 3.)

Statyra hostrio, De}. Cat., 3rd. edit., p. 236 (1837).
Statira costaricensis, Champ., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.
iv. 2, p. 36 (1889).

g. Anterior femora greatly thickened, abruptly narrowed and
angulate near the base, the narrow basal portion armed with a long
curved spine; anterior tibiae hollowed beneath, and twisted, before
the apex; antennal joint 11 nearly three times as long as 10.

Var.? Elytra more coarsely punctate-striate, the punctures on
the dise transverse, the interstices slightly convex, the black mark-
ings much more extended and subcoalescent, the strongly angulate
post basal fascia continued down the second interstice to beyond
the middle and nearly joining the median transverse mark, the
narrow, oblique subapical fascia reaching the suture and continued
along it for a short distance, in front and behind.

Hab. Costa Rica; CotomeBta (Mus. Oxon.; Mus. Brit.,
ex. coll. Laferte).

Described by me in 1889 from a mutilated example
(without anterior legs) from Costa Rica. A specimen from
Colombia in the Oxford Museum agrees with this insect,
except that the black post-basal mark on the elytra is
wanting. The variety?, ex coll. Laferté, from that of
Dejean, is labelled Statyra histrio, mihi; it superficially
resembles S. vageguttata, Pic, and S. conspicillata, Makl.,
species wanting the anterior femoral spine. The anterior
femora themselves are more abruptly narrowed before the
base (appearing angulate) than in the allied S. suturalis,
Mak.

2. Statira flavosignata, n. sp. (Plate XII, fig. 2, 3.)

§. Elongate, depressed, shining, pale reddish-brown, the legs
and under surface testaceous; the elytra each with an oblong mark
near the suture at about the middle, two others obliquely placed

ball
176 Mr. G. C. Champion on

below this, and two more before the apex (these two coalescent and
forming an oblique fascia), yellow, the base also indeterminately
flavescent. Head almost smooth, shallowly foveate in the middle
between the widely separated eyes; antennae moderately long,
joints 7-10 slightly decreasing in length, 11 about three times as
long as 10. Prothorax oblong-subcordate, slightly narrower than
the head, as long as broad, almost smooth, the basal margin not
much raised. Elytralong, twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually
widening to the middle, somewhat acuminate at the apex; finely
punctato-striate, the interstices flat, 3, 5, and 9 with scattered
setigerous punctures, those on 3 extending forwards to near the
base, the others placed on the apical half. Anterior femora much
thickened, abruptly narrowed and angulate near the base, the
narrow basal portion armed with a long curved spine; anterior
tibiae hollowed and slightly twisted at the apex beneath.
Length 8}, breadth nearly 3 mm.

Hab. Ecuavor (Buckley).

One male. In this insect the yellow markings on the
apical two-thirds of each elytron are arranged into two
oblique fasciae and an isolated submedian spot, the elytra
themselves are much elongated, and the anterior femora
and tibiae are shaped as in S. costaricensis, 3.

3. Statira spinigera, n. sp.

g$. Elongate, rather dull, piceo-castaneous, the antennae, the
margins of the elytra, the tarsi, and the bases of the femora, obscurely
rufescent. Head rather narrow, shining, almost smooth, the eyes
separated by more than half the width of one of them; antennae
comparatively short, moderately stout, joint 11 nearly as long as
7-10 united. Prothorax longer than broad, oblong, constricted at
the base, as wide as the head, alutaceous, obsoletely punctulate,
feebly canaliculate on the disc anteriorly, and with two oblique
distinctly punctured impressions in the middle before the base,
the basal margin not much raised. Elytra long, twice as broad as
the prothorax, gradually widened to the middle and somewhat
rapidly narrowed posteriorly; finely punctato-striate, the inter-
stices alutaceous, somewhat convex, flatter on the disc anteriorly, 3
with six widely separated small setigerous punctures and 5 and 9
with two or three others towards the apex. Anterior femora greatly
thickened, abruptly narrowed near the base, the narrow basal
portion armed with a long curved spine.

Length 84, breadth 23 mm.

Hab. Brazit, Santa Catharina (Fry).

a i

at

New and little-known Lagriidae. 177

One male. This’ species has the elytra shaped as in
S. flavosignata; but the head and prothorax are narrower,
the antennae are stouter, and the upper surface is duller
and almost uniformly fusco-castaneous.

7 4. Statira acanthomera, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, shining, piceous or reddish-brown, the darker
example with the antennae in great part, the knees and tarsi, and
the suture of the elytra at the base, ferruginous. Head rather
broad, almost smooth, shallowly foveate in the middle between
the widely separated eyes; antennae long, rather slender, joint 11
about as long as 8-10 united. Prothorax subcordate, as broad as
long, about as wide as the head, moderately constricted before the
base; sparsely, obsoletely punctulate, the basal margin not much
raised, the disc foveate in the middle behind in one example. Elytra
moderately elongate, much broader than the prothorax, gradually
widened to the middle and rapidly narrowed posteriorly, trans-
versely depressed below the base; finely punctato-striate, the
interstices flat, 3 with six and 5 with four widely separated con-
spicuous setigerous punctures, 9 also with two or three punctures
towards the apex. Ventral segments 2 and 3 with a few fine pili-
gerous punctures between the usual double series of setigerous
impressions running down 1-5. Anterior femora greatly thickened,
abruptly narrowed and angulate near the base, the narrow basal
portion armed with a long curved spine; anterior tibiae hollowed
at the apex beneath.

Length 875, breadth 3mm. (¢.)

Hab. Cotomsta (Mus. Brit.: type); Ecuapor (Buckley).

Two specimens, assumed to be males, the one from
Ecuador smoother beneath and somewhat immature.
Less elongate and more shining than S. spinigera, the head
and prothorax broader, the antennae much longer, the
setigerous punctures on the disc of the elytra larger, the
anterior femora angulate before the base, as in S. costari-
censis and S. flavosignata. The Colombian example was
acquired by the Museum in 1871. 8S. nigella and S. fusca,
Makl., from the same country, may be allied forms 2

5. Statira suturalis. (Plate XII, fig. 3, anterior leg, 3.)

Statira suturalis, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 157 (1862).

§. Antennae moderately long, joints 3-10 subequal in length,
11 about three times as long as 10.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTL (NOV.) N

all
178 Mr. G. C. Champion on

9. Antennae shorter, joints 4-10 decreasing in length, 11 less
elongate.

Var. Elytra with two or three dark lines on the dise extending
downward from the base.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro, Petropolis, Constancia,
Tijuca.

‘A reddish-brown, shining, rather convex insect, usually
with the suture or two or three lines on the disc infuscate,
these markings sometimes wanting; the anterior femora
greatly thickened from near the base, and with the narrow
basal portion armed with a long, curved spine (not noticed
by Maklin); the anterior tibiae slightly hollowed before
the apex beneath; the elytral interstices 3, 5, and 9 with
a few widely separated setigerous punctures. The aedeagus
of the male is long and slender, tapering towards the tip.
S. presuturalis, Pie (No. 81, infra), from the same region, is
a very similar form, but it’wants the anterior femoral spine.

Section B

6. Statira dentigera, n. sp.

Elongate, broad, widened posteriorly, shining; rufo-castaneous,
the palpi piceous, the elytra aeneo-piceous, the latter with scattered,
long, erect, bristly hairs. Head rather small, not so broad as the
prothorax, almost smooth, foveate in the middle between the
eyes, the latter very large, somewhat distant; antennae long,
slender, joint 11 equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax slightly longer
than broad, rounded at the sides, strongly constricted before the
prominent basal margin; sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra
long, broad, widening to the middle, and there twice as broad as
the prothorax, arcuately narrowed posteriorly, and acuminate at
the apex; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices broad, flat
on the anterior half of the disc, 3, 5, 7, and 9 with a series of rather
large setigerous impressions extending throughout their length,
the impressions (except those towards the base) each preceded by a
rather prominent tubercle, the tubercles gradually becoming longer,
cariniform, and catenulate towards the sides and apex, the first
(sutural) interstice also with five impressions near the tip. Legs
[posterior pair wanting] rather stout; anterior femora strongly
clavate, suleate along their outer half beneath, and also finely ciliate ;
tibiae pilose within, the anterior pair armed with a sharp triangular
tooth at one-third from the tip.

Length 15, breadth 5mm. (¢ ?)

oo eo Ge or

New and little-known Lagriidae. 179

Hab. Ecuavor, Paramba (Rosenberg).

One specimen. The ciliate anterior femora and toothed
anterior tibiae (not necessarily g-characters) bring this
species near certain Central American forms, S. glabrata,
Makl. and S. denticulata, Champ., placed by me at the
head of the genus in the arrangement adopted in the
“ Biologia.” Compared with S. tuberculata, Makl., the
antennae are longer and more slender, the inter-ocular
fovea is smaller, the prothorax is larger and smoother, and
the first elytral interstice is tuberculate (instead of un-
armed) at the apex. The general shape is like that of S.
laticollis, Mak.

7. Statira gemmifer. (Plate XII, fig. 4, posterior leg, 3.)
Statira gemmifer, Mikl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 147 (1862).

Posterior femora in each sex with a truncate, exteriorly toothed,
prominence at the base, and a small triangular tooth at about the
basal fourth, beneath (fig. 4); antennal joint 11 in 3 about equalling
7-10, in 2 8-10 united; anterior tarsi slightly widened in 3, all the
tarsi and tibiae a little more hairy in f than in 9; eyes distinetly
more approximate in ¢ than in 9.

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro
(Fry), Constancia (J. Gray and H. Clark, Jan. 1857), Minas
Geraes (Mus. Brit.), Ilha Santo Amaro near Santos (G. E.
Bryant : 23. iv. ’12).

This is perhaps the finest known species of the genus.
It has very elongate, sharply acuminate, translucent,
aeneous elytra, with the alternate interstices closely
seriato-tuberculate and catenulate throughout; the pro-
thorax closely punctulate; the legs very elongate, slender,
the posterior femora feebly bidentate near the base beneath
in both sexes; the tarsi and tibiae hairy; the antennae
rather slender and infuscate. S. gemmifer may be the
S. regina, Lac., of Dejean’s catalogue, and his S. gemmata
a var. of S. geniculata, Mikl.?._ Twelve specimens seen,
including three males. The penis-sheath, so far as visible
without dissection, appears to be symmetric.

8. Statira agroides. (Plate XII, fig. 5, aedeagus, in profile, 3.)

Statira agroides, Lep. et Serv., Encycl. Méth., Ins. X. p. 480
(1827); Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 148 (1862).

-
180 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Statyra agroides, De}. Cat., 3rd edit. p. 236 (1837).
Statira armata, Makl., op. cit. x, p. 636. (1875)

3. Aedeagus (fig. 5): basal piece elongate,’ produced into a long
cleft, spiniform process inferiorly, the stout penis-sheath still longer
and with a sagittiform hook projecting from the tip (as seen in profile).

Var.? Castaneous, the elytra black, the aedeagus of g without
projecting sagittiform piece at the tip (? withdrawn).

Hab. Brazit (er Mus. Dejean; Mus. Brit.; Mus. Oxon.),
Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catharina (Fry), Constancia (J.
Gray and H. Clark), Petropolis, Santa Rita and Boa
Sorta (Dr. Sahlberg: types of S. armata), Espirito Santo
(Descourtils).

This insect seems to be fairly common in Brazil, and is
easily recognisable amongst its allies by the mucronate
apices of the elytra, the catenulate, posteriorly tuberculate
alternate interstices, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, and the simple an-
tennae and legs in the two sexes. The terminal joint of
the antennae about equals 8-10 united in Q, and is slightly
longer in 3. The colour varies from ferruginous or rufo-
castaneous to piceous; the two examples with black
elytra, from Constancia and Espirito Santo, may belong to
a different species. The elytra in S. agroides are said to
have a “ bluish-violet reflection which ought to be more
distinct in the living insect,” a character of no importance
in this genus. The imperfectly described S. interrwpte-

costata, Pic,® from French Guiana, seems to be an allied
form.

9. Statira longiceps, n. sp. (Plate XII, fig. 6.)

Very elongate, shining; fusco-testaceous, the head and antennae
rufescent, the latter with joints 1-3 and 11 darker, the eyes, palpi,
and labrum black or piceous, the prothorax (except at the base)
also slightly infuscate; elytra with a few long, bristly hairs. Head
oblong, narrow, almost smooth, longitudinally grooved between the
eyes, the latter large, somewhat depressed, well separated ; antennae
long, rather slender, joint 11 as long as 8-10 united. Prothorax
wider than the head, much longer than broad, gradually narrowed
from the middle forward, and constricted before the base, the

$ A large chitinous tube from which the penis-sheath is extruded :
it is usually withdrawn into the body, and not visible without
dissection.

® Mélanges exot.-entom. xi, p. 19 (Nov. 1914).

New and little-known Lagriidae. 181

raised basal margin terminating in a stout tubercle on each side;
the surface with a few, widely scattered, minute punctures. Elytra
long, gradually widening to the middle, acuminate posteriorly, the
apices mucronate; closely, finely punctato-striate, the striae
sinuate on the disc, the interstices 1, 3, 5 slightly widened and each
with a series of somewhat closely placed, subquadrate, setigerous
impressions extending throughout their length, 7 with a series of
similar impressions down the apical half, and 9 with four others
towards the tip, the interspaces between them longitudinally raised
on the dise and tuberculate on the apical declivity. Legs very long,
simple.
Length 12, breadth 3} mm. (92?)

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

One specimen. A close ally of S. agroides, L. and S.
(= armata, Makl.), and with the elytra mucronate at the
tip and very similarly sculptured, differing from that
insect in its oblong, narrow head, with shallow longitudinal
inter-ocular groove, the less prominent eyes, and the
laterally tuberculate basal margin of the prothorax. The
catenulate first (sutural) elytral interstice and mucronate
apex separate S. longiceps from 8S. catenata, meleagris,
and others.

10. Statira verrucosa, n. sp.

Very elongate, widened posteriorly, moderately shining; nigro-
piceous, the elytra with a faint brassy lustre; the elytra with long,
erect bristly hairs, the antennae, tibiae, and tarsi pilose. Head long,
narrow, almost smooth, shallowly depressed in the middle between
the eyes, the latter large, moderately distant; antennae long,
slender, joint 11 in g about equalling 7-10, in 2 8-10, united.
Prothorax long, narrow, the sides obliquely converging from about
the middle forward, and constricted before the raised basal margin ;
closely, finely punctate, depressed in the centre at the base and
longitudinally excavate behind the anterior margin. Elytra very
long, widening to beyond the middle and there about three times
the breadth of the prothorax, mucronate at the tip; closely, rather
finely, crenato-striate throughout, the striae sinuate and arranged
in pairs, the alternate interstices each with a series of approximate
oblong, flattened spiculae, which become more prominent and
cariniform towards the sides and apex. Legs very long.

Length 13, breadth nearly 4mm. ($9.)

Hab. Upper Amazons, Ega (H. W. Bates).

-
182 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Two specimens, assumed to be sexes, one having a longer
apical joint to the antennae than the other. Closely related
to S. agraeformis, Champ., from Panama (figured in
B.C.-Am., Coleopt. IV, 2, pl. 1, fig. 7), the head not so broad,
the eleventh antennal joimt in ¢ shorter, the elytra with
narrower, smaller tubercles (and the striae, in consequence,
less sinuous), the legs infuscate, etc. SS. agroides, S. gem-
mifer, and S. catenata are somewhat similar forms, all of
them superficially resembling the Carabid-genus Agra,
which is numerous in species in the same regions.

ll. Statira mucronata, n. sp.

Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; varying in colour from
nigro-piceous to castaneous, the antennae more or less infuscate and
with at least the apical joint ferruginous, the elytra in the darker
examples brassy or greenish-aeneous; the elytra with numerous
bristly hairs. Head rather closely punctate, deeply, broadly
foveate between the eyes, the latter very large, somewhat narrowly
separated; antennae. stout, moderately long in 3, shorter in 9,
joint 11 in g equalling 6-10, in 2 8-10, united. Prothorax longer
than broad, slightly narrower than the head, feebly rounded at the
sides, constricted before the prominent basal margin; closely,
conspicuously punctate, the interspaces polished, the disc trans-
versely depressed on each side anteriorly and also excavate in the
centre at the base. Elytra long, widening to beyond the middle,
more than twice the width of the prothorax, mucronate at the tip;
finely, deeply punctato-striate, the striae strongly undulate towards
the sides and apex, the interstices convex, 3, 5, 7, and 9 throughout
their length, and 1 at the apex, with a scattered series of setigerous
impressions, the spaces between them longitudinally tuberculate,
the tubercles on 7 and 9, and those towards the apex on 1, 3, 5,
shorter and more closely placed than those on the disc. Femora
moderately thickened.

Length 10-12, breadth 3/4} mm. (g9.)

Hab. Brazin, Ceara (Gounelle).

Three males and three females, two only with metallic
elytra. Very like S. nigrocaerulea, but with the alternate
elytral interstices 3, 5, 7 and 9 here and there tuberculate
throughout their length, the tubercles on 7 and 9 shorter
and more numerous, much as in S. tuberculata, Makl.; the
prothorax longer and a little more finely punctate; the
antennae slightly stouter.

Of er ren es. 400.

New and little-known Lagriidae. 183

12. Statira nigrocaerulea, n. sp.

¢g. Elongate, broad, widened posteriorly, shining; nigro-piceous,
the eleventh antennal joint, the tips of the tarsi, and the head in
one specimen, ferruginous or reddish, the elytra blue or bluish-green ;
the elytra with a few bristly hairs. Head broad, finely punctate,
deeply, longitudinally impressed between the eyes, the latter very
large, somewhat narrowly separated; antennae rather long, stout,
joint 11 equalling 7-10 united. Prothorax as wide as the head,
about as broad as long, feebly rounded at the sides, moderately
constricted before the laterally-projecting raised basal margin;
closely, rather coarsely punctate, the interspaces polished, the disc
depressed in the centre at the base and also on each side anteriorly.
Elytra long, more than twice the breadth of the prothorax, widening
to beyond the middle, transversely depressed below the base, the
apices mucronate; closely, finely, deeply punctato-striate, the striae
crenate and posteriorly undulate, the interstices convex throughout,
3, 5, and 7 with from three to five deep setigerous impressions
towards the apex, 9 with a scattered series of similar impressions
along their entire length, and 1 with three others near the tip, the
spaces between them longitudinally tuberculate and subcatenate.
Legs long, the femora moderately thickened.

Length 11-114, breadth 33-4 mm.

Hab. Braziu, Jatahy, Province of Goyas (Pujol, ex coll.
Fry).

Two specimens, one with the tip of the aedeagus exposed,
agreeing very nearly with the description of the Brazilian
S. mgra, Makl.; but as the author says nothing about the
stout antennae, or the mucronate apices of the elytra,
and states that the broad inter-ocular impression is almost
obsolete and the eleventh antennal joint (4) about equals
6-10 united, the Jatahy insect must be treated as distinct.
The allied S. caelata, Er., from Peru, should have a smoother
prothorax. SS. perwana, infra, has more slender antennae;
a non-foveate head, the apices of the elytra obtuse, ete.

13. Statira batesi, n. sp.

6. Elongate, rather narrow, shining; piceous, the elytra with a
brassy lustre, the apical joint of the antennae ferruginous; the
elytra with numerous long bristly hairs.. Head slightly broader
than the prothorax, closely, finely punctate, with a deep oblong
fovea between the eyes, the latter very large, somewhat narrowly
separated; antennae rather slender, long, joint 11 equalling 6-10
united. Prothorax rather narrow, oblongo-cordate, constricted

-
184 Mr. G. C. Champion on

before the prominent hind angles, the basal margin raised, the dise
depressed in the centre behind; sparsely, finely punctate. Elytra
long, gradually widened to the middle and there twice as broad as
the prothorax, transversely depressed below the base, acuminate
posteriorly, mucronate at the tip; closely, finely, deeply punctato-
striate, the striae undulate, the interstices more or less convex, 3,
5, 7 and 9 with a scattered series of setigerous impressions, each
of which is preceded by a prominent tubercle, 1 also with three or
four tubercles before the apex, 7 and 9 catenulate throughout. Legs
slender [anterior pair wanting].

Length 104, breadth 34 mm.

Hab. Upper Amazons Ega (H. W. Bates).

One male. This species agrees with S. twberculata,
S mucronata, and S. nigrocaerulea in having the head
deeply foveate between the eyes and the apices of the
elytra mucronate, differing from the first-named in the
convex interstices, smaller foveae, prominent tubercles,
and more strongly mucronate apex of the elytra, and from
the two others in its narrower shape, less thickened antennae,

and the more prominent small scattered tubercles on the
dise of the elytra.

14. Statira cuspidata, n. sp.

Elongate, somewhat robust, narrow, widened posteriorly, shining ;
piceous, the antennae (joints 1-4 excepted) ferruginous, the elytra
metallic golden-green, the colour changing to golden and cupreous
laterally, and to green across the base; the elytra with a few long,
bristly hairs. Head about as wide as the prothorax, closely, minutely
punctate, slightly hollowed between the eyes, the latter large,
somewhat distant; antennae slender, moderately long, joint 11
about equalling 7-10 united. Prothorax considerably longer than
broad, subeylindrical, constricted before the raised, laterally-pro-
jecting basal margin; densely, minutely punctate, the dise longi-
tudinally depressed in the centre behind. Elytra long, widening to
the middle and there considerably more than twice the breadth of
the prothorax, acuminate posteriorly, the apices mucronate; closely,
finely, deeply punctato-striate, the interstices more or less convex,
3, 5, and 9 each with a series of small setigerous impressions ex-
tending from a little below the base to the apex (those on 3 closely
placed on the apical half), 1 and 7 also with three or four impres-
sions before the tip, the spaces between them becoming more or less
raised longitudinally or tuberculate towards the sides and apex.

Length 10, breadth 34mm. (27?)

peat

#7

New and little-known Lagriidae. 185

Hab. Lower AmAzons, Para (H. W. Bates, ex coll.
Pascoe).

One example. Not unlike the Peruvian 8S. viginti-
punctata (No. 46), but with a subcylindrical, subsulcate,
densely, minutely punctate prothorax, and more numerous,
much smaller setigerous impressions on the elytra, those
on the apical half of the third interstice somewhat closely
placed, the elytral apices mucronate. The longer and
narrower prothorax, smaller head, deeply striate elytra,
with more numerous smaller setigerous impressions in
the interstices 3 and 5, separate S. cuspidata from S. senv-
cuprea (No. 47). The sides of the elytra are brilliant
cupreous towards the apex in the present species.

15. Statira tuberculata.
Statira tuberculata, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. x, p. 637 (1875).

Elongate, shining; dilute rufo-castaneous, the head and pro-
thorax often more or less infuscate, the palpi, and sometimes the
antennae also, piceous, the upper surface with a faint brassy lustre
(in Maklin’s var. a the elytra are aeneous or green); the elytra
with scattered long, bristly hairs. Head about as wide as the pro-
thorax, almost smooth, deeply foveate in the middle between the
eyes, the latter large and narrowly separated in 4, a little smaller
and more distant in 2; antennae rather slender, joint 11 in 3 about
equalling 5-10, in 9 slightly longer than 8-10, united. Prothorax
a little longer than broad, moderately rounded at the sides, con-
stricted before the prominent basal margin; finely punctate, often
with one or two oblique impressions on each side of the disc. Elytra
long, twice as wide as the prothorax, very slightly widening to the
middle, pointed at the apex; finely punctato-striate throughout,
the striae undulate, the interstices 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with a scattered
series of large, deep, subquadrate, setigerous impressions, separated
towards the sides and apex*by elongate tubercles, those on 7 and 9
shorter and more prominent, the eighth interstice narrow and
cariniform. Anterior femora strongly clavate, feebly ciliate.

Length 83-123, breadth 23-33 mm. (39.)

Hab. Brazit, Petropolis and Santa Rita (Sahlberg :
types), Rio de Janeiro, Bahia (Fry), Espirito Santo (Des-
courtils), Alto da Serra in San Paulo (Bryant).

Eleven specimens (9 g, 2 2) before me are referable to
this species, two of them belonging to the colour var.
a of Maklin. There is also some variation in the shape

all
186 Mr. G. C. Champion on

and puncturing of the prothorax, and in the number of
tubercles and setigerous impressions on the elytra, the
latter being always large and deep. The apices of the
elytra are pointed or submucronate. The frontal fovea is
also deep. The sexual characters were not mentioned
by the author.

16. Statira sanctaremae, n. sp.

Very elongate, narrow,-shining; piceous, the elytra greenish-
aeneous, the antennae in their outer half and the legs rufo-testaceous
or ferruginous, the knees slightly infuseate. Head rather small,
sparsely, finely punctate, unimpressed between the eyes, the latter
large, narrowly separated ; antennae moderately long, rather slender,
pilose, joint 11 equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax longer than
broad, a little wider than the head, feebly rounded at the sides, and
constricted before the raised, laterally-projecting basal margin;
closely, finely, conspicuously punctate, the disc transversely im-
pressed on each side before and behind the middle. Elytra very
long, twice as wide as the prothorax, somewhat rounded at the sides,
gradually widening to the middle, without mucro at the tip; closely,
finely punctato-striate, the interstices feebly convex, 1, 3, 5, 7, and
9 each with a series of rather small, deep, setigerous impressions
extending throughout their length (closely placed on 3 and 5, and
scattered on 1, 7, and 9), the spaces between them longitudinally
raised or tuberculate, the tubercles elongate on 7 and 9. Tibiae
pilose within.

Length 114, breadth 3} mm. (2?)

Hab. Amazons, Santarem (H. W. Bates).

One specimen, now wanting the elytral setae. Smaller
and less elongate than S. verrucosa, the head narrow, the
prothorax not excavate in front, the elytra narrower, with
smaller elevations on the eae interstices, the striae
straighter, and the apices unarme

17. Statira longicollis. (Plate XII, fig. 7, posterior leg, ¢.)

Q. Statira longicollis, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 151
(1862).

3. Lower surface of the anterior femora at the base, and that of
the other femora to near the apex, and a broad space down the
middle of the metasternum and abdomen, thickly clothed with
long, fine, projecting or semi-erect, hairs; antennae closely pilose,

> « we teres .

New and little-known Lagridae. 187

joint 1 moderately thickened, 10 much shorter than 9 and angularly
dilated at the inner apical angle, 11 (as in 9) nearly equalling 8—10
united; anterior tibiae gradually dilated on the inner side into a
broad, subangular, concave plate; intermediate tibiae hollowed
within; posterior tibiae (fig. 7) excavate along their inner face,
broadly arcuato-emarginate towards the middle (as seen from above),
and widened thence to the apex, appearing strongly sinuate within.

Hab. Braziu (Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

Eight specimens seen, three of which are males. If
correctly identified by me, S. longicollis is a close ally of
S. viridipennis, Lep. et Serv. (and not of S. geniculata, as
stated by Maklin), from which it differs in the narrower
head and prothorax in both sexes, and in the following
g-characters :—antennae with joint | less thickened, and
10 shorter and dentate at the apex within; intermediate
femora ciliate to near the apex and the ventral surface
more hairy; posterior tibiae strongly sinuate within,
the plate on the anterior pair less angular. The number
and arrangement of the setigerous impressions on the
elytral interstices 3, 5, and 9 are much the same in the
two species. The colour is variable—piceous or rufo-
castaneous, the elytra with an aeneous or greenish lustre,
the two basal joints of the antennae sometimes infuscate.

18. Statira meleagris. (Plate XII, fig. 8, 3.)

3. Statira meleagris, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 149
(1862).

Antennal joint 11 in 3 equalling 7-10, in 2 8-10, united; inter-
mediate femora in J gradually thickened outwards and then abruptly
hollowed before the apex beneath.

Hab. Braziu, Rio de Janeiro (Fry, Mus. Oxon.), Espirito
Santo (Mus. Brit.).

Hight examples seen. A very elongate, pallid form
allied to S. catenata, Makl., with the widened, catenulate
alternate elytral interstices 3, 5, 7, and 9 each bearing a
series of somewhat closely placed, subquadrate, black
impressions; the legs and antennae differently formed
or clothed, and the abdomen almost glabrous (the usual
setae only present), in the 4; the head narrow and sulcate
between the eyes.

188 Mr. G. C. Champion on

19. Statira catenata. (Plate XII, figs. 9, gd; 9a, b,
penis-sheath, ¢.)

Q. Statira catenata, Mikl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vu, p. 148 (1862).
3. Statira plumicornis, Deyr. in litt.

g. Antennae thickened, joint 1 very stout, 2 quite short, 8-10
rapidly decreasing in length, 9 and 10 dentate at the inner apical
angle, 11 very elongate, equalling 7-10 united, 3-10 wth a dense
fringe of long hairs within; anterior femora strongly incrassate,
ciliate at the base beneath; anterior tibiae broadly, angularly
explanate towards the apex within; intermediate femora ciliate
beneath; intermediate tibiae hollowed along their inner face;
posterior femora very stout, curved, excavate and densely ciliate
beneath, angularly dilated before the apex; posterior tibiae sinuously
bowed, broadly widened in their outer half, excavate and pubescent
within, and furnished with a dense brush of very long hairs at about
the middle of their upper inner edge; metasternum and abdomen
thickly clothed with long hairs down the middle; penis-sheath
stout, asymmetric, broadly, obliquely, subangularly dilated at the
apex, serrulate along the upper edge.

9. Antennae, slender, simple, joint 11 nearly or quite equalling
8-10 united.

Hab. Braztt, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catharina (Fry),
Constancia (J. Gray and H. Clark, Jan. 1857), State of San
Paulo (Gownelle), Minas Geraes (Mus. Brit.).

Nine specimens seen, including three males. The extra-
ordinary combination of characters in the structure or
clothing of the legs, antennae and ventral surface in this
sex makes S. catenata easily recognisable, at least in the
3d; the 9, however, is very like that of S. gengculata, Makl.,
differing from it in having the alternate elytral interstices
a little broader, 5 and 7 with more numerous setigerous
impressions. The amount of catenulation of these inter-
stices is somewhat variable in both insects.

20. Statira viridipennis. (Plate XII, figs. 10, 10a,
aedeagus, 3.)

Statira viridipennis, Lep. et Serv., Encycl. Méth., Ins. x,
p- 480 (1827); Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 149 (1862).

10 The conjoined lateral lobes of the tegmen, sec. Sharp.

oe 2S owes

New and little-known Lagriidae. 189

6. Antennae a little thicker than in 9, joint 1 very stout, 10
dentate at the apex within, 11 nearly equalling 7-10 united, 3-10
thickly pilose on their inner side; anterior femora very stout;
anterior tibiae angularly explanate towards the apex within; inter-
mediate tibiae hollowed along their inner face; posterior femora
closely ciliate along their basal half beneath; posterior tibiae
excavate within, widened outwards, and broadly, shallowly emargin-
ate at about the middle, appearing sinuate on their inner edge;
metasternum and abdomen thickly pilose down the centre, the fifth
segment broadly depressed in the middle posteriorly.

Aedeagus (figs. 10, 10a): basal piece stout, curved, boat-shaped ;
penis-sheath asymmetric, twisted, obliquely dilated outwards into
an elongate, spoon-shaped piece, which is angulate on the right side
at some distance before the tip.

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro
(Fry), Constancia and Tijuca (J. Gray and H. Clark,
Jan. 1857).

The long series of this species before me vary in colour
from piceous to rufo-testaceous; the prothorax and an-
tennae (joints 1 and 2 excepted) are usually red; the
elytra with a translucent green, aeneous or cupreous lustre ;
the legs in most of the specimens testaceous or rufo-
testaceous, the knees and tarsi sometimes infuscate. The
absence of the setigerous impressions along the seventh
elytral interstice separates both sexes of S. viridipennis
from the very closely allied S. geniculata, Makl.

21. Statira geniculata. (Plate XII, figs. 11, 1la, aedeagus, 3.)

¢Statyra gemmata, De}. Cat., 3rd edit., p. 236 (1837).
Statira geniculata, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vir, p. 150
(1862).

g. Antennae very long and slender, joint 1 scarcely stouter than
in 9, 10 angulate at the inner apical angle, 11 nearly equalling 8-10
united; eyes extremely large, subcontiguous; anterior femora very
stout, almost glabrous; posterior femora ciliate beneath; inter-
mediate and posterior tibiae closely pilose within, the latter simple ;
metasternum and abdomen thickly clothed down the middle with
long, erect, fulvous hairs, the fifth segment broadly depressed in the
centre posteriorly. Aedeagus (figs. 11, lla): basal piece long,
curved; penis-sheath elongate, broad, twisted, deeply grooved,
the apical portion fiddle-shaped.

190 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Hab. Braziu (ex Mus. Dejean; Mus. Oxon.), Rio de
Janeiro, Bahia (Fry), Espirito Santo (Mus. Brit.; Descour-
tils).

Numerous specimens seen, these varying greatly in the
colour of the body and legs, and in the intensity of the
metallic suffusion of the elytra; the antennae are usually
rufo-testaceous with the basal two or three joints infuscate,
rarely black in their basal half. This species, if correctly
identified by me, is closely related to S. viridipennis, differ-
ing from it in the more or less catenulate elvtral interstices
if cf 5, 7, and 9 (the catenulation on 7 extending along their
entire length), and in the simple anterior and posterior
tibiae, and the slender basal jomt of the antennae of the
male. The fiddle-shaped outer portion of the penis-sheath
(= tegmen), too, is characteristic of the present insect.

22. Statira asymmetrica, n.sp. (Plate XII, fig. 12,
penis-sheath, 3.)

3g. Very elongate, narrow, shining; piceous, the elytra with a
translucent aeneous lustre, the head, antennae (the slightly infus-
cate basal joint excepted), legs, and under surface testaceous or
rufo-testaceous, the elytra with a few long bristly hairs. Head
rather small, short, almost smooth, the eyes large, narrowly separ-
ated; antennae very slender, extremely elongate, joint 11 about
equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax wider than the head, subcordate,
scarcely longer than broad, the basal margin prominent; alutaceous,
sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra very long, subparallel, less
than twice the width of the prothorax, rounded at the tip; closely,
finely punctato-striate, the interstices flat on the disc, 3 widened
and with a series of about twelve, and 5 and 7 with from 8-10, deep,
subquadrate, setigerous impressions, 9 also with several others down
the apical half, the spaces between the impressions longitudinally
raised and catenato-tuberculate from about the middle to the apex.
Metasternum and ventral segments 1-5 hollowed and thickly pilose
down the middle. Penis-sheath long, broad, asymmetric, twisted,
arcuately dilated on the right side at some distance before the apex,
the apical portion spoon-shaped. Legs very long; anterior femora
thickened; posterior femora closely ciliate in their basal half be-
neath; posterior tibiae sinuously compressed, appearing hollowed
from a little below the base to near the apex, closely pilose within.

Length 10, breadth 2? mm.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry).
One male. A close ally of S. geniculata, Makl., differing

2 OF 6 ee i em Se

ee

OO rE ae eee

tt

New and little-known Lagridae. 191

from the corresponding sex of that species in having a much
smaller, shorter head, a less elongate prothorax, more slender
antennae, sinuously compressed, hairy posterior tibiae,
and the broad penis-sheath dissimilarly formed. The non-
dilated posterior tibiae, etc., separate S. asymmetrica from
S. tortipes, S. arcuatipes, and other forms with bowed or
twisted tibiae in the male.

23. Statira tortipes, n. sp. (Plate XII, figs. 13, posterior
leg; 13a, penis-sheath, 3.)

Very elongate, narrow, moderately shining; obscure testaceous,
the eyes black, the elytra in some specimens with a faint aeneous
lustre, the latter with a few very long, bristly hairs. Head small,
almost smooth, obsoletely suleate between the eyes, the latter large
and moderately distant; antennae long, slender, joint 11 in 3g
equalling 8-10 united, very little shorter in 9. Prothorax wider
than the head, oblongo-cordate; very sparsely, obsoletely punctate,
slightly depressed in the middle at the base. Elytra elongate, sub-
parallel; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices almost flat,
3 with a series of about eight to ten, and 5 with five or six, setigerous
impressions, 9 also with three impressions near the tip, 3 and 5
catenulate posteriorly.

6. Femora ciliate beneath, the anterior pair very stout, the inter-
mediate pair clavate, and the posterior pair angularly dilated towards
the apex; posterior tibiae abruptly, bisinuately twisted, broadly
dilated, concave and thickly clothed with fine hairs within, appear-
ing closely ciliate along their inner upper edge (fig. 13); metaster-
num pilose down the middle, the ventral segments 1-3 and 5 (except
on the basal half) also with numerous long erect hairs down the
centre; penis-sheath (fig. 13a) twisted, asymmetric, angulate on the
left side, the apical portion somewhat shovel-shaped.

9. Metasternum pilose down the middle; anterior and inter-
mediate femora ciliate at the base.

Length 10-11, breadth 3-3} mm. (9.)

Hab. Brazit, Ceara (Gownelle: GQ), Rio de Janeiro
(Fry: 9), Alto da Sierra in San Paulo (G. H. Bryant, 16.
Me es):

One male (somewhat injured by an Anthrenus) and
three females from Ceara, and a female from each of the
other localities. An immature-looking insect related to
S. longicollis, Maikl., with a shofter head and prothorax,
smaller eyes, etc.; the posterior femora angularly dilated

-
192 Mr. G. C. Champion on

(as in S. catenata), and the posterior tibiae abruptly, bisi-
nuately twisted, pilose, and dilated, in the 4, the tibiae
more strongly sinuate and more hairy than in the same
sex of S. arcuatipes and S. fuscitarsis, these latter more-
over wanting the pilosity down the middle of the abdomen.
The penis-sheath is asymmetric, and shaped somewhat as
in S. viridipennis and its allies.

24. Statira areuatipes. (Plate XII, figs. 14, 9; 14a,
aedeagus, ¢.)

¢. Statira arcuatipes, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 14
(Sept. 1912).

Very elongate, rather narrow, the head and prothorax dull, the
rest of the upper surface moderately shining; piceous or nigro-
piceous, the elytra bluish-green or green, sometimes with cupreous
reflections, the antennae often in part ferruginous; the elytra with
a few, long, bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, feebly grooved
between the eyes, the latter very large and somewhat narrowly
separated ; antennae long, slender, shorter in Q, joint 11 in 3 equal-
ling 6-10, in 2 about 8-10, united. Prothorax oblongo-cordate,
rather sparsely, minutely punctulate. Elytra long, subparallel in
their basal half in ¢; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices
almost flat on the dise, 3 and 5 tuberculato-catenate towards the
apex, 3, 5, and 7 (those on 7 present in one g-specimen only) with
several widely scattered setigerous impressions, and 9 with three
impressions near the tip.

6. Intermediate femora gradually widened to near the apex, and
abruptly hollowed thence to the tip, the angle thus formed clothed
with short hairs externally ; posterior femora towards the apex very
broadly, arcuately dilated, and deeply sulcate beneath, glabrous ;
posterior tibiae sinuously twisted, broadly dilated, hollowed and
pubescent within ; penis-sheath symmetric, long, compressed, the tip
triangularly dilated as seen from above, hooked beneath, the tube in
which it is enclosed produced into along spiniform process on each
side.

Var. Femora and tibiae, except at their apices, testaceous. (¢9.)

Length 10-114, breadth 24-3, mm. (¢9°.)

Hab. Brazit, State of San Paulo [type], Petropolis (J. Gray
and H. Clark, Feb. 1857), Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

Seven males in the Fry collection, including two of the
variety with pallid femora and tibiae, are undoubtedlv
referable to S. arcuatipes, Pic; and three females with

———— el ree oe

oe

4

New and little-known Lagriidae. 193

similarly coloured legs, two of them from Petropolis, must
also belong here. These insects were labelled by Fry as
the sexes of the same species. The variety nearly agrees
with the description of S. fuscitarsis, Makl., ef. infra.

25. Statira fuscitarsis. (Plate XII, fig. 15, posterior leg, 3.)

Q. Statira fuscitarsis, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. x, p. 638
(1875).

Very like S. arcuatipes, Pic, the head and prothorax nigro-piceous,
the elytra brilliant metallic green or brassy-green, the femora (except
at the apex in one example, 2) and tibiae clear rufo-testaceous (3)
or testaceous (2); the apical antennal joint of ¢ still more elongate,
equalling 5-10 united; the eyes as large as in that species; the
elytral interstices 3 and 5 with from three to five widely separated
setigerous impressions down the disc and both tuberculato-catenate
on the apical declivity; the intermediate and posterior femora, and
the posterior tibiae, shaped exactly as in the ¢ of S. arcuatipes,
except that the posterior tibiae (fig. 15) bear a dense brush of hairs
at about the middle of the concave inner face; the penis-sheath (so
far as visible) shaped as in S. arcuatipes.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry, 39), Petropolis
(Dr. Sahlberg : type).

A pair from the Fry collection are provisionally referred
to this species, the type of which was captured at Petropolis.
The male of S. catenata has a somewhat similar brush of
much longer hairs on the posterior tibiae. S. fuscitarsis is
said to have four additional setigerous impressions on the
seventh elytral interstice, and those on the disc large, but
too much importance need not be placed on these characters.
Maklin ignored, or overlooked, the marked sexual peculiari-
ties of many of these insects, and it is therefore impossible
to certainly identify some of his S/atirae from the descrip-
tions alone.

26. Statira tibialis.

3S. Statira tibialis, Pic, Mélanges exot.entom. iv, p. 14
(Sept. 1912).

g. Antennae rufo-testaceous, with joint 11 equalling 6-10 united ;
intermediate femora gradually widened to near the apex, and hol-
lowed thence to the tip, concave along their lower face, glabrous;
posterior femora sulcate beneath, gradually, arcuately dilated on

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) fe)

ca
194 Mr. G. C. Champion on

their lower edge to near the apex; posterior tibiae simply sinuate,
broadly dilated, hollowed and sparsely pubescent within; elytra
metallic green, the interstices 3 and 5 with four or five widely separ-
ated setigerous impressions, becoming tuberculato-catenate towards
the apex; penis-sheath simply acuminate at the tip.

Hab. Braziu, Salobro [type], Ilha Santo Amaro near
Santos (@. EH. Bryant: 4. iv. 712).

A male found by Mr. Bryant is perhaps referable to this
species, a very close ally of S. arcuatipes, according to its
describer. The shape of the penis-sheath (examined in four
out of the seven males seen of the last-named insect) shows
that S. tabialis cannot be a form of S. arcuatipes.

27. Statira simplicipes, n. sp.

Very like S. arcuatipes, Pic, the elytra relatively narrower, sub-
parallel in g, green or brassy, the prothorax also with an aeneous
lustre, the antennae (the basal joints excepted) testaceous ; antennal
joint 11 in 3 nearly equalling 7-10, in 2 8-10, united; eyes slightly
smaller; prothorax a little less rounded at the sides, subcylindrical
anteriorly in some specimens, distinctly punctate; elytral inter-
stices 3 and 5 with more numerous setigerous impressions (3 with
from ten to twelve and 5 with about six), catenato-tuberculate at the
apex; legs long and slender, those of the $ simple, as in 9; penis-
sheath of g acuminate at tip.

Var. The femora and tibiae, the knees excepted, testaceous.

Length 9-103, breadth 2}-3 mm. (39.)

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Petropolis and
Constancia (J. Gray and H. Clark, Feb. 1857: var.), Rio
de Janeiro (Fry: type).

Eight specimens, three only belonging to the dark-legged
form, one of each of them acquired by the British Museum
in 1871. Extremely like S. arcuatipes, and with the legs
varying in colour in the same way; the legs simple in the
two sexes, the apical joint of the antennae much shorter
in the 3, and the aedeagus not dilated at the tip. Compared
with S. amoena, Mikl., which also has simple intermediate
and posterior legs in the g, the more numerous setigerous
impressions on the third and fifth elvtral interstices, and
the less elongate apical joint of the g-antenna, will serve
to distinguish the present species. These three forms occur,
with many others, in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.

ae

ee ee ae

New and little-known Lagriidae. 195

28. Statira amoena.
Q. Statira amoena, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 152 (1862).

Very elongate, narrow, shining; piceous or nigro-piceous, paler
beneath, the apical antennal joint usually ferruginous, the elytra
translucent green, aeneous, or aeneo-cupreous, the latter with
scattered, long, bristly hairs. Head rather small, almost smooth,
the eyes very large and subapproximate in 3, more distant in 9;
antennae long, slender, joint 10 subtriangular and 11 about equalling
6-10 united in g, 11 as long as 8-10 in 9. Prothorax oblongo-
cordate, closely, minutely punctulate, the basal margin very promi-
nent. Elytra long, subparallel in their basal half, finely punctato-
striate, the interstices flat, 3 with about eight or nine and 5 with six
or seven setigerous impressions scattered between the base and apex,
and 9 with two or three similar impressions near the tip, the spaces
between them longitudinally raised or tuberculate on the apical
declivity. 3. Anterior femora thickened, glabrous ; intermediate and
posterior femora gradually widened to near the apex, and hollowed
thence to the tip; posterior tibiae closely pilose along their outer
half within.

Length 10-12, breadth 23-3 mm. (g9.)

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

The above description is taken from four males and two
females captured by Fry. It is one of several extremely
closely alhed Brazilian forms, the females of which are
scarcely distinguishable inter se, though the males possess
marked specific characters in the structure of the legs, ete.
Maklin’s description of S. amoena must have been taken
from a 9, and it would apply almost equally well to the
same sex of S. arcuatipes, Pic.

29. Statira micans.

Statyra morbillosa, Dej. Cat., 3rd edit., p. 236 (1837).
gS. Statira micans, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 153
(1862).

Extremely like S. amoena, Makl. (as here identified), but with
several setigerous impressions on the seventh elytral interstice (alto-
gether wanting in S. amoena), 3, 5, 7, and 9 tuberculato-catenate
towards the apex; the head longitudinally grooved or impressed
between the eyes, the latter not so large in J; the eleventh antennal
joint of ¢ nearly equalling 6-10 united; the legs variable in colour,
simple in g; the aedeagus narrow, acuminate, the sheath straight,
truncate at tip.

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196 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Hab. Braziu (ex coll. Dejean), Rio de Janeiro (Fry),
Bahia (Reed), Corcovado (G. LZ. Bryant).

Seven examples seen, the one from the Dejean collection
being labelled with the MS. name S. morbillosa. Compared
with the variable S. geniculata, it is a little smaller and less
elongate, the setigerous impressions and tubercles on the
elytral interstices 3, 5, 7 and 9 are reduced in number
(especially on 7); and in the ¢ the abdomen is glabrous
down the middle, the legs are simple, and the penis-sheath
of a totally different shape. Miaklin does not mention the
longitudinal inter-ocular groove (also present in his S. rufi-
frons), and the identification of the insect before me with
his species is not certain.

30. Statira formosa, n. sp.

3d. Very elongate, rather narrow, shining; piceous, the elytra
brilliant golden-green, cupreous along the apical margin and on the
humeral callus; the elytra with numerous, and the head and abdo-
men with a few, long, fine, erect bristly hairs. Head rather narrow,
not wider than the prothorax, with a few minute scattered punctures,
the eyes very large, somewhat narrowly separated; antennae long,
slender, joint 11 very elongate, equalling 6-10 united. Prothorax
narrow, considerably longer than broad, the sides obliquely converg-
ing from the middle forward and sinuately compressed before the
base, the basal margin raised; sparsely, minutely punctate, the dise
with a posteriorly widened, interrupted, rather broad median channel,
and an oblique curved depression on each side of the disc, the trans-
verse basal sulcus not extending across the middle. Elytra very
elongate, subparallel, rather more than twice the width of the pro-
thorax, flattened on the disc, and with an oblong, deep, intra-humeral
depression ; closely, finely, sinuately striato-punctate, the interstices
flat, 1, 3,5, and 7 with numerous small setigerous impressions scat-
tered throughout their length, 9 also with several rather large im-
pressions along the apical half, those towards the apex on 7 and 9
each preceded by a tubercle or short carina, Legs very long, slender.

Length 124, breadth 3% mm.

Hab. Ecuavor (Buckley).

One male. An Agraeform insect allied to the Colombian
S. steinheili, Maikl., with brilliant golden-green elytra, the
alternate interstices of which have numerous small setiger-
ous impressions scattered throughout their length, the
seventh and ninth catenulate towards the tip.

- -Ceeatee 2

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a a me

ictal ea

New and little-known Lagridae. 197

31. Statira laticollis.
. Statira laticollis, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. x, p. 637 (1875).

Elongate, rather broad, widened posteriorly, moderately shining ;
rufo-testaceous, castaneous, or piceous, the elytra with a more or
less distinct aeneous lustre, the setigerous impressions towards the
apex indicated by darker subquadrate spots in the light-coloured or
immature individuals, the elytra with a few erect bristly hairs towards
the apex. Head closely, finely punctate, the eyes large, somewhat
distant; antennae long, slender, joint 11 in g as long as the four or
five preceding joints united, in 9 about equalling 8-10. Prothorax
as wide as the head, not or very little longer than broad, moderately
rounded at the sides, constricted before the base, the basal margin
very prominent; densely, finely punctate. Elytra long, widening
to beyond the middle in both sexes, and there more than twice as
broad as the prothorax, the sides arcuately converging thence to the
apex; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices broad, almost
flat on the disc, 3 and 9 with four or five, and 5 and 7 with two or
three, deep setigerous impressions on the apical half or third, the
spaces between them more or less raised longitudinally or tubercu-
late. Anterior femora moderately clavate, bare.

Length 103-12, breadth 344,45 mm. (¢9.)

Hab. Braziu, Santa Rita (Dr. Sahlberg, Aug. 1850 : type),
Petropolis, Constancia (J. Gray and H. Clark, Jan. and Feb.
1857), Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo (Fry).

This insect is apparently not uncommon in the neigh-
bourhood of Rio de Janeiro, to judge from the numerous
specimens before me. It is extremely probable that
S. laticollis is a dark Q of the previously described S. rufa,
Makl., and that the latter is an immature ¢$ of the same
species; but as the author makes no comparison between
them, the identification is uncertain. The apically tuber-
culate, subcatenulate alternate elytral interstices 3, 5, 7,
and 9, and the finely impressed striae, are characteristic
of the present species. In pallid examples the setigerous
impressions are indicated by dark spots, much as in typical
S. nigrosparsa, Mikl. A specimen (Q) before me from Rio
de Janeiro, rufous in colour, with testaceous elytra, and a
fovea on each side of the disc of the prothorax behind the
middle (not mentioned by Miklin), may be referable to
S. rufa, the type of which must be a g, with a very long
eleventh antennal joint.

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198 Mr. G. C. Champion on

32. Statira viriditineta, n. sp.

Elongate, widened posteriorly, moderately shining; piceous or
nigro-piceous, the femora paler at the base, the elytra with a brassy
or greenish lustre, the antennae (except two or more of the basal
joints) ferruginous, the elytra with a few bristly hairs towards the
apex. Head densely, minutely punctate, smoother in front, slightly
hollowed between the eyes, the latter very large, somewhat distant ;
antennae long, slender, joint 11 as long as five or six of the preceding
joints united. Prothorax as wide as, or a little wider than, the head,
as broad as long, moderately rounded at the sides, strongly con-
stricted before the raised basal margin; densely, very finely punc-
tate. Elytra long, widening to beyond the middle, arcuately nar-
rowed posteriorly; closely, finely punctato-striate, the striae deeply
impressed towards the tip, the interstices more or less convex, 3 with
five or six scattered setigerous impressions down the apical half,
and 5, 7, and 9 with from two to four (those on 7 sometimes want-
ing) similar impressions towards the apex, the impressions each
preceded by a small tubercle.

Length 9-11, breadth 3-4 mm. (4.)

Hab. AMAZONS, Santarem, Ega (H. W. Bates).

Six examples, possibly ‘all males. This is an Amazonian
form of S. laticollis, Maikl., that requires a distinctive name.
The more deeply impressed striae (especially at the apex)
and the convex interstices of the elytra, the relatively
longer apical joint of the antennae, the blackened basal
joints of the latter, and the darker body, are sufficient to
distinguish S. viriditincta. A still more nearly allied form,
S. peruana, occurs at Chanchamayo, Peru.

33. Statira peruana, n. sp.

Elongate, widened posteriorly, moderately shining ; nigro-piceous,
the apical joint of the antennae obscure ferruginous, the elytra with
a green or bluish-green lustre; the elytra with a few long bristly
hairs towards the apex. Head closely, minutely punctate, the eyes
very large, somewhat distant; antennae slender, moderately long,
joint 11 about equalling the four preceding joints united. Pro-
thorax a little wider than the head, scarcely so long as broad, rounded
at the sides, strongly constricted before the raised basal margin ;
closely, minutely punctate. Elytra long, widening to beyond the
middle, and there considerably more than twice the breadth of the
prothorax, arcuately narrowed posteriorly; finely, closely, deeply
punctato-striate, the interstices convex, 3 with five, and 5, 7, and

a

—— +> «

ttt i eee eee

New and little-known Lagridae. 199

9 each with three or four, scattered deep setigerous impressions
towards the apex, the spaces between them longitudinally swollen
and subcatenulate.

Length 113-12, breadth 4mm. (97)

Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (ez coll. #. Bates).

Two examples, sex not ascertained. This is yet another
form of S. laticollis, approaching S. caelata, Er., and S. nigra,
Makl., these latter having the ninth elytral interstice inter-
ruptedly catenulate for nearly its entire length. The crenate
elytral striae in S. peruana are still more deeply impressed
at the apex than in the Amazonian S. viriditincta, and the
elevations between the setigerous impressions are strongly
convex longitudinally, instead of shortly tuberculate as in
the last-named insect.

34, Statira rufifrons.
9. Statira rufifrons, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vu, p. 152 (1862).

Elongate, rather narrow, shining; obscure testaceous above,
darker beneath, the prothorax aeneous, the rest of the upper
surface (the front of the head excepted) with a faint aeneous lustre ;
the elytra with a few long, scattered, bristly hairs. Head broad,
sparsely, minutely punctate, longitudinally sulcate and foveate in
the middle between the eyes, the latter large, moderately distant;
antennae long, slender, joint 11 in g about equalling 7-10, in 2 8-10,
united. Prothorax as wide as, or a little wider than, the head,
longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, constricted before the promi-
nent basal margin; closely, finely, conspicuously punctate, the
interspaces polished, the disc sometimes with a faint trace of a
median channel. Elytra long, twice as broad as the prothorax,
gradually widened to the middle, somewhat acuminate posteriorly ;
closely, finely punctato-striate, the striae deeply impressed at the
apex, the interstices flat on the disc, 3 and 5 each with five or six
deep setigerous impressions scattered between the base and apex,
and 9 with three or four (and 7 sometimes with one) similar impres-
sions near the tip, the interspaces between them raised and sub-
catenulate towards the apex. Anterior femora moderately clavate,
bare.

Length 8,,-10, breadth 23-3} mm.

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

Six examples agreeing very nearly with Maklin’s descrip-
tion. Smaller and narrower than S. laticollis, Maikl., as
here identified; the head and prothorax more polished,

-

200 Mr. G. C. Champion on

the former longitudinally suleate and foveate between the
eyes, the prothorax oblong, less densely punctate, and
aeneous in colour; the elytra less dilated, translucent
aeneo-testaceous, with the striae deeply impressed at the
apex, the setigerous impressions on the interstices 3 and
5 extended forward to the base.

35. Statira sphenodera, n. sp. (Plate XII, fig. 16, 3.)

Very elongate, narrow, shining; piceous, the prothorax, under
surface, and sometimes the femora at the base, rufous or rufo-testace-
ous, the elytra with a translucent greenish or cupreous lustre, the
latter with a few bristly hairs towards the apex. Head long, narrow,
somewhat closely punctate, shallowly, longitudinally, grooved
between the eyes, the latter very large and subapproximate, the
neck rugose; antennae very long and slender in both sexes, joint 11
in g equalling about five, in 9 rather more than three, of the pre-
ceding joints united. Prothorax elongate, narrow, subconical,
sinuate at the sides before the base, the basal and apical margins
slightly raised; closely, finely, irregularly punctate. Elytra very
elongate, twice as wide as the prothorax, subparallel, acuminate at
the apex; finely punctato-striate, the interstices almost flat, 1, 3, 5,
7, and 9 each with two or three setigerous impressions towards the
tip. Legs very elongate, slender, the femora gradually thickened to
near the apex in both sexes.

Lengt 12}-132, breadth 3-32 mm. (9.)

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro (Fry), Per-
nambuco (ez coll. F. Bates).

Seven specimens. A very elongate, narrow insect, not
unlike S. longicollis, Maikl., and easily recognisable by its
long, subconical, red prothorax, very elongate, slender
antennae, with an extremely elongate terminal joint in Q,
the metallic elytra, with the interstices smooth to near
the apex, and the simple legs in both sexes. The general
facies is that of an Agra.

36. Statira stenocephala, n. sp.

36. Very elongate, narrow, shining; nigro-piceous, the femora
paler at the base, the apical margin of ventral segments 3 and 4
testaceous, the elytra with a cyaneous lustre, the latter with a few
bristly hairs at the tip. Head oblong, narrow, sparsely punctate,
foveate in the middle between the eyes, and with two small foveae
on each side adjacent to them, the eyes rather small (as seen from

New and little-known Lagrudae. 201

above), somewhat distant ; antennae long, quite slender, joints 7-10
rapidly decreasing in length, 11 rather longer than 6-10 united.
Prothorax a little wider than the head, much longer than broad,
subcylindrical, slightly narrowed and constricted before the apex,
and very feebly sinuate at the sides before the base, the basal margin
a little raised, the hind angles riot prominent; very sparsely, finely,
irregularly punctate, the dise transversely depressed on each side
before and behind the middle, and indistinctly so in the centre at
the base. Elytra elongate, scarcely twice the width of the pro-
thorax, subparallel to far beyond the middle, rounded at the tip;
closely, finely striato-punctate, striate at the apex, the interstices
flat, transversely wrinkled, without definite coarser setigerous im-
pressions on the alternate interstices. Legs long, slender, the
anterior femora feebly clavate.

Length 10, breadth 23 mm.

Hab. Braz (Mus. Brit.).

One male, acquired by the Museum in 1871. An isolated
form, recognisable by its narrow head, slender antennae,
long, cylindrical, polished prothorax, and nigro-cyaneous,
long, subparallel, non-foveolate elytra. It bears some
resemblance to Hypostatira varucolor, Fairm., from Minas
Geraes, but the present insect cannot be referred to that
genus as defined by its describer.

37. Statira viridinitens, n. sp.

2. Very elongate, somewhat convex, polished; head and pro-
thorax nigro-piceous, the elytra brilliant metallic green, with cupre-
ous or golden reflections at the sides and apex, the legs, antennae,
and under surface piceous, the elytra with a few long, bristly hairs.
Head almost smooth (the covered rugose neck excepted), foveate
in the middle between the eyes, the latter moderately large, separ-
ated by the width of one of them as seen from above; antennae
extremely slender and elongate, the joints slightly thickened at the
tip, 11 equalling 9 and 10 united. Prothorax about as wide as the
head, not longer than broad, cordate, almost smooth, the basal
margin laterally projecting, raised. Elytra very elongate, at the
base twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually widening to beyond
the middle, acuminate posteriorly, the apices pointed; closely,
finely punctato-striate, the interstices broad, almost flat, 3, 5, and
7 with several widely separated setigerous impressions scattered

11 There is a specimen apparently referable to this species in the
Oxford Museum.

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202 Mr. G. C. Champion on

between the base and apex, 9 also with three impressions towards the
tip. Legs very long and slender, the femora moderately thickened.
Length 12, breadth 34 mm.

Hab. Cotomsta (ez coll. F. Bates).

One female. An insect with brilliantly metallic elytra,
as in S. sumtuosa, Maikl., and other allied Colombian and
Ecuador forms, the head and prothorax relatively short,
the elytra very long, posteriorly acuminate, and mucronate
at the tip, the antennae and legs as slender as in Othryades
fragilicorms, Champ., from Panama. The last-named
species has the mandibles tridentate at the tip, which is
apparently not the case in the present insect, so far as can
be ascertained without opening them. S. angustata, Pic,
from Ecuador, must have equally slender antennae.

38. Statira aegrota.

6. Statira aegrota, Maikl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 149 (1862).

6. Antennae simple, joint 11 about equalling 7-10 (in Q 8-10)
united; anterior femora stout; intermediate femora gradually
thickened to beyond the middle and slightly hollowed thence to
the apex.

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro (Fry), Espirito
Santo (Schmidt).

Four specimens before me are probably referable to this
species. They differ from Maklin’s description in having
the small rounded tubercles preceding the setigerous im-
pressions placed on the alternate interstices 1, 3, 5, and 9,
instead of on 1, 3, 5, and 7, as stated. The tubercles are
distributed along the whole length of the three dorsal
interstices mentioned, varying greatly in number, but on
the ninth they are reduced to a short series near the apex.
An elongate reddish insect, with the elytra translucent green
or bluish-green, the prothorax sometimes infuscate; the
head broad, almost smooth, unimpressed between the eyes,
the latter large and somewhat distant; the antennae
slender; the prothorax cordate (2) or oblongo-cordate (3),
densely punctulate, with very prominent basal margin; the
elytra finely punctato-striate, the interstices (except just
in front of the setigerous impressions) almost flat; the
femora and tibiae simple in 3. S. rubrithorax, Pic,* from
San Antonio da Barra, Brazil, seems to be an allied form

12 Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 14 (Sept. 1912).

New and little-known Lagriidae. 203

with a subopaque head and prothorax, and black antennae,
knees, tibiae, and tarsi.

39. Statira scintillans, n. sp.

6. Elongate, narrow, very shining; aeneo-piceous, the head,
antennae, and legs reddish; the head and elytra with numerous very
long, suberect bristly hairs, the antennae also setose. Head rather
small, sparsely punctulate, longitudinally grooved between the eyes,
the latter large and narrowly separated; antennae long, slender,
joint 11 extremely elongate, about equalling 3-10 united. Pro-
thorax as wide as the head, much longer than broad, rounded at the
sides, obliquely narrowed from the middle forward, and constricted
before the prominent basal margin; closely, very minutely punctate.
Elytra long, nearly twice as wide as the prothorax, subparallel in their
basal half, flattened and uneven on the disc; very minutely striato-
punctate, the interstices broad, flat, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 with from six to ten
setigerous impressions scattered between the base and apex, the im-
pressions each preceded by a small tubercle, these becoming slightly
elongated towards the tip. Legs rather stout, the femora strongly
clavate, the tibiae slightly curved at the base.

Length 7, breadth 2-25, mm.

Hab. Amazons, Santarem, Ega (H. W. Bates).

Two males. A narrow, elongate form related to the
Colombian S. swmtuosa, Makl., but much smaller, with the
apical joint of the gj-antenna nearly half the length of the
entire organ, and the surface of the elytra so uneven as to
appear scintillate.

40. Statira sphenoptera, n. sp.

g. Elongate, narrow, attenuate posteriorly, rather dull, the elytra
and under surface shining; black, the elytra cyaneous on the disc,
aeneous at the sides, the antennae (joints 1-3 excepted) and legs (the
black knees excepted) testaceous, the abdomen piceous; the elytra
with scattered long, erect, bristly hairs. Head large, broader than
the prothorax, densely, very finely punctate, the eyes extremely
large, narrowly separated; antennae long, slender [joints 10 and 11
missing]. Prothorax much longer than broad, cordate, strongly con-
stricted before the raised, laterally-projecting basal margin; densely
minutely punctate, transversely excavate in the centre at the base.
Elytra moderately long, less than twice the width of the prothorax,
narrowing from the base, unarmed at the tip; very finely, closely,
punctato-striate, the interstices feebly convex, 1, 3, and 5 with a

_
204 Mr. G. C. Champion on

series of eight or nine setigerous impressions, each preceded by a
small tubercle, scattered between the base and apex, and 9 with
four small tubercles along the apical half. Legs long, slender, the
anterior femora stouter than the others.

Length 8, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Upper Amazons, Ega (H. W. Bates).

One male. A narrow, graceful form, with a black head
and prothorax, very large, subapproximate eyes, sub-
cuneiform, tuberculate, blue elytra, and long, flavescent
legs, the black knees excepted.

41. Statira sumtuosa.

Statira sumtuosa, Mikl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh. xx,
p- 350 (1878).

®. Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; nigro-piceous, the
elytra brilliant greenish-aeneous, the elytral depressions and apex
golden-cupreous in certain lights, the antennae and legs rufo-piceous ;
the elytra with a few long, bristly hairs. Head sparsely, very finely
punctate, longitudinally depressed in the middle between the eyes,
the latter very large, somewhat narrowly separated; antennae
slender, joint 11 equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax a little wider
than the head, about as long as broad, moderately rounded at the
sides, constricted before the raised basal margin; closely, con-
spicuously punctate, shallowly, interruptedly sulcate down the
middle, and with an oblique depression on each side of the disc
posteriorly. Elytra long, widening to beyond the middle, twice as
broad as the prothorax, flattened on the disc below the base, and
longitudinally depressed within the humeri; extremely finely,
shallowly striato-punctate, the punctures becoming obsolete towards
the apex; the interstices flat, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with a scattered
series of small setigerous impressions, most of which are placed in
large, broad, shallow, coalescent foveae, the interspaces between
those on 7 and 9 carinate. Legs long and slender.

Length 123, breadth 3$ mm.

Hab. Cotomsta (ea coll. F. Bates).

One specimen, agreeing well with Maklin’s description,
so far as it goes. Recognisable by the brilhantly metallic
uneven elytra, with interruptedly carinate seventh and
ninth interstices, the closely punctured, interruptedly sul-
cate prothorax, and slender hmbs. The femora are probably
abraded.

;
}
t

New and little-known Lagriidae. 205

42. Statira chaleoptera, n. sp.

Elongate, widened posteriorly, very shining; nigro-piceous or
black, the elytra brilliant brassy-green, partly cupreous when viewed
in certain lights, the legs rufo-testaceous, the antennae ferruginous
or fusco-ferruginous; the elytra with a few long bristly hairs. Head
rather narrow, not wider than the prothorax, sparsely, minutely
punctate, obsoletely impressed in the middle between the eyes, the
latter very large, somewhat narrowly separated; antennae long,
slender, joint 11 in 2 equalling 8-10 united [broken off in g]. Pro-
thorax slightly longer than broad, rounded at the sides, moderately
constricted before the prominent basal margin; sparsely, minutely
punctate (almost smooth in one example), with a deep, oblong-
triangular excavation in the middle at the base and an oblique im-
pression on each side of it anteriorly. Elytra long, widening to
beyond the middle and there more than twice the width of the
prothorax, transversely excavate below the base, and also longitudi-
nally depressed within the humeri; extremely finely, shallowly
striato-punctate, the interstices flat, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 each with a
scattered series of small, shallow, setigerous impressions, the im-
pressions on 7 and 9, and those towards the apex of 1, placed in large
shallow foveae. Legs long; anterior and intermediate femora
sparsely ciliate beneath.

Length 113-12}, breadth 34mm. (39.)

Hab. Cotomstia (Mus. Brit.).

Two examples, one with the head and prothorax almost
smooth. This is a form of S. swmtuosa, Makl., with the
elytra deeply excavate below the base, the broad, shallow,
foveiform depressions on the disc restricted to the sides
and apex, and the short carinae between them on the inter-
stices 7 and 9 wanting; the prothorax deeply triangularly
excavate in the middle at the base; and the legs wholly
red.

43. Statira cavernosa, n. sp.

9. Elongate, depressed, widened posteriorly, shining; nigro-
piceous, the elytra metallic green, the depressions, sides, and apex
aeneo-cupreous, the legs fusco-castaneous, the mandibles rufescent ;
the elytra with scattered, erect, bristly hairs. Head a little broader
than the prothorax, very minutely punctate, with a shallow fovea
in the middle between the eyes, the latter moderately large, distant ;
antennae slender, moderately long, joint 11 equalling 9 and 10
united. Prothorax slightly longer than broad, narrow, oblongo-
cordate, constricted before the prominent basal margin; closely,

206 Mr. G. C. Champion on

excessively minutely punctate. Elytra long, compressed below the
humeri, widening to beyond the middle and there three times the
breadth of the prothorax, transversely depressed below the base,
and with a deep, oblique post-basal excavation ; minutely, sinuously,
striato-punctate, the interstices flat, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with four or
five large, shallow, setigerous impressions on the apical half, 1 trans-
versely notched along the suture and also with three or four foveae
towards the tip, the larger impressions each preceded by a small
tubercle or short carina, the carina on 7 extending uninterruptedly
forward to the humeral callus. Legs long, slender, the femora
bare.
Length 9,5, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. Cotompia (Mus. Brit.).

One specimen, acquired in 1847. Near S. impressipennis,
Makl., with a narrower, oblong, smoother prothorax, smaller
eyes, and very minutely striato-punctate, uneven elytra,
the large shallow setigerous impressions on the apical half
diverting the linear arrangement of the striae, the spaces
between the impressions interruptedly carinate or catenu-
late. S. sumtuosa is an allied larger insect.

44. Statira impressipennis.

Statira impressipennis, Maikl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh.
xx, p. 351 (1878).

Elongate, depressed, widened posteriorly, very shining; nigro-
piceous, the head and prothorax with an aeneous lustre, the elytra
metallic green, brassy at the tip, the tarsi and joint 11 of the antennae
ferruginous; the elytra with numerous very long, erect, bristly hairs.
Head narrower than the prothorax, sparsely, finely punctate, deeply
foveate in the middle between the eyes, the latter very large, some-
what narrowly separated; antennae slender, rather short, joint 11
equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax not longer than broad, rounded
at the sides, constricted before the prominent basal margin; some-
what closely, finely punctate. Elytra very long, twice as broad as
the prothorax, widening to beyond the middle, broadly depressed
for some distance below the base; closely, very finely, shallowly,
punctato-striate throughout, the interstices flat, 1 (except along
median third), 3,5, and 9 with numerous setigerous impressions
scattered between the base and apex, 9 interruptedly costate pos-
teriorly. Legs very long, slender ; anterior and intermediate femora
finely ciliate beneath; tibiae pilose within.

Length 104, breadth 3} mm. (2?)

rts. we ~ ~~ o 06 e oe gee eee <n tee

New and little-known Lagridae. 207

Hab. Cotompra (Mus. Brit.).

One specimen, almost certainly referable to S. wmpressi-
pennis, Makl., the type of which was found by Steinheil in
the same country. It is related to his S. swmtuosa and
other Colombian forms.

45, Statira cupreoviridis, n. sp.

Elongate, rather narrow, depressed, shining; black with an
aeneous lustre, the elytra brilliantly metallic green or golden-green
at the base, cupreous from the middle onwards, the antennal joints
4-11 obscure ferruginous, the tarsi rufo-testaceous; the elytra and
abdomen with a few long bristly hairs. Head small, not wider than
the prothorax, very sparsely, finely punctate, deeply foveate in the
middle between the eyes, the latter large, separated by about half
the width of one of them; antennae slender, joint 11 in 9 [that of
$ wanting] slightly longer than 8-10 united. Prothorax narrow,
longer than broad, obliquely narrowed anteriorly, and deeply con-
stricted before the prominent basal margin ; sparsely, minutely punc-
tate, depressed in the middle at the base. Elytra long, flattened,
more than twice the width of the prothorax, subparallel in their
basal half, the humeri prominent and with a deep oblique depression ;
very finely striato-punctate, the interstices broad, flat, feebly convex
at the apex, 3 with five or six widely scattered, 5 and 7 each with
two on the apical half, and 9 with one at the middle, setigerous im-
pressions, each of which is placed in a large shallow fovea, 9 also
with several other impressions towards the tip. Legs long, slender,
anterior femora feebly clavate.

Length 93-102, breadth 3-34 mm. (¢9.)

Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (ez coll. F. Bates).

One pair, the tip of the antennae wanting in one of them.
A brilliantly metallic insect allied to the Colombian S. swm-
tuosa, Makl., with a narrower head and prothorax, differ-
ently sculptured elytra, and rufo-testaceous tarsi. The
large shallow foveae on the apical half of the elytra give
an uneven appearance to the surface; the general shape
is like that of an Agra, fam. Carabidae.

46. Statira vigintipunctata, n. sp.

Elongate, widened posteriorly, shining; black, the elytra metallic
green, cupreous at the sides and apex, the antennae (except at the
base) obscure ferruginous, the legs nigro-piceous; the elytra with
a few very long bristly hairs. Head small, closely, finely punctate,
the eyes moderately large, distant; antennae slender, joint 11

208 Mr. ¢. Champion on

equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax about as wide as the head, con-
siderably longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, constricted before
the moderately raised basal margin ; closely, finely punctate. Elytra
long, widening to beyond the middle and there more than twice the
width of the prothorax, flattened below the base; closely, finely
punctato-striate throughout, the interstices almost flat, convex at
the tip, 3 with six, and 5 with four, rather large, deep, setigerous
impressions scattered between the base and apex, 9 also with two
smaller impressions towards the tip. Legs long; anterior femora
moderately clavate.
Length 94, breadth 3 mm. (92?)

Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (ez coll. F. Bates).

One specimen. Differs from S. cwpreoviridis, from the
same locality, in having the elytra shorter, less brilliantly
coloured, punctato-striate to the apex, and with the
setigerous impressions smaller, deeper, and otherwise
arranged, the head and prothorax closely punctate, the
tarsi infuscate. The sharplv-defined elytral foveae are
suggestive of those of various species of the Carabid-genus
Pterostichus.

47. Statira semicuprea, n. sp.

Elongate, widened posteriorly, somewhat robust, shining ; piceous,
the elytra aeneous at the base, the colour changing to cupreous
from about the basal third onwards, the cupreous coloration enclosing
an oblong green patch on the disc near the tip; the elytra with a few
long bristly hairs. Head short, barely as wide as the prothorax,
closely, finely punctate, the eyes large, distant; antennae moder-
ately long, slender [tip broken off]. Prothorax transverse, rounded
at the sides, deeply constricted before the prominent basal margin ;
closely, finely punctate. Elytra long, broad, more than twice the
breadth of the prothorax, gradually widened to the middle, and
somewhat acuminate posteriorly; very finely, closely striato-
punctate, the interstices broad, flat, 3 with four or five, and 5 with
three, large setigerous impressions towards the apex, 9 also with
a series of impressions down the apical half, the interspaces between
them cariniform. Anterior femora moderately clavate.

Length 113, breadth 3 mm. (2?)

Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (ex coll. F. Bates).

One specimen. Larger than the Central American
S. glabrata, Mikl., with more elongate, smoother, partly
cupreous, apically foveolate elytra, more slender antennae,
a less constricted prothorax, simple anterior femora, ete.

New and little-known Lagridae. 209

The elytral sculpture is rather like that of S. cwpreoviridis,
the large setigerous impressions, however, in the present
species are mostly placed near the apex.

48. Statira splendicans.

Q. Statira splendicans, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vi, p. 151
(1862) :

Very like S. micans, Mikl. (No. 29), the alternate elytral interstices
not catenulate towards the apex, 1, 3, and 5 with a scattered series
of setigerous impressions, those on 7 wanting, 9 with two or three
impressions near the tip; head a little broader, the inter-ocular
groove only just indicated, the eyes more distant; antennal joint 11
in ¢ equalling 7-10, in Q 8-10, united; legs slender, simple in 3;
aedeagus slender, thickened and slightly hooked at the tip above.

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.), Constancia (J. Gray and H.
Clark, Jan. 1857), Rio de Janeiro (Fry), Minas Geraes
(Mus. Oxon.).

Two males and four females seen.

49. Statira rotundicollis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, somewhat robust, shining; piceous, the
head and prothorax with an aeneous lustre, the elytra brassy, the
antennae obscure ferruginous, the elytra with a few long, bristly
hairs. Head about as wide as the prothorax, almost smooth, a
transverse foveate depression between the eyes excepted, the latter
large, distant; antennae slender, joint 11 nearly as long as 7-10
united. Prothorax convex, about as broad as long, strongly
rounded at the sides, deeply constricted before the prominent basal
margin; sparsely, very minutely punctate. Elytra long, twice
as broad as the prothorax, gradually widened to the middle, and
somewhat acuminate posteriorly; closely, finely, deeply punctato-
striate, the interstices becoming more convex towards the apex,
3 with five, and 5 with three or four, widely scattered, setigerous
impressions, 7 also with one at the shoulder and 9 with two impres-
sions near the tip. Anterior femora clavate; anterior tibiae feebly
curved.

Length 83, breadth 2} mm. (3?)

Hab. CotompBia, Bogota (Mus. Brit.).

One specimen. Narrower than the Central American
S. glabrata, Makl., the prothorax not wider than the head,
the anterior femora unarmed, the elytra more deeply

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTI. (NOV.) P

all 1
210 Mr. G. C. Champion on

striate, with the interstices convex at the apex. More
shining than S. puncticeps (No. 53), the head and _pro-
thorax almost smooth, the latter deeply constricted before
the base.

50. Statira divisa, n. sp.

Elongate, depressed, widened posteriorly, very shining; obscure
testaceous, the head, antennae, and palpi in great part piceous; the
elytra of a brilliant brassy tint, tinged with cupreous. along the

inferior margin, the suture testaceous throughout, the testaceous ©

coloration gradually becoming more extended towards the apex;
the elytra with a few long bristly hairs. Head about as wide as
the prothorax, sparsely, minutely punctate, shallowly foveate in
the middle between the eyes, the latter moderately large, distant;
antennae long, slender, joint 11 barely the length of 8-10 united.
Prothorax about as broad as long, rounded at the sides, constricted
before the raised basal margin; very sparsely, obsoletely punctulate.
Elytra long, widening to beyond the middle, and there more than
twice the width of the prothorax, subacuminate posteriorly, depressed
below the base, and with an oblique intra-humeral depression ;
closely, minutely punctato-striate, the sutural stria deeply im-
pressed at the apex, the interstices flat, 3 with about eight, 5 with four
or five, and 9 with numerous, deep setigerous impressions scattered
throughout their length, and 1 with two small impressions near
the tip. Legs long, slender, the femora glabrous.
Length 8}, breadth 3 mm. (2?)

Hab. VENEZUELA (Dyson, in Mus. Brit.).

One specimen, somewhat immature and discoloured,
but otherwise perfect, acquired in 1847. Smaller than
the Colombian S. impressipennis, Makl., the prothorax
narrower, the elytra testaceous along the suture, with fewer
setigerous impressions on the disc, the femora glabrous
(? abraded), etc. The numerous deep impressions scattered
along the whole length of the ninth elytral interstice is a
marked feature of the present species. The much larger
S. nubeculosa, Mikl. (length 13 mm.), from Colombia, also
has a sutural stripe.

51. Statira diluta, n. sp.

Elongate, shining; piceous or rufo-castaneous, the antennae
and legs paler, the femora slightly infuscate, the elytra with a
cupreous or greenish lustre, the latter with a few bristly hairs
towards the apex. Head as broad as the prothorax, sparsely, very

New and little-known Lagridae. 211

minutely punctate, with several coarser punctures between the
eyes, the latter moderately large, distant; antennae slender, long,
joint 11 nearly or quite equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax about as
long as broad, rounded at the sides, deeply constricted before the
raised basal margin; sparsely, very minutely punctate. Elytra
long, flattened on the disc, twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually
widened to the middle, and somewhat acuminate posteriorly ;
closely, finely, shallowly punctato-striate to the tip, the interstices
broad, flat, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with from two to four setigerous
impressions on the apical half (those on 7 wanting in one specimen).
Length 93-103, breadth 3-33 mm.

Hab. Ecuapor, Macas (Buckley).

Three specimens, possibly including the two sexes.
Near the Venezuelan S. divisa, the elytra uniformly coloured,
simply flattened on the disc, the setigerous impressions on
the interstices 3, 5, and 9 fewer in number and mostly
placed near the apex. The much smoother, polished
prothorax separates S. diluta from 8S. lateralis (No. 71),
simonis, suffusa (No. 72), caeruleotincta (No. 59), ete.;
and its larger size and more elongate elytra from 8.
translucida (No. 56).

52. Statira simonis.

Statira simonis, Fairm., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1892, p. 95.

Elongate, somewhat depressed, widened posteriorly, shining;
rufo-testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra with a faint brassy lustre,
the latter with a few long bristly hairs. Head not so broad as the
prothorax :closely punctulate, transversely impressed between the
eyes, the latter moderately large, distant; antennae slender, long,
joint 11 not quite equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax a little broader
than long, moderately rounded at the sides, deeply constricted
before the raised basal margin; densely, finely punctate, transversely
grooved on each side of the disc just behind the middle, the basal
groove complete. Elytra long, twice the breadth of the prothorax,
widening to beyond the middle, the sides arcuately converging
thence to the apex; closely, very finely striato-punctate, the inter-
stices broad and flat throughout, 3 with six (scattered between
the base and apex), 5 with four (on the apical half), and 9 with three
(towards the apex), large, deep setigerous impressions. Anterior
femora moderately clavate.

Length 10, breadth 3} mm. (2?)

-
212 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Hab. VENEZUELA (Dyson), San Esteban, Colonia Tovar
(Simon: type).

One specimen, acquired by the Museum in 1847, agreeing
with the description of S. simonis, Fairm. Near S. lateralis,
Mikl. (as here identified), and separable therefrom by the
broader, laterally-grooved prothorax, and the very finely,
shallowly striato-punctate elytra, the interstices of which
are flat throughout, 3, 5, and 9 with a few large deep
setigerous impressions. S. divisa from Venezuela, S.
caeruleotincta, from Colombia (No. 59), and S. testacea and
S. aeneotincta, from Central America, are also allied forms.

53. Statira puneticeps, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, feebly shining; greenish-aeneous,
the antennae, legs, and under surface in great part or wholly piceous ;
the head and elytra with scattered long, erect, pallid, bristly hairs.
Head rather small, somewhat coarsely, closely punctate, smoother
in the middle between the eyes, the latter large and well separated ;
antennae slender, long, shorter in 9, joint 11 in ¢ about equalling
7-10, in 2 barely as long as 8-10, united. Prothorax oblong, longer
than broad, as wide as the head, constricted before the base, the
basal margin moderately raised; closely, conspicuously punctate,
without trace of median channel, the interspaces alutaceous.
Elytra rather long, about twice as broad as the prothorax, sub-
parallel at the base; closely, finely, rather deeply punctato-striate,
the interstices becoming convex towards the apex, 3 with six or
seven, and 5 with four or five, setigerous impressions scattered
between the base and apex, 9 also with two impressions near the tip.
Anterior femora strongly clavate.

Var. a. Antennae (joints 1 and 2 excepted) rufo-testaceous. (¢.)

Var. 8. Prothorax and abdomen rufo-piceous, legs and antennae
(joints 1 and 2 excepted) rufo-testaceous. (9.)

Var. y. Prothorax, a large apical patch on the elytra extending
narrowly up the suture to the base, antennae (joints 1 and 2 ex-
cepted), legs, and under surface ferruginous or rufo-testaceous. (¢.)

Length 7-9, breadth 2-3 mm. (39.)

Hab. Braztu, Rio de Janeiro (Fry), Constancia (J. Gray
and H. Clark, Jan. 1857: type).

Four males and two females, certainly belonging to one
variable species, the darker examples (3) selected as types.
More elongate than the equally variable S. inconstans,
Champ., from Central America, the elytra subparallel in
male, the head and prothorax closely, conspicuously punc-

—

New and little-known Lagriudae. 213

tate, the eyes larger and more approximate. The longer
elytra, with deeper striae and more numerous setigerous im-
pressions, the more coarsely punctured head and prothorax,
the latter without trace of median groove, easily separate
S. puncticeps from S. sericea (No. 65). The colour of the
antennae and legs proves to be of no value as a specific:
character in the present species. S. flavicornis, Makl.,
must be a very different insect.

54. Statira gratiosa.

Statira gratiosa, Makl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh. xx,
p. 353 (1878).

$. Elongate, narrow, shining; rufo-castaneous, the antennae
(joint 11 excepted) and upper surface darker, the elytra brilliant
violaceo-cupreous, metallic green along the suture and at the sides,
the green coloration extending across the base. Head small, not
wider than the prothorax, coarsely, closely punctate, smoother in
front, the eyes moderately large and separated by about half the
width of one of them; antennae rather slender, joint 11 extremely
elongate, about equalling 4-10 united. Prothorax longer than broad,
oblongo-cordate, as wide as the head, constricted before the rather
prominent basal margin; closely, conspicuously punctate. Elytra
moderately long, twice as wide as the prothorax, subparallel at the
base, narrowing from before the middle to the apex, the intra-
humeral depression oblong, deep; minutely striato-punctate, the
punctures becoming still smaller towards the tip, the interstices ,
quite flat throughout, 3 with six large, shallow setigerous impressions
scattered between the base and apex, 9 with two smaller impressions
near the tip. Legs sparsely pilose; femora ciliate with long hairs
beneath, the anterior pair strongly clavate.

Length 74, breadth 2+ mm.

Hab. Cotompta (Mus. Brit., ex coll. F. Bates).

One male, assumed to be referable to Maklin’s S. gratiosa ;
but as the author does not mention the sculpture of the
head and form of the antennae, and describes the body as
black (an unimportant character), the identification is
not altogether certain. S. cwpripennis, also found by
Steinheil in Colombia, is said to have similarly cupreous
and golden-green elytra, with setigerous impressions on the
interstices 3, 5, and 7, an almost smooth prothorax, etc.
The specimen here described is one of two Colombian
insects from the F. Bates collection labelled “S. wiridi-
pennis, Dej.,” a name used by Serville for a very different

all
214 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Brazilian form. The present species is nearly allied to
the Central-American S. variabilis, Champ., which has
ciliate anterior femora in both sexes.

55. Statira dejeani, n. sp.

Statyra viridipennis, Dej. Cat., 3rd edit., p. 236 (1837)
(nec Serv.).

3. Elongate, narrow, shining; castaneous, the elytra translucent
metallic green, except along the suture posteriorly. Head closely,
rather coarsely punctate, the eyes large and somewhat narrowly
separated; antennae with joint 11 nearly equalling 4-10 united.
Prothorax considerably longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, the
basal margin raised; closely, conspicuously punctate. Elytra
moderately long, narrowing from the middle, the oblong intra-
humeral depression shallow; closely, rather finely punctato-striate,
the sutural stria deeply impressed posteriorly, the interstices flat,
3 with five widely separated deep setigerous impressions scattered
between the base and apex, 9 also with two smaller impressions
towards the tip. Femora sparsely ciliate, the anterior pair clavate.

Length 7}, breadth 24 mm.

Hab. Cotompta, Carthagena (ex coll. F. Bates).

One male, from the Dejean collection, and included
by him under S. wiridipennis. Extremely like S. gratiosa,
but with the elytra translucent metallic green (except along
a common elongate space on the disc posteriorly), more
coarsely punctato- striate, and with the similarly-placed
setigerous impressions deeper and less extended laterally ;
the “prothorax longer, and less rounded at the sides; and
the head a little more sparsely punctured; the eleventh
antennal joint slightly shorter. S. terminalis, Makl.,
must be similarly coloured.

56. Statira translueida, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining ; rufo-testaceous,
the eyes black, the palpi sometimes more or less infuscate, the elytra
(the epipleura excepted) suffused with green or golden-green, the
latter with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head sparsely, minutely
punctate, obsoletely foveate in the middle between the eyes, the
latter distant, moderately large; antennae rather slender, joint 11
in ¢ nearly as long as 8-10 united, in 9 a little shorter. Prothorax
almost or quite as wide as the head, about as broad as long, cordate,
strongly constricted before the prominent hind angles, the basal

New and little-known Lagriidae. 215

margin feebly raised; sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra moder-
ately long, twice as broad as the prothorax, widened to the middle,
and rapidly narrowed thence to the somewhat acuminate apex,
transversely depressed below the base; closely, finely punctato-
striate, the interstices becoming convex towards the apex, 3 with
from five to eight, and 5 and 9 with four or five setigerous impres-
sions (those on 3 and 5 scattered between the base and apex), 1
also with one or two impressions near the tip.
Length 63-73, breadth 2}-2} mm. (9.)

Hab. Brazin (Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro [type] (Fry),
Petropolis (J. Gray and H. Clark, Jan. 1857), Espirito
Santo (Descourtils).

Nine specimens seen, including the three in the Oxford
Museum. A rather small, rufo-testaceous form, with dilute
golden-green or green, very shining elytra, which in both
sexes are widened towards the middle and acuminate
posteriorly, slender antennae, and a relatively narrow
head and prothorax. Miaklin’s description of S. subaenea,
from Santa Catharina, nearly applies to the present insect ;
but the former is said to have the head shallowly, longi-
tudinally foveate between the eyes, the basal margin of
the prothorax moderately raised, the elytra linear or very
feebly widening in their basal two-thirds, and the five
setigerous impressions on their third interstice restricted
to the apical half. S. cwpreotincta, Champ., from Panama,
is a larger and more elongate insect, with a wider pro-
thorax and less uniformly coloured elytra, the latter with
much larger setigerous impressions.

57. Statira subglabrata, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining ; rufo-testaceous
or testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra aeneo-piceous, the latter
almost glabrous. Head sparsely, minutely punctate, the eyes
moderately large, distant; antennae rather stout, comparatively
short, joint 11 not or very little longer than 9 and 10 united. Pro-
thorax as wide as the head, about as long as broad, cordate, slightly
dilated at the base, the basal margin feebly raised; sparsely,
minutely punctate, finely, obsoletely canaliculate on the disc
anteriorly. Elytra not very elongate, in their widest part twice as
broad as the prothorax, gradually dilated to the middle, and arcuately
narrowed posteriorly; closely, finely punctato-striate, the inter-
stices feebly convex, 3 with three or four widely scattered setigerous

- '
216 Mr. G. C. Champion on

impressions along their apical half, and 9 usually with one or two
impressions near the tip.
Length 44-6}, breadth 2}-2} mm. (99.)

Hab. Amazons, Ega, Santarem [type] (H. W. Bates).

Seven examples, including three’males with the aedeagus
partly exposed. ‘This insect is of about the same size and
shape as S. viridicincta (No. 96), differing from it in having
uniformly aeneo-piceous elytra, with the setigerous impres-
sions on the disc reduced to three or four on the apical
half of the third interstice, shorter and stouter antennae,
with the terminal joint not much longer than 9 and 10
united in g, and an obsoletely canaliculate prothorax.

58. Statira caliensis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, depressed, shining; aeneo-piceous or rufo-
piceous with an aeneous lustre; the elytra with a few long, erect,
bristly hairs. Head sparsely, very minutely punctate, transversely
depressed between the eyes, the latter large and well separated;
antennae long, rather stout, joint 11 in g as long as 7-10, in 9 the
length of 8-10, united. Prothorax in g as broad as, in 9 broader
than, the head, not so long as wide, subcordate, strongly constricted
before the base, the basal margin prominent and laterally projecting ;
rather sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra moderately long, at
the middle twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually widened in
their basal half; closely, finely crenato-striate, the interstices be-
coming convex towards the sides and apex, 3 and 5 with scattered
conspicuous setigerous impressions along their entire length, 7 also
with one, and 9 with two or three, near the apex. Legs rather
stout.

Length 8;4,-9, breadth 23-3 mm. (32.)

Hab. W. Cotompta, Cali (Rosenberg).

One pair. Near S. lateralis, Makl. (No. 71), as here
understood but aeneo-piceous in colour, the antennae
stouter, and the elytra with a scattered row of setigerous
impressions along the interstices 3 and 5 from the base to
the apex.

59. Statira caeruleotincta, n. sp.

Elongate, somewhat robust, moderately shining; castaneous, the
elytra with a translucent bluish lustre on the disc, the colour changing
to brassy towards the sides and apex; the elytra with a few bristly
hairs. Head nearly as broad as the prothorax, sparsely, minutely

New and little-known Lagriidae. 217

punctate, the eyes large, somewhat distant; antennae long, slender,
joint 11 as long as 7-10 united. Prothorax rather broad, about as
long as wide, rounded at the sides, constricted before the prominent
laterally-projecting basal margin; closely, minutely punctate.
Elytra long, broad, slightly widening to the middle, about twice as
wide as the prothorax, somewhat acuminate at the tip; closely,
finely punctato-striate, the interstices flat, 3 with four or five deep
setigerous impressions scattered along the apical half, and 5 and 9
also with two or three others towards the tip, 3 and 5 subcatenulate
posteriorly. Anterior femora clavate, bare.
Length 93, breadth 3 mm. (4?)

Hab. CotomsBta (Mus. Brit., ex coll. F. Bates).

One specimen, from an old French collection. Not unhke
the Brazilian S. rufa and S. rufifrons, Makl., the elytra
bluish on the disc, the setigerous impressions fewer in
number (wanting on the seventh interstice), the head not
suleate as in S. rufifrons, the head and prothorax formed
much as in 8S. laticollis. The Mexican S. caeruleipenns,
Champ., is somewhat similarly coloured.

60. Statira puncticollis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, shining; reddish-brown, the femora paler
at the base, the eyes black; the elytra with a faint metallic lustre,
and bearing a few bristly hairs. Head broad, sparsely, minutely
punctate, with a shallow fovea between the eyes, an oblong depres-
sion infront of this, and a deep fovea (?accidental) on the epistoma,
the eyes very large, narrowly separated; antennae moderately
long, rather stout, joint 11 nearly equalling 7-10 united. Prothorax
as wide as the head, not longer than broad, subquadrate, strongly
constricted before the base, the basal margin raised; closely, very
finely punctate, the interspaces polished. Elytra moderately long,
at the middle twice as wide as the prothorax, somewhat acuminate
posteriorly; closely, finely punctato-striate, the striae deeply im-
pressed at the apex, the interstices flat on the disc, 3 and 5 with
from six to eight small setigerous impressions scattered throughout
their length, 9 also with two others near the tip.

Length 74, breadth 24 mm. (2?)

Hab. Amazons (H. W. Bates).

One specimen, exact locality not given on the label.
Near the variable S. multiformis, Champ., from Central
America, S. insularis (No. 77), from Trinidad, and S.
caeruleotincta, from Colombia, differing from all of them in

r-
218 Mr. G. C. Champion on

the interruptedly sulcate inter-ocular portion of the head
(the deep fovea on the epistoma being probably accidental),
the antennae stouter and the prothorax more shining and
less densely punctate than in the first two species, the eyes
more approximate and the prothorax not so convex and
less rounded at the sides than in S. caeruleotincta.

61. Statira echloroptera, n. sp.

Elongate, rather convex, robust, very shining; piceous, the elytra
brilliant metallic green, the latter with a few very long, erect, pallid.
bristly hairs. Head rather small, narrower than the prothorax,
almost smooth, the eyes large, distant; antennae moderately long,
stout, joint 11 equalling 9 and 10 united. Prothorax broad, trans-
verse, arcuately dilated at the sides, narrowed and deeply con-
stricted posteriorly, the basal margin prominent; almost smooth,
transversely excavate in the middle in front, and shallowly, in-
terruptedly grooved down the middle. Elytra long, broad, nearly
twice as wide as the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half;
with rows of fine, approximate punctures placed in deep striae,
the interstices here and there transversely wrinkled, becoming more
convex towards the apex, 3, 5, and 9 with several widely separated
inconspicuous setigerous punctures. Legs rather stout, anterior
femora clavate.

Length 10, breadth 34 mm. (2?)

Hab. Peru (ex coll. Pascoe).

One specimen. This insect has stout antennae and a
short, arcuately dilated prothorax, somewhat as in S.
eurydera (No. 68), but the general facies is more like that
of the much larger S. ingens, from Central America. The
brilliant metallic green, rather broad elytra, the small head,
and somewhat convex body are also characteristic.

62. Statira canaliculata, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, shining; rufo-piceous (obscure testaceous in the
immature example), the head and legs paler, the elytra with a dilute
aeneous lustre, the latter with a few long bristly hairs. Head broad,
almost smooth, the eyes large, distant; antennae short, slender,
joint 11 nearly equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax not quite so broad
as long, a little wider than the head, transversely cordate, strongly
constricted before the raised basal margin; very sparsely, finely,
unequally punctate, interruptedly canaliculate down the middle,
the groove widened before the base. Elytra very long, twice as

New and little-known Lagriidae. 219

broad as the prothorax, gradually widening to the middle, and
somewhat acuminate posteriorly; closely, finely punctato-striate,
the striae deeply impressed at the apex, the interstices almost flat
to near the tip, 3 with nine or ten, and 5 with five or six, setigerous
impressions scattered throughout their length, 9 also with two or
three impressions towards the apex.

Length 113-12, breadth 33-4 mm.

Hab. Peru (ex coll. Fry), Chanchamayo (ex coll. F.
Bates).

Two females, possibly obtained by the same collector,
Thamm.: Narrower than the Brazilian S. laticollis, Makl.
(No. 31); the prothorax much smoother, interruptedly
canaliculate on the disc; the elvtra relatively longer, with
a scattered series of setigerous impressions along the
interstices 3 and 5, the latter not catenulate at the apex.
The short, convex, conspicuously canaliculate, compara-
tively smooth prothorax also separates the present species
from various other allied species. Compared with the im-
maculate form of the Colombian S. trisellata (No. 103), the
eyes are larger, the antennae shorter and not so slender,
and the elytra less acuminate at the apex, with the seriate
punctures much finer and the interstices almost flat.

63. Statira caracana, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, depressed, very shining, the prothorax duller ;
head and prothorax aeneous, the elytra brilliant metallic green,
the antennae, legs, and under surface black; the head and elytra
with a few long, fine, erect, bristly hairs. Head a little wider than
the prothorax, sparsely punctulate, foveate in the middle between
the eyes, the latter large and somewhat distant; antennae slender,
joint 11 equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax longer than broad,
subeylindrical, strongly constricted before the prominent basal
margin; sparsely, minutely punctate and finely canaliculate, the
interspaces alutaceous. Elytra long, about twice as broad as the
prothorax, subparallel at the base, very little wider at the middle,
the intra-humeral depression oblong, deep; very finely, closely
punctato-striate, the interstices broad, flat on the disc, convex at
the apex, 3 with four scattered setigerous impressions on the apical
half, and 9 with two similar impressions towards the tip. Legs
long, slender, the anterior pair with strongly clavate femora, curved
tibiae and broadly dilated tarsi, the tarsal joints 2 and 3 transverse.

Length 8, breadth 2} mm.

220 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Hab. Brazin, Caraca (P?. Germain).

One example. An insect very like S. versicolor, with
wholly black legs and antennae, a less deeply canaliculate
prothorax, a relatively shorter eleventh antennal joint in
36, and brilliant metallic green elytra. Compared with
S. sericea, the elytra are more elongate, the head has a
single fovea between the eyes, and the legs and antennae
are black. The dilated anterior tarsi are obviously indica-
tive of the male sex. SS. elegans, Makl. (No. 87), is a
somewhat similar differently-coloured form.

64. Statira versicolor, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, depressed, shining; piceo-castaneous, the
head and prothorax with a faint aeneous lustre; the elytra in the
example selected as type metallic blue-green in the sutural region,
the colour changing to golden exterior to this, and to cupreous along
the sides and at the apex, in a second specimen aeneo-cupreous ;
the head and elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head
large, a little wider than the prothorax, sparsely, minutely punctate,
flattened, punctulate, and laterally impressed between the eyes,
the latter large and rather distant; antennae slender, long, joint 11
a little longer than 8-10 united. Prothorax longer than broad,
oblongo-cordate, constricted before the prominent basal margin;
sparsely, very minutely punctate, the interspaces alutaceous, the
dise strongly, interruptedly canaliculate. Elytra long, twice as
wide as the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half, the intra-
humeral depression oblong, deep; closely, finely punctato-striate,
the interstices flat on the disc, convex at the apex, 3 with about
four widely separated setigerous impressions on the apical half,
1 and 9 also with a single impression near the tip. Legs long,
slender, the anterior pair with the femora moderately clavate
and the tibiae feebly curved.

Length 74-9, breadth 24-2? mm.

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro (Fry: type).

Two males, one of them immature, with the elvtra
almost uniformly aeneo-cupreous and the legs testaceous.
Very near S. sericea, the elytra partly cupreous, the pro-
thorax more deeply canaliculate, the head a little broader,
the terminal joint of the antenna longer. The strongly
canaliculate prothorax, the more metallic elytra, with fewer
setigerous impressions (those on the third interstice not
extending beyond the middle anteriorly), and the absence

New and little-known Lagridae. 22]

of the median sulcus on the head, separate S. versicolor

from S. rufifrons, Makl. (No. 34).

65. Statira sericea, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, shining, the prothorax dull; aeneo-
piceous, or rufo-castaneous with a faint aeneous lustre, the elytra
aeneous or golden-green, becoming cupreous or golden towards the
sides and apex, the antennae testaceous, the two basal joints, the
eyes, and palpi black or blackish; the elytra with a few long, erect,
bristly hairs. Head rather broad, very sparsely, minutely punctate,
shallowly bifoveate between the eyes in 3, the latter large, some-
what distant; antennae slender, rather long, joint 11 in ¢ as long as
7-10, in 2 equalling 8-10, united. Prothorax narrower than the
head, longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, strongly constricted
before the raised, laterally prominent, basal margin; sparsely,
minutely punctate, the interspaces alutaceous, and finely, distinctly
canaliculate down the anterior half. Elytra moderately long, twice
as broad as the prothorax, gradually widened to the middle, and
obliquely excavate or depressed within the humeri; closely, very
finely punctato-striate, the interstices flat on the disc, convex at
the apex, 3 with four or five widely scattered setigerous impressions,
9 also with one or two others towards the apex. Legs slender.

Length 6-6}, breadth 1,5-2 mm. (99.)

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.: 3), Constancia (J. Gray and
H. Clark, Jan. 1857: type, 3), Rio de Janeiro (Fry: 9).

Three males and one female. Narrower and less robust
than the Central American S. variabilis, Champ.; the
antennae more slender, testaceous (the two basal joints
excepted), with a less elongate apical joint in g; the
head and prothorax smoother and not so shining, the latter
finely canaliculate; the elytra cupreous or golden at the
sides, with the seriate punctures finer and the interstices
convex at the apex. S. subaenea, Makl., from Santa
Catharina, and S. gratiosa, Makl., from Colombia, are
similarly coloured forms. The upper surface in the
present insect is not very highly polished, appearing
somewhat sericeous,

66. Statira purpureipennis.

Statira purpurerpennis, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xi,
p. 19 (Nov. 1914).

Hab. Brazin, Jatahy, Prov. of Goyas (Puyol).

222 Mr. al Champion on

In the Fry collection there is an example (2?) of this
species from the same locality as the type. It is a very
elongate, narrow insect, nigro-piceous in colour, with the
elytra moderately shining, purple ; the abdomen castaneous ;
the head and prothorax opaque, and densely scabroso-
punctulate, the former large, the latter longer than broad,
cordate, with raised, laterally-projecting basal margin;
the elytra elongate, subparallel in their basal half, the
alternate interstices 1, 3, and 5 with a complete series,
and 7 with a row down the apical half, of rather closely
placed, setigerous impressions, each of which is preceded
by a small tubercle, 9 also with three impressions near the
tip; the antennae long and slender [apical joints wanting];
the legs unusually elongate, the anterior femora not much
thicker than the others.

67. Statira umbrosa, n. sp.

Elongate, rather narrow, opaque; piceous or castaneous, the
femora paler at the base, the elytra black, the latter with numerous
very long, erect, bristly hairs. Head large, densely, scabroso-
punctulate, the eyes very large, moderately distant; antennae
slender, long, joint 11 in 3 about equalling 6-10, in 2 8-10, united.
Prothorax as wide as the head, longer than broad, cordate, strongly
constricted before the raised, laterally-projecting hind angles, the
transverse basal groove not extending across the disc; densely
scabroso-punctulate. Elytra long, subparallel in their basal half,
barely twice the width of the prothorax; closely, finely punctato-
striate, the striae deeply impressed at the apex, the interstices more
or less convex, alutaceous, 1, 3, and 5 with a scattered series of
setigerous impressions extending throughout their length, the
impressions each preceded by a small tubercle, 9 also with two
impressions near the tip. Legs very long, the tibiae and tarsi
pilose; anterior femora strongly clavate, intermediate femora
thickened before the apex beneath, and intermediate tibiae widened
from near the base and closely pubescent within, in 3g. Penis-
sheath very long, stout, curved, concave above, rounded at tip.

Length 10, breadth 3mm. (39.)

Hab. Brazit, Ceara (Gounelle, 3: type), Jatahy, Prov.
of Goyas (Pujol, 9).

Two specimens—a 4 with the penis-sheath fully extruded,
the other assumed to be a 2 of the same species. Very like
S. purpureipennis, Pic, also from Jatahy, but with sericeous,
opaque, black elytra, and fewer setigerous impressions on

New and little-known Lagridae. 223

the interstices 1, 3, and 5, those on 7 wanting. The sexes
differ in the form of the intermediate legs, the anterior
femora of the ¢ are also strongly clavate.

68. Statira eurydera, n. sp. (Plate XII, fig. 17, 3.)

Elongate or moderately elongate, robust, shining ; rufo-castaneous,
castaneous, or piceous, the upper surface more or less aeneous, the
elytra usually metallic green, the apical joint of the antennae
ferruginous in one or two of the darker examples; the elytra with
a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head short, broad, densely, finely
punctate, the eyes very large, narrowly separated; antennae stout,
moderately long, joints 3-10 subequal in length, 11 in 3 about
equalling 7-10, in 9 8-10, united. Prothorax strongly transverse,
as wide as the head, arcuately dilated anteriorly, in some specimens
distinctly angulate at about one-third from the apex, margined and
rapidly narrowed thence to the deep basal groove, the basal margin
much raised and laterally projecting; densely, minutely punctate,
the narrow interspaces still more minutely punctate or scabrous.
Elytra rather elongate, one-half broader than the prothorax,
gradually widened to a little beyond the middle, rounded at the
apex; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices 3, 5, and 9
with from about six to eight conspicuous setigerous impressions
scattered between the base and apex.

Length 63-104, breadth 2-32 mm. (39.)

Hab. Amazons, Ega [type], Santarem, Para (H. W. Bates),
Bahia (Fry).

Eleven specimens, all but two from the Amazons, these
insects varying greatly in size and in the relative length of
the elytra. S. ewrydera is a southern form of the Mexican
S. crassicornis, Champ., differing from it in the much
rougher, more densely punctulate prothorax. The pro-
thorax is obliquely compressed along the flanks posteriorly,
so as to appear margined above.

69. Statira latevittata, n. sp.

2. Elongate, narrow, robust, moderately shining; rufous or
castaneous, the eyes black, the palpi piceous, the prothorax slightly
infuscate, or with the sides piceous, the elytra with a broad metallic
green stripe extending down the outer half from the base to near
the apex. Head broad, densely, finely punctate, the eyes very
large, narrowly separated; antennae moderately long, stout, joints
4-10 slightly increasing in length, 11 as long as 9 and 10 united.

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224 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Prothorax as wide as the head, much broader than long, trans-
versely cordate, strongly constricted before the prominent hind
angles, the basal margin much raised; densely, finely punctate,
the narrow interspaces somewhat scabrous. Elytra long, about
one-half broader than the prothorax, very gradually widened to
beyond the middle, flattened on the disc, and rounded at the apex;
closely, finely striato-punctate, the interstices alutaceous, flat, 3,
5, and 9 with one or two inconspicuous setigerous impressions towards
the apex.
Length 64-8, breadth 2-2} mm.

Hab. Amazons, Para (H. W. Bates).

Two examples, one with the tips of the antennae wanting.
This species has the head, eyes, and antennae shaped as in
S. eurydera, and the body coloured as in S. viridiviltata,
all three insects inhabiting the Amazon region. The
brillant green lateral stripe on the elytra extends downward
to the epipleural margin in S. latevittata. The Colombian
S. medialis, Makl., must be an allied form, with a longer
and smoother prothorax, the dense puncturing of the latter
giving it a scabrous appearance in the Amazonian insect.1®

70. Statira viridivittata, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, robust, flattened above, shining; rufo-
castaneous, the elytra each with a broad golden-green submarginal
stripe (between the striae 4 and 7) extending from the base to near
the apex, and with a few long, erect, bristly hairs towards the tip.
Head not wider than the prothorax, sparsely, minutely punctate,
longitudinally impressed between the eyes, the latter very large and
somewhat narrowly separated; antennae very stout, rather short,
joints 4-10 rapidly decreasing in length, 6-10 transverse, 11 very
_ elongate, about equalling 5-10 united. Prothorax longer than broad,
subcylindrical, obliquely narrowed anteriorly and sinuate at the
sides before the base, the basal margin not much raised; sparsely,
minutely punctate. Elytra long, one-half wider than the pro-
thorax, subparallel in their basal half, rounded at the tip; closely,
finely striato-punctate to near the apex, striate posteriorly, the
interstices broad, flat on the disc, 3, 5, and 9 with two or three
inconspicuous widely scattered fine, setigerous impressions, each
of which is preceded by a minute tubercle. Anterior femora
strongly clavate.

from Brazil, is compared with S. medialis, Maikl.; but it is impos-
sible to identify such insects from ‘ descriptions abrégées.”’

New and little-known Lagriidae. 225

Hab. AMazons, Santarem (H. W. Bates).

_ One male. A robust, elongate, shining, castaneous
insect, with a broad brilliant metallic green submarginal
stripe on each elytron, the antennae very stout, with the
outer joints transverse and the terminal one as long as the
preceding six united, the prothorax subcylindrical, the
head rather narrow. It is just possible that S. viridivittata
may be a male of the Colombian 8S. validicornis, Makl.
(described as subcylindrical, with a narrow green sub-
marginal stripe om the elytra, and very stout antennae,
the apical joint equalling 8-10 united); but without com-
parison of the types, it would be unsafe to refer insects
from such distant localities to one species. The general
facies is not unlike that of S. wresuturalis, Pic.

71. Statira lateralis.

Statura Cee Makl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh., xx, p.
357 (1878).

Q. Elongate, depressed, widened posteriorly, shining; testaceous,
the eyes black, the elytra with a faint, indeterminate, metallic green
marginal stripe extending from the base to about two-thirds of their
length and curving inwards to the middle of the disc posteriorly ;
the elytra with a few bristly hairs near the apex. Head large,
sparsely, minutely punctate, with a shallow arcuate impression
between the eyes, the latter large, well-separated ; antennae slender,
rather short, joint 11 equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax about as
wide as the head, as long as broad, cordate, dilated at the base, the
basal margin prominent; closely, finely, conspicuously punctate.
Elytra elongate, twice as broad as the prothorax, widening to beyond
the middle, and somewhat acuminate at the apex; closely, finely
punctato-striate, the interstices becoming convex towards the apex,
3 only with one or two setigerous impressions near the tip.

Length 9, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. Cotompt [type], Ibague (Mus. Brit.).

One example, labelled with the MS. name S. scapularis,
Germ. This insect agrees with Maklin’s diagnosis of
S. lateralis, but as there are allied forms in Brazil, it is
advisable to redescribe the single specimen before me. S.
aeneotincta, Champ., from Mexico and Guatemala, is of
about the same size and shape.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTI. (NOV.) Q

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Mr. G. C. Champion on

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72. Statira suffusa, n. sp.

9. Elongate, depressed, rather narrow, shining; piceous, the
antennae, tarsi, bases of the femora, and elytra testaceous, the
elytra with a broad, indeterminate, metallic green marginal stripe
extending from the base to the apex, the disc with a very faint
aeneous lustre; the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head
rather narrow, sparsely, minutely punctate, obsoletely foveate in
the middle between the eyes, the latter large, distant; antennae
slender, rather short, joint 11 nearly equalling 8-10 united. Pro-
thorax a little longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, dilated at the
base, the basal margin feebly raised; sparsely, minutely punctate.
Elytra elongate, twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually widened
to beyond the middle, and somewhat acuminate posteriorly ; closely,
finely punctato-striate, the interstices becoming convex towards the
tip, 3 and 5 with from six to eight setigerous impressions scattered
between the base and apex, 1, 7, and 9 also with from one to three
similar impressions on the apical half.

3d. Rufo-testaceous, the elytra with a distinct aeneous lustre, the
green marginal stripe wanting; antennae much longer, joint 11 very
elongate, nearly equalling 7-10 united; alternate elytral interstices
with fewer setigerous impressions—five on 3, and two on 5, those on
1 and 7 wanting.

Length 8, breadth 22-2} mm.

Hab. Braziu [type], Parana (ez coll. Fry: 3).

Two specimens, almost certainly the sexes of the same
species, the Parana male differing as stated above. Very
near the Colombian S. lateralis, Makl., but with a much
narrower head and prothorax, the latter very sparsely,
minutely punctate, the elytra with scattered setigerous
impressions, along the interstices 3 and 5, the marginal
stripe (when present) extending to the apex, the apical
joint of the antennae (2) shorter. A similar variation is
common to other members of the genus.

73. Statira aeneomarginata, n. sp.

9. Elongate, depressed, shining, the head and prothorax sub-
opaque; testaceous, the eyes black, the head and prothorax rufescent,
the sides of the elytra indeterminately aeneo-piceous from the base
to far beyond the middle, the elytra with a few bristly hairs. Head
densely scabroso-punctulate, the eyes small, distant ; antennae short,
slender, joint 11 equalling 8-10 united. Prothorax a little narrower
than the head, longer than broad, moderately rounded at the sides,

New and little-known Lagridae. 227

feebly constricted towards the base, the basal margin not raised:
densely scabroso-punctulate. Elytra long, at the base twice as wide
as the prothorax, widening to the middle, somewhat acuminate
posteriorly; closely, finely, shallowly punctato-striate, the inter-
stices flat throughout, 3 with four small setigerous impressions scat-
‘tered along the apical half, 5 also with two other impressions, and
7 with one, towards the tip. Legs slender.
Length 74, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Braztt, Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

One specimen. A small pallid insect, not unlike the
Colombian S. lateralis, Makl., and the Brazilian S. suffusa;
but with a dull, scabrous head and prothorax, shining,
aeneo-marginate elytra, the latter with the interstices flat
throughout.

74. Statira trachydera, n. sp.

Very elongate, narrow, feebly shining; piceous, the front of the
head, elytral suture, tarsi, bases of femora, and under surface cas-
taneous or ferruginous; the elytra with seattered bristly hairs.
Head rather small, closely, coarsely punctate, longitudinally im-
pressed between the eyes, the latter large, narrowly separated ;
antennae moderately thickened, rather long, joint 11 equalling 8-10
united. Prothorax a little wider than the head, longer than broad,
rounded at the sides, constricted before the raised basal margin ;
coarsely, irregularly, confluently punctate. Elytra very elongate, at
the middle about twice as wide as the prothorax, somewhat acumin-
ate posteriorly; closely, finely, deeply punctato-striate, the inter-
stices convex, flatter on the disc, 3 and 5 with a series of small
setigerous impressions scattered throughout their length, 9 also with
three impressions near the apex, and 1 with several others near the
base. Tibiae pilose within.

Length 11, breadth 3} mm. (9?)

Hab. Brazit, Jatahy, Prov. of Goyas (Puyol, ex coll.
F. Bates).

One specimen. This insect is of about the same size
and build as S. purpureipennis, Pic, from the same locality,
differing from it in the small, closely punctured, subsulcate
head, the coarsely, confluently punctate prothorax, and the
non-tuberculate elytra, the elytra with fewer, differently-
arranged setigerous impressions, those on the interstices
1 and 7 mostly wanting.

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228 Mr. G. C. Champion on

75. Statira seabricollis, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, dull, the elytra more shining; piceous, the elytra
brown, the antennae (joint 1 excepted) and legs (the infuscate outer
halves of the femora excepted) testaceous; the head, elytra, and
under surface with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head barely as
wide as the prothorax, densely, minutely punctate, hollowed between
the eyes anteriorly, the latter large, narrowly separated; antennae
moderately long, quite slender, joint 11 equalling 7-10 united. Pro-
thorax slightly longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, constricted before
the prominent, laterally-projecting basal margin; densely, minutely,
scabroso-punctate, the dise with two small transversely-placed foveae
before the middle (? accidental). Elytra long, twice as wide as the
prothorax, widening in their basal half, acuminate posteriorly ;
closely, finely, deeply punctato-striate, the interstices convex
throughout, 3, 5, and 9 with several small setigerous impressions
scattered between the base and apex. Femora rather stout.

Length 84, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. Upper Amazons, Ega (H. W. Bates).

One female. A close ally of S. insularis (No. 77), from
Trinidad, with the elytra more acuminate at the apex,
deeply punctato-striate, and the interstices convex through-
out; and the femora nigro-piceous in their outer halves.
The eleventh antennal joint is no doubt equally elon-
gate in g, to judge from its length in 9. The Brazilian S.
flavicornis, Maikl., is probably another allied form.

76. Statira convexiuscula, n. sp.

9. Elongate, rather convex, shining; testaceous, the head and
prothorax rufescent, the eyes, palpi, femora (except at the base),
and tibiae black or piceous, the elytra with a few bristly hairs. Head
rather small, not quite so wide as the prothorax, densely, very finely
punctate, obsoletely foveolate between the eyes, the latter moder-
ately large, distant ; antennae short, slender, joint 11 nearly equalling
8-10 united. Prothorax oblongo-cordate, constricted before the
base, the basal margin raised, but not very prominent laterally ;
almost smooth, except within the transverse basal groove, which is
shallow in the centre. Elytra moderately elongate, about twice
as wide as the prothorax, narrowing from the middle; closely, finely,
rather deeply punctato-striate, the interstices feebly convex, 3 and
5 with three or four inconspicuous, setigerous punctures scattered
down the apical half, and 9 with three others near the apex. Legs
rather short, the anterior femora clavate.

Length 8}, breadth 2$ mm.

New and little-known Lagriidae. 229

Hab. Brazitt, Bahia (Reed).

One female. Not unlike S. scabricollis (2), from Ega,
but in great part testaceous and more shining, the eyes
smaller and more distant, the antennae shorter, the pro-
thorax almost smooth, the tibiae and the basal halves of
the femora black. S. melanocephala, Mikl., from Central
America, is a somewhat similar insect, except that it has
the head and antennae infuscate or black.

77. Statira insularis, n. sp.

Elongate, the head and prothorax subopaque, the elytra shining ;
testaceous, the head and prothorax obscure ferruginous, the eyes
black; the elytra with a few long, bristly hairs. Head rather small,
closely, minutely punctate, longitudinally depressed down the middle
between the eyes, the latter extremely large and narrowly separated
in the two sexes; antennae long and slender, shorter in 9, joint 11
in g as Jong as 6-10, in 9 the length of 8-10, united. Prothorax as
wide as (3) or rather wider than (9) the head, about as broad as long,
feebly rounded at the sides, strongly constricted before the base,
the basal margin prominent and laterally projecting; alutaceous
and closely, very minutely punctate. Elytra long, at the middle
twice as broad as the prothorax, somewhat rapidly widened in their
basal half, and acuminate posteriorly; closely, finely, deeply punc-
tato-striate, the interstices becoming convex towards the sides
and apex, 3,5, and 9 each with from three to six widely scattered
setigerous impressions.

Length 8-83, breadth 24-2? mm. (9.)

Hab. Trintpav (G. EL. Bryant, ii. 1903; F. Birch, 1904).

Three males and one female. Very like the Antillean
S. fulva, but with a long apical joint to the antennae, espe-
cially in g, a comparatively small head, extremely large,
subapproximate eyes, and rather convex, mesially widened,
posteriorly acuminate elytra. JS. tolensis, Champ., from
Panama, is not unlike S. insularis, but the latter has the
elytra less elongate, etc. Mr. Bryant’s specimens have
been examined by M. Pic and returned unnamed.

78. Statira fulva.

Statira fulva, Fleut. et Sallé, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1889,
p. 431.4

4 A species omitted from my Supplementary Catalogue of
Lagriidae (1898) and also from that of Borchmann (1910).

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230 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Elongate, somewhat depressed, the head and prothorax opaque,
the elytra shining; testaceous, the head and prothorax obscure
ferruginous, the eyes black; the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly
hairs. Head obsoletely punctulate, the eyes large and well separated ;
antennae long, slender, joint 11 about as long as 9 and 10 united in
the two sexes. Prothorax as wide as the head, oblongo-cordate,
dilated at the base, densely alutaceous, the minute scattered punc-
tures just traceable. Elytra long, widened to the middle and there
twice as wide as the prothorax, acuminate posteriorly; closely,
finely, deeply punctato-striate, the interstices rather convex, 3 and
5 with several widely scattered setigerous impressions, 1, 7, and 9
also with one or two similar impressions towards the apex.

Length 74-104, breadth 24-3 mm. (39.)

Hab. AnvitLtEs, Guadeloupe [type], Dominica (Mus.
Brit.).

Two specimens from Dominica, one of them received
from Mr. E. F. Becher in 1908, are no doubt referable to
the imperfectly-described S. fulva from Guadeloupe. In
the Museum there is also another example, without locality,
from the Dejean collection, apparently belonging to the
same species ; it is labelled “* S. humeralis ® var. ? (Dupont).”
S. fulva is a form of S. vittata, Champ., from the Lesser
Antilles and Trinidad, with a densely alutaceous, opaque
prothorax, and slightly longer, wholly testaceous elytra.
It has been found “ at light ” in both islands.

79. Statira vittata.

Statira vittata, Champ., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 37,
pil, Be. Dis).
Hab. Less—ER ANTILLES; TRINIDAD.
In the British Museum there is a series of this insect
captured long ago in St. Vincent by Lansdown Guilding,
also two from Trinidad, in Fry’s collection.

80. Statira asperata.

Staliva asperata, ree Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt. iv, 2,
p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 4 (g) (1889).

Statira antillarum, Champ., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896,
p- 36.

Hab. Panama; Lesser ANTILLES, St. Vincent, Grenada,

15 Nec S. humeralis, Mikl., a Mexican insect.

New and little-known Lagridae. 231

Grenadines; CoLoMBIA; VENEZUELA; TRINIDAD (G. E.
Bryant); Brazit, Pernambuco (Fry).

The long series before me connect the Antillean with the
mainland form, Panama examples having conspicuous
tubercles on the alternate elytral interstices 1,3,5, 7and 9.
One of the Pernambuco specimens is rufo-castaneous with
the elytra piceous, and another is rufo-castaneous with the
sides of the elytra broadly piceous.

81. Statira presuturalis. (Plate XII, fig. 18, 9.)

Statira presuturalis, Pic, L’Kchange, xxvii, p. 76 (Oct.
1912).

Antennae not longer in ¢ than in 9, rather stout, joint 11 equalling
9 and 10 united in the two sexes; head with a large shallow inter-
ocular fovea; prothorax slightly longer than broad, very finely,
sparsely punctate; elytra depressed below the base, very finely,
closely striato-punctate, the punctures usually placed in fine striae
on the basal half, the interstice 3 with several, and 5 and 9 with one
or two, widely separated setigerous impressions on the apical half;
body rather convex, castaneous, shining, the palpi and prothorax
sometimes infuscate, the juxta-sutural blackish stripe on the elytra
often continued to the apex, dilated beyond the middle into a com-
plete or interrupted transverse fascia, and widened again at the apex;
femora strongly clavate; aedeagus of ¢ rather broad and acuminate.
Femora more or less clavate.

Length 53-83, breadth 2-3 mm. (¢9.)

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Blumenau (coll.
Pic: type), Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

The long series of this insect before me agree sufficiently
well with Pic’s brief diagnosis to render the identification
certain. From the somewhat similar S. sutwralis, Mak.
(No. 5), from Rio de Janeiro, etc., it is at once separable by
the absence of the long spine at the base of the anterior
femora, the stouter antennae, with shorter apical joint in
g, the longer prothorax, etc. The juxta-sutural stripe is
often dilated into a post-median fascia and an apical patch.

82. Statira octolineata, n. sp.

Somewhat robust, moderately elongate, shining; obscure cas-
taneous, the legs and antennae ferruginous in one specimen,
the alternate elytral interstices 2, 4, 6, 8 each with a narrow
blackish stripe extending to near the apex; the elytra with a

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232 Mr. G. C. Champion on

few, erect, bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, excavate or
foveate in the middle between the eyes, the latter moderately
large and separated by about the width of one of them; antennae
rather slender, moderately long, a little shorter in 9, joint 11 as
long as 9 and 10 united. Prothorax as wide as the head, as
long as broad, oblong-cordate, dilated at the base, very sparsely,
minutely punctulate. Elytra moderately long, broad, twice as wide
as the prothorax at the base, flattened on the disc anteriorly,
slightly widening to the middle and acuminate posteriorly, the apices
distinctly mucronate; closely, finely punctato-striate, the inter-
stices becoming feebly convex towards the apex, 3 and 5 each with
about five very widely scattered setigerous impressions, 9 also with
two or three similar impressions towards the tip. Femora more or
less clavate.

Var. The elytra uniformly castaneous, the setigerous impressions
wanting on the basal half of the third interstice. (¢.)

Length 84-93, breadth 23-24 mm.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry), Constancia (J. Gray
and H. Clark, Jan. 1857).

Two specimens of the lineate form, assumed to be g and
Q, one of them having longer antennae than the other,
and one of the variety. More elongate than S. presuturalis,
Pic, the head and prothorax a little broader, the elytra
longer, more acuminate at the tip, and with the alternate
interstices nigro-lineate to near the apex.

83. Statira trilineata.

Statira trilineata, Makl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh. xx,
p. 357 (1878).

g. Antennae rather short and stout, joints 4-10 decreasing in
length, 9 and 10 transverse, 11 very elongate, as long as 6-10 united ;
head deeply foveate in the middle between the eyes; the elytra with
an elongate intra-humeral depression, the scattered setigerous im-
pressions along the entire length of the alternate interstices 1, 3, 5,
7, and 9 each preceded by a small tubercle; femora more or less
clavate.

Hab. Cotompta (Mus. Helsingfors: type; Mus. Brit.).
A male in the British Museum, from the F. Bates col-
lection, is almost certainly referable to this species. It
differs from the description in having the numerous setiger-
ous impressions along the alternate elytral interstices
deeply impressed and each preceded by a small, tumid,

New and little-known Lagriidae. 233

tuberculiform space. There is considerable variation in this
respect in the allied S. asperata, Champ. S. trilineata is
of a bright rufo-castaneous colour, with a blackish line along
the elytral suture and another down the fifth interstice.
S. presuturalis, Pic, is a very similar form.

84. Statira tenuis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; castaneous or obscure
castaneous, the antennae in the male piceous with the apical joint
ferruginous; the elytra with a few very long, erect, bristly hairs.
Head rather small, rounded, almost smooth, the eyes very large and
narrowly separated; antennae (3) slender, long, joints 7-10 decreas-
ing in length, 11 extremely elongate, about equalling 3-10 united, (2)
shorter and stouter, 11 barely the length of 7-10 united. Prothorax
about as wide as the head, longer than broad, oblong, moderately
constricted before the base, sparsely, minutely punctate. Elytra
about twice as broad as the prothorax, moderately long, but little
widened towards the middle and acuminate posteriorly ; very finely,
closely, striato-punctate, the interstices flat, 3 with about six promi-
nent setigerous impressions scattered between the base and apex,
and 5 and 9 each with three or four similar impressions on the apical
half.

Length 54-74, breadth 14-275 mm.

Hab. Amazons, Ega [type], Santarem (H. W. Bates).

Two males and one female. Not unlike the Brazilian
S. stenodera, but with an extremely elongate apical joint
to the g-antennae, large, subcontiguous eyes, and much
narrower elytra, with flat interstices. The general shape
is similar to that of the Colombian S. trilineata, Makl., as
here interpreted.

85. Statira stenodera, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, shining; rufo-castaneous or castaneous, or
piceo-castaneous with the antennae and legs in great part reddish,
the elytra often faintly streaked with piceous on the alternate in-
terstices; the head and elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs.
Head sparsely, very finely punctate, well developed behind the
eyes, and with a large, shallow, punctured fovea between them, the
eyes rather small (as seen from above) and distant ; antennae slender,
joint 11 the length of 9 and 10 united in the two sexes. Prothorax
slightly longer than broad, nearly as wide as the head, oblong,
moderately constricted before the base; sparsely, minutely punc-
tate. Elytra not very elongate, at the base twice as broad as the

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234 Mr. G. C. Champion on

prothorax, gradually widened to the middle and rapidly narrowed
posteriorly, mucronate at the tip, transversely depressed on the dise
anteriorly; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices feebly
convex, 3, 5, and 9 with from two to four widely scattered setigerous

impressions. Anterior femora clavate.
Length 6-6}, breadth 2-24 mm. (39.)

Hab. Braz (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Constancia,
Tijuca (J. Gray and H. Clark, Jan. 1857), Rio de Janeiro
(Fry), Sao Antonio, Bahia (Gownelle).

A long series, those in the Oxford Museum in very bad
condition, some of them (immature) obscure testaceous in
colour. Separable from the closely allied S. presuturalis,
Pic, by the relatively narrower head and prothorax, the
smaller eyes, the more slender antennae, etc.; from S. octo-°
lineata by the much shorter elytra, narrower head and
prothorax, and smaller eyes; and from S. suturalis, Makl.,
by the absence of the anterior femoral spine, ete. This
is one of several members of the genus with the eleventh
antennal joint similar in Jength in the two sexes.

86. Statira egaensis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, widened posteriorly, shining ; rufo- or fusco-
castaneous, the eyes black, the elytra and legs (the knees and bases
of the femora excepted) nigro-piceous or piceous, in one specimen
almost concolorous with the rest of the surface; the elytra with
numerous long bristly hairs. Head broad, well-developed behind
the eyes, sparsely, finely punctate, the eyes moderately large, dis-
tant; antennae slender, comparatively short, joint 11 equalling 9
and 10 united. Prothorax as wide as the head, broader than long,
transversely cordate, constricted in front of the prominent hind
angles, the basal margin not much raised; sparsely, finely, con-
spicuously punctate. Elytra not very elongate, in their widest part
more than twice the breadth of the prothorax, rapidly dilated to
the middle, and arcuately narrowed thence to the apex; somewhat
coarsely, closely, crenato-striate, the punctures on the disc transverse,
the interstices more or less convex, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each a row of
rather closely placed setigerous impressions extending from the base
to the apex. Anterior femora strongly clavate.

Length 63~7, breadth 24-2? mm. (2?)

Hab. Urrrr Amazons, Ega (H. W. Bates).

Three specimens, varying in the colour of the elytra and
legs, as is frequently the case in this genus. S. egaensis
resembles S. stenodera in its general facies; but the head

New and little-known Lagriidae. 235

and prothorax are much broader, the prothorax is trans-
verse, and the alternate elytral interstices have each a row
of setigerous impressions extending throughout their length,
much as in the Central American S. microps, Champ.

87. Statira elegans. (Plate XII, fig. 19, anterior leg, 3.)

Statura elegans, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vu, p. 156 (1862).
Var. Statira festiva, Makl., loc. cit.

Antennae in 3 with joint 11 about as long as 7-10, in 9 as long
as 8-10, united; anterior femora clavate; anterior tibiae’ abruptly
narrowed and compressed at the base externally, subangulate at
basal third in ¢.

Hab. Brazit, Petropolis (J. Gray and H. Clark, Feb.
1857), Rio de Janeiro, San Paulo, Espirito Santo (Mus.
Brit.).

A dozen specimens before me from the above-mentioned
localities agree with Maklin’s description of S. elegans,
except that they have the prothorax very finely alutaceous
(thus appearing subopaque), instead of shining, as stated
by him; but this is probably an error of observation. A
rather narrow, moderately elongate form, with the head
(the eyes excepted), antennae, prothorax and legs testace-
ous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra uniformly green or bluish-
green, and the metasternum and abdomen black; the
antennae slender; the eyes large, the space between them
longitudinally impressed in the middle; the prothorax
strongly constricted before the base, canaliculate on the
disc, and almost impunctate; the elytra closely, finely
punctato-striate, with seven or eight setigerous impressions
scattered along the third interstice and one or two others
at the apex of the ninth; the anterior tibiae compressed
at the base. S. festiva, to judge from the description, is a
variety of S. elegans with the head (except in front) and
prothorax piceous. The head in one of the specimens before
me is infuscate, but not the prothorax. These insects might
easily be mistaken for similarly-coloured Carabids.

88. Statira distigma,n.sp. (Plate XII, fig. 20, prothorax, 3.)

6. Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; testaceous, the eyes
and abdomen black, the elytra metallic blue, the apical joint of the
antennae and the posterior femora (except at the base) and tibiae
slightly infuscate; the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs.

all
236 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Head rather large, sparsely, shallowly subfoveolate between the
eyes, the latter large and somewhat distant; antennae slender,
joints 8-10 decreasing in length, 11 as long as 7-10 united.
Prothorax narrower than the head, about as long as_ broad,
oblongo-cordate, strongly constricted before the base; sparsely,
minutely punctate, obsoletely canaliculate at the middle of the disc,
and with a large, subtriangular, rugose, depressed area on each side
(fig. 20). Elytra moderately long, at the middle about twice as wide
as the prothorax, rounded at the apex, longitudinally depressed
within the humeri; very finely, closely punctato-striate, the third
interstice with six widely scattered setigerous impressions, the
ninth also with two others near the tip. Legs long; anterior
tibiae rounded externally at the base.
Length 7}, breadth 24 mm.

Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (ex coll. F. Bates).

One male, probably collected by Thamm. Very like
the Brazilian S. elegans, Makl., and similarly coloured ; but
with the prothorax more shining, distinctly punctured,
and with a large, subtriangular, rugose, depressed area on
each side of the disc (somewhat as in the Central American
S. foveicollis, Champ., 3, and possibly confined to that sex),
the posterior femora and tibiae partly infuscate, the anterior
tibiae not compressed at the base.

89. Statira eyanoptera, n. sp.

6: Elongate, narrow, depressed, slender, opaque, the elytra and
the front of the head somewhat shining; black, the elytra cyaneous,
the palpi at the base, joints 4-11 of the antennae, the tarsi, and in
one specimen the legs entirely, testaceous; the elytra with a few
long, erect, bristly hairs. Head rather narrow, sparsely, finely
punctate, shallowly suleate between the eyes, the latter large,
separated by about half the width of one of them; antennae long,
slender, joint 11 extremely elongate, equalling 6-10 united. Pro-
thorax nearly as wide as the head, much longer than broad, oblongo-
cordate, feebly dilated at the base, smooth, the basal margin not
raised, Elytra moderately elongate, twice as broad as the pro-
thorax, somewhat acuminate posteriorly; closely, finely punctato-
striate, the punctures transverse on the disc, the interstices feebly
convex, 3 with five or six, and 5 with three, widely scattered setiger-
ous impressions, 1 and 9 also with one or two near or before the tip.
Legs long and slender.

Length 6;4-7,'5, breadth 2-245 mm.

New and little-known Lagridae. 237

Hab. Braziu (Mus. Brit.: type), Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

Two examples, one with the tarsi only, the other (from Rio
de Janeiro) with the legs entirely, testaceous, showing that
no reliance can be placed on the colour of the legs as a specific
character. A narrow black insect, with the elytra blue and
slightly shining, the prothorax long, smooth, and opaque,
the antennae and legs long and slender, the antennae
testaceous, with joints 1-3 blackened.

90. Statira casnonioides, n. sp. (Plate XII, fig. 21, 3.)

Moderately elongate, narrow, depressed, rather dull, the elytra
shining; piceous, the head black in one specimen the femora and
tibiae sometimes paler than the body, the antennae (joint 1 excepted)
and tarsi testaceous; the head and elytra with very long, erect,
scattered bristly hairs. Head large, broad, sparsely, finely punc-
tate, in two specimens, longitudinally depressed between the eyes,
the latter large and moderately distant in 3, a little smaller in 9;
antennae slender, moderately long, joint 11 in g about as long as
7-10, in 2 not quite equalling 8-10, united. Prothorax narrow,
longer than broad, oblong-campanulate, sparsely, minutely punctate,
the interspaces alutaceous, the basal margin prominent. Elytra
moderately long, at the base, twice as wide as the prothorax, sub-
parallel in their basal half in 3, with a very deep, oblique depression
on the disc below the base; shallowly, minutely striato-punctate,
the interstices flat, 3 with about five, and 5 and 9 with three or four,
widely scattered conspicuous setigerous impressions, 1 also with a
single impression near the tip, the impressions each preceded by a
minute tubercle. Legs slender, long; anterior tibiae in both sexes
abruptly narrowed at the base externally.

Length 6-74, breadth 1?-24 mm. (99.)

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Oxon.), Constancia (J. Gray and H.
Clark, Jan. 1857: type, 3), Rio de Janeiro (Fry: 9).

Five specimens, the one in the Oxford Museum immature
and almost wholly testaceous. Near S. dromioides, infra,
from which it differs in having a narrower and smoother
prothorax, a shorter apical joint to the g-antennae, deeply
excavate elytra, with fewer setigerous impressions, and
peculiarly formed anterior tibiae, the body also being
uniformly piceous. The large head and narrow prothorax
give the insect a Casnoniiform facies. S. elegans, Makl.,
has somewhat similar anterior tibiae in the two Sexes,

cae
238 Mr. G. C. Champion on

91. Statira campanulata, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, dull; piceous, the antennae (joints 1 and 2
excepted) obscure ferruginous, the elytra with scattered long, erect,
black bristly hairs. Head large, broad, closely punctate, longitu-
dinally grooved between the eyes, the latter large and narrowly
separated; antennae short, rather slender, joint 11 about equalling
7-10 united. Prothorax narrower than the head, longer than
broad, campanulate, closely, somewhat coarsely punctate, the basal
margin very prominent. Elytra moderately long, about twice as
broad as the prothorax, subparallel at the base; closely, finely punc-
tato-striate, the interstices with numerous setigerous impressions,
each of them preceded by a small tubercle—three near the apex of 1,
ten scattered between the base and apex of 3, five or six on 5, and
eight on 9, those on 5 and 9 placed along the apical half. Legs
moderately slender, roughly punctured and setulose, the tibiae
shallowly sulcate externally.

Length 84, breadth 22 mm. (3?)

Hab. Upper Amazons, Ega (H. W. Bates).

One badly preserved example. Larger than S. dromiovdes,
wholly piceous, the eyes more approximate, the apical
antennal joint shorter, the prothorax longer and more
coarsely punctate, the legs roughly punctured. The seti-
gerous impressions on the elytra are similar in number and
position in the two insects.

92. Statira dromioides, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, depressed, moderately shining; testaceous,
the eyes black, the elytra piceous; the head and elytra with a few
very long, erect, bristly hairs, one behind each eye being conspicu-
ous. Head large, broad, rather convex, sparsely punctate, longi-
tudinally grooved between the eyes, the latter very large, moderately
distant; antennae rather long, slender, joints 4-10 gradually de-
creasing in length, 11 extremely elongate, equalling six or seven of
the preceding joints united. Prothorax much narrower than the
head, a little longer than broad, oblong-campanulate, closely, con-
spicuously punctate, the interspaces alutaceous, the basal margin
sharply raised. Elytra moderately elongate, twice as broad as the
prothorax, not much wider at the middle than at the base, narrowly
rounded at the tip; very finely punctato-striate, the interstices
alutaceous, almost flat, 3 with about 7 setigerous impressions scat-
tered between the base and apex, 5 and 9 also with four similar
impressions along their apical half, and 1 with two or three near the

New and little-known Lagridae. 239

tip, each of them preceded by a small tubercle. Legs long and
slender.
Length 6-7, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Braztu, Ceara (Gounelle, ex coll. Fry).

Two males. A narrow, moderately shining, testaceous
form, with piceous, sparsely seriato-tuberculate elytra, a
very broad head, a conspicuously punctured, subcampanu-
late prothorax, and an extremely elongate apical joint
to the g-antenna. S. dromioides is very like various
similarly coloured species of the Carabid-genus Dromius.

93. Statira stenoptera, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, the head and prothorax dull, the elytra shining ;
testaceous or obscure testaceous, the eyes black, the sides of the
elytra broadly and indeterminately, the prothorax, and the posterior
femora in their outer half, more or less infuscate; the elytra with a
few very long bristly hairs. Head large, transversely convex, much
broader than the prothorax, closely punctate, the eyes large, narrowly
separated in 3, more distant in 9; antennae slender [outer joints
missing]. Prothorax much longer than broad, oblong-campanu-
late, constricted before the base, the basal margin raised ; somewhat
closely, conspicuously punctate, the interspaces alutaceous. Elytra
long, narrow, slightly widened at the middle and there twice as
wide as the prothorax, somewhat acuminate posteriorly, deeply,
obliquely depressed on the disc below the base, and also longitudin-
ally hollowed towards the sides just below this; closely, finely
punctato-striate, the interstices almost flat, 3 with five or six setiger-
ous impressions scattered between the base and apex, and 1 and 5
with one or two, and 9 with three, similar impressions towards the
tip.

Length 6-62, breadth 1 mm.

Hab. Amazons, Ega, Santarem (H. W. Bates).

Two specimens, assumed to be ¢ and 9. A narrow,
fragile form, with a large head, allied to S. dromioides and
S. casnonioides, the head and prothorax punctured as in the
former, and the elytra deeply excavate below the base as
in the latter; the prothorax is long and narrow, as in
S. dromioides.

94. Statira quadrisignata, n. sp.

§. Elongate, narrow, shining, the elytra dull; testaceous, the
eyes and two broad transverse fasciae on the elytra (one basal, nar-
rowed outwards, the second broader, post-median, straight, neither

240 Mr. * Champion on

reaching the suture or outer margin) black; the elytra with scattered
long, erect, bristly hairs. Head sparsely, very minutely punctate,
canaliculate between the eyes, the latter very large and narrowly
separated; antennae moderately slender, joint 11 as long as 8-10
united. Prothorax longer than broad, almost as wide as the head,
subcordate, dilated at the base, sparsely, very minutely punctate.
Elytra long, rather narrow, rapidly narrowed from the middle, and
pointed at the apex; closely, finely, shallowly punctato-striate, the
alternate interstices 1,3, 5, 7, and 9 with a series of scattered, deep,
setigerous impressions extending from the base to the apex, the
impressions each preceded by a small tubercle.
Length 6}, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Amazons, Santarem (H. W. Bates).

One male. Not unlike S. bryanti, Pic, from Trinidad,
but with the elytral sculpture similar to that of the widely
distributed S. asperata, Champ.; the elytra longer and more
acuminate than in the Trinidad insect, and very differently
marked, the two broad black fasciae (basal and post-median)
not reaching the suture and thus forming two large trans-
verse patches on each wing-case.

95. Statira bryanti. (Plate XII, fig. 22, 3.)
Statira bryanti, Pic, L’Echange, xxviii, p. 100 (Jan. 1913).

Antennal joint 11 in 3 about as long as 7-10, in 2 equalling 8-10,
united.

Hab. Trintpan (G. EF. Bryant: ii. 1903).

There are two males and three females of this species in
Mr. Bryant’s collection. A narrow, testaceous form allied
to the Central American S. consptcillata, Makl., the pro-
thorax with a black submarginal line on each side of the
prothorax, and the elytra with two transverse fasciae
(one just below the base, broad, the other narrower, curved,
median), usually connected along the first interstice, and an
oblong streak on the disc towards the apex (in one specimen
extending forward to the median fascia), blackish ormetalle.
The elytra are closely, finely punctato-striate to the tip,
the third and ninth interstices each with from 2—4 scattered
setigerous impressions on the apical third. The prothorax
is rather closely, minutely punctate and more or less dis-
tinctly canaliculate. The description of the similarly
coloured S. quadrimaculata, Mikl., from Colombia, apples

New and little-known Lagridae. 241

very nearly to the Trinidad insect, except that the pro-
thorax in the former is said to be almost impunctate and
the fine median channel is not mentioned.

96. Statira viridicineta, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; testaceous, the eyes black,
the prothorax with a nigro-fuscous submarginal vitta on each side *
(abbreviated or wanting in immature examples); the elytra with
two transverse metallic green fasciae of variable extent—one_ basal,
not reaching the humeri, and sometimes enclosing an oblique tes-
taceous spot on the disc, the other median, angulate, the two some-
times connected along the suture, and in two specimens at the sides
also; the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head sparsely,
minutely punctate, tranversely depressed in the middle between the
eyes, the latter large, distant; antennae long, slender, joint 11 in 3
about as long as 7-10, in 9 as long as 8-10, united. Prothorax
narrower than the head in g,slightly widerin 9, not longer than
broad, cordate, dilated at the base, sparsely, minutely punctate.
Elytra moderately long, gradually widened to the middle and there
twice as wide as the prothorax; closely, finely, deeply punctato-
striate, the interstices somewhat convex, 3 with from six to eight
conspicuous setigerous impressions scattered between the base and
apex, 9 also with three similar impressions towards the tip.

Length 53-64, breadth 2-2} mm. (9.)

Hab. Amazons, Santarem, Ega (H. W. Bates), Para
(Gounelle).

Nine specimens, varying in the development of the pro-
thoracic and elytral markings, and in the puncturing of the
prothorax. The metallic coloration on the elytra in the
Para example is so extended as to leave two oblique fasciae
on the disc of each of them, and a common apical patch,
testaceous. It is quite possible that these insects will
prove to be inseparable from the Colombian S. quadr-
maculata, Mikl., which, to judge from the description, has
a longer, almost impunctate prothorax, fewer setigerous
impressions on the third elytral interstice (and those
placed towards the apex), and a dark ante-apical spot. S.
bryanti, Pic, from Trinidad, which is similarly coloured,
has shorter antennae, a longer and distinctly canaliculate
prothorax, and fewer setigerous impressions on the elytra.
S. viridinotata, Pic, from Cumbase, Peru, must be another
allied form.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaARTI. (NOV.) R

cae
242 Mr. G. C. Champion on

97. Statira connexa, n. sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 23, 3.)

Rather short, narrow, somewhat convex, shining, glabrous;
testaceous, the eyes and the base of the antennae, and the elytra with
two transverse fasciae (one close to the base, the other submedian,
connected along the suture), and in one example (3) a common,
transverse, subapical patch at the termination of the narrow sutural
’ streak, black or fuscous. Head large, broad, sparsely, obsoletely
punctulate, flattened between the eyes, the latter large and moderately
distant; antennae (3) elongate, slender, joint 11 as long as 9 and 10
united, (2) much shorter, joint 11 less elongate. Prothorax longer
than broad, oblongo-subcordate, the basal constriction moderately
deep; closely, finely punctate. Elytra rather short, twice as wide as
the prothorax, subparallel in their basal halfin ¢, dilated posteriorly
in 9, transversely depressed below the base; closely, somewhat
deeply punctato-striate, the punctures rather coarse on the basal
half, fine on the apical declivity, the interstices convex towards the
sides and apex. Femora strongly clavate.

Length 43-5, breadth 1}-l?mm. (¢9.)

Hab. Amazons, Santarem [g, type], Ega [9] (H. W.
Bates).

One pair, the male with the elytral markings more
developed than in the female. A small, comparatively short
form, not unlike an Anthicus, with the elytra fasciate much
as in S. viridicincta from the same Amazonian localities,
and S. bryanti, Pic, from. Trinidad. 8S. connexa would
perhaps be better placed in the genus Colparthrum; but
till the structure of the mandibles, etc. has been examined,
the insect is better left under Statvra. The apical joint
of the labial palpi is securiform and rather small; the
femora abruptly clavate.

98. Statira viridifasciata, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, shining; testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra
with two broad, transverse, metallic green fasciae—one basal, not
including the humeri, the other post-median, the two connected
along the suture, the second extending a short distance down the
first interstice posteriorly; the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly
hairs towards the apex. Head almost smooth, with a shallow,
transverse, sparsely punctate fovea between the eyes, the latter very
large; antennae long and slender, joint 11 as long as 7-10 united.
Prothorax longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, strongly constricted
before the dilated base ; closely, finely punctate. Elytra long, parallel

New and little-known Lagridae. 243

in their basal half; closely, finely, deeply punctato-striate, the

interstices convex beyond the middle, 3 with four deep setigerous

impressions scattered along the apical half, 1 with one and 9 with

two similar impressions near the tip. Legs long; anterior femora

strongly clavate; anterior tibiae rounded externally at the base.
Length 94, breadth 2} mm. (37?)

Hab. Upper Amazons, Ega (H. W. Bates).

One specimen. A close ally of S. calophaenoides, infra,
with the broad elytral fasciae green and connected along
the suture, the setigerous impressions deep and very few in
’ number, four only being present on the third interstice.
The elytra are parallel, not widened towards the middle.
S. viridinotata, Pic (Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 15), from
Cumbase, Peru, must be very similar; but as nothing is
said about the testaceous humeral patch, and it apparently
has more numerous setae on the elytra, the identification
cannot be accepted without an examination of the type.

99. Statira elegantula, n. sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 24, 3.)

6. Moderately elongate, narrow, depressed, shining; testaceous,
the eyes black, the elytra, except the basal margin, an ante:median
transverse fascia (widened outwards and not reaching the suture),
and the apex, metallic green or bluish green; the elytra with a few,
long, erect, bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, with a shallow,
transverse, punctured depression between the eyes, the latter
moderately large; antennae long and slender, joints 7-10 decreasing
in length, 11 extremely elongate, about as long as 4-10 united.
Prothorax narrower than the head, longer than broad, oblongo-
cordate, dilated at the base; sparsely, minutely punctate, in one
specimen obsoletely canaliculate on the dise anteriorly. Elytra
moderately long, subparallel in their basal half, nearly twice as
broad as the prothorax; closely, finely, deeply punctato-striate,
the interstices convex, 3 with four or five widely scattered setigerous
impressions, and 9 with two similar impressions at the base. Legs
long, slender; anterior femora stout, clavate; anterior tibiae
obliquely narrowed externally at the base.

Length 53-64, breadth 13-2 mm.

Hab. Amazons, Ega and Para (H. W. Bates).

Three specimens, showing no variation. Smaller and
more slender than S. viridifasciata; the elytra less elongate,
and with the green coloration more extended, leaving the
basal margin, an inwardly-narrowed, abbreviated, ante-
median fascia, and a small patch at the apex testaceous ;

hall
244 Mr. G. C. Champion on

the apical joint of the antennae (g) extremely elongate.
The anterior tibiae are compressed at the base much as
in S. elegans, Mikl., but the species seems best placed next
S. viridifasciata.

100. Statira calophaenoides, n. sp.

Elongate, narrow, depressed, shining; testaceous, the eyes and
two broad straight fasciae on the elytra (one basal, the other post-
median) black; the elytra with scattered, long, erect, bristly hairs.
Head sparsely, minutely punctate, shallowly foveate between the
eyes, the latter large and not very widely separated; antennae very
long and slender, joint 11 in 3 nearly equalling the preceding five,
and in 2 a little longer than the preceding three, joints united.
Prothorax as wide as the head in Q, slightly narrower in 3, longer
than broad, cordate, dilated at the base, sparsely, minutely punctate,
obsoletely canaliculate anteriorly. Elytra moderately long, at the
middle twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually widened in their
basal half, flattened on the disc, rounded at the apex; closely,
finely crenato-striate, the interstices feebly convex towards the tip,
1, 3 and 5 with scattered setigerous impressions throughout their
length, and 7 and 9 with three or four similar impressions on the
apical half. Legs long; anterior femora stout; anterior tibiae
rounded externally at the base.

Length 84-94, breadth 23-24 mm.

Hab. Perv (ex coll. F. Bates).

Two examples, assumed to be sexes: This insect
superficially resembles a small Calophaena (a Tropical
American genus of Carabidae), some of the species of which
are similarly nigro-bifasciate. It is of about the same size
and shape as S. elegans, Makl., the latter having metallic
green elytra, etc.

101. Statira segregata, n. sp.

3g. Extremely like 8S. calophaenoides, and similarly coloured,
except that the transverse black basal fascia on the elytra is broader
than the submedian one; antennae very long and slender, joint 11
nearly as long as 6-10 united; the prothorax more narrowed
anteriorly ; the setigerous impressions on the elytra fewer in number,
reduced to six along interstice 3, and two or three only towards
the apex of 1, 5, 7, and 9.

Length 84, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Upprr Amazons, Kga (H. W. Bates).

New and little-known Lagriidae. 245

One male, sufficiently different from S. calophaenoides
to require a distinctive specific or varietal name.

102. Statira seminigra, n. sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 25.)

Elongate, narrow, shining; rufo-testaceous, the eyes and the
apical half of the elytra black; the elytra with a few, long, erect,
bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, shallowly foveate in the middle
between the eyes, the latter large and moderately distant; antennae
long and slender, joint 11 as long as 8-10 united. Prothorax as
wide as the head, not longer than broad, cordate, deeply constricted
before the base, the basal margin much raised and laterally project-
ing; almost smooth, obsoletely canaliculate at the apex. Elytra
long, subparallel in their basal half; closely, finely punctato-striate,
the interstice 3 with six, and 5 and 9 each with three or four, widely
scattered setigerous impressions, 1 also with two impressions at the
apex. Femora more or less clavate.

Length 72, breadth 22mm. (9?)

Hab. Upper Amazons, San Paulo [de Olivenca] (H. W.
Bates).

One specimen. Differs from the allied S. calophaenoides
in having the apical half only of the elytra black, and the
head and prothorax shorter and broader, the latter almost
smooth, the elytra with scattered setigerous impressions on
the interstices 3, 5, and 9.

103. Statira triseilata, n. sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 26, ¢.)

6. Very elongate, shining; rufo-testaceous, the eyes and three
oblique, angulate fasciae on the elytra (one before and one just
beyond the middle, neither reaching the suture, and one, narrower,
subapical, the last-named continued down the first interstice and
outer margin to near the tip) black; the elytra with a few, long,
erect, bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, longitudinally grooved
between the eyes, the latter large, moderately distant; antennae
slender, long, joints 8-10 decreasing in length, 11 extremely elongate,
as long as 6-10 united. Prothorax as wide as the head, a little
broader than long, subcordate, dilated at the base; sparsely, finely
punctate at the base and with two deep widely separated foveae on the
dise posteriorly. Elytra somewhat convex, very elongate, twice as
broad as the prothorax, gradually widened to the middle, acuminate
at the tip; closely, finely crenato-striate from base to apex, the
interstices convex, 3, 5, and 7 with scattered setigerous impressions

-
246 Mr. G. C. Champion on

throughout their length, 1 and 9 also with several similar impres-
sions on the apical half. Legs very long, rather slender.

Var. The upper surface uniformly castaneous.

Length 114-12, breadth 33-34 mm.

Hab. Cotomsta, Ibague (Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens, acquired in 1846. A very elongate,
somewhat convex, shining, rufo-testaceous or castaneous
insect, with sharply, obliquely, nigro-trisellate elytra
in the form selected as the type, the elytral striae
rather deeply impressed and crenato-punctate, the alter-
nate interstices with scattered setigerous impressions. The
two foveae near the base of the prothorax cannot be acci-
dental. The aedeagus (partly exposed in the type) is
narrowed to the tip, and a pair of narrow curved claspers
are visible beneath the fifth ventralsegment. S. trisellata
cannot be identified amongst the 28 Colombian Statirae
described by Miaklin in 1878; it is coloured somewhat as
in Colparthrum gerstdckeri, Kirsch. The immaculate form
must come near his S. ferruginea: the latter is said to have
a somewhat densely punctured prothorax and the elytral
striae evanescent towards the apex.

104. Statira paraensis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, the head and prothorax subopaque,
the elytra shining; testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra with a
narrow, nigro-fuscous, transverse, undulate, post-median fascia—
sometimes extending narrowly forwards along the suture and dilated
anteriorly into a faint triangular scutellar patch, sometimes not
reaching the suture or altogether wanting; the elytra with a few
very long, erect, bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, longitudinally
impressed between the eyes, the latter large and somewhat widely
separated; antennae long, slender, joint 11 in g about equalling
8-10, and in 2 9 and 10, united. Prothorax as long as broad,
nearly or quite as wide as the head, cordate, dilated at the base;
almost impunctate. Elytra moderately long, gradually widened to
the middle; very finely, closely punctato-striate, smoother at the
apex, the interstices flat, 3 with about seven conspicuous setigerous
impressions scattered along its entire length, 5 and 9 with three
or four similar impressions on the apical half, and 1 with one or two
near the tip. Aedeagus of 3 strongly acuminate at the tip.

Length 51-6, breadth 14-2} mm. (¢9.)

Hab. Lower Amazons, Para (H. W. Bates).

New and little-known Lagriidae. 247

Five specimen—three fasciate, two immaculate. A
form of the Central American S. picta, Champ., with the
apical joint of the antennae shorter in both sexes (in S,
picta, 3, equalling 7-10 united), the head with a deeper
longitudinal groove between the eyes, and the elytral
markings, when present, showing a tendency to extend
forward along the suture to the scutellar region (instead of
along the outer margin to the humeri, as in S. picta), the
scattered setigerous impressions along the third interstice
very conspicuous.

105. Statira eireumdueta, n. sp.

36. Moderately elongate, depressed, shining; rufo-testaceous,
the eyes black, the elytra with the suture narrowly, and a common,
transverse, curved median fascia, which is continued forwards along
the outer part of the disc to the base, nigro-fuscous; the elytra with
a few long erect setae. Head broad, sparsely, minutely punctate,
grooved down the middle between the eyes, the latter large and
separated by about the width of one of them; antennae moderately
long, rather slender, joint 11 slightly longer than 8-10 united. Pro-
thorax narrower than the head, about as long as broad, subcordate,
dilated at the base; almost smooth, faintly canaliculate down the
middle anteriorly. Elytra twice as broad as the prothorax, moder-
ately long, gradually widened to the middle, obliquely depressed
below the base; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices 3, 5
and 9 each with about six widely separated setigerous impressions,
and 1 and 7 with one or two similar impressions near the apex.

Length 8, breadth 24 mm.

Hab. Ecuavor (Buckley).
& One male. Very like S. vageguttata, Pic, and its allies,
but wanting the deep lanciform sulcus on the front of the
prothorax, the dark markings on the anterior half of the
elytra partly enclosing a broad, elongate, subquadrate
patch of the testaceous ground-colour on the disc of each
of them.

106. Statira subfenestrata, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, narrow, shining, testaceous; the eyes
black, the elytra with a broad basal and a narrow median fascia,
connected along the suture and approaching one another at the sides,
nigro-piceous; the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head
Jarge, broad, obliquely narrowed and well developed behind the
eyes, sparsely, obsoletely punctate, the eyes small, widely separated ;

all
248 Mr. G. C. Champion on

antennae very slender, moderately long, joint 11 barely the length of
9 and 10 united. Prothorax narrow, longer than broad, coidate,
widened at the base, sparsely, finely punctate. Elytra moderately
elongate, twice as broad as the prothorax, gradually widened to the
middle, acuminate posteriorly; shallowly, minutely striato-punc-
tate, smooth at the apex, the interstices flat, 3 and 5 with four or five
widely scattered conspicuous setigerous impressions, 7 and 9 also
with two or three similar impressions towards the tip.
Length 5}, breadth 1mm. (2?)

Hab. Amazons, Santarem (H. W. Bates).

One specimen, imperfect. A very narrow, testaceous
insect approaching S. vageguttata, Pic, with the elytra
somewhat similarly maculate ; the head large, the eyes small,
the antennae unusually slender, and with a feebly developed
apical joint, the prothorax quite narrow, punctulate, and
without sulcus in front, the seriate elytral punctures very
fine and shallow. The prothorax and elytra are differently
shaped from those of S. paraensis.

107. Statira multinotata. (Plate XIII, fig. 27, 9.)

Statira multinotata, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 15
(Sept. 1912).

Antennal joint 11 in ¢ aslong as 7-10, in 9 as long as 8-10,
united.

Hab. Braziu (coll. Pic: type), Minas Geraes (Mus.
Brit.).

Three examples in the Museum, two of which are from
Minas Geraes, are doubtless referable to this species. A
narrow, elongate insect, 83-9 mm. in length (Pic gives
10 mm.), rufo-testaceous in colour, the elytra flavous, with
the numerous scattered setigerous impressions along the
alternate interstices each placed in a_sharply-defined,
subquadrate, blackish or fuscous spot, those on the first
(sutural) interstice confined to the apical half. The eyes
are large and somewhat narrowly separated, the space
between them depressed down the middle.

108. Statira vageguttata. (Plate XIII, fig. 28, ¢.)

Statira vageguttata, Pic, L’Echange, xxviii, p. 75 (Oct. 1912).
Statira vagenotata, Pic, loc. cit. p. 76.

New and little-known Lagrudae. 249

Var. Prothorax with a narrow black vitta on each side near the
outer margin. Joint 11 of antennae in ¢ as long as four or five
of the preceding joints united, in Q about equalling 8-10 united.

Length 5-8}, breadth 12-22 mm. (g9.)

Hab. Brazit (Mus. Brit., Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro
(Fry), Constancia (J. Gray and H. Clark, Jan. 1857),
Matusinhos [type of S. vageguttata| and Serra de Bernarda
[type of S. vagenotata] (coll. Pic); Amazons (H. W. Bates,
ex coll. Fry).

This seems to be one of the commonest species of the
genus in the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, but it was
apparently unknown to Maklin. The long series before
me, including many specimens belonging to the Oxford
Museum, illustrate the great variation in the development of
the elytral markings, the additional variety here noted (eight
specimens seen) simply differing in having a submarginal
black line on each side of the prothorax. The commonest
form has three dark angulate fasciae on the elytra—one
just below the base, another at the middle, these connected
along the sutural and outer margins, and a narrower one
towards the apex, this latter connected with the median
fascia along the suture and outer margin and down the
middle of the disc (the fuscous markings thus enclosing
on each elytron a large ante-median discoidal patch, and
two transversely placed oblong marks behind it, of the
yellowish ground-colour); the dark coloration sometimes
extends over the whole of the apical portion, or it may be
almost entirely or in great part obliterated. S. vageguttata is
readily recognisable by the deep, sharply-defined, elongate-
triangular sulcus on the disc of the prothorax in front;
the prothorax itself is sparsely, very finely punctate, and
usually shining, sometimes opaque. The elytra are finely
punctato-striate, the interstices 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with from
two to four, and 1 with one or two, scattered setigerous
impressions on the apical half. There is a specimen before
me from the Dejean collection labelled with the MS. name
S. picta, Buq. [nec Champ.] and one from the Oxford Museum
is ticketed S. varians, Hope. The general resemblance of
this insect to a spotted Dromius is rather striking.

109. Statira incisicollis,n.sp. (Plate XIII, figs. 29, antenna;
29a, prothorax, 3.)

3. Moderately elongate, narrow, depressed, shining; rufo- or

flavo-testaceous, the 11th antennal joint slightly infuscate, the eyes,

aa .
250 Mr. G. C. Champion on

the elytra to a little beyond the middle, except around the scutellum
and on an oblique or subtriangular space on the disc, and in one
specimen a narrow, transverse oblique mark on the disc before the
apex, black; the elytra with several erect bristly hairs towards the
tip. Head broad, sparsely, minutely punctate, obsoletely canalicu-
late between the eyes, the latter large, separated by about the
width of one of them; antennae (fig. 29) slender, moderately long,
joints 3-10 rapidly decreasing in length, 7-10 moniliform, 11 ex-
tremely elongate, about as long as 3-10 united. Prothorax (fig. 29a)
narrower than the head, about as long as broad, cordate, dilated
at the base; sparsely, minutely punctate, and with a deep lanciform
sulcus on the dise in front. Elytra moderately long, gradually
widened to the middle; closely, finely punctato-striate, the inter-
stices broad, feebly convex at the apex, 3, 5, and 9 with three or four
scattered setigerous impressions on the posterior half, 1 also with a
single impression near the tip.

Var. The prothorax broadly infuscate along the sides, the blackish
portion of the elytra more extended, reaching the subapical
mark. (.)

Length 54-6, breadth 13-2 mm.

Hab. Lower Amazons, Santarem (H. W. Bates: type);
Brazit, Pernambuco (fry: var.).

Described from three specimens, one of those from
Santarem now wanting the antennae. A very close ally
of S. vageguttata, Pic, with the apical joint of the 3 antenna
nearly as long as the rest united, and the joints preceding
it moniliform. There is also a corresponding variety with
a laterally fusco-vittate prothorax. It is just possible that
these insects may be forms of S. brasiliensis, Pic (Mélanges
exot.-entom. iv, p. 19), which is said to have a long terminal
joint to the antennae; but without comparison, it would
be unsafe to identify them as such.

110. Statira xanthodera, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, shining, the elytra sericeous; black, the
prothorax, the femora at the base, and the tarsal claws testaceous ;
the elytra with a few long, erect, bristly hairs. Head almost smooth,
well-developed behind the eyes, the latter small and widely separated ;
antennae short, not very slender, joint 11 equalling 8-10 united.
Prothorax as wide as the head, transverse, subcordate, dilated at the
base; smooth, with a very deep, sharply defined, oblong excavation
on the disc in front. Elytra moderately long, about twice as broad
as the prothorax, gradually widened to the middle, rounded at the

New and little-known Lagridae. 251

apex; closely, minutely, very shallowly punctato-striate, the inter-
stices flat, 3 with five, and 5, 7, and 9 with two or three, scattered
setigerous impressions on the apical half, 1 also with a single impres-
sion near the tip.

Length 6, breadth 24; mm. (9?)

Hab. Braziu, Santa Catharina (Fry).

One specimen. This is one of the very few species of the
genus known to me with a deep, oblong, suleus on the disc
of the prothorax in front. This character brings it near
S. vageguttata, Pic, from which it differs greatly in colour,
and in having short antennae, smaller eyes, and very faintly
striate elytra. The wholly black body and testaceous
prothorax, too, are characteristic.

111. Statira figurata. (Plate XIII, fig. 30, 9.)

Statira figurata, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 158 (1862).
*Statira lunulata, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 18
(Sept. 1912).

Elongate, rather broad, very shining; rufo-, the elytra flavo-
testaceous, the eyes, the prothorax with a submarginal line on each
side, and the elytra with a narrow, angulate post-basal and a broader
curved median fascia—these markings connected along the suture
and outer margin (the sutural stripe extending downwards to near
the apex), and the post-basal fascia with a curved ramus extending
forwards along the middle of the dise to the scutellum—black;
the elytra and the sides of the head thickly set with very long, erect,
setiform hairs, the legs, antennae, and under surface also with
(easily abraded) hairs. Head broad, finely punctate, slightly
impressed in the middle between the eyes, the latter separated by
about the width of one of them; antennae with joint 11 about as
long as three (2) or four of the preceding joints united. Prothorax
a little narrower than the head, as broad as long, subcordate, dilated
at the base; rather closely, finely, conspicuously punctate. Elytra
twice as broad as the prothorax, long, gradually widened to the
middle; closely, finely punctato-striate, the interstices each with an
irregular row of rather coarse, somewhat closely placed setigerous
impressions extending from the base to the apex.

Length 73-9, breadth 22-3 mm.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry), Constancia (J. Gray,
Jan. 1857).

The two specimens here described, possibly 3 and 9,
agree with Maklin’s description of S. figurata, from “ Brazil,”

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252 Mr. G. C. Champion on

except in having the apical portion of the elytra flavo-
testaceous, instead of black; but as some of the allied
forms vary in this way, no importance need be attached
to such a colour-difference, the five yellow spots on the
basal half being exactly as he describes. 8S. lunulata, Pic,
from Tijuca (a place near Constancia), which is compared
with my figure of S. conspicillata, Mikl.,in the “ Biologia,”
is said to have an irregular black ring enclosing a yellow
patch on the anterior portion of each elytron. The specific
identity of these insects, therefore, must remain in doubt
till types are compared.

112. Statira annulata. (Plate XIII, fig. 31.)
Statira annulata, Makl., Act. Soc. Fenn. x, p. 643 (1875).

Elongate, rather narrow, shining; testaceous, the eyes black, the
elytra flavous, with three common, angulate fasciae, connected along
the suture, the first two along the sides also, and the second and third
nearly coalescent along the fifth interstice, the first with a branch
on the disc extending forwards to the base, nigro-fuscous (the dark
markings enclosing nine spots, arranged 3, 2, 4, of the yellowish
ground-colour); thickly clothed, the legs included, with long, soft,
erect hairs. Head sparsely, rather coarsely punctate, the eyes
somewhat narrowly separated; antennae moderately long and
slender, joint 11 as long as 9 and 10 united. Prothorax longer than
broad, oblong-subcordate, a little dilated at the base; very coarsely,
sparsely punctate. Elytra long, about twice as wideas the prothorax,
gradually widened to the middle; closely, finely punctato-striate,
the interstices each with an irregular series of closely placed pili-
gerous punctures.

Length 73-83, breadth 23-24 mm.

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo (Fry).

The two specimens, probably g and Q, from which the
above description has been taken agree with Miaklin’s
diagnosis of his S. annulata, from Brazil, except that they
apparently have relatively narrower elytra. The differences
given by him to separate S. annulata and S. figurata (as
here recognised) also apply, so that there cannot be much
doubt about the identification of either of them. A fresh
description, however, was required in each case.

113. Statira quadriplagiata, n. sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 32, ¢.)

3. Moderately elongate, narrow, shining; testaceous, the eyes
black, the elytra flavous, with a broad, common, triangular scutellar

New and little-known Lagridae. 253

patch (reaching the humeri), a large triangular patch on the outer
part of the dise just beyond the middle (extending inwards to the
second stria), and a common apical patch, nigro-fuscous ; thickly
clothed, the legs included, with long, soft, erect hairs. Head rather
small, coarsely punctate, the eyes large and somewhat narrowly
separated; antennae comparatively short, rather stout, joint 11 as
long as 8-10 united. Prothorax convex, about as long as broad,
somewhat oval, scarcely dilated at the base; coarsely, rather closely
punctate. Elytra about twice as wide as the prothorax, long,
gradually widened to the middle; closely, finely punctato-striate,
the interstices each with an irregular series of rather closely placed
piligerous punctures extending from the base to the apex. Aedeagus
slender and acuminate at the tip.
Length 63, breadth 275 mm.

Hab. Braziu, Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

One male. Closely related to S. annulata, Makl., but
with very differently marked elytra (resembling S. scutel-
laris, Pic, S. evanescens, Champ., etc., in this respect),
the antennae less elongate, the prothorax not so long, and
still more coarsely punctured. The piligerous punctures
on each elytral interstice are closely placed and extend
from the base to the apex, as in S. annulata and S. figurata.

114. Statira bifureata, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, narrow, opaque, the elytra moderately shining;
testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra with a narrow sutural stripe,
which is obliquely bifurcate before the base and nearly reaches the
apex, and three longitudinal streaks at about the middle (on inter-
stices 3, 5, and 7, that on 7 longer than the others), nigro-piceous ;
the elytra with scattered long, erect, bristly hairs. Head alutaceous,
closely, roughly punctulate, the eyes large and separated by about
half the width of one of them; antennae rather slender, joint 11
nearly as long as 8-10 united. Prothorax longer than broad, as wide
as the head, cordate, dilated at the base ; closely, very finely scabroso-
punctulate, the basal groove almost obsolete. Elytra long, at the
middle twice as wide as the prothorax, rapidly narrowed and acumi-
nate posteriorly; closely, very finely punctato-striate, the alternate
interstices 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 with a series of somewhat closely placed
setigerous impressions extending throughout their length, the
impressions each preceded by a small tubercle.

Length 63, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Braziu, Jatahy, Province of Goyas (Pujol, ex coll.
Fry).

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254 Mr. G. C. Champion on

One female. Not unlike S. quadriplagiata, the head
and prothorax opaque and _ scabroso-punctulate, the
prothorax longer and with shallower basal groove, the
elytra very differently marked and with more numerous
tubercles along the alternate interstices. Pic has described
various Statirae from the same Province, but the present
insect is not included amongst them : S. goyasensis 16 (length
9 mm.) also has the elytra testaceous, with a black sutural
stripe enlarged towards the scutellum, but the other
particulars given do not accord with S. bifwrcata, and the
tubercles are not mentioned.

115. Statira tenuipes, n. sp.

3. Elongate, narrow, depressed, slender, opaque above, shining
beneath; testaceous, the eyes black, the elytra with the suture
narrowly piceous to near the apex, the latter with a few bristly hairs.
Head broad, alutaceous, obsoletely canaliculate between the eyes
and obliquely narrowed behind them, the eyes large, somewhat
distant; antennae moderately long, slender, joint 11 nearly equalling
7-10 united. Prothorax much longer than broad, considerably
narrower than the head, rounded at the sides, the latter deeply
sinuate before the base, the basal margin not raised, the surface
alutaceous. Elytra elongate, at the middle about twice as wide as
the prothorax somewhat acuminate posteriorly; closely, very finely,
shallowly punctato-striate, the interstices feebly convex, 3 and 5
with about six widely scattered setigerous impressions, 1 also with
three others near the tip, and 9 with five impressions beyond the
middle. Legs long and slender.

Length 74, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Brazit, Bahia (Reed).

One specimen. This is one of several peculiar forms
obtained by Reed at Bahia. It resembles S. bifurcata,
from Goyas, but has a much broader head, a longer and
smoother prothorax, non-tuberculate elytra, with the
suture only infuscate, and longer legs.

116. Statira cruciata, n. sp.

Elongate, rather broad, moderately shining; testaceous, the
head and prothorax reddish, the eyes black; the elytra with an
ill-defined, common, curved post-median fascia, extending forwards

15 Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 20 (Sept. 1912).

New and little-known Lagridae. 255

along the outer margin to the humeral callus, and the base in-
determinately, infuscate, the surface bearing a few bristly hairs.
Head small, narrower than the prothorax, closely, finely, con-
spicuously punctate, unimpressed between the eyes, the latter
moderately large and somewhat distant; antennae slender, short,
joint 11 equalling 7-10 united. Prothorax oblongo-subquadrate,
distinctly margined laterally, slightly hollowed at the sides anteriorly,
and sinuously narrowed towards the base, the anterior angles
obtuse, prominent, the hind angles very slightly projecting, the
basal margin but little raised, the transverse groove in front of it
deeply impressed laterally; densely, minutely punctate. Elytra
widening to the middle and there twice as wide as the prothorax;
finely, closely, deeply punctato-striate, the interstices convex, 3
and 5 with four or five widely scattered setigerous impressions,
and | and 9 with two or three others near the apex. Legs moderately
long.
Length 9, breadth 3mm. (2)

Hab. Nicaraacua, Chontales (Janson).

One specimen, differing from all the Central American
forms enumerated by myself in the “ Biologia” in 1889.
It is perhaps nearest related to the Mexican S. veraecrucis,
from which it is separable by the less rugose, shining head,
the longer, larger, and less scabrous prothorax, and the
common, ill-defined, fuscous post-median fascia of the
elytra.

117. Statira haitiensis, n. sp.

Elongate, rather dull; nigro-piceous or black, the prothorax and
tarsi rufous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra nigro-cyaneous, the
antennae sometimes wholly or in part ferruginous; the elytra with
a few fine, long, erect hairs. Head rather short, narrower than the
prothorax, sparsely, minutely punctate, the eyes large, somewhat
distant; antennae slender, moderately long, joint 11 equalling the
three or four preceding joints united. Prothorax transverse, faintly
margined laterally, rounded at the sides, constricted before the
prominent hind angles, the basal margin raised and the transverse
sulcus in front of it sharply defined; sparsely, minutely punctate.
Elytra long, gradually widened to the middle, and there twice as
wide as the prothorax; finely, closely, deeply punctato-striate,
the interstices more or less convex, 3 with nine or ten, and 5 and 9
with several, setigerous punctures scattered between the base and
apex. Legs moderately long.

Length 63-72, breadth 23-22 mm. (@.)

256 Mr. G. C. Champion on

Hab. Harri, Port au Prince (ex coll. Fry).

Four examples, possibly all females. This species
bears some resemblance to the Antillean S. vittata, Champ.,
but it is very differently coloured, and has a shorter head
and prothorax, and the latter finely margined at the sides.
Also approaching S. croceicollis, Makl. (from Florida,
Georgia, and Alabama), and other N.-American forms.

118. Statira fulvicollis.

Anthicus fulvicollis, Fabr., Syst. Eleuth. i, p. 290 (1801).
Statira fulvicollis, Mikl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 160 (1862).?

Var. a. Elytra each with a reddish or testaceous spot below the
base.

Slatira fulvicollis, v. discoidalis, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom.
Iv, p. 13 (1912).8

Var. 8. Prothorax black, the elytra sometimes fuscous or piceous.

Anthicus fuscipennis, Fabr., loc. cit.4

Slatira fuscipennis, Mikl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vu, p. 160.%

Statira exigua, Mikl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Forh. xx,
p- 360 (1878).§

Var. y. Prothorax black; the elytra and abdomen testaceous
at the base, or the elytra (a triangular scutellar patch and the suture
excepted) testaceous in their basal half.

Anthicus abdominalis, Fabr., loc. cit.”
Statira abdominalis, Maikl., Act. Soc. Fenn. vii, p. 160.8

Var. 6. Prothorax black, the elytra with an oblong yellowish
mark on the dise before the middle.

Statira atricollis, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. iv, p. 20
(Sept. 1912).°
Var. e. Prothorax black, the elytra each with a yellow stripe on
the disc extending from the base to beyond the middle.

Statira flavovittata, Pic, Mélanges exot.-entom. xi, p. 18
(Nov. 1914).2°

?Var. ¢. Prothorax, a broad oblong stripe on the dise of each
elytron (extending from a little below the base to beyond the middle
and almost reaching the suture), under surface, femora, and tibiae
(the anterior pair excepted) testaceous or flavous.

New and little-known Lagriidae. 257

Hab. South America 12478; CorompBia *, Bogota;
Gutana, Cayenne ?; Brazii}° (Miers, in Mus. Oxon.: var.
flavovittata), Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Bahia, Per-
nambuco [var. ¢]; Amazons, Para, Nauta [var. a];
Botivia 9.

The numerous specimens before me connect the named
forms of this very variable Statira, and it is not impossible
that S. (Anthicus) ruficollis, Fabr., which has a red head
and prothorax, appertains to the same species. Maklin
did not identify any of these Fabrician insects amongst the
material examined by him; but there can be little doubt
that the three named quoted above refer to one and the
same species, that with a red or yellow prothorax being
apparently confined to Brazil and Guiana. An example of
the var. a (= discoidalis, Pic) from the F. Bates collec-
tion (from that of Dejean) is labelled with the MS. name
Pedilus sanguinicollis.” The allied S. irregularis and S.
albofasciata, Champ., from Central America, are almost
equally variable in colour. S. fulvicollis is a small, polished,
Anthiciform insect, wholly or in part black; the elytra
feebly striato-punctate, with an irregular series of numerous
larger, rough, setigerous impressions along each of the
interstices; the antennae gradually thickened outwards,
the apical joint about as long as the two preceding joints
united in both g and 2; the head transverse, foveate in
the middle between the eyes, the latter small; the tibiae
somewhat curved in 3. There is a broken specimen, of the
var. flavovittala in the Oxford Museum. These forms
should perhaps be removed from the genus Statira. .

119. Statira cyanipennis.

Statira cyanipennis, Mikl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Férh.
xx, p. 36 (1878) (nec S. cyanipennis, Makl., Act. Soc.
Fenn. vii, p. 591, and x, p. 647).

Statira colombica, Champ., Biol. Centr.-Am., Coleopt.
iv, 2, p. 62, nota (nom. prov.),

Hab. Cotomsia [type], Bogota (ex coll. F. Bates).

Two specimens from the F. Bates collection agree with
Maklin’s description, except that they have the abdomen
black, instead of dilute fulvous. They are separable from
typical S. fulvicollis, F., by the prothorax being more

17 Cf. B. C.-Am., Coleopt. iv, 2, p. 46.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaARTI. (NOV.) Ss

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258 Mr. G. C. Champion on

dilated anteriorly (thus appearing narrower at the base)
and a little shorter, and the elytra brilliant cyaneous in
colour. The first species described by Miklin under the
name S. cyanipennis (1862) was selected in 1889 as the
type of Sphragidophorus.

120. Statira eayennensis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, somewhat robust, widened posteriorly, very
shining; testaceous, the head and palpi, the antennal joints 1 and
4-10, in part or entirely, nearly the apical half of the elytra (a spot
on the outer margin near the tip excepted), and the abdomen in
part, black, the tibiae and tarsi nigro-piceous; the elytra and legs
somewhat thickly, and the head sparsely, clothed with long, fine, erect
or projecting, pallid hairs. Head short, barely as wide as the pro-
thorax, well developed behind the eyes, very sparsely punctulate ;
eyes small, widely separated; antennae moderately long, gradually
thickened outwards, joint 11 equalling 9 and 10 united. Prothorax
almost smooth, scarcely as long as broad, transversely cordate,
strongly constricted before the base, the basal margin raised and
thickened, preceded by a deep groove. Elytra moderately long,
widening to the middle, and there twice as wide as the prothorax,
somewhat acuminate posteriorly; finely, shallowly, confusedly
punctate, the seriately-arranged punctures barely distinguishable
from those of the interstices. Legs rather stout, the femora clavate.

Length 6, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Gutana, Cayenne (Mus. Brit.)

One specimen (?sex), injured by pinning, acquired in
1858. An insect resembling S. bicolor, Champ., from
Panama, except that the head is black, but with the an-
tennae (less the flavous apical joint) and elytra formed
much as in the Central American S. albofasciata, Champ.
S. fulvicollis, F., is also an allied insect. The Peruvian S.
nigroapicalis, Pic, compared with S. bicolor by its describer,
must be a very different species, simply resembling the latter
in colour.

121. Statira semiviolacea, n. sp.

“Moderately elongate, robust, very shining; rufo-testaceous, the
‘apical half of the elytra and the suture narrowly thence to the
base, cupreo-violaceous, the eyes, joints 2—7 of the antennae, the
metasternum, abdomen, tibiae, and tarsi black or piceous; the
elytra with a few bristly hairs. Head small, much narrower than

New and little-known Lagriidae. 259!

the prothorax, sparsely, finely punctate, foveate on each side
between the eyes, and narrowing behind them; eyes transverse,
small, distant, feebly convex, not reaching the base of the head; an-
tennae rather short, moderately stout [joint 11 missing]. Prothorax
smooth, broader than long, arcuately dilated at the sides, narrowed
and constricted at the base, the basal margin preceded by a deep
groove; the disc with a very large, deep, rounded excavation on
each side just behind the middle. Elytra moderately long, at the
middle about twice as wide as the prothorax, conjointly rounded at
the tip; closely, finely, deeply punctato-striate, the interstices
convex, flatter on the disc, 3 with four setigerous impressions
scattered between the base and apex, 5 and 9 also with two or three
widely separated impressions. Legs rather short and stout, the
anterior femora strongly clavate.
Length 62, breadth 24 mm. (.)

Hab. Upper Amazons, San Paulo [de Olivenca] (H. W.
Bates).

One specimen. Near S. bicolor, Champ., from Panama,
the prothorax more dilated at the sides and with a very
large, deep, rounded excavation on each side of the disc
(? accidental); the elytra conjointly rounded at the apex,
sharply punctato-striate, and with the apical half and
suture cupreo-violaceous, the setigerous impressions fewer
in number. The apical joint of the antennae wanting in
the type, is probably elongate, at least in the male.

122. Statira eribriceps, n. sp,

Elongate, narrow, widened posteriorly, shining; reddish-brown
or obscure rufo-testaceous, the fenora paler at the base, more or less
infuscate in their outer half, the eyes black; somewhat thickly
clothed with long, fine, erect, bristly hairs. Head large, broad,
well developed behind the eyes, rounded at the sides posteriorly,
closely, coarsely punctate, with a shallow, transverse, inter-ocular
impression, the frontal groove deep and almost straight; eyes
small, convex, widely separated; antennae long, slender, joint 11
in both sexes about equalling 9 and.10 united. Prothorax nearly
as wide as the head, convex, longer than broad, rounded at the sides
anteriorly, feebly sinuate and gradually narrowing towards the base,
the basal margin slightly raised; closely, coarsely punctate. Elytra
rather convex in 3, flatter in 9, moderately long, rapidly widening
to the middle, and there about twice the breadth of the prothorax,
arcuately narrowed and somewhat acuminate posteriorly, the humeri
obtuse; coarsely, closely striato-punctate, the punctures transverse

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260 Mr. G. C. Champion on

and impinging on the narrow raised interstices, the alternate inter-
stices 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with a row of somewhat closely placed,
fine, setigerous impressions. Legs moderately long, the femora
rather stout.

Length 6-63, breadth 14-2} mm. (39.)

Hab. Brazit, Espirito Santo (Fry: 3, type), Parana
(ex coll. F. Bates: ).

One pair. A peculiar form related to S. cylindricollis,
Makl., from Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad; but
much larger and longer than that insect, with a shorter,
broader head, and long, slender antennae, the elytra with
rows of closely packed coarse crenate punctures separated
by narrow raised interstices, the alternate ones each
bearing numerous long bristly hairs, the humeri less
prominent.

123. Statira melanoptera, n. sp.

Q. Elongate, narrow, widened posteriorly, shining; rufo-tes-
taceous, the eyes, palpi, elytra, and legs (the bases of the femora,
and the tibiae and tarsi in part, excepted) black or piceous, the
abdomen and basal joints of the antennae also in part infuscate;
the elytra with numerous long, fine, bristly hairs. Head large,
broad, well developed behind the eyes, rounded at the sides pos-
teriorly, closely, rugosely punctate, the frontal groove deep and
almost straight; eyes small, convex, widely distant; antennae long,
slender, joint 11 equalling 9 and 10 united. Prothorax slightly
longer than broad, narrower than the head, constricted before the
prominent hind angles, the basal margin moderately raised; rather
coarsely, closely punctate. Elytra long, somewhat convex, rapidly
widening to the middle, somewhat acuminate posteriorly, the humeri
obtuse; closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctato-striate, the
punctures transverse, crenate, the interstices more or less convex,
as wide as the striae, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with a series of numerous,
conspicuous, setigerous impressions.

Length 7, breadth 2} mm.

Hab. Braziu (ex coll. F. Bates).

One specimen. A close ally of S. cribriceps, with the
elytra and the outer halves of the femora black, the head
not so coarsely punctate, the prothorax less constricted
behind, the elytra with smaller seriate punctures and
broader interstices, the alternate ones with conspicuous
setigerous impressions, as large as those of the striae.

New and little-known Lagriidae. 261

124. Statira cylindricollis. (Plate XIII, fig. 33, 3.)

Statira cylindricollis, Makl., Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc.
Foérh. xx, p. 361 (1878); Fairm., Ann. Soc. Ent., Fr.
1892, p. 97.

Hab. Cotompta [type]; VENEZUELA, Caracas and San
Ksteban (Simon), Cumana (ex coll. F. Bates); TRiInrDAp
(Ff. Birch, G. E. Bryant, coll. Fry).

A small blackish or rufo-piceous, Anthiciform insect,
with a long head and a_ narrow subcylindrical prothorax,
both of which are coarsely, closely punctate; the antennae
rufo-testaceous to about the middle, thickened and infus-
cate towards the apex, joint 11 stout and about as long
as 9and 10 united in both sexes; the eyes small, prominent,
distant from the base of the head; the elytra rather short,
comparatively broad, strongly, transversely impressed
below the base, deeply punctato-striate, the interstices
more or less convex, 3, 5, 7, and 9 with several widely
scattered setigerous impressions, 1 also with two or three
others near the apex. The peculiarly shaped, elongate
head is not mentioned in the descriptions of either of the
above-quoted authors. A Trinidad specimen is figured.

125. Statira anthicoides.

Statira anthicoides, Kirsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1873.
p. 412.

Statira anthicoides, v. staudingeri, Pic, L’Echange, XXVll,
p. 76 (1912).

Hab. Peru, Chanchamayo (ez coll. F. Bates).

A close ally of S. cylindricollis, Makl., with the upper
surface more shining; the head larger and broader; the
prothorax deeply constricted before the base, and much
more finely punctate; the elytra varying in colour from
rufescent, a common, elongate, black patch at the base
of the suture excepted, to entirely black (var. staudingert),
the interstices flatter, the striae shallow.18

126. Statira filicornis, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, slender, widened posteriorly, shining;
obscure testaceous, the eyes and elytra black, the basal joints of
the antennae fusco-annulate, the tarsi slightly infuscate; the

18 This is the Peruvian insect mentioned in the “ Biologia ”
(Coleopt. iv, 2, p. 73) under the description of the genus Rhosaces.

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262 Mr. G. C, Champion on

elytra with a few bristly hairs. Head almost smooth, very large,
much broader than the prothorax, greatly developed behind the
small, widely separated, convex eyes, and arcuately narrowed behind
them, the inter-ocular space transversely bifoveate in the middle
posteriorly ; antennae very slender, rather short (joints 8-11 missing).
Prothorax narrow, longer than broad, oblongo-cordate, constricted
before the moderately prominent basal margin; closely, finely
punctate, smoother on the anterior half, the disc obsoletely canalicu-
late anteriorly and slightly depressed in the middle at the base.
Elytra moderately long, at the base twice as broad as the prothorax,
widening to the middle, arcuately narrowed posteriorly, transversely
flattened anteriorly, and rounded at the tip; very finely striato-
punctate to near the apex, the interstices almost flat, alutaceous,
3 and 5 with a series of five or six widely scattered, small setigerous
impressions, 1, 7, and 9 also with two or three impressions near the
tip. Legs slender.
Length 6, breadth 2 mm.

Hab. Peru (ex coll. F. Bates).

One specimen. The large, posteriorly developed head
and small eyes bring this species near S. anthicoides,
Kirsch, also from Peru. 8S. filicornis, however, differs from
the latter in its much more slender build, the smoother
testaceous head and prothorax, the subfiliform antennae,
the longer, duller, less convex, non-excavate elytra, and
the pallid legs.

127. Statira perforata, n. sp.

g. Elongate, narrow, depressed, shining, somewhat thickly
clothed with soft, fine, semi-erect hairs (now mostly abraded in the
type); piceous, the head and antennae black, the elytra with a
greenish lustre. Head rather short, coarsely, confluently, rugosely
punctate, the eyes small, widely separated, depressed, the labrum
large; antennae moderately long, thickened outwards, joint 10
transverse, 11 stout, about equalling 7-10 united. Prothorax
uneven, wider than the head, longer than broad, feebly rounded
at the sides, the latter slightly sinuate before the base, the basal
margin moderately prominent; very coarsely, confluently, foveo-
lato-punctate. Elytra barely twice the width of the prothorax,
not very elongate, rounded at the apex, depressed below the base;
closely, rather finely crenato-striate, the interstices feebly convex,
narrow, each with a row of piligerous impressions, which are of about
the same size as the transverse punctures of the striae. Legs rather
stout, the intermediate and posterior femora transversely strigose

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Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., eve PL. XI,

Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd

TROPICAL AMERICAN LAGRIIDAE.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

fia. 1g. Statira costaricensis, Champ. [Costa Rica and Colombia],

anterior leg.

flavosignata, n. sp. [Ecuador].

suturalis, Makl. [Brazil], anterior leg.

gemmifer, Makl. [Brazil], posterior leg.

agroides, Lep. et Serv. [Brazil], aedeagus, in profile,
showing the large basal piece.

longiceps, n. sp. [ Brazil].

longicollis, Makl. [ Brazil], posterior leg.

meleagris, Makl. | Brazil].

catenata, Makl. [Brazil]; 9a, penis-sheath, in pro-
file; 9 b, ditto, from above.

viridipennis, Lep. et Serv. [Brazil], aedeagus,
showing the large basal piece; 10a, ditto, in
profile.

geniculata, Makl. [Brazil], aedeagus, showing the
large basal piece; lla, ditto, in profile.

asymmetrica, n. sp. [Brazil], penis-sheath.

tortipes, n. sp. [Brazil], posterior leg; 13a, penis-
sheath.

arcuatipes, Pic [Brazil]; 14a, aedeagus.

fuscitarsis, Makl. [Brazil], posterior leg.

sphenodera, n. sp. [ Brazil].

eurydera, n. sp. [Amazons].

presuturalis, Pic [Brazil].

elegans, Mak]. [Brazil], anterior leg.

distigma, n. sp. [Peru], prothorax.

casnonioides, n. sp. [Brazil].

Statira bryanti, Pic [Trinidad].

er
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Pl. XIII.

Horace Knight, del Andre, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd

TROPICAL AMERICAN LAGRIIDAE.

EXPLANATION OF Prate XIII.

Fic. 234. Statira connexa, n. sp. [Amazons].

249. , elegantula, n. sp. [Amazons }.

25. 5 seminigra, n. sp. [Amazons].

26g. ., trisellata, n. sp. [Colombia].

279. » multinotata, Pic [Brazil].

28g. » vageguttata, Pic [Brazil].

29¢. » incisicollis, n. sp. [Brazil], antenna; 29a, pro-
thorax.

309. » figurata, Mak). [Brazil].

al. ,» annulata, Mak. [Brazil].

32g. , quadriplagiata, n. sp. [Brazil].

Bye » cylindricollis, Makl. [Colombia, Venezuela, and:
Trinidad}.

34g. » pilosa, n. sp. [Brazil].

356: 2 haemonioides, n. sp. [Brazil].

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New and little-known Lagriidae. 263

on their inner face, the tibiae somewhat curved at the base. Aedeagus
stout, acuminate and curved upwards at the tip.
Length 5, breadth 1{ mm.

Hab. Mexico (Truqui, ex coll. Fry).

One male. An isolated form, with the general facies
of an Arthromacra. Smaller and narrower than the
Mexican S. brevipilis, Champ., the head and prothorax
very coarsely, confluently punctate, the latter sub-
cylindrical, the elytra more deeply crenato-striate, with
each of the interstices uniseriato-punctate, much as in
S. nigroaenea, Champ., from the same country. S. perforata
seems to approach the §.-American genus Slatiropsis,
Borchm., which is unknown to me.

128. Statira pilosa, n. sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 34, ¢.)

Elongate, narrow, rather convex, shining, thickly clothed, the
legs included, with long, soft, erect or projecting, pallid hairs ; piceous
or rufo-piceous, with a brassy or aeneous lustre above and beneath,
the antennae and legs sometimes reddish. Head short, coarsely,
confluently, rugosely punctate, the eyes rather small, separated in
both sexes by about the width of one of them as seen from above;
antennae rather stout, thickened outwards, in 3 about reaching
the middle of the elytra, in Q much shorter, joint 11 in ¢ a little
longer than, in 9 not equalling, 9 and 10 united. Prothorax sub-
quadrate, the sides slightly rounded anteriorly and feebly sinuate
before the base, the transverse basal groove well defined, the margin
feebly raised ; very coarsely, confluently, foveolato-punctate. Elytra
long, subparallel in their basal half, somewhat acuminate posteriorly ;
coarsely, closely crenato-striate, the interstices transversely rugu-
lose (except near the suture), each with an irregular row of inconspicu-
ous piligerous punctures, 4, 6, 8 smoother and subcostate. Ventral
segments with scattered piligerous punctures, glabrous along the
median line. Legs moderately long, the femora clavate, the tibiae
roughly punctate. Aedeagus of 3 very long, slender, acuminate,
enclosed in a long, narrow sheath.

Length 73-11, breadth 2}-34 mm. (39.)

Hab. Brazit (Miers, in Mus. Oxon.), Rio de Janeiro
(F ry). .

Four males and three females, varying greatly in size.
The description of S. obscura, Makl., from Santa Rita,
Brazil, applies to some extent to the present insect: it
is, however, here assumed to have been taken from the

-
264 Mr. G. C. Champion on

female of a species of Disema. The following is an
extremely closely allied form.

129. Statira strongylioides, n. sp.

3. Very like S. pilosa and similarly coloured, but more sparsely
pilose; the antennae more slender (joint 11 missing); the head
sparsely, much more finely punctate, smoother between the eyes,
the latter more approximate; the prothorax shorter, transversely
subquadrate, the very coarse, irregularly scattered punctures re-
duced in number, separate one from another, the transverse basal
groove uninterrupted ; the elytral interstices smoother, the piligerous
impressions coarser, reduced in number, and placed along 1, 3, 5, 7,
and 9, those on 7 and 9 larger and more closely placed, 4, 6, 8 very
little raised. Aedeagus, so far as visible, very similar to that of
S. pilosa.

Length 83-10, breadth 23—2,°; mm.

Hab. Braztz, Constancia and Petropolis (J. Gray
and H. Clark, Jan. and Feb. 1857).

Two males, one with the femora black, except at the base.
This is a form of S. pilosa requiring a distinctive name.
The sparser vestiture is not wholly due to abrasion, but
to the more scattered puncturing of portions of the surface.
Both these insects, when abraded, are so like some of the
smaller species of Strongyliwm (a genus of Tenebrionidae
numerously represented in the same region) that they
might easily be taken for such, if the dilated penultimate
tarsal joint were not noticed.

130. Statira gracilis.

¢. Statira gracilis, Makl., Act. Soc. Fem. x, p. 646
(1875).

6. Elongate, narrow, shining; piceous, the elytra aeneous with
the suture castaneous, the antennae (except towards the tip),
legs, and ventral surface ferruginous; somewhat thickly clothed,
the legs included, with long, fine, erect or projecting hairs. Head
broader than the prothorax, rugosely foveolate between the eyes,
the latter larger, subapproximate; antennae long, rather slender,
the joints becoming stouter and subserrate outwards, 11 equalling
9 and 10 united. Prothorax smooth, much longer than broad,
oblongo-cordate, constricted before the raised basal margin, the
transverse groove in front of it complete, deep. Elytra long, barely
twice the ‘width of the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half,

New and little-known Lagridae. 265

acuminate posteriorly; coarsely, closely striato-punctate, the
punctures becoming obsolete before the apex, the interstices narrow,
transversely wrinkled, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with a scattered series
of small, indistinct, setigerous impressions. Legs very long, slender,
hairy, the femora clavate.

9. Rufo-castaneous, the prothorax and elytra slightly infuscate,
the latter with a faint metallic lustre; antennae shorter, more
thickened outwards, joint 11 not equalling 9 and 10 united; head
smaller and narrower, trifoveate between the eyes, the latter
much smaller, distant; elytra gradually widened to the middle,
rounded at the sides posteriorly.

Length 8-84, breadth 2-2} mm. (g9.)

Hab. Brazit, Petropolis (Dr. Sahlberg, Dec. 1850,
type; gd; J. Gray and H. Clark, Feb. 1857, 3), Rio de
Janeiro (Fry: ©).

Redescribed from two males from Petropolis, and from a
female taken much later by Fry, the latter almost certainly
belonging to the same species. S. gracilis approaches
Colparthrum, but so far as can be seen without dissection,
the mandibles are not tridentate as in that genus, and the
apical joint of the labial palpi is narrow.

131. Statira haemonioides,n.sp. (Plate XIII, fig. 35, g.)

Elongate, rather convex, dull above, shining beneath; testaceous,
the eyes, antennae, palpi, and scutellum, the elytra with the interstices
4 and 6 for the greater part of their length, and the suture to near
the tip, the under surface in part (the abdomen excepted), the tarsi,
and the intermediate and posterior knees, black or piceous; the
elytra with a few bristly hairs. Head alutaceous, the eyes extremely
large, subcontiguous; antennae very elongate, rather stout, feebly
serrate, joint 11 equalling 9 and 10 united. Prothorax wider than
the head, a little longer than broad, rounded at the sides, constricted
before the base, the basal margin thickened and raised; alutaceous,
obsoletely canaliculate anteriorly. Elytra elongate, about one-half
wider than the prothorax, slightly broader at the middle than at the
base, and produced at the tip, the humeri not prominent; closely,
finely crenato-striate, the interstices convex, 3 and 5 with several
conspicuous setigerous impressions scattered between the base and
apex, the striae arranged in pairs, obsolete at the tip. Legs very
elongate, slender, simple.

Length 103, breadth 24mm. (3?)

Hab. Brazit, Rio de Janeiro (Fry).

al

266 Mr. G. C. Champion on

One specimen, assumed to be 3, on account of the very
large eyes and long antennae. This insect has the general
facies of a Haemonia (a subaquatic genus of Phytophaga
not known in America from south of Mexico) ; it approaches
the Central American S. albolineata, Champ., but has
stouter and more distinctly serrate antennae, much larger
eyes, an almost smooth prothorax, and nigro-lineate elytra.
There is no trace of an opaque stigma on the elytra. S.
haemonioides cannot be included under Disema, certain
species of which are somewhat similar. The other de-
scribed nigro-lineate Sfatirae are all very different from the
present insect.

ALPHABETICAL NUMBERED LIST OF THE SPECIES OF
STATIRA ENUMERATED IN THE PRECEDING PAGES
(EXCLUDING SYNONYMS), THE NEW FORMS INDICATED
BY AN ASTEKISK.

*acanthomera, 4
aegrota, 38
*aeneomarginata, 73
agroides, 8
amoena, 28
annulata, 112
anthicoides, 125
arcuatipes, 24
asperata, 80
*asymmetrica, 22
*batesi, 13
*bifurcata, 114
bryanti, 95
*caeruleotincta, 59
*caliensis, 58
*calophaenoides, 100
*campanulata, 91
*canaliculata, 62
*earacana, 63
*casnonioides, 90
catenata, 19
*cavernosa, 43
*cayennensis, 120
*chalcoptera, 42
*chloroptera, 61
*circumducta, 105
*connexa, 97
*convexiuscula, 76
costaricensis, |
*cribriceps, 122
*cruciata, 116
*cupreoviridis, 45

*cuspidata, 14
cyanipennis, 119
*cyanoptera, 89
eylindricollis, 124
*dejeani, 55
*dentigera, 6
*diluta, 51
*distigma, 88
*divisa, 50
*dromioides, 92
*egaensis, 86
elegans, 87
*elegantula, 99
*eurydera, 68
figurata, 11]
*filicornis, 126
*flavosignata, 2
*formosa, 30
fulva, 78
fulvicollis, 118
fuscitarsis, 25
gemmifer, 7
geniculata, 21
gracilis, 130
gratiosa, 54
*haemonioides, 13%
*haitiensis, 117
impressipennis, 44
*incisicollis, 109
*insularis, 77
lateralis, 71
*latevittata, 69

laticollis, 31
*longiceps, 9
longicollis, 17
*melanoptera, 123
meleagris, 18
micans, 29
*mucronata, 11
multinotata, 107
*nigrocaerulea, 12
*octolineata, 82
*paraensis, 104
*perforata, 127
*peruana, 33
*pilosa, 128
presuturalis, 81
*puncticeps, 53
*puncticollis, 60
purpureipennis, 66
*quadriplagiata, 113.
*quadrisignata, 94
*rotundicollis, 49
rufifrons, 34
*sanctaremae, 16
*scabricollis, 75
*scintillans, 39
*segregata, 101
*semicuprea, 47
*seminigra, 102
*semiviolacea, 121
*sericea, 65
simonis, 52
*simplicipes, 27

New and little-known Lagridae. 267

*sphenodera, 35

*sphenoptera, 40

*spinigera, 3
splendicans, 48

*stenocephala, 36

*stenodera, 85
*stenoptera, 93

*strongylioides, 129
*subfenestrata, 106

*subglabrata, 57
*suffusa, 72
sumtuosa, 41

suturalis, 5
*tenuipes, 115
*tenuis, 84

tibialis, 26
*tortipes, 23
*trachydera, 74
*translucida, 56

trilineata, 83
*trisellata, 103

tuberculata, 15
*umbrosa, 67

vageguttata, 108

*verrucosa, 10
*versicolor, 64
*vigintipunctata, 46
*viridicincta, 96
*viridifasciata, 98
*viridinitens, 37
viridipennis, 20
*viriditincta, 32
*viridivittata, 70
vittata, 79
*xanthodera, 110

SYNONYMS AND VARIETIES.

abdominalis [118]

antillarum [80]
armata [8]
atricollis [118]
colombica [118]
discoidalis [118]

festiva [87]

flavovittata [118]

fuscipennis [118]
gemmata [21]
histrio [1]
lunulata [111]

morbillosa [29]

plumicornis [19]
staudingeri [125]
vagenotata [108]
viridipennis [55]

EXPLANATION OF Piates XII, XIII.

[See Explanations facing the PLATES. |}

November 24, 1917.

Ce we os wis

a Tie a a
‘a i 0
re

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PAGE
I. Descriptions of South American JMicro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick,
BUA. BOR:S: act Ge as a 1
II. New Species of Hymenoptera in the British Museum. By Rowtanp E.
TurnNER, F.Z.8., F.E.S.... bas okt es 53
III. New and little-known Heterocera from Madagascar. By Sir Geo. H.
Kenrick, F.ES. . Re os 85
IV. Additions to the know le dge of the Cetoniidae of British India. By OLIvEer
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VII. The condition of the scales in the leaden males of Agriades thetis, Rott.,
and in other Lycaenids. By E. A. Cockxayng, D.M., F. R.C, PS
Temporary Surgeon, R.N. : «. 165
VIII. On new and little-known Lagr tidae from Tropical America, By ¢ Grorcr
CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.... ae ce oes Sy : 169
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( 269 )

IX. A Revision of the genus Tarucus. By G. T. BerHune-
Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

[Read April 4th, 1917.]
PLates XIV-XX.

A YEAR or two ago Mr. Rowland-Brown questioned me
on the distinctness of the European species of the genus
Tarucus, Moore, and my answer was that the clasping organs
of the males were different, and that therefore 1 considered
the species were distinct. This conversation led me to
look up the whole matter afresh, and in doubtful cases
to make more preparations of the genitalia, thus bringing
to light the fact that one of the Indian or a new species
occurred in Egypt and Algeria as well as the well-known
and first-described species theophrastus, Fab.; this dis-
covery involved a more extended research of the Indian
species of this complex and very difficult little genus.

My investigations have caused me great searchings of
heart, not on the distinctness of the species themselves,
but rather on the questions “ What is a species?” and
“On what characters are we to form species?” It is quite
obvious that in this genus it is scarcely possible from the
pattern alone to decide, in certain cases, which is which,
and yet it is equally certain that Butler’s and Moore’s
species, which de Nicéville called so strongly into question,
are quite distinct from theophrastus, their clasping organs
are quite different, and they also are different from each
other in addition to differing from that species described
by Fabricius.

I have endeavoured to make a table of differences in
the pattern between the species, but in vain, for whilst
there is a general look that enables one to assign a name
to the specimens, and as a rule the assignment is right,
yet it often breaks down; for instance, I have specimens
from Egypt and from Algeria that I had placed under
theophrastus, but their clasps proved that they were in
reality a new species altogether; again, specimens from

Lahej (Arabia) and from India, that I had no doubt were —

nara, proved by their genitalia to be theophrastus. There
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTS II, I, Iv (MAY 18) T

270 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

is, of course, an explanation so far as the pattern is con-
cerned, for Lahej and Bhuj were both dry-season specimens,
and this would account for the pattern being small and
but finely marked, even though the specimens themselves
were of an average size. The difficulty generally occurs
just with such specimens as these; localities unfortunately
do not render much assistance, for if we are to rely on the
determinations of observers and authors like Moore, de
Nicéville, Bingham and others (and I think we can rely
on them, as in some instances I have been able to confirm
their identifications from my own collection), the three
commonest Indian species overlap each other. The whole
matter is very difficult and complex, but it shows that
we must not depend entirely on pattern when dealing
with closely allied species. On the other hand, I believe
that in the formation of genera we ought not to com-
pletely ignore pattern, especially where there is a strong
dominant arrangement of it that enables us to identify
the genus of the species directly it is seen.

The genus is so closely allied to Castalius that reference
to the species usually placed therein became necessary,
and I found that in one species at least—ananda, de Nicé-
ville—the genitalia led me to think that it must be included
in Tarucus, whilst an examination of the wing scales con-
firmed it, for i in Castalius there are no “ battledore ” seales,
but in Tarucus they are plentiful, as they are also in ananda.

The distribution of the genus is interesting; in the
Palaearctic region three species occur which are confined
in that area to the Mediterranean subregion, two being
peculiar to it; six species occur in the Ethiopian region
(including Socotra therein), of which five are peculiar to
it; in the Oriental region twelve species obtain, only one
of them (7. theophrastus) occurring outside its limits, and
this one is the most widely distributed of all, obtaining
in each of the previously mentioned regions; the Australian
region is just invaded in its Austro-Malayan or Papuan
subdistrict, for on its extreme western limits a single
species has been recorded from Celebes, and this, as would
be premised, is peculiar to that wonderful island.

The genitalia are essentially Lycaenine, and they belong
to the Lampides section; they have, however, certain
characters that are quite peculiar, there is no “ furca”’
—the usual “ furca ”’ is a bifureate organ arising from the
clasps near the base. In the place of this there is another

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 271

organ of special. design, there is also a long horn-like
sclerite attached to each clasp arising from the same
point, or very near the same point as the special organ
just referred to, but developed in the opposite direction.
These sclerites appear to me to be capable of independent
movement; this, however, would not prevent. combined
action with the other organ should occasion arise; they
le within the hollow of the clasps just above the lower
margins, and rise slightly upwards and forwards, often
extending beyond their (the clasps) apices. It is difficult
to believe that they can assist the clasps at all in gripping
the abdomen of the female, but they might easily drop
just below the abdomen and be useful as excitatory agents
by tapping each side of the lower area of the sternite
they might well be called the “ virgae excitatae.” The
special organ referred to above can be termed the “ tec-
torius ” (used fora covering) ; it seems to me to be different
from the “anellus,’ being in no sense a cone-like tube,
nor anything like it ; it also « quite differs from the ‘‘ manica,’

and is a distinct and peculiar development that I have not
hitherto met with. The “ tectorius”’ rises from a point
in the very rear of the clasps, expanding immediately
hindwards (7. e. towards the abdomen) into two broad
chitinous curtains—one on each side—lying within the
cingulum; these taper more or less rapidly in different
species and assume different contours. At the penal
aperture the anellus becomes apparent in the shape of a
solid ring, or, as in theophrastus, a loosely fitting tube
through which the aedoeagus passes; this ring is soldered
on to the lateral curtains of the tectorius, which rises
shghtly above the anellus, forming a small hood over it.
The whole organ is capable of considerable movement
fore and aft, and in the latter case can be moved right to
the back of the cingulum, in which case it takes with it
the aedoeagus, which is then thrown right out of its usual
horizontal position into a sharply angled one. It is most
probable that this organ (the tectorius) may be the per-
sistence of a very ancient character; it is very closely
similar to the cingulum or girdle, keeping the aedoeagus
strictly in position, and it appears to me to be a reasonable
proposition to consider it a reversion to the original
structure when there were two sets of armatures, one around
the anus and another protecting the sexual organs; or it
may be an instance of the survival of an atavic character.

272 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

De Nicéville, when he dealt with this genus in 1890
(Butt. Ind., III, p. 187), wrote, “ Omitting 7. plinius,
which is easily recognised and belongs to a different group,
six forms of JZ’. theophrastus have been recorded from
India, and are maintained as distinct species by Mr. Butler.
I am able to recognise as satisfactorily distinet two only of
these forms, 7. theophrastus and T. venosus.” The author
then goes on to record the various species in the usual way,
but states definitely under each name that he regards it
as a form of theophrastus. The very celebrated French
entomologist, C. Oberthur, also records, in his incomparable
“Ktudes de Lepidoptérologie Comparée,”’ fascicule iv,
p. 158 et seq., a similar opinion, only he goes further and
treats venosus also as a form of theophrastus, and he con-
firms this in vol. x, p. 377. Both Bingham and Swinhoe
have followed de Nicéville’s lead, going further, however,
in that they give as synonyms all the other species except
venosus. 1 believe I wrote to my old correspondent, de
Nicéville, and informed him after the publication of his
third volume that both 7. balkanica and some of the
Indian species had genitalia quite different from 7’. theo-
phrastus. I have long intended to revise the genus and
the time has now come when it ought to be done, because
I have no doubt at all that all the species Butler refers to
will stand as entirely separate species from the European
one. He (Butler), however, was not correct in his idea that
theophrastus would turn out to be confined to Europe; it
is quite a common species in many parts of India, and it
occurs in Africa south of the Sahara.

The species group themselves by their genitalia into
three well-marked sections, viz. the balkanica section,
including nara, callinara, extricatus, alteratus and venosus ;
these all have short, broad clasps that are provided with
longish, strong, horn-like sclerites; theophrastus will form
another section; it has a long, narrow clasp, and a long
aedoeagus; whilst sybaris and grammica and quadratus
have short very broad clasps, with no horn-like sclerites,.-
different in shape to either, but more nearly allied to
balkanica than to theophrastus; the last of the three,
quadratus, forms the connecting link with Fabricius’s
species in the increased length of the clasps and the long
tooth at the apex.

It is interesting and curious to find that both in this
genus and also in Castalius, the species that have been

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 273

selected as the types of the genus have both long har-
pagones (clasps), by no means typical of the bulk of the
genera, but in each case there are connecting links between
them. The two genera are evidently closely related.
They can, however, be separated by two characters; the
species of Tarucus have androconia (i. e. battledore scales),
none of the species of Castalius have them; there are
only two or three that I have not had the opportunity of
examining, and I believe I am correct in thinking that
those I do not know are not likely to have these scales.
The second character is the genitalia, the general form of
the clasps is quite different, the aedoeagus differs also,
whilst the shape and position of the cingulum and tegumen
confirm the previous points; there is also no tectorius.
It will be seen that my conclusions have been brought
about in the first instance solely by my investigations of
the genitalia; these led to the necessity of re-grouping
most of the species and very many of the individual speci-
mens, and in so doing I have discovered other species,
evidently quite distinct, that had always hitherto passed
under other well-known names. Under these circum-
stances it was manifestly advisable to confirm these points,
and for this I turned to the androconial scales that are so
marked a character in the males of the majority of the
Lycaeninae; these amply confirm the correctness of each
of the specific identifications I had made, and they also
confirm the re-grouping of such species as ananda and
bowkeri, neither of which had hitherto been included in
the genus. The South African species (bowkerz) is, I admit,
aberrant; its pattern differs from the rest of its allies in
certain particulars, its clasps differ also, but the androconia
are so close to theophrastus that I have included it with
the others. In cases of this kind it appears to me to be
better to do this, indicating the small divergencies, rather
than to create a new genus for a single species that otherwise
groups itself very naturally with its-close allies.

Tarucus nara, Kollar. Plates XIV, figs. 1, la;
ey fori and XTX, fig. 19.

Lycaena nara, Kollar, Hiigel’s “‘ Kaschmir,” iv, pt. 2, p.
42] (1848).

The general consensus of opinion on the identification
of this species seems to me to be correct; it is almost as

,
274. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

large as venosus, but the primaries are more triangular
and look broader at the termen. In colour it is lustrous
violet with narrow dark borders. Below it is white with
blackish spots, the postmedian and subterminal lines
being strongly marked and but slightly interrupted at the
veins, the former is sharply turned round (almost angled)
at vein 6 basewards to the costa; in the secondaries the
postmedian line is continuous and slightly crenulated,
whilst the spots are well separated. I think it would be
well to say that I know of no pattern or mark that holds
true in a long series of any species in this small genus with
the exception of sybaris and its allies; they all seem to
gravitate towards theophrastus, whilst theophrastus in its
dry-season forms gravitates towards one or two of the
Indian species such as callinara or extricatus. I have
never experienced such difficulty im separating species
as I have done with these. There are only three that I
have not made mistakes with even after the utmost care,
and had it not been for the very distinctive genitalia of
each species, I should have found it quite impossible to
decide with certainty what some forms were. In diagnosing
the pattern I have picked a good average specimen, but
with either the dry or wet season forms the diagnosis
will not be absolute. It is fortunate that the genitalia
are quite distinctive, otherwise it would have been im-
possible to say, as we can say now, that Moore’s and
Butler’s eyes served them well and corr ectly, when, without
any knowledge of the reproductive organs, they described
the forms they had before them as new species.

The genitalia (of nara) are easily separable from its near allies.
The clasps are subovate with the upper margin slightly flattened,
the rounded front edge being furnished throughout with a row of
sharp teeth. The horn-like sclerites (virgae excitatae) are wedge-
shaped, tapering to a point, and not extending beyond the apex
of the clasp. The tegumen is typical of the first section of the
genus, being deeply divided with only a narrow connecting ridge at
the rear; the falces are shortish and stout. The aedoeagus is also
fairly typical of this section, it is moderately stout, shortish, with the
front portion beyond the zone suddenly reduced, and rapidly
tapering to a point. The clasps are furnished with long strong
bristles, and the tegumen with finer and shorter ones. The tectorius
is very broad at the base, tapering at its front edge rapidly up to
the anellus. The androconia are rounder and shorter and smaller

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 275

than any of its allies; the apex or distal extremity being more
deeply convex; there are fourteen rows of lamina with minute
tubercles, the eighth row being the longest, though the row on each
side runs it very close, the eighth, however, marks the summit of
the convex apex; the proximal or basal portion of the scale is
asymmetrical, being more rounded on one side of the foot-stalk
than the other.

I should, perhaps, explain that in this genus, as generally
with the Lycaeninae, the foot-stalks are quite straight,
arising from near the centre of the androconia, and that
when I refer to the proximal end or base I always mean
the contour of the scale itself, not the narrow foot-stalk.

Tarucus venosus, Moore. Plates XIV, fig. 2; XV, fig. 2;
XVIII and XIX, fig. 20.

T. venosus, Moore, P.Z.S. Lond. 1882, p. 245, pl. xu, ff. 6,
6a 3g.

With the exception of 7. balkanica, a much smaller
species, this is the darkest of the genus, and it does not
appear to vary in size like the other species, its g average
size being about 26 mm., the 9 being slightly larger (both
nara and theophrastus reach these sizes not infrequently,
but their average is certainly less); the colour of the male
is dull sublustrous violaceous, with a single brown spot
at the end of the cell, which is frequently almost absent
in the secondaries. Moore says it has a broad marginal
dusky border (the type form has the border increasing
from the apex very rapidly in the primaries to a quarter
of the inner margin), but this varies, and occasional speci-
mens occur. with barely more than a lineal dark border.
The underside is more nearly related to 7. theophrastus
than to the others; the pattern being spotted, without
lines, 7. e. the rows of spots do not form continuous lines,
the postmedian and submarginal series consisting of uniform
and almost parallel rows of large spots in both wings.
The Cashmire form is spotted above as is balkanica, but
below it is typical.

The genitalia are more nearly allied to balkanica, but are decidedly
larger and more robust. This is very noticeable in the clasps and
even more so in the horn-like sclerites (virgae excitatae), which are
as large again. The clasps are similar in shape, being broad and
rounded on the upper edge, but being suddenly reduced and excised

om
276 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

near the apex. The tegumen is hood-shaped, open above, except
for the rounded ridge at the rear; the falces are smaller in propor-
tion than in balkanica. The aedoeagus is short and broad, and is
suddenly reduced at the zone (for this name see Chapman in these
Transactions, 1916, pp. 158, 159), where it tapers off to a fine point
with two large cornuti in the vesica. The bristles on the clasps are
not plentiful and are fine, those on the tegumen equally fine but
longer than usual. The tectorius is developed on the same lines as
in nara, but is shorter, less ample, and somewhat different in outline.

The androconia are oblong, evenly rounded distally;
the sides of the oblong are of unequal length owing to the
proximal end of the scale being quite different on one
side of the foot-stalk to the other; on the one side it is evenly
rounded, the other being excised, the foot-stalk is not in
the centre and thus causes one side of the base to be

longer than the other. There are sixteen rows of lamina.

Tarucus waterstradti, Druce. Plate XVII, fig. 16.

Tarucus waterstradti, Druce, P.Z.S. 1895, p. 585, pl. xxxii,
f. 21 9.

This species is described from a female, and Druce says
that the upperside is very similar to the upperside of the
2 of LT. theophrastus, Fab.

“Underside perhaps nearest to 7’. venosus, Moore. Fore-wing :
basal streak shorter and much broader, and extending down to the
submedian nervure, the streak beyond broader and placed at a
much greater angle, the spots beyond the middle more in line,
the submarginal row distinctly separated, and the marginal row
smaller. Hind-wing: a broad basal streak from just below the
costal margin to the anal angle; a broad streak beyond, also from
‘the costal to the anal margin; then a series of spots as in 7’. venosus,
which are more inclined to run parallel with the streaks; then a
submarginal row of large distinct spots followed by a marginal
row of small spots, the three upper being simply dots, the three
lower gradually increasing towards the anal angle and dusted
thickly with metallic green scales. The ground-colour of both wings
is slightly tinged with yellowish and all the markings are black; the
cilia of both wings black.

“Kina Balu (Waterstr.). Type, Mus. Staud.”

The Bornean species is evidently a close ally of venosus,
but the unique type is not available for comparison. I

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 277

have given a photographic reproduction of Druce’s excellent
figure in which the underside shows the pattern as well
as the original drawing.

Tarucus balkanica, Hreyer. Plates XIV, figs. 3-3);
XV, fig. 3, and XIX, figs. 21, 22.

L. balkanica, Frr., v, p. 63, pl. 421, ff. 1, 2 (1844).

3- Deep lustrous violet, spotted with black; in the primary
there is a spot closing the cell, a series of six postmedian spots, the
second, third and fourth irregular and shifted outwards from the
first, the fifth and sixth confluent, shifted well inwards; these
occupy the same position as those on the underside, but are not
merely showing through as they are definitely pigmented on the
upper surface; there is also a. small dark cloud in the tornus of the
primary. The underside is white with the spots almost formed
into lines or dashes; the postmedian line is almost crenulate and
practically continuous in both wings; in the primaries it is curved
to the costa from vein 6 and not infrequently is fractured at that
point; the submarginal series on the primaries is prominent and
generally intersected at the veins. The principal distinguishing
feature is its deep violet colour with prominent black spots on the
upperside.

The form from the Transcaspian region is unusually large
and fine and is quite distinctive enough to be described as
a local race; | propose for it the name of 7. balkanica
areshana, var. nov.

The blue though dark is much more lustrous than the form from
Asia Minor or Syria, whilst the underside pattern is much more
heavily marked, the postmedian and submarginal bands being
more than as wide again and most commonly taking the form of
broad bands, rather than rows of spots. Again, the size also is
decidedly larger, my specimens of the type form measuring 21-22 mm.
against the Aresh form, 26-29 mm. I have a series of a dozen speci-
mens which were captured for me at Geok Tepe by my friend,
Captain Malcolm Burr.

The species looked so different that at first I mistook
it for theophrastus, and it is referred to again under that
species.

The genitalia are usually small and slight, the clasps are broad
and very suddenly excised very near the apex, which is reduced

can
278 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

and has more or less a straight termination, finely serrated; the
horny sclerites are sickle-shaped with the blade portion only moder-
ately curved; the bristles on the clasps are long but not very numer-
ous; the tegumen is of the usual shape, with large, strong (propor-
tionately) falces, the bristles being fairly long, but not very numerous.
The aedoeagus is short and moderately stout and has the apical
portion reduced as in most other species. The tectorius is of
moderate size, of the usual shape, with the anellus rather definite.

The androconia are almost oval, the sides being nearly straight,
but not quite so; they are evenly rounded distally, but not quite
evenly rounded proximally, possibly caused by the foot-stalk being
given off somewhat away from the centre; there are fourteen rows
of lamina, the sculpturing of which is rather uneven.

It is interesting to find that the androconia of the Aresh
race are markedly different to those of the type form; the
scale is broader proximally almost evenly oval, but in-
creasing in width to near its distal extremity, which 1s
evenly but slightly rounded. The foot-stalk is given off
almost at the centre, and there are nineteen rows of
lamina which are heavily sculptured. The naming the race
areshana is, | think, fully confirmed by the androconia. -

Tarucus callinara, Butler. Plates XIV, fig. 4; XV, fig. 4;
XVIII and XIX, fig. 23.

T. callinara, Butler, Ann. and Mag. N.H., vol. xvii, p. 185
(1886).

3g. Type form. Both wings lustrous violet blue with a single
dark spot closing the cell in the primaries only. Underside entirely
spotted, not in lines or dashes; the postmedian and terminal series
of spots are parallel and are composed of definite spots in both wings ;
the basal marks of the secondaries are also spots.

T. callinara nigra, forma nov.

g. Pale, sublustrous lilac with a large dark spot closing the cell
in the primaries only, beyond which are one, two, or more dark
spots, smaller than in balkanica, but quite distinct; the marking
of the underside is finer than in the type form and inclined to resolve
itself more into lines, 7. e. the spots are apt to become confluent.

This form seems to be commoner than the type. I
have a series from Cutch, from Karachi and Campbellpore.

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 279

It appears to me to be probable that this species and
extricatus have been mixed together not infrequently, as it
is most difficult to separate the type form (7. e. the form that
is not spotted on the upper surface) from extricatus, Butler ;
both species are to be found at Karachi at the same time,
as also is nara, but whether they obtain in exactly the same
locality together I have been unable to find out. I fear
I could only separate the type form of callinara from
extricatus by an examination of the prehensores. These
in callinara are very close to balkanica.

The clasps are very similar, but are decidedly larger and broader,
the sclerites are also larger and heavier in shape and are not so
sharply sickle-shaped; the falces are also proportionately larger
and are without the reduced apical hook; the aedoeagus is, how-
ever, narrower than in balkanica and slightly longer; the bristles
on both the clasps and the tegumen are much finer and are less
numerous. The tectorius is very ample and broad at the base and
is curved round at the rear up to the anellus, frontad it is convex
and is strengthened at its edge by extra thickened chitin folded
over to the upper edge of the organ.

The androconia are of a long oblong shape with straightish
sides, a fairly even oval’ base (with the foot-stalk nearly central),
and but slightly curved distally; there are twelve rows of
lamina, of which the sculpturing is very definite and wide
apart.

Tarucus extricatus, Butler. Plates XIV, fig. 5; XV, fig. 5,
and XIX, fig. 24.

T. extricatus, Butler, P.Z.S. Lond., 1886, p. 366, pl. xxxv,
f£.2¢.

g. The type is a diminutive specimen from Campbellpore
dated “31.v.°85,” the abdomen is missing, so we cannot
decide the point from the genitalia.

The colour is lilac blue, of a pale tone, the pattern is
composed of fine lines rather than spots; the specimen,
however, is very small indeed, so that the pattern is com-
pressed into a very small area, and would therefore almost
of necessity fall into lines. The type is a dry-season speci-
men. Those taken in September and onwards are more
violet blue, and the underside pattern, though still fine,

280 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

resolves itself into spots and lunules and is less fine than
in the type.

I see no reason to doubt the correctness of the general identifica-
tions of this insect; the genitalia are distinct from other species,
they are small, the clasps are broad, rounded on the upper edge
and slightly dentate, the lower apex being produced forward some-
what and is very slightly dentate; the horny sclerites are fine
and curved; the tegumen is similar to the usual pattern, but the
falces are very short and angled sharply at the rear; the aedoeagus
is fine and waved with the pointed apex generally obtaining
in the genus. The tectorius is very simple and of moderate
dimensions.

The androconia are oblong, subovate proximally, and slightly
curved distally; there are twelve rows of lamina, the sculpturing
of which is rather small and well separated; the foot-stalk is given
off rather out of the centre.

Tarucus alteratus, Moore. Plates XIV, fig. 6; XV, fig. 6;
XVIII and XIX, fig. 25.

T. alteratus, Moore, P.Z.S. Lond., 1882, p. 245, pl. xu,
ff. 4, 4a g.

3. Upperside: the bluest of the genus with less violet than any
of its allies; it is perhaps the only one that can truly be termed
blue; the spot closing the cell, in the primaries only, is not very
prominent, whilst the spot in the secondaries at the anal angle is
distinct. The terminal dark line is linear. The underside is greyish
rather than white; the pattern is small, very much broken up,
the spots and dashes being rusty red; in some females this may
become tawny brown.

The genitalia are distinct and large, the clasps being much the
shape of a ham with the apex sharply serrate at the knuckle end;
the horn-like sclerites are straight, stout and long; the bristles are
long, strong and abundant; the tegumen is not so deeply divided,
with rather finer and shorter bristles and with the falces large and
very strong; the aedoeagus is short with the front part suddenly
reduced and tapering to the tip. The tectorius is rather small,
of the usual shape with the anellus very pronounced. The andro-
conia are large and broad, somewhat ovate proximally, the base
being evenly oval with the foot-stalk central; the sides are very
slightly curved; the distal curve is slight also and not quite even ;
there are sixteen rows of lamina, the sculpturing being wide apart
and very distinct,

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 281

Tarucus bengalensis, sp. nov. Plates XIV, fig. 8;
XVI, fig. 8, and XIX, fig. 27.

3. Both wings pale violet-blue tinged with lilac, the colour being
solid and not showing the underside through, except to a very slight
extent. Primaries with a conspicuous spot closing the cell. Ter-
minal: lines blackish. Underside very similar to mediterraneae,
but the small series of spots just beyond the cell in both wings nearer
the cell than in that species where they are close to the postmedian
lines. Postmedian and submarginal lines parallel and decidedly
broader than in the previous species.

Genitalia nearer to 7’. alteratus, but very different from 7’. mediter-
raneae, the clasps are large and are suddenly excavated in a deepish
are midway along the upper edge, from whence they extend in a
broad curve to the apex, which is straightish but sharply serrated ;
the horn-like sclerites are very long, rather narrow at the base and
tapering quickly to a fine point, they are curved the reverse way to
those of the species already mentioned and extend well beyond the
apex of the clasp, the bristles are fine, longish, but few in number;
the tegumen is of the usual pattern, less ample and with very long
falces; the aedoeagus is quite different from either of the species
referred to previously, being more of the balkanica pattern; it is,
however, decidedly longer with the apex suddenly reduced at rather
more than a third from the tip, and having a shorter pointed process
from the point of reduction. The tectorius is of mcederate size and
well developed.

Expanse 25 mm.

Hab. CaLcurra.

Type in my collection.

The genitalia are so different to the nearest allies that
there can be no question as to the advisability of naming
the insect, even though at present it is unique.

The androconia are broadly oval, the curve distally being slightly
broader than the proximal section and the sides are also somewhat
rounded; there are eighteen rows of lamina, the sculpturing being
fine and rather close.

Tarucus mediterraneae, sp.n. Plates XIV, figs. 7-7);
XVI, fig. 7; XIX, fig. 26.
3. Upperside lilac blue, with a black bar closing the cell in the
primaries only, anal spot in secondaries distinct, terminal borders
very narrowly blackish. Underside, white with dark markings.

282 Mr. G. TP cthune-Baker on

Primaries with the basal and subbasal marks as usual, but well
separated; a long narrow dash from close to the costa across the
end of the cell, directly below which is a broader waved dash, these
are followed by a subcostal spot with a second spot projected far
out between veins 5 and 6, a dash almost below the subcostal spot
between veins 3 and 5; postmedian line continuous, obtusely angled
between veins 5 and 6. Submarginal line consisting of a series of
internervular spots. Secondaries with a basal stripe, directly below
which is an inner marginal spot, a median row of four spots below
each other, the two lowest of which may be confluent, a dash closing
the cell, two spots below the costa generally united, three united
spots projected outwards between veins 3 and 6, two united spots
below the dash closing the cell, a continuous curved line just beyond
these spots, followed by a series of submarginal spots with metallic
blue green suffusion, the second anal spot being the most prominent.

2. Upperside : both wings brown with whitish traces in the discal
area. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, 3 23-26 mm; 2 22-23 mm.

Hab. Eayrt (Alexandria); ALGERIA; PALESTINE.

Types in my collection from Alexandria.

Specimens from Cairo are paler above with finer markings
below, whilst the form from Palestine is much paler above
and is slightly larger also. A pair from Biskra (Algeria),
collected by Eaton in 1895, are more heavily spotted below,
whilst the female is well suffused with blue in the basal
area of the primaries.

Lord Rothschild has in the Tring Museum a series
collected in different parts of Algeria, and several hundred
miles into the Sahara. I shall, however, refer to these
again under the species theophrastus.

In Section I of the genus this species is an excellent
example of the instability of pattern, specimens from
Alexandria and Cairo differing to some extent, both differ-
ing more markedly from the Biskra pair, whilst these from
Biskra differ quite perceptibly from those in the Tring
Museum from other Algerian localities.

The genitalia are fortunately easily recognisable and differ from
others of the genus; the clasps are large and broad, rapidly tapering
for the apical third, the whole of this portion being sharply and deeply
dentate, the apex itself consisting of two sharp teeth; the horn-like
sclerites are very broad at their base, tapering narrower for two-thirds
where they are angled downwards and are rapidly reduced to a

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 283

fine point extending to the apex of the clasps; the bristles are
longish, moderately stout, but not numerous; the tegumen is fairly
large of the usual pattern with strong falces; the bristles being
finer and shorter than those of the clasps; this is, however, usual;
the aedoeagus is long and waved; the vesica being finely shagreened,
and the tectorius ample and of the usual shape; it is, I think, the
largest in the genus. The androconia are very broad, and were it
not that one side of the proximal extremity is excised, it would
form an evenly-shaped oblong; the foot-stalk is given off centrally ;
there are seventeen rows of lamina rather widely separated, whose
sculpturing is somewhat small.

Section II contains three species, 7’. grammaca, G.-Smith,
T. sybaris, Hopfier, and 7. quadratus, Grant. The first is
a species from Mombasa and from Somaliland, the second
a widely-spread, if local, South African insect, and the last
a species from Socotra.

The genitalia in all of these lack the horn-like sclerites
which are so peculiar a character of the first section;
quadratus, however, has developed a tusk-lhke extension
of the upper apex of the clasps, and thus forms a connecting
link with Section III, containing only the type of the
genus. All three species in Section II have the same type
of aedoeagus as has Section I.

Tarueus grammiea, Grose-Smith. Plates XIV, fig. 9, and
XVI, fig. 10.

Lycaenesthes grammica, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot., u1,
p. 102, pl. xxii, ff. 3, 4 (1893).

g. Both wings dark brown. Primaries with a darker spot
closing the cell; secondaries with a terminal row of spots encircled
with white, more prominently on the inner side. There is a trace
of a similar row of spots on the termen of the primaries, but it is
very obscure. Underside white with the markings of the primaries
large. From the spot closing the cell in the primaries there is a
short, broad dash forming an L with the cell spot; the broken series
of marks outside this is united into an irregular band, very broad
below vein 2; the postmedian. series of spots is pushed far out,
near to the subterminal series, the former being composed of fair-
sized spots increasing in size towards the inner margin where they
coalesce, the latter consists of six internervular smaller spots;
the usual basal dash and subbasal wedge-shaped mark are present.

Secondaries: a basal subcostal dash with a spot below it, followed

284 Mr. wr. Bethune-Baker on

by four short distinct dashes; a short costal and subcostal con-
fluent mark touching the spot closing the cell, below which is another
short dash; outside the cell spot are three irregular confluent spots,
beyond which is the postmedian row of spots moderately evenly
curved, followed by the subterminal row, some of which are slightly
iridescent.

Genitalia: the clasps are very broad and are evenly curved, but
if flattened somewhat wedge-shaped; the bristles are fine and not
long; the tegumen is of moderate size, and the falces are small;
the bristles fine and shortish; the aedoeagus is shortish, suddenly
reduced all round about the middle, from whence it gradually tapers
in a curve to a fine point. The tectorius is very reduced.

This is a very distinct species and was first described by
Grose-Smith as Lycaenesthes grammica in 1893 (Le.).
In 1898 Miss Sharpe described her lowisae, as it had not
at that time been discovered that the former species had
nothing to do with the genus Lycaenesthes ; louisae therefore
falls as a synonym to grammica.

Tarucus sybaris, Hopfier. Plates XIV, fig. 10;
XVI, fig. 9, and XX, fig. 28.

Lycaena sybaris, Hopfi., Monats. K. Preuss. Akad. Wis-
sensch., p. 642 (1855).

6. Blue tinged with mauve in both wings. The primaries with
a black spot closing the cell, and broadish black margins; the
secondaries with a submarginal row of black spots from the anal
angle to the costa, decreasing in size as they approach the costa;
outside this row is a fine white line, which is succeeded by the black
termen of uniform and moderately narrow width. The fringes
have the basal half black and the outer half grey with a slight
indication of tessellation. Underside white spotted with black,
the contrast being sharper than in any other species. The primaries
have the usual basal marks, the wedge-shaped mark being generally
somewhat L-shaped; a large spot closes the cell with a small one
between it and the costa, beyond which is another somewhat larger
one between veins 6 and 9, between veins 5 and 3 are two confluent
spots, and two more confluent spots further inwards are below vein 3,
between 5 and 6 is a single isolated spot, shifted right out on to the
postmedian curved series of six internervular spots, this being near
the margin and very close to the subterminal series of internervular
spots. Secondaries with three basal spots and four subbasal spots
below each other; the upper two basal spots are connected to each

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fie. 1-la. Tarucus nara, 3, p. 273.
2. » venosus, g, p. 275.
3-3). » balkanica, 3, p. 277.
4. » callinara, 3, p. 278.
5s » extricatus, 3, p. 279.
6. » alteratus, 3, p. 280.
11a. » mediterraneae, 3, p. 281.
7b. ,, mediterraneae, 9, p. 281.
8. » bengalensis, 3, p. 281.
9. » grammica, p. 283.
10. » sybaris, 3, p. 284.
ills » quadratus, 3, 285.
12-12a. » theophrastus, 3, p. 286.
13. » ananda, g, p. 289.
14. » bowkeri, 3, p. 294.
15. » dharta, 3, p. 291.
16. » ¢lathratus, 2, p. 293.

Trans.Fnt. Soc Lond 1917 Pi. XiVv

E.C.Knight del. et chromo, Huth

tHe GENS FTARUGUS:

7 2 ‘ lips So
n ; j ay os net ue : ay ey

-

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XV.

G. T. B.-B., Photo. André, Sleigh & Anglo, Lid.
GENITALIA OF THE GENUS TARUCUS.

Fr

rhe

(eal le
eee
Ee Siete eh i iy
see:

5.

6

— EXPLANATION oF Pate XV.

Tarucus nara, p. 273.

venosus, p. 275.
balkanica, p. 277.
callinara, p. 278.
extricatus, p. 279.
alteratus, p. 280.

The figures of the genitalia are magnified 30 diameters.

EXPLANATION OF PLatTE XVI.

Fie. 7. Tarucus mediterraneae, p. 281.

8. 5 bengalensis, p. 281.
9 » sybaris, p. 284.

10. > grammica, p. 283.
ee . quadratus, p. 285.
1 ee theophrastus, p. 286.

The figures of the genitalia are magnified 30 diameters.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XVI.

Givl.b.-5.5 eho. André, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd.
GENITALIA OF THE GENUS TARUCUS.

_

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XVII.

G. T. B.-B., Photo. André, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd.

GENITALIA, etc.,, OF THE GENUS, TARUGCUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLate XVII.

Fie. 13. Tarucus ananda, p. 289.

14.
15.
16.
he
_ As:

The figures of the genitalia are magnified 30 diameters.

”

dharta, p. 291.
bowkeri, p. 294.
waterstradti, p. 276.
fasciatus, p. 292.
leopardus, p. 293.

EXPLANATION OF PiaTtTE XVIII.

Eacu FIGURE IS NAMED ON THE PLATE.

Tarucus callinara, p. 278, upper left-hand figure.
» venosus, p. 275, upper right-hand figure.
md alteratus, p. 280, lower left-hand figure.
* theophrastus, p. 286, lower right-hand figure.

The figures on Plate XVIII of the virgae excitatae and tectorius
are magnified about 55 diameters.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate X VIII.

Cheri pam
G. T. B-B,, del. André, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd.
VIRGAE EXCITATAE AND TECTORIUS OF THE GENUS TARUCUS

_
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XIX.

flere 26 27
G. T. B.-B., del. André, Sleigh & Anglo, Ltd.
ANDROCONIA (Battledore Scales) OF THE GENUS TARUCUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Fie. 19. Tarucus nara, p. 273.
20. 53 venosus, p. 275.
21. 5 balkanica, p. 277.

pape % balkanica areshana, p. 277.
Zo: » callinara, p. 278.

24. 5 extricatus, p. 279.

Dis s alteratus, p. 280.

26. *- mediterraneae, p. 281.

Drie i bengalensis, p. 281.

The scales are magnified 500 diameters and the palpi 30
diameters.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Fie. 28. Tarucus sybaris, p. 284.

29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
J4.

theophrastus, p. 286.

ananda, p. 289.

bowkeri, p. 294.

theophrastus, p. 286.

theophrastus, p. 286.

theophrastus, p. 286, denuded of its
scales.

The scales are magnified 500 diameters and the palpi 30

diameters.

aon

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XX.

rp ace
120% cs ob ben a
§t]22oeeaca 200. jen lor,
mts 200% 49 Om oir ean dy |
O64 °. gt? oe. 26 é
'o9) wears 3.
32000 F286. 305609
cm 01909646008
of 200 cog:
0° | eae teeth
° - Socell cl ote
4 Morel ord
{ MMP stecses
Reeve ors
y Phy 4
+f WMG

ie

28,45. 33"

34

André, Sleigh & Anglo, Lid.
ANDROCONIA (Battledore Scales) AND PALPI OF THE
GENUS TARUCUS.

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 285

other by a fine line; a largish spot closes the cell, beyond which are
three pairs of spots, two oblique ones below the costa, two similarly
oblique between veins 3 and 5, and two below each other, shifted
inwards between veins 3 and la; a spot shifted out close to the post-
median row between veins 5 and 6; the postmedian row of eight
internervular spots is strongly curved, beyond which is the sub-
terminal row of seven spots, the lowest anal one being in the shape
of a short dash, that and the two above have metallic blue scales
superimposed.

This is also a very distinct species easily separable from
any of the others.

Genitalia: the clasps are broad and wedge-shaped, but do not
taper down to a point, the apex being somewhat rounded; the
tegumen is deeply excavated as usual, but has lobed cheeks or sides ;
the falces are of moderate length and strength, and rise from just
below the upper lobes. The aedoeagus is of moderate length and
width, reduced suddenly at the middle by the excision of the upper
half, the lower half tapering laterally to a fine point. The tectorius
is developed, but slightly.

The androconia are of a long, oblong shape, with an asymmetrical
ovate base, the distal extremity being very evenly curved, with the
sides straight and long, the footstalk is given off from near the
centre, but not centrally; there are seventeen rows of lamina, the
sculpturing being smallish but very distinct.

Tarucus quadratus, Grant. Plates XIV, fig. 11; XVI, fig. 11.

Tarucus quadratus, Grant, Bull. Liverpool Mus., ui,
p. LO (1899).

The blue of this species is very similar to that of 7.
‘sybaris with a prominent black spot at the end of the cell
in the primaries. The underside is similar in the strong
contrast of the black markings on a very white ground;
the pattern consists of spots, but by no means so isolated
as they are in sybaris. The inner wedge-shaped mark at
the base of the primaries is very large; the postmedian
line in both wings does not consist of isolated spots as in
sybaris, but rather of lunules intercepted by the veins;
the subterminal rows of spots in both wings are composed
of isolated spots, but the subbasal and median series of
spots are by no means so isolated as in Hopffer’s species.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTS II, II, Iv (MAY °18) U

286- Mr. G. ing He on

The genitalia are very distinctive; the clasps are unusually broad
and are somewhat excised on the upper margin near the base, as will
be seen from the figure (Pl. XVI, fig. 11), after which they rise in
an even curve, and at a third from the tip they taper off into a
tusk-like projection at the upper apex, below which the front edge
recedes and is faintly dentate to the lower apex, which is produced
very slightly forwards in a dentate termination; the bristles are of
moderate length and are not numerous; the tegumen is of moderate
dimensions, deeply excavated to the back ridge, which is narrow;
the cheeks or sides are almost lobed, and the falces are stout and of
a fair length; the bristles are very fine and plentiful on the lobes;
the aedoeagus is of the usual type, shortish, rather narrow, the
reduction taking place near the centre, from where it gradually
tapers off to the pointed apex. The tectorius is but weakly
developed.

I regret I have been unable to procure specimens of this
insect so as to figure the androconia, the only specimens
I have been able to examine being those in the National
Collection.

Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius. Plates XIV, figs. 12, 12a;
XVI, fig. 12; XVIII and XX, figs. 29, 32-34.

Hesperia theophrastus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ui, p. 281,
No. 82 (1793).

If it has been difficult to give a satisfactory diagnosis
of the pattern in most of the species dealt with in Section iB
it is even more difficult to give one for the type species
of the genus. Even Moore, whose eye for minute differ-
ences in pattern and general aspect was far more keen
and critical than any one I have known, failed with this
species.

The colour of the upperside may be violet blue or lilac
blue. I have specimens from Souk Arras (Algeria) that
are violet blue of a solid texture, and in one case it has a
very large black spot, closing the cell with an angled dash
beyond it. Examples from Asia Minor in my collection
(exact locality unknown) may be very similar in colour
to the Algerian ones, but more generally they are lilac
blue and are decidedly transparent; all, however, have
a prominent spot closing the cell. Bhuj (India) and
Lahej (Aden) specimens are similar to the hlac ones, but
with a finer mark closing the cell, whilst a pair from Senegal

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 287

are of a much more delicate lilac blue, with a small spot
closing the cell; in all the black termen is moderately
narrow, not linear.

The underside of the Mediterranean form is usually
strongly spotted, the spots being often large and very
black, excluding, of course, the basal streaks, that is to
say, the spots are generally more or less distinct in both
wings. The form from Asia Minor and from India has
the postmedian band in the secondaries as a series of
lunules, or a more or less broad lunular band. In my
specimens from Senegal the 4 pattern is very fine, but the
2 pattern is heavier and more like the type form.

The genitalia are totally distinct in some particulars from all
others in the genus; the clasps are quite diverse, as also is the
aedoeagus, whilst the parts representing, perhaps, the horn-like
sclerites rest in an entirely different position. The clasps are long
and of moderately even width, terminating in three tusk-like teeth,
one at the lower extremity and two deeply-divided at the upper
extremity; the horn-like sclerites, instead of lying along the hollow
of the clasp, rise immediately from their origins at the extreme
base of the clasp, and occupy a position just above its upper margin
at the rear, they do not extend much beyond the centre; whilst in
the first section they lie almost “ perdu” in the hollow of the basal
part of the clasp and rise into prominence well beyond the centre,
and are always within the clasp itself, their apices only extending
occasionally outside. The aedoeagus is very long, of moderately even
and narrow width, tapering slightly to the apex; the vesica is echinoid
in form but without the spines, it is a very delicate and beautiful
object. The tegumen is very deeply divided, with narrow wedge-
‘shaped cheeks which carry prominent falces; the bristles are fine,
of moderate length and number; there are, howeVer, very few on
the clasps; the tectorius is well developed, but quite different in
shape to all its allies.

At first sight it would appear that the Mediterranean
specimens with heavily marked undersides would probably
be theophrastus, but that is not really the case, and it is
very far from being so with those that have a finer under-
side pattern. I have a series from the Caucasus that I
had no doubt were this species—large, heavily-marked
specimens; but the pattern was very confluent, and this
impelled me to examine the genitalia; these proved quite
conclusively that the species was 7’. balkanica, whilst part

oe
288 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

of a series that is in the Tring Museum from Algeria with
a finer pattern, that was flying freely with 7’. mediterraneae,
also proves to be balkanica, “thus extending the range of
this species in a very unexpected manner,

In the Tring Museum is a large series of specimens
collected in Algeria, with a few from Egypt and Morocco.
They belong to three species; theophrastus is the most
abundant, mediterraneae is less so, whilst balkanica is
much the rarest. There are in all some 477 examples,
and when first I sorted and examined them I must confess
to a sense of complete bewilderment so far as regards the
first two; the upperside of balkanica marks it out fairly
distinctly from the others, but it took a long study before
I was able to sort out with any degree of certainty theo-
phrastus and mediterraneae, and in the end I found the
only way of coming to any satisfactory conclusion was to
dissect a good number of specimens; this Lord Rothschild
kindly let me do. I had considered at first that nearly
all the specimens were my mediterraneae; the genitalia,
however, proved that the great majority were theophrastus.
At Guelt-es-Stel, in the Hautes, there are 164 of Fabricius’s
insect to nineteen of my new species; they were, however,
flying together on the same ground and at the same time,
in June, “July and August, though it was in the last month
that they were most abundant: at Nedroma (Oran)
nine specimens of theophrastus only were taken; at El
Kantara rather more than twice as many theophrastus
as of mediterraneae occurred; at the desert post of El
Hadrada ten of my species were taken and one balkanica,
but no theophrastus, whilst at Ghardaia, far in the Sahara,
one theophrastus, twenty-one mediterraneae, and five
balkanica were captured, and at St. Oued Mya (Sahara)

eight of the latter and a pair of mediterraneae were collected ;
the other localities yielded much the same results, except
that at Biskra eleven mediterraneae and three theophrastus
were taken, and at Batna there were thirteen of the latter
to nine of the former. In Morocco both species occurred,
from the Masser Mines only theophrastus was sent home,
and from Zoudj-el-Beghal only mediterraneae; there were,
however, but a few in each instance.

We see therefore, on the whole, that mediterraneae
appears to thrive better than theophrastus in the desert
localities and vice versa. The distribution of the species
is so unusually interesting that I have given it somewhat

aN

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 289

in detail, though I have omitted a number of localities
from where very few or only one specimen were sent home.

M. Oberthur writes me that he has theophrastus in
considerable numbers from Biskra, Bon Saada, Djurjura
and Sebdou. From the second-named locality there are
two mediterraneae and one theophrastus in the Tring
Museum; no doubt, taking into consideration my dissec-
tions, both species will be found in the Rennes Museum
also.

After my dissections had been done, I sorted the species
in accordance with those results, and they gave me a
fairly easy rule of separation. I found that all my theo-
phrastus dissections came from specimens in which the
postmedian lines in both wings were separate spots, not
confluent; in the hind-wing they were frequently more or
less fine lunules, but not a continuous crenulated line ; whilst
in mediterraneae these lines were continuous, sometimes
fine, but often very broad and heavy. This would, there
fore, seem to be a fairly safe character whereby to separate
the specimens.

I found that this was confirmed in theophrastus from
India and other parts of Africa, in all of which the post-
median lines are composed of separate spots or lunules.

The androconia are somewhat ovate, but truncated distally into
a broad arc, the proximal extremity being asymmetrically ovate
with the foot-stalk given off non-centrally; there are twelve rows
of lamina widely separated with the sculpturing very defined and
well apart. It frequently happens that abnormal androconia are
present, and I have figured one of these found on the same wing
with the normal one of this species.

Tarucus ananda, de Nicéville. Plates XIV, fig. 13;
XVII, fig. 13, and XX, fig. 30.

Castalius ananda, de Nicéville, Journ. A.S.B., lii, pt. 2,
p. 75, pl. i, ff. 11 gd, 11a (1883).

3. Upperside deep lustrous violaceous with a distinct dark border
of moderate width in each of the wings, quite markless except that
the underside spots show through indistinctly. Underside, whitish
with dark marks and spots. Primaries with a broad basal costal
stripe, and an irregular, broad (not wedge-shaped) dash ascending
to it from the inner margin, outside which is a short, very broad

aan
290 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

dash from the costa to the end of the cell; postmedian line composed
of two confluent spots on the costa, a spot between veins 5 and 6
projected right out into the submarginal row, two confluent spots
between veins 3 and 5 below the first two, and two confluent spots
between veins 1 and 3; these are shifted inwards, and the lower
spot is quite small, outside these is the submarginal, very even row
of six moderate-sized internervular spots, this being roughly parallel
with the terminal row of six smaller internervular spots; termen
finely dark. Secondaries with a broad basal band right across the
wing; four subbasal large spots below each other, the upper
three more or less confluent, a spot closing the cell; postmedian
series consisting of three pair of confluent spots followed by one
on the inner margin, the second pair of spots is shifted outwards ;
submarginal row composed of seven internervular spots, the third
from the costa being large on account of its coalescence with the spot
projected out from the postmedian series; terminal row composed
of six spots, the two anal ones having a very few superimposed
blue scales that are easily rubbed off; termen finely dark.

9. Entirely brown in both wings; a whitish cloud in the discal
area, the underside discal pattern showing through. In the secon-
daries there is a prominent terminal row of dark spots edged in-
wardly with pale dashes. Underside like the male.

Genitalia: the clasps are shovel-shaped, broad, with the whole
of the upper and apical margins irregularly and widely serrate, the
apical margin being somewhat concave; the bristles are very fine
and very few; a sclerite arises from the base of each clasp as in
theophrastus, but is longer and stouter, extending along two-thirds
of the upper margin; the cingulum is ample; the tegumen is deeply
excised with long, strong falces; the bristles are more numerous
than on the clasps, but are very fine; the aedoeagus is moderately
long, stout, and tapering to a fine tip near the apex; it is provided
with two long sclerites, lying internally, one on each side, the vesica
is furnished with two rather long hairy brush-like processes—like a
fox’s tail—which are capable of inflation and then assume an almost
spherical shape; the tectorius is small, being reduced to a broad
column thrown right back in the rear of the clasps. The androconia
are proximally asymmetrically ovate with the foot-stalk given off
slightly sideways; the sides are very slightly curved; the distal
extremity being slightly and evenly convex; there are sixteen or
seventeen closely placed lamina whose sculpturing is irregular and
rather small.

This well-known Indian species is easily recognised from
all its neighbours but one, for here also I have found two

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 291

species mixed together that have revealed themselves
by their sexual organs.

I have placed these species in the type section on account
of the position of the sclerites that replace the “ virgae
excitatae,’ and on account of the aedoeagus and reduced
tectorius.

Tarueus dharta, sp.nov. Plates XIV, fig. 15; XVII, fig. 14.

3g. Upperside sublustrous violaceous with brown borders to each
wing of moderate width. Underside whitish with brown markings.
Primaries with a broad costal band and a broad erect subbasal
dash (not wedge-shaped), both much shorter than in 7’. ananda
and more separate; a broad dash across the end of the cell sur-
mounted by a spot shifted somewhat outwards; postmedian line
consisting of three pair of confluent spots and a single one shifted
well outwards, but not touching the submarginal series; the
second pair of spots is shifted slightly outwards and the third pair
well inwards; submarginal row composed of six fair-sized inter-
nervular spots followed by the terminal row of six internervular
dashes; termen finely dark. Secondaries with a broad basal
dash, followed by four largish spots below each other, the upper-
most costal spot being very large; these spots are almost confluent ;
a reniform mark closes the cell; postmedian series composed of a
pair of confluent subcostal spots, three confluent spots shifted
outwards and almost forming a broad dash, a pair of confluent
spots shifted inwards under the reniform spot; postmedian row
composed of eight interneural spots followed by a trace of a terminal
row of dashes represented by three fine interneural dashes at the
apex and two spots at the anal angle; termen finely dark.

9. Both wings brownish with whitish discal areas and most of
the underside pattern showing through. Primaries irrorated on the
fold and the discal area with brilliant lustrous blue, and the post-
median row of spots showing prominently through. Secondaries
with a trace of the blue in the discal area, and a fine series of whitish
interneural dashes outside the postmedian row of spots showing
through. Underside precisely like the male.

Expanse, g 25; 92 26 mm.

Hab. Stxxim, Darjeeling.

Types in my collection.

This species may be recognised from ananda in the
greater separation of the underside pattern throughout,
and especially in the submarginal and terminal lines; the
female is markedly different.

a
292 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

Genitalia: the clasps are of moderate size, broad at the rear,
but tapering gradually to the apex and terminating in a rounded
extremity; the ‘“ virgae excitatae”’ are replaced by a peculiar
structure, and is for nearly two-thirds of the basal portion a portion
of the lower margin of the clasps, then it suddenly develops into a
longish narrow rod which extends well beyond the end of the clasp;
the cingulum is narrow, increasing in width as it approaches the
tegumen, which is of moderate size, deeply excavated with fairly
developed falces; the aedoeagus is peculiar of moderate size at the
rear behind the zone, but for the apical two-thirds it is very narrow
indeed, and tapers gradually into a fine point; the tectorius is
reduced, thrown right behind the clasps, as in the previous species,
having no hood, but being of a different structure, and in a different
position from the furca.

There remain four other descriptions to be considered,
Tarucus (Plebeius) fasciatus, Rober, from Banka, Tarucus
leopardus, Schultze, from the Phihppimes, Tarucus clath-
ratus, Holland, from Celebes, Tarucus fluvialis, G.-Smith,
also from Celebes. These form a small section wherein
the spotted pattern is transformed almost entirely into a
“banded” pattern, the spots having become confluent
so as to form broad definite bands across the wings, thus
making them separable at a glance from any others of the
genus.

Tarucus fasciatus, Rober. Plate XVII, fig. 17.

Plebeius fasciatus, Rober, Ent. Ver., “Iris,” i, p. 194,
pl. ix, f. 15 (1887).

Rober describes the species (freely translated) as
follows :—

“©. Upperside smoky grey with the median area of all the wings
whitish, the basal area being weakly irrorated with light blue; at
the termen of the hind-wings the black border spots of the under-
side show through; hind-wings with a white terminal line, shortly
tailed at vein 2 (M'). Underside yellowish white with blackish
grey bands, and terminal rows of spots.

** Expanse, 27 mm.”

Hab. BANKA Istanp (H. Kuhn).

There is an excellent photograph of the insect (“ Iris,”
1887, pl. 9, f. 15, p. 194), so sharp and defined in all
particulars that there can be no difficulty in identifying the
species. I give a reproduction of it on Pl. XVII, fig. 17.

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 293

Tarucus clathratus, Holland. Plate XIV, fig. 16 9.

T. clathratus, Holland, Proc. Bost. Soc., xxv, p. 71, pl. 5,
f. 8 (1891).

Holland describes his species thus :—

“Near 7. (Plebeius) fasciatus, Roeber (‘ Iris,’ vol. i, p. 194), but
smaller and differently marked. The upperside of the wings is
lilac, with smoky grey margins. The black markings of the under-
side are distinctly visible from the upperside. In fasciatus the
submarginal black line is narrow, in clathratus it is broad. In the
former the two succeeding black lines are distinct throughout; in
the latter they unite, forming a rude figure of the letter Y. There
are many other minor differences which readily reveal themselves
upon a comparison of the two species, and which are more easily
seen than described. The type, a male, is in my collection.”

The habitat is Celebes, and I quite concur in Dr. Holland’s
opinion that his species is distinct from Roéber’s. I have
no doubt, however, that Grose-Smith’s 7. fluwalis is the
female of Holland’s clathratus. Smith gives a long and
careful description of his species, a female, which also
comes from Celebes, saying that it is nearest to 7. fasciatus,
Rober, but that the arrangement of the bands on the
underside is quite different, and then he goes on to say
that ‘‘ it may not improbably be the female of 7’. clathratus,
Holland, but that his figure is so diminished that it is
impossible to decide with certainty whether this is the case.”
I have enlarged Holland’s figure, and find that the pattern
is precisely the same below, only in the original, being a
male, the bands are narrower than in the Tring type.
The underside shows through in just the same manner,
and I do not think there can be any doubt as to the identity
of the two insects.

Tarucus leopardus, Schultze. Plate XVII, fig. 18.

T. leopardus, Schultze, Philippine J. Sci. D., 5, p. 161,
phil, £. 9:(1 910);
The species was described in the Philippine Journal of
Science. The following is a copy of the description :—

** 3. Upperside of wings iridescent, purplish blue with a narrow
dull black line along outer margin; cilia white. Tail black, tipped
with white. Hind-wing with two indistinct submarginal spots at
posterior angle. Underside of wings white with a faint ochraceous

294 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on

tinge and numerous dark brown markings as follows: a narrow
subcostal band from base to middle of fore-wing, thence obliquely
toward posterior outer angle; basal area with three triangular
patches, the medial one being most prominent; outer area with
three oblique bars from the costa; the second, which is the longest,
reaching vein IV; a prominent, nearly round, postmedial spot
between veins [Il and IV; asubmarginal band and a marginal row of
six very small spots, each between two veins, and a very fine marginal
line. Cilia white. Hind-wing with a basal bar, six antemedial
transverse streaks, two medial transverse streaks, two postmedial
streaks, and a postmedial band from inner margin to vein VI; a
prominent submarginal band, six submarginal spots and a fine
anteciliary line. The submarginal area between veins I and III is
dark ochraceous, and the two black spots upon it are surrounded
by a highly metallic, green line.

‘©. Upperside of wings grayish brown with a bluish iridescence
on basal half. Discal area whitish. All markings on underside
similar to those above, although less diffused. Hind-wing with the
submarginal row of spots large and distinct. Underside similar
to that in J; all aan ger somewhat larger.

“Length of wing, 3 11 millimeters; 2 13:5 millimeters.

*““ Luzon, Province of Camarines, Paracale, P.I. (J. P.
Iddings collector). Type 3, 2 and co- type No. 12743 in
Entomological Catleetion, Bureau of Science, Manila, P.I.”

From the figure referred to, which | reproduce on Pl.
XVII, fig. 18, I believe that this species is allied to
clathratus, Holland.

This brings us to the last two species of the group,
that Ishould perhaps have hesitated to include in the genus.
The pattern is different, but the androconia have” quite
the same shapes and facies, and the genitalia have the
remarkable form of the “ tectorius ” strongly developed,
but modified; they are, therefore, better placed here than
elsewhere, at least, for the time being. Trimen himself
indicated an alliance between them and sybarvs.

Tarucus bowkeri, Trimen. Plates XIV, fig. 14;
AVIL dig. Ibs KX Te SL,

Lycaena bowkeri, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883,
p. 351.

3. Both wings on the upperside are lustrous pale violet blue.
Primaries with a dark indefinite spot closing the cell, with a broad

A Revision of the genus Tarucus. 295

black termen and black and white tessellated fringe. Secondaries
with an indefinite spot closing the cell, a very oblique row of dark
postmedian spots and a complete row of dark submarginal spots,
both these rows occupying the position of the underside pattern,
but not being merely the showing through of that pattern; a
terminal series of dark spots merging into the black termen around
the apex; fringes white with black tessellations at the ends of the
veins. Underside white with ash brown spots. Primaries with
the subcostal basal stripe, a spot in the middle of the cell with
two other spots below it, representing the usual wedge-shaped
mark; a good-sized spot closing the cell with one or two above it,
beyond which are three very oblique spots from the costa, with two
confluent ones below the lowest of the three, but shifted inwards;
two confluent squarish spots almost below the one closing the cell,
a series of six interneural submarginal marks followed by a terminal
row of six distinct spots ; termen consisting of fine black dashes inter-
sected with white interneurally. Secondaries: a costal basal spot
below which is the basal stripe which is very irregular, four subbasal
spots below each other with another small spot from the second
connecting it with the spot closing the cell; postmedian series
(composed of eight spots) widely separated betwegn the second and
the third spots, the lower six forming a very oblique row from vein 6
to the inner margin; all the spots hitherto referred to in the second-
ary are somewhat darkly encircled; submarginal row of seven
marks very irregular; terminal row composed of seven distinct
spots, the first above the apex very small; termen with dark dashes
intersected with white interneurally.

Genitalia: these organs are very large indeed when compared
with those of the rest of the genus; the clasps are long, very broad
at the base, but taper rapidly to a narrowish rounded extremity ;
the cingulum is of moderate and even width; the tegumen rather
small and less excised proportionately; the falces are highly
developed, being deeply curved and longish, but of only moderate
width; the aedoeagus is of moderate size, broad and slightly
increasing in width to the zone, from whence it gradually tapers
for two-thirds of the remaining length; the apical third tapering
very rapidly to a sharp point; the tectorius is ample and well
developed, being somewhat of the theophrastus type, but much
more ample basally. The androconia are very similar to those in
theophrastus, but somewhat larger altogether, they have thirteen
rows of lamina that are sculptured rather more finely than in
Fabricius’s species.

296 Mr. Bethune-Baker on Revision of the genus Tarucus.

Tarucus thespis, L.

Papilio thespis, Linnaeus, Mus. Ind. Ner., p. 318, N. 136
(1764) ; ad. Syst. Nat., p. 791, N. 236 (1767).

This species is very close to 7. bowkert, but differs in
the following particulars. It is of a decidedly brighter
and clearer blue on the upperside, and has quite narrow
almost linear black borders, the fringes are longer and
more definitely tessellated; it has not in the secondaries
a terminal row of spots as obtains in bowkeri. On the
underside the predominant colour is brown, not whitish
as in Trimen’s insect. The markings are similar, but
decidedly larger and the terminal row of spots, well marked
in bowkerz, is lacking in thespis. In the primaries the fold
and inner marginal area is entirely brown, except for quite
a small whitish patch at the tornus; the tail is little more
than a dentition in the fringe. :

The @ is almost entirely brown above in both wings
with no white areas, as in bowkeri, but with a slight,
restricted, basal blue suffusion, which, in the secondaries,
extends to the inner marginal area; a small white spot
edges exteriorly the spot closing the cell and has three
or sometimes two white spots beyond it.

It occurs in Cape Colony, where it is widely distributed
over the eastern and western districts, and has also been
recorded from Natal.

The genitalia are of the same type as bowkeri, the clasps being
large and long, but easily differentiated. The tegumen is distinctly
different; it is much smaller, with a very narrow apex, and very
much smaller and slenderer side lobes, whilst the falces are longer
and much more slender; the aedoeagus originates of moderate size,
but very rapidly widens up to the zone, where it is suddenly excised
and tapers more gradually to a point, this front portion being half
as long again as the rear part. The vesica is a beautiful object,
its orifice being elegantly trumpet-shaped, and being very finely
shagreened all over; the virgae excitatae are absent, but the
tectorius is developed in a modified form, somewhat as in bowkeri.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIV-—XX.

[See Explanation facing the PLatTEs.]

(- 207")

X. Notes on some British Guiana Hymenoptera (excluswe
of the Formicidae). By G. EK. Bopxin, B.A., Dip.
Agric. (Cantab.), F.Z.S., F.E.S., Government Kco-
nomic Biologist, Department of Science and Agri-
culture, British Guiana.

(Published by permission of the Director of Science and
Agriculture, British Guiana.)

[Read December 6th, 1916.]
Pirates XXI-XXIII anp Sketcu Map.

Up to the present time very little has been known of the
habits and life-histories of the Hymenoptera of British
Guiana. Schomburgk,* in his “ Fauna and Flora of British
Guiana,” devotes six pages to the Hymenoptera and gives
a few observations with regard to their biology as observed
by himself, but unfortunately many of the scientific
names are quite impossible to trace. Peter Cameron has
published in “Timehri” ¢ a comprehensive list of the
Hymenoptera of this country, with descriptions of many
new species, but no biological notes are attached. Scat-
tered references have appeared from time to time in many
scientific publications, but the majority of these are
descriptions of new species.

The present collection in this laboratory was commenced
in 1911 and has been formed chiefly by myself as oppor-
tunities have occurred. All the commoner species have
now been collected, and in many cases observations made
on their life-histories and habits. The accompanying map
indicates in red dots the areas where collections and
observations have been made. These necessarily follow

* Schomburgk, R., “Fauna und Flora von British Guiana.”
Leipzig, 1848.

+ Peter Cameron, Hymenoptera of the Georgetown Museum,
“Timehri.” Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial
Society, 1911-12. Pt.1. Parasitica, I, pp. 153-186 (1911). Pt. 2.
Parasitica, I, pp. 306-330 (1911). Pt. 3. Marabuntas or Wasps,
II, pp. 207-231 (1912). Pt. 4. Fossores, Il, pp. 412-440 (1912).

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PartTs 1, 1, 1vV (MAY ’18)

298 Mr. G. # Boakin’s Notes on

the chief communication routes either by water, road, or
trail. Vast areas consequently remain untouched.

The collection at present contains 1,600 specimens, of
which 161 species are named. All these identifications
have been made either by specialists in the British
Museum, through the co-operation of the Imperial Bureau
of Entomology, or by specialists in the U.S. National
Museum.

The present work clearly shows that in scope it can
hardly pretend to do more than outline the vast field which
awaits entomologists in this part of the world.

There is a distinct difference between the Hymenoptera
of the flat, cultivated and inhabited coast lands and those
of the forest-clad area. Many species of common occur-
rence on the coast lands are never found in the forests,
and vice versa. The climate of these two areas also varies,
the interior districts having a higher rainfall and a some-
what higher temperature. The trade-winds which sweep
the coast lands most of the year are not experienced to
any extent inland. No opportunity has yet occurred
to investigate the large tracts of savannah lands which
exist at the back of the Colony near the Brazilian
frontier.

The observations on the habits and life-histories are
mostly my own, but a number of interesting notes by the
following gentlemen must be acknowledged: Mr. C. B.
Williams, Mr. L. D. Cleare, Jnr., Mr. H. W. B. Moore, and
Mr. A. A. Abraham.

I have endeavoured to give as full information as pos-
sible concerning each species. Where only one specimen
of a species has been collected I have given the locality of
collection.

The Ants have not been included in these notes, as
Mr. W. C. Crawley has already published * an account of
the Family.

Family APIDAE,
Subfamily SPHECODINAE.
Genus TemMNosoMa, Smith.
T. aeruginosum, Smith. Issororo, N.W.D.

* “ Ants from British Guiana,” W. C. Crawley, B.A. Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 8, vol. xvii, May, 1916.

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 299

Subfamily ANDRENINAE.
Genus AuGocHLORA, Smith.

A. graminea, F. Taken while feeding on flowers
A. thalia, Smith. ; of “ wouralli”’ (fish-poison plant),
A. calypso, Sm. | Issororo, N.W.D.

Subfamily PANURGINAE.
Genus Mrcatopra, Smith.

M. sodalis, Vachal. Issororo, N.W.D. This species is
frequently attracted to artificial light.

i aa X YLOCOPINAE.
tenus XyLocopa, L.

X. fimbriata, F. The commonest wood- Foal bee in
British Guiana. The female is black and the male an
ochreous yellow with green eyes. The proportion of
females is greater than males—about 4 to 1. Both sexes
may frequently be seen collecting honey from a number
of commonly occurring flowers, especially those of the
large red Hibiscus and the flowers of the Pigeon Pea.
It possesses a powerful sting, and the flight is accompanied
by a loud buzzing sound. I have never observed the
species in the interior. Any dry decaying wood is utilised
for nesting purposes, such as rotten paling- posts or tree-
stumps. The softer kinds of wood are preferred. Logs of
wood infested by these bees soon become literally riddled
with their borings, and large quantities of frass may be
seen piled up at the foot of the log. If such a log is sharply
tapped a shrill buzzing noise may be heard caused by the
contained bees. A log of wood 5 feet long by 2 feet in
diameter on being split open was found to contain 20
imagos and 25-30 larvae and pupae. There were about
three entrance holes, and these led directly into galleries
bored at right angles to the grain of the wood. In such
galleries the cells are formed, usually three or four together,
never more. Each cell is about an inch in length and
about # inch in diameter. The cells are separated from
one another by a partition or “ wad ” of sawdust cemented
bopener and hardened by the bee. These partitions are
+ inch in thickness. The galleries and cells are perfectly
smooth and very neatly erebdeedl Each cell is stocked
with a small, fairly solid mass consisting apparently of a
mixture of honey and pollen, It is a dark yellow in

300 Mr, G. HP Bodkin’s Notes™on

colour with a peculiar though not unpleasant odour,
These masses of foodstuff weigh about 2°5 grammes, and
an equal quantity 1s deposited i in each cell. On this mass
the egg is finally deposited and gradually increases in size
as development. proceeds; later, the segmentation of the
future larva may dimly be perceived through the envelop-
ing shell. It is sausage-shaped, slightly cur ved, and almost
transparent in the earlier stages, Leneth 1-7 cm., diameter
O04 em. During development one end becomes somewhat
larger than the other. Eventually the extremely thin
pellicule strips off and the wrinkled larva is exposed,
which starts feeding immediately. The larval excrement
is hard, and formed in short rods black in colour. The
full-grown larva measures 3°9 cm. in length, and is creamy
white in colour. The larval stage lasts about three weeks.
Gradually the outlines of the pupa may be seen through
the larval skin, which eventually peels off. The period
between the full-fed larva and the final stripping of the
larval skin is 48 hours. The pupa is at first creamy white,
and in form roughly resembles the future adult insect.
Length of pupa 2°5 cm., breadth 1-4 em. Within the first
week of pupation a general darkening of colour takes
place, the eyes going almost black; hardening of the
integument occurs simultaneously. These two processes
progress rapidly till the perfect insect is formed in about
3 weeks. It then makes its exit from the cell by gnawing
away the wad of hardened sawdust.

X. barbata, F. A fairly common species on the coast
lands.

X. brasilianorum, F. A not uncommon species within
the forest area. Rockstone, Essequebo River, and H.M.
Penal Settlement, Mazaruni River.

X. aurulenta, F. An uncommon species within the forest
area. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Subfamily PROSOPIDINAE.
Genus CAUPOLICANA, Spinola.

C. eximia, Smith. Essequebo River, in vicinity of
Rockstone,

Subfamily ANTHOPHORINAE.
Genus Kucera, Scopoli.
E. festiva, 8m. Vicinity of Georgetown.

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 301

Genus Exomatopsis, Spinola.
E. globosa, F. Botanic Gardens, Georgetown.

Genus Epicuarts, Klug.
E. rustica, Oliv. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Genus Metrtroma, Latr.

M. euglossoides, Lep. From cultivated Cotton blossoms,
Georgetown. This bee has a curious habit of clinging to
the edges of blades of Para grass, with its mandibles firmly
embedded in the tissues. The reason for this is not
apparent. They remain quite motionless in this position,
and at times may be seen in considerable numbers. Fairly
common about coast lands.

.

Genus CEentTrIs, F.

C. longimana, Lep. A common species both on the
coast lands and in the interior. It is attracted to strong-
smelling substances such as salt fish, and will follow boats
with this substance on board for long distances up the
rivers. Frequently seen about buoys moored in the centre
of the tidal passages in the big rivers and elsewhere. It
is apparently attracted there by the excreta dropped by
sea-birds on these objects. It has a swift, noisy flight.

C. lanipes, F. Fairly common on the coast lands and in
the interior. Has been taken at flowers and also in the
act of collecting soft mud from a pathway.

C. versicolor, F. Taken on one occasion while attracted
to artificial hght. Appears to occur only in the interior.

C. personata, Sm. It has similar habits to C’. longimana,
Lep. Taken under similar conditions in the North-west
District.

C. labrosa, Friese. ‘An uncommon species. H.M. Penal
Settlement, Mazaruni River.

Genus THyGatTer, Holmb.
T. rubricata, Sm. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Genus Kueuossa, Latr.

E. dimidiata, ¥. A fairly common species in most
parts of the Colony. Observed on several occasions to
collect mud from a pathway. A somewhat clumsy insect,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1918.—PaRTS Il, III, Iv. (MAY 18) xX

302 Mr. G. .akin's Notes on

easy to capture, but when alarmed assumes a rapid flight.
Frequently observed flying about and alighting upon ‘the
bark of certain trees, though on closely inspecting the bark
no feature which might attract the bee could be observed.

E. cordata, F. The commonest Euglossa in British
Guiana. Observed in all areas visited. It will construct
its somewhat sticky nest in all sorts of curious places,
such as the inside of a disused reel of cotton, interior of
empty cartridge case, eye-piece of polariscope, keyholes,
small cavities in timber, ete. It also takes over the
disused cells of Sceliphron fistulare, Dahlb. In the forest
areas I have observed this bee to construct its nest on the
under surface of a leaf. The nest varies in the number
of its cells, some only containing two or three, others as
many as six. The cells are roughly about 1 em. in length
and about 5 mm. in breadth, with the ends neatly rounded.
Each cell is stored with a viscid mixture of honey and
pollen, on which the larva feeds. The walls of the cells
are thin and soft, being constructed of some dark vegetable
substance. The whole exterior is sticky. This insect has
an extremely rapid, darting flight, and is particularly fond
of the white, sweet-smelling flowers of a certain species of
prickly wild Solanaceous plant. While the bee is within
the white blossoms it emits an exceedingly shrill buzzing
sound, which is often difficult to locate.

E. surinamensis, L. Another very common species of
Buglossa throughout British Guiana. It is greatly attracted
to the flowers of the same Solanaceous plant as attracts
E. cordata, L. Its loud buzzing and somewhat slow flight
makes its presence conspicuous. The nest is constructed
sometimes in artificial holes in timber, in cavities in the
trunks of trees, and at times on the top of roof-beams.
The substance of the nest is thin flakes of bark, or some-
times flakes of white plaster from houses, exceedingly
strongly cemented together. Several cells are usually
formed united in an irregular mass. Each cell is stored
up with a quantity of honey and pollen of moderately
hard consistency. The cells are about 1°5 em. in length,
with a diameter of about 1 cm., ovoid in shape, with a
perfectly smooth lining.

E. mgrita, Lep. Not a particularly common species.
So far only observed on the coast lands. On one occasion
the bees were observed to be nesting within a hollow beam
in the large dining-hall of one of the largest hotels in

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 303

Georgetown. The bees passed to and fro, apparently quite
regardless of the proximity of human beings.

E. piliventris, Guér. An uncommon species from Upper
Essequebo River. Attracted to flowers of the wild Sola-
naceous plant previously mentioned.

FE. analis, Lep. An uncommon species. A large nest
consisting of many ovoid cells was once taken from the
soil on the East Coast of Demerara. The cells were hard,
dark in colour, and joined together. Only one bee hatched
from this nest.

EL. cayennensis, Lep. (= fasciata, Lep.). A fairly common
and widely distributed species throughout the Colony.
Nesting habits not observed:

. decorata,8m. An uncommon species from the interior.
Kssequebo River.

Genus Exarretr, Hoftm.

LE. smaragdina, Guér. A common species in some parts
of the interior, especially the N.W.D. All of my specimens
were collected while flying about piles of cordwood from
which a strong-smelling sap was exuding, and on which
the bees were feeding. Occasionally seen on the coast
lands and in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown. Nesting
habits unobserved.

Subfamily MEGACHILIN AE.
Genus Mrcacuie, Latr.

M. lobitarsis, Smith. An uncommon species with a wide
distribution.

M. lanata, F. This insect has only once been collected,
and that beneath the Government Laboratory, George-
town. The mud cells were situated within a disused
i-inch iron pipe. The nest was cylindrical in shape and
contained about four cells. The nest was very firmly
cemented together, making the whole structure exceed-
ingly strong and hard to break. This bee is well known
in India.*

Subfamily CORLIOXYNAE.
Genus Cortioxys, Latreille.

C. simillima, Smith. Apparently a widely distributed
though not common species. Nest observed in cylindrical
borings in a wooden post.

* Lefroy, H. Maxwell, “ Indian Insect Life,” p. 219.

304 Mr. G. WP Bodkin’s ates on

Subfamily BOMBINAE,
Genus Bomeus, Latr.

B. cayennensis, ¥F. A common species found only in the
interior.

Genus Metripona, Ill.

M. interrupta, Latr. This species is widely distributed
and common, The specimens in the collection were all
taken while they were collecting soft mud from paths.

M. pallida, Latr. A fairly” common species in the
interior, A small nest on one occasion observed in a
rotten log of timber with a small circular hole formed of
wax for exit. When the nest is disturbed they swarm
out and attack by biting the exposed parts of the head
and neck, emitting at the same time a shrill buzzing
sound, These small bees possess a peculiar odour which
is characteristic.

M. favosa, ¥. A common species on the coast lands,
where it is known as the Courida Bee, from a supposed
habit of collecting honey from the flowers of the maritime
Courida (Avicennia nitida). The nests are found in hollow
trees, etc., especially in old Courida trees, but they have
been found in disused drain- -pipes and other unlikely
places. This bee possesses no sting, and I have never
observed it to attack in any way; when the nest is dis-
turbed the bees swarm out, but do not demonstrate their
resentment in any more practical manner. This bee is
frequently domesticated, and when the nests are found in
the field they are removed, taken home, and put in wooden
boxes with a small exit hole. They thrive in captivity.
The honey which they produce is thin and of a somewhat
insipid flavour; mixed with other ingredients it is utilised
by the natives as a cure for cold in the throat or chest.
The honey is stored in egg-shaped cells constructed of wax,
about 13-2 inches in length; similar cells are also con-
structed containing nothing but wax. The cells contain-
ing the larvae are 8 mm. in length and about 5 mm. in
breadth. ;

M. clavipes, F. A common species in most parts of
the Colony. The nests are usually constructed in hollow
decaying logs. The following notes on the nesting habits
of this species were made from a nest which was found in
a hollow log of Trysil wood (Pentaclethra jfilamentosa).
The extreme length of the hollowed-out portion containing

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 305

the nest was 32 inches. Three distinct layers of various
kinds of cells were observed on splitting open the log
longitudinally. The layer next to the entrance consisted
of wax cells about 4 inch in length and 2 inch in diameter ;
ovate in shape. The length of this layer was 8 inches.
These wax cells were yellowish in colour and contained
solid wax. To the taste the wax had an exceedingly bitter
flavour, and a sour smell which seemed to pervade the
whole nest. The layer next to the wax cells contained
honey cells; this layer was 9 inches in length. The cells
themselves were slightly smaller than the wax cells, same
shape and dark brown in colour. The contained honey
was thick, very sweet and possessed quite a good flavour,
but if the slightest trace of the wax coating of the cell
got mixed with the honey the bitterness of the wax entirely
obliterated the pleasant flavour of the honey. The next
layer consisted of the cells with embryonic bees in various
stages of development; it was 9 inches in length. These
cells were about } inch in length and dull yellow in colour.
In shape they were cylindrical. Apparently the nest was
entirely enclosed, with the exception of the exit. This
exit was by no means a conspicuous object, as it was
constructed of wax much the same colour and texture as
the surrounding bark. It was slightly raised above the
surface of the bark, and roughly cone-shaped with a very
small exit hole. Attention was drawn to the presence of
this nest by the bees hovering around the exit. This
species is by no means so pugnacious as some of the other
species of Melipona.

M. recurva, Sm. An uncommon species from the N.W.
District.

M. lineata, Lep. Bartica, Essequebo River.

M. flavipennis, Sm. Taken on one occasion while
attending flowers of Guava.

M. varia, Lep. A nest of this species observed, in a
large greenheart beam supporting the hotel at Rockstone,
Essequebo River. A non-pugnacious species. The entrance
to the nest is funnel-shaped and constructed of wax.

M. guianae, Ckll. A most pugnacious species. If the
nest is only slightly disturbed the bees swarm out and
attack the intruder by biting the exposed parts of the
head and neck, at the same time emitting a shtill buzzing.
The nests (which are large) are usually constructed in the
branches of trees at some distance from the ground. The

a
306 Mr. G. E. Bodkin’s Notes on

bees possess a peculiar smell, due to the character of the
substance which they collect on their hind-legs. A large
nest observed on one occasion on the branches of a Pimento
tree (Pimenta officinalis).

M. rufiventris, Lep., var. flavolineata, Friese. Tumatu-
mari, Essequebo River.

Melipona amalthea, F. A common and widely distributed
species. May be observed on the blossoms of most garden
plants, and is particularly fond of feeding on over-ripe
fruit. It may also frequently be seen ae mud
from damp paths, creeks, ete. Known locally as “ Tarbaby
bees.” It has a habit of collecting the scrap- rapier from
recently tapped trees of Hevea brasiliensis.

M. rufiventris, Lep. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

M. dallatorreana, Friese. East Coast, Demerara.

M. mutata, Lep. Upper Demerara River.

Genus Apis, Linn.

A. mellifera, L. Only a small number of hives of the
domestic bee are kept in the Colony, and these are prin-
cipally owned by the Chinese and Portuguese. The honey
produced is of good quality and very sweet. Fresh stock
is usually imported from the United States. They are
mostly “Italian bees.” The Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella,
L.) is common and causes much damage.

Family VESPIDAE.
Subfamily VESPINAE.
Genus Potistes, Latr.

P. pacificus, F. Essequebo Coast. An uncommon
species.

P. analis, F. A fairly common species in the interior.

P. versicolor, Oliv. A common species on the coast
lands.

P. goeldii, Ducke. A rare species in the interior.

P. canadensis, \u., var. amazonicus, Schulz. The com-
monest species of Polistes in the Colony, occurring every-
where. Unless severely molested it rarely attacks people,
but its sting is both powerful and painful, and causes a
severe swelling, Large nests are rarely seen, the usual
number of cells being about twenty. Beneath bridges,
houses, on the rafters, under the eaves, beneath the plat-
form of railway stations, behind pictures, etc., are favourite

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 307

nesting-places for this species. It appears to prefer
domestic habitations for its nesting-places. The short
wooden bridges which span the navigation trenches on
sugar estates are always thickly infested beneath with the
nests of these insects, and passing beneath such bridges
in a small boat is always an exciting and quite occasionally
a painful experience. In dwelling-houses they are always
a source of danger, especially when children are about.
The local name is ‘ marabunta.” Destroying marabunta
nests with a wad of dried palm leaves attached to a long
pole soaked in kerosene and ignited is an interesting
operation for an onlooker at a “respectful distance. At
times these wasps will remain quite motionless in an alert
position on their nests for hours together, as though on
guard. From the economic standpoint they are exceed-
ingly useful, for they may often be seen hunting for and
consuming the larvae of various agricultural pests, espe-
cially the Rice Worm (Laphygma frugiperda, S. & A.).
The nests are irregular in structure and not strongly made,
for pieces are frequently falling from the nest. The flight
of this insect 1s somewhat clumsy.

P. crinitus, Felton. An uncommon species on the coast
lands.

Genus Potyesra, Lep.

P. fulvofasciata, de G. (= phthisica, ¥.). A common
species on the coast lands; the nests are frequently found
attached to the under surfaces of leaves, especially those
of the mango tree. Large nests are seldom encountered.

P. occidentalis, Oliv. An exceedingly common species
throughout the coast lands, and at times encountered in
the interior. The nests are found attached to the under
surfaces of many species of palms. The nests are never
large, more or less circular in shape, and constructed of
exceedingly light and fragile material. This small wasp
is not unduly pugnacious, and seldom attacks unless the
nest is damaged; it is thus frequently encountered when
felling the branches of young coconut palms. The sting
has no great lasting effects, but the first shock is exceed-
ingly painful. On one occasion a gardener who was
trimming a hedge of Barbados Cherry” (Malphigia glabra)
brought into the laboratory a good-sized nest of this
species which he had very carefully removed with some
of the wasps in situ on the outside of the nest. The local

308 Mr. G. E. Bodkin’s Notes on

name is “honey marabunta.” A native method of
destroying such nests is to seize the nest quickly and
firmly with both hands and then crush it. An individual
possessed of large and thick-skinned hands is likely to be
the most successful.

P. fastidiosuscula, Sauss., var. sampaioi, Ducke. Appears
to take the place of the foregoing in the interior, where it
is common. It has never been taken on the coast lands.
The nest is often met with attached to the under surfaces
of palm leaves.

P. fasciata, Lep. A species by no means of infrequent
occurrence both on the coast lands and interior. A small
nest was taken on one occasion attached to the floor-boards
beneath a house; the structure is somewhat peculiar
(see photo). Length about 24 inches; length of single
cell 3 inch.

P. fuscicornis, Lep. A rare species from the interior.

P. chrysothorax, Web. A fairly common species only
encountered on the coast lands. Large pendant nests nearly
a foot in length and roughly cylindrical are constructed ;
the one actually observed was attached to a bush only a
short distance from the ground. This nest was unfor-
tunately destroyed in an attempt to secure it.

P. dimidiata, Oliv. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

P. constructriz, Sauss. Tumatumari, Essequebo River.

P. jurinei, Sauss. Issororo, N.W.D.

P. sericea, Oliv. Tumatumari, Essequebo River.

P. sycophanta, Gribodo. An uncommon species with a
wide distribution.

P. velutina, Ducke. Issororo, N.W.D.

P. rejecta, F. A species with a wide distribution, but
uncommon.

P. obidensis, Ducke. Puruni River.

Genus ProropotyBiA, Ducke.
P. laboriosa, Sauss. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Genus Mretrapotysra, Ducke.

M. pediculata, Sauss. A fairly common species which
builds its nests on beams beneath houses. The nest,
which is constructed of papery material, is usually about
5 inches in diameter and about 1 inch in thickness and
of a flattened irregular appearance. It is by no means a

ne

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 309

conspicuous object, and is often of much the same colour
as the beam to which it is attached. This insect shows
no hostile tendencies, and the taking of the entire nest is
quite a safe undertaking. It has only been observed in
the interior.

Genus CHARTERGUS, Lepeletier.

C. chartarius, Oliv. A fairly common species in the
interior. The nest of this species is a well-known object
and has been previously described by a number of authors.
ue are prized by many colonists as “ curios,” and fetch

a very fair price in Georgetown. These nests may some-
times be seen attached to the branches of trees overhang-
ing the river. The taking of the nests is by no means an
easy matter, as the insects resent any interference with
their home. Nests, however, which overhang the river
may be taken by getting a native to ascend “quietly the
particular tree to which the nest is attached and with one
well-directed blow of a sharp cutlass sever the branch
bearing the nest so that it falls into the river, whence it
is eventually retrieved as soon as the wasps have left.
An unsuccessful blow, however, spells disaster, and there
is a case on record where such. an incident occurred, and
the unfortunate native rather than suffer jumped into the

river many feet below and thus evaded the infuriated
wasps.

Genus CHARTERGINUS, Fox.
C. pallidilineatus, Cameron. Issororo, N.W.D.

Genus Necrarina, Shuckard.

N. bilineolata, Spin., var. mébiana, Sauss. A species so
far only taken in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown. The
nest was found attached to the end of a dried “ arrow’
of sugar-cane. Greatest diameter about 14 inches—depth
3 inch.

N. scutellaris, F. Issororo, N.W.D.

N. lecheguana, Latr. Issororo, N.W.D.

Genus SyNokEcA, Saussure.

S. surinama, L. A common species on the coast lands
and occurs at times in the interior. The nests of this
species, which are irregular in shape, may usually be seen
attached to trees in the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown.

-
310 Mr. G. E. Bodkin’s Notes on

The whole of one side of the nest is attached to the tree,
and the external wall exhibits a slight “ribbing.” The
nests are often a foot or more in length. The sting of this
species is particularly formidable, and it does not hesitate
to use it when occasion arises. The adult wasps may
often be seen feeding on decaying fruit which has fallen
on the ground, and “they frequently visit certain species
of flowers. I have taken specimens of this insect with
the ‘“pollinia” of a species of Kuphorbiaceous plant
attached to its legs; this is by no means a common
occurrence.
S. ina, Spin. An uncommon species in the interior.

Genus Aporca, Lepeletier.

A, pallida, Oliv. A common species on the coast lands.
The nest, which is invariably attached to a tree and never
far from the ground, is disc-shaped. The under surface
consists of innumerable cells, the ends of which are exposed.
The under surface is invariably crowded with adult wasps,
which attach themselves each to a particular cell and re-
main motionless, an aspect is thus presented of a cluster of
wasps adhering to the under surface of the nest; in this
position the bright yellow tips of their abdomens are very
conspicuous, They do not readily move from this position,
and if slightly disturbed will only make a slight move-
ment. Once while observing a large nest of this species
I happened to approach rather too” near, when one wasp
left the nest and stung me on the forehead immediately
between the eyes, and returned at once to its original posi-
tion. The effect of the sting was as though a “blow had
been delivered, and in a short space of time a swelling the
size of a fowl’s egg made its appearance, accompanied by
considerable pain. The species is readily attracted to
artificial light.

A. pallens, F. Issororo, N.W.D.

Genus Miscnocyrrarus, Saussure.
M. labiatus, F. A fairly common species on the coast
lands. Only small nests are constructed.
Subfamily HUMENIDINAE.
Genus Monrezumia, Sauss.

M. leprieurt, Spin. (1841) (= M. rodwayi, Cam, (1911).
An uncommon species taken in the vicinity of Georgetown,

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 311

M. nigriceps, Spin. One of the commonest species of
Hymenoptera on the coast lands. Also a species of par-
ticular economic value, as it hunts for and destroys the
larvae of many agricultural pests, including the Rice Worm
(Laphygma frugiperda, 8. & A.) and the Para-grass Worm
(Mocis repanda, F.). This wasp may frequently be seen
searching for its prey amongst grass and tall rice. A large
pendant, irregularly-shaped nest is formed, which is some-
what fragile in its structure. These nests contain a large
and active community.

M. infernalis, Spin. An uncommon species on the coast
lands. According to C. B. Williams, who has observed
the habits of this wasp, it constructs burrows in the clay
banks of the canals or trenches to be found on all sugar
estates. Green caterpillars are stored up in the nest, and
an egg is deposited, which is hung from the roof of the
burrow by a long stalk. The opening of the burrow is
small in comparison with the size of the wasp.

M. infundibuliformis, F. Issororo, N.W.D.

Genus EKumenes, Latreille.

E. canaliculata, Oliv. An exceedingly common species
to be met with mostly on the coast lands. Its dome-
shaped mud cells, in small colonies of five or six and some-
times more, are objects of common observation attached
to the rafters beneath houses and in sheltered spots on
walls and palings. These mud cells (see photo) are usually
about 4 inch in height and with a diameter of about $ inch.
Some cells possess a kind of “neck” at the top of the
cell, giving it the appearance of a squat-shaped earthen
bottle. These cells are stored with Lepidopterous larvae
usually slightly over an inch in length and, of course,
paralysed by the sting of the wasp at the time of capture.
From four to six such larvae are stored. The wasp larva
becomes mature in ten days to two weeks from the time
of emergence from the egg. The pupal stage lasts slightly
over a week. The adult wasp emerges from the cell by
biting a circular hole in one side. These empty cells are
afterwards utilised by a species of Tryporylon for its nest,
and stored with spiders. A small species of black ant
(Cremastogaster, sp.) fimaily colonises these disused cells.
In constructing such cells the adult wasp holds the piece
of moist and plastic mud in position on the half-constructed
nest by means of the two front pairs of legs, and the deli-

-
Sie Mr. G. E. Bodkin’s Noles on

cate process of moulding the mud around the edge of the
nest 1s performed with the mandibles, which are long and
well suited to the work. During the operation the long
antennae are bent downwards and kept rapidly moving
about the work as though guiding it and preserving the
symmetry of the structure. A small species of Chrysid
was bred on one occasion from the mud cells of this
Eumenes.
E. callimorpha, Sauss. Vicinity of Georgetown.

Genus PACHYMENES, Sauss.
P. pallipes, Oliv. Onderneeming, Essequebo.

Genus Zeruus, Fab.

Z. mexicanus, L., var. lugubris, Perty. An uncommon
species on the coast lands.

Z. gigas, Spin. Issororo, N.W.D.

Z. sichelianus, Sauss. Inhabiting disused borings in
timber, Courantyne Coast, Berbice.

Genus OpyNnerus, Latr.

O. nasidens, Latr. Courantyne Coast, Berbice.
O. clavilineatus, Cameron. An uncommon species in the
interior. ;

FOSSORES.
Family MUTILLIDAE
Genus Mutiiua, L.
M. (Thaumatomutilla) parallela, Klug. A fairly common
species on the sandy soils of the interior.
M. mediata, ¥. From Courantyne Coast, Berbice. Taken
while issuing aoa some disused borings in timber.
Genus THAUMATOMUTILLA, André,

T. ocellaris, Klug. Tumatumari, Essequebo River.

Family SCOLIADAE.
Subfamily 7'7PHIIN AE.
Genus Trputa, Fab.

T. parallela, Smith. The larva of this wasp is parasitic
on the larva of Dyscinetus bidentatus, Burm. (Coleoptera) ;
fairly common on the coast lands,

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 313

Genus Dretis, Sauss.

D. dorsata, F. Of common occurrence in most parts of
the Colony.

D. hyalina, Lep. (= D. fallax, Sauss.). Fairly common
in most parts.
D. variegata, F. Issororo, N.W.D.
Genus Exits, F.
E. flavopicta, Smith. Turkeyn, East Coast, Demerara.

Family RHOPALOSOMIDAE.

Genus RuopaLosoma, Schulz.

R. guianense, Schulz. At light, Rockstone, Essequebo
River.

Family PSAMMOCHARIDAE.

Genus PskuDAGENTA, Kohl.

. comparata, Sm. Tumatumari, Essequebo River.
. chlorosoma, Sm. Puruni River.

alas

Subfamily PEPSINAE.
Genus CryprocuiLus, Panz.

Q

. purpureipes. A common species on the coast lands.

Genus Prpsis, Fab.

. tinctipennis, Smith. Issororo, N.W.D.
. sapphiria, P. de B. Rockstone, Essequebo River.
. jucunda, Mocs. Rockstone, Essequebo River.
. chlorotica, Mocs. Onderneeming, Essequebo.
. nigrescens, Smith. Rockstone, Essequebo River.
. dimidiata, F. Rockstone, Essequebo River.
. amethystina, F. A common species in most parts of
the Colony.
P. seladonica, Dahlb. Issororo, N.W.D.

[eas oof fh Bla = ea

Subfamily PSAMMOCHARINAE.
Genus PomrrLoGasTER, Ashm.

P. philadelphica, Lep. A common species on the coast
lands.

314 Mr. of Bodkin’s Notes on

Subfamily SPHECINAE.
Genus ScELIPHRON, Klug.

S. fistulare, Dahlb. This species is widely distributed.
Its mud nests are common objects on palings, beneath
houses, and at times within the house itself, behind pic-
tures, etc. The nests are somewhat irregular in shape and
may contain as many as eight or ten “cells. Sometimes
only two cells are constructed together, when the archi-
tecture is then better demonstrated. The usual procedure
is to build one cell and attach it firmly, and then to build
other cells around it. Each cell is stored with spiders,
from sixteen to twenty according to the size of the spiders.
As soon as the requisite number of spiders has been obtained
the cell is closed up. The egg, according to C. B. Williams,
is deposited on dorsal surface of the abdomen of the first
spider placed in the cell. The following observations by
Mr. Williams on the habits of this wasp are of interest.
A wasp which was engaged in constructing its mud cells
was observed, and its movements recorded as follows—

12.5’ 30” p.m. gone for mud,
12.9" 10° spear. returned,

9 add
12 10" ve p-m. gone,
12.17’ 58” p.m. returned,
12.19’ 20” p.m. gone again,
12.22’ 20” p.m. returned,
12.23’ 10” p.m. gone.

PBs

At 12.3745” the wasp entered its nest and remained
inside; 12.38’ 50” the wasp flew away, and on inspection
the nest was found to contain a spider (Fam. Argiopidae—
Gasteracanthinae) with an egg on dorsal surface of abdomen.
This spider was eventually removed by myself. At
12.51’ 15” the wasp returned with another spider, and
went away 12.52’ 15”. At 4.10 p.m. the nest was almost
completely closed. The egg of this species is sausage-
shaped and slightly curved, “dull yellowish white in colour,
with small almost transparent areas towards each end;
length 3-4 mm. Young larvae when first hatched out are
almost 4 mm. in length. They soon attach themselves
to a spider, which they proceed to consume, leaving only
the legs. Development is completed in about two weeks.
The larva then commences to spin its cocoon, which
occupies several days. The cocoon is dark brown in

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 315

colour, and of a papery consistency, easily broken. Pupa-
tion lasts a little over a week, and the adult wasp then bites
its way out through the mud wall of the nest, leaving a
neat circular hole. The small green metallic bee, Huglossa
cordata, L., often utilises these disused cells for its nest.
A fungus occasionally destroys the stored spiders and
finally ‘the young larvae. No actual parasite of the species
has been observed up to the present. It appears, however,
that only about 60 °% of the stored cells produce an adult
wasp.

S. figulus, Dahlb. Closely allied to the above species,
and with similar habits and distribution, though not so
numerous.

Genus SpHex, bh.

S. ichneumoneus, L. A common and widely distributed
species throughout the Colony. For its subterranean nests
it usually chooses a dry piece of soil, often in the centre
of a path or other places where people are frequently
passing. While constructing the initial excavation for its
nest it is a most conspicuous object, moving rapidly about
on the surface of the soil. The following observations
made by Mr. C. B. Willams are of interest. “‘ In this
instance the insect was boring into soft pegass soil on
swampy land at the foot of a hill. High spring tides
from the river invariably cover the land. The burrow
was poomee about 1.40 p.m., and at 1.45 p.m. it was
about 3 inch deep. At 2.19 the wasp entered the hole
backwards, remaining below a few minutes, and then
came out again. Burrowi ing continued till 4 p.m. These
nests are stored with four or five short-winged grass-
hoppers, either nymphs or brachypterous species; the
nest is not closed up between the insertion of each
grasshopper.”

Sphex (Isodontia) costipennis, Spm. Issororo, N.W.D

S. (Harpactopus) thomae, F. An uncommon species
which does not occur on the coast lands. Constructs
burrows in soil and stores them with a single grasshopper,
which is placed head first in the nest. The egg is attached
at the base of the grasshopper’s hind-leg (C. ‘B. W illiams).

Genus Popium, F.

P. denticulatum, Sm. An uncommon though widely
distributed species.

316 Mr. G. # boakin’s Noles on
Subfamily PHILANTHINAE.

Genus Crerceris, Latr.

C. (Trachypus) mexicanus, Cameron, An uncommon
species. Taken while emerging from its burrow in sandy
soil at the base of a tree. Plantation Bath, Berbice.

Subfamily BEMBICINAE.
Genus BemprpuLa, Burm.
B. discisa, Tasch. Upper Demerara River.
B. variegata, Ol, Upper Demerara River.

Genus Moneputa, Latr.

M. pantherina, Hand). A fairly common species in some
parts of the interior, especially where sandy soils exist.
It is quite the largest and fiercest of these insects to
be found in the Colony. Its burrows are stored with
Tabanidae.

M. punctata, Lep. An uncommon species in the interior.

M. signata, Latr. The commonest and most widely
distributed Bembex in British Guiana, It may frequently
be seen about mules and cattle in the pastures waiting to
carry off the Tabanidae which are always present about
these animals. Their burrows may be seen in sandy soil,
and usually occur in colonies of twenty or thirty. A
large species of Bombyhid fly may be seen about these
burrows, occasionally entermg them. Its exact relation-
ship to the wasp has never been actually traced, but. it
is quite possibly parasitic. The fly belongs to the genus
Anthrax.

Subfamily GORYTINAE.,
Genus Gorytes, Latr.

G: brasiliensis, Shuck. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Subfamily LARRINAE.

Genus TacuytEs, Panzer.
T. ametina, Cameron. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Genus Larra, Fab.

L. rubricata, Smith. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 317

Subfamily 7RYPOXYLINAE.
Genus TryPpoxyLon, Latr.

T. palliditarse, Sauss. <A fairly common species on the
coast lands.

T. fugax, F. This insect has been bred from the disused
cells of Humenes canaliculata, Ol. It is of fairly common
occurrence.

T. brevicarinatum, Cameron. A common and widely
distributed species all over the Colony. It usually con-
structs its nest of mud cells beneath a palm leaf. Some-
times as many as twenty-five cylindrical cells are found
cemented together. The largest cells are nearly an inch
in length and about + of an inch in diameter. Small
spiders are stored up by this species.

T. albitarse, F. Bred from a large-sized rounded mud
nest. Potaro River.

T. nitidum, Sm. Issororo, N.W.D.

T. cinereum, Cameron. The habits of this species have
been observed by Mr. C. B. Willams. ‘An elongate mud
cell was constructed by one of these wasps in the angle
of the woodwork of a door. When making these nests a
‘ball’ of mud is collected and applied to the side of the
nest, gradually drawing it downwards as it adheres. A
shrill buzzing sound is emitted the whole time. Thirty
seconds to one minute are occupied in applying one ‘ ball’
of mud. Spiders are stored.”

Family TRIGONALIDAE

Genus TRIGONALYS, Westw.

T. melanoleuca, Westwood. A number of these insects
emerged from the pupae of the Noctuid moth Amyna octo,
Guen., which had been taken from just beneath the surface
of the soil on a sugar estate.

Family CHRYSIDIDAE

Subfamily CHRYSIDINAE.
yenus Curysis, L.

C. punctatissima, Spin. A common species on the coast
lands.

C. distinctissima, Dahlb. Bartica, Essequebo River.

C. parvula, F. Kast Coast, Demerara.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTs II, 111, Iv. (MAY 718) ¥

318 Mr. G. Precakin's Notes on

Family BRACONIDAE,

Subfamily CHELONINAE.
Genus Fornicta, Brullé.

F. clathrata, Brullé. A larval parasite of the Limacodid
moth, Szbine ‘fusca, Stoll. This is a very abundant moth
on the coast lands and attacks a large variety of economic
plants. The parasite emerges before the larva is half
developed. The percentage of parasitism is never very
high.

Subfamily BRACONINAE.
Genus LasropHorus, Hal.

L. fortispinus, Cameron. <A fairly common species on
the coast lands.

Genus JPpHIAULAX, Forster.

I, medianus, Cameron. This is the well-known parasite
of the several species of Diatraea (Lepidoptera) which
bore into sugar-cane in British Guiana. The species is a
common one, it being an easy matter to capture either
sex in the cane-fields. The life-history of the species has
been observed in the field by Mr. Harold Moore, and the
following is his own description : *—-‘ On the morning of
the 12th, in a field at Non Pareil, I Peal a female alight
near the top of a cane-stump, run down the shoot, tapping
it the while with her antennae, till she got to a Diatraea
hole near the base. Into the tunnel she began posure
her ovipositor, when a slight movement on my part,
an endeavour to obtain a closer view of the pestis
disturbed her. Off she flew, but merely to wheel round
and alight again on the shoot, when she found the hole
the same way, and began inserting her ovipositor. I lay
prostrate on the trash bank, as motionless as possible, and
watched. It was 9.28 a.m. Soon after her ovipositor had
been inserted she gave a slight quick backward jerk with
her abdomen, showing she had evidently felt something.
Back down went her abdomen and again a similar jerk.
This occurred three or four times, after which she kept
quite still for several minutes, her ovipositor being well
in the caterpillar’s tunnel. She withdrew her ovipositor
at 9.38, thus occupying about ten minutes in parasitising
the caterpillar, of the presence of which I had no doubt.

* Published in the ‘‘ Daily Argosy,”” Demerara, March 1913.

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 319

I cut out the cane-shoot and took it home. I could not
examine it till next morning (13th), when I found it con-
tained a caterpillar, and in the same tunnel with it was
the egg of the parasite. It is about 3mm. by about 1 mm.
at the widest part—whitish, translucent, firm or leathery—
narrow, elongated, tapering to a long point posteriorly,
where there is a small curved blackish hook. The hook
at the end is evidently for the purpose of keeping the egg
in place. From the above it seems that the caterpillar
is paralysed by the parasite at the time of oviposition.
From observations made on previous occasions, however,
it would appear that paralysis does not, or at least does
not always, occur immediately, but comes on gradually.
The firm texture of the egg prevents it from being injured
should the caterpillar happen to wriggle against it. At
3.30 p.m. on the same day (13th) I observed that the egg
had hatched and that the young larva was peacefully
feeding, attached to the side of the ninth segment of the
caterpillar. It had probably hatched during the forenoon.
The egg-period is therefore very short—about one day.
On the morning of the sixteenth the caterpillar was dead,
almost the whole posterior half having been devoured by
the parasite larva. By the morning of the 17th the
parasite larva had completely devoured the caterpillar,
and was spinning a cocoon in order to pupate. The
larval period, too, is very short—about four days. The
shortness of both the egg and larval stages can be very
readily understood, when it is remembered that the larva
requires fresh food, and has only a single caterpillar on
which to feed. It of necessity therefore has to get through
it rapidly, before extreme decomposition is reached, and
do all its growing in that short time. The larva pupated
at the angle between the shoot and the glass jar. It left
the tunnel, probably on account of the latter shrinking
through drying of the shoot. From other observations I
know that the larval period is sometimes certainly a week.
On the morning of the 31st the perfect insect emerged.
Pupal period therefore about fourteen days. Time from
egg-laying to adult is therefore about nineteen days.”
The cocoon is transparent and constructed of closely
woven silk, giving a membranous appearance. In shape
cylindrical, blunted at both ends. Colour whitish. Length
2°1 em., diameter *4 cm.
I, obscuricarinatus, Cameron. Issororo, N.W.D.

320 wy. rn. Bodkin’s Notes on

Subfamily RHOGADINAE.
Genus MrGarnHoGas, Szep.
M. fuscipalpis, Cam. Rockstone, Essequebo River.

Subfamily AGATHINAE.
Genus SpILOoMICcROoDUS, Cam.
S. nigriceps, Cam. Bartica, Essequebo River.

Family CHALCIDIDAE.
Subfamily TRICHOGRAMMATINAE.
Genus TRICHOGRAMMA, Westw.

T. minutum, Riley. This well-known parasite is of
common occurrence in the Colony as an egg-parasite
of the Cane Borers (Diatraea) and several other species of
Lepidoptera. Its life-history and habits when parasitising
the ova of Diatraea have been fully worked out by myself
and published in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture,
British Guiana, vol. vi, No. 4.

Subfamily CHALCIDINAE.
Genus CuHatcis, F.

C. pandora, Cwid. Bred from the pupa case of a species
of Hesperid (sp. indet.) butterfly feeding on cane blades.
An wncommon species.

C. annulata, F, A common parasite of Brassolis sophorae,
L. (Lepidoptera) and also Caligo ilioneus ilioneus, Cramer
(Lepidoptera). It is widely distributed and the commonest
Chalcid in the Colony.

Genus Smicra, Spin.

S. fulvomaculata,Cam. Bred from the pupa of a Hesperid
butterfly (sp. indet.). An uncommon species.

Family EVANIIDAE.
Subfamily EV ANIINAE.
Genus Evanta, F.

E. erythraspis, Cameron. Issororo, N.W.D.

E. appendigaster, L. This insect emerged from a large
box containing a quantity of seed rice packed in bags.
Innumerable Blattid egg-cases (Periplaneta americana L.),
as well as adult insects, were in the box.

NOTICE TO BINDER

Sketch Map facing p. 164, Part I, to face p. 321, Parts I-IV.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XXJ.

:

André, Sleigh & Anglo, Lid.

BRITISH GUIANA HYMENOPTERA.

i. i e.. /

‘dOOM NI VLVINAWIN VdOOO TAX HO SONINOR
‘PIT ‘Ojsuy D ys1as ‘gapuy

y

TIXX Mf ‘£101 “puoT ios ug ‘suvay

Oe We a aie on eee

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917, Plate XXIII.

Lid.

, Sleigh & Anglo,

André
MUD NEST OF SCELIPHRON FISTULARE

Dahlb.

’

vis aii Nica. |
: Cid |
ia ny .

a 7
= rae ae
'

A
— ae ar}
nai

some British Guiana Hymenoptera. 321

Family IGHNEUMONIDAK, Leach.

Subfamily OPHIONINAE.
Genus ErpHosoma, Cresson.

E. aztecum, Cress.? Issororo, N.W.D.
E. tecanum, Cam. Botanic Gardens, Georgetown.

Genus Henicospitus, Stephens.

H. major, Morley. Attracted to artificial light. Rock-
stone, Hssequebo River.

H. mgricorns, Brullé. Attracted to artificial light.
Rockstone, Essequebo River.

H. flavoscutellatus, Brullé. Attracted to artificial light.
Rockstone, Essequebo River.

H. maculiceps, Cam. Bred from the pupa-case of a
Noctuid moth, Amyna octo, Guen. An uncommon species
on the coast lands.

Genus IToPLECTIS.
I. platana, Morley.
Subfamily ICHEUMONINAE.
Genus Joppa, F.

J. antennator, F. Rockstone, Essequebo River.
J. geminata, Vriuch. Courantyne Coast, Berbice.

EXPLANATION OF PLates XXI-XXIII.

PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1. Synoeca surinama, L.

2. Sceliphron fistulare, Dahlb.

3. Xylocopa fimbriata, F. 9.
-4, = " dare

5. Mud nest of Melipona guianae, Ckll.

6. Mud nest of T'rypoxylon brevicarinatum, Cam.
7. Eumenes canaliculata, Oliv., on its mud cell.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 are about the natural size. Fig. 6 is
considerably reduced.

PLATE XXII.
Borings of Xylocopa fimbriata, F.,in soft wood. Note the “‘ wad”
of sawdust which divides the cells. Considerably reduced.
PLATE XXIII.

Mud nest of Sceliphron fistulare, Dahlb. Slightly smaller than
natural size.

—
ie)
bo
bo

a

XI. On a Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa by
Mr. W. A. Lamborn. By H. Evrrincuam, M.A.,
D.Sc. With notes on the Pierinae, by Dr. F. A.
Drxey, F.R.S., and description of a new form of
P. dardanus 9, by Prof. E. B. Poutton, F.R.S.

[Read June 6th, 1917.]

THe Hope Department at Oxford has recently received a
Collection of Lepidoptera, chiefly Rhopalocera, taken in
1916 by Mr. W. A. Lamborn in the northern central part
of what was German Kast Africa, and it may be not with-
out interest to give particulars of one of the first consign-
ments forwarded from one of our newly acquired territories.

The dates and localities with notes as to the type of
country are as follows. The elevations are approximate.

May 3-6 ~=New Moshi 37° 24’ BE. 3°24’S. Thin woodland,

2925 ft.
», 10-11 Sanja River 37° 10’ E. 3° 28’8. Plain, 2900 ft.
», 10-16 Arusha 36° 42’ E. 3°20’S. Dense evergreen
forest, 4550 ft.
5 19-20 Kikuletwa- 37° BE. 3° 30'S. Thorn-bush, 3500
Darjama R.., ft.
Noisinak
Bridge.
5 20 Loldiloi 36° 50’ E. 3° 36’S. Wooded borders of

river, dry plains
beyond, 3000 ft.
22 Muruangoin, 36° 42’ E. 3°38’S. Thorn-bush, 3550

Ssenje Drift ft.
eG Lolkissale 36° 26’ E. 3°50’S. Thorn-bush, 4—
5000 ft.

June 1-6, 19 Ufiomi(plain) 35°50’ E. 4° 16°S. Dried plain, 4440 ft.
» 2-6 Ufiomi(wood- 35°50° E. 4°16’S. Green river gorge,

land) woodland, with
large trees.
est, Ssalanga 35° 50’ E. 4° 30°S. Thorn-bush — and
woodland, 4500
ft.
eA) Taranjere River, 24 m. S. of, Thorn-bush and

About 36° E.4°S. woodland, 3800 ft.
July 1 New Moshi 37° 24’ E. 3°24’S. Thin woodland,
2925 ft.
7 LO Tanga-Moshi 37° 46’ E. 4°8’S. Thorn-bush, 2900 ft.
Railway, Same.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaARTS II, II, Iv. MAY 718

Dr. H. Eltringham on Butterflies taken in East Africa. 323

July 14 Tanga-Moshi — 37° 56’ E. 4° 36’8. Thorn-bush.
Railway, Mabirioni,
(‘German Bridge ’’)
sree Handeni About 38° E. 6°S. Woodland and
thorn-bush, 2800 ft.
Sept. 6 Bagamoyo, 37 m. N. of Dar-es- Coco plantation,
Salam, on coast 100 ft.
ag alls Ngerengere, on Central Railway, Thick thorn-bush.
100 m. W. of Dar-es-Salam.
ou Kondutschi, 10 m. N. of Dar-es- Coco plantation,

Salam, on coast 50 ft.
Nov. 10-14 Tanga 5°S. on coast. Coco _ plantation,
50 ft.

At the above dates and localities the wet season prevailed
until about June 16, when the dry began. The rain of the
next change was first encountered on September 6.

DANAINAE.

Danaida formosa, Godm.

A nice series in fine condition.
Same, Mabirioni. 9 gg, 3 99. May 16—July 14.

D. petiverana, Doubl.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1g. June 4.

D. chrysippus, Linn.

Forty examples, of which only three are typical chry-
sippus. One approaches alcippoides, Moore, and three are
of the albinus, Lanz, form. The rest are all dorippus,
Klug.* The remarkable corresponding predominance of
the dawa form of Acraea encedon in this collection is
referred to under that species.

All dorippus unless otherwise stated.

Kikuletwa, Darjama River (thorn-bush)—1 92 Mar. 19;
Loldiloi (wooded river-side)—1l1 33, 1d chrysippus, 1 3

* In Seitz’ “‘ Macrolepidoptera,”” Professor Aurivillius separates
the dorippus form as a distinct species, with the remark that there
is not sufficient evidence of its specific identity with chrysippus !

Any good series, however, shows many remarkable intermediates,
and specimens in the Hope Department bred by the late Col. Manders
show in a large number of specimens the instability of the fore-wing
apical black. There can be no doubt that dorippus is a form of
chrysippus just as inaria is a form of misippus.

324 Dr. H. Eltringham on a

albinus May 20; Lolkissale (thorn-bush)—1l 2° May 26;
Same (thorn-bush) 4 gg, 3 92, 1 2 chrysippus July 10;
lg, 12,14 chrysippus, 1 3 albinus July 11; Mabirioni
(thorn-bush) 6 gg, 5 99, 1 3 chrysippus (approaching
aleippordes), 1 2 albinus July 14.

Amauris ochlea, Boisd.

Thirty examples, all typical.
Bagamoyo. 11 gg, 19 99. Sept. 6.

A. damocles f. damoclides, Stgr.
Loldiloi. 1g. May 20.

A. niavius dominicanus, Trim.
Mabirioni, Bagamoyo. 3 gg. July 14-Sept. 6.

A. albimaculata, Butl.
New Moshi, Sanja R., Ufiomi (plains). 23 gg, 5 99.
May 3—June 6.
| Nore.—A. echeria is rare in Kikuyu, common on Kil-
manjaro (Rogers, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 511, 1908), and
albimaculata relatively very rare at Entebbe. |

SATYRINAE
Gnophodes parmeno diversa, Butl.

A single example of the southern and eastern race of
G. parmeno.

Ufiomi (woodland). 19. June 3.

Neocoenyra duplex, Butl.

A single example, apparently of this species, though
differing from typical examples in having the fore-wing
eve spot area merely dusted with red brown scales, instead
of being distinctly red brown.

Ufiomi (woodland). 1g. June 4.

Physeaeneura leda, (erst.

Six specimens somewhat variable in size, but otherwise
normal.

Tanga. 5 g, 19. Nov. 10-14.

aia

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. 325

ACRAEINAE.
Acraea quirina, Fab.

Five females of the usual brownish form. The note
accompanying these examples describes the locality as
dense evergreen forest. This may account for the absence
of male specimens, which probably frequent more open
situations.

Arusha. 5 99. May 16.

A. neobule, Doubl.

Five examples of this widely distributed species, all of
typical pattern and colour.

Ufiomi (plains), Muruangoin, Same. 5 gg. May 22-
July 10.

A. zetes, Linn.

One male of the acara form so greatly modified in re-
semblance to A. pseudolycia astrigera, Butl., that the male
armature gives the principal evidence of its distinction
from that species. Zetes and pseudolycia are certainly
closely allied, and the resemblance would appear to be due
to affinity rather than to mimetic association.

Kikuletwa-Darjama River. 1 g. May 19.

A. insignis, Dist.

A single female approaching the siginna form.
Handeni. 19. July 23.

A. chilo, Godm.

Of the twelve examples received, ten are of the crystallina
form of female, the remaining two are males of the ordinary
form. It is remarkable that whereas the female chilo
becomes more transparent as it extends southward, the
female braesia, and to some extent its male also, becomes
more transparent towards the northern limit of its range.
The male chilo, on the other hand, shows some tendency to
heavier spotting as it extends southward. The localities
where the present examples were taken are further south
than any yet recorded.

Same, Mabirioni. 2 gg, 10 99. July 10-14.

_

326 Dr. H. Eltringham on a

A. egina, Cram.

Ten specimens, three of which are distinctly of the form
harrison, Sharpe, whilst two other males have slight red
streaks in the fore-wing apical area. The harrisoni form
has previously been reported from Bukoba, L. Kivu
district, by Griinberg, who renamed it kivuensis, and
occasional examples have been noted from Uganda to
Nyassa Land. It is merely an intermediate between the
type and the form areca, Mab.

Ufiomi. 7 gg, 3 99. June 2-19. (One harrisoni 3,

June 2, woodland, the rest plains.)

A. acrita manea, Thur.

A fine series of this interesting form. The characteristic
fore-wing subapical spots show considerable variation in
number and size, and in one or two examples they are
present only on the underside. The fore-wing apical black
is slightly broader and the black rings on hind- -wing margin
are more pronounced than in ty pical 1 manca. The examples
are thus to some extent intermediate between manca and
manca f. lidica. Nearly all the females have a brownish
sround-colour, though in one or two examples there is
in the hind-wing a tendency towards the typical flame
orange of the male. The wet season continued till about
June 16, so that these females are fairly consistently of
the wet form.

Ufiomi (plains). 19 gg, 21 99. June 1-6, 19 (wood-
land). 14,19. June 5; Ssalanga. 29. June 9.

A. caldarena f. neluska, Oberth.

Two examples of this form occur. They present no
unusual features. The form is rather rare in collections.
Handeni. 1 g, 19. June 23.

A. pudorella pudorella, Auriv.

One dwarf male example.
Ufiomi (plains). 1g. June 1.

A. braesia braesia, Godm.

In a long series of this species there is one male example
of the regalis form, and several somewhat intermediate
thereto. No specimen shows the peculiarities of the

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. 327 .

Somaliland form mentioned in my monograph, though

several of the females are more than usually transparent.
Ufiomi (plains), Same, Tanga Moshi Ry., Ssalanga,

Mabirioni, Handeni. 34 gg, 8 99. June 5—July 23.

A. equatorialis, Neave.

A single male example in fine condition, presenting the
coloration of true equatorialis combined with the larger
size so usually found in equatorialis anaemia, Eltr. Also
one other specimen of the anaemia form, unfortunately
without data.

Kikuletwa-Darjama R. 1g. May 19.

A. natalica natalica, Boisd.

Five examples of this common species all of typical
appearance.
New Moshi, Sanja R. 4 gg,19. May 6-11.

A. anacreon, Trim.

Two examples of this species were taken, one male and
one female. Though somewhat faded and worn they are
interesting as showing an intermediate condition between
anacreon bomba f. induna, Trim., and anacreon anacreontica,
Gr. Sm. As in the latter, the fore-wing apical black is
very much reduced and the outer half of the wing: is
ochreous; the base of fore-wing and the whole hind-wing
is deep orange as in the induna form. ‘They thus support
my contention that anacreon, bomba, and anacreontica are
all forms of the same species. The resemblance of the
female example to the specimens of acrita manca, with which
it was taken, is very striking.

Ssalanga. 1 3. June 9.

Ufiomi (plains). 19. June 19.

A. encedon, Linn.

Of twenty-one examples there is no specimen of true
encedon. The daira form largely predominates, and
alcippina is absent. It is interesting to note that of forty
examples of D. chrysippus in the same collection, three
are typical, one is the alcippus form, three albinus, and all
the rest are of the dorippus form to which encedon f.
daira corresponds.

Daira—New Moshi (thin woodland) 5 gg May 6;

all

328 Dr. H. Eltringham on a

Sanja River (plains) 2 92 May 10; Arusha (dense forest)
12 May 10, 2 99 May 16; Muruangoin (thorn-bush) | 3
May 22; Ufiomi (plains) 1 Q June 2; (woodland) 1 9 June
5; Mabirioni (thorn-bush) 2 gg July 14; Handeni (wood-
land and thorn) 1 9 July 23.

Encedon (near infuscata)—Arusha 19 May 16.

Encedon, worn, with rather dull coloration—Ufiomi
(woodland) 1 9 June 4; Mabirioni | 3 July 14.

Lycia—New Moshi | 2 May 6; Handeni 1 ¢ July 23.

The above analysis of localities shows that there is little
or no correspondence between the form and the character
of the habitat.

A. sotikensis, Sharpe.

All the specimens are of the form rowena, Eltr., dis-
tinguished from the typical form by having the inner
marginal part of hind-wing patch yellow instead of
red. This form has hitherto only been reported from
Mt. Ruwenzori.

Ufiomi. 8 $3,299. June 1-5 (1 Jf, 2 99 plains, the
rest woodland).

A. eabira, Hoppf.

Three examples of the typical form not calling for
special comment.

Arusha, Sanja R., Mabirioni. 3 99. May 10-July 14.

A. acerata, Hew.

Three examples in marking somewhat intermediate
between the type and the winidia form. One female is
intermediate to the form tenella.

Ufiomi (woodland). 1 3. June 4.

New Moshi. 2 99. July 1.

A. terpsichore, Linn.

A long series of this abundant species. All the males
are of the form rougeti, Guer. The females are not so
variable in form as is usual in this species. Four resemble
the males, the remainder are largely of the form having
dusky fore-wings with more or less whitish subapical
patch, one or two having a great deal of white on the fore-
wing. Only two of the males have any red marks on the
hind-wing underside.

Kikuletwa-Darjama R., Ufiomi, Same, Handeni, New

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. 329

Moshi. 9 ¢¢, 34 99. (5 dg, 27 99. Ufiomi plains, 1 9
woodland.) May 19-July 23.

A. pharsalus, Ward.

Two males of the form pharsaloides, Holl., which seems
generally to replace the typical form in these localities.
New Moshi, Arusha. 2 gg. May 6-16.

A. perenna, Doubl.

One female example of the form thesprio, Oberth., in
which the red colour extends over the greater part of the
fore-wing.

New Moshi. 1 9. May 6.

A. oreas, Sharpe.

Two examples of which the male is of the albimaculata
form, the other, a female, has the tip of the left fore-wing
sienna brown instead of black.

Arusha. 1 gf, 19. May 13-16.

A. esebria, Hew.

A series showing the usual variability. The majority
_ are of the form jacksoni, Sharpe. Two are of the form
protea, Trim.; one female is form monteironis, Butl., and
one female intermediate between monteironis and nubilata,
Eltr.

Arusha, Ufiomi (woodland), Same, Mabirioni. 9 33,
699. May 14-July 14.

A. lyeoa, Godt.
Two examples of the form fallax, Rogenh. This is the

most southern locality I have for this form.
Arusha. 2 99. May 10-13.

A. johnstoni, Godm.

One male is typical. The other two are of the variety
of confusa, Rogenh., which has the hind-wing discal
patch white as well as the fore-wing spots. (See Trans.
Ent. Soc., p. 342, 1912.)

New Moshi, Mabirioni. 3 gg. July 1-14.

Planema aganice montana, Butl.

Kikuletwa-Darjama R., Ufiomi (woodland), Mabirioni,
Arusha. 19,8929. May 16—July 14.

| -
330 _ Dr. H. Eltringham on a

P. quadricolor, Rogenh.
Arusha. 19. May 18.

Pardopsis punctatissima, Boisd.

Same. 14,19. July 10.

With reference to the position of this species Professor
Aurivillius expresses the opinion (in Seitz’ ‘‘ Macrolepi-
doptera ”’) that pending a knowledge of the early stages it
should remain with the Acraemae, with which it agrees in
certain particulars, including the structure of the fore-
legs. I was at some pains in my monograph of the Genus
Acraea to point out that the species does not agree with
Acraea in this last particular.

NYMPHALINAE

Euxanthe wakefieldi, Ward.
Handeni. 1 g,19. July 23.

Charaxes etheocles, Cr.
New Moshi. 1. May 6.

C. candiope, Godt.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1g. June 4.

C. cithaeron, Feld.
Kikuletwa-Darjama R. 1 g. May 19.

C. zoolina, Westw.

This dimorphic species is represented by two examples,
one zoolina and the other neanthes, Hew.

Kikuletwa-Darjama R. @ (zoolina). May 20 (wet
season).

New Moshi. ¢ (neanthes). July 1 (dry season),

C. baumanni, Rogenh.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1 g. June 2.

Euryphura achlys, Hoppf.
Ngerengere. 2 Og. Sept. 13.

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. 33)

Euryphene senegalensis orientis, Karsch.

Kondutschi. 4 33,2 99. Sept. 30.

Ephaedra neophron, Hoppf.

Two males of the ordinary form, and one male which
appears to be a rather worn and faded specimen of the

form violacea, Butl.
New Moshi. 1 3 (violacea). May 6.
Neerengere. 2 $3 (neophron). Sept. 13.

Hamanumida daedalus, Fab.
Handeni. 1 3. July 23.

Neptis agatha, Stoll.
Ufiomi (plains). 2 99. June 1.

N. saclava marpessa, Boisd.

The marpessa form is the continental representative of
the Madagascar saclava, and is very widely distributed.

Ufiomi (woodland). 2 99. June 5,

Byblia ilithyia, Drur.
Same. 14,19. July 10.

B. acheloia, Wallingr.

Wet f. vulgaris, Stgr.
Ufiomi (woodland). 13. June 2.

Eurytela hiarbas lita, R. & J.

The Kast African race of hiarbas, Drur.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1 3. June 2.

E. dryope angulata, Auriv.
The early stages of hiarbas and dryope are, according to
Miss Fountaine, indistinguishable, though their specific

identity seems not yet to have been established.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1 9. June 4.

Hypolimnas misippus, Linn.

One female of the typical form.
Same. 19. July 1l.

332 Dr. Prsttsincham on a

Hypolimnas dubia, Pal.

Four examples of the wahlbergi form, showing consider-
able variation in size, the smallest 70 mm. in expanse and
the largest 100 mm. Also four specimens of the mima
form, of which one, a large female, has the hind-wing pale
area white dusted with yellow.

Arusha, Mabirioni. 4 3¢ (wahlbergi). May 14—July 14.

Ssalanga, Ufiomi (woodland). 2 gg, 2 22 (mma).
June 4-9,

Pseudacraea lucretia expansa, Butl.
Handeni. 19. July 23.

Salamis parhassus aethiops, Pal.

Two fine examples. The species differs from anacardii,
L., in having a glossy surface on the underside of both
wings.

Ufiomi (woodland). 2 99. June 4.

Pyrameis cardui, Linn.

A female of this ubiquitous species taken at an elevation
of 4500 ft.
Ssalanga. 19. June 9.

Catacroptera cloanthe obscurior, Stg.

One female of the dry form of cloanthe, though taken
towards the end of the wet season.
Ufiomi (plains). 1 2. June 2.

Precis octavia, Cram.

A series of this species of which twelve are of the sesamus
or dry season form, and one natalensis. The first example
of sesamus was taken on June 2, and the wet season con-
tinued till about June 16. The remaining dates extend
to June 19. One sesamus taken June 19 shows, by the
red in the fore-wing cell, an approach towards an inter-
mediate form and to the usual dry form of the west coast.

Ufiomi. 6 gg, 6 QO (sesamus). June 2-6, 19 (3 gd,
6 9° taken June 19, under eaves of native hut, Ufiomi
plains; 3 9¢ in woodland, June 2-5).

Ufiomi (woodland). 1 Q (natalensis). June 4.

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. — 333

P. limnoria taveta, Rogenh.
New Moshi, Same. 1 g,19. May 6-July 11.

P. antilope antilope, Feisth.
The dry season form.

Handeni. 1g. July 23.

P. terea elgiva, Hew.
Ufiomi (weodland). 1g. June 6.

LYCAENIDAE.

Teriomima freya, 8S. & K.
Handeni. 4 3g (one doubtful). July 23.

Spalgis lemolea, Druce.
Tanga. 1g. Nov. 10-14.

Uranothauma falkensteini, Dew.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1 3. June 4.

Virachola antalus, Hoppf.
Ufiomi (plains). 19. June 2.

Polyommatus boeticus, Linn.
Ufiomi (plains). 1g. June 2.

Azanus mirza, Plotz.
New Moshi. 2 g¢. May 3.

Azanus sigillatus, But.
New Moshi. 1g. May 3.

PIERINAE.

Terias brigitta, Cram.
New Moshi. 13. May 3.

Terias regularis, Butl.
New Moshi, Tarangere R., Ufiomi (woodland). 9 gg.

May 3-June 20.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTS II, 111, Iv. (MAY 718) z

334

Dr. if Eltringham on a

Teracolus eupompe, Klug.

Tarangere R. 1 ¢.

June 20.

Teracolus evagore, Klug.

The form antigone, Boisd.
Samet odd, uduly Ti.

Teracolus halimede, Klug.

Tarangere R.

9 gg, 4992. July 10-11.

Teracolus chrysonome, Klug.
Loldiloi, Ufiomi (plains), Tarangere R. 3 99, 9 99.

May 20-June 20.

Note.—From the last-named locality there were eight

females and only one male.

Teracolus protomedia, Klug.

Same. 19. July 10.
‘“ Damaged before capture.”

Colias electo, Linn.

Ufiomi (plains).

4 33, one being white.

June 2-3.

Eronia leda, Boisd.

Handeni. 1g. July 23.

Eronia cleodora, Hiibn.

Handeni, Mabirioni.

134,19. July 1423.

Leuceronia argia, Fabr.

Ufiomi (woodland), Handeni.

346. June 3—July 23.

Leuceronia thalassina, Boisd.

Ufiomi (woodland).

10. > dunes:

Leuceronia buquetii, Boisd.

Handeni, Same.

1g,19. July 11-28.

Pinacopteryx vidua, Butl.

Ufiomi (woodland).

19. June 5.

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. — 335

Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd.
New Moshi, Ufiomi. 4 gg. May 6-June 4.

f. astarte, Butl.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1 g. June 4.

Belenois severina, Cram.
Tarangere R., Ufiomi, Same. 1 9,299. June 4—July 11.

Belenois mesentina, Cram.
Handeni. 1g. July 23.

Belenois margaritacea, Sharpe.
Ssalanga. 1 g. June 9.

Mylothris agathina, Cram.

Ufiomi, Handeni. 6 gg, 5 99. June 2, 19, July 23.
1g, 4 22 Ufiomi (plains); 2 g¢, 1 2 (woodland).

Nychitona medusa f. aleesta, Cram.

Ufiomi (woodland). 4 gg, 499. June 2-6.

PAPILIONINAE.

Papilio nireus lyaeus, Doubl.
Differs from true nireus in having a’ much shorter blue
spot in area 2 of hind-wing.

New Moshi. 9 gg. May 3.

P. leonidas leonidas, Fab.
One female example, unfortunately without data.

P. dardanus tibullus, Kirb.
© f. nov. lamborni, Poult.

The single female was captured June 3, 1916, at Ufiomi
(woodland). A male was taken in the same locality on
June 6; a second on June 9 at Ssalanga, and a third on
July 14 at Mabirioni.

The female is an extremely interesting form, being very
similar to that described from much further north in Trans.
Ent. Soc., 1906, p. 290—a trophonius form from the Kikuyu

336 Dr. HMtringham on a

Escarpment (6500-9000 ft.) near Nairobi, with the pale
markings not white but retaining the primitive yellowish
tint of trimeni, and the broad orange marking incompletely
developed, so that it does not quite fill its usual area, the
outer end of the fore-wing patch remaining yellowish. It
was pointed out in the paper referred to, that this specimen
supported the conclusion that trophonius had arisen direct
from trimeni and not indirectly from it by way of hippocoon.
The existence of another specimen of the same form from a
very different locality affords confirmation. The differ-
ences between the two specimens are only such as are found
between different individuals of each of the female forms
of dardanus. Thus, the southern specimen from a lower
altitude is considerably larger, being just over 90 mm.
in expanse as against just under 80 mm.; but a small size
is characteristic of both males and females of dardanus
polytrophus from the high Kikuyu Escarpment. The
southern specimen is darker and richer in colouring, but
this difference is intensified by its freshness; its hind-wing
orange patch is squarer, with a more pronounced angle
in area 5, and is more encroached upon by the broader
black margin. A vestige of the “tail”? involving the
lengthening of vein 4 is seen in the northern specimen but
not in the southern, just as it is present in some trzmeni,
but not in others.

In the fore-wing the band of black ground-colour between
the sub-apical bar and the orange patch on the inner margin
is about twice as wide in the southern specimen, and there
is also far less invasion of the cell by this orange patch.
Furthermore the sub-apical bar and the spot in the cell
are fused in the Kikuyu example, quite distinct in the
southern. The cell spot itself is double in the latter, single
in the former.

In spite of these and other differences both females belong
to a characteristic form for which I propose the name
lamborni. It may be defined as a triment form in which
the yellowish ground-colour of the main area of both wings
is replaced, but incompletely in the fore-wing, by orange.
The specimen from Ufiomi is probably more typical, and
I therefore select it as the type of this female form.

The three males are all of the tébullus form with the black
discal band of the hind-wing heavily marked, although not
so strongly developed as it commonly is in this sub-species.
The band of the specimens taken June 6 and June 9 shows

Collection of Butterflies taken in East Africa. 337

in area 5 a marked “ costal gap,” closed on its outer side
by a narrow black V with apex outwardly directed. In the
male of July 14 a slight indication of the “anal gap” is
‘represented by a thinning of the black band, from without
inwardly, in area 3.

The pattern of these three males together with the
geographical distribution of all four specimens shows that
this lamborni female belongs to the subspecies tibullus.
The Kikuyu example of this form, on the other hand,
belongs to polytrophus.

H. 8. P:

HESPERIIDAE.

Tagiades flesus, Fab.
Ufiomi (woodland). 1 g. June 6.

Cyelopides, sp. ?

One example not yet identified. This specimen is
evidently closely allied to Cyclopides trisignatus, Neave,
from which it differs principally in the total absence of
orange spots in the hind-wing.

Ufiomi (woodland). June 6.

F 33

XII. Further notes on recapitulatory attitudes in Lepi-
doptera. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D.

[Read October 3rd, 1917.]

I HAvE made a few more observations on the methods
followed by some Lepidoptera in passing from the attitude
of drying their wings after their expansion to their ordinary
attitude of rest. The subject is interesting from any point
of view, and especially as it points to each species that has
a special resting attitude adopting during this period certain
positions that are actually, or in some degree recall, the
ordinary resting attitude that is not theirs but that of the
group to which they belong, or that is most frequent in
Lepidoptera.

I have only had opportunity to observe three more
species of butterflies. They agree with those reported on
last year, in making certain opening and closing wing
movements, not after the wings are dry, but during the
process of drying; so far as my few observations 20 nothing
of this sort occurs in the Heterocera.

In P. rapae this was seen to suggest an effort, which the
limpness of the undried wings prevented being successful,
to spread the wings flatly, as in the resting attitude of so
many Lepidoptera. The other species noticed had similar
alternations of opening and closing the wings, but through
a much smaller angle that would not suggest an effort to

extend them flatly, but for the fact that ‘they were obvi-

ously of the same character as in P. rapae. Though this
curious habit may have some other meaning, none has
occurred to me but that mentioned in my previous paper.

With regard to the Heterocera observed, the Geometers
follow broadly the same procedure as did those reported in
the previous paper, and suggest that the habit they exhibit
will obtain in all similar Geometers, that is, similar in having
resting positions other than the typical deltoid one. My
examples come from each of the three largest sub-families
of our British Geometers, so that the habit is in no w ay
of classificatory value. This conclusion is confirmed by
finding that precisely the same reminiscence of the typical
resting position occurs in the quite unrelated F. falcataria.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTS II, 11, 1v. (MAY 718)

Dr. T. A. Chapman on attitudes in Lepidoptera. — 339

The detailed notes taken minute by minute during the
observations, as I gave them in my first notes on this
subject, seem of little value, except as proof that the
observations actually were made, so I do not append them,
but rather describe the general succession of events in each
species, instead of leaving them to be worried out of memo-
randa made hurriedly during the observations, and not
perhaps easily understood, owing to their abbreviated
nature, except by mvself.

The species observed were—

P. brassicae. The wings expand to a position the same
as the normal resting position, that in which most Lepi-
doptera dry their wings. Almost as soon as one can say
expansion is completed, the wings are opened apart to a
position in which the fore and hind wings being together,
the mid-costae are 8 to 12 mm. apart, and the apices 3 to
8 mm., so that the attitude corresponds to that which in
P. rapae I have described as bell-shaped; but the separa-
tion is so slight in comparison that this attitude would not
in brassicae “suggest any resemblance to the outline of a
bell. It is, however, essentially the same, in that the wings
being limp the apices approach each other, more than
the mid- costae, and are in fact 3 to 8 mm. apart instead
of 12 to 20, as they would be if the wings were stiff. They
maintain this attitude for about thirty- five seconds and then
close, so that the costae are in contact to within 4 mm.
of the thorax. They remain so for about forty-five seconds
and are again opened to the open position. This alterna-
tion is repeated about fourteen or fifteen times. The

actual opening and closing takes about ten seconds.
The period during which the wings are open is very similar
to that during which they are closed, viz. about thirty-
five to forty- five seconds. These vary a little in the same
specimen and between different specimens, but only by a
few seconds. 1 ought to have said that when open there
is the variation of 8 to 12 mm. at mid-costa in different
specimens, not in the same specimen, and that 8 mm. at
mid-costa corresponds to 3 at apices, 12 mm. to 8 at
apices. At the fifth or sixth opening the hind-wing tends
to open a little before the fore-wing, separating from them
by a millimetre or two in the process. About the seventh
or eighth opening, the wings are seen to be stiffer than at
first, “and the apices are as wide apart as the mid-costae.
About the tenth the apices open wider then the mid-costae,

| -
340 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Further Notes on

the wings being stiffer and holding themselves straighter.
About this time the hind-wings tend to be a little separate
from the fore-wings when open. Then the fore-wings open
but little and the hind- wings rather more. Gradually by
about fourteenth opening the hind- -wings only open, or the
fore-wings hardly perceptibly ; gradually the separation of
the hind- wings diminishes, and somewhere about the six-
teenth to twentieth alternation one may say the process
has finished. When closed, the wings at first close very
close up to the thorax, their limpness causing no resistance
by the further portion of the wings to this approximation ;

as the wings get stiffer they do not close so far up, only
sometimes for a third or half- way from the apex. Later,
when the final resting attitude is assumed, they close
further up, nearly as far as at the first closing. One or
two specimens opened more than the usual 8 or 12 mm.,
one as much as 20 mm. and might fairly be described as
in the bell attitude.

Throughout the process the butterfly at intervals, with-
out reference to the wings being opened or closed, makes
a shivering movement, at others rocks to and fro a little—
this more frequently on closing the wings, and more frequent
in later stages—and makes a few fluttering movements of
the wings of an amplitude of about.0°5 mm. All this time
the antennae are well separated, much as in the mature
butterfly, but are directed slightly behind a line at right
angles to the line of the body, which is reached by them
about the time the wings finally close, but do not reach the
final somewhat porrect “position till an hour or more after;
their advance to this position is gradual and imperceptible.
The hind-wings have the costae nearly level with those of
the fore-wings when mature, during the opening and shut-
ting movements they are usually a millimetre or two behind.

We have here, though less obvious, just as in P. rapae,
an effort to assume the Lepidopterous resting attitude, 7. e.
with the wings flat, but as in P. rapae it occurs not after
the wings are dry but during their drying, being as it were
pushed backwards in the ontogeny.

Pieris napt. The process in nap? is almost intermediate
between those of rapae and brassicae, the bell attitude
results from the wings being depressed to an angle of about
45° (90° between the opposite wings) instead of the 90° of
rapae or the 15° or 20° of brassicae. The details differ a
little, but hardly to a degree worth full description.

“

recapitulatory attitudes in Lepidoptera. 341

Chrysophanus dispar. var. rutilus emerges about 9.30 a.m.
Wings expand very rapidly in from six to ten minutes,
they expand to butterfly resting attitude, 7.e. wings
closed dorsally. There then begins a succession of what
must be called opening and shutting the wings, though
the opening only amounts to a separation of 2 or 3 mm.
When closed, the wings (costae) are in contact for four-
fifths of their length, “when open, though the wings are
elsewhere separated, the apices may in some cases meet.
They remain closed for about thirty seconds and open for
forty-five seconds, but the time varies a little, for about
sixteen times in twenty minutes and then for several times
more, but so slightly as to be almost doubtful, settling
down to the distal two-thirds of the wings touching at the
end of half an hour. About the middle of the period the
hind-wings open from the fore-wings, so that their tips are
6 or 7 mm. apart during several “periods of being open.
Various minor details as to movements of proboscis and
positions of antennae are not perhaps worth reporting.

Smerinthus populi and ocellatus only afforded me three
observations; they have a habit, very trying for this pur-
pose, of emerging hardly before and usually a good time
after midnight. ‘They expand the wings into the drying
attitude, and then gradually and imperceptibly open them,
during about half an hour, to the ordinary resting attitude
for ae fore-wing; the Bia -wing 1s then only partially
advanced to show its costa, not more, in fact, than is
compelled by its greater widt h; they project about 7 7mm.,
and it is some time before they advance to show nearly
double this width.

It cannot be said, so far as my meagre materials justify,
that these species show any attempt to exhibit the normal
Lepidopterous resting position.

Falcaria falcataria ‘follows very closely the habits of the
pcometers, Eiphyras, Acidalias, ete. It emerges about 5 to

5.30 a.m. _ rarely or never after 6.30. It expands the wings
otis an “hour, then throws them back into usual drving
attitude with a little sudden jerk, remains so for perhaps
forty minutes, then gradually lowers them, 7. e. with no
sudden jerk to flat attitude, with inner margins against
body, 7. e. to normal Geometer resting attitude. ‘Some speci-
mens advance the fore-wings eradually and very slowly to
the resting attitude of the species, 7. e. exposing much of

5 . . .
the hind-wings; others remain in the triangular position

342 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Further Notes on

much longer, probably till period of evening flight in most
cases.

Phalera bucephala. The resting attitude in most Noto-
donts is the normal one with the wings in pent-house
position. In bucephala this is, one may say, exaggerated,
so that the wings curl round the body in such a way that
the costae of the fore-wings approach each other beneath
the insect, and the apices are never more than a few milli-
metres apart, and may touch if the object on which the
moth rests permits or favours this.

The wings expand to a position in which their surfaces
form a flat arch over the dorsum, then they are thrown back
in the usual wav into butterfly attitude. They remain so,
drying, for half an hour, and are then deflexed to about
the arched position to which they expanded, the surfaces
of the fore-wings being at an angle of about 110°, the inner
margins in contact and the apices 25 mm. apart. In about
an hour the angle of the wing surfaces to each other is 90°,
and the apices are only 16 mm. apart. The wings have
already a little curvature. In another hour the tips are
only 9mm. apart, and in successive hours they are noted as
6 mm., 4mm. and 3 mm. apart. Three hours more they
are observed to be touching; this movement, from the
rather flat pent-house position, to that of the wings being
so curled round the body, is gradual, with no actual move-
ment observed at any time, and would appear to depend
on the gradual acquirement by certain wing muscles of
the necessary tonicity.

H. abruptaria emerges in ‘the afternoon about 4 or 5 p.m.
A specimen kept the wings in ordinary Geometer position
(triangular) from 5.30 to 7 30, though disturbed once about
the middle of this period. Ten minutes later (7.40 p.m.)
it had assumed the ordinary resting attitude of the species
with the fore-wings advanced.

T. consonaria emerges about 4 p.m. An hour later the
Wings are expanded and the butterfly attitude taken, and
in another half-hour they are deflexed to the ordinary
triangular Geometer resting position, which is maintained
for at least two hours and probably as a rule till the time
of flight, but on earlier disturbance the usual resting posi-
tion with advanced fore- -wings is assumed on resting again.
I did not ascertain after how short a period in the tnangular
position this would oceur.

In Tephroclystis tsogrammata the wings were maintained

i i ee

hey Serre TC. a) ee
i

recapitulatory attitudes in Lepidoptera, 343

in the drying (butterfly) attitude onlv twelve minutes, and
were then placed in the Geometrid (deltoid) position. Being
disturbed some five minutes later, so that it ran two inches,
it settled again in the same attitude. The two costae form
an angle of about 100°; an hour later it was about 150°,
and in another hour the usual resting posilion was attained,
with costal angle of 190° to 200°, 7. e. with the wings forward
of having the costae in line.

Selenta ilustraria, This species differs a good deal from
S. allunaria in its methods of proceeding from wing expan-
sion to the normal resting position. Though in a warm
room, Specimens would occasionally be more than half
an hour after emergence before any sign of the wings
expanding could be detected. The wings then expanded
rather rapidly, taking, however, usually about or a little
over thirty-five minutes to expand. When expansion is
completed the wings hang backwards, but only the tips of
the fore-wings touch each other, not indeed always doing
so. Then gradually the wings approximate to the butter-
fly attitude, that is, closely “pressed together dorsally, so
that the costae are coincident for their distal halves.

The moth selects a vertical or, if possible, a slightly
overhanging positicn in which to expand, so that now they
hang downwards, more or less, whilst in this backward
position. A special feature is that this dorsal position is
eradually attained by quite imperceptible movement, and
this peculiarity continues throughout the whole evolution
from the beginning of expansion to the attainment of the
normal resting position; there is no sudden movement as
is so common, either of throwing the wings back, or assum-
ing the resting position.. This closing backwards is attained
in ten or fifteen minutes after expansion is completed; the
wings are kept so for about twenty minutes and then are
gradually separated in a minute or two till the costa of
fore-wings are separated to an angle of 10° or 15°; the
separating movement is continued in the same gradual,
hardly noticeable manner, till in about two more minutes
the angle is 60°, in two more 90°, and in two or three more
finally 100° or 110°. Usually the process is rather slower,
and varies a good deal in its rapidity at different stages.
In the position of the moth, gravity no doubt tends to
make the wings hang directly backwards ; nevertheless, the
position of the wings at this stage is with the costae of
the anterior wings at an angle with each other of about

344 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s Further Notes on

120°, and of the flat surfaces of the wings of about 140°;
the costae not being so far advanced as to be in a plane
transverse to the line of the insect body, but behind this
in a plane that slopes backwards from it at a consider-
able angle. This position, which appears to represent the
memory y of the normal (triangular) resting attitude of Geo-
meters, may last about thirty minutes, and in another
thirty minutes the wings close again dorsally to a costal
angle of about 45°. At this point the costae of the fore-
and hind- wings on either side are nearly coincident.

In the same gradual imperceptible way in which the
other movements occur, the fore-wings advance from the
hind-wings. Measured from costa to costa at the post-
discal line it takes about two hours for the fore-wings to
be 3 mm. in advance of the hind-wings, the fore- and
hind-wings being stili in the same plane. Then, still
very gradually, the fore-wings assume the curious bend in
a line below vein 2 that characterises the ordinary
resting attitude of the species, the inner part of the wing
being in the same plane with and close against the hind-
wing, the greater (costal) portion being raised at a con-
siderable angle. At the end of another hour one may
think this attitude is attained, at the end of two one has
no doubt it is. All the progress and the movements
involved are so gradual and imperceptible that it is difficult
to divide them into stages and say when each is complete.

Illustraria emerges in the morning about 6.30 to 7.30
a.m.

Ennomos lunaria. The wings are thrown back when
expanded, and some ten minutes later and when appar-
ently dry are opened gradually, so that in about six minutes
they nearly approach a flat position, instead of 180° (flat),
between the two fore-wings they are about 160° or 170°.
In some ten minutes the angle diminishes to that of normal
resting, perhaps 80°, but there is still no angulation of fore-
wing, and the hind- -wing is only 3 or 4 mm. behind
fore-wing. The complete resting attitude with fore-wing
advanced and with the longitudinal fold is not attained
till an hour or two later. I see that in one specimen [|
noted the wings were opened till quite flat; in another
they did not get quite as far, but I did not note the angle.
The costae of fore-wings nrade an angle of 90°, but the wing
surfaces were much more.

Fidonia piniaria emerges 6 to 8a.m. The wings expand

—

recapttulatory attitudes in Lepidoptera. 345

to the dorsal (butterfly) position in about twenty minutes ;
in about ten minutes more they are gradually separated,
so that in two or three minutes the wings are separated so
that the apices are some 18 mm. apart, the angle between
the wings being about 40°. They remain thus for about
six or seven minutes, the wings appearing to be quite dry
and stiff. They then gradually close, at the rate of about
1mm. (for each wing) a minute, and in ten or twelve minutes
the butterfly attitude (the normal resting attitude of
piniaria) is reached, to appearance, but they are not tightly
closed for ten or twenty more minutes. The whole process
is gone through very rapidly (compared with most other
species). After the wings are dry they are separated, but
not widely, so that the reminiscence of the flat deltoid
attitude, though still present, is comparatively brief and
shght. The process reminds one of that obtaining in the
butterflies, but the important difference is that it takes
place after, not during drying; also, of course, it is one,
not a succession of movements.

S. illunaria and F. piniaria both have a normal resting
attitude similar to that of the butterflies, with the wings
raised over the back; but the reminiscence of the ordinary
Geometrid attitude which they display, in the interval
between the completion of the drying of the wings and the
assumption of their resting attitude, two attitudes that are
identical and that one would expect to find continuous, is
curiously different in the two species. In both species,
however, the reminiscence is there.

In the Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée, Fasc. V (11),
p- 115, Mr. H. Powell records how Syrichthus mohammed,
Obthr., having expanded its wings in the closed (‘‘ butter-
fly’’) attitude, depresses them to the Geometrid or tri-
angular position, and gives photographs on Pl. Hj, Fasc.
VI and Pl. Hb, Fasc. V (1m) and of S. proto on Pl. 27,
Fasc. VII. He says this position is kept for only a short
period. In complete repose the wings are closed in butter-
fly attitude; when basking, the depressed wings have the
costae at right angles to the body; when. resting briefly
the fore-wings are well raised. This merely summarises a
valuable demonstration that the recapitulatory attitude is
very manifest in Syrichthus. In this habit the “ Skipper”
appears to be nearer the Heterocera than to the butterflies.

YF 6 )

XI. A Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae
(Diptera) with special reference to the Gall-midges
of the North of England. By Ricuarp 8. BAGNALL,
F.L.S., and J. W. Hestor Harrtsow, D.Sc.

[Read May 2nd, 1917.]

For many years the Cecidomyidae, a family of Diptera,
familar enough to naturalists in a cursory sort of way
(because it embraces the little flies known as “ Gall-
midges ’’), has been neglected by British entomologists, in
spite of its extent and ‘great economic importance.

Of its members a considerable proportion are purely
gall-causers, each producing its particular gall on its
host- plant or plants. These galls are characteristic of the
species and are therefore part “of its specific characters, but,
unlike many such distinctions, they can be thoroughly
relied upon as a means of determining the species. They
are not, as many entomologists unacquainted with their
stability think, unworthy of consideration; such an
opinion simply displays ignorance on the part of its
holder.

Any one taking up the study of the group in real
earnest will soon find that many do not fall into the
category of genuine gall-makers. Their modes of life are
exceedingly varied, and thereby render the subject the
more interesting. Some feed as larvae under bark, in
decaying wood, in stems of grasses, sedges, fungi and
MOsses ; others, again, find their food in epiphytic fungi
such as rusts, Sains and mildews. We find still more
figuring as commensals and inquilines in the galls of
Cynipidae, Gall-midges and other insects, and also of the
Gall-mites (Hriophyidae), whilst others have larvae ecto-
parasitic or predatory on Aphididae, and Eriophyid and
other mites. Of the remainder, a small number are
Endoparasites, the larvae living in the abdomens of certain
Hemiptera (Aphididae, Psyllidae and Tingidae).

Some of the Lestreminae, like those of the genus Miastor,
reproduce their kind by paedogenesis, and are of extreme
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTS I, 11, Iv. (May 718)

Messrs. Bagnall and Harrison’s British Cecidomyidae. 347

importance in biology as suitable subjects for studying the
early segregation of germ-cells.

There is no excuse for our naturalists to continue this
systematic neglect of the group. Houard (1908-1913)
includes descriptions of all the then-known Cecidomyid
galls of the western section of the Palaearctic area in his
great work on the Zoocecidia. Furthermore, there has
been in recent years a steady flow of literature as the
result of the researches of continental entomologists such
as Kieffer, Trotter, Tavares and Riibsaamen. The first-
named author’s monograph in Wytsman’s “‘ Genera
Insectorum ” (fase. 152), which appeared in 1913, will,
with the fine productions of Dr. Felt, in America, form
the groundwork of much further work. Lastly, an
Italian periodical, ‘‘ Marcellia,” edited by Prof. Trotter,
keeps one up to date with new researches.

It will thus be seen that in the Cecidomyidae we have a
group not only displaying abundant and varied interest in
its biology, but one provided with a literature unusually
rich for a “ neglected order.”

During the past three seasons we have devoted much
of our leisure in this fascinating study and with consider-
able success. We have therefore been tempted to publish
the present list as a record of our labours and as a basis
for future work and workers. We have included references
to (a) original descriptions of genera and species, (b) Kieffer’s
1913 Monograph, and (c) to Swanton and Houard as far
as Gall-midges are concerned, quoting only the authors’
numbering of the gall. In addition we have appended
an index to the host-plants. Owing to the fact that
Connold’s works on galls are very far from complete, and
also because Swanton supersedes them, we have not
deemed it necessary to refer to that author.

Soon we hope to prepare a book on British Zoocecidia,
and later, when we have bred out and studied, as far as
our limitations will allow, the life histories of the insects,
we shall, in all probability, proceed with a more elaborate
monograph of the Cecidomyids. It is, then, for these
reasons that we characterise this as a “‘ preliminary ”’ list.

The species noted from the north of England, e. g. from
the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland,
Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire and Yorkshire, are
shown in heavy type. Species not yet reported from that
area are shown in italics, whilst those ascribed to older

348 Messrs. R. 8. paral and J. W. H. Harrison’s

authors and requiring confirmation (see italicised names in
Collin, 1904) are enclosed in square brackets. Although
most of Walker’s species are capable of being correctly
assigned to Kieffer’s genera, as species they are insufficiently
defined and thus unrecognisable by students; they are
therefore neglected here.

By keeping in close touch with each other we have been
able to duplicate the records of very many of the most
interesting occurrences; in fact, the wealth of records is
a welcome feature. Except where a name is added all
records are our own; outside the Northumberland and
Durham area the first-named author is almost entirely
responsible for the records from Lancashire and Cheshire
(see Bagnall, 1917-1), and the few from Cumberland and
Westmoreland, and from Redear and Leeds, whilst the
second-named author is similarly responsible for the
Cleveland area, Yorkshire. We also add Mr. Burkill’s
Yorkshire records (Burkill, 1916, 1917).

An asterisk in the main list denotes species not shown
in the lists of Collin, 1904, and Swanton, 1912.

CONTENTS
I. Classified List of British Cecidomyids with
North of England Records . . pp. 348411
II. Check list of named species. . pp. 411-417
III. Index to Host-plants . : . pp..417-422
IV. Literature; references in brief . pp. 422-426

I. Ciasstrtep List oF British CrcrpomyIpAE WITH
NortH oF ENGLAND RECORDS.

Subfamily CECIDOMYINAE.
Group LASIOPTERARIAE.

Clinorrhyneha H. Loew, 1850, p. 21.

*1. C. chrysanthemi H. Loew, 1850, p. 39; Kieffer, 1913-2,
pe ho;
Affecting achenes of Matricaria inodora and Anthemis
Cotula. See Houard, 5722 and 5665.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland,

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 349

*2. C. millefolii Wachtl, 1884, p. 161; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 20.
Affecting achenes of Achillea Millefolium and more rarely
A. Ptarmica. See Houard, 5672 and 5701.
More sparing than C. chrysanthemi; records from all
counties excepting Lancashire and Westmoreland.

*3. C. leucanthemi Kieffer (chrysanthemi Schiner non H.
Loew), 1889-1, p. 285; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 20.
Affecting achenes of Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.
Houard, 5726.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Whitfield. Duruam, Birtley dis-
trict, Fatfield. Also from Scotland.

Trotteria (for Choristoneura (praeocc.) Riibs.) Kieffer,
1901-1, p. 561.
*4. T. galii Riibsaamen, 1912-1, p. 376; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 22.

rall on Galium verum, = Cecidomyid sp., Houard, 5290.

LANCASHIRE, several, in a field near Ainsdale. Norvru-
UMBERLAND, Bamburgh and Warkworth, not rare. DURHAM,
Blackhall Rocks, three examples only. Also from Scotland.

~-*5. T. sarothamni Kieffer, 1890-1, p- 136 (Lasioptera) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 22.
Galling seed-pods of broom. Houard, 3411.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, near Ovingham; and Duruam, Gib-
side; rare, lane between Rowley and Lanchester; Birtley.

*Da. T. umbelliferarum Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 47; 1913-2,
p. 22.
On Anthriscus.
Duruam, Gunnergate.

Lasioptera Meigen, 1818, p. 88.
6. L. albipennis Meigen, 1804, p. 40 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-4, pol.

7. L. arundinis Schiner, 1854, p. 175; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. dl.
Galling Phragmites communis. Swanton, 49; Houard,
241.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Billingham.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTS II, II, IV. (MAY ’18) AA

350 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*8. L. calamagrostidis Riibsaamen, 1893, p. 164; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 31.
On Phalaris arundinacea.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Durnam, Birtley and
Gibside.

*9. L. earophila F’. Loew, 1874, p. 149; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 3l.

Abroad this midge galls many species of Umbelliferae.
Duruam, Wolviston on Anthriscus, and Penshaw Hill

on Pimpinella Saxifraga. Not recorded from the Anthriseus
in Houard.

10. L. rubi Heeger, 1851, p. 203; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 32.
Galling stems of Rubus. Swanton, 478, 483 and 489;
Houard, 2964, 2976 and 3024.
- NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, not uncommon. ° Dur-
HAM, on bramble, Ryhope; Tinkler Fell; Birtley. York-
SHIRE, Nunthorpe.

*11. Lasioptera sp. Riibsaamen; Schlechtendal.

Molinia caerulea, stem. Howard, 251.
DuruHam, near Lanchester.

Baldratia Kieffer, 1897-3, p. 6; 1913-2, p. 24.
*12. B. salicorniae Kieffer, 1897-3, p. 7; 1913-2, p. 26.

On Salicornia radicans. See Houard, 2240.
DuruHaM, Greatham.

Stefaniella Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 55; 1913-2, p. 28.

*13. S. brevipalpis Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 53; 1913-2, p. 29.

On Atriplex (Obione) portulacoides. Houard, 2224.
Duruam, Greatham.

Group OLIGOTROPHARIAE.

[Neocerata Coquillett, 1900, p. 47.+

*13a. [N. rhodophaga Coquillett, 1900, p. 47; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 41.

+ Felt sinks this as a synonym of Dasyneura (= Perrisia).

,

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 351

NoRTHUMBERLAND, examples taken in the buds of
cultivated roses at Ninebanks are possibly referable to
this species.

Rhopalomyia Riibsaamen, 1892, p. 370.

14. R. millefolii (achilleae Inchb. 1860) H. Loew, 1850,
p. 37 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 44.

Galls on Achillea Millefoliwum and more rarely on A.
Ptarmica. Swanton, 815, 816, 817, 818 and 823, 824;
Howard, 5673, 5680, 5685, 5691.

NorTHUMBERLAND and Duruam, sparingly but widely
distributed. LANCASHTRE, once only, near Ainsdale.

15. R. tanaceticola Karsch, 1879, p. 27 (Oligotrophus) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 44.

Somewhat similar galls on Tanacetum vulgare. Swanton,
830, 831, 832; Houard, 5750, 5752, 5754.

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Chathill; Warkworth. Dur-
HAM, several records for the Wear and Team valleys.

Misopatha Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 48.
*16. M. florum Kieffer, 1890-2, p. 37 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 45. |
On Artemisia vulgaris. Houard, 5817.
Duruam, between Lambton and Cox Green; Greatham
and Port Clarence.

17. M. foliorum H. Loew, 1850, p. 36 (Cecidomyia);
_ Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 45.

On Artemisia vulgaris and Abrotanum. Collin (1904, p.
94) places abrotani of Trail (1886, p. 250) as a synonym of
this species. Swanton, 834; Houard, 5824.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Budle Bay. Duruam, Billingham;
Birtley.

18. M. ptarmicae Vallot (jflorica Winn), 1849, p. 98
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 46.

On Achillea Millefolium and A. Ptarmica. Swanton, 813,
814 and 822; Houard, 5676, 5681 and 5706.
Sparingly, all counties excepting Cheshire.

352 Messrs. R. 8. Baffall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*19. M. syngenesiae H. Loew, 1850, p. 39 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 46.
On Anthemis Cotula and Matricaria inodora. Houard,
5666 and 5723.
Apparently widely distributed ; records from all counties.

Arceuthomyia Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 49.

*20. A. valerii Tavares, 1906, p. 299 (Rhopalomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 48.

On Juniperus communis. Houard (supplement), 6277
(see H. 135).

LANCASHIRE and WESTMORELAND, Hampsfell and Meat-
hop Fell near Grange-over-Sands. The species was origin-
ally described from the Mediterranean on Juniper us
oxycedrus, but in 1912 Cotte recorded it from France on
the common Juniper.

Oligotrophus Latreille, 1805, p. 288.+
21. O. juniperinus Linné, 1758, p. 588; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 49.
On Juniperus communis. Swanton, 11; Houard, 129.

DurHAM, near Chester-le-Street. LANCASHTRE and
WESTMORELAND, Grange-over-Sands district.

*22. O. panteli Kieffer, 1898, p. 18; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 49.
On Juniperus communis, known throughout Kurope.
Houard, 126.
LANCASHIRE and WESTMORELAND, Grange-over-Sands
district, locally common.

*23. Oligotrophus sp. Riibsaamen and others,

On Juniperus communis. Houard, 125.
LANCASHIRE, Hampsfell near Grange-over-Sands, rare.

*24. O. alopecuri Rent., 1895, p. 3; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 50.
In seeds of Alopecurus pratensis.
CHESHIRE, Chester. Miss Ormerod, 1885, p. 32. See
Supplemental Note, Collin, 1904, p. 97. NorTHUMBER-
LAND and DuruaM, locally common.

+ O. juniperinus, O. panteli and another Juniper species truly
belong to this genus as now limited, but all other species are placed
here temporarily pending further research.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 353

25. O. bursarius Bremi, 1847, p. 52 (Cecidomyia); Kiefier,
1913-2, p. 50.
Galling leaves of Glechoma hederacea. Swanton, 706;
Houard, 4809.
Records from all counties.

*26. O. fagineus Kieffer, 1909, p. 7 (gall); 1913-2, p. 50.
Leaves of Fagus, parenchymatous gall, = Cecidomyid.
Houard, 1156.
NORTHUMBERLAND, rare, Warkworth. Duriaam, Lamb-
ton; Gibside. Yorksuire, Leeds.

*27. Oligotrophus sp. Riibsaamen, Trotter.

A very distinctive gall on beech leaves, previously only
known from Russia and Asia Minor. Houard, 1157.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks (Rev. J. E. Hull).

*28. O. hartigi Liebel, 1892, p. 283 (Hormomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 50.
Leaves of Tilia, parenchymatous gall; local.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth and Ovingham, sparingly.
Duruam, Gibside, local; Castle Eden Dene. CUMBERLAND,
near Alston. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. YorK-
SHIRE, Leeds.

*28A. O. loewianus Kieffer, 1909, p. 4; 1913-2, p. 50.

On Carex arenarius.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*29. O. reaumurianus I’. Loew,+ 1878, p. 387 (Hormomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 50.
An interesting gall on leaves of Tilia spp.

YORKSHIRE, Gunnergate, on one tree only. Also re-
corded by Mr. Burkill from W. Gloucestershire.

*30. O. tympanifex Kieffer, 1909, p. 6 (gall); 1913-2, p. 50.
In leaves of Corylus, parenchymatous gall, = Cecido-
myid, Houard, 1061.
Local, though apparently widely distributed; records
from all counties.

+t Referable to the genus Didyomyia Riibsaamen, characterised by
Kieffer as insufficiently described.

354 Messrs. R. S. pall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*31. 0. ulmi Kieffer, 1909, p. 31 (gall and larva); 1913-2,
p. 50.

In leaves of Ulmus campestris and U. montana,
parenchymatous gall, = Cecidomyid, Houard, 2046 and
2064.

Also widely distributed; records from all counties
excepting Westmoreland. Very plentiful in 1917.

Phyetidobia Kieffer, 1912-1, p. 220.
32. P. solmsi Kieffer, 1906, p. 179 (Oligotrophus) ; 1913-2,
p- Ol.
Galls on leaves of Viburnum Lantana. Swanton, 774;
Houard, 5349.
Mikomyia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 2.
*33. M. coryli Kieffer, 1901-2, p. 22
1913-2, p. 52.
On leaves of Corylus. Houard, 1060.
Rare; records from all counties excepting Westmoreland.

(Oligotrophus) ;

Semudobia Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 55.
*34. S. betulae Winnertz, 1853, p. 234 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 52. .

Galling fruit of Betula. Houard, 1067. Note: Swanton
suggests that the species recorded by Binnie and Connold
(= Cecidomyid, Houard, 1068) may be this species. The
following records excepting one are of Houard, 1067.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Crag Lough (H. 1068). Durxam,
several records. LANCASHIRE, Freshfield. CHrsHire, Bid-
ston. YORKSHIRE, Eston.

Iteomyia Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 55.
35. I. eapreae Winnertz, 1853, p. 291 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 55.
Leaves of Salix Caprea and others.
Not uncommon; records from all counties.

*36. I. major Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 22 (Olig. capreae, var.
major); 1913-2, p. 55.
Rarer than capreae; our records are from Salix aurita
only.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 355

Duruam, Waldridge, Hart and Easington; rare.
LANCASHIRE, Ainsdale. YorKsHIRE, Redcar ; Leeds district.

Janetiella Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 23.
37. J. lemeei Kieffer, 1904, p. 71 (Oligotrophus); 1913-2,
p- 99.

Gall on midrib and nerves of Ulmus montana. Swanton,
300; Houard, 2061. <A very local species.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Stocksfield and Ovingham (H. S.
Wallace); Warkworth. Durxam, Winlaton Mill; dene
near Fencehouses; Urpeth. Lancasuire, Grange-over-
Sands. YorKksuire, Bardsey, near Leeds.

Specimens were taken at Warkworth on U. campestris
and U. suberosa also.

*38. J. thymi Kieffer, 1888, p. 100 (Cecidomyia); 1913-2,
p. 99.
On Thymus. Howard, 4912 and 4917.

Records from all counties excepting Cheshire and York-
shire.

*39. J. thymieola Kieffer, 1888, p. 102 (Cecidomyia);
1913-2, p. 59.
Also on Thymus, gall like preceding, but pilose. Houard,
4921.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Seahouses, Warkworth, Crag Lough.
DuruHaM, near Sunderland, rare. LANCASHIRE and WEsT-

MORELAND, Grange-over-Sands district. Also from Scot-
land.

*40. J. tuberculi Riibsaamen, 1889, p. 61.+
Galling stem of broom (Sarothamnus). Houard, 3424.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DuruHam, Derwent banks be-
tween Hspershields and Edmundbyers; and DurHam, in
a lane between Newbiggin and Rowley, not common.

*41. Janetiella sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 207.

On Thymus.
DuruaM, Stanhope and Penshaw Hill.

+ We have not yet traced this in Kieffer, 1913-2, unless it is
the Perrisia tuberculi Riibs.

356 Messrs. R. 8. pala and J. W. H. Harrison’s

~

Zygobia Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 55.

42. Z. carpini ¥. Loew, 1874, pp. 157 and 322 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 60.

Galling leaf of Carpinus. Swanton, 211; Houard, 1045.

Craneiobia Kieffer, 1913-1, p. 55.
43. C. corni Giraud, 1863, p. 1301 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 60.
Gall on Cornus sanguinea. Swanton, 672; Houard,
4543,
Phegobia Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 61.
*44. P. tornatella Bremi, 1847, p. 13 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 61.

A glabrous gall (like that of the common Hartigiola
annulipes) on the upper surface of leaf of Fagus, = Houard,
1154.

NorTHUMBERLAND and DuRHAM, several records. Cum-
BERLAND, Alston.

Mayetiola Kieffer, 1896-1, p. 89.
*45. M. avenae Marchal, 1895, p. 272 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 62.
Gall, stem of Avena fatua. See Houard, 223 (Avena
sativa).
YORKSHIRE, Nunthorpe.

*46. M. dactylidis Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 217; 1913-2, p. 62.
Gall, stem of Dactylis glomerata. Howard, 258.
Duruam, banks of the Wear near Penshaw.

47. M. destructor Say, 1817, p. 45 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 62.
On Hordeum vulgare. Houard, 346,
Duruam, Penshaw.

48. M. holei Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 333; 1913-2, p. 62.
On Holcus lanatus, stem. Swanton, 46; Houard, 215.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Seahouses, once only; Warkworth.

Duruam, Birtley, Gibside, Edmondsley. LANCASHIRE,
Lathom.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 357

*49. M. joannisi Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 116; 1913-2, p. 62.
Gall, stem of Poa nemoralis. Houard, 263.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. DuruHam, between

Wolviston and Billingham. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-

Sands.

*50. M. ventricola Riibsaamen, 1899, p. 566 (Oligotrophus) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 62.
On Molinia caerulea. Houard, 249.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, between Whitfield and Langley.
LANCASHIRE (Grimshaw). YORKSHIRE, on all the Cleveland
moors.

*D51. M. hordei Kieffer, 1909, p. 9 (gall) +; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 62.
On Hordeum vulgare, = Cecidomyid, Houard, 347.
Duruaw, between Vigo and Birtley.

*52. Mayetiola sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 228.

On Bromus erectus.
DuruHam, Gibside.

Chortomyia Kieffer, 1915-2, p. 63.
53. ©. hellwigi Riibsaamen, 1912, p. 217 (Poomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 63.

On stems, Brachypodiums sylvaticum, = Ceadomyid,
Swanton, 62, and Houard, 297.

NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, local. DurHam, Pen-
shaw, Ryhope, Easington, and Horden, locally common.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, probably not rare. YORK-
SHIRE, Leeds district.

*54. ©. moliniae Riibsaamen, 1895, p. 180 (Oligoltrophus) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 63.
On Molinia caerulea. Houard, 250.
Duruam, Birtley Fell. CHrsHrre, Bidston Hill.

55. C. poae Bosc., 1817, p. 133 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 63.

On Poa nemoralis. Swanton, 56; Houard, 264.

+ The generic position of this species is not yet certain.

958 Maser, R. 8, SePaall and 37 WG, Barrison’s

NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Penshaw,
Birtley, Gibside. CumMBERLAND, Alston. LANCASHIRE,
Grange-over-Sands.

*56. C. radicificea Riibsaamen, 1895, p. 179 (Oligotrophus) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 63.

On Poa nemoralis. Howard, 265.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham and Langley Woods
(H. S. Wallace). Duraam, Ryhope (H. 8. Wallace);
Penshaw and Blackhall Rocks. CumBErLAND, Nenthead
(H. 8S. Wallace).

Cystiphora Kieffer, 1892, p. 212.
*57. C. hieracii F. Loew, 1874, p. 145 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 64.
On Mieracium sp., apparently very rare.
Duruam, Hylton. Lancasutre, Ainsdale, and WeEst-
MORELAND, Ravenstondale.

*58. C. taraxaci Kieffer, 1888, p. 98; 1913-2, p. 64.

On Taraxacum officinale, very local and rare. Houard,
6090.

NORTHUMBERLAND, coast near Bamburgh; Warkworth.
DuruaM, Blackhall Rocks; Penshaw, once only. CUMBER-
LAND, Alston. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, once only.

*59. C. leontodontis Kieffer, 1909, p. 14 (gall); 1913-2, p. 64.

On Leontodon hispidum. Houard, 6053.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, very local,
Penshaw and Washington.

*60. C. pilosellae Kieffer, 1892, p. 213; 1913-2, p. 64.
On Hieracium Pilosella. Houard, 6207.
Very local; records from all counties excepting Cheshire.

61. C. sonehi F. Loew, 1875, p. 18 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 64.
On Sonchus arvensis. Swanton, 880; Houard, 6100.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, abundant in N.E. Northumberland;
Ovingham. Lancasutre, Ainsdale, one plant only. Also
STIRLINGSHIRE, very common,

--

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 359
*62. Cystiphora sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iv), p. 248.

On Hypochoeris radicata. Apparently a new species.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Penshaw and
Edmondsley. CUMBERLAND, Alston.

Macrolabis Kieffer, 1892, p. 214.

63. M. eorrugans I. Loew, 1877, p. 11 (Cecsdomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 66.

(a) On Heracleum Sphondylium. Swanton, 667; Houard,
4512.
In all counties; common.

(*b) On H. Sphondylium, var. angustifolium.
LANCASHIRE and WESTMORELAND, Grange-over-Sands
district.

(*c) On Lamium album. Houard, 4840.

NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth and Ovingham. Lanca-
SHIRE, Lathom. Duruam, Biddick; Lambton Park and
Blaydon.

(*d) On Stachys sylvatica.
Duruam, Penshaw.

This species is recorded by Houard from six different
Umbels and from three species of Lamium. Swanton (870)
(ref. Connold) records it also from Hieracium boreale, but
this is almost certain to be M. hieraci.

*64. M. hieracii Kieffer, 1888, p. 112.+

Recorded by Houard from Hieracium boreale, H. umbel-
latum and other species of Hieraciwm. Apparently the
species (see above) recorded from H. boreale as M. corrugans
by Connold (Swanton, 870).

Duruam, Hylton. Lancasuire, on Hieraciwm sp.,
Birkdale.

*65. M. hippocrepidis Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 59; 1913-2, p. 66.

On Hippocrepis comosa. Houard, 3683.
WESTMORELAND, Meathop Fell, near Grange-over-Sands
in October, gall only, too late for larvae.

+ We have as yet been unable to trace this in Kieffer, 1913-2.

360 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*66. M. marteli Kieffer, 1892 (-1), p. 215; 1913-2, p. 66.
On Hypericum hirsutum.
Duruam, Middleton-one-Row.

67. M. pilosellae Binnie, 1877, p. 179 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 66.
On Hieracium Pilosella. Swanton, 863; Houard, 6199.
Records from all counties excepting Cheshire ; local.

*68. M. stellariae Liebel, 1889, p. 282 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 66.
On Stellaria graminea. Recorded by Houard from
Stellaria media.
DurnaM, Birtley.

Arnoldia Kieffer, 1895, p. 7.
*69. A. quercicola Kieffer, 1909, p. 21 (gall and larva);
1913-2, p. 67.
On Quercus. Houard, 1211.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, near Whitfield. DurHaAm, near Fat-
field.

70. A. quercus Binnie, 1877, p. 179 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 67.
On Quercus.

*71. Arnoldia sp. Kieffer; Lemée.
On Quercus. Howard, 1212.
Duruam, West Cornforth.
Geocrypta Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 68.
*72. G. braueri Handlirsch, 1884, p. 135 (Cecidomyia).

A root-gall on Hypericum pulchrum; recorded by
Houard (4213) from H. perforatum only. Apparently
very local.

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Staward. DurxHam, near Lan-
chester.

Rhabdophaga Westwood, 1847, p. 588.
*73. R. albipennis H. Loew, 1850, p. 35 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 70.
On Salix spp. Houard, 8. 32.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 361

Apparently not uncommon; records from all counties
excepting Westmoreland. Also recorded by Mr. Burkill
from Derbyshire, and from Scotland.

*74, R. clavifex Kieffer, 1892-2, p. 441 (Cecidomyia);
1913-2, p. 70.
On Salix spp. Houard, 8. 14.
LANCASHIRE, Ainsdale, rare.

*75, R. dubiosa Kieffer n. nov. for Ceccdomyia dubia Kieffer,
1892-2, p. 255; 1913-2, p. 10 (= Cecidomyia
griseicollis Zett. non Meigen).

On Salix spp. Houard, S. 41.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks, Warkworth. Duruam,

Waldridge. LaNcasHire, near Ainsdale.

*76. R. giraudiana Kieffer (saliciperda Giraud non Dufour),
LGos—L pp. 159; 1913-2, p. 10:
On Populus alba; also known from P. tremula abroad.
Houard, 475.
Lancasuire, Ainsdale and Freshfield, only two examples.

77. R. heterobia H. Loew (saligna Hardy), 1850, p. 28
(Cecadomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 70.
On Saliz spp. Houard, 8. 10; Swanton, 88, 89 and 154.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, on S. alba. Duruam,
Birtley, on S. repens, also affecting the male catkins;
Waldridge, Swalwell; Tinkler Fell, on S. Caprea. Lanca-
SHIRE, Birkdale and Ainsdale.

*78. R. iteobia Kieffer, 1890-3, p. 201 (Cecidomyia);
1913-2, p. 70.
On Salix cinerea. Houard, S. 11, Perrisia iteobia.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks. Duruam, near Blanch-
land. LANCASHIRE, Ainsdale. Also from Scotland.

*79. R. karschi Kieffer, 1892-2, p. 251 (Cecidomyia);
1913-2, p. 70.
On Salix spp. Houard, S. 34.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks, on S. cinerea, and
Warkworth, on S. cinerea and alba var. Duruam, Birtley,

362 Messrs. R. 8. aan and J. W. H. Harrison’s

on S. repens, rare. LANCASHIRE, Freshfield, on S. cinerea,
rare. Also recorded by Mr. Burkill (on S. alba) from
Derbyshire.

80. R. marginemtorquens Winnertz, 1855, p. 223 (Cecido-
myia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 70.
On Salix spp. Houard, 8. 51, Perrisia marginemtorquens.
Generally distributed; records from all counties except-
ing Westmoreland and Cheshire.

*81. R. nervorum Kieffer (noduli Riibs.), 1895-2 (Diche-
lomyia); 1913-2, p. 71.

On Salix spp. Houard, 8. 49.

Duruam, River Wear near Cox Green, on S. alba, Gibside
on S. aurita, and Ryhope on S. fragilis, rare. LANCASHIRE,
Ainsdale and Freshfield, local, on young S. alba. Norru-
UMBERLAND, Ovingham and Warkworth, on S. cinerea,
S. alba and the var. vitellina. Yorksurre, Nunthorpe on
S. vitellina, also see Burkill, 1916, ‘* Entomologist,” p. 7,
on S. Caprea. Also recorded by Mr. Burkill from Derby-
shire on S. alba and S. cinerea, and from Surrey on S.
Caprea.

*82. R. pierrei Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 218 (Bertieria); 1913-2,
pew.
On Salix repens and S. cinerea, rare. Houard, 8. 37.
NORTHUMBERLAND, near Warkworth. Duruam, Birtley,
rare.

*82A. R. pseudococeus, Riibsaamen 1890-2, p. 307 (Ceci-
domyia); Kieffer 1913-2, p. 71.
Flat, broad larva under a scale-like covering on under-
side of leaves of Salix Caprea, gregarious.
Durnam. Plentiful on isolated trees in Ryhope Dene
and Hesleden Dene.

*82n. R. pulvini Kieffer (salicina Giraud, non Schrank;
klugi ? H. Loew non Meigen) 1891, p. 244 (Ceci-
domyia); 1913-2, p. 71.

On Salix aurita and S. vitellina. Houard, 8. 19.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae — 363

83. R. rosariat H. Loew (salicina Auct., cinerearum
Hardy), 1850, p. 35; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 71.
On Saliz spp. Houard, 8. 8.

Generally distributed; records from all counties.

*84. R. rosariella Kieffer, 1901-1, p. 494 (gall); 1913-2,
sarge

On Saliz spp. Houard, §. 9.

Duruam, Waldridge, on S. awrita and cinerea; Gibside,
on S. repens. LANCASHIRE, near Ainsdale, and Freshfield,
on S. repens. Also recorded by Mr. Burkill from Surrey
on S. repens.

85. R. saliciperda Dufour (ferebrans H. Loew), 1841, p. 262
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 71.
On Salix spp. Houard, 8. 36.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Newham. Duruaw, Billingham and
Waldridge. CtmBertANnp, Alston. LANCASHIRE, near
Ainsdale. YorKSHIRE, Eston.

86. R. salicis Schrank (degeert Bremi, gallarum salicis
Hardy), 1803, p. 69 (Tipula); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 71.

On Saliz spp. Houard, 8. 40.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland and
Cheshire.

*87. R. superna Kieffer, 1897, p. 24.

On Salix. Recorded by Houard, 8. 26, from S. Caprea,
aurua and cinerea; we have not succeeded in tracing the
species in Kieffer, 1913-2.

Duruam, ona hybrid S. cinerea « viminalis; Billingham.
The larva is distinctive.

88. R. terminalis H. Loew, 1850, p. 35 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 72.

On Salix spp. Houard, 8. 14, Perrisia terminalis.
Common; records from all counties.

[89. R. viminalis, Westwood, 1847, p. 588; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p: 12,
+ The Dasyneura salicina of Swanton’s Catalogue must be re-

garded as a synonym, the gall being but the incipient stage of the
“ Rose-gall.”

364 Messrs. R. 8: ral and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Perrisia Rondani, 1846, p. 371.
*90. P. abietiperda Henschel, 1880, p. 371 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p..73.
Gall on Picea excelsa. Houard, 100.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, near Hexham. DuruHam, Gibside
and Kastgate. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, rare.
YORKSHIRE, Nunthorpe.

*91. P. acererispans Kieffer, 1888-2, p. 266 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 73.
On sycamore. Houard, 3984.
Duruam, dene near Fencehouses.

*92. P. acercrispans var. rubella Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 37.
On Acer campestre. Houard, 4025.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Monmouthshire.

93. P. aerophila Winnertz, 1853, p. 233 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 73.
On Fraxinus. Swanton, 681; Houard, 4643.
Local; records from all counties excepting Lancashire
and Cheshire.

94. P. affinis Kieffer, 1886, p. 330 (Cecidomyia); 1913-2,
p. 73.
On Viola spp. Swanton, 632, 634, 635 and 637; Houard,
4281, 4283, 4284 and 4290.
Local; records from all counties excepting Cheshire.

*95. P. alni F. Loew, 1877, p. 2 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 73.

On Alnus. Howard, 1127; known throughout Kurope.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks, once only.

96. P. alpina F. Loew, 1885, p. 110 (Cecidomyia); Weffer,
1913-2, p. 73.
On Silene acaulis. Swanton, 344; Houard, 2274.
97. P. anglica Kieffer, 1909, p. 31 (gall and larva);
1915-2, p. fd:

On Vaccinium Vitis-idaea, = Cecidomyid sp. Swanton,
676, and Houard, 4571.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 365

98. P. aparines Kieffer, 1889, p. 208 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 73.
On Galium Aparine. Swanton, 763; Houard, 5303.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Wylam, Belford. Duruam, several
localities. CHESHTRE, Bidston.

*99. P. aucuparia Kieffer.+
On Pyrus Aucuparia. Houard, 2907.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham. Duruam, Gibside. Also
from Scotland.

*100. P. axillaris Kieffer, 1896-1, p. 87; 1913-2, p. 74.
On Trifolium sp. On T. mediwm Houard, 3593.
LANCASHIRE and WESTMORELAND, once near Grange-
over-Sands. DuruHAM, coast near Horden; Birtley, on

T. fragiferun.

*101. P. ballotae Riibsaamen.

On Ballota nigra, flowers remaining closed.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Denton Burn (H. 8S. Wallace and
RS: By).

*102. P. beckiana Mik, 1885, p. 140 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 74.
On Inula squarrosa (= I, Conyza). Houard, 5623.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. J. W.H.H. has ob-
served similar galls on Pulicaria dysenterica at Cowpen
Bewley in Durham.

103. P. brassicae Winnertz, 1853, p. 213 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 74.
On Brassica spp. Swanton, 415, 420; Houard, 2591
(Dasyneura brassicae).
Duruam, Hylton, on *Brassica oleracea (Houard, 2573).

*104. P. brunellae Kieffer, 1909, p. 3 (gall and larva);
1913-2, p. 74.
On Prunella vulgaris, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 4818.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovington. YORKSHIRE, Stainton.
+ We have been unable to trace this in Kieffer, 1913-2.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTS II, Il, IV. (MAY 718) BB

-
366 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*105. P. bryoniae Bouché, 1847, p. 144 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 74.
On Bryonia dioica. Houard, 5476.
Duruam, near Lamesley.

*106. P. eampanulae Riibsaamen.

On Campanula media and C. persicaefolia.
Duruam, Birtley. CUMBERLAND, Alston.

107. P. capitigena Bremi (Luphorbiae partim H. Loew),
1847, p. 50 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 74.
On Euphorbia Esula. Swanton, 597.

108. P. eardamines Winnertz, 1853, p. 225 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 74.
On Cardamine spp. Swanton, 390 and 393; Houard,
2672 and 2665.
DuruaM, in the Derwent Valley.

109. P. cerastii Binnie, 1877, p. 181 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 75.
On Cerastium vulgatum. Swanton, 348; Houard, 2338.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, on *C. semidecandrum
and C. vulgatum. Duruam, Ryhope Dene.

*110. P. eirsii Riibsaamen, 1890, p. 236 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 75.
In heads of Cirsium arvense. Houard, 5927.
Not uncommon; records from all counties.

*111. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (in), p. 199.
In heads of Cirsium arvense, like P. cirsii, but larvae
yellowish to orange instead of red (? form or stage. of
P. cirsit).
Not uncommon; records from all counties excepting

Cheshire.

*112. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iii), p. 199.
Heads of Cirsium arvense closed; a few petals to one
side only breaking out; larva solitary, deep vermilion to
crimson.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks. Duruam, Penshaw,
Fatfield, and Gibside.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 367

*113. P. compositarum Kieffer, 1888-2, p. 310 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 75.
Heads of Cirsium lanceolatum. Howard, 5911.
NoRTHUMBERLAND and DuRHAM, numerous. records.

LaNncaAsHirE, Lathom. YorKSHIRE, Marton; Bardsey near
Leeds.

*114. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (i), p. 199.

Heads of Cirsium lanceolatum, heads remaining closed
or not opening fully; often bent or twisted; florets
apparently normal; larvae white to yellowish.

Records from NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM, CUMBERLAND,
YORKSHIRE and LANCASHIRE.

*115. P. eorylina Kieffer for coryli Riibsaamen, 1912,
p. 288; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 75.
In catkins of Corylus.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, October. YORKSHIRE,
Guisbrough, October.

116. P. erataegi Winnertz, 1853, p. 228 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 75.

On Crataegus monogyna. Swanton, 540; Houard, 2942.

Common everywhere; records from all counties.

*117. P. daphnes Kieffer, 1901-2, p. 18; 1913-2, p. 75.

On Daphne Laureola. Houard, 4312.
YORKSHIRE, Gunnergate.

*118. P. engstfeldi Riibsaamen, 1889, p. 375 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 75.
On Spiraea Ulmaria Howard, 2832 and 2837.
Local but widely distributed; records from all counties.
Also from Scotland.

*119. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iii), p. 200.

On Spiraea Ulmaria, on the underside of leaf, like P.
engstfeldi, but always adjacent to midrib or nerve, which
is considerably swollen in such manner as to become a
shelter to the larva.

Extremely local, but plentiful where it occurs. DurHam,
meee and near Lamesley; Billingham. CumMBERLAND,

ston.

368 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

120. P. epilobii F. Loew, 1889, p. 201 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 76.
On Epilobium angustifolium. Swanton, 641, 642;
Houard, 4345.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Seahouses, Spindlestone, Budle Bay,
etc. DuruHam, Gibside.

*121. P. ericina I. Loew, 1885-2, p. 76 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 76.
On Erica cinerea.
Duruam, Waldridge. YorksHire, Great Ayton Moor.

1214. P. filicina Kieffer, 1889, p. 191 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 76.

On Pleris aquilina. Swanton, 3; Houard, 68.
Records from all counties excepting Cumberland.

*122. P. floriperda F. Loew, 1888, p. 231 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 76.
On Silene inflata. Houard, 2261.
Duruam, Fatfield and Fencehouses.

*123. P. floseulorum Kieffer, 1890-3, p. 200 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 76.
Flower of Trifolium pratense. Howard, 3579.
Duruam, Penshaw. LANCASHIRE and WESTMORELAND,
near Grange-over-Sands.

124. P. fraxinea Kieffer, 1907-1, p. 523; 1913-2, p. 76.

On Fraxinus, = Dasyneura fraxinea, Swanton, 678;
Houard, 4647.

Apparently widely distributed ; records from all counties.

125. P. fraxini Kieffer, 1897-2, p. 301; 1913-2, p. 76.
On Fraxinus. Swanton, 679, 680; Houard, 4644.
Records from all counties excepting Cheshire.

*126. P. fruetuum Riibsaamen, 1895, p. 258 (Dichelomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 76.
On Cerastium vulgatum. Houard, 2330.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, Ovingham. DuRHAM,
Fatfield, Penshaw, Birtley, Greatham. CHEsHIRE, Bidston.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. — 369

YorkKsHIRE, Marton, Cleveland district; Leeds district.
Also taken (at Warkworth) on Cerastiwmn semidecandrum,
and in Cleveland on C. viscosum.

127. P. galeobdolontis Winnertz, 1853, p. 238 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 76.
On Lamium Galeobdolon. Swanton, 716; Houard, 4847.

128. P. galii H. Loew, 1850, p. 37 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer
1913-2, p. 77.
On Galium verum. Swanton, 747, 748; Houard, 5284,
5292.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Seahouses, Bamburgh, Warkworth,
Ovingham. Duruam, Blackhall Rocks; Hylton; Penshaw
Hill; near Cornforth. Lancasurre, Birkdale, one only.

?

On Galium uliginosum. Houard, 5268.
Duruam, Waldridge Fell.

*129. Perrisia sp. Schlechtendal, etc.

On Galium verum. Houard, 5289.
DuruHaM, on one patch of bed-straw near Penshaw.

130. P. galiicola F. Loew, 1880, p. 33; Kieffer, 1913-2,

pi:

On Galium spp. Swanton, 753; Houard, 5209, also
*5286 and *5275.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Bamburgh, Warkworth. DurHam,
coast near Hartlepool, Penshaw Hill and Catcleugh; rock
near Sunderland, on G. verum. CUMBERLAND, Alston, on
G. verum.

*131. P. genistamtorquens Kieffer, 1888-2, p. 311 (Ceci-
domyia) ; 1913-2, p. 77.
On Genista tinctoria. Houard, 3371.
Duruam, Gibside, rare.

132. P. genisticola F. Loew, 1877, p. 4 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 77.

On Genista tinctoria. Swanton, 548, 549; Houard, 3368,
3369. It also occurs on G. anglica (Swanton, 547; Houard,
3349).

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham. Duruaw, Gibside,

370 Messrs. R. 8. Penal and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*133. P. gentianae Kieffer, 1909, p. 9 (gall); 1913-2, p. 77

a, flowers and seed-cases of Gentiana campestris and

1. Amarella, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 4696.

NortHuMBERLAND, between Alnmouth and Warkworth.
Durunam, Penshaw Hill and Blackhall Rocks. (This species
is recorded in Houard (4696) from British Isles only, but
in Kieffer (1913-2) it is recorded from Central Europe.
Examples from seed-cases cause chloranthia as well as a
swelling of the ovary, and are possibly referable to a
second species.

*134. P. geranii Kieffer, 1907-2, p. 44; 1913-2, p. 77

We have not cleared up the question of Cecidomyids
affecting Geraniaceae. 'The records here refer to P. geranii
on Hrodium cicutarium only (Houard, 3826); but we
append also our notes under the names of various species
of Geranium.

NorTHUMBERLAND, Budle Bay, very common; Wark-
worth. Duruam, Cowpen Bewley, one only. LANCASHIRE,
Freshfield, two only. Yorksutre, Redear.

Other notes :—

(1) Geranium pratense.

(a) Yellow larvae im seeds (Dasyneura geranii).

NORTHUMBERLAND, Budle Bay and Ninebanks.
DuruaM, Birtley, Eastgate, Wolsingham and Horden.
CUMBERLAND, Alston.

(b) Bright orange-red larvae in seeds with above.

NorTHUMBERLAND and DurHAM, all above records.

(2) Geranium sylvaticum,

(a) Yellow larvae in seeds (Dasyneura geranii).
(b) Bright orange-red larvae 7 seeds in company.

Records from NORTHUMBERLAND and DURHAM.

(3) Geranium sanguineum.
Yellow larva in seeds.

Duruam, Horden and Blackhall Rocks. Yorx-
SHIRE, In a moraine garden, Linthorpe.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 371

(4) Geranium dissectum.

Yellow larva in seeds.
DuruaM, Fatfield.

(5) Geranium molle.

Yellow larva in seeds.
YORKSHIRE, Redear.

(6) Geranium pusillum.
Yellow larva in seeds.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

(7) Geranium pusillum.

One or more transparent, lemon-yellow larvae
amongst seeds and in the flower.
LANCASHIRE, Freshfield and Ainsdale, common.

(8) Erodium cicutarium.

Creamish-yellow larvae amongst seeds and in the
flower.

YORKSHIRE, Redcar. NorTHUMBERLAND, Wark-
worth.

135. P. glechomae Kieffer, 1889-2, p. 263 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 77.

On Glechoma hederacea. Swanton, 707, 708; Houard,

- 4807, 4808.

*136.2 P. glyciphylli Riibsaamen, 1912, p. 286; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 77.

On Astragalus hypoglottis.
Records from Scotland.

*137. P. holosteae Kieffer, 1909, p. 29 (gall and larva);
1913-2, p. 77.

On *Stellaria graminea.

NORTHUMBERLAND, between Langley Woods and Whit-
field.

On Stellaria Holostea.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Stocksfield (H. 8. Wallace). Dur-
HAM, Gibside, Winlaton Mill.

372 Messrs. R.S. Menai and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*138. P. hygrophila Mik, 1883, p. 209 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 77.

On Galium palustre. Houard, 5278.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks. DurRHAM, near Gibside,
Low Fell and Waldridge. LANCASHIRE, not uncommon,
Freshfield, Ainsdale and Lathom. Yorksu1re, Nunthorpe ;
Bardsey near Leeds; also recorded by Mr. Burkill. Mr.
Burkill also records this species from Derbyshire, Stafford-
shire and Surrey.

139. Perrisia sp. Trail, 1878.
On Galium palustre. Swanton, 758; Houard, 5277.

140. P. hyperici Bremi, 1847, p. 53 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,

1913-2, p. 77.

On Hypericum spp. Swanton and Howard. Recent
records from H. perforatum, H. pulchrum, H. humifusum
and * H. montanum.

Records from all counties excepting Cheshire and York-
shire.

*141. Perrisia sp. Burkill, 1916.

On Hypericum elodes. Terminal leaves thickened at the
base, folded over and crinkled, turning brown at the tips.
Larvae yellow, several in each gall.

Yorksutre, Mr. Burkill’s record.

142. P. ignorata Wachtl (medicaginis Bremi, gall; ono-
brychidis F. Loew non Bremi), 1884, p. 163
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 77.

On Medicago sativa. Swanton, 561; Houard, 3515.

143. P. inchbaldiana Mik (? clawsilia Bremi), 1886, p. 317
(Cecodomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 77.
On Salix alba. Houard, 8. 52; Swanton, 98; Houard,
627.
Records from all counties.

144. P. inelusa Frauenfeld, 1862, p. 1175 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.

On Phragmites communis. Swanton, 50; Houard, 245.

DuruaM, Billingham.

_ ae

—

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. — 373

*145. P. kiefferi Marchal, 1896, p. 99; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.

On Hedera Helix. Houard, 4362.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth district. LANCASHIRE
and WESTMORELAND, Grange-over-Sands district, common.
Duruam, Gibside and Low Fell. Yorksurre, Middles-
brough and Gunnergate; Leeds. Also from Scotland.

*146. P. kiefferiana Riibsaamen, 1891, p. 5 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.

On Epilobium angustifolium. Houard, 4348.
Duruam, Gibside, rare. YORKSHIRE, see Burkill. Also
recorded by Mr. Burkill from Surrey.

*147. + P. lamii Kieffer.

On Lamium maculatum, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard,
4836.

DuruaM, Birtley, in a garden.

*148. +P. laricis F. Loew, 1878, p. 393 (Cecidomyra) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.

On Larix decidua. Houard, 86.
Duruam, Lanchester, Winlaton Mill; Gibside. Lanca-
SHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. YORKSHIRE, Kston.

*149. P. lathyri Kieffer, 1909, p. 13 (gall and larvae);
1913-2, p. 78.

On Lathyrus pratensis, = Perrisia sp. Houard, 3775.
Records from all counties excepting Cheshire.

*150. P. lathyricola Riibsaamen, 1890, p. 26 (Cecedomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.

On Lathyrus pratensis. Houard, 3771.
Records from all counties.

151. Perrisia sp. (lathyricola Swanton).

On Lathyrus pratensis. Swanton, 595; Houard, 3776,
Records from all counties.

+ We have been unable to trace this name in Kieffer, 1913-2.
t = Kellnert Henschel (gall).

374 Mesars, R, 8. BaPhall and fi Weve Harison’s

*152. Perrisia sp. Burkill, 1917, p. 83.
On Lathyrus pratensis.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from W. Gloucestershire.

*153. P. libera Kieffer, 1909, p. 21 (gall); 1913-2, p. 78.

On Oak, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 1310.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth; Ovingham. Duruam,
several records. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. York-
SHIRE, Leeds district and near Middlesbro’.

*153A. P. lithospermi H. Loew, 1850, p. 36 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.

On Lithospermum officinale. Houard, 4741.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham; on an isolated patch of
the host-plant.

154. P. lotharingiae Kieffer, 1888-1, p. 107 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 78.
On Cerastium vulgatum. Swanton, 346, 347; Houard,
2331, 2334.
Records from all counties excepting Cheshire.

*15D. P. loti Kieffer, 1909, p. 14; 1913-2, p. 78.

On Lotus corniculatus, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 3622.
Duruam, Gibside, apparently rare.

156. P. loticola Riibsaamen, 1889-2, p. 52 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.
On Lotus major and occasionally *L. corniculatus.
Swanton, 584; Houard, 3626, *3616.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland.

*157. P. lupulinae Kieffer, 1891, p. 258; 1913-2, p. 78.

On Medicago lupulina. Houard, 3507.
DuruHAM, near Burnmoor.

*158. Perrisia sp. Kaltenbach and others.

On Medicago lupulina. Howard, 3509. ;
Duruam, Hylton and Penshaw. Recorded by Mr. Burkill
from W. Gloucestershire.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 375

*159. P. lyehnidis Heyden, 1861, p. 98 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 78.
On Lychnis alba. Howard, 2292.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, coast near Bamburgh. DurHaAm,
Lamesley, Fencehouses. LANCASHIRE, Ainsdale.

160. P. mali Kieffer, 1904-2, p. 345; 1913-2, p. 78.

On Pyrus Malus. Swanton, 533; Houard, 2885.
DuruaM, near Stanley.

*161. P. malpighii Kieffer, 1909, p. 21 (gall); 1913-2, p. 78.

On Quercus. Houard, 1354.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, rare. Durnam, Gibside.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. YORKSHIRE, Leeds;
Bardsey.

*162. P. miki Kieffer, 1909, p. 6 (gall); 1913-2, p. 78.

On (a) Centaurea nigra and (b) C. Scabiosa, = Cecidomyid
sp. Houard, 5981.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, near Staward (a). Durnam, Fat-
field (a), Billimgham (6), Hylton (b), and Gibside (qa).
CUMBERLAND, near Nenthead (a). LANCASHIRE and WESsT-
MORELAND, near Grange-over-Sands (a). YORKSHIRE,
Marton.

*163. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (i), p. 199.

Head of (a) Centaurea nigra swollen, breaking round
edges; larvae in large numbers, yellowish to pink. Also
in (b) C. Scabiosa.

NoRTHUMBERLAND and DuruHam, several records in (a)
and (b). CHrsHtRE, Bidston Hill, plentiful (a). CumBER-
LAND, Nenthead (a).

*164. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917 (v), p. 14.

In old heads of Centawrea Scabiosa, larvae gregarious,
orange-red to copper-red, small; not the above species.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Catcleugh
Rock, near Sunderland; Ryhope; Fulwell; Easington.
Also in old heads of C. nigra.

376 Messrs. R. 8S. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*165. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917 (v), p. 14.
In a garden Helianthus; gregarious larvae in heads,
golden-yellow-orange to orange-red.
DuruaM, Fatfield.

166. P. murieatae Meade (caricis H. Loew), 1886, p. 153
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.

In utricle of Carex vulpina, C. contiqua, *C. pendula,
C. laevigata, C. sylvatica and C. pallescens. Swanton, 69,
70; Houard, 361, 362.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, on C. pendula. Dur-
HAM, Gibside, on C. pendula, C. sylvatica and C. pallescens ;
Waldridge, on C. laevigata; Billingham. LANCASHIRE, near
Grange-over-Sands, on C. vulpina.

*167. P. nervicola Kieffer, 1909, p. 9 (gall); 1913-2, p. 79.
On Hieracium Pilosella, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 6205.
Duruam, very local, Birtley Fell, Roker. Yorksurre,

Huddersfield district (W. Falconer).

168. P. onobrychidis (giraudi Frauenf.) Bremi, 1847, p. 53
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.

On Astragalus danicus. Swanton, 585; Houard, 3646.

Probably P. glyciphyll.

*168A. P. panteli Kieffer, 1909, p. 21 (gall); 1913-2, p. 79.
On Oak. Houard (Cecidomyid), 1315.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham, 1 only (H. 8. Wallace).
YorkKSHIRE, Leeds, plentiful on one old tree. :

169. P. papaveris Winnertz, 1853, p. 229 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.
In capsules of Papaver Rhoeas. Swanton, 377; Houard,
2479.
DuruHaM, an isolated record, in field near Hylton.

*170. P. periclymeni Riibsaamen, 1889-2, p. 54 (Cecido-
mya); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.
On Lonicera Periclymenum. Houard, 5361.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth; Ovingham. Duruam,
Gibside (Barry Stewart and R.8. B.), Waldridge; Urpeth;
Winlaton; Fencehouses and LEKasington. CHESHIRE,
Bidston Hill. Yorksurre, Bardsey, near Leeds.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 377

171. P. persicariae Linné, 1767, p. 977 (Tipula); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 79.
On Polygonum amphibium. Swanton, 324, 325; Houard,
2157, 2159.
Dvuruam, Urpeth.

172. P. plieatrix H. Loew, 1850, p. 36 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.
On Rubus spp. Swanton, 479, 482, 490; Houard, 2966,
2978, 3025.
In some districts very common ; records from all counties.

*173. P. polygalae Kieffer, 1909, p. 18 (gall); 1913-2, p. 79.

In Polygala vulgaris, larvae in flower. See Houard,
3855. ,

Durum, Birtley, Horden, Lanchester district (ESS:
Wallace and J. W. H. H.). Cumperrzanp, Alston.

*174. P. populeti Riibsaamen, 1889-2, p- 57 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.

On Populus tremula and P. tremulae x alba. Houard, 503.

Duruam, Gibside and near Winlaton Mill. Norraum-

BERLAND, on the Alnwick road four miles north of Morpeth.

175. P. potentillae Wachtl, 1885, p. 193 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 79.

On Potentilla.

*176.-P. praticola Kieffer, 1892-1, p. 216 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 79.

In flower Lychnis Flos-cuculi. Houard, 2290.
Duruay, Gibside, Billingham.

*177. P. pteridicola Kieffer, 1901-2, p. 19 (Cecidomyia);
1913-2, p. 80.

On Pteris aquilina, local. Houard, 69.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks. Duruam, Fatfield, Birt-

ley.
*178. P. pustulans Riibsaamen, 1889-1, p. 378 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 80.
On Spiraea Ulmaria, local. Houard, 2838.

378 Messrs. R.S. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Records from all counties excepting Lancashire and
Westmoreland. Mr. Burkill records it from Derbyshire.

179. P. pyri Bouché, 1847, p. 144 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 80.

On Pyrus communis. Swanton, 526; Houard, 2864.

Duruam, Gibside. LANCASHIRE, Lathom.

*180. + P. pierreana Kieffer.
On Salix cinerea, = Perrisia sp. Houard (8. 42), 892.
Duruam, Waldridge. LANCASHIRE, near Ainsdale.

181. P. ranuneuli Bremi, 1847, p. 54 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 80.
On Ranunculus spp. Swanton, 362, 366, 370; Houard,
2423, 2431, 2438.
Records from all counties excepting Cheshire and
Cumberland.

*182. P. raphanistri Kieffer, 1886, p. 324 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 80.
On Brassica Napus. Houard, 2594 (Dasyneura rapha-
nistrr).
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. DurHAM, rare and
local, Fatfield, Fencehouses and Penshaw.

*183. P. rhododendroni Kieffer, 1909, p. 95; 1913-2, p. 80.

On Rhododendron ferrugineum. Houard.
YORKSHIRE, in a moraine garden at Linthorpe, near
Middlesbrough.

184. P. rosarum Hardy, 1850, p. 186 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 80.
On Rosa spp. Swanton, 503, 507, 512; Houard, 3135,
3186.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland and

Cheshire.
*185. Perrisia sp.
On Rosa spp. like P. rosarum gall, larvae white.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DuruHam, several records
(= Dirhiza rhodophila).

} We have been unable to trace this in Kieffer, 1913-2.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 379

*186. P. rostrupiana Kieffer, 1909, p. 29 (gall and larva) ;
1913-2, p. 80.

On Spiraea Ulmaria, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 2836.

Not common; records from all counties excepting

Cheshire.

*187. ? P. rubsaameni Kieffer, 1909, p. 6 (gall); 1913-2,
p. 80.

On Carpinus Betulus, parenchymatous, = Cecidomyid sp.
Houard, 1041.

Circular clear-cut holes observed in leaves of hornbeam
(counties DurHAM and LANCASHIRE) in October are prob-
ably the results of this insect. Requires confirmation.

*188. P. salicariae Kieffer, 1888-1, p. 96 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 80.
On Lythrum Salicaria. Houard, 4325, 4326.
NORTHUMBERLAND, not uncommon near Bamburgh.

*189. P. sanguisorbae Kieffer, 1890-1, p. 26 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 80.
On Sanguisorba officinalis. Houard, 3100.
DuruHAM, near Penshaw.

*190. P. seabiosae Kieffer, 1888-1, p. 97 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 81.
On Scabiosa Columbaria. Houard, 5466, 5470.
DuruaM, Penshaw Hill, common; and Catcleugh Rock,
near Sunderland.

*191. P. sehlechtendali Kieffer, 1886, p. 328 (Cecadomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 81.
On Lathyrus macrorlizus. Houard, 3781.
DuruaM, Birtley; Fatfield; Fencehouses; Gibside, com-
mon; Winlaton (H. 8. Wallace), and near Lanchester.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham.

*192. P. schmidti Riibsaamen, 1912, p. 284; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 81.
Heads of Plantago lanceolata.
Duruam, Greatham. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands.

380 Messrs. R. 8. Sena and J. W. H. Harrison’s —

193. P. serotina Winnertz, 1853, p. 316 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 81.

On Hypericum spp. Swanton; Houard.

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Staward and Ovingham, on
H. pulchrum; Warkworth, on H. humifusum. Duruam,
near Lanchester and Winlaton Mill, on H. pulchrum;
Gibside, on H. perforatum and H. pulchrum; Dinsdale and
Castle Eden, on H. hirsutum. Lancasuire, Hampsfell,
Grange-over-Sands, on H. pulchrum, very local. York-
SHIRE, Bardsey, near Leeds.

*194. P. silvicola Kieffer, 1909, p. 30 (gall and larva);
1913-2, p. 81.

On *Stellaria graminea.

NORTHUMBERLAND, between Langley Woods and Whit-
field.

On Stellaria Holostea = Perrisia sp. Houard, 2311.

NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth; Ovingham. DuruHam,
Gibside and Easington. YorkKsurre, Bardsey, near

Leeds.

*195. P. similis IF. Loew, 1888, p. 232 (Cecidomyia);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 81.

On Veronica spp.

NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, on V. officinalis and
V. Chamaedrys. Duruam, Gibside, on V. scutellata and
V. officinalis; Lanchester and Stanhope, on V. officinalis ;
Castle Eden and Birtley, on V. Chamaedrys.

196. P. sisymbrii Schranck, 1803, p. 83 (Tipula); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 81.

On various Crucifers. Swanton; Houard.
Duruam, Swalwell, on Sisymbrium officinale.

*197. 2? P. sodalis F. Loew, 1877, p. 7 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 81.

On Prunus. P. tortrix and this species produce identical
galls, and it will be necessary to breed out specimens
before this can be definitely included in our list. See
records under P. tortriz.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 381

198. P. stachydis Bremi, 1847, p. 55 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p.°81.

On Stachys sylvatica and *palustris. Swanton, 711-714;
Houard, 4860-62.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland.

*199. Perrisia sp. Burkill, 1916.

On Stachys palustris; buds galled by white larvae.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Derbyshire.

*200. P. strobi Winnertz, 1853, p. 234 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 81.

In cones of Picea excelsa.

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Corbridge. Mr. Evans records
this species from Perthshire (“‘ Ent. M. Mag.,”’ 1909, p. 17).
*201. P. tetensi Riibsaamen, 1892, p. 400 (Cecidomyia) ;

Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 82.

On leaves of Ribes spp.
Duruam, Gibside, on R. Grossularia; Birtley, on R. nigra.

*202. P. tetrahit Kieffer, 1909, p. 8 (gall and larva); 1913-2,
p. 82.

In Galeopsis Tetrahit flowers, = Perrisia sp. Houard,
4831.
LANCASHIRE, near Lathom.

*203. P. thomasiana Kieffer, 1888-1, p. 95 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 82.

On Tilia vulgaris and platyphyllos. Houard, 4124, 4155.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham, Warkworth. Dura,
several records. CUMBERLAND, Keswick and _ Alston.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. YORKSHIRE, (Gunner-
gate. Also from Scotland.

*204. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917 (v), p. 14.

On Tilia, like P. thomasiana, but larva milk-white.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Plessey. Durnam, near Chester-le-
Street; Stanhope.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTS II, 111, IV. (MAY °18) cc

382 Messrs. R. S. B@Pnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

205. P. tiliamvolvens (tiliae Schr., gall), Riibsaamen,
1889-2, p. 55 (Cecidomyia); Kiefer, 1913-2, p. 82.

On Tilia sp. Swanton, 618; Houard, 4160.
Duruam, Castle Eden Dene.

*206. P. tortrix F. Loew, 1877, p. 6 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 82.

On (a) Prunus domestica, wild, and (b) P. spinosa.
Houard, 3269, 3274, 3282.

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Minsteracres, (a) H. 3269 and
3274.+ YorKSHIRE, Bardsey near Leeds. LANCASHIRE,
gall (a) H. 3274 only, near Lindale; Blackburn district
(G. W. Nixon), perhaps referable to P. sodalis or both
species. Mr. Burkill, 1916, records this species from P.
spinosa, Devon.

207. P. trachelii Wachtl, 1885, p. 195 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 82.
On Campanula rotundifolia. Swanton, 796, 797; Houard,
ola.
Duruam, near Wolsingham.,

*208. P. traili Kieffer, 1909, p. 25 (gall); 1913-2, p. 82.

On Ranunculus acris, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 2420.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham. DuruHam, near Penshaw.

209. P. trifolii F. Loew, 1874, p. 143 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 82.

On Trifolium spp. Swanton, 568, 569, 572,577; Houard,
3589-9 1-96-64.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland.

*210. Perrisia sp. Burkill, 1916.

On Trifolium pratense, leaflets folded into a pod resem-
bling the gall caused by P. trifoliz, but each gall is occupied
by a white larva.

Duruam, near Hylton. NorrHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Derbyshire.

+ Perrisia sodalis may also occur in the gall 3274, but the presence
of 3269 enables one to definitely record P. tortrix.

.
>
’
2
-
!
a

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 383

*211. Perrisia sp. Burkill, 1916.

On Trifolium repens, leaves thickened and forming a
firm fleshy gall, with aborted buds inside, among which
live several larvae.

Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Surrey.

212. P. tubicola Kieffer, 1889-1, p. 188 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 82.
On Cyltisus scoparius. Swanton, 559; Houard, 3423.
NorTHUMBERLAND and DuRHAM, several records. Cum-
BERLAND, Keswick. LAaNncasutre, Freshfield.

*213. P. ulicis Kieffer, 1909, p. 31 (gall); 1913-2, p. 82.
On Ulex, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 3396.
NORTHUMBERLAND, between Alnmouth and Warkworth.

Duruam, Gibside, Waldridge (gall only). LANCASHIRE,

Grange-over-Sands (signs). YORKSHIRE, Eston (old galls).

214. P. ulmariae Bremi, 1847, p. 52 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 82.

On Spiraea Ulmaria. Swanton, 475; Houard, 2839.

Common; records from all counties.

215. Perrisia sp.

On Spiraea Filipendula. Perrisia ulmaria of Swanton,
476 and Houard, 2830. Swanton (1912, p. 64) suggests
the name P. filipendulae for this gall, but that name has
already been used by Kieffer (1909, p. 29) for another
species affecting the same plant.

*216. P. ulmicola Kieffer, 1909, p. 31 (gall and larva);
1913-2, p. 82.
On Ulmus.
DuruHaM, Burnmoor, Gibside, Norton. NoRTHUMBER-
LAND, Warkworth, rare. YorKSHIRE, Bardsey, near Leeds.

217. P. urticae Perris, 1840, p. 403 (Cecidomyia) ; 1913-2,
p. 82.
On Urtica dioica and (more rarely) on U.urens. Swanton, —
312, 316; Houard, 2095, 2099.
Very common everywhere.

384 Messrs. R. S8. PF all and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*218. P. vaeeinivorum Kieffer (nom. nov. for vaccini
Riibs. non Smith); Riibsaamen, 1895, p. 258
(Dichelomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 82.

On Vaccinium Myrtillus. Houard, 4564.
Duruam, rare, Birtley, Waldridge.

219. P. veronicae (chamaedrys Inchb.) Vallot, 1827, p. 93
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 83.

On Veronica Chamaedrys. Swanton, 728; Houard, 5080.
Recorded also in Houard from the British Isles on *V.
officinale (5085) and *V. serpyllifolia (5105).

Very common; records from all counties. Taken by
J. W. H. H. at Ninebanks in Northumberland on VJ.
montana, and by R. 8. B. at Warkworth on V. officinale.

220. P. vieiae Kieffer, 1888-1, p. 105 (Cecidomyia) ;
1913-2, p. 83.
On Vicia spp. Swanton, 590, 594; Houard, 3731, 3696,
*3723.
General; records from all counties excepting Westmore-
land.

221. P. violae F’. Loew, 1880, p. 34 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 83.
On Viola arvensis. Swanton, 640; Houard, 4293.
Duruam, Gibside, rare. CUMBERLAND, near Nenthead,
rare.

*222. P. virgae-aureae Liebel, 1889, p. 283 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 83.

On Solidago Virgaurea. Howard, 5560, 5564.
NORTHUMBERLAND, near Staward.

*223. Perrisia sp. Kieffer, 1898.
On Solidago Virgaurea. Houard, 5559.
Records from all counties excepting Cumberland.

*224. P. vitis-idaeae Kieffer, 1909, p. 31 (gall); 1913-2,
p. 83.

On Vaccinium Vitis-idaea. Houard, 4570.
CUMBERLAND, summit of Skiddaw.

_ Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 385

*225. Perrisia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917 (v), p. 14.
On Myposotis arvensis; flower closed and slightly swollen,
containing larva.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands. Kieffer has described
two species of Perrisia from the flower of Myosotis palustris.

Hartigiola Riibsaamen, 1912, p. 161.
226. H. annulipes Hartig (piliger H. Loew), 1844, p. 162
(Cecidomyia); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 85.
_ Gall on beech-leaves. Swanton, 292; Howard, 1153.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland.

Taxomyia Riibsaamen, 1912, p. 216.
227. T. taxi Inchbald, 1861, p. 76 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 86.
On Taxus baccata. Swanton, 14; Houard, 150.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Felton. Duruam, Gibside, Fatfield,
Birtley. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, Silverdale.
YORKSHIRE, Gunnergate.

Group ASPHONDYLARIAE.
Schizomyia Kieffer, 1889-1, p. 183.
228. S. galiorum Kieffer, 1889, p. 184; 1913-2, p. 89.
On Galium spp. Swanton, 746, 756; Houard, 5281,
5248.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland and

Cheshire.

*228a. S. ligustri Riibsaamen 1899-1, p. 598; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 89.
In flowers of privet. Houard, 4679.

Duruam, Hemlington; Hesleden Dene. Also taken at
Bath.

Kiefferia Mik, 1895, p. 96.
229. K. pimpinellae F. Loew (umbellatarum F. Loew),
1874, p. 157; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 90.
On Umbelliferae spp. Swanton, 657, 666, 670; Houard,
4445, 4499, 4529.
Duruam, abundant on a plant of *Angelica sylvestris,

all
386 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s .

Lamesley; once only on Pimpinella saxifraga, Penshaw.
On Daucus carota, Hart (J. Gardner). This species is not
recorded in Houard on Angelica.

Asphondylia H. Loew, 1850, p. 21.
230. A. dorycnit F. Loew, 1880, p. 37; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 93.
On Dorycnium.

231. A. genistae H. Loew, 1850, p. 38; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 93.

On Genista (germanica, Houard, 3345).

*232. A. lupulinae Kieffer, 1909, p. 14 (gall and nymph);
1913-2, p. 93.
On Medicago lupulina, = Asphondylia sp. Houard, 3506.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Birtley ; near
Penshaw. CUMBERLAND, near Alston.

233. A. mayeri Liebel, 1889, p. 266; Kieffer, 1913, p. 93.
On Cylisus scoparius. Swanton, 558; Houard, 3412.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DurHAM, many records. LAnca-

SHTRE, I reshfield.

*234, 2A. mikii Wachtl, 1880, p. 535; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 94.

“ Medicago lupulina. Perrisia sp. Seeds swollen and
enlarged, each containing a yellow midge larva.”—Burkill,
1916, p. 5.

YorkKsuHtreE, Burkill’s record.

*235. A. melanopus Kieffer, 1890-1, p. 31; 1913-2, p. 93.
Seed-pods of Lotus corniculatus, rare. Houard, 3613.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Birtley,

Tinkler Fell, Penshaw Hill. Lancasuire, near Freshfield.

*236. A. ononidis F. Loew, 1873, p. 139; 1913-2, p. 94.

On Ononis repens. Houard, 3501.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. DurRHAM, on the coast
etween Horden and Hart.

’
;

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 387

*237. A. proxima Kieffer, 1909, p. 30 (larva and gall);
1913-2, p. 94.

On Thymus Serpyllum, = Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 4914.

DurHAm, Stanhope. CumBERLAND, Alston. Lanca-
SHIRE and WESTMORELAND, Hampsfell and Meathop Fell,
near Grange-over-Sands.

238. A. sarothamni H. Loew, 1850, p. 38; Kieffer, 1913-2
p. 94.
On ft a scoparius. Swanton, 556, 557; Houard,
3414, 3422
Records from all counties soaine Westmoreland.

239. A. thymi Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 59; 1913-2, p. 94.

On Thymus Serpyllum. Swanton, 699; Houard, 4913.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

240. A. ulicis Verrall, 1875, p. 225 (gall); Kieffer, 1913-2
j Stee

On Ulex ewropaeus. Swanton, 552; Houard, 3395, 3397.
Common; records from all counties.

Group BRACHYNEURARIAE.

Phaenolauthia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 2.
*241. P. eardui Kieffer, 1904-2, p. 346; 1913-2, p. 111.

In galls of Trypeta cardui.
Duruam, Penshaw and Edmondsley.

Mikiola Kieffer, 1896-3, p. 5.
242. M. fagi (Tipula rubra Hermann) Hartig, 1839, p. 4;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 105.
Gall on leaves of Fagus. Swanton, 291; Houard, 1151.
NorRTHUMBERLAND and DurHAM, several records. Cum-
BERLAND, Alston. YORKSHIRE, Marton.
Lasiopteryx Stephens,+ 1829, p. 240.
243. L. obfuscata Meigen, 1818, p. 90; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p LIN,

+ Doubtful genus.

388 Messrs. R. 58. Ban and J. W. H. Harrison’s
Brachyneura Rondani, 1840, p. 18 (type fusco-grisea
Rondani).

244. B. stygia Walker (nec Meigen).+

Group CECIDOMYIARIAE (DIPLOSARIAE).

Hormomyia H. Loew, 1850, pp. 20 and 31.

245. H. fischeri Frauenfeld, 1867, p. 781; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 138.

On Carex limosa. Swanton, 72.

*246. H. frireni Kieffer, 1909, p. 5; 1913-2, p. 138.

Duruam, Gibside, on Carex binervis; Birtley Fell, on
C. flava.

247. H. grandis, Meigen, 1804, p. 39 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 138.

*248. H. kneuckeri Kieffer, 1909, p. 5; 1913-2, p. 138.

On Carex stellulata. = Hormomyia sp. Houard, 368.
Duruam, Waldridge.

Dishormomyia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 2.
*249. D. cornifex Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 60 (Hormomyia) ;
I913=2, p. 139.
On Carex stricta and C. flava. Houard, 373.
DurHAM, near Chester-le-Street. CHESHIRE, Bidston
Hall.
Trishormomyia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 2.
*250. T. tuberifica Riibsaamen, 1899, p. 603 (Hormomyra) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 140.
On Carex spp. Houard, 376.
CHESHIRE, Bidston Hill, not rare. ? DURHAM, Gibside,

on C. binervis, and coast between Horden and Hart, on
C. glauca. NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, on C. glauca.

+ See Collin, 1904, note (3).

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 389

Cyrtodiplosis Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 1.

*251. C. erassinerva Kieffer, 1901-2, p. 172 (Clinodiplosis) ;
1913-2, p. 144.

On Stachys sylvatica. Houard, 4859.
Duruam, Birtley, Lamesley, Lambton and Fatfield.
Monarthropalpus Riibsaamen, 1892, p. 381.

252. M. buxi Geoffrey, 1764, p. 545 (Scatopse); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 150.

YorKSHIRE, Nunthorpe.

Dichrona Riibsaamen, 1899, p. 542.

*253. D. gallarum Riibsaamen, 1899, p. 542; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 151.

On Carex spp.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Bamburgh, on C. distans. DuRHAM,
Waldridge, on C. flava. CHEsHIRE, Bidston Hill, several,
on C. stricta.

Arthrocnodax Riibsaamen, 1895-2, p. 189.

254. A. fraxinella Meade, 1888, p. 77 (Diplosis); Kieffer:
1913-2, p. 156.
In galls of the Eriophyid, £. fraxini, on Ash.

Phaenobremia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 1.

*255. Phaenobremia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p.
208.

Duruam, West Cornforth, larvae feeding on Aphis mali
on apple.
Aphidoletes Kieffer, 1904-2, p. 385.

*256. A. abietis Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 382 (Bremia); 1913-2,
p. 164.

DuruaM, in galls of Adelges abietis, Gibside.

*257. Aphidoletessp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 229.

DuruaM, in galls of Adelges strobilobius, Gibside; larva
entirely red.

390 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Anabremia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 1. -
*258. A. bellevoyei Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 384; 1913-2, p. 169.
On Lathyrus pratensis. Clinodiplosis bellevoyei, Houard,
3774,
Records from all counties.

*259. A. vieiae Kieffer (nom. nov.) (Clinodiplosis longiven-
tris larva, but not imago), 1909, p. 32; 1913-2,
p: 169.
In flowers of Vicia sepium. C. longiventris, Houard,
3694.
Duruam, Fatfield, taken by Mr. W. Hall.

Hadrobremia Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 1.
*260. H. longiventris Kieffer (imago, not larva; trifoli
Kieffer larva, l.c. p. 31), 1909, p. 34 (Clinodiplosis) ;
1913-2, p. 170.
On Trifolium pratense. C. trifolii Wiefler, Houard
(supplement), 6922.
Duruam, Birtley.

Endaphis Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 383.
*261. E. perfidus Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 383; 1913-2, p. 172.
Endoparasite of Aphis platanoides.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*262. Endaphis sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917—2, p. 208.

Endoparasite of an Aphis on Ononis.
Duruam, Penshaw Hill.

Thurauia Riibsaamen, 1899-2, p. 38.
*263. Thurauia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917—2, p. 208.
Duruam, Waldridge Fell, in leaf-sheaths of Carez,
Goodenovii, submerged.

Syndiplosis Riibsaamen, 1910, p. 425.
*264. S. lonicerearum IF. Loew, 1877, p. 17 (Dizplosis);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 178.
On Viburnum Opulus. Cont. lonicerearum, Houard, 5338.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham. Duruam, Fatfield, Gib-
side, Waldridge Fell.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 391
265. S. petioli Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 37 (Harmandia) ; 1913-2,
De. LUG:

On Populus tremula. H. petioli, Swanton, 173, 174;
Houard, 493, 497.

Contarinia Rendani, 1860, p. 287.
*266. C. acetosae Kieffer, 1901-2, p. 31; 1913-2, p. 179.

In flowers of Rumex Acetosa and Acetosella. Houard,
2128, 2136.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Greenside
and near Lanchester; Beamish. CHrsHIRE, Bidston Hill.

*267. C. anthobia F'. Loew, 1877, p. 16; Kieffer, 1913-2,
pe Eo.

In flowers of Crataegus Oxyacantha. Houard, 2941.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DuruHaM, several records. YORK-
SHIRE, Gunnergate.

*268. C. barbichei Kieffer, 1890-1, p. 29; 1913-2, p. 179.
(a) On Lotus corniculatus. Houard, 3617.
Not rare; records from all counties.
(b) On Lotus major. Houard, 3627.
Duruam, Gibside and Tinkler Fell.

*269. C. betulicola - Kieffer, 1889-1, pp. 155 and 171;
1913-2, p. 179. '
On Betula alba. Houard:, 1069.
NoRTHUMBERLAND and DurRHAM, several records. LAn-

CASHIRE, Freshfield, Grange-over-Sands. CHESHIRE, Bid-
ston Hill. Yorksurre, Eston.

270. C. betulina Kieffer, 1889-1, p. 153; 1913-2, p. 179.

On Betula alba. Swanton, 192; Houard, 1076.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DurHaM, several records. LaAn-

CASHIRE, sandhills near Freshfield, plentiful. YorKSHIRE,
Eston; Leeds. °

ee we =

271. C. eampanulae Kieffer, 1895-3, p. 9; 1913-2, p. 180.

ty o . ~
rf On Campanula rotundifolia. Swanton, 795; Houard,
B® 5511.

: NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

al
392 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*272. C. ecoryli Kieffer, 1909, p. 31; 1913-2, p. 180.

On Corylus Avellana. = Diplosine sp., Howard, 1062-

NoRTHUMBERLAND and DuruHAM, several records. LAn-
CASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, rather rare. WESTMORELAND,
Kirkby-Stephen. YorksuHirRe, Bardsey, near Leeds.
273. C. eraecae Kieffer, 1897-3, p. 15; 1913-2, p. 180.

On Vicia spp. Swanton, 589, 593; Houard, 3721, 3693.
Not uncommon; records from all counties excepting
Westmoreland.

*274. C. cucubali Kieffer, 1909, p. 28; 1913-2, p. 28.
On Silene inflata. = Contarinia sp., Houard, 2266.
DuruaM, Birtley, Fatfield and Hylton.

*275. C. gei Kieffer, [909, p. 9; 1913-2, p. 180.
On Geum rivale. = Diplosine sp., Houard, 3091.
CUMBERLAND, near Nenthead.

276. C. helianthemi Hardy, 1850, p. 187; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 180.

On Helianthemum vulgare. Swanton, 631; Houard,
4269.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Cheviot district (Hardy). Duruam,
Ryhope, Easington, Horden and Blackhall Rocks.
LANCASHIRE and WESTMORELAND, Silverdale, Lindale,
and Grange-over-Sands neighbourhood.

277. C. heraclei Riibsaamen, 1889-1, p. 274; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 180.
On Heracleum Sphondylium. Swanton, 668; Houard,
4513.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Langley Woods. Duruam, Birtley,
not common; Hylton and near Washington, rare. Cum-
BERLAND, Nenthead.

*278. C. lathyri Kieffer, 1909, p. 13; 1913-2, p. 181.

In flower of Lathyrus pratensis. = Contarinia sp., Houard,
3770.

Duruam, Penshaw, a few; Lamesley, one only.

_ Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 393

279. C. linariae Winnertz, 1853, p. 260; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p ist.
On Linaria vulgaris. Swanton, 724; Houard, 5028.
Duruam, Biddick and Fatfield (R. 8. B. and W. Hall),
Birtley. Lancasuire, near Freshfield.

280. C. loti De Geer, 1776, p. 420; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 181.
(a) On Lotus corniculatus. Swanton, 583; Houard, 3614.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks. Dura, several records.
CUMBERLAND, Alston. LANCASHIRE, Birkdale, Ainsdale,
Freshfield, in numbers.

*(b) On Lotus major. Houard, 3625.

LANCASHIRE, Ainsdale, rare. YORKSHIRE, see Burkill,
1916. Mr. Burkill also records this from Surrey and
Staffordshire on L. major.

*281. ?C. medicagins Kieffer, 1895-4, p. 150; 1913-2,
p. 181.

On Medicago falcata. Swanton, 562.

The species recorded by Connold and Swanton (562),
“Flowers and seed-pod swollen, reddish. Larvae gre-
garious,’ would seem to refer to this species and (in the
seed-pod) Asphondylia miki. Certainly not to C. lote.

282. C. melanocera Kieffer, 1909, p. 76; 1913-2, p. 181.

On Genista tinctoria. Swanton, 550; Houard, 3372.
DuruaM, Gibside, plentiful.

*283. C. nasturtw Kieffer, 1888-2, p. 263; 1913-2, p. 181.

See Carpenter, 1911, pp. 68-71, on Brassica Rapa.
Houard, 6701 (supplement).

*284. C. nicolayi Riibsaamen, 1895-1, p. 183; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 181.
On Heracleum Sphondylium. Wouard, 4509.

DuRHAM, many records. CUMBERLAND, Alston. LAn-
CASHTRE, Grange and Lindale. Yorksuire, Redcar.

*285. C. ononidis Kieffer, 1889-3, p. 93; 1913-2, p. 181.

On Ononis repens. Houard, 3500.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. DurHAm, between
Horden and Hart; also Ryhope.

394 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

286. C. pyrivora Riley, 1886, p. 283 (Dzplosis); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 181.

On Pyrus communis. Swanton, 525; Houard, 2855.

Duruam, Wear and Derwent valleys, a few old records.

287. C. quereina Riibsaamen (dryophila Kieffer), 1890;
p. 21; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 181.
On Quercus. Swanton, 278; Houard, 1207.
Duruam, Gibside, Fatfield and West Cornforth. Yorx-
SHIRE, Bardsey, near Leeds.

*288. C. rubicola (Kieffer, 1908, gall and larva) Riib-
saamen, 1910, p. 424; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 181.
In flowers of Rubus caesius. Houard (supplement), 6775.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Birtley, Bid-
dick. LancasHiRE and WESTMORELAND, near Grange-
over-Sands.

289. C. ruderalis Kieffer, 1890-3, p. 198; 1913-2, p. 181.

On Sisymbrium officinale. Swanton, 403; Houard, 2576.
Duruam, Birtley. YorKSHIRE, Redcar.

*290. C. seabiosae Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 60; 1913-2, p. 182.
On Scabiosa Columbaria. Houard, 5463.
Duruam, near Birtley; Penshaw Hill; Tunstal Hill, near
Sunderland; Horden and Hart. CUMBERLAND, near Alston.

*291. C. seoparii Riibsaamen, 1889-2, p. 48; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 182.
On Cytisus scoparius. Houard, 3421 and 3430.
Duruam, Horsleyhope and between Newbiggin and
Rowley ; Wolsingham.

*292. C. sorbi Kieffer, 1896-1, p. 99; 1913-2, p. 182.
On Pyrus Aucuparia. Houard, 2909.
DuruHAaM, Westgate. CUMBERLAND, near Alston.
CHESHIRE, Bidston. YORKSHIRE, Great Ayton Moor.

293. C. steini Karsch, 1881, p. 227; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 182.
On Lychnis alba and *L. dioica. Swanton, 345; Houard,
2291 and *2294.
Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 395

294. C. tiliarum Kieffer, 1890-2, p. 193; 1913-2, p. 182.

On Tilia platyphyllos and T. vulgaris. Swanton, 615-17,
619; Houard, 4122—23-25-54.

Records from all counties excepting Westmoreland and
Cheshire.

*295. C. tragopogonis Kieffer, 1909, p. 30; 1913-2, p. 182.

On Tragopogon pratensis. = Contarinia sp., Houard, 6077.

DuruamM, Wear Valley, from Chester-le-Street to Hylton;
Ryhope. Lancasuire, Birkdale. CuHEsuirE, Bidston.
YORKSHIRE, Redear.

296. C. traili Kieffer, 1889-2, p. 262; 1913-2, p. 182.

Flowers of Pimpinella Saxifraga. Swanton, 658; Houard,
4446.

DuruaM, near Penshaw, galls only, rare.

297. C. tremulae Kieffer, 1909, p. 78; 1913-2, p. 182.
On Populus tremula. = Contarinia sp., Swanton, 172;
Houard, 502.

298. C. tritici, Kirby, 1797, p. 246 (Cecidomyia); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 182.

*299. C. valerianae Riibsaamen, 1890, p. 231; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 182.
Valeriana sambucifolia. Houard, 5421.
DuruaM, Gibside.

*300. ©. viburnorum Kieffer (nom. nov. for C. viburni
Kieff. non Felt), 1912-1, p. 230; 1913-2, p. 182.
In flowers of Viburnum Opulus.

NorTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham. Duruam, many records.
CUMBERLAND, Keswick.

*301. Contarinia sp. Riibsaamen; Lagerheim.

On Galium verum. Houard, 5288.
Duruam, Penshaw Hill. NorrHumBeRLAND, Bamburgh,
Warkworth. Also from Scotland.

*302. Contarinia sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 229.
On Bupleurum tenuissimum.
Duruam, Greatham.

396 Messrs. R. 8. Mal and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Stictodiplosis Kieffer, 1894, p. 28.
303. S. corylina F. Loew, 1878, p. 366; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 183.
On Corylus Avellana. Swanton, 215; Howard, 1052.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, not uncommon. Dur-
HAM, wood near Fatfield. NortTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth
and Ovingham. Yorksuire, Bardsey, near Leeds.

*304. S. hypochoeridis Riibsaamen, 1891, p. 52; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 183.
(a) On Hypochoeris radicata. Houard, 6034.
Records from all counties.
(b) On Crepis biennis. Houard (supplement), 7538.
YORKSHIRE, Stainton.

305. S. jacobaeae H. Loew, 1850, p. 29; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 183.
On Senecio Jacobaea and *S. erucifolius. Swanton, 841;
Houard, 5865.
Records from all counties excepting Cumberland, but
only once on S. erucifolius (Cowpen-Bewley, co. Durham).

*306. §S. pilosellae Kieffer, 1896-1, p. 100; 1913-2, p. 183.
On Hieracium Pilosella. Houard, 6197.
Duruam, Fatfield, and Tunstal Hill, near Sunderland,
rare.
307. S. serophulariae Kieffer, 1896—1, p. 100; 1913-2, p. 183.

On Scrophularia nodosa. Swanton, 726; Houard, 5063.

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Staward. Duruam, Gibside,
locally plentiful; Fencehouses. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-
Sands, rare.

*308. S. umbellatarum Riibsaamen, 1910, p. 422; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 183.
Flowers of Pimpinella magna.
LANCASHIRE, near Grange-over-Sands.
Thecodiplosis Kieffer, 1895-2, p. 194.
309. T. brachyntera Schwiigrichen, 1835, p. 162 (Cecido-
mya); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 184.
On Pinus sylvestris. Swanton, 21; Houard, 76.

= 3 oe

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 397

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Warkworth. Duruam, Tinkler
Fell. LaNcasHirE, Grange-over-Sands.

Myricomyia Kieffer, 1900, p. 470.
*310. M. mediterranea . Loew, 1885-2, p. 485 (Diplosis) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 186.
On Erica Tetralia.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Blanchland. Duruam, Waldridge,
Birtley, Killhope and Waskerley. CUMBERLAND, Killhope.
YORKSHIRE, Eston and Ayton.

Zeuxidiplosis Kieffer, 1904-2, p. 349.
*311. Z. giardi Kieffer, 1896-2, p. 383 (Thecodiplosis
guardiana Kieffer, 1898); 1913-2, p. 187.
On (a) Hypericum perforatum and (b) H. pulchrum. = Z.
guardiana, Houard, 4210, 4202.
NORTHUMBERLAND, near Staward (b), rare. DuRHAM,
Gibside (a), rare. CUMBERLAND, near Nenthead (6), rare.

Atrichosema Kieffer, 1904—2, p. 347.
312. A. aceris Kieffer, 1904-2, p. 348; 1913-2, p. 189.
On Acer campestris. Swanton, 606, 607; Houard, 4030.

Trichodiplosis Kieffer, 1912-1, p. 229.
*313. T. earicis Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 61 (Antichira); 1913-2,
p. 191.

In leaf-sheaths of Carex Goodenovii and C. glauca.
DuruaM, Waldridge. NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.
CUMBERLAND, Alston. CHESHIRE, Bidston.

Antichiridium Riibsaamen, 1911, p. 168 (for Antichira
Riibs. 1911, non Eschscholz).
*314. A. striatum Riibsaamen, 1911, p. 122 (Antichira);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 192.
In leaf-sheaths of grasses and sedges if large and coarse.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth, on Carer pendula.
DuruaM, Birtley, on Typha latifolia; Gibside, on Carex
pendula; and near Swalwell, on Phragmites. LANCASHIRE,
near Grange-over-Sands, on Phragmites.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PaRTs II, I, IV. (MAY °18) DD

398 Messrs. R. 8. Bra and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Lestodiplosis Kieffer, 1894, p. 28.
315. L. callida Winnertz, 1853, p. 255 (Diplosis); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 197.

316. L. centralis Winnertz, 1853, p. 277 (Dzplosis);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 197.

Pseudhormomyia Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 57.
317. P. granifex Kieffer, 1898-2, p. 57-8; 1913-2, p. 204.
On Carex caespitosa, *C. paniculata, *C. stricta and
C. flava. Swanton, 71; Houard, *374.
Cuesuire, Bidston Hill, on C. stricta. Durnam, Birtley,
on C. flava.
Taphodiplosis Kieffer, 1912-2, p. 2.
*318.. T. subterranea Kieffer ef Trotter, 1905, p. 65 (Pseud-
hormomyia); WKiefler, 1913-2, p. 205.
On Carex spp. Houard, 366.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, Bamburgh, on C. distans. DurHam,
near Lanchester, on C. divulsa; Waldridge, on C. flava;
Gibside, on C. binervis. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands,

Dyodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1912, p. 49.
*319. D. arenariae Riibsaamen, 1899, p. 602 (Hormomyia).

On Carex arenaria.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Bamburgh, rare.

Loewiola Kieffer, 1896-3, p. 5.
320. L. eentaureae I. Loew, 1875, p. 25 (Diplosis); Kiefter,
1913-2, p. 207.
(a) On Centaurea migra, very local. Swanton, 855, 856.
DuruaM, Fatfield and Ryhope. Lancasuire, Lathom.
*(b) On C. Scabiosa. Houard, 5990.

Duruam, Ryhope.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Surrey, on C. Scabiosa.

Putoniella Kieffer, 1896, p. 4.
321. P. marsupialis I’. Loew, 1889, p. 536; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 209.
On Prunus spinosa. Swanton, 456; Houard, 3295.
Duruam, Ryhope Dene, plentiful.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 399

Haplodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1911, p. 393.
*322. H. equestris B. Wagner, 1871, p. 41; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 210.
See Houard, 333.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, on a common grass—
Triticum sp. or ally. Brought forward as British by the
late F. Enock.

Cecidomyia *Meigen, 1803, p. 261.+
323. C. pon de Geer,t 1776, p. 417 (Tipula); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 215.
324. C. flava Meigen, 1818, p. 99 (Diplosis Theobald) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 215.

325. C. verna Curtis, 1827, p. 178; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 220.

Macrodiplosis Kieffer, 1895-2, p. 194.
326. M. dryobia I’. Loew, 1877, p. 14; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 223.
On Quercus. Swanton, 279; Houard, 1306.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DuRHAM, several records. Cum-
BERLAND, Keswick. LANCASHIRE, Grange. YORKSHIRE,
Bardsey near Leeds and Nunthorpe.

327. M. velvens Kieffer, 1904-1, p. 79; 1913-2, p. 223.

On Quercus. Swanton, 280; Houard, 1307.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DurHam, several records. Cum-
BERLAND, Keswick. LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands, rare.

Xenodiplosis Felt, 1911, p. 61 (= Allodiplosis Riibs. non

Kieffer).
*328. X. laeviuseuli Riibsaamen, 1911, p.85; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 228.
-On gall of Newroterus laeviusculus.
Duruam, Fatfield. NorrHumMBERLAND, Warkworth.

YorRKSHIRE, Bardsey near Leeds.

7 Allspecies in this genus excepting the type pini are insufficiently
described, and therefore cannot be relegated to any known genus.
~ Synonyms are laterella Zett., pilosa Bremi, and pini-maritimae

' Dup.

= >

400 Messrs. R. 8. Ball and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Parallelodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1910, p. 287.
*329. P. galliperda I’. Loew, 1889, p. 202 (Diplosis);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 229.
On gall of Newroterus lenticularis on Oak.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth and Ovingham. York-
SHIRE, Nunthorpe.

Harmandia Kieffer, 1896-3, p. 5.
330. H. tremulae Winnertz, 1853, p. 263; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 234.
On Populus tremula. Swanton, 175; Houard, 506.
Duruam, Low Fell.
*331. H. pustulans Kieffer, 1909, p. 18 (gall), and 1912-1,
p. 230 (larva); 1913-2, p. 234.
On Populus tremula. = Diplosine sp., Houard, 513.
YORKSHIRE, Nunthorpe, very rare.

Dichodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1911, p. 171.
*332. D.langeni Riibsaamen, 1911, p. 171; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 235.
On dried plums.
DuruaM, Gibside.

Clinodiplosis Kieffer, 1894-2, p. 121.
*333. C. betonicae Kieffer, 1909, p.3; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 237.
In flower of Betonica officinalis.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks; Warkworth. Duran,

Gibside.

334. C. botularia Winnertz, 1853, p. 266 (Dzplosis);
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 237.
Inquiline in galls of Perrisia fraxina.
NORTHUMBERLAND, near Staward. DurxHam, Penshaw
Hill. Cumperianp, Alston. YorKSHIRE, Bardsey near
Leeds and Gunnergate.

*335. C. rosiperda Riibsaamen, 1892-2, p. 54; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 238.
On Rosa villosa (abroad on Rosa centifolia only, see
Houard, R2, 3128).

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 401

Duruam, Billingham, Lamesley and Gibside. Norru-
UMBERLAND, Ovingham. YORKSHIRE, Bardsey near Leeds.

*336. C. schlechtendali Riibsaamen, 1911, p. 16; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 238.

On Convolvulus sepium.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. DuruHaAm, between
Wolviston and Greatham.

Mycodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1895-1, p. 186.

336A. M. comophaga Winnertz, 1853, p. 267; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 242.

*337. Mycodiplosis sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 208.
p g p

On the aecidia of Uromyces junci, larva orange-red.
Duruay, Billingham.

*338. Myeodiplosissp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 208,

On Crepis paludosa, larvae orange-pink, feeding on
Puccinia major.
Duruam, Waldridge Fell.

*339. Myeodiplosis sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917 (vy),
p. 14.
On Cirsium arvense, larvae crimson, feeding on Puccinia
suavolens.
Duruam, Fatfield, Fulwell near Sunderland, Penshaw.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*340. Myeodiplosis sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3,
p. 229.

Larvae yellowish-orange on Puccima hieracii on H. boreale.
Duruam, Winlaton Mill.

Massalongia Kieffer, 1897-3, p. 12.
341. M. rubra Kieffer, 1890-3, p. 199; 1913-2, p. 246.

On Betula alba. Swanton, 193; Houard, 1075.
NORTHUMBERLAND, four miles north of Morpeth;

402 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Ninebanks. Duruam, Gibside, Waldridge, Tinkler Fell,
Urpeth, Castle Eden dene. CHrsurre, Bidston Hill, local.
YorKSHIRE, Eston Moor; Leeds.

278.
257; Kieffer,

Ametrodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1911,
342. A. thalictricola Riibsaamen, 1895-1,
1913-2, p. 246.
On Thalictrum minus and flavum. Clinodiplosis thalie-
tricola, Swanton, 356, 358; Houard, 2441, 2448; and on
* T. flecuosum, Houard, 2451.

p-
p-

Monodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1910, p. 289.
*343. M. liebeli Kieffer (Schizomyia sociabilis Riibs.),
1889 (-1), p. 174; 1913-2, p. 248.
Living in galls of Macrolabis dryobia and volvens.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham, with M. volvens. Dur-
HAM, Gibside, Fatfield, with M. dryobia.

Atylodiplosis Riibsaamen, 1910, p. 338.
*344. A. rumicis H. Loew, 1850, p. 190; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p- 257.
In flowers of Rumex Acetosella. Houard, 2128.
General and sometimes common; records from all
counties excepting Westmoreland.

Group PORRICONDYLARIAE.

Dirhiza H. Loew, 1850, p. 21. .
345. D. rhodophila Hardy, 1850, p. 186 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 269.
NORTHUMBERLAND and DuRHAM, several records. See
No. 185.
Porricondyla Rondani, 1840, p. 14.

346. P. longipes H. Loew, 1850, p. 38 (EL pidosis); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 272.

Winnertzia Rondani, 1860, p. 287.

347. [W. tenella Walker, 1856, p. 129 (Asynapta); Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 283.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 403

Subfamily LESTREMINAE,
Group CAMPYLOMYZARIAE.
Campylomyza Meigen,t+ 1818, p. 102 (also 1830).
348. [C. aceris Meigen, 1818, p. 102; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 296.

349. [C. bicolor Meigen, 1818, p. 102; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 296.

350. [C. flavipes Meigen, 1818, p. 102; Kieffer, 1913-2,
De 2s

351. C. globifera Haliday in Walker, 1856, p. 62; Mieffer, -
1913-2, p. 297.

352. [C. halterata Zetterstedt, 1852, p. 4351; Kieffer,
1913-2, p. 297. ;

Amblyspatha Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 299.

*353._A. ormerodi Kieffer, 1913-la, p. 52; 1913-2, p. 300.
Only known from Scotland.

Group LESTREMIARIAE.
Catocha Haliday, 1833, p. 156.
354. [C. brevinervis Zetterstedt, 1851, p. 3770 (Lestremia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 307.

355. C. latupes Haliday, 1833, p. 156; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 307.

Lestremia Macquart, 1826, p. 173.
356. L. carnea H. Loew, 1844, p. 324 (Cecidomyia) ;
Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 308.
357. LL. cinerea Macquart, 1826, p. 173; Kieffer, 1913-2,
p. 308.
+ Due to insufficiency of description, many of the species in

Kieffer’s list are doubtfully included in the genus, doubtless including
some, if not all, of the above.

404 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s
358. L. fusca Meigen, 1830, p. 309; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 308.

399. L. leucophaea Meigen (juniperina Fabr. non Linn.),
1818, p. 288 (Sciara); Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 308.
Subfamily HETEROPEZIN AE.
Genus Mrastor Meinert, 1864, p. 42; Kieffer, 1913-2, p. 313.

*359.4 Miastor sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1918, p. 61.
Duruam, Birtley, increasing paedogenetically.

* x x x * x
The following eleven Cecidomyid spp. are recorded in
Swanton’s British Catalogue.
360. Cecidomyid sp. Swanton, 1901.
On Ophioglossum vulgatum. Swanton, 9.

361. Cecidomyid sp. Fitch, 1883.
On Juniperus communis. Swanton, 12; Houard, 134.

362. Cecidomyid sp. Zimmermann, 1907.
On Castanea sativa. Swanton, 289; Houard, 1167.

363. Cecidomyid sp. Trail, 1878.
On Anthyllus Vulneraria. Swanton, 582; Houard, 3604.
DuruaM, Birtley.

364. Cecidomyid sp. Trail, 1878; Kieffer, 1901.
On Vicia sylvatica. Swanton, 591; Houard, 3730.

365. Cecidomyid sp. Binnie, 1877, and others.

On Angelica sylvestris. Swanton, 664; Houard, 4475.
Duruam, Vigo; Billingham, in countless thousands;
Lamesley. YORKSHIRE, Great Ayton.

366. Cecidomyid sp. Liebel, Kieffer and others.
On Veronica serpyllifolia. Swanton, 727; Houard, 5107.

367. Cecidomyid sp. Trail, 1878; Kieffer, 1901.
On Galium boreale. Swanton, 744; Houard, 5196.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 405

368. Cecidomyid sp. Trail, 1878; Kieffer, 1897; 1901.
On Galium Aparine. Swanton, 764; Houard, 5304.

369. Diplosis sp. Trail, 1878; Kieffer, 1901.

On Valeriana sambucifolia. Swanton, 783; Houard,
5422.

Duruam, Waldridge.

370. Cecidomyid sp. Trail, 1878; Kieffer, 1901.

On Senecio Jacobaea and S. aquatica. Swanton, 842,
845; Houard, 5864, 5858.

NORTHUMBERLAND and DurHaM, several records.

* * * * * *

The following three species are shown in Houard as from
the British Isles, but not in Swanton.

*371. Cecidomyid sp. Trail, 1873; Kieffer, 1901.
On Rhinanthus Crista-galli. Houard, 5129.

*372. Cecidomyid sp. Kieffer, 1901.

On Thalictrum dunense. Houard, 2456.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*373. Cecidomyid sp. Kieffer, 1901.

On Rosa spinosissima. Houard, 3237.
x x * ** x x

The following species are new or recent records.

*374. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-83, p. 230.

On Geum urbanum, flowers remaining closed.
Duruam, Norton and Fencehouses.

*375. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (ui),
p. 203.
On Betula alba.
Duruam, Waldridge and Gibside.

*376. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (in),
p. 203.

Seeds of Trollius europaeus.
Duruam, Billingham.

406 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*377. Cecidomyid sp. Burkill, 1916, p. 7.
Salix aurita and S. aurita cinerea, 2 catkins.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Derbyshire.

*378. ?Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iii),
p- 203.
Pod of Cylisus scoparius; causer doubtfully Cecidomyid.
Records from NORTHUMBERLAND and DuRHAM.

*379. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917 (vy),
plo.
Acorns of Quercus Robur and cerris.
Records from DurHAM, YORKSHTRE and LANCASHIRE.

*380. Cecidomyid sp.t Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (i),
p. 203.

In seeds of Geranium pratense and G. sylvaticum with
Das. geranii, larvae bright orange-red to red.
Records from NortHumBERLAND and DurHAM.

*381. Cecidomyid sp. (? P. geranii). Bagnall and Harrison,
1916 (iv), p. 252.
In seeds of Geranium dissectum; larva yellow.
Duruan, Fatfield.

*382. Cecidomyid sp. (? P. geranii) Bagnall and Harrison,
1916 (iv), p. 252.
In seeds of Geranium molle; larva yellow.
YORKSHIRE, Redcar.

*383. Cecidomyid sp. (? P. geranii). Bagnall and Harrison,
1917-3, p. 230.
In seeds of Geranium pusillum.
NorRTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*384. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (in),
p. 203. é
In flowers and amongst seeds of Geranium pusillum;
larva almost transparent. lemon-yellow.
LANCASHIRE, Freshfield and Ainsdale, common.

+ See also under Perrisia geranii in regard to these Geranium
records.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 407

*385. Cecidomyid sp, Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iv),
p- 252.
Erodium cicutarium, in flowers and amongst seeds;
larvae creamy-yellow.
YORKSHIRE, Redcar.

*386. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iv),
p. 252; 1917-2, p. 207.
On Pimpinella Saxifraga.
Duruam, Penshaw Hill.

*387. Cecidomyid sp. (Perrisia sp.). Bagnall and Harrison,
1916 (iii), p. 200.
On Vaccinium Myrtillus. Howard, 4566.
CUMBERLAND, Skiddaw. Duruam, Gibside.

*388. Cecidomyid sp. (? Janetiella). Bagnall and Harrison,
1916 (iv), p. 252.
On Euphrasia officinalis.
Records from all counties; local.

*389. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iv),
p. 252.
On Atriplex patula.
Records from YORKSHIRE and DuRHAM.

*390. Cecidomyid sp. Burkill, 1916, p. 7.

On Stachys palustris.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Derbyshire.

*391. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 230.

On Stachys lanata.
DvuruHaM, in a garden at Penshaw.

*392. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iii),
p- 203.

On Campanula rotundifolia.
Records from DurHAM and CUMBERLAND.

*393. Cecidomyid sp. Burkill, 1916, p. 8.

On Achillea Millefolium.
Recorded by Mr. Burkill from Sussex,

408 Messrs. R. 8. Bagnall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*394. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 230.
On Achillea Millefolium.
Duruam, Hart.

*395. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iii),
-“p. 203.
On Taraxacum officinale.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks.

*396. Ceeidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1916 (iii),
p. 203.

In HMieracium boreale seeds.
DuruaM, Birtley Fell.

*397. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 230.

Larvae feeding on mildew on Oak, yellowish.
NorTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Gibside.

*398. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 230.
Larvae feeding on mildew on rose; yellowish.
Duruam, Gibside. Known to the late Dr. Hardy
(Hardy, 1850).

*399. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 230.

Yellow larvae in galls of Andricus fecundator.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. DurHam, Winlaton
Mill.

*400. Ceeidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 230.

Larva milk-white, in leaf-sheaths of a small Carez.
Duruam, Waldridge Fell.

*401. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 230.

Larva white, red at each end; in leaf-sheaths of a small
Carex.
Duruam, Waldridge Fell.

*402. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1907-3, p. 230.

Larvae bright rose-red, under leaf-sheath of Carex flava.
DouruaM, Birtley Fell,

ee (ine

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 409

*403. Ceeidomyid sp. Cotte, 1912.

Thornlike gall on Galium verum. Houard (supplement),
7372.

DurHaM, Penshaw and Seaton Carew, rare. Records
from Scotland (Forth area), where it is plentiful.

*404. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 209.

On Thalictrum dunense. See Houard, 2443.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, coast near
Hart. Also from Scotland.

*405. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p.

209 (a).
*406. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p.
210 (6).

On Astragalus hypoglottis.
Records from Scotland.

*407. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 210.

Larva yellow, in spikelets of Phleum pratense.
Duruam, Penshaw.

*408. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 210.

Minute yellow larva in the spikelet of Poa sp.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Ninebanks.

*409. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-2, p. 210.

Larvae in spikelets of Dactylus glomerata.
Duruam, Penshaw and Edmondsley.

*410. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 229,
On privet, flowers remaining closed, leathery, containing
a solitary orange-yellow larva. Not Schizomyia ligustri of
Riibsaamen.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*411. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 230.
On dead fungus-attacked seed-cases of Lapsana.
DuruaM, Gibside.

410 Messrs. R. S, Mona and J. W. H. Harrison’s

*412. Cecidomyid sp. Tavares, 1907.

On Oak. Houard, 1306.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth. Duruam, Fatfield.
LANCASHIRE, Grange-over-Sands.

*413. Cecidomyid sp. (? Contarinia), Bagnall and Harrison,
1917-3, p. 229.
On Angelica sylvestris.
Duruam, Billingham.

*414. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 229.
Minute rose-red larvae on dead seed-cases of Scrophularia
nodosa.
NORTHUMBERLAND, between Warkworth and Alnmouth.
Duruam, Gibside.

*415, Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917—3, p. 229.
Yellow-orange larvae feeding and pupating under the
epiderm of stems of Heracleum Sphondylium growing in
marshy place.
Duruam, Gibside.

*416. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 229.
Pale reddish larva feeding externally on what look like
parenchymatous galls on Lonicera.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Warkworth.

*417. Cecidomyid sp. (? = Lasioptera sp.). Bagnall and
Harrison, 1917-3, p. 228.
A rather large bright salmon-coloured larva feeding in
spikelets of Carex vesicaria.
DuruaM, Billingham.

*418. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917-3, p. 230.

On Helianthemum Chamoecistus, flower remaining closed,
larva solitary, pmkish-yellow. Houard, 4267.
DurHAM, coast between Horden and Hart.

*419. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1917—3, p. 230.

Larvae semi-transparent, whitish, sometimes with yellow-
ish tinge, feeding gregariously in the inner lead-sheaths of
Carex glauca.

Preliminary Cataloque of British Cecidomyidae. 411
Y ”g y

NORTHUMBERLAND, near Warkworth. DurHam, coast
between Horden and Hart.

*420. Ceeidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1918, p. 61.

On Achillea Ptarmica.
YORKSHIRE, Bardsey near Leeds.

*421. Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 5450.

On Knautia arvensis, leaf pustules.
NoRTHUMBERLAND, Ovington. Durnam, Ryhope.

*422. Cecidomyid sp. Houard, 8. 60.

On Salix.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Ovingham on S. aurita. Durnam,
Easington on S. Caprea.
*423,. Cecidomyid sp. Bagnall and Harrison, 1918, p. 61.

In rotting turnips.
Duruawy, Birtley.

Il. Cuecxk List or NAMED SPECIES.

CECIDOMYIDAE.
Subfamily CECIDOM YINAE. Genus Stefaniella Kieffer.
Group LASIOPTERARIAE. 1. S. brevipalpis Kieffer.
Genus Clinorrhyncha H.

pe Genus Lasioptera (Meigen).

1. C. chrysanthemi H. Loew. 1. L. albip ennis Meigen.
2. C. millefolii Wachtl 2. L. arundinis Schiner.
3. OC. laeanthenk Rae: 3. L. calamagrostidis Riibsaa-
men.
Genus Trotteria Kieffer, 4. L. carophila ¥. Loew.
= Choristoneura (praeoce.) Ribs. 9 L. rubi Heeger.

1. 7. galii Ritbsaamen.
2. T. sarothamni (Kieffer). Group OLIGOTROPHARIAE.
3. T'. umbelliferarum Kiefler. ;
[Genus Neocerata Coquillet =
Genus Baldratia Kieffer. Perrisia.

1, B. salicorniae Kieffer. 1. N. rhodophaga Coquillett.

412 Messrs. R. 8. Mevail and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Genus Rhopalomyia Riibsaa- Genus Zygobia Kieffer.
Sie se 1. Z. carpini (F. Loew).
1. R. millefolii (H. Loew).
— achilleae Inchbald. Genus Craneiobia Kieffer
2. R. tanaceticola (Karsch). cents Sea

1. C. corni (Giraud).
Genus Misopatha Kieffer.

1. M. florwm (Kieffer). Genus Phegobia Kieffer.

2. M. foliorum (H. Loew), 1. P. tornatella (Bremi).
= abrotani Trail.
3. M. ptarmicae (Vallot), Genus Mayetiola Kieffer.

= florica Winnertz.

. M. avenae (Marchal).
4. M. syngenesiae (H. Loew). ee eee

M. dactylidis Wieffer.

M. destructor (Say).

. M. holci Kieffer.

. M. joannisi Wieffer.

. M. ventricola Riibsaamen.

. M. hordei Kieffer.+

Genus Arceuthomyia Kieffer.
1. A. valerii (Tavares).

“OOP wNe

Genus Oligotrophus Latreille.*

1. O. juniperinus (Linné). ; OS Bee
2. O. panteli Kiefler. Genus Chortomyia Kieffer.
3. O. alopecuri Reuter. 1. ©. hellwigi (Riibsaamen).
4. O. bursarius (Bremi). 2. C. moliniae (Riibsaamen).
5. O. fagineus Kieffer. 3. C. poae (Bose. ).
6. O. hartigi (Liebel). 4. CO. radicifica (Riibsaamen).
7. O. reaumurianus (F. Loew).
8. O. tympanifex Kieffer. ee . Fe
9, O. ulmi Kieffer. meus Gysuphote Pere
10. .O. loewianus Kieffer. 1. C. hieractt (F. Loew).
2. C. taraxaci Kieffer.
Genus Phyetidobia Kieffer. 3. C. leontodontis Kieffer.
- : : ys 4. CO. pilosellae Kiefer.
1. P. solmsi (Kieffer). 5. CO. sonchi (F. Loew).

Genus Mikomyia Kieffer.

1. M. corylé (Kieffer). Genus Maerolabis Kieffer.

1. M. corrugans (F. Loew).
Genus Semudobia Kieffer. 2. M. hieracti Kieffer. _
aes s ae 3. M. hippocrepidis Kieffer.
1. S. betulae (Winnertz). 4. M. marteli Kiefter.
‘ ' Semin 5. M. pilosellae (Binnie).
Genus Iteomyia Kieffer. 6. M. stellariae (Liebel).
1. I. capreae (Winnertz).
2. I. major (Kiefer). Genus Arnoldia Kieffer.
Genus Janetiella Kieffer. eure Pasha atte
1. J. lemeei (Kieffer). cog :
2. J. thymi (Kieffer). ee as
3. J. thymicola (Kiefler). Genus Geoerypta Kieffer.
4, J. tuberculi Riibsaamen. 1. G. braweri (Handlirsch).

* The first two species truly belong to this genus as now limited,
but all the other species are placed here temporarily.
+ The generic position of this species 1s not yet certain.

oe

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae.

Genus Rhabdophaga Westwood.

U-
2.
3.

@e-~153

Noe

15.

pe OO ST SST Pe

WNW

R. albipennis (H. Loew).

R. clavifex (Kieffer).

R. dubiosa Kieffer,

= dubia Kieffer,

= griseicollis Zett. non
Meigen.

. Rk. giraudiana Kieffer,

= saliciperda Giraud non

Dufour.

. R. heterobia (H. Loew),

= saligna Hardy.

. R. iteobia (Kieffer).
. R. karschi (Kieffer).
. R. marginemtorquens (Win-

nertz).

. R. nervorum (Kieffer),

= noduli Riibsaamen.

. R. pierret (Kieffer).
. R. pseudococcus Riibsaamen.
. R. pulvini Kieffer,

= salicina Giraud non
Schrank,

= ?klugi
Meigen.

H. Loew

non

. R. rosaria H. Loew,

= salicina Auct,
= cinerearum Hardy.

. R. rosariella Kiefier.
. R. saliciperda (Dufour),

= terebrans H. Loew.

. R. salicis (Schrank),

= degeert Bremi.

. R. superna Kiefler.
. R. terminalis (H. Loew).

Genus Perrisia Rondani.

. P. abietiperda (Henschel).
. P. acercrispans (Kieffer) and

var. rubella (Kieffer.)
acrophila (Winnertz).
. affinis (Kieffer).

. alni (FB. Loew).
alpina (¥. Loew).
anglica Kieffer.
aparines (Kieffer).
aucupariae Kieffer.
axillaris Kieffer.
ballotae (Riibsaamen).
beckiana (Mik).
brassicae (Winnertz).
brunellae Kieffer.
bryoniae (Bouche).

16.
eT:
18.
I)
20.
21.
22.

23.
24.
25.
26.
21.
28.
29.
30.
ol.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

Al.

48.
49.
50.
ol.
52.

53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.

413

P. campanulae(Riitbsaamen).
. capitigena (Bremi).

. cardamines (Winnertz).

. cerasti (Binnie).

. cirsit (Riibsaamen).

. compositarum (Kieffer).
corylina Kieffer,

coryli Ribsaamen.
crataegi (Winnertz).
daphnes Wiefter.

. engstfeldi (Riibsaamen).

. eptlobii (KF. Loew).

. ericina (KF. Loew).
jilicina (Kieffer).

P. floriperda (¥. Loew).

P. flosculorum (Wiefter).

P. fraxinea Kiefier.

P. fraxini Kieffer.

P. fructuum (Riibsaamen).
P. galeobdolontis (Winnertz).
P. galii (H. Loew).

P. galicola ¥. Loew.

P. genistamtorquens (Kiefler)
P. genisticola (F. Loew).

P. gentianae Kieffer.

P. geranii Kieffer.

P. glechomae (Kieffer).

? P. glyctphylli Ritbsaamen.
. holosteae Kieffer.

. hygrophila (Mik).

. hyperict (Bremi).

. ignorata (Wachtl),
medicaginis Bremi,
onobrychidis ¥. Loew non
Bremi.

. nchbaldiana (Mik),

? clausilia Bremi.
imclusa (#rauenteld).
kieffert Marchal.
kiefferiana (Riibsaamen).
lami Wiefler.

laricis F. Loew,

kellnert Henschel.

lathyri Kieffer.
lathyricola (Riibsaamen).
libera Wiefter.
lotharingiae (Kieffer).

lott Kieffer.

loticola (Riibsaamen).

. lupulinae Kiefier.

. lychnidis (Heyden).

. mali Kieffer.

. malpighi Kieffer.

. mikw Kiefler.

De actacactactacll Maclaclalalalas

[all Seeasths

WIV MRR

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1917.—PARTS II, I, IV. (MAY ’18) EE

Messrs. R. 8. BMiall and J,

. P. muricatae (Meade),

= caricis H. Loew.

. P. nervicola Kiefter.

? P. onobrychidis Bremi,
= giraudi Frauentfeld.

. P. papaveris (Winnertz).
. P. periclymeni (Riibsaamen),.
. P. persicariae (Linné).

P. plicatrix (H. Loew).

111.

112.
113.
114.
115.

*
116.
LI BF fe

W. H. Harrison’s

i

i‘?
|e
ye
Pf

de
FE;

veronicae (Vallot),
chamaedrys Inchbald.
viciae (Kieffer).
violae (F. Loew).
virgae-aureae (Liebel).
vilis-idaeae Kiefier.

* * *
lithospermi H. Loew.
panteli Kieffer.

Gis
gs
vee a
Fr
ks
tae
A a
piece
Fees
ae 8
Ae?
Bae ge"
Deb
Pe
Dei eeu
ay
Sa
shew
as
the dt
ee 5
5
eteskes

?

ee
se
aides
arias
Ne
otleas

polygalae Kieffer.
populeti (Riibsaamen).
potentillae (Wachtl).
praticola (Kieffer).
pteridicola (Kieffer).
pustulans (Riibsaamen).
pyrt (Bouché).
pierreana Kieffer.
ranunculi (Bremi).
raphanistri (Kiefter).
rhododendroni Kiefter.
rosarum (Hardy).
rostrupiana Kiefler,
riibsaameni Wiefter.
salicariae (Kieffer).
sanguisorbae (Kieffer).
scabiosae (Kieffer).
schlechtendali (Kieffer).
schmidti Riibsaamen.
serotina (Winnertz).
silvicola Kieffer.
similis (F. Loew).
sisymbrii (Schranck).
P. sodalis (F. Loew).
stachydis (Bremi).
strobi (Winnertz).
tetenst (Riibsaamen).
tetrahit Kiefier.
thomasiana (Kiefler).
tiliamvolvens (Riibsaa-
men),

tiliae Schranck.

P. tortrix (F. Loew).
P. trachelii (Wachtl).
P. traili Kieffer.
P. trifolii (F. Loew).
P. tubicola (Wieffer).
neko
P
Wa
P
P

ulicis Kiefler.

. ulmariae (Bremi).

. ulmicola Kiefier.

. urticae (Perris).

. vaccinivorum Kieffer,

vaccinit Riibsaamen non
Smith.

Genus Hartigiola Riibsaamen.

1. H. annulipes (Hartig),
= piliger H. Loew.

Genus Taxomyia Riibsaamen.
1. 7’. taxi (Inchbald).

Group ASPHONDYLARIAE.
Genus Schizomyia Kieffer.

1. S. galiorum Kieffer.
2. S. ligustri Ribsaamen.

Genus Kiefferia Mik.

1. K. pimpinellae (F. Loew),
= umbellatarum F. Loew.

Genus Asphondylia H. Loew.

A. dorycnii F. Loew.
A. genistae H. Loew.
A. lupulinae Kieffer.
A. mayeri Liebel.

. mkii Wachtl.

A, melanopus Kiefter.
A. ononidis F. Loew.
A. proxima Kieffer.
A. sarothamni H. Loew.
. thymi Kieffer.

. ulicis Verral.

CHISRwN
ps

Group BRACHYNEURARIAE.
Genus Phaenolauthia Kieffer.
1. P. cardui Wieffer.

Genus Mikiola Kieffer.
1. M. fagi (Hartig),
= Tipula rubra Hermann.
Genus Brachyneura Rondani.
1. B. stygia Walker
Meigen).*

* See Collin, 1904, note 3.

(nec

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 415

Genus Contarinia Rondani.

C. acetosae Kieffer.
C. anthobia F. Loew.
C. barbichei Kiefter.
C. betulicola Kieffer.
C. betulina Kieffer.
C. campanulae Kiefier.
C. coryli Kieffer.
C. craccae Kieffer.
", cucubali Kieffer.
10. C. get Kieffer.
ca eshormamya Kit] i enn
1. 7. tuberifica (Riibsaamen). 13. C. lathyri Kiefler.
14. C. linariae (Winnertz).
yenus Cyrtodiplosis Kieffer. 15. C. loti (De Geer).
16. ? C. medicaginis Kieffer.
17. C. melanocera Kieffer.
18. C. nasturtii Kieffer.
19. C. nicolayi Riibsaamen.
" 20. C. ononidis Kieffer.
1. M. buxi (Geoffrey). 21. C. pyrivora (Riley).
22. C. quercina Riibsaamen,
= dryophila Kieffer.
23. C. rubicola (Kieffer) Riibs.
24. C. ruderalis Kieffer.
Genus Arthroenodax Ritibsaa- an oe Dela Pere ee
aaa 27. C. sorbi Kieffer.
1. A. fraxinella (Meade). 28. C. steini Karsch.
29. C. tiliarum Kiefier.
Genus Aphidoletes Kieffer. : : A idee Kieffer.
Soler ; l. C. traili Kieffer.
1. A. abteiis (Kietier). 32. C. tremulae Kieffer.
33. C. tritici (Kirby).

Group CECIDOMYIARIAE.

Genus Hormomyia H. Loew.
1. H. fischeri Frauenfeld.

2. H. frireni Kieffer.

3. H. grandis (Meigen).

4. H., kneuckeri Kieffer.

Genus Dishormomyia Kieffer.
1. D. cornifex (Kieffer).

Se aN ay DS)

1. C. crassinerva (Kieffer).

Genus Monarthropalpus Riib-
saamen.

Genus Dichrona Riibsaamen.
1. D. gallarum Ritbsaamen.

Genus Anabremia Kieffer. 34. C. valerianae Riibsaamen.
1. A. bellevoyi (Kiefier). 35. C. viburnorum Kiefler,
2. A. viciae Kieffer, = viburni Kieffer non Felt.

= Clinodiplosis longiventris
i le timago).
pes Cour eee®) Genus Stictodiplosis Kieffer.
S. corylina (F. Loew).
hypochoeridis (Riibsaa-
men).

S
S. jacobaeae (H. Loew).
S
S

Genus Hadrobremia Kieffer.

1. H. longiventris Kieffer,
= Clinodiplosis trifolit Kiet-
fer (larva, not imago). :
By . pilosellae Kieffer.
. scrophulariae Kiefier.
S. umbellatarum Riibsaamen,

SUSU Ce eho

Genus Endaphis Kieffer.
1. E. perfidus Kieffer.

Genus Syndiplosis Riibsaamen.

1. S. lonicerearum (F. Loew).
2. S. petioli (Kiefier).

Genus Theeidodiplosis Kieffer.

1. T. brachyntera (Schwag-

richen).

416

Genus Myricomyia Kieffer.
1. M. mediterranea (¥. Loew).

Genus Zeuxidiplosis Kieffer.
1. Z. giardi (Kieffer),
= giardiana Kiefler.
Genus Atrichosema Kieffer.
1. A. aceris Kieffer.
Genus Trichodiplosis Kieffer.
1. 7’. caricis (Kieffer).
Genus Antiechiridium Riibsaa-
men.
= Anlichira Ribsaamen non
Eschscholz.
1. A. striatum (Riibsaamen).
Genus Lestodiplosis Kieffer.
1. L. callida (Winnertz).
2. L. centralis (Winnertz).
Genus Pseudhormomyia Kieffer.
1. P. granifex Kieffer.
Genus Taphodiplosis Kiefiler.

1. 7. subterranea (Kieffer et

Trotter).
Genus Dyodiplosis Riibsaamen.
1. D. arenariae (Riibsaamen).

Genus Loewiola Kieffer.
1. L. centaureae (F. Loew).

Genus Putoniella Kieffer.
1. P. marsupialis (F. Loew).
Genus Haplodiplosis Riibsaa-

men.
1. H. equestris (B. Wagner).

Genus Cecidomyia Meigen.*
1. C. pini (de Geer).t
2. C. flava Meigen.

3. C. verna Curtis.

Messrs. R. 8. Bafmall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Genus Macrodiplosis Kieffer.
1. M. dryobia (F. Loew).
2. M. volvens Kieffer.

Genus Xenodiplosis Felt,

= Allodiplosis Ribsaamen
non Kiefler.
1. X. laeviusculi (Riibsaamen).

Genus Parallelodiplosis Riib-
Ssaamen.

1. P. galliperda (¥. Loew).

Genus Harmandia Kieffer.
1. H. tremulae (Winnertz).
2. H. pustulans Kieffer.

Genus Clinodiplosis Kiefier.

1. C. betonicae Kieffer.

2. C. botularia (Winnertz).

3. C. rosiperda (Riibsaamen).

4. C. schlechtendali Riibsaamen.
Genus Myeodiplosis Riibsaamen.

1. M. coniophaga (Winnertz).

Genus Massalongia Kieffer.
1. M. rubra (Kieffer).
Genus Ametrodiplosis Riibsaa-
men.

1. A. thalictricola (Riitbsaamen).

Genus Monodiplosis Riibsaamen.

1. M. liebeli (Kieffer),
= Schizomyia soctabilis Riibs.

Genus Atylodiplosis Ribsaamen.
1. A. rumicis (H. Loew).
Group PORRICONDYLARIAE.

Genus Dirhiza H. Loew.
1. D. rhodophila (Hardy).

Genus Porricondyla Rondani.
1. P. longipes (H. Loew).

* All species in this genus, excepting the type pini, are insufticiently
described, and therefore cannot be relegated to any known genus.
{ Synonyms are laterella Zett., pilosa Bremi, and pini-maritimae

Dufour.

)

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 417

Subfamily LESTREMINAE.
Group CAMPYLOMYZARIAE.

Genus Campylomyza Meigen.
1. C. globifera Haliday.

Genus Amblyspatha Kieffer.

1. A. ormerodi Kiefter.

Group LESTREMIARIAE.

Genus Catocha Haliday.
1. C. latipes Haliday.

Genus Lestremia Macquart.

1. L. carnea (H. Loew).
2. L. fusca Meigen.
3. L. leucophaea (Meigen),
= juniperina Fabricius non
Linné.

III. InpEx To HOostT-PLANTS.

N.B.—The capital initials of specific plant-names are in accordance

with the usual Botanical practice.

In using the following index itis well to note the follow-
ing points: (1) that when a Cecidomyid galls all of the
species of a plant genus, then that fact is notified thus,
“Salix spp.” ; (2) that in a few cases an aggregate plant
name is used; (3) that when any Cecidomyid feeds on
rusts, smuts, mildews, aphids and the like, found on any
particular plant, then these are indexed under the name
of that plant; (4) that the numbers refer to the numbering

of the Cecidomyid species in the classified list.

Acer.

Acer Pseudoplatanus L., 91,
261, on Aphis platan-
oides on this tree.

», campestre L., 92, 312.
Achillea.
Achillea Millefolium L., 2, 14,
18, 393, 394.
35 Ptarmica L., 2, 14,
18, 420.
Alnus.
Alnus rotundifolia Mill, 95.
Alopecurus.
Alopecurus pratensis L., 24.
Angelica.
Angelica sylvestris L., 229,
365, 413.
Anthemis.
Anthemis Cotula L., 1, 19.

Anthriscus.
Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm..,
5A, 9.
Anthyllis.
Anthyllis Vulneraria L., 363.
Artemisia.
Artemisia Abrotanum L., 17.
a vulgaris L., 16, 17.
Astragalus.
Astragalus hypoglottis D. C.,
136, 168, 405, 406.
Atriplex (see also Obione).
Atriplex patula L., 389,
Avena.
Avena fatua L., 45.
Ballota.
Ballota nigra L., 101.
Betula.
Betula alba L., 34, 269, 270,
341, 375.

418 Messrs. R. 8. Bian and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Brachypodium.

Brachypodium sylvaticum R.

and 8., 53.
Brassica.
Brassica spp.,
Bromus.
Bromus erectus Huds., 52
Bryonia.
Bryonia dioica Jacq., 105.
Bupleurum.
Bupleurum tenuissimum L.,
302.
Buxus.
Buxus sempervivens L., 252.
Campanula,
Campanula media L., 106.
persicifolia L.,106.
rotundifolia’ L.,
207, 271, 392.

103, 182, 283.

Cardamine.
Cardamine spp., 108.
Carex.
Carex spp., 253, 400, 401.
,, binervis Sm., 246, 250,
318.
», arenaria L., 28a, 319.
» Vulpina L., 166.
; pendula Huds., 166,314.
» helodes Link. (= C.
laevigata Sm.), 166.
+ pallescens L., 166.
» Sylvatica Huds., 166.
ss acutiformis Ehr., 166.
>» limosa L., 245.
» flava Host., 246, 249,
253, 317, 318, 402.
» echinata Murr. (= stel-
lulata Good.), 248.
» elata All. (= C. stricta
Good.), 249, 250, 253,
317.
» Goodenovii Gay,
313
ss paniculata L., 317.
» divulsa Stokes, 318.
» distans L., 318.
glauca, 250, 313, 419.
C arpi NUS.
Carpinus Betulus L., 42, 187.
Castanea.
Castanea sativa Mill, 362.
Centaurea,
Centaurea nigra L., 162, 163,
164, 320.

263,

Centaurea Scabiosa L., 162,
163, 164, 320.

Cerastium.
Cerastium vulgatum L., 109,
126, 154.
Ra viscosum L., 109.
= semidecandrum L.,

109, 126.
Chrysanthemum.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthe-
mum L., 3.
Cirsium.

Cirsium sp., 241 an inquiline
in galls of T'rypeta
cardui.

+» arvense Scop., 110,
111, 112, 339 on
Puccinia suavolens.
:» lanceolatum Scop.,
113, 114.
Convolvulus.
Convolvulus sepium L., 336.
Cornus.
Cornus sanguinea L., 43.
Corylus.
Corylus avellana L., 30, 33,
115, 272, 303.
Crataegus.

Crataegus

116, 267.
Crepis. :

Crepis biennis L., 304.

:s paludosa Moench, 338
on Puccinia major.

Oxyacantha L.,

Cylisus.
Cytisus scoparius Link., 5, 40,
212, 233, 378.

Dactylis.

Dactylis glomerata L., 46,
404,

Daphne.

Daphne Laureola L., 117.
Daucus.
Daucus Carota L., 229.

Dorycnium.
Doryenium sp., 230,
Epilobium.

_Epilobium angustifolium L.,
120, 146.
Erica.
Erica cinerea L., 121.
acletralisnda el,
Erodium.
Erodium cicutarium, 134, 385.

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae.

Euphorbia.

Euphorbia Esula L., 107.
Euphrasia.

Euphrasia officinalis L., 388.
Fagus.

Fagus sylvatica, 26, 27, 44,
226, 242.

Fraxinus.

Fraxinus excelsior L., 93, 124,
125, 254 in gall of Eriophyes
fraxini; 334 inquiline in
gall of Per. fraxini.

Galeopsis.
Galeopsis Tetrahit L., 202.
Galium.
Galium spp., 130, 228.
>» verum L., 4, 128, 129,
301, 403.
» palustre L., 138, 139.
s» boreale L., 367.
» Aparine L., 98, 368.

Gentiana campestris L., 133.
5 Amarella, 133.
Genista.
Genista tinctoria L., 131, 132,
231, 282.

Geranium.
Geranium pratense L., 1534,
380.
en sylvaticum L., 134,
380.
= dissectum L., 134,
381.
ee molle L., 134, 382
33 pusillum L., 134,
383, 384.
Es sanguineum L., 134,
Geum.

Geum rivale L., 275.
> urbanum L., 374.
Glechoma. See Nepeta.
Hedera.
Hedera Helix L., 145.
Helianthemum.
Helianthemum Chamaecistus
Mill, 276, 418.
Helianthus.
Helianthus sp., 165.
Heracleum.
Heracleum Sphondylium L.,
63, 277, 284,415.
55 var. angustifo-

lium, 63

419

Hieracium.
Hieracium spp., 57, 64.
5 Pilosella L., 66, 67,
167, 306.
SS boreale Fr., 396,
340 on Puccinia
hieracit.
Hippocrepis.
Hippocrepis comosa L., 65.
Holcus.
Holeus lanatus L., 48.
Hordeum.
Hordeum vulgare L., 47,
51.
Hypericum.
Hypericum hirsutum L., 66,
193.
Ef pulehrum L., 72,
140, 193, 311.
ees humifusum = L.,
140, 193.
af perforatum L., 72,
140, 193, 311.

montanum L.,140,
193.
= elodes L., 141.
Hypochaeris.

Hypochaeris radicata L., 62,
304.
Inula.
Inula squarrosa Bern., 102.
Juniperus.
Juniperus communis L., 21,
22, 23, 361.

Knautia.
Knautia arvensis, 421.
Lamium.

Lamium album L., 63.
aS maculatum L., 147.
:» Galeobdolon Crantz,
127.
Lapsana.
Lapsana communis L., 411, on
Puccinia on seeds.
Larix.
Larix decidua Mill, 148.
Lathyrus.
Lathyrus pratensis L., 149,
150, 151, 152, 258,
278.
be macrorhizus Wim.,
191.
Leontodon.
Leontodon hispidus L., 59,

420 Messrs. R. 8. iby itl and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Ligustrum.
Ligustrum vulgare L., 228a,
410.

Linaria.

Linaria vulgaris Moench., 279.

Lithospermum.
Lithospermum officinale 153.
Lonicera,

Lonicera Periclymenum L.,
170, 416.
Lotus.

155,

Lotus corniculatus L.,
156, 233, 268, 280.
» Major Scop., 156, 268,
280.
Lychnis.
Lychnis dioica L., 293.
» alba Mill, 159, 293.
4 Flos-cuculi L., 176.
Lythrum.
Lythrum Salicaria L., 188.
Matricaria.
Matricaria inodora L., 1, 19.
Medicago.
Medicago sativa L., 142.
sf faleata L., 281.
au lupulina L., 157,
158, 232, 234.
Molinia.
Molinia caerulea Moench, 11,
30, 54.
Myposotis.
Myosotis scorpioides L. (= ar-
vensis Lam.), 225.
Nepeta.
Nepeta hederacea (= Gle-
choma hederacea Houard).
25, 135.

Obione.
Obione portulacoides Mog.,

13:

Ononis.

Ononis repens L., 236; 265 on
Aphis on Ononis; 285.
Ophioglossum.
Ophioglossum vulgatum L.,
360.
Papaver.
Papaver Rhoeas L., 169.
Phragmites.
Phragmites communis Trin.,
7, 144, 314.
Phalaris.
Phalaris arundinacea L., 8.

Phleum.
Phleum pratense L., 407.
Picea.

Picea excelsa Lam., 90, 200;
256 and 257 both in
Adelges galls.

Pimpinella.
Pimpinella Saxifraga L., 9,
229, 296, 386.

5 magna, 308.
Pinus.
Pinus sylvestris L., 309.
Plantago.
Plantago lanceolata L., 192.
Poa.

Poa sp., 408.
s nemoralis L., 49, 55, 56.

Polygala.
Polygala vulgaris L., 173.
Polygonum.
Polygonum amphibium L.,
yf
Populus.
Populus alba L., 76.
- tremula L., 76, 174,
265, 297, 330, 331.
He alba x tremula, 174.
Potentilla.
Potentilla sp., 175.
Prunella. ,
Prunella vulgaris L., 104.
Prunus.

Prunus spp., 197, 206.
»s Spinosa Tourn., 321.
» (on dry plums, 332.)
Pteris.
Pteris aquilina L., 121a, 177.
Pulicaria.

Pulicaria dysenterica S. F.
Gray, 7102; 337 on Uro-
myces junci.

Pyrus.

Pyrus communis L., 179, 286.
» Aucuparia L., 99, 292.
» Malus L., 160; 255 on

Aphis mali.

Quercus.

Quercus Robur L. and sessilis
Bibrs 16957705. iL.
Ibs; 5 L615 al6Sa-
287, 326, 327, 379,
412; 328, inqui-
line on Newroterus
laeviusculus; 329,

, 3

eee

;
7

Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 421

inquiline on Neuro-
terus lenticularis;
343, inquiline on
Macrolabis dryobia

and volvens; 397, _

on mildew on oak;
399, inquiline in
galls of Andricus
fecundator.
Quercus cerris, 379.
Ranunculus.
Ranunculus spp., 181.
a acris L., 208.
Rhinanthus.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli L.,
s(t
Rhododendron.
Rhododendron ferrugineum,
163.
Ribes.
Ribes Grossularia L., 201.
» nigrum L., 201.
Rosa.
Rosa spp., 13a, 184, 185, 335,
345; 398 on mildew.
»» Spinosissima L., 373.
Rubus.
Rubus spp., 10, 172.
» caesius L., 288.
Rumex.
Rumex Acetosa L., 266.
es eAcetosella, Ib., 266;
344,
Salicornia.
Salicornia radicans Sm., 12.
Salix.
Salix spp., 35, 73, 74, 75, 77,
79, 80, 81, 828, 83, 84,
85, 86, 88, 89.
= Saurita laio6, S28, Si,
89, 422 aurita x cine-
rea, 377.
aecinerea: lise lose oz, O's
180.
» repens L., 82.
, Caprea L., 82a, 87, 422,
cinerea X viminalis,

87.
» alba L., 143.
Sanguisorba.

Sanguisorba officinalis L., 189.
Scabiosa.

Scabiosa Columbaria L., 190,
290.

Scrophularia.
Scrophularia nodosa L., 307,
414,
Senecio.
Senecio Jacobaea L., 305,
370.
> erucifolius L., 305.
>» aquaticus Huds., 370.
Silene.
Silene acaulis L., 96.
3) iniataism., 122.277.
Sisymbrium.
Sisymbrium officinale Scop.,
196, 289.
Solidago.
Solidago Virgaurea L., 222,
223%
Sonchus.
Sonchus arvensis L., 61.
Spiraea.
Spiraea Ulmaria L., 118, 119,
178, 186, 214.
» Filipendula, 215.
Stachys.
Stachys sylvatica L., 63, 198,
PAT
af palustris L., 198, 199,
390.
sa Betonica Benth., 333.
lanatus, 391.

Stellaria.
Stellaria graminea L.. 68, 137,
194.
53 Holostea L., 194.
Tanacetum.

Tanacetum vulgare L., 15.
Taraxacum, —
Taraxacum officinale L., 58,
395.
Taxus.
Taxus baccata L., 227.
Thalictrum.
Thalictrum minus (agg.) L.,
342, 372.
Thymus.
Thymus Serpyllum L., 38, 39,
41, 237, 239.
Tilia.
Tilia spp., 28, 29, 203, 204, 205.
Tragopogon.
Tragopogon pratensis L., 295.
Trifolium.
Trifolium spp., 100.
a fragiferum L., 100.

422

Trifolium pratense
210, 260.
repens L., 211.

En, 128;

Triticum.
Triticum sp., 322.
Trollius.

Trollius europaeus L., 376.
Typha.
Typha latifolia L., 314.
Hlex.
Ulex europaeus L., 213, 240.
Ulmus.
Ulmus spp., 216.
» campestris L., 31, 37,
var. suberosa, 37.
> montana Sm., 31, 37.
Urtica.
Urtica dioica L., 217.
» urens 1: 217.
Vaccinium.
Vaccinium Myrtillus L., 218,

Messrs. R. 8. Fall and J. W. H. Harrison’s

Valeriana.

Valeriana sambucifolia Mik
(= officinalis auct.), 299,
369.

Veronica.
Veronica officinalis L.,
219.
“A Chamaedrys L., 195,
219.
= serpyllifolia L., 219,
366.
- scutellata L., 195.
a montana L., 219.
Viburnum.

Viburnum Lantana L., 32.

3 Opulus L., 264,
300.

195,

Vicia.
Vicia spp., 220, 273.
» sepium L., 259.
» sylvatica L., 364.

387. Viola.
BS Vitis-idaea L., 97, Viola spp., 94.
234. »» arvensis Murray, 221.

lV. REFERENCES IN BRIEF.

Baanatt, R. 8. 1916. (IL) The Entomologist’s Record,
v. XXVIII, pp. 158-159.
1917. Lanes. and Cheshire Naturalist,

. 253-262 and 282-290.
*BAGNALL, R. S., and Harrison, J.W.H. 1916. Ibidem,
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BaGNnaLL, R. S., and Harrison, J. W. H. 1917. Ibidem,
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BaGnat., R.8., and Harrison, J. W.H. 1917-2. Ibidem,
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BAGNALL, R.8., and Harrison, J. W.H. 1917-3. Ibidem,
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Baenatt., R. 8., and Harrison, J. W. H. 1918. Ibidem,

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* See also The Vasculum, 1916, v. Il, pp. 42-45; 61-64, and
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Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae. 423

Bosc. 1817. Bull. Soc. Philomat., Paris.
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424 Messrs. R. S. a1 and J. W. H. Harrison’s

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Miscell. Ent., v. 3.

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FE iy ve ‘

a en
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|. STS: Ri ey
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426 Messrs. Bagnall MM Harrison’s British Cecidomyrdae.

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1852. Ibidem, v. 11.

99

3?

May 16, 1918.

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CONTENTS“OF PARTS Il, Ill, Iv.

IX. A Revision of the genus Tarucus. By G. T. Beruune-Baker, F.LS.,
F.Z.8.

X. Notes on some British Guiana Hymenoptera (exclusive of the Formicidae).
By G. E. Bopx1n, B.A., Dip. Agric. (Cantab.), F.Z.8., F.E.S., Govern-
ment Economic Biologist, Department of Science and Agriculture,
British Guiana ... 297
XI. On a Collection of Butterflies taken i in East Africa by “Mr. W. A. Lamborn.
By H. E:rrincuam, M.A.,D.8c. With notes on the Pierinae, by Dr.
F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., and description of a new form of P. dardanus 95

by Prof. E. B. PovLron, F.RS. a4 we «=

XII. Fnrbiee notes on recapitulatory attitudes in Lepidoptera. By 70 eas
Cuapman, M.D. fee -. ooo

XIII. A Preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae (Di ter -a) with special

reference to the Gall-midges of the North of Mnglaiit, By Ricuarp 8.
BaGnatt, F.L.S8., and J. W. Hestop Pacgariecni DSc, inc. 346
Proceedings ... ote a wee xxxiii-xevi

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THE
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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LONDON

For THE YEAR 1917.

Wednesday, February 7th, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Nomination of Vice-Presidents.

The PRESIDENT announced that he had nominated Dr.
T. A. CHapman, Dr. G. B. Lonastarr and the Honble.
N. CuarLes RotuscHitp as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing
year.

5 Death of a former President.

The President also announced the death of Mr. C. O.
WATERHOUSE, a former President of the Society, and a vote
of condolence with his daughter was passed on the motion
of Mr. Campion, seconded by Mr. Beruunn-Baxker.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. A. W. Rymer Roserts, M.A., Rothamsted Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Harpenden, and The Common,
Windermere, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

New Bye-law read.

The new Bye-law proposed by the Council was read for
the third time.
PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., I. 1917 A

Exhibitions.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM SaLonica.—Mr. A. H. Jones ex-
hibited on behalf of Captain E. F. Strupp, R.F.A., a Fellow
of the Society, at present serving with the British Expe-
ditionary Force at Salonica, various Lepidoptera taken by
him in 1916, in the neighbourhood of Salonica. He also
furnished notes relating to these captures and other species
observed by him.

Papilio podalirius, not uncommon on the mountains near
Giivezne on June 1.

Papilio machaon, at Lembet, in April, apparently similar
to British specimens; a fresh specimen taken on Sept. 17,
near Senikos.

Aporia crataegi, common, May 16, Lembet.

Pieris brassicae, common (larger than English specimens) ;
P.rapae and P. napi, common, apparently typical; P. daplidice,
occasionally met with in June, Akunbar, common from
Aug. 31 until Oct. 8.

Colias edusa, quite common, still flying plentifully on
Nov. 19; one var. helice seen at Lembet.

Gonepteryx rhamni, several males seen, one on Noy. 18.

Nordmannia (Thecla) iheis var. cerrit, May 30, near
Giivezne.

Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus, two gs taken among
rushes in Langaza Lake, in about two feet of water. They
were the only ones seen, just at this one spot surrounded on
all sides by water.

Rumicia phlaeas, seen occasionally; common in Oct., and
still seen up to Nov. 18.

Aricia medon (Polyommatus astrarche), Polyommatus icarus,
Plebeius argus, common, June 2, near Giivezne.

Vanessa 10, Pyrameis atalanta (first seen April 14, last seen
Nov. 1), common.

Pyrameis cardui, not uncommon, last seen Sept. 17.

Melitaea didyma var. occidentalis, one ¢ June 23, Akunbar;
M. trivia, two gs May 31, near Giivezne.

M. phoebe, common.

Brenthis selene and Issoria lathonia, not scarce.

Cm)

Melanargia larissa, May 16 to June 3, Lembet; not un-
common.

Satyrus semele common on mountains.

Pararge megaera, common and typical.

Epinephele jurtina, abundant on mountains; LE. tithonus,
not uncommon.

Coenonympha pamphilus, very abundant, still out on
Nov. 19.

Syrichthus malvae and Nisoniades tages, common.

Augiades sylvanus, several.

Protoparce convolvuli, taken in lines, Sept. 19.

Macroglossa stellatarum, occasionally seen.

Setina mesomella, Inthosia complanula and Procris statices,
common.

Zygaena filipendulae and Z. punctum, locally common.

Noctua plecta, common.

Mania maura, in tent, Sept. 12.

Amphipyra livida, one specimen, Lembet, June 25.

Plusia gamma, came to lamp in tent, Nov. 14.

Acontia luctuosa, Arctia villica and Coscinia striata (gram-
mica), common, locally, May 29, near Giivezne.

Zeuzera pyrina (aescult), one 3.

Aspilates ochrearia, common.

Acidalia ornata, occasionally seen.

Ematurga atomaria 3, locally; the yellow coloration of
Wicken specimens.

Cabera pusaria and Pellonia vibicaria, several; Abraxas
grossulariata, one specimen only.

Anaitis plagiata and Cidaria fluctuaria, common.

Camptogramma bilineata, common.

Commander WALKER said that many years ago he had
taken almost all the species exhibited in the neighbourhood
of Port Baklar, at the head of the Gulf of Xeros, near the
Boulair Lines. He had found the larvae of M. trivia feeding
on Verbascum in the greatest abundance. The only species
he had not met with there was C. dispar; he remarked
on the very small size of the specimens of this species; those
of M. larissa were, on the other hand, exceptionally large.

The PrestpenT and Mr. W. G. SHELDON commented on

(in )

the abundance of butterflies in Macedonia, the latter ob-
serving also that North Macedonia and Albania were among
the least known of European localities for Lepidoptera.

LocaL FORMS OF AGRIAS cLAUDIA.—Mr. G. TaLBoT ex-
hibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicry a series of Agrias claudia,
Schulz, showing its distribution and local forms. These in-
clude the forms sahlkei, Honr., claudia, Schulz, and amazonica,
Stgr., all from St. Jean de Maroni, French Guiana. A. claudia
is the Surinam race, and amazonica an Amazon race, which
are thus shown to occur in French Guiana as aberrations,
the form sahlkei representing the Guiana race.

A transitional series may be shown to connect the various
races.

The distribution of claudia follows the coast, river-valleys
and foot-hills. It ranges from Dutch Guiana in the north to
South Brazil in the south. It extends eastwards to Ecuador,
Peru and Bolivia.

Some British Ruopatocera.—Dr. E. A. COCKAYNE ex-
hibited :—

(1) A series of Pararge egeria, bred Nov. and Dec. 1916
and Jan. 1917 from ova laid by several females taken in
August, at Limber, N. Lincolnshire. They showed consider-
able variation. Most of them had very large yellow spots.
One female had a great extension of the yellow colour and
thin scaling over the central portions of all four wings. One
underside aberration was very dark with a deep brown band
on the hind-wing.

(2) An aberration of Polygona c-album taken by Lord
Garrick in Sept. 1916 in Montgomeryshire, the hind-wings
being nearly black and the fore-wings with costal spots
united into a crescent.

(3) A Gynandromorph of Polyommatus icarus, a dark
female except for stripe and blue scales, with androconia
from the base to the termen of the left fore-wing; taken at
Royston, Aug. 1916.

(4) A Gynandromorph of P. icarus with a stripe of bright
blue scales on the right fore-wing; no androconia; taken at
Folkestone, June 1915.

(5) A female Agriades coridon with one hind-wing marked

Cty.)

with blue like ab. semisyngrapha, the other hind-wing having
only a thin sprinkling of blue scales over the same area;
taken at Royston, Aug. 1916.

FurtuerR NoTE DEALING WITH THE QUESTION OF THE
SPECIFIC IDENTITY OF PEDICULUS CAPITIS AND PEDICULUS
HUMANUS (VESTIMENTI).—Mr. Bacor read the following note :—

““ At a previous meeting (see p. xiv, 1916), when referring to
this question, I suggested that the disparity in the propor-
tions of the sexes in the F. 1 generation resulting from a cross
pairing between a P. capitis 3 and P. humanus 9 lent support
to the view that these insects were distinct species. In a
subsequent conversation the Rev. James Waterston challenged
this view, on the ground that it was necessary to prove that
normal sex-proportion resulted from pairings within the two
races, a point I had taken for granted, owing to the parity of
the sexes in my stock boxes. I have now obtained details
of the sex-proportions of a number of broods of P. humanus,
which I propose to lay before you. Paired couples of P.
humanus were taken from a stock box, segregated in small
boxes, and their offspring reared to maturity, with the following
result :—

No. of Pairs. éé ue.

1 1= 2% 43 = 98%,
2 44 = 49%, 46 = 51%
3 31 = 65% 17= 35%
4 Nil. 67 = 100%
5 119 = 73% 43 = 27%
6 39 = 66% 20= 34%
7 116 = 68% BB = 32%
8 Nil. 46 = 100%
9 54 = 92% 5= 8%
10 Nil. 49 = 100%
11 10 = 71% 4= 29%
12 Nil. 39 = 100%
13 Nil. 48 = 100%
14 7= 9% 74= 91%
15 42 = 68%, 20 = 32%
463 = 45% 576 = 55%

al
ea On
In a numerous colony of a gregarious insect casual sex-
production on the part of any given pair will result in a nearly
equal proportion of 3 g and 92 9, and might serve to minimise
the dangers of too close inbreeding. In this series, however,
sex-production does not appear to be entirely casual, as there
is an evident bias on the @ 9 side.
The sex-percentages of the F. 1 generation of four cross
pairings between ¢ P. capitis and 2 P. humanus are as
follows :—

Pair. éé 9?
No. 1 71 = 74% 25 = 26%
No. 2 150 = 86%, 22 1497
No. 3 51 = 51% 49 = 49%
No. 4 76 = 68% 35 = 32%
328 = 71% 131 = 29%

It will be seen that in this series the bias is heavily on
the ¢ side, which is possibly due to the effects of crossing.
I must admit, however, that in view of the erratic per-
centages from normal pairings of one of the parent races
my argument on the basis of abnormal sex-production on the .
part of the hybrid insects can carry but little weight.

An experiment dealing with the egg-laying instincts of the
two species affords clearer evidence. The following method
was adopted. Glass-bottomed boxes of 14 inch diameter and
4 an inch deep, were lined on the vertical sides with a strip
of flannel, such as is used for Army shirts, human hairs being
placed in central area so as to form a web, but not a felted
mass. The hairs came in contact with the glass bottom, the
flannel-lined sides and the gauze cover through which the
lice were fed. An equal number of pairs of P. capitis and
P. humanus were placed in each box. At the end of a week
the 92 of P. capitis had laid 80% of their eggs on the hair
and 20% on the flannel, while the P. humanus 2 9 had laid
20% on the hair and 80% on the flannel. As the insects had
been taken from congested stock boxes that had been in use
for many months, the P. capitis box containing a felted
mass of hairs and the P. huwmanus box a rolled flannel strip

Cait

which filled the box, it is possible that their egg-laying in-
stincts had been dulled during captivity under these con-
ditions. The eggs laid were separated into four lots: P.
humanus laid on hair, P. humanus laid on flannel, P. capitis
laid on hair, and P. capitis laid on flannel. Individuals were
reared from these eggs, and 12 $ g and 12 9° of each lot
were placed in boxes containing human hairs and lined with
flannel, similarly to those used in the former experiment.
After five days, during which all four batches were fed and
exposed to the same conditions, the eggs were counted and
their positions recorded as follows :—
P. humanus, bred from eggs laid on hairs :—

12 and 12 On hatte eh a, OO == LLG
ongauzecoverofbox . . . Il

Peoducs 352 on flannel, side next box . . 37=10%

°ese. on flannel, exposed side . . 283 = 79%

The eggs were laid on hairs only where these came in contact
with flannel.
P. humanus, bred from eggs laid on flannel :—

12 and 12 on gauze.coveroibox,. .,. , 4= 1%
produce 344 on flannel, side next box . . 55=16%
eggs, on flannel, exposed side . . 285 = 83%

P. capitis, bred from eggs laid on hairs :—

12 and 12 f on gauzecoverofbox . . . 1
produce 274 + on flannel, exposed side only . 14= 5%
eggs. ONMIAIA ee es...” DBOi== ODS,
P. capitis, bred from eggs laid on flannel :—
= Oo
12 and 12 on gauze cover of box eS ae ae | /o
Se flannel, exposed side only . 2= 43%
: on hairs close to flannel . . 2= 4%
58°: CPB RERS Sa OR ah ak gat OA tr ds

Although this result leaves the question of specific identity
still undetermined, it suggests that there is a clear line of
demarcation as regards the egg-laying instinct, provided the
insects are left an element of choice.

all vill)

SPECIAL MEETING.

The Special Meeting summoned to consider the new Bye-
law proposed by the Council was then held.

The Secretary read the proposed Bye-law, which runs as
follows :—

“ CHap. xxii. Prohibition in respect of Funds.

“ The Society shall not and may not make any dividend,
gift, division or bonus in money unto or between any of its
members.”

This Bye-law was needed to comply with the Act of Parlia-
ment regulating the Registration of Scientific Societies so that
they may be free from local rates.

On the motion of Mr. BrrHunrE-BakeEr, seconded by Mr.
StanLEY Epwarps, it was passed without discussion.

Wednesday, March 7th, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair. -

Death of a Member of Council.

The death of Mr. A. E. Gress, a member of the Council,
and for five years a most valued member of the Business
Committee, was announced.

Exhibitions.

Sourn Inpran Hemrprera, &c.—Mr. E. A. BUTLER ex-
hibited two species of S. Indian Hemiptera received from
Mr. T. V. Campbell, M.B., who captured them at Chikka-
ballapura in the Mysore State; viz. :—

(1) Urentius echinus, Dist., a species of Tingididae, which
is a pest feeding on the leaves of the Egg-Plant (Solanum
melongena), the larvae living on the under-side of the leaves,
and the adult insects on the upper.

(2) Apollodotus praefectus, Dist., a species of Capsidae,
which is found on the same plant, and the larvae of which
prey upon those of the Tingid bug.

Ci)

Also several recently described species of 8. Indian Fulgo-
ridae, together with the $ of Eurybrachys tomentosa, Fabr.,
which has only recently been recognised. In this sex the
green colour of the tegmina has almost disappeared, the pale
fasciae are almost obliterated, and the wings are dark with
a white band on the apical area.

Notes on Mimicry IN ORIENTAL BUTTERFLIES BY COL.
T. JeErmyn.—Prof. Poutton said that he had recently received
the following interesting notes, and had tried to induce the
author to communicate them in person. Col. Jermyn, being
unfortunately prevented from coming, had forwarded with
his manuscript the illustrative specimens now exhibited to
the meeting.

““T have one or two examples of mimicry, which have
struck me for some time as rather specially interesting, in a
collection of Indian butterflies made during the last twenty
years or so. I have long intended to write to you regarding
them, but going on duty again put them out of my mind.
Being at home again, and having just read your very interest-
ing address to the Linnean Society, I am now doing as I
intended.

“1. Two series showing steps in development of diaposematic

or reciprocal resemblance between Papilio agestor, Gray, and
Danais tytia, Gray.—In the model Danais (Caduga) tytia,
Gray, there is a characteristic black marking running from
base of f.-w. along the costa across the end of the cell and
along vein 4 to the margin. This is copied in typical P.
agestor by a similar line, which, however, cuts diagonally
across the cell at some distance before the end, and is, as far
as I have seen, constant. In the specimens of agestor govindra,
Moore, however, which I have from Mussoorie, this marking
‘grades from almost complete absence to a perfect copy as in
typical agestor. This marking seems to me interesting as
being an attempt to obliterate part of the outline of the
large Papilionine f.-w. cell, thus producing a superficial resem-
blance, in shape as well as size, to the smaller Danaine cell.
It is also interesting that this mimetic feature is apparently
not yet entirely established, or possibly is undergoing reversion,
in the geographical race govindra.

all
( x )

“The specimens sent in illustration are five govindra from
Mussoorie (4500 ft., Apr. 22, 1907), one govindra from Murree
(6000 ft., Apr. 29, 1898) and one typical agestor from the
Khasia Hills (1908). The first six are arranged to show a
gradual transition in the development of the diagonal mark-
ing across the f.-w. cell and in the filling up basally of area 5
in the f.-w. with black, in mimicry of area 4 in the model
tytia. The same series also shows the cutting off by a black
lunular line of a row of submarginal spots from the Papilionine
streaks in f.-w. areas 1-4 to match those in tytva.

‘A series of the model D. tytia—one from Chakrata (Sept.,
1893), four from Tehri Garhwal, near Mussoorie (May 1-8, 1907)
—has been arranged to show the gradual disappearance of
the black lines separating the discal and postdiscal spots in
f.-w. areas 2 and 3, thus matching the streaks in agestor.
The three characteristic spots in areas 2 and 3 of this Danaine
group (conf. melanea, Cram., aglea, Cram., and melanoides,
Moore, sent herewith) and the Papilionid streak have thus by
reciprocal variation become a spot and a streak in the inter-
spaces of both species, the Papilio producing a submarginal
spot out of the end of its streak, the Danais producing a
streak by the fusion of its discal and postdiscal spots.

‘““ Some of the imperfections, due to difficulties of structure,
etc., seem almost more interesting than the perfections.
D. tytia, in reducing the black pigment, has lost the streaks
in the interspaces, common to both families, and fairly pro-
minent in agestor. The difference in the arrangement of the
median and discoidal nervules seems to be a cause of cross-
purposes. Agestor is filling f.-w. area 5 with black in imita-
tion of area 4 of tytia, while tytia seems to be clearing area 4
in imitation of the same area in agestor. On the hind-wing
the difference in size of the respective cells seems to be the
cause of a great deal of variation in the proportion of reddish
colouring. Papilios and Pierids seem to have considerable
difficulty in accurately copying the markings about the
3 Danaine scent-glands; Nymphalines are much more
successful.

‘* Calinaga buddha, Moore, appears to be an outlying mem-
ber of the tytia-agestor combination. It has no red on the

ae: 29)

wings, but its red thorax is very conspicuous, and in the
only valley I have found it (the only place, I think, where it
has been seen in any numbers) it used to be out in the early
spring with agestor, and looked distinctly like it.

“2. Some points in the mimetic resemblance of the Nym-
phaline Parhestina jermynt, H. H. Druce, to the Pierine Aporia
agathon, Gray, race phryxe, Boisd.—One specimen of P. jermyni
was taken on June 19, 1907, in the Tons valley behind Chakrata,
beyond Mussoorie, N.W. Himalayas, with a number of A.
phryxe, flying about a small detached clump of trees and
shrubs. Another (sent for exhibition) was taken on June 25,
1907, further up the valley, flying by itself in bold circles of
half a mile or so, round the junction of a smaller stream with
the Tons. It was obviously not A. phryxe, and was secured
on its third circle. One of the specimens of phryxe shown was
taken with the first Parhestina on the 19th, the other in the
same neighbourhood later. The Parhestina forms an interest-
ing contrast with Papilio agestor, because in the Nymphaline
mimic the apparent size of the f.-w. cell has to be increased
and not reduced as in the Swallowtail. The bars across the
middle and end of the cell of P. persimilis, Westw., have
disappeared entirely in jermyni, but there is a dusting of
black scales to indicate the end of a larger cell. It may be
inferred by comparing the sexes of persimilis that this latter
marking, which has been regained or retained by jermyni, was
the first of the three f.-w. bars to undergo reduction. The
black dusting beyond the cell is undoubtedly useful in in-
creasing the resemblance to the Aporia model, although as
yet not nearly so dark. It is identical in both specimens,
and can be clearly seen in Plate X XIX, fig. 1, of Trans. Ent.
Soc., 1911, p. 187, where P. jermyni is described by Mr. H. H.
Druce.

“3. Use of proboscis of Parhestina persimilis, Westw., in
mimicry of Aporia caphusa, Moore.—I have watched at
Mussoorie (4-6000 ft., 1906) one or two individuals of P.
persimilis drinking with a crowd of A. caphusa. The resem-
blance is distinctly enhanced by the yellow proboscis of
persimilis, which harmonises with the yellow spot at the base
of the hind-wings in caphusa. This spot shows up much

C ae

more than would be expected, when the wings are closed over
the back. The proboscis of persimilis is very bright yellow
in life, and when extended, and probably distended, in drink-
ing, is quite conspicuous. In the dried specimens the yellow
colour fades to a considerable extent. There is no yellow on
the underside of persimilis, of which D. limniace, Cram., is
the model (as is rendered probable by the resemblance to the
pattern around the ¢ scent-glands). In P. jermyni, which is
evidently a direct mimic of phryzxe, there is a good deal of
yellow on the h.-w. under surface. It is not suggested that
the yellow colour of the proboscis has been evolved for the
purpose; all Parhestinas have it in common with Hestinas
and the yellow Dilipas. Its use in mimicking Aporia has
possibly preserved it. It does not occur in Huripus.

“4, Synaposematic associations of blue Euploeas, &c., taken
on the same day.—I am sending you one or two sets of mimetic
species caught on the same date, as I saw in your separata
you were collecting such groups. All are common, but you
may not have the following five blue Euploeas taken together :
mulciber, Cram., klugii, Moore, hopei, Feld., harrisi, Feld.,
and splendens, Butl. Mulciber was in swarms, but it was
quite difficult to get the others, especially the last two, out
of the throng. I only got one Papilio telearchus, Hew. I am
sorry I haven’t got Byblia ilthyia, Drury, to complete the
other little associations of Telchinia violae, F., and Euthalia
nais, Forster, from Central and S. India. I have never found
it common and have only two bad specimens, both from
Sangor, Central Provinces.”

Prof. Poulton when exhibiting the specimens sent by Col.
Jermyn remarked that the example of Papilio agestor govindra
from Murree was transitional between the five from Mussoorie
and the typical agestor, not only in the development of the
diagonal f.-w. marking, but also in the amount of brown
pigment in the h.-w. and in the size of the specimen. It
would be interesting to compare a long series from these two
localities. The associated characters in which the Mussoorie
specimens differed from the typical agestor rendered it far
more probable that the butterflies from this locality were
truly ancestral than that they had undergone reversion.

(xin *)

With regard to Calinaga buddha it was very interesting
that Col. Jermyn had noted in the field the resemblance to
the tytia-agestor combination. It could hardly be doubted
that the Calinagas were themselves models for certain Chinese
and N. Indian Chalcosiine moths in which the reddish thorax
of the butterfly was represented by a patch of colour—orange-
brown in dried specimens—at the extreme base of the fore-
wings. Thus Chelura dejean, Oberth., and Agalope davidi,
Oberth., probably mimicked Calinaga davidis, Oberth.;
Chelura eronioides, Moore—Calinaga saka, Moore; and Ch.
basiflava, Moore—Calinaga gautama, Moore. Furthermore,
the patterns of these Chalcosiine moths were associated with
other species of the same subfamily, which seemed to bear
no direct mimetic relationship with the Calinagas. The
patterns of these anomalous butterflies appeared to belong
to a large combination of Lepidoptera, including Danainae,
Nymphalinae, Pierinae, possibly one or more species of Par-
nassius, and day-flying moths. In addition to this relation-
ship, probably for the most part Miillerian, there was the
resemblance to the tytia-agestor association, observed by
Col. Jermyn.

With regard to the combination of blue Euploeas, which
had been captured in the Naga Hills, Assam, on June 2, 3,
and 5, 1908, Prof. Poulton said he had long wanted to obtain
examples of the species which could be caught flying together
at the same time and place; also notes as to their relative
numbers. It was especially interesting that the central
dominant member of the combination exhibited to the meet-
ing should be the male of Huploea (Trepsichrois) mulciber, of
which the female was quite different in appearance, and
mimetic of a prevalent type of Danaine pattern (“‘ Essays on
Evolution,” Oxford, 1908, pp. 334, 335).

AMMOPHILA SABULOSA, L., WITH ONLY TWO SUBMARGINAL
CELLS TO BOTH FORE-WINGS.—A male A. sabulosa with two
instead of three submarginal cells in each fore-wing was
exhibited to the meeting by Prof. Pouttron. Mr. Charbonnier
had first called attention to this interesting variation in the
specimen, which had been captured by Col. Jermyn at Shap-
wick Heath, on June 13, 1914. The variation was all the

(xr

more interesting because the presence of only two submarginal
cells was, as Prof. Poulton had learned from the Rev. F. D.
Morice, characteristic of a subgenus of Ammophila, which,
however, did not include any British species.

The PresipENT stated that, at Prof. Poulton’s request, he
had recently examined the specimen from the Burchell col-
lection (No. 1330), which was shown that evening, and he
had no hesitation in saying that it was either a larva or female
of the group Phengodini, a group placed by some authors in
the Telephoridae and by others in the Lampyridae. The
specimen had been exhibited on a previous occasion by the
late Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, who was somewhat doubtfully of
opinion that it was an Elaterid larva (see Proc. Ent. Soc.
1904, p. Ixxxiv). Many years ago an insect supposed to be
the larva of a Pyrophorus was exhibited at a meeting of the
Society by the late Mr. Frederick Smith; and from the
description of its luminous properties given (Proc. Ent. Soc.
1869, p. xv) there can be no doubt that that also was the
female or larva of some species of Phengodini. The females
of this group are completely larviform, and have the same
short antennae, simple eyes, and short simple clawed legs that
are met with in the larvae. Both larvae and females may be
distinguished from Elaterid larvae by the fact that the tenth
abdominal segment is somewhat conical or tubular in form,
and projects beyond the ninth segment so as to be visible
from above.

New Ceronips From Britisa Inp1a.—Mr. O. E. JANson
exhibited the four new species of Cetonidae of the genera
Clerota, Pseudochalcothea, and Anatona, described in the paper
subsequently read, and made some remarks on their characters.

TEMPERATURE AT WHICH InsEcT LIFE IS DESTROYED.—
Mr. A. Bacor desired to call attention to a very valuable
paper in the Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in
India (Nov. 1916, Vol. IV, No. 6) dealing with the insects
attacking stored wheat in the Punjab, and the methods of
combating them, by Barnes and Grove, and said: The authors
show that the germinating powers of wheat submitted to a
temperature of 70° C. for 24 hours were not noticeably im-
paired; as they found that heating to 100° C. generally

( xv)

destroyed the germinating power, it is to be presumed that
the conditions of test were not entirely favourable to the
grain, as I am told that wheat dried and exposed to heat
under conditions of free transpiration of moisture can with-
stand a temperature of 120° C. I am surprised, however,
that the authors do not refer to the heat necessary to destroy
the insect pests. They deal with a number of chemical and
some mechanical devices for destroying the insects, or freeing
the wheat from them. Cannot dry heat be used? So far
as my knowledge goes, the few insects which have been ex-
perimented on die at temperatures of 45° to 52° C. (= 113°
to 125°6° Fahr.). Is it known whether the Coleoptera destruc-
tive of grain are specially adapted to heat, or is there some
other reason which precludes this apparently simple and
economical remedy being used 2

Mr. J. C. F. Fryer said that he had worked out these tem-
peratures pretty thoroughly, and found that 130°-140° Fahr.
was always fatal to insects; their power of resistance was,
however, very varied, and moist temperature proved less fatal
than dry.

The PresIDENT observed that in some French books a
method was described for destroying grain weevils without
interfering with the germinating power of the wheat. Water-
house had experimented successfully on cotton.

Mr. Man pointed out that if the wheat was to be used for
food, its germinating power was of no moment.

Mr. Wittoveupy EL.is observed that 104° Fahr. was
always fatal to Staphylinid beetles.

Mr. Durrant suggested that heat was most fatal when
applied in shocks; but Mr. Bacot said that he had not found
this to be the case with mosquito larvae.

Dr. CuaPMAN narrated an incident that occurred to him
many years ago, when, having immersed a number of beetles
in boiling water to kill them, a specimen of Carabus clathratus
had recovered the next day, and eaten most of the other
insects,

Gift of a Microscope.

The Secretary said that Mr. E. E. Green had offered to

the Society a valuable Binocular Microscope, for which objec-

(200 °h

tives of 2” to 4” were required, and asked whether any Fellow
had spare objectives which he would present.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“On new and little-known Lagriidae from 8. America,” by
G. C. Cuampron, A.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

“ Additions to the Knowledge of the Cetoniidae of British
India,” by O. E. Janson, F.E.S.

“The Condition of the Scales in leaden Males of Agriades
thetis and other Lycaenids,” by E. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D.,
F.E.S.

“Some Notes on Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana,”
by C. B. WittraMs, M.A., F.E.S.

Commenting on Dr. Cockayne’s paper Mr, BETHUNE-BAKER
observed that the scales in these specimens were curved
triangularly and were very thin instead of fairly solid. Mr.
NEwmMaN said that such specimens needed to be set at once,
if killed with cyanide and relaxed they began to stain in less
than six hours, and that this was the case even if kept in a
dry cyanide bottle.

Prof. Poutton, Rev. G. WHEELER, Comm. WALKER and
Mr. BETHUNE-BAKER commented on Mr. Williams’ paper.

Wednesday, March 2ist, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Gawan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. Davip Hunter, M.A., M.B., The Coppice, Notting-
ham; Nicnotas J. Kusnezov, The Imperial Academy of
Sciences, Petrograd, and Percy A. H. Muscuamp, Charter-
house School, Godalming, Surrey, were elected Fellows of the
Society.

Exhibitions.

A supposeD Hysrip Butrerrty.—Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN

exhibited a supposed hybrid between Callophrys avis and

( xvu )

Callophrys rubi, which for the most part resembled C. rubi,
but the knobs of the antennae had the red underside as in
C. avis, and the androconial brand was rather of the C. avis
form than that of C. rubi, but intermediate. The white eye
borders were a little less brilliant than in C. rubi, and the
white line on the underside, though distinctly that of C. rubi,
was slightly nearer the base than usual in that species. The
specimen was taken where the species flew together at Amélie-
les-Bains, in April 1909. The specimen is now in the Museum
at 8. Kensington.

A nEw Britisa Evater.—Mr. DonisTHorPE exhibited two
specimens of an Elater, from Ireland, not in the British list.
One was taken by Mr. F. Bouskell and the other by himself
in Co. Kerry, in June 1902. They had been recorded as
Elater pomonae, Steph., but neither of the captors had ever
been satisfied that they were that species. Mr. Donisthorpe
suggested that they were either HE. praeustus, F., or a new
species. In the general collection at the British Museum were
similar specimens mixed in the series of HF. praeustus, the
latter either being a very variable species, or an undescribed
species was mixed with it in the National Collection.

He also exhibited a specimen of EZ. pomonae for comparison ;
this particular specimen being of interest because it has a
fungus parasitic on it.

REAPPEARANCE OF SuNSET [ysects aT Dawn.—Mr. Coury
said that he had observed that certain Diptera usually to be
seen about sunset were also on the wing about dawn, and
enquired whether the same fact had been observed in other
Orders. Dr. CHAPMAN said that he was not aware that the
fact had been observed with regard to Lepidoptera, and
Mr. GREEN said that when he had been working light for
moths all night, he had never found the early evening moths
return in the morning; Mr. Buxton and Mr. Mary, however,
both observed that Hyria auroraria flies both at dusk and
dawn.

THe “ DearH-watcH”’ BrrtTies.—The PRreEsIDENT asked
whether any Fellow could state from his personal knowledge
that Anobiwm domesticum taps in the manner known as the

“ death-watch.” Xestobiwm tessellatum and Atropos divina-
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., I. 1917 B

¢ svi >)

toria both tap with the mandibles, and this was shown by
Derham to be a sexual call.

Wednesday, April 4th, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Gawan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Tuos. W. Kirkpatrick, The Deanery, Ely, and Sir
CuarLes Lancuam, Bart., Tempo Manor, Co. Fermanagh,
were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Forms or Papixio priaMuUS.—Mr. G. TaxBor exhibited on
behalf of Mr. J. J. Jotcny specimens of Papilio (Troides)
priamus Yr. coelestis, Roths., from Rossel Island and St. Aignan,
and the allied race uwrvilleana, Guér., from New Ireland and
the Solomons. The specimen shown of coelestis from St.
Aignan was very close to urvilleana. A 6 coelestis from
Rossel exhibited on the hind-wing the costal and discal yellow
spots of the type-form, which reappear as an aberration in
most priamus forms.

Ova or Stecomyia rascrata.—Mr. A. Bacor exhibited
masses of eggs of Stegomyia fasciata, the “ yellow-fever
mosquito.”

Livinec ‘‘ DeataH-watcH”” BEETLE.—The PRESIDENT ex-
hibited a live specimen of Xestobiwm tessellatum, and demon-
strated its marked power of “ ticking ” in response to tapping
on the table on which the box stood in which it was contained.

Dr. CHapMAN, Comm. WALKER and Mr. DurRANT discussed
the question as to whether Anobiwm domesticum possessed the
same power.

Paper.

The following paper was read, illustrated by the epidia-
scope :—

“ Revision of the Genus Tarucus,’ by G. T. BreTHUNE-
Baker, F.LS., F.Z.8.

( xix )

Wednesday, May 2nd, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. Arraur Dicxsrr, 24, Lyford Road, Wandsworth
Common, 8.W. 18, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Exhibitions.

A CrntTonip FROM Mapacascar.—Mr. O. E. Janson
exhibited specimens of Huchroea coelestis, Burm., a rare and
beautiful species of Cetoniidae from Madagascar, and directed
attention to the remarkably brilliant pearly blue coloration
of the underside of the body.

GENITALIA OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF CaLico.—Mr. W. J.
Kaye exhibited two cases of Caligo species from the collec-
tion of Mr. J. J. Joicey as well as from his own collection,
together with a number of microscopical mountings of the
male genital organs (all prepared at the Hill Museum, where
Mr. Joicey gave every facility) to prove that the forms, or
hitherto supposed species, atlas from Hcuador and prome-
theus from Colombia, were really forms of memnon which
more or less typically ranges throughout Central America,
and that telamonius, Feld. (= pavo, Rob.) and suzanna,
Stich., from Colombia, the former a mountain race, the latter
from low elevations or coastal regions; peleus, Stich., from
Venezuela, cachi from Costa Rica, menes from Chiriqui, semi-
caerulea from §.E. Peru, joasa from Upper Amazons, insu-
lanus from Trinidad, tewcer from Guiana, phorkys from Bolivia,
are all really forms of the variable tewcer. The point of
difference in separating these two species lies in the long clasp
having a serrate edge up to the apex in memnon and the tip
terminating in two short teeth; while in all the forms of teucer
the serrations stop before the tip, and at the extremity is
a bunch of long hair instead of a pair of teeth. Telamonius
at first sight looks very unlike typical teucer from Guiana,
but specimens from Venezuela are intermediate in colour
and those from Costa Rica are intermediate in size, while

Oo xx)

even on the coast of British Guiana specimens occur with
an occasional inward suffusion of yellow over the wing. With
memnon the same transitions in blue suffusion can be found
linking up prometheus through epimetheus to the type form.
Atlas from Ecuador is only like an enlarged memnon.

The errors made by Herr Fruhstorfer badly need correct-
ing. Menes, Fruh., from Chiriqui, peleus from Venezuela,
telemonius, Feld. (= pavo, Réb.), and probably pavonides,
Fruh., from Eastern Colombia are all forms of tewcer and
not of memnon. As to pavonides | have no specimen to
examine, but suspect it to be a form of tewcer.

Then Herr Fruhstorfer makes prometheus, epimetheus, atlas
and anaximandrus all forms of another species, while from
the genitalia and the gradual transition of the forms to memnon
there can be no doubt that they are all forms of that species.
As telamonius was placed wrongly under memnon it becomes
necessary to find what the form of memnon is that inhabits
Colombia, and the answer without doubt is prometheus, with
its aberration epimetheus. Felder, Reise Novara, p. 455,

distinctly says that prometheus and epimetheus came in the ~

same collection from Bogota; yet Fruhstorfer gives different
subspecific rank to the two, and even in the same paragraph
says that epimetheus comes from Eastern Colombia and the
Western Cordilleras 2000 m.! It is, of course, possible that
epimetheus occurs as a race somewhere, but for the elucida-
tion of what species these Caligo represent Felder’s information
is illuminating. Anaximandrus has not been examined, as
no specimen is available.

The undersides respectively of the tewcer forms and the
memnon forms agree pretty well all through, and an inspec-
tion of them alone might have saved a great deal of con-
fusion. Messrs. Godman and Salvin in the Biologia Centrali-
Americana, on Pl. xiv, figured what they called telamonius
alongside with memnon, recording both from Panama, so it
should have been clear that telamonius could not be a sub-
species of memnon. The “ telamonius”’ from Costa Rica we
call cachi.

The following statement sets forth the facts as now re-
vealed :—

a a

power ~ ow

{ =i )

Caligo memnon memnon, Feld.
Central America, Mexico to Nicaragua.
Caligo memnon atlas, Fruh.

Ecuador.

Caligo memnon prometheus, Koll.. and v. epimetheus.
Colombia.

? Caligo memnon anaximandrus, Fruh.
W. Colombia.

Caligo teucer teucer, Linn.
Guiana.

Caligo teucer peleus, Stich.
Venezuela, Caracas, 3000 ft.
Merida, 5000 ft.

Caligo teucer menes, Fruh.
Chiriqui.

Caligo teucer cachi, J. and K.
Costa Rica.

Caligo teucer obidonus, Fruh.
Amazons, Obidos.

Caligo teucer joasa, J. and K.
Amazons, Joas Rio.

Caligo teucer semicaerulea, J. and K.
S.E. Peru.

Caligo teucer ecuadora, J. and K.
Ecuador.

Caligo teucer telamonius, Feld.
Colombia, Cauca Val.

Caligo teucer suzanna, Devr.
Colombia coast.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE OVIPOSITORS OF THREE SIRICIDS
OCCURRING IN Brirain.—The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited
a set of six photos showing the ovipositor and apex of the
? abdomen in three species or subspecies of the Siricid genus
Paururus, viz. guvencus, F., noctilio, F., and cyaneus, F. Of
these the two first are Palaearctic forms, whereas cyaneus
belongs properly to the North American fauna. Yet it seems
to occur not unfrequently in these islands; and the exhibitor

( xxi )

had in fact seen many more specimens of it taken in Britain
than of juvencus, though it is probably by no means so com-
mon as noctilio, and it is at least possible that in all cases, as
certainly in some, its occurrence is simply due to the impor-
tation of American timber containing eggs or larvae before it
was shipped.

The @ of cyaneus is easily separated both from juvencus
and noctilio by the great length of its ovipositor, of which
about a half projects beyond the dorsal apex of the abdo-
men, so that in this respect it rather resembles our common
black and yellow Sirex, the well-known gigas, L. It differs
also from juvencus and agrees with noctilio in having entirely
black antennae, these in both sexes of juvencus being testa-
ceous at the base. The ¢ is distinguishable from that of
noctilio by the colour of the abdomen, being testaceous prac-
tically up to the apex, and in this character it agrees with
juvencus $, nor could Mr. Morice at present suggest any
satisfactory way of separating it from the latter, though the
2 2 of the two forms differ so much that he could not believe
them to be mere varieties of one species.

He also mentioned that on Sunday last (April 29th) he had
been surprised by the premature emergence in one of his breed-
ing-cages of a Q Phymatocera aterrima, which on the same day
laid seventeen eggs in a stem of its proper plant (Solomon’sSeal).
He procured this stem by a stroke of good luck from a plant
which had been forced in a greenhouse; his own plants, growing
in the open air, were as yet hardly out of the ground at all.

He had watched the whole process of oviposition very
carefully through a powerful lens, being desirous of correcting
or confirming certain details of the account which he gave of
the oviposition of this species in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. for
1911, as to some of which Dr. Chapman’s later observations
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1914, pp. 173-184, and Ent. Rec. 1915,
pp. 145-149) were not exactly in accordance with his own.

He had stated that between the formation of each pocket
and the laying of an egg in it the terebra was lifted altogether
out of the stem and afterwards introduced into it afresh. In
the present case, as in those described by Dr. Chapman, this
had not happened. The apex of the terebra never actually

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917 Plate

la 2a 3a
F. D. Morice, Photo. Hals-Tone Eng. Co. Lid

APEX OF FEMALE ABDOMEN IN SIREX (PAURURUS).

1. P.juvencus L., dorsal view. 2a. P. cyaneus F., lateral view.
la do. lateral ,, 3. P.noctilio F., dorsal

>

P.cyaneus F., dorsal ,, 3a. do lateral

Po
WG i. aks | ar

( xxi)

left the slit! Hither, therefore, the exhibitor had been mis-
taken in his former observations (though they were made so
carefully and repeated so often that he hesitated to believe
this), or possibly the phenomena may really be different in
different cases, as for instance when the stems operated upon
differ in thickness, and therefore in the curvature of that part
of their surfaces which is affected.

It has sometimes been stated that the attachments of the
two so-called ‘“‘ saws” are such that when one of them ad-
vances the other must necessarily retreat. Frequent dis-
sections of these organs had long made him feel sure that this
was a mistake, and he could now say quite positively that it
is so. On more than one occasion he distinctly saw one of
the two blades advance and retire and again advance, while
the other blade remained absolutely at rest with its apex
touching the apex of the (motionless) supports.

He noticed also, on one occasion, that the cuticle became
separated from the underlying substance of the stem along
a line which the advancing edge of the saw had not yet reached !
This had confirmed him in the belief he had always held,
that the action of the “terebra”’ is not simply cutting, but
includes a sort of splitting—in short, that it acts as a ‘“‘ wedge,”
and that in this part of its work the stout thick “ supports ”’
take at least as much share as the delicate and slender “ saws.”’

Dr. CHapMAN and Messrs. HE. E. GREEN and BETHUNE-
Baker commented. The PRestpENT and Mr. C. J. F. Fryer
both observed that they had received larvae of Sirices from

growing trees in England.

’ Furrser Nore on THE “ Deata-watcH” Breetie.—The
Prestpent remarked that the Xestobiwm which he had
exhibited at the previous meeting was still living, and that
he had discovered that it was a 2. It had tapped when
touched on the head with a bit of paper, and when this was
continued had extruded its ovipositor.

Many different statements had been made by different
observers as to the part of the head used in tapping; these
were probably all correct, as the part of the head employed
depends on the form of the surface tapped.

Mr. DonisTHORPE commented on these observations.

¢ Xxiv )

Papers.
The following papers were read :—
‘New and Little-known Heterocera from Madagascar,”
by Sir Georce Kenrick, Bart., F.E.S.
“A preliminary Catalogue of British Cecidomyidae, with
special reference to the Northern Gall-flies,” by R. 8. Banat,
F.E.S., and J. H. Harrison, M.Sc.

Wednesday, June 6th, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Dr. H. G. Breer, Ph.D., Director of the Transvaal
Museum, Pretoria, Transvaal, 8. Africa. and Dr. ALFRED
K. Cameron, M.A., D.Se., The Entomological Laboratory,
Agassiz, British Columbia, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

Two New Bririsn Coccrps.—Mr. HK. E. Green exhibited
two new and (at present) undescribed species of British
Coccidae, both belonging to the genus Lecaniwm and both
occurring on the Birch (Betula alba).

One of them is quite a large and conspicuous insect. A
single example of this species was taken, at Camberley, last
year, when a diligent search failed to produce any further
specimens. This year, however, the insect has turned up in _
comparative abundance, upon the stems and branches of
young birch saplings. Its presence is rendered still more
obvious by the attentions of a large ant (Formica rufa). In
life, the dorsum of the insect is more or less covered with
ereyish-white cobwebby secretion which gives it a “ mil-
dewed”’ appearance. This secretion has been removed (by
ether) from one of the examples exhibited, revealing the
actual colour of the insect, which is seen to be bright cas-
taneous, with a narrow black median longitudinal stripe and
six or seven irregularly mottled black transverse bands. An
example of the male puparium is also shown.

C tz)

The second species is smaller, but very strongly convex—
almost globose. Fresh examples exhibit ivory-white trans-
verse bands on a dark brown background: but this pattern
rapidly fades after the death of the insect. The colour pattern
is somewhat similar to that of immature examples of L.
capreae; but the insect now under consideration is fully
mature, the scales covering masses of eggs. It is, moreover,
considerably smaller than capreae. This species appears to
be scarce. Repeated search has resulted in the discovery of
four isolated individuals only.

Morpho adonis. Morpho eugenia.

MoRPHO ADONIS AND M. EUGENIA DISTINCT SPECIES.—
Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Morpho adonis, three males and
a fine female from British Guiana, also on behalf of Mr. J. J.
Joicry M. adonis males and one © from French Guiana,
and M. eugenia males and one female also from French Guiana,
together with preparations of the genitalia of both to show
that there was no room for doubt that M. eugenia, Deyr.,
1860, is a distinct species from M. adonis, Cram. He said,
“ The harpe of adonis is stouter than that of M. eugenia and
is widened at the centre into a sharp toothed projection which
is absent in eugenia; the harpe of adonis is also much straighter
than M. eugema, the latter being more curved. A glance at
the figures will reveal the differences at once.

On June 7th of last year (1916) when Mr. G. Talbot ex-

F i )

hibited Morpho eugenia under the name of M. marcus, I
suggested that M. eugenia might possibly be the wet-season
form of M. adonis. In the light of evidence of the genitalia
this theory is untenable, as it is most unlikely that such great
differences in the harpes could be accounted for seasonally.
On the advice of Lord Rothschild I have also prepared the
genitalia of Araschnia levana and its summer generation prorsa
to test if there was any seasonal variation in these organs, but
none was apparent. The settling of the specific distinctness
has automatically removed a great deal of the nomenclatorial
muddle. In British Guiana no male of WM. eugenia has ever
been recorded with certainty. But on the Potaro River
M. adonis is fairly common, and the two females that were
sent from there together with ten males by Mr. Roberts
between the years 1902-1908 unquestionably are paired in-
sects of the same species—adonis. Of the small number of
adonis females that are available for examination it appears
to be clear that the fore-wing apex is rather pointed and the
anal angled projection rather pronounced. On this character
it is pretty certain that Schaller’s figure of Papilio marcus in
Naturforscher, vol. 21, p. 174, pl. iv, ff. 1, 2 (1785) is the ° of
Morpho adonis. Distant recognised this in 1881 in the Trans.
Ent. Soc. for that year, p. 397. The figure which he gives,
Pl. XX, really looks as if it might be a female of M. eugenia,
and until a 3 eugenia has been taken in British Guiana there
must be a doubt if Distant’s figure is a 2 of adonis or eugenia.
It certainly looks like a 9 eugenia from its very large size and
blunt fore-wing apex.
The synonymy of Morpho adonis is now as follows :—

3. Papilio adonis, Cram., Pap. Ex., i, t. 61, A.B. (1779).

Morpho adonis, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix, p. 439, n. 3 (1823).

9. Papilio marcus, Schall., Naturf., xxi, p. 174, n. 4,
4. 4; 4. 1, 2 (1785).

Zeuxidia marcus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 116,
8 (1871).

3 9. Morpho adonis, Fruh. in Seitz, vol. v, p. 349 (1913)
(= eugenia, Deyr. 3) err. det.

Morpho adonis, Roths., Nov. Zool. xxiii, p. 317, 1916.

(ivi ~)

Lord Rothschild, with whom I have been in correspondence
for some time over this matter, agrees that he was in error
in retaining the name marcus for the pale broader-winged
larger species that has recently been discovered in some
numbers in French Guiana. The geographical races of adonis
do not appear to be sufficiently well known, but the race named
by Mr. Lathy as major from N. Peru also has a ¢ with pointed
wings, although the insect is very large. From Iquitos there
appears to be an intermediate race both in size and in the costal
white spot which is smaller than in major, but larger than in
adonis adonis. This form might be known as intermedia.

Morpho eugenia, Deyr., which until quite recently was so
exceedingly rare and of which we were in so much doubt as
to its specific distinctness, is now established as a perfectly
good species. Apart from the differences of the genitalia
the $3 are easily separable by the more delicate silvery
blue and the squarer outline of the wings. The ? 9 such as
are known are also of squarer build with the apex more blunt
than in adonis, but otherwise the colouring seems to be the
same. It is possible that the dark ground-colour of the
hind-wing extends always well beyond the cell, while in
adonis it is only up to or just beyond the cell. Ina photo-
graph of eight 99 Morphos in the collection of Mdlle. de
Florrack of Paris the upper four appear to be adonis by the
sharp fore-wing apices and smaller size, and the lower four
eugenia by the blunter fore-wing and larger size. The
synonymy of M. eugenia is as follows :—

3. Morpho eugenia, Deyr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Traver, Ser.
iii, vol. 8, p. 209 (1860). (Oyapock, French Guiana.)

9. Morpho eugenia, Bar., Ann. Soc. Ent. Traver, Ser. iv,
vol. 4, p. 32 (1864). (Portal, Maron River.)

9. Morpho eugenia, Oberth., Etud. Ent. Liv. vi, p. 27,
pl. vi, fig. 1 (1881).

29. Morpho adonis, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc., pl. xx, figs. 1,
2, p. 397-399.

Morpho eugenia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diur. Lep., p. 122 (1871).

Morpho marcus marcus, Roths., Nov. Zool. xxiii, p. 317
(1916).

-

( xxvii )

The only race that we know of for certain outside the type
form is Morpho eugenia uraneis, Bates, from the Peruvian
Amazons.

In the Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxiii, p. 317 (1916), Lord
Rothschild correctly surmised the specific distinctness of
eugenia and adonis with the placing of the races of each, but
called eugenia “‘ marcus,” thinking the two names applied to
the same insect. Mr. Lathy has obtained from the collectors
in French Guiana the following interesting notes on eugenia
and adonis. ‘“‘ They are both taken at the same time, though
M. eugenia disappears at times, while M. adonis appears to
be found all the year round. They are also different in habits,
as M. eugenia is only to be captured at daybreak, and after
about a quarter of an hour it flies too high to be taken.”

I should like here to acknowledge the generous help of
Mr. Joicey, who put the whole of his specimens at my dis-
posal for examination and dissection notwithstanding the
great rarity of the specimens; also to Lord Rothschild, for
help by correspondence, which has contributed to thresh out
this difficult problem.

[Nore on MorpnHo BuGENIA, Deyr., By Lorp Roruscuitp.
F.R.S.—When I stated, Novit. Zool., vol. xxiii, p. 317, that
the Morpho described by Deyrolle in 1860 must stand as
marcus, Schaller, 1785, I gave as my reason that we only
knew a brown and white-banded 2 taken in copulation with
an undoubted 3 of Deyrolle’s eugenia. Bates has also stated
that he saw 2 adonis flying, and that they were lavender
grey. I now, however, on further study of material not
available at the time I wrote, agree with Mr. Kaye that the
2 & both of adonis and eugenia are brown and white-banded.
Seeing also that the adonis 2 2 have pointed apices to the
fore-wings, and Schaller’s picture shows this clearly, I think
his name is a pure synonym of adonis, Cram., and the rounded
winged silvery blue insect must stand as Morpho eugenaa,
Deyr. |

RESEMBLANCE, Mimetic AND Non-mimetic.—-Mr. G.
TaLBot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Jorcey, exhibited :—

1. A white-banded mimetic group of African Heterocera
from the Cameroons, composed of Massaga maritona, Butl.,

=. ee

( =ax~)

and Massaga sp.? (Agaristidae), Hypochrosis massagaria,
Karsch (Geometridae), and Ommatothelwis grandis, Druce
(Tinerdae).

2. An example of resemblance which is not mimetic, seen
in Scoriopsis infumata, Warr., from Peru, a Geometrid
bearing a strong likeness to a species of Lymantrudae from
Angola.

3. A mimetic group from Dutch New Guinea.—Species of
Tellervo, which are essentially Danaine in character, probably
serving as models for the ¢ of the Satyrine, Drusillopsis
doherty, Ob., and with which is associated the black and
white Neptis. Another resemblance appears to exist between
the 2 of D. dohertyi and species of Hyantis and Taenaris
belonging to the Amathusudae.

4. Two forms of Tellervo from the Island of Misol. This
is further confirmatory evidence of the existence of at least
two species in this puzzling genus. Fruhstorfer and Van
Eecke have declared their opinions that only one species
exists, but Lord Rothschild has noticed the occurrence of
two forms from one locality in the Snow Mountains, Dutch
New Guinea, and Mr. Joicey has received two forms from Biak
Island.

5. Papilio erlaces, with its races, including a new race
from North Peru, and showing the mimetic 2 of P. harmodius,
Doubl., from the same district. }

BIRDS CAPTURING BUTTERFLIES ON THE WING AT OXFORD.—
Prof. Pounton said that on the previous day (June 5) Mr.
H. Britten had seen a swallow capture a Lycaenid butterfly.
It was rather a curious coincidence that the observation was
made from a window in the Hope Department, where so
much attention had been devoted to this subject. The
dodging flight of the butterfly made its capture difficult even
for such a bird as the swallow, which only succeeded at the
third attempt. The Lycaenid was bright blue and flying
high opposite the window, in the afternoon. The bird was a
male.

Prof. Poulton said that, after the above note had been
written, as he was bicycling to the Museum that morning,
a hird darted from out a garden and struck a Pierine, flying

fs )

heavily after rain, close by him—so close in fact that the
bird was frightened by the bicycle, and darted back, leaving
the butterfly fluttering in the road. He got off his bicycle
and, looking back, saw the bird return and carry the insect
into the garden. When he tried to come to closer quarters
the bird flew up into a tree and finally, still carrying the
butterfly, across the road. The butterfly was P. napi or
rapae, almost certainly the latter. The bird could not be
observed very clearly, but from its size, colour, markings
(so far as seen), and flight, was evidently a female chaffinch.
The persistent pursuit in both these observations was worthy
of note.* }

Forms OF PAPILIO POLYTES ROMULUS, CRAM., FROM SINGA-
PORE ISLAND AND THE MAINLAND OPPOSITE.—Prof, POULTON
exhibited the mimetic polytes, L., females of two series recently
sent to him by Dr. R. Hanitsch of the Raffles Museum,
Singapore, in extension of his earlier consignment, captured
Jan.—May, 1916, and analysed in our Proceedings for 1916, pp.
Ixxvi-lxxviil. The larger of the two series, analysed on p.
Xxxi, was from the island.

The non-mimetic females, cyrus, were thus less abundant
than in the series captured Jan.—May, 1916, when they
approximately equalled (8 to 9) the mimetic females.

The mainland series, only received within the last few
weeks, consisted of 16 specimens from Johore, opposite
Singapore Island. Dr. Hanitsch wrote March 28, 1917: “‘ My
collector was over there last week, and this is the result of
five days’ collecting! As soon as I have the opportunity I
will try to send you more. Johore Bahru, where the speci-
mens were taken, is the capital of Johore, close to the straits
separating Singapore Island from the mainland. ‘ Bahru’
means ‘new.’” The specimens were noted as having been
captured four miles from Johore Bahru on the following
dates :—

* A few days after the meeting on June 6 I received the following
note from Mr. W. Feather, F.E.S., at Kibwezi, B.E. Africa :—** On
September 26, 1916, about 7.30 a.m., I saw a green Bee-eater
{probably Merops sp.] catch and eat a Belenois mesentina g. The
insect was at rest on a low bush, and I had gone quite close to examine
it and had disturbed it.” —E. B. P.

( mm =)

March 22.—2 mimetic females (polytes).
». 23.—1 male-like female (cyrus), 4 males.
,, 24.—3 males.
,, 25.—1 mimetic female (polytes), 3 males.
», 26.—2 males.

The numbers were quite insufficient to warrant any con-
clusion, but they suggested the possibility that the cyrus
females were rarer on the mainland than on the island. Prof.
Poulton very much hoped that Dr. Hanitsch would be able
to send a series sufficiently long to test this suggestion
thoroughly.

Papilio polytes romulus, Cr., at Singapore.

Sapementanitiny | Memmimell || Cree, tba. 22) Pete 2 9
Maye l2nae se. (. 7
October . . a 1 Tn | 1
INOVp LOM comicn ec 1 | 1 1 nina
35. LOR eee ve ae 1
ale | 2 1
» 22 2 | | 1
=e 23 2 | 1
+ 6 20) 2 iv ae 1
9) 27 3 ry: \*
iad: 2 1
Sse 5 | i 1
Tp nee 3 5 age
510 Rous 3 fal 2
PR OUAIS) cate aa teceae: 34 loess, 9

* The form stichius with no white in the hind-wing cell.

aft )

Prof. Poulton said that variation in the submarginal red
spots and in the white patch and the adjacent red markings
on the hind-wing of the mimetic polytes female made it a
favourable example for the study of the hereditary trans-
mission of very small characters and for testing whether
such transmission was Mendelian. With this object he had
analysed Dr. Hanitsch’s material and the result showed
that there were numbers of small characters which might
be selected for breeding experiments.

Considering first the 9 females captured Oct.—Dec., 1916,
there was great variation in the size of the white patch in
the hind-wing, but it was generally large and well developed
in all its parts, viz. the mark in the cell and those in the four
areas from 2 to 5. The white marking in area 2 was always
more or less replaced by red and that in area 5 very variable
in size. The white marking in the cell was usually large, but
very small in the female captured Dec. 4, and absent from
that captured Nov. 27, so that this latter specimen belonged
to the form stichius, Hiibn., the first that had appeared among
the specimens sent by Dr. Hanitsch from Singapore. The
female of Dec. 2 combined a large white marking in the cell
with a mere trace in area 5 and a small remnant near the cell.
all the rest being replaced by red, in area 2. The white
marks in areas 3 and 4 of this specimen were of moderate
size, the outer end of the former being capped by a red mark-
ing half as long as the white. This red section did not here
appear to replace the white, but to be added to it, for there
was no gradual transition as in area 2, but both white and
red sections ended abruptly and were separated by a trace
of ground-colour, in the form of a thin curved black line.
The independent variation of the elements of the white patch
was very evident, especially that in the cell as compared
with those in areas 2-5. Thus, when the females were arranged
according to the size of the mark in the cell, from its largest
down to its disappearance in the stichiws form, the sizes of
the marks in the areas outside the cell by no means followed
the same arrangement; for they remained of tull size even in
the stichius form.

The combination of small submarginal red spots above

(ga :)

with large ones below, as noted in some of Dr. Hanitsch’s
Singapore specimens of January and February, 1916 (Proc.
Ent. Soc., 1916, p. Ixxvii), was here seen in the captures of
Nov. 25 and Nov. 27 (the stzchius form), and to a less marked
extent in those of Nov. 17 and Nov. 22. The especially small
size of the submarginal red spot in area 3 (Proc. Ent. Soc.,
1914, p. xxv) was very evident in these four specimens. It
was altogether wanting from the upper surface of the stichius
form and represented by a mere trace in the specimen of
Nov. 25.

Comparing these nine polytes females with eight out of
the nine (one had been mislaid) taken Jan.—May, 1916,
the latter series showed a somewhat higher average develop-
ment of the white markings on the hind-wing. The mark
in the cell was in no case reduced so far as in two of
the later captures, and the mark in area 2 was nearly re-
placed by red in only one specimen, also characterised by
a smallish white mark in area 5—well developed in the seven
others.

As regards the three polytes females from the mainland, one
of the two taken March 22, 1917, much resembled the island
one of Dec. 2, 1916, although as compared with the latter the
white mark in the cell was much smaller while the spot in
area 5, though very small, was larger and far more distinct.
These two specimens of Dec. 2 and March 22 might indicate
a transition towards the romulus 2 form, mimicking P. hector,
L., a transition especially suggested by the increasing red and
diminishing white in area 2, the addition of red to area 3,
and in the tendency of the red to encircle the white patch
by invading the basal border of the mark in the cell. This
invasion was especially marked in the mainland female and
in the island one of Nov. 25, in both of which the red scales
were continued across the cell into area 5. The other main-
land female of March 22 showed a small spot in area 5, but
the white markings were otherwise fairly developed, as they
were in the female of March 25, with a much larger spot in
area 5.

When Dr. Hanitsch’s mimetic female polytes were last
shown to the Society (Proc., 1916, p. Ixxvi) Mr. J. C. F. Fryer

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., II-Iv. 1917 C

@xxxiv )

and Mr. E. E. Green remarked on the difference between the
inner marginal border of their hind-wing pattern and that
of Ceylon specimens. The latter seemed to them to show a
smaller development of the red markings in this region.
Prof. Poulton had since carefully compared the specimens
and found that the difference in appearance was due to two
out of the three red markings in area le of the western females
being fused in the eastern females into a single long basally
placed streak, the outermost marking remaining separate
in both localities. The basal division into 2 separate mark-
ings was sometimes indicated by a notch which occasionally
(for example in 2 Singapore females taken in January, 1916)
broke through, producing a pattern like that found in the
great majority of the polytes females in Ceylon. Among
these latter too the same fusion into a single notched streak
occasionally took place. So far as could be inferred from the
insuffieient material in the Hope Department specimens from
the mainland of India were intermediate in this respect
between those from Ceylon and Singapore. *It would be
very interesting to breed from the exceptional females in both
__ east and west.
~ PrepacEous REDUVIID BUGS AND Fossors, WITH THEIR
PREY, FROM THE S. PavLo District oF Souts-East Brazin.—
Prof. Poutron exhibited and described a set of predaceous
insects captured 1913-16 by Dr. Gregorio Bondarin the S. Paulo
district of S.E. Brazil, and presented to the Hope Department
by Mr. G. A. J. Rothney. In determining the species kind
help had been received from Mr. C. J. Gahan, Mr. W. L.
Distant, Mr. K. G. Blair, Mr. R. South, Mr. A. 8. Hirst, and
especially from Dr. G. A. K. Marshall and Mr. Rowland
E. Turner; in interpreting the often indistinctly written
Portuguese on some of the labels, kind help had been given
by Don Fernando de Arteaga. The great majority of the
observations had been made at Piracicaba, about 100 miles
N.W. of S. Paulo, in 8.E. Brazil; others at Campinas, about
70 miles N.W. of the same city.

The Reduviid captors and their prey—almost invariably
insects belonging to the specially protected groups—were
shown in the following table :—

EE —

(| xxxv_)

—e———————————————_———E——— EE

SPECIES OF REDUVIID BUG. SPECIES OF PREY. LOCALITY AND DATE.

The Fossor (Sand - Piracicaba, Jan. 12,
wasp) Pepsis sp. é. 1914.

Apiomerus lanipes, F.

|The Honey-bee Apis | = %
mellifica, L., 9. 1913-1916.

|

The \Anthribid beetle | BE
Stenocerus fulvitar-
sts, Germ.

Apiomerus_ sp. nr. The Cantharid beetle | 2 ee
lanipes, F Epicauta nigropunct-
ata, Blanch.

The Honey-bee A pis ae >
mellifica, L.

Zelus sp. A.

\

|

| B
eee ee 1913, Oct. 2 or Nov. 2

Heniartes annulatus,| The Homopteron | ” %

H.S. | (Jassidae, Tettigon- | 1913-1916
tellinae), Teletusa
sp. nearest peruvi-
ensis, Dist.

i nr EE SS

The Fossors and their prey were recorded in the following
table, the notes being taken from the French and Portuguese
of the labels on the specimens or from the common labels
written by the collector and pinned beneath two or more
specimens. “Nid” had been taken to mean burrow, inas-
much as the species belonged to the groups which were well
known to dig in the ground. Dr. R. C. L. Perkins had further-
more kindly examined the specimens and was sure, from their
structure, that all except one were fossorial in habits. The
one for which this evidence was not clear was the Podium,
which on other grounds, viz. its prey, consisting of several
cockroaches, was also sure to be fossorial. When there is
no reference to the burrow it is to be inferred that the prey
was being carried or dragged by its captor. In most cases
it was stated on the label that the Fossor had been captured
with its prey.

Cryptocheilus (Salius)

|

Parapompilus erubes-

SPECIES OF FOSSOR. |

PSAMMOCHARIDAE
(PoMPILIDAE).
Pepsis sp.

sp. A., unnamed in
Brit. Mus., 2 ex-
amples.

cens, Tasch.

Psammochares, sp.
Episyron sp.

SPHEGIDAR.
Podium sp. captured
in its burrow.

Ammophila sp.

Sphex ichneumoneus,
L., captured in its
burrow.

99

Sphex _ nitidiventris,
Spin., captured in
its burrow.

Lycosa sp., 2 examples.

A web-building spider

1 Epilampra conferta,

(ea xvi )

SPECIES OF PREY. |

A Trap-door — spider
(Ctenizidae), Idiops |
sp.

Araneus (E petra) sp.

Walk., out of several
Blattidae of same
species in the burrow.

Note: “Chasse larve
de Lépidoptéres
Géometrides.”
Another label adds
in Portuguese that

the larvae were
green. No speci-
mens.

19 nr. genus Hetero-
mallus, out of
several Locustidae

in the burrow.

2¢, 1 immature Lo-

custids, Conocephal-
oides sp., probably
maxillosus, F., in
the burrow.

? Locustids, one
Conocephalus __sp.,
the other ? genus, in
burrow.

2
several Locustidae in
the burrow.

Subria sp. 2 out of

LOCALITY AND DATE.

Piracicaba, Dec.

1914.

23,

Jan. "27 and Dec. 4,
1914.

March 25, 1914.
Jan. 27, 1914.
Oct. 6, 1915.

Oct. 5, 1914.

No data but certainly

in S. Paulo district,
and between 1913
and 1916.

Piracicaba, Nov. 7,
1913.

Jan. 13, 1914.
Jan. 26, 1915.

No locality, — but
certainly $8. Paulo
district, | probably
Piracicaba, as G.

Bondar was there
Jan. 13 and 27.
Jan. 23, 1914.

( xxxvi )

SPECIES OF FOSSOR.

Sphex striatus, Sm.

99 2?

9 39

Sphex sumptuosus,
Costa, captured in
its burrow.

4 examples. A note
on one states that
it was captured in
its burrow where
it collects many
“ Chrysomelidae.”

subsp., 2 examples
captured in bur-
rows “deep in the

earth ” (Portu-
guese).
Astata sp., captured
on a plant.
Notogonia decorata,
Sm.

Notogonia sp. A., 2

examples.

Tachytes callosa,
Kohl., 2 examples.
“They. ‘live im
sandy” places on
one in Portuguese.

Tachytes sp.

Cerceris imitator, Sm.,

| . .
Cerceris simplex, Sm.,

SPECIES OF PREY.

The Acridian (grass-

hopper) Osmilia vio-
lacea, Thunb., ?.

The Acridian Schisto-

cerca flavofasciata, de
G.,?. The prey is
buried near the place
where it was cap-
tured—one Acridian
for each Sphex larva.

Schistocerca flavofasci-

ata, é.

2, 190f the Locus-

tid Anisoptera fasci-
ata, de G., in the
burrow.

8 of the Eumolpid
beetle Colaspoides
sp., probably new,
taken in burrow
with one Cerceris,
7 in another with a
second Cerceris.

_

Tenebrionid beetle
Dpitragus sp., taken
in one of the bur-
rows.

An immature Penta-

tomid bug.

A ? Achetid of genus

Gryllus or Gryllodes.

2 g Achetids as above,

one with each
Fossor.
Note: ‘‘ Chasse des

petits mouches ” on
one Fossor. No
specimens of prey.

A ¢ Acridian ? gen. et

sp. ;

In campo, Campinas,

LOCALITY AND DATE.

Dec. 7, 1913.
In the cemetery,
Campinas.
Dec. 8, 1913.
Piracicaba, Jan. 22,
1915.
In the cemetery, |

Campinas, Dec. 21,
1913.

Campinas, Dec. 21,
19138.

Dec. 21, 1913.
Piracicaba, Jan. 18,
1916.

Piracicaba, April 1915.

On the football
ground, Campinas.
This note and date
on one specimen,
but probably ap-
plies to both, Dec.
19, 1913.

Dec.

Campinas, 19,

1913.

( ae )

SPECIES OF FOSSOR.

Monedula (Stictia)
adonis, Handl., 2
examples. “Chasse |
Microlépidoptéres ” |
on common label.

Monedula (Stictia)
gravida, Handl., 2
examples. “‘ Chasse
Diptéres ” on com-

SPECIES OF PREY. |

collection showed 3
Hesperidae _(prob-
ably Gorgythion
begga, Prittw.,
Staphylus epicaste,
Mab., 9, Staphylus |
sp. ? minor, Schaus), |
associated with one.
M. adonis and 3)
others (probably Sta- |
phylus sp. ? scoramus, |
Schaus, ? Megistias |
sp., ? Systasea sp. |
?), with the other |

—almost certainly |
taken from the.
burrows.

4 Volucella obesa, F.,
probably taken |
from burrow of one |

or both Fossors.

LOCALITY AND DATE.

The arrangement of No locality. Probably

Piracicaba as Jan.
23, 1914, was on the
common label (cf.
Sphex nitidiventris,
p. Xxxvi).

Piracicaba, Oct. 1914.

mon label.
Monedula _—_(Stictia) | Note: “Chasse divers No data, certainly
surinamensis, de| Diptéres.” Nospeci-| 1913-1916, 8. Paulo
mens. district.

4 immature Pentato-
mids, almost cer-
tainly from burrow.

Bembidula variegata,
Oliv. Probably
from burrow.
“Chasse larve de
punaises de bois.”

It was of great interest to have the opportunity of studying
a good series of 8. American Fossors and their prey, and to
recognise how constant were the instincts hitherto recorded
mainly from other parts of the world. Thus all the Pompilidae
had taken spiders, all the species of Sphex Orthoptera, the
Cerceris a beetle, the Astata a bug, etc. The orthopterous prey
of the Podium suggested the possibility that its true position lay
between Ammophila and Sphex. The most interesting record
was that of Monedula adonis, one of the Bembecides, with
Hesperid prey, not unnaturally classed as ‘“ Microlepido-
ptera”’? by the collector. The specimens were in very bad
condition and so could not be determined with certainty, but
there was no doubt about the fact that very different species

( sexx’) )

were represented. Only three retained their bodies, and of
these Dr. Eltringham had made out two to be females and one
a male. Although so different, the general appearance of the
species was similar, all being dark brown in colour with no
pattern or one so inconspicuous as to be invisible at a little
distance. It seemed probable that the Fossors had caught
their prey drinking at mud and had selected females as far
as possible. Dr. Carpenter’s observation, recorded on p. xlii,
supported these suggestions.

Mr. G. A. J. Rothney had written Oct. 19, 1916 :-—

“The Fossor that stores Skippers is new to me but I
have met cases of a first stage in that direction. Vespa cincta,
F., the common Indian Hornet, captures Skippers on the wing,
strips off the two wings on one side, then holds the other two and
squeezes the body dry, drops the body and two wings and flies
away. I have recorded the incident in the Entom. Mo. Mag.,
vol. xii, 1876-7, pp. 254-5, under ‘Squirrel versus Hornet.’
I expect Fossors and Wasps have a taste for the fat juicy
bodies of Skippers, and as they fly by day they fall a natural
prey; but the storing is a distinct advance. The habit of
V. cincta is undoubtedly established, not a chance occurrence.
The favourite Skipper was a thick-set fleshy one—dull in
colour like our tages—but with long, pointed wings. There
was a prompt, business-like action about the operation which
told it was an old game or, as they would say in India,
Shikar.”

The only previous observation of the storing of butterflies
by wasps was, so far as Prof. Poulton knew, that recorded
by Belt in “The Naturalist in Nicaragua” (2nd edition,
1888, p. 109) :—

“There is... a yellow and black banded wasp that
catches them [* Heliconidae,’ evidently referring to the trans-
parent-winged Ithomiimnae] to store his nest with; and when-
ever one of these came about, they would rise fluttering in
the air, where they were safe, as I never saw the wasp attack
them on the wing. It would hawk round the groups of
shrubs, trying to pounce on one unawares; but their natural
dread of this foe made it rather difficult to do so. When it
did catch one, it would quietly bite off its wings, roll it up

mx i) \

into a ball, and fly off with it.” The description suggested
a Diplopterous rather than a Fossorial wasp.

In addition to the specimens here tabulated Dr. Bondar’s
collection exhibited to the meeting contained the tube of a
trap-door spider together with the probable owner—a spider
of the genus Idiops without label, but placed in close proximity
to the tube. To the latter was attached a Portuguese label
of which the translation was “ Destroyed by wasp. Seems
to be a Salius with yellow-tipped antennae, of medium size.”
The date was Jan. 15, the year being left uncertain. It was
probable that the wasp referred to was the Pepsis, taken
with a spider of the genus Jdiops, Dec. 23, 1914, and standing
first in the table on p. xxxvi. This Fossor was of moderate
size and had yellow-tipped antennae. It was also probable
that the spider had been attacked and stored in its own tube
by the Fossor, which was thus saved the trouble of digging
a burrow for itself—an example on a larger scale of the tragedy
described by W. H. Hudson in ‘“‘ The Naturalist in La Plata”
(pp. 180-82 of the 1895 edition) :—

“On the grassy pampas, dry bare spots of soil are resorted
to by a class of spiders that either make or take little holes in
the ground to reside in... .

“. . . Now, in summer, to a dry spot of ground like this,
comes a small wasp, scarcely longer than a blue-bottle fly,
body and wings of a deep shining purplish blue colour, with
only a white mark like a collar on the thorax. . . . It visits
and explores every crack and hole in the ground, and, if you
watch it attentively, you will at length see it, on arriving
at a hole, give a little start backwards. It knows that a
spider lies concealed within. Presently . . . it disappears into
the hole and remains there for some time. Then, just when
you are beginning to think that the little blue explorer has
been trapped, out it rushes, flying in terror, apparently, from
the spider who issues close behind in hot pursuit; but, before
they are three inches away from the hole, quick as lightning
the wasp turns on its follower, and the two become locked
together in a deadly embrace. Looking like one insect, they
spin rapidly round for a few moments, then up springs the
wasp—victorious. The wretched victim is not dead; its

( xl )

legs move a little, but its soft body is paralysed, and lies
collapsed, flabby,*and powerless. ... When the wasp has
sufficiently rested after the struggle, it deliberately drags the
disabled spider back into its own hole, and, having packed it
away at the extremity, lays an egg alongside of it, then,
coming out again, gathers dust and rubbish with which it
fills up and obliterates the hole. ... .” 1

OBSERVATIONS- ON Fossors In Hast ArricaA BY Dr. |
G. D. H. Carrenter.—Prof. Poutron said that an observa- |
tion recorded in a letter written to him Jan. 18, 1917, by
Dr. Carpenter, threw further light on the storing of Hesperidae
by Bembecides :—

“Yesterday (on a journey from Ndala, 33° 15’ H., 4° 45’ &.,
to my new post Igalula, on the Central Railway, about 40
miles E. of Tabora) I had such an interesting observation of
a Bembex that I write post haste to tell you. I was catching
Skippers on mud on the road (and had got several of a beautiful
species, bright golden brown, with the hind-wing below
marked with a number of whitish radiating streaks [Oxypalpus
harona, Westw., = ruso, Mab.]. This I had never seen
before; also a large. and wonderful white species [Leuco-
chitonea hindei, H. H. Druce] which I took at first for a small
Belenois, among which it was drinking. These will come by
the next box. To return to our muttons) and suddenly saw
an unmistakable Bembex flying round my legs, on which
sat, and bit, numbers of G. morsitans, Tabanus, and Haema-
topota (indeed, I had been bitten so much that I was quite
jumpy!). I naturally thought the Bembex was after these,
though she was not of the species that I have often seen
come round me looking for fat Glossina or Tabanus. She
was large, greenish yellow, with a transverse black band
across each abdominal segment. After buzzing around for
a bit (the hum was the characteristic Bembex hum, which is
of a tone different from that of other Hymenoptera, or Asildae,
whose buzz is equally characteristic) she hung in the air a
few inches above a Lycaenid, quietly drinking on the mud,
and pounced on it. I couldn’t see exactly what happened,
but the Lycaenid was dropped, and the Bembex moved away
to where a Skipper was also drinking, and hung poised over

on xlii__)

that for a second or so—evidently examining it closely. The
result seemed unsatisfactory; she moved away and hung
over another, then, pownce, and she’d got it! For a brief
moment she remained in the air, hovering just over the ground,
holding the Skipper. I struck but, oh, I missed her! and
she was off like a streak of lightning. I did not see her again.
I waited a little (as long as I dared, for the afternoon thunder-
storm was coming up) but she did not come back; so once
again I have sent you a new Fossor observation, without the
specimen! It was interesting that she should catch a Lycaenid
and drop it; I was so interested watching her that I could not
devote any attention to the discarded prey. I expect the
reason she did not take the first Skipper was that it was not
fat enough. My observations on the Bembex that preyed
on Glossina on Nsadzi Island (see my first Sleeping Sickness
Report) showed that the prey was the fattest that could be
selected—often a pregnant @ fly. So the rejected Skipper
may have been a ¢ and the chosen a 9; it was a dark brown
species with narrow wings, hind-wing beneath with a row of
tiny white dots (I don’t know the generic name). Has a
Bembex ever been known to prey on Skippers or on any other
butterfly? Don’t say it was an Asilid, for it was not! I
could tell an Asilid from a Bembex with my eyes shut by the
buzz alone! Moreover, I have yet to meet the Asilid that
takes its prey sitting. Also the broad abdomen—without
pedicel—rendered it unlikely that she was not a Bembex
but some other kind of predatory (perhaps Diplopterous)
wasp. I should much like to know if there are any other
notes of this kind.”

The following observations on Ammophila beninensis, Pal.
de Beauv., or a species very close to it, were recorded in a
letter written by Dr. Carpenter, Jan. 14, 1917, from Ndala,
which appears on the map as a Mission Station :—

“On Jan. 38rd I disturbed from her work, on the road, a
fine Sphegid. On the wing her long legs were bunched to-
gether, hanging down very conspicuously. Her prey, a large,
smooth, brown Noctuid larva, lay in a slightly curved posture
at the brink of a vertical burrow. I sat down beside it, and
when the Sphex had returned and, as I did not move, recom-

() xi )}
menced her work, I was able to follow closely. She examined
the larva very carefully from head to tail, and then went
down the hole and brought up an ‘ armful’ of soil, held by
the fore limbs up against her ‘chin.’ She walked away with
this, and deposited it about 3 inches away, giving, at the
exact moment when she put it down, a short sharp buzz.
This was repeated once or twice, and then, having placed the
tip of her abdomen at the orifice of the burrow, she felt her
way down backwards, and before she disappeared seized the
larva just behind the head by her mandibles and drew it
down after her. But the chamber at the bottom was not
big enough, so with loud buzzing she pushed her way past
the larva and came out again; then, standing over the hole,
she put her head down and seized the larva as far in front of
its hinder extremity as she could reach, and dragged it up to
the surface. The next step was to grip, between her fore-
legs, the extreme end of the larva, and to shift her mandibles
so as to get a fresh hold further forward; thus she lifted it
again, and in this way dragged it right out of the hole and
laid it at the brink, the concavity of its posture directed
towards the hole, the two extremities at the very edge. She
then went down again and brought up another armful of earth,
depositing it in the manner previously described. Having
done this several times she again went down backwards,
precisely as before, and dragged her victim down by its © neck.’
But again the chamber at the bottom of the burrow could not
contain this large larva, and its hinder end projected up into
the burrow. So once more the unskilful wasp had to push
her way out with loud buzzings, and drag the larva out again
in the same way, and further enlarge the chamber. Still it
did not prove big enough, and this all happened fowr more
times! On the sixth occasion, the larva not having been
disposed quite exactly in the right position at the mouth of
the hole, when she backed down she caught hold of the posterior
and not the anterior end. The larva then moved very feebly
(it had had a lot of pulling about!) and the wasp at once
perceived that something was wrong. She hurried out of the
hole and examined it very carefully. She then adjusted it
to the proper position, went down again, and dragged the

@ ( xiv )

larva down by the ‘ neck’ as usual. But still it could not be
wholly contained in the chamber, and had to be dragged out
once more for further digging: this time, however, a new
difficulty arose; it was so far down that the Sphexr, standing
over the hole, could only grasp the extreme tip of its body
(posterior end), so that when she drew it up there was nowhere
for the fore limbs to grip! Thus, every time she tried, the
larva fell down to the bottom of the hole again, and she began
to get very agitated.

“At last, after ten efforts she managed somehow to get a
erip with the forelegs, and so pulled the larva out as at first
described, enlarged the chamber once more, and pulled the
larva down for the seventh—and last—time; for now it
fitted wholly in the chamber and none of it was visible when
one looked down the burrow. After a pause—quite remark-
ably short—for oviposition, the wasp came out and proceeded
to fill up the hole in the usual way, by biting off small lumps
of soil, putting them down and ramming them in with her
head, but making very little use of the method of scratching
loose earth backwards. When she had all but finished I
caught her (and,send her to you for naming), finishing off the
burrow myself lest her progeny should suffer! (But I did not
bite off small lumps of soil and ram them down with my
head.)

‘““ There are one or two points worth remarking :—

“1. Repeated efforts to get a large larva into a chamber
too small for it. This seems to imply that the wasp digs a
chamber of orthodox size, and finds larvae afterwards. Does
she use larvae of varying size, or was she inexperienced ?

“2. The larva must be dragged down by the anterior
extremity. One sees no reason why this is necessary.

“3. On the whole the wasp works quietly. The pro-
longed, high-pitched, penetrating, buzz which S. marginatus
makes the whole time she is burrowing, so that one often
hears her at work long before one sees her, is replaced in this
species by a short buzz when the armful of earth is put down.
Also, when she had to push her way out past the larva in the
too small burrow she gave a buzz which one could easily
imagine to express vexation ! ”’

(le)

Mr. KE. E. GREEN observed that in Ceylon a large Reduviid
bug feeds on a still larger milliped.

Mr. Tatsor observed that in his garden he had noticed
that fly-catchers paid no attention whatever to butterflies.

Dr. CHAPMAN also commented.

Letter from a Fellow interned in Germany.

The Secretary read the following interesting letter from
Mr. E. M. Danpp, F.E.S. :—

“DEAR Sir,

“The writer, as you are no doubt aware, has been a
Fellow of the Society for many years past. As a resident
in Germany at the outbreak of the war he shared the lot of
his fellow countrymen, and has now been interned at Ruhleben
since Nov. 6, 1914.

“Tn the meantime those amongst us interested in Natural
Science have formed a Natural History Society, and weekly
meetings are held, papers read, and furthermore a regular
course of Lectures in Natural History, Biology and Botany
established under the direction of Dr. Lechmere. The writer,
as the sole representative of Entomology, has also given several
lectures on various entomological subjects. In the meantime
we have established as well-organised a Biological Laboratory
as could be expected under the circumstances, with microscopes,
and are extending the same as far as possible. It is proposed
this year to form a small section for the study of entomology,
and space has been placed at my disposal for research work.

““T have been able to get in a certain amount of my own
material and a certain amount of literature, but this hardly
suffices. Might I therefore appeal to the Society for assistance
in the way of books or magazines and more especially in
the form of duplicate insects (butterflies in papers), beetles,
hymenoptera, etc. If desired the books could be returned

later on.
* x * * re

“ Trusting to meet with a favourable response, and with
kind regards and best wishes to all friends,
“‘T remain yours very sincerely,
“ Epwarp M. Dapp.”

al ( xlvi )

Paper.

The following paper was read :—

“On a collection of Lepidoptera made in East Africa by
Mr. W. A. Lamborn, F.E.S.,” by H. Exrrincuam, M.A.,
D.Sc., F.E.S.

Wednesday, October 3rd, 1917.

Dr. T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.Z.S., Vice-President, in the
Chair.
Election of a Fellow.

Dr. GrorGE GRANVILLE Buckiey, M.D., F.S.A., Holly
Bank, Manchester Road, Bury, Lancs., was elected a Fellow
of the Society.

Death of an Honorary Fellow.

The death of Dr. Emm Frey-GessNER was announced,

and a vote of condolence with his daughter was passed.
Exhibitions.

COLEOPTERA ON UNUSUAL Foop-PLANTs, ETC.—Mr. Donis-
THORPE exhibited the following Coleoptera :—

1. Miarus campanulae, L., taken on the Downs at Findon
(Sussex), June 14, 1917. It occurred in some numbers, but
only in a small species of buttercup, of which a specimen was
exhibited. It has only been recorded heretofore in flowers
of Campanula and Phyteuma. A small black Chrysomelid
larva, about the size of the Miarus, also occurred in the
buttercups, and they were superficially very like each other.

2. Lycoperdina succincta, L., taken at Barton Mills (Suffolk),
Sept. 9, 1917, in fungus. This species was first discovered
to be British in October last year by Dr. Nicholson, who
took a series in ripe Lycoperdon gemmatum. Mr. Donisthorpe
was evidently a little early for the beetle, as his specimen
was slightly immature, and he did not find any more, but he
took about a dozen larvae in a fresh Lycoperdon gemmatum,
which he is trying to breed.

3. Cassida fastuosa, Schall. Taken at Goring Woods

PLATE B.

LARVAE OF SAWEFLIES.

1. Cimbex lutea, L. Coiled under a Sallow-leaf.
2. Abia fasciata, Leach. Coiled under a Snowberry-leaf.
3. Trichiocampus viminalis, Fall.

(1 and 2 were photographed from living specimens on their actual
food-plants. 3 is from the inflated skin of a larva found on Poplar
in the grounds of the Natural History Museum, 8.W.)

PLATE C.

LARVAE OF SAWFLIES.

a

. Eriocampa ovata, L. On Alder, covered with a mealy white

secretion.

2. Pteronidea salicis, L. On long-leaved Willow. (The colour of
the body is blue-green in the middle, pale salmon colour at
each end.)

3. Nematus (Croesus) septentrionalis, L, On Birch. The insect
is rising into its ‘threatening attitude,” and has exserted
its ventral ‘‘scent-glands.”

4, Lygaeonematus crassicornis, F. On Poplar, surrounded by its
‘stockade ”’ of inspissated secretion formed into little white
pillars.

5. One of the pillars (> 40 diameters).

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917. Plate’ B.

2 3

F. D. Mortwe, Photo. Half-Tone Eng. Co. Ltd.

LARV OF SAWFLIES.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917. Plate C.

F. D. Morice, Photo. Half-Tone Eng. Co. Ltd.

LARV OF SAWFLIES.

( ‘xiv )

(Sussex), July 28, 1917, on Inula dysenterica (Fleabane).
This is its first record on Fleabane, and all the specimens
were of a bright yellow and black colour when alive, and not,
as is usual, red and black. Though freshly emerged they were
quite mature, and moreover were kept alive for a long time
without changing colour in any way. A specimen from Box
Hill of the typical form, taken on Inula conyza (Ploughman’s
Spikenard), May 7, 1909, was also exhibited for comparison.
It was previously only recorded from Senecio jacobae
(Ragwort).

PHotocrapHs oF Sawriy Larvar.—The Rev. F. D.
Morice exhibited with the Epidiascope a set of photographs
(mostly taken from living specimens feeding or resting on
their usual food-plants) of the following Sawfly larvae :—

Cimbex lutea, L., coiled up on Sallow, Abia fasciata, L., do.
on Snowberry, Phymatocera aterrima, K1., on Solomon’s Seal,
Rhadinoceraea micans, Kl., on Iris, Empria (Poecilosoma)
luteola, KI., on Yellow Loosestrife, Hriocampa ovata, L., on
Alder, Nematus (Croesus) septentrionalis, L., in “ threatening
attitude ” on Birch, Pteronidea (Nematus) salicis, L., on Birch,
Trichiocampus viminalis, Fall., on Poplar. Also of a cast
skin, showing the Y-shaped spines, of a Periclista larva—
probably melanocephala, F.; and of the sort of “ palisade ”’
—a ring of little columns formed by the rapid drying of some
bubbly, froth-like secretion from the mouth—with which the
young larva of Lygaeonematus compressicornis, F., surrounds it-
self while feeding on a leaf of black Poplar. (Plates B and C.)

The CHarrRMAN observed that Sawfly larvae in moulting
attach themselves by the tail to a gummy substance pre-
viously deposited by them, because they have no hooks on
the terminal pad of the prolegs such as occur in the Lepido-
ptera; the true legs, which in the latter are generally used
rather as hands than as feet, are in the Sawflies provided with
claws sharp enough to penetrate the leaf.

Paper.

The following paper was read :—
“Further notes on Recapitulatory Attitudes in Lepido-
ptera,” by T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.

@ xiviii )

Wednesday, October 17th, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Mr. Joun Witiiams Hockin, Castle Street, Launceston,
Cornwall; Col. TurENNE Jermyn, Highcliffe, Weston-super-
Mare; Mr. ARTHUR WALLACE PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A.,
Balliol College, Oxford; and the Rev. Prebendary A. P.
WickuaM, East Brent Vicarage, Highbridge, Somerset, were
elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

HYPER-PARASITES ON APANTELES GLOMERATUS. — Mr.
DonistHoRPE exhibited a number of small yellow cocoons
which were taken on a fence at Putney on Sept. 15th
last, and which had emerged from the body of a White
Butterfly larva. These cocoons, belonging to a parasite on
the larva of this butterfly, are of course common everywhere
just now where the butterfly has occurred. He stated that
he had found the cocoons just after they had emerged from
the larva to which they were attached, the latter being still
alive, and he observed two (or three ?) small Hymenopterous
insects hovering about the cocoons. One of these was secured,
and the larva and cocoons were taken home in a glass-topped
box. On October 8th Hymenopterous insects began to
emerge from the cocoons and were still doing so. Of the 30
specimens exhibited, some of which were alive, 28 belonged
to the insect captured on Sept. 15th, an Ichneumon, and 2
(a 3 and Q) to another species of Hymenoptera, also an
Ichneumon. It would seem certain that these two species are
hyper-parasites, parasitic on the parasite of the butterfly
larva. The questions arose if the cocoons had not been
disturbed, would they all have produced the hyper-parasites ?
and is it necessary for the latter to seek out the cocoons just
after they have emerged from the original host’s body ?

A NEW Sus-species oF MorPHoO RHETENOR.—Mr. DICKSEE
exhibited a probable new sub-species of Morpho rhetenor, and
gave the following description :—

(A six)

“This sub-species, now received for the first time from
Colombia, differs from the two other sub-species, cacica from
Peru and eusebes from the Amazons, in having a complete
row of twelve white submarginal spots on each side of the.
upper surface, six on each wing, instead of from three to five
on each front wing only. It has also a very small white spot
beyond the cell on the front wing, and the small white
crescents between each nervure on the margins are more
distinct. On the under side the ground colour is lighter,
making all the markings stand out more distinctly. Locality
Rio Guatiquia, April 1917.”

AN ABERRANT Wasp.—Dr. CHAPMAN exhibited an aberrant
specimen of a wasp (Vespa germanica), and made the following
observations :—

“Wasps rarely come into my sanctum, but on Oct. 6th
one came and seemed very interested in some preparation I
was working at, so that I easily noticed that there was some-
thing unusual about some abdominal segments. The insect
is the one exhibited. The second abdominal segment (count-
ing in the usual incorrect manner) is wanting in the middle
dorsal line, and the two sides nearly meet each other, tapering
from a nearly normal width laterally to almost a point where
they are opposed, and where continuity is maintained by
membrane; the markings on the two sides are not symmetrical.

“The first (basal, really 2nd abdominal) segment is pro-
duced mid-dorsally at its hinder margin, so as to form an
angular projection, largely compensating for the defect of
the following segment.

Sketch of teratological specimen of Vespa germanica , x about 4.

“T add a rough outline of the aberrant portion of the
specimen. How did such a defect come about? It might

be the result of an injury at a late larval stage, but it is very
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., II-Iv. 1917 D

. ee)

unlikely for a wasp grub, protected in its cell in the nest as
it is, to receive such an injury. It rather more strongly
suggests a congenital defect in the closing of the umbilical
opening. It is not easy to say whether the want of symmetry
in the peccant segment supports this view or the contrary.
I will hand the specimen to the British Museum.”

A VERY RARE British Breetie.—Mr. O. E. JANSON ex-
hibited a fine example of Tapinotus sellatus, Fab., taken by
him on June 9th last near Horning, Norfolk, and recorded in
the October number of the Ent. Mo. Mag. Only two British
Specimens were previously known, these having been taken
in the years 1838 and 1846. He also showed some other
Coleoptera of interest taken in the same locality.

A BritTIsH SPECIMEN OF NoTopoNTA BICOLORIA.—Mr. O. E.
JANSON also exhibited on behalf of Mr. L. H. Bonaparre-
Wyse, who was present as a visitor, a fine male specimen of
Notodonta bicoloria, Schiff., taken by him near Killarney on
June 7th last, and recorded in the ‘“‘ Irish Naturalist’ for
October.

Living Drermestip Larvar.—Mr. GREEN exhibited living
larvae of a Dermestid beetle, Tiresias serra, found under dead
bark of an oak tree, in the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury.
The larvae have the abdominal segments clothed with erect
rufous hair. There is also a loose caudal tuft of long greyish
hairs, which is vibrated rapidly when the insect is annoyed
or disturbed.

Mr. Matn and Mr. DonistHorPE commented, the latter
observing that judging from his experience of the larva in
observation ants’ nests, the vibration had apparently a
protective value.

Mr. GREEN also read the following note on the oviposition
of the sawfly Pteronus sertifer.

“The method of oviposition of the sawfly Pteronus sertifer
has been a subject of discussion at several of our meetings
during the present year. Insects raised in captivity, by
Mr. Morice and myself, have refused to throw any light on
the question. I have now been successful in obtaining eggs
from a wild female. The parent was captured on the Ist of
this month, and confined in a glass tube with a sprig of pine

(jh )

foliage. The contents of the tube were examined, each day,
for the first week, without result. The insect remained alive
but, apparently, uninterested in the question of reproduction.
The tube was put aside and (it must be confessed) completely
forgotten—until this morning, when the insect was seen to
be dead, with its saws choked with a mass of what appears
to be fragments of plant fibre and cell tissue. An examina-
tion of the pine foliage showed some semitranslucent paler
areas along the edges of the needles. A rough dissection
proved that these pale areas each contained a single creamy-
white egg. At the tip of one needle, an egg was partly ex-
posed ; but in every other case the eggs are completely concealed
and their presence indicated solely by the translucent areas.
There is no noticeable disturbance of the tissues, nor is there
any extraneous deposit of fibrous or secretionary matter—
such as has been observed above the embedded eggs of P.
pint. The egg capsule is very thin and fragile, and is easily
ruptured. It should be noted that the above remarks are
the result of a very hurried and superficial examination,
undertaken just before coming up to attend this meeting.”

Wednesday, November 7th, 1917.

Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, and afterwards
Dr. G. B. Lonastarr, M.A., M.D., Vice-President, in the
Chair.

Election of Fellows.

Prof. T. D. A. CockERELL, of the University of Colorado,
U.S.A., Miss D. J. Jackson, Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire,
and Mr. Jesse Jonnson, 16 and 17 Marston Road, Stafford,
were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions.

NuptiaL Fuicut or Butrerriuies.—Dr. F. A. Dixry
exhibited several pairs of Pierines captured by Dr. G. D. H.
“Carpenter, at Itigi, 150 miles east of Tabora in what was
German East Africa. In commenting on them, he said—

“ Professor Poulton has put into my hands the following

Oi)

extracts from two letters written by Dr. Carpenter and dated
respectively on August 22 and 31 of the present year.

‘““* Talking about pairs i cop., I have just been re-reading
the “‘ Descent of Man,” and when Darwin talks about the 9
Pieris and Epinephele supporting the 3, it struck me that my
impression was, out here, that facts would not conform to
this. I fancied that I had never seen the 9 supporting the 3
in Pierines. So I have started collecting pairs im cop. and
noting which sex carries the other. Between Aug. 18 and
to-day inclusive I have got pairs of two species of Belenois
(one each), three of a Teracolus, and four of Pinacopteryxr
simana, 3 3 all supporting 29. I shall continue to do this,
and wish I had done so before (one’s entomological sins are
usually of omission !). Seeing how, broadly speaking, 3 and
2 Belenois are on a par with our home Pieris, the 2 ought to
carry the 3. Also P. simana, in one sense, seeing that the
2 is more blotched with black, though the 3 has black veins
better developed. I am more of the feeling that the g Pieris
should be looked on as the “ brighter” owing to absence of
black. What is known about say the 8. American mimetic
species, with black and white 3 ?—1i. e. which sex carries which ?
I remember glancing at some notes by Dr. Dixey on this
point, but as I had not devoted any attention to the subject
I did not read them carefully.’

“*T wrote recently that I was getting interested in the
question of, when butterflies unite in cop., which sex supports
which. What made me pay attention to it was the “ Descent
of Man,” where Darwin deals with sexual selection among
insects, and talks of the different colours of sexes in butter-
flies (chap. xi. p. 319, in revised second edition of 1899). He
says that in England, with Colias edusa, Pieris, and Epinephele
gurtina “it is the QQ that support the 3 3, so that the part
which the two sexes play is reversed, as is their relative beauty,”
and, later, “the 9 9 take the more active part in the final
marriage ceremony, so that we may suppose that they like-
wise do so in the wooing.” Well, since I last wrote I have
got quite a number of pairs of Pierines in cop.: namely,
Belenois (two species) 7, Teracolus 4, and Pinacopleryx simana
14, in every case ¢ supporting 9. With Teracolus, the 3

( li )

being “ brighter,” this is as it should be according to Darwin.
In P. stmana the @ is of a duller white, and there is a small
extra patch of dark tint on the f.w., in which also the black
veins are less conspicuous than in the g. I have found in
one case the 2 supporting the g. With Belenois, however,
there is a very marked difference between 3 and 9, though
it is a question whether the 9 is “brighter” than the 4.
However, the relative difference is of the same type as in
the English whites. Now I see by notes of Dr. Dixey in
Proc. Ent. Soc., March 17, 1915, p. 36, that he got 3 English
Pieris, 3 all supporting 9, although as regards Satyrines his
6 observations all agree with what Darwin says. This seems
curious. Was Darwin misinformed? I suggest that it would
be a good thing to bring this point before the Ent. Soc. next
spring, asking Fellows to send Pierines caught i cop. to the
Hope Dept., clearly marking which sex supports which. For
here is an opportunity for those who cannot get abroad, to
work at a point of interest to Darwinists. We should in this
way be able to get ample evidence. Of course notes on all
species (but particularly Satyrines and Pierines) would be
valuable.

“*T may say that from-what I have seen of the courtship
of Belenois, the 9 is not the most active partner. After a good
deal of fluttering about one sees a 9 settle on the ground
with wings half or almost fully expanded, and the ¢ stands
behind or a little above in a state of frantic excitement, and
vigorously scrapes or paws the upper surface of the wings of
the 9 with his fore-limbs (? first or second pair, I am not sure
of this). I witnessed yesterday the actual union of a pair of
P. simana. The 9 settled on the ground between some grass
blades quite quietly, with wings closed; the ¢ stood on a
grass stem with wings widely expanded over the 9, so that I
could not see her. The union was effected very quickly, and
the 3 flew off carrying the passive 9. Unfortunately, owing
to a gusty wind, I failed to catch this couple.’

“ By the kindness of Prof. Poulton I am able to exhibit
the actual specimens sent home by Dr. Carpenter; the species
are as follows: Teracolus casta, Gerst., 3 pairs; Herpaenia
eritphia, Godt., 1 pair; Pinacopteryx simana, Hopfi., 5 pairs;

~

es;
Belenois gidica, Godt., 1 pair; Belenois mesentina, Cram., 1
pair. In each of these eleven pairs the ¢ was carrying the 9.

“Dr. Carpenter refers to a note of mine which appeared
in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., March 17, 1915, pp. xlvii, xlviii.
I there recorded six observations on the nuptial flight of
Pierines, including our three common British species, and in
South Africa a Belenois and a Pinacopteryx. In every one of
these cases, as in Dr. Carpenter’s, the male was supporting the
female. Ihave never seen a Colias under these circumstances,
but the combined testimony as to the genera named seems
to be pretty complete. It will be remembered that in an
earlier volume (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Nov. 4, 1914, p. xevii),
Mr. Wheeler had noted that, according to his experience, in
Lycaenids the male always carried the female, but that in
Nymphalines, Satyrines and the common Pierids the female
carried the male. With regard to Lycaenids and Satyrines
my own observations, as given in the place above cited, are
in full accord with Mr. Wheeler’s, but it will be remarked
that in the case of the Pierines Dr. Carpenter’s observations
and mine agree with one another, but not with Mr. Wheeler’s.
This, I think, gives ground for Dr. Carpenter’s suggestion
about asking entomologists to make special observations on
this point, sending their notes and specimens to the Hope
Department.

“Tt would seem that both among Pierines and Nymphalines
occasional exceptions may occur to what appears to be the
general rule, for while in the only instance that I have noted
of the latter subfamily, Argynnis cydippe (adippe), L., the male
was carrying the female, the detailed testimony of Mr. Wheeler
is entirely in the opposite direction. Dr. Carpenter also
seems to have observed one instance of the female Pina-
copleryx simana carrying the male—the only one where this
was the case out of many instances of the nuptial flight of
this species and other Pierines observed by him.

[In the first three days of July this year, I observed at
Lyndhurst eight pairs of Dryas paphia in flight. In six
instances the 3 carried the 2, in two the 9 carried the 3.
Details are given in the ‘‘ Entomologists’ Record,” vol. xxix,
p. 166.—G. WHEELER. |

ree)

“Dr. Carpenter’s series is in other respects interesting.
It is to be observed that all the specimens are of the ‘ dry’
phase, some very dry. The Terias brigitta are less dry than
the other species.

“ The pairs that I have listed as Teracolus casta may repre-
sent a new subspecies. On the upper side they strongly
resemble 7. xantholeuca, described by Miss E. M. Sharpe
from Kavirondo; but the under side is different. The dis-
tinction, however, may be seasonal; the types of xantholeuca
were taken in January, and Dr. Carpenter’s specimens in
June and August.”

Mr. Kaye, Prof. Poutron and Mr. BetHuNnE-BAKER com-
mented on Dr. Dixey’s exhibit.

Brep LycaENA ARIon.—Capt. E. B. Purrroy exhibited a
short series of LZ. arion which had been bred up from the egg.
After the 3rd moult they had been carried into the nests of
Myrmica laevinodis.

Dr. CHAPMAN congratulated Capt. Purefoy on his success
in breeding L. arion, and said that he had larvae of L. alcon,
sent by M. Oberthiir, feeding in his ants’ nests.

Mr. DonistHorPE corroborated an observation of Dr.
Chapman’s, that the ants, on being disturbed, carried off the
larvae of Lycaenids, beetles, etc., before removing their own.

PARASITES AND HYPERPARASITES OF APHIDAE.—Prof.
Poutton exhibited on the screen enlarged photographs taken
by Mr. Alfred Robinson, of the Oxford University Museum,
of the parasites and hyperparasites bred from three species
of Aphidae in the Oxford district by Mr. H. Britten of the
Hope Department. The species were as follows :—

HOST (APHIDAB) PARASITE (BRACONIDAE) HY PERPARASITE

Macrosiphum rosae, L. Aphidius, sp. (CHALCIDIDAE)
Ceraphron, sp.

Macrosiphum urticae, |. ? Ephedrus, sp. | 1 5 AA
Schr. | 2. Asaphes, sp.
Drepanosiphum platan- x9 ” 1. 2 *
oides, Schr. 2. (CYNIPIDAE)

Allotria flavicornis, Htg.

aw ivi )

The parasites and hyperparasites emerged from the swollen
body of both species of Macrosiphum, whereas in Drepano-
siphum the Braconid larva emerged and constructed beneath
its host a beautiful disc- or button-shaped cocoon from which
also the hyperparasites, when present, emerged. Into the
roof of this cocoon the ventral surface of the host was woven.

THE CHALCID PARASITE OF VANESSA URTICAE, L., WAITING
BESIDE THE LARVA PREPARING FOR PUPATION. GOLDEN PUPAE
NOT CAUSED BY PARASITISM.—Prof. PouLTon exhibited 22
males and 11 female Pteromalus, sp., together with the Vanessid
pupal shell from which they had emerged. The female parent
had been seen, on Aug. 17 last, at St. Helens, Isle of Wight,
patiently waiting beside the butterfly larva, which was rest-
ing motionless on a grey stone wall before it had suspended
itself, and therefore many hours before pupation. On Aug. 20
the pupa was removed, and on Sept. 22 all the exhibited
specimens of Pteromalus had emerged and were found alive
and active. The life-cycle thus contrasted sharply with
examples (6 males, 48 females) of Pteromalus puparum, L.,
much larger in average size, bred from Pyrameis atalanta, L.,
in 1900-01. In this case the female Chalcid had been found
seated on the fresh moist pupa, Sept. 7, 1900, at Calverley
station, near Bradford, Yorkshire. Ova were laid on this or
the following day, and the offspring emerged at Oxford on
May 22, 1901.

The pupal shell of the V. wrticae was grey, as could still
be seen, and harmonized well with the stone wall, showing
that the power of colour adjustment was not removed, as
some have supposed, by the presence of parasites. The
normal effect of the green leaves of the nettle was to produce
golden pupae—the nearest approach to green of which this
species was capable. Such golden pupae were sometimes
parasitised, but so were the dark pupae, as exemplified by
the exhibited specimen. In former years Prof. Poulton had,
by the use of the appropriate backgrounds, bred hundreds of
healthy golden pupae which produced normal butterflies.
The opaque cuticle of a parasitised dark pupa showed no
change, but the transparent cuticle of a parasitised golden
one took on a peculiar brassy appearance, probably due to

( lvu )

changes in the stratified thin films of liquid, which, by inter-
ference of light, produced the metallic appearance. Prof.
Poulton believed that a similar effect was to be seen shortly
before normal emergence, but, as -it lasted for a very short
time, it was noticed rarely as compared with the far more
enduring effect of parasitism. It was to be observed, finally,
that the Chalcid parasite laid its eggs in the pupa immediately
after the larval skin had been thrown off and before harden-
ing, and that the pupal colours had been determined much
earlier, during the second and third of the prepupational
stages of the larva, viz. “ for about 20 hours preceding the last
12 hours”’ before the skin is thrown off and the pupa revealed
(Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 178 (1887), B, pp. 319-98, 438-9).

A SYNAPOSEMATIC SERIES OF 272 LycID BEETLES OF 9
SPECIES TAKEN ON ONE PLANT IN ONE DAY BY G. D. H. Car-
PENTER, IN LATE GERMAN East Arrica.—Prof. PouLton
exhibited the series referred to in the following extract from
Captain Carpenter’s letter of March 24, 1917, from Itigi (in
34°, 30’ E., 5° 45’ S., on the Central Railway, about 150 miles
EK. of Tabora), where the beetles were captured. The food-
plant, of which a piece was exhibited, had been kindly deter-
mined by Dr. O. Stapf, F.R.S., as the Asclepiad Pentarrhinum
insipidum, EK. Meyer, common and widely distributed in
tropical and South Africa. Prof. Poulton had added [to
Captain Carpenter’s table] the names of the species and the
numbers by which each was represented in the collection.

‘““T am now sending you a small box of about 270 Lycidae.
On 23. ii. 17 I came on a flowering creeper which had a number
on it, and started picking off a few of the different species.
While doing so it suddenly struck me how much you would
like a large number, for the proportion of species. So I set
to work to collect them all into two empty tins which soon
got full. I couldn’t absolutely clear the bush because more
beetles kept arriving on the wing, but, practically speaking,
I got 99%. It was quite interesting laying them out after
the slaughter and trying to make out how many species there
were, with the aid of 17 pairs found im copula. I made out
9 species, at least, of two or probably three genera, and the
numbers are as follows :—

D wit )

Species 1. [58 3: 52 9]92 plus 6 pairs in cop.—[Lycus
(Merolycus) femoralis, Bourg. ]

Species 2. [51 3: 26 2] 79 plus 6 pairs.—[Lycus duvivieri,
Bourg. |

Species 3. [4 ¢: 1 9] 3, no pairs.—[Lycus ampliatus, F.]

Species 4. [20 g:19]13 plus 1 pair and an extra g
associated together with it.—[Lycus trabeatus, Guér.] |

Species 5. [5 ¢: 3 9]3 plus 1 pair._lLycus sp. near tra-
beatus, Guér.]

Species 6. [2 ¢: 1 9] 2, no pairs.—{Lycus (Merolycus) ros-
tratus, L.]

Species 7. [3 9:3 9]5 plus 1 pair._[Lycus (Merolycus)
podagricus, Bourg. |

Species 8. [138 9:5 9]15 plus 1 pair—{Lycus marshalli,
Bourg. |

Species 9. [20 3: 4 9] 20 plus 1 pair.—[Lycus (Lopholycus)
amoenus, Bourg. |

Totals [176 3 : 96 2] 232 plus 17 pairs plus | superfluous (!)
male.

‘“T am not at all sure that Species 2 does not include 2
species, but apart from size I could make out no essential
difference. Quite a pretty little exhibit for the Entomological
Society. But, alas, search as I would I could find no Lycoid
mimics: there were only a number of ‘ Blue-bottles’ and a
large Pompilid which rather frightened me, as she seemed to
resent my presence, and I was much afraid of her! There
was one wretched little brown Syntomid moth which (how-
ever ‘ enthusiastic’) one couldn’t pretend was Lycoid! How
different from Bugalla with its lovely Lycoid Fossors and
Longicorn! I send a bit of the creeper, which you may like
to identify.”

The number of specimens was rather larger than that given
by the captor—272 to 267. In the determination of these
difficult species kind help had been received from the Presi-
dent and also from Mr. H. Britten, who had prepared the
male genitalia of many specimens. The discrepancy between
Captain Carpenter’s numbers and those in square brackets
under each of the nine species was in part due to difference
between the totals and in part to the fact that a more exact

—

( lix )

comparison could be made when the material was carefully
mounted. Specimens in the Hope Department identical with
No. 1 had been named by Bourgeois L. (M.) scapularis, Murray,
but they were certainly different from the unique female type
of this species in the British Museum, and the President con-
sidered them to be Bourgeois’ femoralis. No. 6 was similarly
identical with specimens named by Bourgeois L. (M.) dentipes,
Dal., var. flavoscapularis, Bourg., but the President considered
that dentipes was a synonym of rostratus, L. Species 4 and 5
were closely similar; but the male genitalia of No. 4 resembled
those of specimens in the British Museum from Abyssinia, the
locality from which Guérin described trabeatus, and the
President had therefore considered No. 4 to be true trabeatus.

The whole assemblage presented an extraordinarily uniform

appearance, the only marked difference, on superficial examina-

tion, being in the degree to which sexual dimorphism was
carried. In species No. 1 the elytra of the males were unex-
panded and female-like, while there was not much difference
in this respect between the sexes of Nos. 7 and 9. In Nos. 4
and 5 the males were dimorphic, the elytra of some being
female-like and of others highly expanded and of a peculiar
shape, similar in both forms. In all the other species the
males possessed the usual broad elytra, of a very uniform
shape, but differing widely from those of the females. The
relative numbers of the sexes varied in the different species
in an extremely interesting way.

Judging from this experience L. (M.) femoralis and L. duw-
viert were the two dominant species in the locality at the
time when the series was collected.

METHOD ADOPTED BY THE AFRICAN PoMPILID BaTozonus
FULIGINOSUS, KLUG, IN BURYING ITS SPIDER PREY.—The
following note written by Captain Carpenter at Itigi, on
Aug. 22, 1917, was read by Prof. Poulton, who exhibited the
Fossor referred to. The species had been kindly determined
by Mr. Rowland E. Turner as the var. sepulchralis, Sm., of
the above-named very variable species.

“Here are some notes on a common-looking blue-black
Pompilid with orange antennae found at work on June 12th,
which you will find in the box. She was excavating her

Fix)

burrow for the spider which had been caught and paralysed
and lay close by—a very procryptic species of curiously
irregular shape, and dead grass colour. The Pompilid bur-
rowed as quickly as any Fossor I have seen (except Bembez),
in the usual way, but, unlike others, Pompilidae and Sphegidae,
absolutely quietly, without any of the excited buzzing so
commonly heard. Once an ant approached, and the Pompilid
walked towards it in a threatening manner, with the tip of
the abdomen curved strongly downwards and forwards.
When the burrow was finished she dragged the spider down,
going down first, backwards, and then stood in the hole and
pulled the loose earth down with her anterior legs. Then
she exhibited a method new to me: other Pompilids that I
have seen ram down the earth firmly with steady pressure
exerted by the tip of the abdomen, emitting the while a
shrill buzz. (It is noteworthy that in the use of the abdomen
they all agree; differing from Sphegids, which employ the
front of the head as a ram.) This one, however, threw her
whole body into such quick, shuddering vibrations that her
outline became blurred, and one heard a succession of quick
raps on the ground reminding one of a pneumatic riveting
machine at work! The whole process was extremely rapid.
This Pompilid therefore showed two points in her method
which I had not seen before: first, the complete silence in
which she worked; secondly, the rapid hammering with the
tip of the abdomen.”

SPIDER ATTACKING THE FIERCE PONERINE ANT MEGAPONERA
FOETENS, F.—Prof. Poutton exhibited a spider and its prey
taken at Itigi by Captain Carpenter on Aug. 21, 1917. The
specimens were accompanied by the note: “Spider seen
coming out of a nest of Megaponera bearing one feebly strug-
gling, upside down in its fangs. Caught in a box the spider
settled down to feed on the ant.’ The small size of the
spider as compared with its victim, the redoubtable Termite-
raider, was remarkable.

An East AFRICAN DRAGONFLY-LIKE ASILID FLY OF THE
Genus Lastocnemus.—Prof. Poutron exhibited the specimen
referred to as follows by Captain Carpenter in a letter of
Aug. 22, 1917: “On June 16 [at Itigi] I caught a curious

—-

( Ix )
slender-bodied Asilid of unusual colouring, which, resting on
a grass stem, looked rather like a very small Agrionine.”
The resemblance, which was sufficiently strong in the set
specimen, was probably closer in the attitude of rest. Dr.
G. A. K. Marshall had kindly helped in tracking the species,
which was evidently near L. lugens, Lw.

Mr. C. O. FARQUHARSON’S INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE LIFE-
HISTORIES OF S. NicgerRIAN Lycarntpar.—Prof. PouLTon
said that for some years Mr. Farquharson had corresponded
with him on the above subject, and he hoped, as soon as a
few points had been cleared up, to bring forward a detailed
account of the discoveries. In the meantime the results
were so interesting and important that it was desirable to
make a brief announcement of Mr. Farquharson’s main
conclusions.

(1) The Liptenine Lycaenidae of the genera Hewitsonia,
Iridopsis, Teratoneura and the genus to which “ Epitola”
honorius, F., belongs, possess hairy Lymantriid-like larvae
which feed on the delicate filmy lichen encrusting the bark
of certain forest trees infested by Cremastogaster ants. The
larvae are not molested even when walking in the regular
ant-track.

(2) Lachnocnema larvae not only feed on Jassidae, as shown
by Mr. W. A. Lamborn (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1914, pp. 470, 471),
but also on the secretions of immature ant-tended Membracids,
as well as on insect food.

(8) Two species of Argiolaus feed, as larvae, on the flowers
of a parasitic ant-infested Loranthus. The Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers has also recently suggested that a parasitic creeper,
probably a Loranthus, is the food-plant of a fine species of
Argiolaus in late German East Africa. Pupae were on several
occasions found attached to the plant.

(4) Pilodeudorix camerona, Plotz, P. diyllus, Hew., and
Lycaenesthes musagetes, Holl. (kindly determined by Mr. G.
T. Bethune-Baker) feed, as larvae, on the ant-infested flowers
of a species of Pterocarpus.

(5) Quite recently, on Sept. 10 last, the pupae of Cato-
chrysops parsimon, F., were found in large numbers, together
with mature larvae, in the subterranean nest of Camponotus

MF ixi )

maculatus, F., var. melanocnemis, Santschi, at Agege, 16
miles N. of Lagos. The ants’ nest had been formed in a
disused part of a termitarium. This discovery confirmed
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall’s conviction expressed in the follow-
ing letter of Oct. 28, 1917: “I fancy all the larger African
Catochrysops will prove to be Myrinscophilens. I obtained
eggs of C. patricia, Trim., C, celaews, Cram., C. mashuna,
Trim., and C. peculiaris, Rogen., in Salisbury, all of them
laid on the buds of a species of Basil (Ocimum); but I could
never get the larvae beyond the first stage: they always
died or disappeared. Later Dr. Brauns of Willowmore, Cape
Colony, sent me a specimen of C. patricia bred in May, 1899,
from a larva found at Bothaville, Orange River Colony, in
the nest of Camponotus maculatus. One of these ants and
an example of the larva may be seen beside the series of
patricia in the British Museum.

“T believe it will be found that the ants carry off the first
stage larvae of the larger African species of Calochrysops, and
that they pass their whole time in the nests.”

AN OBSERVATION WHICH EXPLAINS WHY THE ATTACKS OF
BIRDS ON BUTTERFLIES ARE RARELY WITNESSED.—Prof
Povutton read the following extract from a letter received
from Captain G. D. H. Carpenter, and written Aug. 31, 1917,
from Itigi :—

“There is a common black bird here which I should think
must be a kind of Shrike. It looks like a Drongo, but has
not the curled tail feathers, and instead of sitting conspicuously
on a tree and catching things in the air, it skulks about (always
in pairs) among thick clumps of bush. It has a harsh ery,
which is answered by the other one of the pair.

“ T noticed from day to day that a pair usually haunts the
same clump of bush, and as they are quite unafraid, I spent
some time a few days ago (on Aug. 23rd) watching to see if
they would catch any of the butterflies which were coming
to the flowers of the bush—Belenois, Teracolus, Pinacopteryz,
and a few Lycaenids. Both birds were in the bush, and I
was watching one when I saw out of the corner of my eye
that the other had come quite to the edge, and suddenly I
heard a fluttering and the quick snap of a beak, and, looking

( lx )

in that direction, saw quite clearly sticking out from one
side of the bird’s beak a portion of a Belenois wing, violently
vibrating—to be almost immediately swallowed : however, I
saw enough to be quite certain. What particularly appealed
to me was the fact that a casual observer (such as I have
hitherto been about birds eating butterflies) would never have
seen this: it had to be looked for. It’s exactly as Swynnerton
said in his paper in the Proc. Ent. Soc., and what Trimen
said (‘neglect of well-directed and‘sustained observation ’).
I don’t in the least wonder that Selous had never seen a bird
eat a butterfly, for he had quite possibly never especially
looked for it.

“ Of course I returned to that spot several times again,
but either the birds weren’t there, or they were hunting on
the ground, or it was dull and there weren’t many butterflies
about, and also the blossoms began to fade, for I didn’t see any
more butterflies eaten. But the birds are abundant, so I live
in hope. I feel so much that it’s ‘up to us’ to produce the
evidence which we know is there and only wants producing!” *

Dr. G. A. K. Marshall had written concerning the species
of bird: “ From his description of the bird and its habits
I can have no doubt that it is the Black Cuckoo Shrike
(Campophaga nigra, Vieill.), a bird I knew well in Mashonaland,
though it was not particularly common there.”

A SUGGESTED EXPLANATION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF WET-
SEASON FORMS OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE MIDST OF THE DRY
SEASON.—Prof. Pouton said that the suggestion contained
in the following extract from a letter from the Rev. K. St.
AuBYN Rogers was of great interest, and offered a probable
explanation of many puzzling irregularities. The letter was
dated Aug. 13, 1917, from late German Hast Africa. The
precise locality was not given, but Mr. Rogers probably wrote
from Kongwa on the Central Railway.

* The following additional note has been received from Captain
Carpenter since the above was in type—

‘*T saw another of these birds yesterday (September 17, 1917) hunting
about at the edge of some bush about 2.30 p.m. Several Pierines had
settled in the grass, as it was temporarily overcast. The bird had not
noticed them, when one suddenly got up, alarmed at his approach; and

he darted at it, but only just missed it, and it flew away. I think it
was a Belenois, but couldn’t be certain.”

ad Ixiv )

‘T have some hopes that some of the things I got in the
wet season may be of use to you, and many of the more
interesting species seem to be confined to the wet season and
the early part of the dry weather.

“T venture to think that the whole question of seasonal
forms requires a good deal more investigation. It is not
nearly so simple as might be supposed, being especially com-
plicated by the fact that some plants, e. g. the food-plants of
Belenois and some species of Teracolus, make growth through-
out the dry weather. The food-plant of the common B.
severina, Cram., and B. mesentina, Cram. (the latter greatly
preponderating at present), starts into growth at the begin-
ning of the dry weather, and thereupon many plants are
completely stripped of their leaves by the larvae of the above
species and, after a short time, start into growth again, so
that there are always plants with young leaves on them
during the dry weather at any rate up to date. Now it is
a curious fact that many fresh specimens of B. mesentina, at
the present time after 3 months’ absolute drought, are to the
best of my knowledge wet-season forms. I caught a pair
in cop. last week on purpose to illustrate this.

‘“‘T feel sure that Bell’s view * (that the seasonal forms are
produced by the state of the food-plant) is correct in cases
of this kind, but then how about Precis of which dry forms
began to prevail a month before the end of the rains? I
hope that my collection may throw some light on this interest-
ing question. Just here, in spite of the drought, growth does
not altogether cease, e.g. the millet in the native gardens
sprouts freely after the crop is reaped, and is later used for
grazing. No doubt this is due to the proximity of the range
of high hills to the north, as though all the torrent beds (and
there is nothing else on this side) have been dry for months,
yet no doubt a good deal of water must percolate through
underneath. The hills on this side of the range are very
steep and stony, and even drier than the plain where we are.

‘“‘T wish I were in a position to undertake breeding here,
but it is quite impossible.

“ Teracolus eris, Klug., and T. celimene, Luc., I have seen

* Ent. Mo. Mag., 1906, p. 121.

( lev )

laying on the food-plants of B. mesentina, and T. ewpompe,
Klug., and 7. callidia, Gr.-Sm., on another plant.

“ They are still quite common, as are many other species
of Teracolus, but they are all old British East African friends :
still I catch a dry-season form occasionally. TZ. celimene is
commoner now than in the rains. I have caught several
females of this, as I believe they are not abundant in collec-
tions. They are very like B. severina 3 on the wing and
must be frequently overlooked.”’

ANOTHER INDEPENDENT OBSERVATION OF THE “ FALSE
HEAD ” IN BUTTERFLIES.—Prof. PouLTon said that his atten-
tion had been directed by Mr. EK. A. Elliott to the following
extract from J. Sibree’s “ Naturalist in Madagascar ’’ (London,
1915, p. 254), referring probably to a Lycaenid butterfly :
“ While staying near the forest I was several times struck by
the curious formation of the wings of one of the smaller
species of butterfly. The insect in question is of plain incon-
spicuous colouring, chiefly shades of brown, and when at rest
sits with the wings erect. The noticeable point is that there
are several strongly-marked and dark-tinted processes from
the hinder part of the wings, which resemble the head, eyes
and antennae of a butterfly, so that when at rest it is very
difficult to say which is the head and which is the tail of the
insect. The tail markings and points are so much more
strongly emphasized than the actual head and antennae, that
it is only when the wings slightly open that one is undeceived.
. . . May not the reason of this mimicry of the head by the
tail be of some service in directing the attention of birds and
other enemies to the less vital part of the butterfly’s struc-
ture? It is evident that the hinder portion of the wings
might be snapped at and broken off, and yet no serious injury
be done to the vital parts of the insect.”

This observation added another to the long list recorded
in our Proceedings for 1906, p. li, to which must be also
added the note by Mr. T. R. Bell in Ent. Mo. Mag., 1906,
p. 128. Prof. Poulton said that there was yet another recent
detailed observation by a Danish naturalist to which he hoped
to direct attention as soon as it was published.

W. A. LAMBORN’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE MIMETIC FEMALES
PROC, BENT. SOC. LOND., II-Iv. 1917 E

@ xvi )

OF PAPILIO DARDANUS, BROWN, IN LATE GERMAN [EAsT
Arrica.—Prof. Pouuron said that the following letter was
written by Mr. Lamborn from Tanga, on Aug. 10, 1917. It
was of great interest to receive the impressions of so keen an
observer upon the resemblances in life between mimic and
model and between the mimics themselves.

“You will have already learnt that I obtained seven
eggs from a hippocoon female of dardanus, captured at Dar-
es-Salaam. The larvae did well and I have the seven pupae,
the imagos from which may now come out at any time. One
pupa is malformed, but not so badly that the perfect insect
is likely to be entirely valueless. I expect the females to be
all hippocoon, for I have as yet seen no other forms along
this coast, and Amauris niavius dominicanus, Trim., is more
abundant than I ever saw it on the West Coast, and far more
so than any of the other models. In anticipation of your
probable wish to study the latter with the eastern forms of
hippocoon I have secured a long series (56). These were taken
in association with another Amauris, ochlea, Boisd., I think, all
at one spot, mostly at rest on undergrowth beneath a Mango
tree, and within the space of an hour in the early morning.

‘Since I last wrote I have seen five more hippocoon females
and have taken three, the last this morning and now in cap-
tivity. I am still not sufficiently familiar with the East
Coast hippocoon and its model to be quite sure what the
Species is when on the wing. In this connexion the follow-
ing incident occurred a day or two ago. I saw a hippocoon
feeding at a flower and hovering as these Papilios always
then do: Amauris, with the security probably born of its
protected qualities, always settles to feed. I missed the
Papilio and it flew off, with me in hot pursuit at midday
over some 200 yards of burning sandy plain, and it then
escaped over some bushes. But on the other side I saw it
again, as I thought, and pursuing it further took it, and
then discovered it to be a dominicanus. Returning to the
bushes I beat out the hippocoon, but again failed to secure
it, for it rose high into the air at once, as is usual when
alarmed.

“TI took recently my second Hypolimnas usambara, Ward,

( levn )

a male, flitting round a Mango tree in flower, and until I had
it in the net, was*convinced that I had been watching a
hippocoon.* But my experience of these eastern forms is of
course so limited.

“18th August.—The seven imagos are now out, but only
two are females and both hippocoon, one badly malformed.
However, I have put it in the box ready for postage when
an opportunity offers. The other female is a very fine
specimen.

“So far I have not succeeded in obtaining any more eggs,
though I have seen several more hippocoon females, and two
female forms, a cenea, Stoll, and a trophonius, Westw., feeding
on flowers high up on a bank and quite out of my reach.
That is the first time I have seen trophonius alive.”

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON AFRICAN HESPERIDAE OF THE
GENUS SARANGESA RESTING IN HOLES IN THE GROUND.—Prof.
Povtron said that he had just received from Captain R. 8.
Wilson the following observations on the habits of S. eliminata,
Holl., and S. plistonicus, Plétz, or laelius, Mab., in the Nuba
Mountains Province of the Sudan. Among the specimens
sent to Oxford by Capt. Wilson were 2 eliminata, taken
Apr. 18, 1917, at Dilling, one of them bearing the note re-
ferred to below, and 14 taken the next day in the same locality ;
also 1 taken June 14, 1917, at Talodi. This latter, a worn
specimen, bore the label “ flowering plants,” probably indi-
cating that the Hesperid was not altogether restricted to holes
and deep shade.

Sept. 14,1917. Talodt.

“Re Sarangesa eliminata, 1 was most interested to receive
the proof [Proc. Ent. Soc., 1916, pp. cxxix—cxxxii] you sent.
My note means ‘in shade: also in hole in ground.’ My
experience of this skipper, as regards its fondness for holes,
is exactly the same as that recorded in the proof. I used
when at Dilling this year generally to go out collecting for

* See also Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 497, and description of Plate
XXVI, fig. 3, for the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers’ observations on the
living H. usambara. Looking at a specimen in the cabinet it would
be supposed that the bright orange-brown of both surfaces, especially
the under, is likely to prevent a close mimetic likeness, yet both Mr.
Rogers and Mr. Lamborn observed that the resemblance is strong.

FF xviii )
an hour before sunset armed with a net and stick, and got
most of my captures by beating the grass clumps and bushes
on which the butterflies had settled for the night. On the
first occasion when I saw S. eliminata there, the sun had
just set, but had sunk behind a small jebel some few minutes
before, and it was just getting dark. I caught sight of two
or three of the skippers flitting about at the entrance of an
old porcupine burrow (I had often seen butterflies in similar
situations before and recognised them as some sort of skipper).
I then rattled my stick round the sides of the hole, and they
came out in extraordinary numbers and I caught several.
I did this five or six times and some came out each time.
If left alone they flitted about for a short time at the entrance
and then went in again. They always settled with wings
fully extended and resting flat against the sides of the burrow.
I often passed this particular burrow afterwards and almost
invariably found some skippers present. The hole was partly
overhung by a bush which did not make it any easier to
capture the skippers. I found them afterwards at Dilling in
more recently occupied porcupine burrows, and also under
the roots of large trees along the khor, which has high banks,
where the soil had been washed away and left dark hollows
amongst the roots, and also in cavities in the khor sides, but
always on the west side (the khor here runs N. and §.), I
presume so that the sun should not disturb them in the
afternoon by shining into the hollows, as it would have done
if they had been on the east bank. As regards S. plistonicus,
Plétz, if this is a black skipper with small whitish transparent
spots on the fore-wing as I think it is,* I found this first at
Dilling in November, 1904, and also at Tira Mandi in the
same month, and in each case recorded that they were always
taken in shade. Those at the latter place I generally took

* The examples referred to by Captain Wilson are named S. plisto-
nicus in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1916, p. 284. There are 5 specimens at
Oxford in the collection made by him—l1 from Dilling, Nov. 15, 1904
(given as 1906 by a clerical error in the paper quoted above); 4 from
Tira Mandi, Nov. 23-26, 1904. In the collection of the British Museum
plistonicus stands under the genus Hretis, and Captain Wilson’s speci-
mens are the same as a series (including an example from the Atbara)
named Sarangesa laelius, Mab. The species of this genus will never
be satisfactorily determined until the types have been seen and the
structural characters worked out.

( lxx )

inside my ‘rakuba,’ a temporary grass-built shelter which
was erected in the shade of some large trees locally called
Tameiza, of the Ficus sycomorus, L., type. Since then I have
seen both these species resting inside hollow trees such as
Adansonia digitata (locally called Tebeldi) which grow to a
vast size and are nearly always hollow.”

EMISSION OF FLUID FROM THE ANTENNAE OF ACRAEA
quirina, F.—Prof. Poutron exhibited a male example of
A. quirina, captured in Sierra Leone probably in the neigh-
bourhood of Freetown, June 18, 1917, by Lieut. P. A. Buxton,
R.A.M.C., who had made the observations recorded in the
following letter, written on June 20.

‘“T am circumnavigating most of the known world on my
way to the Euphrates. I shall post to you a small Acraea
which I took recently. When I pinched it in the net I dis-
tinctly saw drops of yellowish fluid appear, one on the club
of each antenna—drops about the size of the head of a
domestic pin. This seemed interesting, so I took the thing
out of the net, pinched it again, and got the drops again,
but much smaller. Third attempt, no drops. This is the
only time I observed it, though I got lots of small Acraeas
that day and subsequently, and kept my eyes open, of course.
Is it an old observation ? ”’

Prof. Poulton said that the fact had been observed by
Dr. G. A. K. Marshall in Planema aganice, Hew., and Acraea
terpsichore, L., £. rougeti, Guér. (serena, F., buxton, Hew.).
See Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, pp. 413 and 323 respectively.

Larva oF SAw-FLY witH “ PatisapE.”—The Rev. F. D.
Morice exhibited a photograph of a saw-fly larva with the
epidiascope and described it as follows :—

“IT show a print from a negative already exhibited at a
previous meeting (Oct. 3). It represents a young (living)
larva of the sawfly Lygaeonematus compressicornis, F., feeding
in the middle of a poplar-leaf, and surrounded with a sort of
‘ stockade,’ or rather circle of little glassy nearly equidistant
‘ pillars,’ which are believed in some way to protect it, but
against what sort of attacks has never been clearly made
out (Plate C, fig. 2). In another photograph I show one
of the pillars separately, at a magnification of 20 diameters

@ iixx )

(Plate C, fig. 3). It is then seen to be a compact pile of
little transparent bubbles, which must have hardened im-
mediately after being ejected by the insect. It is, however,
though hardened, excessively fragile; and it is difficult to
believe that it could offer any physical obstruction to the
approach of any imaginable assailant of the feeding larva.
Besides which, the pillars stand far enough one from the
other to allow of a free passage between them. It has been
suggested to me that the so-called ‘stockade’ has some
resemblance to various objects (fungoid growths, stalked eggs,
etc., etc.), and that this deceptive mimicry might serve as a
protection to the larva against some particular enemy. At
any rate, for whatever reason, the formation of this stockade
seems to be considered by the larva as an indispensable pre-
liminary to feeding. Miss E. Chawner tells me that she has
tried the experiment of brushing it off, and that the larva
then seems considerably discomposed, leaves off feeding, and
presently moves away elsewhere, and forms a new circle
before it ventures to recommence its meal. It is curious also
that when the hole eaten in the leaf reaches a certain size,
the larva reaches out and constructs a similar circle of pillars
on the other side of the leaf, and that when it has reached a
certain stage in its own growth it abandons its defensive
system altogether, passes to the edge of the leaf and feeds
there, just like the larvae of other Nematids, without any
visible precautions against disturbance from without. This
remarkable instinct, which apparently is peculiar. to this
one species, was first observed and fully described by the
Dutch entomologist v. Vollenhofen (a former Hon. Fellow of
our Society).”

The exhibitor then read extracts from an English transla-
tion (by Mr. May) of v. Vollenhofen’s memoir on the subject
which appeared in vol. xx of the Zoologist (1862). The
insect is there called Nematus vallator, n.sp., its identity with
Fabricius’s compressicornis not having been realized. It is
rather a pity, though it cannot be helped, that the Law of
Priority reduces that which in itself is certainly the more
suggestive and euphonious of these names to the rank of a
mere synonym.

( Tee)

THe Cocoon or DicRANURA vINULA.—Dr. CHAPMAN ex-
hibited some cocoons of Dicranwra vinula that happened to
show much more plainly than is usually the case the different
and thinner texture where the moth is to emerge. In de-
scribing them he observed that Mr. Latter, Ent. Trans., 1895,
p. 399, says: “ If a cocoon is examined from the inner side
while held towards the light, it will at once be seen that the
walls are not of uniform thickness, but that thinner patches
occur here and there. I have examined over a hundred
cocoons in this way and invariably found one of these thinner
areas at the anterior end opposite the head of the pupa.”
-As viewed from the outside the thin portion of the cocoon
is seldom very evident. Of those exhibited, six, made on
the inner surface of the cork, show these thin places most
obviously as darker patches—darker owing to having less of
the cork material used in them—and these correspond in form
and position to the portion of cocoon that the imago makes
use of for emergence. Two cocoons on the outer surface of
the cork show similar patches, but they are not seen till
looked for. Other cocoons made by the same lot of larvae
are equally different, only those on the inner surface of the
cork showing with such marked distinctness the thin places.
There seem to be no thin places at any other part of these
cocoons. As I have never noted these patches before to be
so evident, it seems that this particular cork surface leads to
the structure being so visibly differentiated.”

THe Generic Name Trnea.—Mr. StantEy Epwarps
asked the following questions :—

“Ts the President aware that in the Collections at South
Kensington the generic name Tinea of Linnaeus is employed
for two different genera in two different families of the
Lepidoptera ? ”

“What steps does he propose to take as to this second
usage in a new and unfamiliar sense of an ancient and well-
known name whose application has been undoubted for
generations ? ” .

The PrEesiIpENT, Mr. BetHune-BakeER and Mr. NEaAve
spoke on the subject, and eventually it was resolved, on the
motion of Mr. BetHunE-BakeER, seconded by Mr. Durrant,

YF ini’ 5

that Sir GEorce Hampson should be invited to take part in
the discussion of the question at the December meeting.

Wednesday, November 2lst, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.
Nomination of Officers.

The following Fellows were nominated as Officers and
Members of Council for the ensuing year :—

President, Dr. C. J. GaAnAN, M.A., D.Sc. Treasurer, W. G.
SHELDON. Secretaries, Comm. JAMES J. WALKER, M.A.. R.N.,
F.L.S.; Rev. GrorGe WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S. Librarian,
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.8., A.L.S. Other Members
of Council, A. W. Bacot; E. C. BepweE.i; K. G. Brat;
Dr. T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.; W. C. Craw ey, B.A.;
H. Wittoveusy E uis, F.Z.S.; Dr. H. Etrrivcuam, M.A.,
D.Sc., F.Z.S.; J. C. F. Fryer, M.A.; A. Huen Jonrs; Rev.
F. D. Moricsr, M.A.; S. A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc., F.ZS.;
HERBERT EK. PaGe.

Election of Fellows.

Messrs. FREDERICK WALTER Cocks, 26, Crown Street,
Reading, and Witi1aM GERALD Harpinc, St. Hugh’s School,
Bickley, Kent, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Exhibitions. ~

BritisH CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR, VAR. RUTILUS.—Capt.
Pureroy exhibited a series of British C. dispar, var. rutilus,
whose ancestors had come from the neighbourhood of Berlin
before the war. They were now firmly established in-a marsh
in South Ireland, into which the food-plant, Rumex hydro-
lapathum, had also been introduced. The series exhibited
included specimens taken in 1915, 1916 and 1917, and showed
a remarkable increase in size during this short period, the
3 g reaching 50 mm. and one of the 9252 mm. The depth
of colouring on the upper side was also much intensified.
There was still, however, much less blue on the under surface,

( Ixxiii_ )

and the orange band was also considerably less brilliant, and
less continuous.

Mr. Kaye enquired whether the larvae would feed on
other docks, and Capt. PurEroy replied that they would do
so, but that other docks were apt to turn brown after flower-
ing, thus depriving the larvae of nourishment. They would
not feed on sorrel.

Mr. SHELDON remarked that the var. rutilus must have
alternative food-plants on the Continent, as he had found it
not only in the Danube Marshes (where R. hydrolapathum
grew) in the vicinity of Buda Pesth, but on many of the hills
around this town far out of the range of this plant. In the
neighbourhood of Sarepta also, it was found in the small
cross gullies which had a small stream at the bottom emptying
into the Volga some miles away. In each of these localities,
although several species of dock were found, the usual food-
plant did not grow.

A question having been asked as to whether C. dispar had
ever been found out of England, the Rev. G. WHEELER re-
minded the Society that it had been discovered last year in
Holland, and exhibited by the Hon. N. C. Roruscuitp side
by side with English specimens. Some doubt was expressed
later as to whether the Dutch specimens were really indis-
tinguishable from the English.

PupaTion oF Dytiscus MARGINALIS.—Mr. Hucu Main
showed a series of lantern slides illustrating the methods he
had successfully adopted for observing the larva of Dytiscus
marginalis “* digging itself in” for pupation, also the pupa in
its cell, the disclosure of the imago, and the escape of the latter
from the cell. He said he had exhibited on October 18, 1916,
a clump of earth containing a pupation cell of D. marginalis
which he had found near the margin of a pond in Epping
Forest. Other cells subsequently found agreed in being
situated along the angle between a horizontal shelf of earth
and the vertical bank rising behind it. It was only necessary
to reproduce such conditions in confinement to get the larva
to form its pupation cell, and it was not difficult so to arrange
matters that the work was done at a convenient time for
observation. A small oblong glass aquarium was used, on

@ ( Ixxiv) :

the bottom of which was placed a layer of earth about two
inches deep, and a bank of earth three or four inches high and
about the same thickness was made at one end, the earth
being damp and tightly pressed. At the other end a small
shallow glass vessel was placed, nearly full of water and con-
taining some water weeds and a larva. The larva was fed on
earthworms and when full fed it easily climbed out of the
water and soon discovered the suitably arranged bank. The
larva could be hindered from commencing its work for a few
hours by placing a glass plate in front of the bank, and when
this was removed the larva at once started operations. Full-
fed larvae were found in July, August, and September. They
are very active on leaving the water, sometimes travelling ten
feet or more from a pond before finding a suitable site for
pupation.

In making the cell the larva removes in its jaws a small
mass of earth from the face of the bank, turns round, and
then, opening its jaws, it pushes out the earth with its anterior
legs, depositing it to one side or behind it, thus gradually
making a cavity in the bank and forming a little curved wall
against the face of the bank. The inner surface of the wall
is made quite smooth by pressure of the flat head, and the
globular cavity which is also smoothed off is finally closed in
by the mass of earth removed from the interior. The larva
takes about six to eight hours to dig itself in out of sight,
keeping at work nearly continuously.

The pupa was disclosed about a week after the larva had
disappeared from view. It may be easily seen on carefully
removing the exterior wall of the cell or on cutting the earth
away and opening up the cavity from the roof.. It is per-
fectly white at first, and only the eyes show any darkening
for a time. It normally rests with its dorsal surface upper-
most, lying across the cell, supported only by the prothoracic
rim, which bears a number of short stiff bristles, and the two
fringed processes at the tail end. The whole of the body is
thus out of contact with the surrounding earth except the
two small supporting areas at the anterior and posterior
extremities. If disturbed, however, the pupa gives a wriggle
causing it to fall over on its back, but very soon another

PLATE D.

Dytiscus marginalis digging itself in for pupation.
1 to 6. Successive stages of operations.

All slightly less than 4 natural size.

PLATE E.

Dytiscus marginalis.. Pupation.

1. Exterior of pupation chamber,

2. Showing opening made by imago for exit.

3. Pupa shortly after emergence.

4. Pupa in normal resting position, lateral view.
De Geass 55 ‘3 anterior view.
Gh wh. ap ss posterior view.

All slightly less than } natural size.

PLATE F.

Dytiscus marginalis.

1. Male, just emerged from pupal skin.

2. Male, 24 hours later.

3. Female, just emerged from pupal skin.

4. Female, 24 hours later.

5. Artificial pond and bank for the observation of the Jarva
preparing for pupation, etc.

1 to 4, slightly less than $ natural size; 5, about 1 natural size.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1977. Plate sD:

Augh Main, Photo. Half- Tone Eng. Co. Ltd.

Pupation of DYTISCUS MARGINALIS.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917. Plates.

Hugh Main, Photo. Half-Tone Eng. Co. Ltd.

Pupation of DyTISCUS MARGINALIS.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1917.

Hugh Main, Photo.

Half-Tone Eng. Co. Ltd.

Pupation of DyTISCUS MARGINALIS.

( viv

wriggle raises it again into its usual resting position. The
empty larval skin is pressed flat against the wall of the cell
where the pupa cannot come in contact with it. After the
exit of the imago the larval skin can be removed, spread out
under water and the longitudinal dorsal slit observed through
which the pupa had emerged.

The pupae observed remained from two to three weeks
before the emergence of the beetle, only the legs and some
of the terminal segments of the abdomen becoming dark.
The thorax and elytra of the imago are soft and quite white
or cream-coloured at first, but in twenty-four hours they have
almost reached their usual coloration. The male is easily
distinguished in the pupal stage by the characteristic appear-
ance of the enlarged joints of the anterior tarsi. The insects
finally escaped through a round hole made in the exterior
wall towards the top of the dome-shaped interior and above
the part of the wall made by the deposition of the earth from
the interior of the cavity (Plates D, H, F, and G, fig. 1).

Wednesday, December 5th, 1917.
Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, in the Chair.

Nomination of Officers and Council.

The names of the Fellows nominated by the Council as
Officers and Council for the following year were read for the
second time. No other names had been received.

Election of a Fellow.

Mr. CHARLES OcILtvie Farqunarson, M.A., B.Sc., Govern-
ment Agricultural Dept., Moor Plantation, Ibadan, 8. Nigeria,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Nomination of an Honorary Fellow.

The name of M. Paut Marcuan (France) was announced
for the first time as having been nominated by the Council
for an Honorary Fellowship, in the place of the late Dr. E.
FREY-GESSNER.

sal Ixxvi )

Exhibitions.

ABERRATIONS OF GEOMETRID Morus rrom East Loruran,
Miss Batrour exhibited a striking aberration of Larentia
didymata, L., taken by her at Whittingehame, East Lothian,
on July 24, 1917. This specimen (a 3), which was rather
large and pale, was remarkable for having a conspicuous dark
fuscous marking resembling an arrow-head, formed by a
wedge-like extension, towards the base, of the familiar “* twin-
spots” of the species. She suggested the name cuwneigera
n. ab. for this form. She also exhibited a remarkable aber-
ration of Melanippe fluctuata, L., taken by Mrs. Meldola near
Dunbar, East Lothian, August 12, 1912, and now in Prof.
Meldola’s collection in the Hope Department at Oxford.

Spiper Mimic or AN Ant.—Mr. DonistHorpe exhibited a
large, very ant-like, spider together with the ant it mimics,
Polyrhachis schistacea, Gers. subsp. rugulosa, Mayr., which had
been captured and given to him by Mr. Hereward Dollman,
F.E.S., at Mwengwa, N.W. Rhodesia, August 13, 1917. Also
a small British beetle, Brachonyx pineti, which he had taken
not uncommonly at Barton Mills, Suffolk, September 9, 1917.
The object of this exhibit was to show the close resemblance
between the beetle and seeds, and bits of buds from the
young Scots Firs on which the former occurred. Mr. Donis-
thorpe said this might be described as “ Camouflage.”

Mr. Cuampion pointed out that it was a very southern
locality for this Scotch beetle.

Dark ABERRATION OF HIMERA PENNARIA.—Mr. E. E. Green.

exhibited an unusual variety of Himera pennaria, the front
wings of which were almost entirely covered with dark
plumbeous scales, leaving the veins picked out in bright
fulvous. This form approaches a variety of Ennomos
autumnaria figured by South (* Moths of the British Isles,”
vol. ii, Pl. 134, fig. 9).

Conpitions or Insect Lire mw Mesoporamia.—Prof.
Poutton said that he had recently received a letter from
Lieut. P. A. Buxton, R.A.M.C., contrasting the conditions
encountered in Mesopotamia with those observed in Africa on
the voyage.

ee -

| ee ot

oo

( Ixxvi )

“ This is a great contrast—really deserted desert most of it
without even camel thorn—and cultivation, gardens, dates, &c. ;
consequently no insects. Of course they may buck up in
autumn or spring. The laboratory is efficient: I am doing
flies, and have a great time running everywhere at my own
sweet will.

‘“ What strikes one here is the extraordinary comfort of life
compared with what it must have been. You light in at
some little desert post and find the fans running, and the
soda bubbling, and the ice-machine clanking!”

SaLt (CHLORTDE OF SODIUM) PROBABLY SOUGHT BY THE
HesperIDAE.—Prof. Poutron said that he had received the
following letter from Mr. 8. A. Neave, referring to the
observations recorded by Mr. C. O. Farquharson:

*¢ Nov. 25, 1917.

“ As regards the note about the peculiar habit of Rhopalo-
campta forestan, on p. 1xxx of the 1916 Proc. Ent. Soc., I
have seen this exactly as described both in this species, in
R. pisistratus, F., and in at least one of the common Parnaras,
I think P. fatuellus, Hopfi. I had noted in P. Z.8., 1910,
p. 85,* that R. forestan was much attracted by perspiration,
but had not at that time seen the moisture extruded from
the abdomen. In my case there could have been no question
of ink, the back of my hand or arm being the site selected,
though the fluid absorbed may have been mixed with the
perspiration. The extruded fluid seems to be usually colour-
less, but in one case, I am not quite sure in which species,
but I think R. pisistratus, it was of a milky appearance.”

Mr. Neave had also informed Prof. Poutron that the
skippers would often settle upon the shirt-cuff and there act
as above described. Now besides water the chief constituent
of perspiration, and the only one likely to be of value to the
insect, was salt, while the observed behaviour strongly sug-
gested that it was some soluble substance like salt that was
sought. Rapid evaporation in the sun would leave salt in
concentrated solution or even dry on the skin or in parts of

* «This species is much attracted by moisture, and if one is sitting or

standing still will often settle on one’s hands and arms attracted by
the perspiration.”

@ xxviii )

the clothes in contact with it and exposed to the air, and
the discharge and re-absorption of a watery fluid upon such
surfaces would certainly lead to the ingestion of salt. Mr.
Farquharson’s observation now probably received its true
interpretation, the arm of an armchair in the tropics being just
the place where salt is likely to be produced by the evapora-
tion of human cutaneous excretions. The dried ink observed
to be moistened by a skipper may have contained sodium
chloride or some other salt which took its place in the insect’s
estimation, although it is perhaps more likely that some
gummy or sugary substance was sought.

[While the above note was being brought forward a letter
from Mr. C. O. Farquharson, written Nov. 15, was on its way,
containing in the following passage the very same suggestion
as to the object of the habit :—

“By the way a medical man whom I met, who seemed a
fairly observant man, told me that in his district a certain
small Lycaenid was a nuisance (!!) from its habit of settling
on one’s hands and arms to quench its thirst on perspiration.
I know of a small Hymenopteron [almost certainly the sting-
less bee Melipona] which has the same habit to a most annoy-
ing degree, but why I mention this is that it recalled to me
my theory of the object of Rhopalocampta forestan when it
settled on the arm of the chair, exuded the drops of clear
liquid and finally drank them up again. The drops might
easily have acquired a certain salinity.”

It is to be hoped that specimens of the Lycaenid referred to
may be sent home and the species identified. It is possible
that the insect was a Hesperid.

Furthermore, since the note was read I have found that the
habit is fully described by Mr. J. C. Kershaw in his “ Butter-
flies of Hongkong,” 1907. The following passage on p. 129
refers to Parnara guttatus, Bremer and Grey: “It was
exceedingly common at Lo-fu-shan. One individual lt on
my hand and remained for at least a minute, bending the tip
of its abdomen as if about to lay an egg, but it deposited
drops of clear liquid which it eagerly sipped with its proboscis.
It exuded several drops in different spots, and immediately
sucked them dry. This and other Hesperids may occasion-

( Ixxix )

ally be observed depositing liquid on leaves and drinking
it up.”

Mr. Kershaw, who has kindly written, tells me that he has
observed the habit in all the species of Parnara described in
his book. This was at Macao, where the species are on the
wing and have the habit all the year round, but he has also
seen it in the Malay Islands, Australia and the West Indies.
He regards it as specially characteristic of the genus Parnara.
His letter continues: “* No doubt when they do this in a hot
climate on man or other animals, they must imbibe a certain
amount of various salts. They will also emit liquid on any
object whence they can re-imbibe it. Very likely they would
get salts from various rocks and stones and earth when they
void the liquid on these, as I have often (hundreds of times)
seen them do. ;

“The habit can scarcely arise from want of moisture, since
they merely drink again what they have just voided (+ what-
ever salts, etc., may have been taken up by the liquid from
the material it has been thrown down on), and moreover they
will do this when only a few inches from a stream or pool.
There may be something in common with the habit of cows,
which will often drink farmyard manure water as black as
ink (and of course full of salts) instead of drinking pure water
from the trough close by.”’]

Mr. E. E. Green had kindly written on the general subject :

“ With regard to curious feeding habits of certain butter-
flies, I remember the late Col. Manders, on one of our collect-
ing trips in Ceylon, pointing out to me how the butterflies
were settling on his bare arm and hands—apparently imbibing
the moisture therefrom. Although I was in an equally warm
condition, I was not honoured in the same way. No butter-
flies showed any attraction for my skin. Manders told me,
at the time, that they invariably selected him in preference
to others, and he attributed the fact to his having a gouty
tendency. Perhaps you can find out from one of your medical
friends whether the perspiration of a gouty subject contains
any substance that is not present in that of an ordinary
mortal.

‘Do you think that the attractive properties of urine (both

. xxx. }

human and bovine) has any connection with the other facts ?
It is most noticeable in Ceylon. A fellow collector used
systematically to lay a trap on the sandy margin of a stream,
to attract specimens of several species of Cyaniris (Lycaenidae).
And I have seen large numbers of migratory Papilios (prin-
cipally jason and teredon) collected round damp spots on the
high road where the cart bullocks had been micturating. I
I have taken alcibiades under similar conditions; but this is
a very much shyer creature and never associates with the
common herd.

“T am sorry that I cannot speak with certainty of the
species that were feeding on Manders’s arm, but I do not
think that they were Hesperidae. I am almost certain that
Lethe drypetis was one of the visitors, and I think that Pyrameis
cardui was another.”

Urea was a constituent of perspiration, although usually
present in very small quantities, and it might well have been
the attraction in the observation recorded by Mr. Green.
In the Hesperidae, on the other hand, it seemed more probable
that the attraction was salt.

PAPILIO POLYTES ROMULUS, CRAM., FROM THE EXTREME
SOUTH OF INDIA AND FROM THE MAINLAND OPPOSITE SINGAPORE
IsLanpD.—Prof. PoULTON said that he had recently been given
the opportunity of studying a long series of P. polytes collected
1905-16, by Mr. J. Williams Hockin, on the W. slopes of the
Ashamboo* Hills, from 6 to 40 miles N.W. of Cape Comorin.
The series, which was of great interest in relation to the
forms of the species recorded from Ceylon, was composed as
follows :—

Males—30.

Male-like female (cyrus)—1.
Aristolochiae-like female (polytes)—12.
Intermediate female—1.

Hector-like female (romulus)—21.

The single intermediate female had the fore-wings of polytes
and the hind-wings of romulus, with reduced red markings
outside the cell and traces of the pale scales of polytes within
it. The pattern was precisely the same as that of some of

( Tees }

the Bornean females of P. polytes theseus, Cram., in the Hope
Department.

Of the 12 polytes females, 4 were the stichius form, with
no white in the hind-wing cell, 4, with slight indications of
white, were intermediate between stichius and polytes, while
4 were polytes. The 21 romulus females varied very greatly
in the development of the red markings in the hind-wing.

Although from the part of the mainland that is very near
to Ceylon, the differences were strongly marked. Thus, in
Ceylon the cyrus female was considerably commoner than
- either mimetic form, while romulus was generally looked upon
as only rather commoner than polytes. But in Mr. Hockin’s
series romulus was nearly twice as numerous as polytes, while
cyrus was apparently much rarer than either. Again the
stichius form of polytes, almost unknown in Ceylon, was very
strongly represented in the exhibited series.

The high proportion of romulus females was probably to
be accounted for by the relative numbers of the two models;
for H. §. Ferguson, on p. 446 of his list,* described arvsto-
lochiae as ““ common in the low country and the hills,” but
hector as ““ very common” in the same area. Mr. Hockin
agreed, summing up his experiences as follows: “‘ I should
say hector was decidedly more common than aristolochiae,
though the latter would take its place as the second commonest
Papilio all the year round over the widest area: polytes would
be third, but several lengths behind.”

Prof. Poulton hoped to study the patterns of the Travancore
aristolochiae, as it was possible that the prevalence of stichius
and stichius-like females might be thus explained.

Two of the males, 12 romulus, and all the other female
forms were exhibited to the meeting.

Mr. Hockin had kindly described the character of the inter-
esting locality in which he had collected for so many years :—

“ Before saying anything about the range of polytes, etc.,
I had better give you an account of the different belts of
country. The Ashamboo Hills run parallel with the coast,
with their foot at 15 to 20 miles from it. The hills them-

¢

* <A List of the Butterflies of Travancore,” in Journ. Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Soc., 1891, p. 432.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I1.-IV. 1917 F

7 Ixxx )

selves may be about 5 miles wide on their western face and
less on the eastern looking down on Tinnevelly, which is very
steep, and I don’t think my men ever went to the eastern
face. The top of the ridge is about 5000 ft., of which the
upper half is grass with a few woods scattered about. At
the northern end, however, there is a big block of forest on
a plateau 4500 to 5000 ft., where I fancy Papilio tamilana
and buddha, which were’ unknown to H. 8. Ferguson (cbid.),
were found. But my men did not often go there, as it was
far away with no inhabitants but bear, bison, and elephant,
which they feared. The lower slope was tall heavy forest
(trees 100 to 150 ft. high), with dense bamboo jungle at the
foot. This bamboo jungle (Bamboo mixed with trees such
as Blackwood, Iny and other trees about the height and
habit of English trees) extends some 6 miles from the foot
of the hill and is succeeded by rounded hills of laterite, 200
to 300 ft. high, with rice-fields in the hollows and grass-fields
on the higher land. These grass-fields have cactus hedges and
hedge-row trees of Palmyra, Jack, Banyan and Mango and also
leguminous trees grown for leaf manure for the paddy-fields.
Further out in drier country are Tamarind and Neem or
Murgossa trees. On the last belt, next to Tinnevelly and about
7 miles wide, comes a very dry area (similar to Tinnevelly
country); where only Palmyra, Tamarind, Neem, and Babul
trees grow with Cactus hedges round grass-fields. These fields
are sometimes planted with peas in the moonsoon, and horse-
grain in October to December in all but the very dry belt.
In the wetter part nearer the hills low scrub jungle grew up
wherever there was no cultivation, and this was felled and
planted with tapioca for two years, then left to grow scrub
again for two or three years. Sometimes hill rice or other
grain was sown for one year on the cleared land, or it was
put permanently under Plantain or Banana trees.

** Annual rainfall 150 to 200 inches, over 2000 ft. ; 90 inches
at foot of hills and 6 miles out, falling to 30 inches in middle
of cultivated tract, and 15 inches in very dry belt. In Tinne-
velly town, 40 miles E. of Travancore boundary, it is 13
inches. This applies only to the 20 miles at the 8. end of
the Ashamboo Hills where I collected.

eet | .

(. Lex! >)

“Most of the Papilioninae and big Nymphalinae were
found in the lower half of the hills and the bamboo jungle at
their foot. P. hector, aristolochiae and polytes, however, were
plentiful all over the cultivated part with hedgerow trees,
except in the very dry belt. P. erithonius and agamemnon
were common in the wetter half of the cultivated belt.
P. dissimilis is the only one I remember on the higher grass
over 2500 ft. (except perhaps tamilana and buddha in forest
at that height on the northern plateau). I used constantly
to see P. hector, male and female, flying in cop., one flying
and carrying the other, whose wings were closed. It is so
difficult to tell romulus 2 from hector, and polytes Q from
aristolochiae, when flying that I am afraid I can’t add anything
as to their frequency from observation to what the numbers
in the collection will tell you. The same applies to cyrus 9
and the males of polytes. As to damage by birds I had
better go through all my damaged specimens later and write
you separately about that. The chief preyers on butterflies
were bee-eaters (especially the blue-tailed and chestnut-headed
species) and drongos. We used often to find wings of hector
under a tree. By the bye, I think I can account for Fer-
guson calling P. nomius very rare. I only once saw it in
September—otherwise only in March to May. The latter is
the unhealthy season when coffee planters stopped work and
went for a holiday, and no one who was not obliged to
went into the malarious belt at the foot of the hills. Now
we were building a big dam then, which took us four years.
to build, and we did most of the work in March to May
because there was no cultivation then and labour was
plentiful.”

H. 8. Ferguson (zbid., p. 446) also gave the range of polytes
in nearly the same words as those used for its models, speak-
ing of it as “ common in the low country and up to 2000 ft.
on the hills. The three forms of the female occur.”

Prof. Poulton also exhibited a female of the cyrus form,
unfortunately the only example of this sex in a little series
sent by Dr. R. Hanitsch in continuation of that described in
our Proceedings for the present year, p. xxx. The specimen
was taken in Johore on July 19, 1917. Accompanying it

Gisxiv )

were 3 males taken on the same day, 1 on July 17, 4 on
June 29, and 3in May. Dr. Hanitsch hoped to secure a long
series in August, so that data would be available for estimating
the proportions of the two female forms.

Tue MyMaAriIp CARAPHRACTUS CINCTUS TAKEN AT OXFORD
tN 1917.—Prof. Poutron read the following communication
by Mr. A. H. Hamm of the Hope Department, and exhibited
examples of the specimens referred to :—

“Tt is so long since any record of the capture of Cara-
phractus cinctus, Hal. (Polynema natans, Lubbock), has been
made that a few notes on its occurrence near Oxford may not
be without interest.

“On September 22 last, my friend and colleague Mr. H.
Britten and I were ‘ fishing’ for Anopheles larvae and pupae
in small clay-holes in a brick-field in the Kimmeridge Clay on
the west side of Shotover Hill, near Oxford. When sorting
over our captures in the evening we were surprised to find we
had both, quite accidentally, taken C. cinctus. We kept the
specimens alive for a few days in order to observe their mode
of progression in the water. A week later, on September 29,
we again visited the same ponds fully prepared to obtain
more, if possible, of this interesting insect; in this we were
entirely successful, and between us we took over twenty
individuals of both sexes, all, without exception, obtained
from a very small clay-hole of about two square yards in
area. On October 6 Mr. Britten went alone to the same
little pond and again succeeded in taking a fair number of
both sexes. The next visit was not until October 20, when
I went alone, and found them as before in some numbers.
We visited the same pond together, for the last time, on
October 27, but on this occasion, after spending an hour or
more, we could only find two individuals, one alive and the
other dead.

“On each occasion we took the insects home alive in the
jar containing our other aquatic captures, and then turned
the contents into a shallow saucer, in order to sort over the
material obtained. It was on one of these occasions that a
number of the Caraphractus were observed to come to the
surface of the water and fly very rapidly from side to side of

( izzy

the saucer, just skimming the surface of the water, in the
manner of a frightened water-fowl such as the Grebe.

“ Their progression under water—comparatively slow, and
effected by means of a series of jerks—was clearly due to
flying rather than swimming, but they also made use of their
legs, the posterior pair being kicked out behind simultaneously
with the movement of the wings.

“ We found that individuals kept in confinement always
preferred to crawl about among the Spirogyra in preference
to any other water plant. Several were kept alive by Mr.
Britten for about a week.

“ One male was observed to make an unsuccessful attempt
to pair with a female on the surface of the water, by climbing
on to her back. A Corethra larva once seized a male by his
legs and held on for some time until induced to leave go by
means of a camel’s-hair brush.

* The small pond or clay-holein which all the examples, except
one, were taken, contained the usual common aquatic insects in
abundance, and the vegetation was also of the usual pond type.

“The occurrence of this species so late in the season is
interesting, as those taken by Lubbock * were obtained in
August, and for those recorded by Burton ¢ and Enock { the
month is not given.”

MENDELIAN HEREDITY IN RELATION TO SELECTION.—Prof.
Poutton drew attention to two recent papers by Prof. H. 8.
Jennings of Baltimore, U.S.A.: (1) “Observed Changes in
Hereditary Characters in Relation to Evolution ” (Journ. Wash-
ington Acad. Sci., vol. vii, No. 10, May 19, 1917, p. 281), and
(2) “ Modifying Factors and Multiple Allelomorphs in Relation
to the Results of Selection ” (American Naturalist, vol. li,
May, 1917, p. 301). In (1) the author, referring to the dis-
coveries of the French botanist Jordan and to the work of
Johannsen on “ pure lines,” expressed the conclusions to
which many naturalists have been led, viz. “that most of
the heritable differences observed between closely related
organisms—between the members of a given species, for

* Trans. Linn. Soc., 1863, vol. Xxvi, p. 135.
+ Journ. Quekett Micros. Club, 1894-7, vol. vi, ser. II, p. 148.
t Journ. Quekett Micros. Club, 1894-7, vol. vi, ser. IT, ps 275.

( leexvi )

example—are not variations in the sense of alterations; are
not active changes in constitution, but are permanent diver-
sities; they are static, not dynamic. . . . All thorough work
has led directly to this result: that any species or kind of
organism is made up of a very great number of diverse stocks,
differing from each other in minute particulars, but the
diversities inherited from generation to generation.” These
facts were particularly evident in the Protozoa, reproducing
by a single parent, as shown in Prof. Jennings’s researches on
Paramoecium and Difflugia, both of which were “found to
consist of a large number of such heritably diverse stocks, each
stock showing within itself many variations that are not
heritable.” Selection might indeed operate, but it was the
selection of diversities that were already present, and thus
led to no new steps in evolution. [Just as it was shown on
p- Ixxxi that a Bornean mimetic female form of Papilio polytes
was present as a very rare variety in Travancore, so it might
be held that all mimetic patterns of the species were also
present and could be made predominant by selection without
requiring any new step in evolution.] ‘‘ Variations . . . were
not variations at all, in the sense of steps in evolution; they
were mere instances of the static condition of diversity that
everywhere prevails.”

Well might the author conclude “in these days of plots
and spies, the evolutionists might almost feel that the enemy
had crept into their citadel and was blowing it up from
within.” But of course naturalists do not maintain that
changes never take place: “they admit that mutations
occur’; that the permanent germinal constitution or geno-
type “may at rare intervals transform, as a given chemical
compound may transform into another and diverse com-
pound.” A favourite theory of evolution may be outlined
thus: ‘“‘ Organisms forming a multitude of diverse strains
with diverse genotypes; the genotype a mosaic of parts that
are recombined in Mendelian inheritance ; selection a mere
process of isolating and recombining what ‘already exists;
large changes occurring at rare intervals, through the drop-
ping out of bits of the mosaic, or through their complete
chemical transformation; evolution by saltations.”

( lxxxvi )

The author points out the difficulty involved in the very
existence of the minute strains, which must surely have arisen
at some time or other, and arisen “ not by saltations, for the
differences between the strains go down to the very limits
of detectibility.” Then there is the difficulty of “ complex
adaptive structures, such as the eye.”

Therefore many investigators could not feel satisfied with
the favourite theory and have been “looking for something
besides saltations as a basis for evolution; looking for here-
ditary changes that would permit a continuity in transforma-
tion.” Among these investigators W. E. Castle has been
searching in the phenomena of biparental inheritance, H. F.
Osborn in the records of palaeontology, and the author in
organisms subject to uniparental reproduction. In this latter
“we meet the problem of inheritance and variation in its
simplest form; for there is nothing which complicates genetic
problems so enormously as does the continual mixing of
diverse stocks in biparental inheritance. In uniparental re-
production we have but one genotype to deal with; we can
be certain that no hereditary characters are introduced from
outside that genotype.”

Accepting as a foundation the facts already mentioned “ as
to the make-up of the species out of a great number of diverse
stocks; as to the usual effects of selection being nothing
save the isolation of such pre-existing stocks,’ the author
undertook “a most extensive and intensive study of heredity,
of variation, and of the effects of selection for long periods ”’
within a single stock of a favourable organism. This he
found in the Rhizopod Difflugia corona, which has “‘ numerous
distinctive characters, all congenital; all inherited in a high
degree; yet varying from parent to offspring also; none of
these characters changed by growth or environmental action
during the life of the individual.”

“ Long-continued work showed that a single strain of this
animal, all derived by fission from a single parent, does
differentiate gradually, with the passage of generations, into
many hereditarily diverse strains.’”’ While these variations
“arose in some few cases by rather large steps, or ‘ saltations,’ ”
“the immense majority were minute gradations. Variation is

F Leis )

as continuous as can be detected.’ Variation occurred in
many diverse characters and gave rise to many diverse com-
binations of characters. “ Any set of characters might vary
independently of the rest. The hereditary variations which
arose were of just such a nature as to produce from a single
strain the hereditarily differentstrains that are found in nature.”

After giving an account of these results obtained from an
organism with uniparental reproduction, the author briefly
refers to Osborn’s palaeontological evidence “ for evolution
by minute continuous variations which follow a single definite
trend,” and to Castle’s evidence that “‘in rats he can, by
selection, gradually increase or decrease the amount of color
in the coat, passing by continuous stages from one extreme
to the other,” the change being “an actual change in the
hereditary characteristics of the stock; and not a mere result
of the recombination of Mendelian factors.” From this
point the author proceeds to a critical examination of results
obtained by T. H. Morgan and his associates upon a species
which comes directly within the survey of the Entomological
Society, viz. the fruit-fly Drosophila. The species has normally
a red eye, but in the few years during which these researches
have been conducted it has come to present “seven grada-
tions of color between white and red, each gradation heritable
in the normal Mendelian manner ”’—*“ red, blood, cherry,
eosin, buff, tinged, white.’ “‘ Three of these grades have
been discovered in the last five months. It would not require
a bold prophet to predict that as the years pass we shall
come to know more of these gradations, till all detectible
differences of shade have been distinguished, and each shown
to be inherited as a Mendelian unit. Considering that the
work on Drosophila has been going on only about seven or
eight years, this is remarkable progress toward a demon-
stration that a single unit factor can present as many grades
as can be distinguished. . . .”” But thisis notall. As regards
the middle member of the series of eye colours, eosin, Bridges
has found seven modifying factors, each of which alters its
intensity and gives rise to a secondary grade of colour. Now
each of these modifying factors are described “ specifically as
mutations; as actual changes in the hereditary material.”

({ bows )

The results are summarised as follows: “ In Drosophila there
occur minute changes in the germinal material, such as to
give, so far as our present imperfect knowledge goes, seven
diverse grades of a color which is itself only one grade of
another series of seven known grades. By means of these
graded changes one could obtain, by the mutationist’s own
statement, the continuously graded results which selection
actually gives. What more can the selectionist ask?”

As the author remarks in paper (2), “ The work in Men-
delism, and particularly the work on Drosophila, is supplying
a complete foundation for evolution through the accumulation
by selection of minute gradations. We have got far away
from the old notion that hereditary changes consist only in
the dropping out of complete units, or that they are bound to
occur in large steps. . . . The objections raised by the muta-
tionists to gradual change through selection are breaking down
as a result of the thoroughness of the mutationists’ own studies.”

The importance of Mendelism as an aid to selection is
insisted on in the same paper. “* Hereditary variations, such
as give rise to the multiple allelomorphs and multiple modify-
ing factors, occur in some organisms rather infrequently, as
measured by the time scale of human happenings. If there
were no interchange of factors among individuals and stocks,
it would take a long time to obtain in one individual all the
six diluters of the eosin color of the Drosophila eye; one
arises in one individual, another in another. But by selective
cross-breeding it is possible to bring together into one stock
all the modifiers that have been produced in diverse stocks.
Mendelism acts as a tremendous accelerator to the effectiveness
of selection.”

Returning to paper (1), the author finally concludes that
“ Evolution according to the typical Darwinian scheme,
through the occurrence of many small variations and their
guidance by natural selection, is perfectly consistent with
what experimental and palaeontological studies show us; to
me it appears more consistent with the data than does any
other theory.”

A VERY ANCIENT BrEetTLe.—The PresmpEent exhibited a
specimen of a Carabid Beetle, Calosoma rugosum, de Geer,

ech

found in the stomach of the mummy of an Ibis, the date
of which was reckoned to be about 1500 B.c. For comparison
a modern specimen of the same species was shown, no
difference between them being visible.

PuPATION OF GEOTRUPES TYPHOEUS.—Mr. HucH Mary
exhibited a series of lantern slides illustrating the metamor-
phoses of Geotrupes typhoeus (Plates G, H, J).

He said that as he had wished to observe the life-history
of G. typhoeus he collected a number of the beetles in the
autumn of 1915. They were more easily dug up in their
usual localities before hibernation, as in the spring they were ~
generally at a much greater distance below the surface of
the ground. After remaining quiescent through December,
they showed signs of activity in January (1916), and were
separated into pairs, which were placed in Subterraria filled
with fresh sand, together with some food consisting of horse-
or cow-dung at the top. Although rabbits’ pellets or those
of the sheep or deer are perhaps the usual food, he had fre-
quently found the beetles under the droppings of horses and
cattle. The ‘‘ Subterrarium”’ is an observation cage which
he had devised for the purpose of following the life-history
_of insects whose activities were carried on under the surface
of the earth. It consists essentially of two vertical sheets of
glass fixed half an inch, or more or less as required, apart,
the intervening space being filled with earth or sand, into which
the insects burrow.

Before the end of January 1916 a number of shafts were
made by the beetles in several of the cages. A quantity of
food was carried down and packed into each shaft, an egg
having previously been deposited in the sand about half an
inch from the first layer of the food. Each food-mass was
about five inches long, and was followed by a plug of sand
about two inches long. After the first was completed, a
second shaft was sunk from just above the first plug of sand,
and then a third and fourth.

Three such shafts are shown in Plate G, fig. 2, that on the
right being the first made, then the middle one, and finally the
left one. The beetles were then removed, so that their further
excavations should not disturb the work already completed.

=

PLATE G.

1. Dytiscus marginalis. Empty larval skin from pupation
chamber; natural size.

2. Subterrarium with three full-fed Jarvae of Geotrupes typhoeus
in their pupation chambers; reduced.

3. G. typhoeus, larva, full-fed; nearly natural size.

4. G. typhoeus, pupa, 3, recently disclosed; nearly natural size.

PLATE H.

Geotrupes typhoeus.

1. Larva, full-fed, in pupation chamber, awaiting pupation,
2. Pupa, 9, recently disclosed.

Both about natural size.

PLATE J.

Geotrupes typhoeus.
1. Pupa, 9, mature.
2. Imago, 9.

Both about natural size.

Plate G.

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Hugh Main, Photo.

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Plate’ H.

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( xci_)

The young larvae were first seen about the end of February, |
and they ate their way to the top of their food-mass and
then back again to their starting-point, which was only
reached in August 1917, when they were full-fed. Hach then
formed an oval pupation chamber in the sand beyond the old
food-mass, and then lay on its back to await pupation. The
larva does not possess the stridulatory apparatus which occurs
on the second and third legs of the other members of the
genus Geotrupes. Probably the continental coleopterists are
well advised in placing typhoeus in a separate genus (Mino-
taurus) onaccount of the morphological peculiarities of the larva.

The larvae pupated towards the end of August, and the
imagines appeared in September. The pupa is quite white at
first, but the eyes soon darken and then the legs and thorax.
The elytra of the newly disclosed beetle are quite white, and
pass through various shades of brown to jet black.

Lack of time and opportunity in the present circumstances
prevented detailed observations being made as desired, but,
having seen the various successive stages as they appeared
and being prepared for them, it should be easy in more
peaceful times to repeat the experiment and to note carefully
the exceedingly interesting operations carried out in full view
in the Subterrarium. M. H. Fabre has written a graphic
account of the life-histories of a number of the Dung Beetles,
but his volaries did not allow him to see actually what was
going on underground, and some of his conclusions are not
confirmed by observations made in the Subterraria.

In answer to a question by the Prestpent, Mr. Main said
that possibly the purpose of the stridulation was to warn
away earthworms, which have a dislike to vibration.

LaRVA OF CHAEROCAMPA ELPENOR.—Mr. Main also showed
two slides of the larva of C. elpenor, one at rest, and one in
its so-called “threatening” attitude after being disturbed.
In reply to a question by Prof. Poutron he said that the larva
did not adopt that attitude while on the food-plant.

Mimicry IN CERTAIN BurTeRFLIEs oF NEW GUINEA.—
Dr. F. A. Drxey exhibited some drawings of butterflies
illustrative of his paper on this subject, of which he gave
the following abstract :—

Do xii )

The resemblance between the Pierine Huphina abnormis
and a form of the Nymphaline genus Mynes was remarked by
Wallace more than fifty years ago; and in later times an
even closer likeness has been found to exist between the
Huphina and one or more species of the Pierine genus Delias.
The superficial resemblance is so great as to have misled good
lepidopterists as to the actual affinities of these forms; and
great confusion has prevailed with regard to their relative
position in a systematic series. The mistakes thus started
have not been confined to the species originally concerned, but
have extended to other forms of a mere or less similar aspect.

On the evidence of neuration, scent-scales and genitalia,
there is no doubt that Wallace’s abnormis is neither a Tachyris
nor a Delias. The same is true of Honrath’s euryxantha,
which may possibly be conspecific with abnormis. The affinity
of these two Pierine forms, as was first recognised by von
Mitis, is with Moore’s genus Huphina, of which they may be
considered to form a subordinate section, characterised by
slight peculiarities of structure. The same combination of
black and scarlet as in H. abnormis is presented by the
underside of the male of Delias wma, Fruhst.; though here,
there being no white fore-wing area, the resemblance to D.
ornytion and H. abnormis applies only to the attitude of the
latter forms during complete rest. There is no scarlet sub-
marginal series in D. irma, nor in D. ornytion from Western
New Guinea; but as the range of D. irma does not appear
to extend to the latter region, no particular significance can
be attached to this fact.

While H. abnormis thus approaches the aspect of one group
of Delias, the closely allied, or, as‘some think, conspecific
H. euryzantha bears considerable resemblance to another;
viz. the group formed by Delias mysis, Fabr., and its near
allies, particularly the New Guinea subspecies D. lara, Boisd.
With regard to Mynes doryca, Butl., it is observable that the
scarlet mark on the fore-wing corresponds roughly with that
on the hind-wing of H. abnormis, and vice versa.

The resemblance between these forms extends in many
cases to the upper as well as to the under surface; though
here it is naturally less striking, being merely a common

( xe )

version of a usual Pierine pattern. It is, however, remarkable
that Mynes, a Nymphaline, should possess an upper surface
so strongly Pierine in aspect. A further point of interest is
the fact that Nepheronia jobaea, Boisd. 3, the only member of
its genus to reach New Guinea, shows on its upperside a
likeness to Mynes doryca, which may extend even to the tint
of the pale ground-colour; while its underside, though without
red markings, is somewhat suggestive of a Delias.

How far the principle of mimicry enters into these com-
binations may of course be questioned. That it has some
influence can hardly be doubted. More information as to the
bionomics of the forms referred to would be very welcome;
especially with regard to their distribution and habits.

. ~~
poe of
Ke A } S/

Aurantiaria. ( (ORs f
J

Defoliaria. X 75.

A NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE IN THE ANTENNAE OF CLOSELY
RELATED SpEcrES.—Mr. GREEN showed (on the Epidiascope)
an enlarged drawing of single joints of the male antennae of
Hybernia defoliaria and H. aurantiaria, and pointed out the

- ( xciv )

structural differences between the antennae of these closely
allied species. In defoliaria the pinnae are very short, but
there are two pairs on each joint; whereas aurantiaria (with
the remaining British members of the genus) has a single
pair of elongated pinnae on each joint. A preparation of the
two antennae was exhibited under the microscope.

The Rev. F. D. Morice and other Fellows gave parallel
instances of difference of antennae in the case of closely related
insects.

Papers.

The following papers were read :—

“ Descriptions of new species of Staphylinidae from Singa-
pore,” by Matcotm Cameron, M.D., R.N., F.E.S.

“Coleoptera of the ‘Families Ostomidae, Monotomidae,
Colydiidae and Notiophysidae from the Seychelles and Aldabra
Islands,” by the late ANToINE GROUVELLE; communicated
by Hueu Scort, M.A., F.LS., F.E.S.

Discussion.

In accordance with the Resolution passed at the meeting
on Nov. Ist, a discussion took place on Sir George Hampson’s
method of taking the first species mentioned by the author of
a genus as the type, without reference to the action of subse-
quent authors in fixing types.

In opening the discussion the PREesipENT said that he had,
in accordance with the Resolution, invited Sir George Hamp-
son to be present and to state his views, but had received a
letter in reply, which he read, saying that he was unable to
be present, but that a statement of his views was given in
the “‘ Novitates Zoologicae,” and in a paper which he hoped
would be printed in time to send a copy to the meeting. The
President read the first statement referred to, but said that
he had not received the other paper.

Prof. Poutron read a further statement from Sir George
Hampson, but took no part in the discussion.

Sir Grorce Hampson sent the following remarks with
regard to the use of the name Tinea :-—

‘The position is this :

( ev °)

“The Clothes-moths were called Tinea by all authors pre-
vious to Linneus, but 1758 was arbitrarily fixed as the
date of the commencement of Zoological nomenclature, and
Linneus unfortunately described Tinea from the wrong
species; therefore either the foundation of Zoological nomen-
clature must be abandoned or the use of Tinea altered.

““T stated the dilemma to Mr. E. Meyrick, whose only
reply was that ‘ types were made for science, and not science
for types,’ 7. e. he acknowledged the facts, but thought they
should be ignored.”

He also asked, ““ Why are Scopoli’s genera for Butterflies
in 1777 ignored?” and gave a list of these genera and of the
names they would displace.

Dr. G. A. K. Marsa pointed out that, in contrast with
the haphazard method of the earlier zoologists of applying to
animals such scientific names as they thought fit, without
regard to the names used by other workers, our modern
system of nomenclature has been built up on the principle
that all valid systematic work done by earlier authors must
be recognised. With this principle, the so-called “law of
priority,” the method adopted by Sir George Hampson, in
opposition to all other entomologists, is in direct conflict; for
in defining the older genera he has assumed the first species
mentioned by the original author to be the type, and has com-
pletely ignored the subsequent revisions of such genera by
other systematists. No adequate reason has been offered for
this arbitrary innovation, except that it will relieve those who
adopt it from the trouble of acquainting themselves with the
work of previous writers. Apart from the hopeless confusion
in zoological nomenclature that would result from the general
adoption of such a system, it is so obviously unjust that it is
not likely to find acceptance among scientific men.

The Rey. F. D. Morice remarked that the Honey-bee had
been accepted by all authors as the typical Apis of Linné, but
that the first species standing under Apis in the “ Systema ”’
(Ed. X) was not the Honey-bee, but what we now know as
Eucera longicornis, L. Also, that the first species described
in the same work as a Sphex was an insect from Surinam,
which the author certainly would not have selected as his

@ ( xvi )

“type,” since in Ed. XXTI he removed it from Sphez altogether,
and placed it in Apis! Again, the first species described by
Linné under Formica was not what all authors now call a
Formica, but a Camponotus. He felt sure that, whatever
might be the case as to other groups, no workers on the
Hymenoptera had yet adopted or were ever likely to adopt
a principle which involved such consequences.

The PRESIDENT, taking part in the discussion, said he did
not agree with some of the remarks that had been made in
reference to Sir George Hampson’s motive in adopting the
principle of selecting the first species as the type of the genus,
for he thought Sir George was firmly persuaded that his was
the only method capable of leading to stability in nomencla-
ture, and that the rest of the zoological world would finally
be converted to his way of thinking. He had much sympathy
with the contention that his method would save an immense
amount of time spent in bibliographical research. Had that
method been acted upon from the first, it would, no doubt,
have simplified procedure and placed nomenclature on a
firmer basis. But Sir George had come into the world a
century and a half too late. His mission should have com-
menced with Linnzeus himself, with his pupil Fabricius, and the
other entomologists of the time, not one of whom entertained
the idea of fixing the first species as the type of the genus.
As a member of the International Committee on Entomological
Nomenclature, he had recently been asked for an opinion
on the disputed question of the geno-type of Cimez, Linn.,
and in endeavouring to arrive at one that would be in accord
with the rules of the International Code, he met with difficulties
of various kinds. But this, he thought, was a very excep-
tional case, and the chief difficulties he found in dealing with
it, were the result of the arbitrary action of one or two of the
older authors, who refused to accept the fait accompli, and
proceeded to undo the work already done. Theirs was the
kind of action which Sir George Hampson would like to see
followed at the present day. It had only led to the confusion
and the waste of time, which he deplores, and even if we had
no moral obligation to the workers of the past, the great
inconvenience for zoologists in every branch which would

asus

( xewil.-)

result from adopting his principle and applying it to the genera
of the older authors, ignoring all that has been done in the
meantime and treating the writings of our predecessors as so
many scraps of paper, condemns it at once as preposterous
and absurd. He had been looking up some others of the
genera, besides Tinea, in the 10th Edition of the ‘‘ Systema
Naturae,” to see what changes would follow if Sir George
Hampson’s method were to be adopted. Cerambyx, which
gives its name to a family of Longicorns, and is now applied
to a genus of well-known European species, would be given
instead to the Harlequin-beetle, which is a native of tropical
America and belongs to another family. The name Leptura,
with L. aquatica as the type, would be transferred from the
flower-frequenting group of Longicorns known as the Lep-
turidae, and given instead to a group of sub-aquatic Phyto-
phaga. The glow-worm would lose the name of Lampyris
noctiluca, to be known henceforth as Cantharis noctiluca, with
a corresponding change in its family name. It would be
wrong in future to refer to the common house-fly as Musca
domestica, or to place it in the family Muscidae; the latter
name should be reserved for the Hover-flies, which we now
call Syrphidae. One had only to think for a moment what
hundreds of changes of this kind would involve, not merely
in systematic writings, but in literature of an economic
or more general character, in order to see how hopeless is the
prospect of getting a majority to adopt the method which
would bring them about. The number of genera whose
types cannot easily be determined in accordance with the rules
laid down in the International Code of Zoological Nomen-
clature was surely not so great that we must be prepared to
face the revolutionary alternative which Sir George Hampson
so persistently places before us, and to which he adheres in
his own writings in spite of the protests of almost every one
of his fellow-workers in entomology. It was to be hoped °
that he would be led by the views expressed that evening to
reconsider his position, and that he would fall into line on the

_ subject of nomenclature with the systematists of his own and

of every other country.
Mr. Durrant remarked that the present discussion really
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1917 G

BO xcviti

resulted from the action of the Zoological Society in refusing
as unjustifiable and ultra vires an attempt to change the
familiar and world-wide application of the generic name Tinea
of Linné—to remove this name from the clothes-moths and
transfer it to the honey-moths (@alleriadae), with which it
had never been specially associated. This would involve not
only the change of generic names but also of the higher groups,
Tineina, Tineidae and Galleriadae, the only grounds for the
change being the numerical sequence of species in the series.
The system was founded on a total disregard of all systematic
or critical work done after the original publication of a generic
name, and the result would be to cancel everything that had
been done, and to say that all work was wrong unless the first
species had been selected as the type. The adoption of Sir
George Hampson’s sytem would involve the change of every
familiar generic name, unless by chance the first species had
been constituted the type by earlier authors. Nothing could
be gained by such alterations except uniformity of treatment
in one series of volumes to which no one else but the author
was committed.

Years ago Sir George Hampson started a correspondence
on this subject with the following letter :-—

“ British Museum (Natural History),
“* Sept. 12th, 1896.
‘** DEAR Sirs,

“ As there is a probability of a new British Museum
descriptive Catalogue of all the described species of Heterocera
being shortly commenced it is thought advisable to consult a
certain number of the best-known authors on the Lepidoptera
as to the system of nomenclature which is to be adopted.
With this object in view the enclosed list of questions is sent
to you, and if you will be good enough to express your views
on the subject they will be of great assistance in forming the
scheme of the work, and perhaps contribute to attaining a
more uniform system of nomenclature in the Lepidoptera.

‘*The names selected for consultation are :—Prof. Scudder,
Prof. Fernald, Prof. J. B. Smith, Dr. Staudinger, Herr P. C. T.
Snellen, Prof. Aurivillius, Prof. A. R. Grote, Lord Walsingham,
KE. Meyrick, Esq., W. F. Kirby, Esq., and Sir G. F. Hampson.

(7 xem 3:)

“ Other names might easily have. been added to this list,
but it was thought that eleven would constitute a more
manageable committee than a larger number would, and those
selected sufficiently represented the various opinions on the
subject and the countries most interested in the Lepidoptera.

“Tt is proposed to circulate the papers once for you to
give your opinions, and then again for you to see the answers
given and make any additional remarks that strike you.

‘Tam, dear Sirs,
* Yours faithfully,
“G. F. Hampson.”

Question 7 was: “By what process is the type of a
hetero-typical genus to be ascertained?” and a_ special
question under this heading was: “c. What is the type of
Tinea, L.?”

On Sir George Hampson’s suggestion that “ the first species,
or the first species agreeing with the description, to be con-
sidered the type,” the opinions were :—

For: 1, Hampson; 2, Staudinger.

Against: 1, Aurivillius; 2, Fernald; 3, Grote; 4, Kirby;
5, Meyrick; 6, Scudder; 7, Smith; 8, Walsingham.

[Snellen stood alone in totally rejecting “le systeme des
types génériques.”’ |

And on the question: “c¢. What is the type of Tinea, L.?”
there were in favour of pellionella, L. (an ordinary clothes-
moth): 1, Walsingham; 2, Meyrick; 3, Kirby; 4, Fernald;
5, Smith; 6, Aurivillius; 7, Grote (8, Scudder and 9, Stau-
dinger assumed to concur).

While Sir George Hampson was unable to say which was
the first species that agreed with the description, after having
wrongly cited as the type gelatella, L. (a species which an
not occur in the 10th edition of Linné).

Sir George Hampson has rightly accepted as the type of
Sphinx the seventh species ligustri, which Linné states in the
Fauna Gnecica was “ Vulgo Sphinx,” and also as the type
of Bombyx species 18 mori “ Vulgo Bombyx’ according to
Linné.

It is therefore evident that the first species included in a

ices

genus by Linné was not necessarily the type—indeed, in Phil.
Bot. (ed. 1), 197 (1751) and (ed. 2) 201-2 (1763), Linné him-
self wrote: ““Si genus receptum, secundum jus naturae et
artis, in plura dirimi debet, tum nomen antea commune
manebit vulgatissimae et officinali plantae,” showing that his
opinion was that the name should be restricted to the best-
known species—not the first on the list.

The whole question was thoroughly threshed out in 1896-
1898, and a full report with analyses of replies to the questions
circulated will be found in Proc. IV, Int. Congress Zool.,
273-342, Cambridge, 1899.

Mr. Durrant concluded by remarking that nothing new was
being brought before us, and he had dealt with the whole
question twenty years ago !

Dr. G. A. K. Marswati then proposed the following
Resolution :—

“That in the opinion of this Society the arbitrary method
followed by Sir George Hampson of taking as the Type of a
Genus the first species in the series, disregarding the work
of previous authors, is contrary to the usage of Entomologists,
and this Society declines to adopt this system.”

Mr. G. T. BeTaune-Baker spoke as follows :—

In seconding the motion I would draw your attention to
the fact that the proposition of Sir George Hampson to adopt
the first species as the type has been discarded practically by
all authors of zoology everywhere. Sir George claims Roths-
child and Jordan as adherents to his method, and in their
great work on the Sphingidae it is true they did adopt that
method, but they have discontinued it and do not adopt it
now. Again, Barnes and McDunnough, who at first thought
it was a convenient arrangement, have likewise discarded it,
finding, as they say, the whole of the zoological world against
them. Even Sir George himself makes his own exceptions
(Novit. Zool., xxiv, p. 19; 1917), to wit, Tortriz with viridana
as the type, the second species; Sphinx with ligustri as the
type, because of the sphinx-like attitude of the larva;
Bombyx with-mori as type. He gives his reasons, it is true,
but similar reasoning ought to apply with equal force to
the genus Zinea, for I demur entirely to his statement

a: ae)
that pellionella when at rest folds its wings in a tent-like
shape.

Sir George’s suggestion that most of the authors in ‘“ Seitz”
and most of the American authors adopt this principle simply
made me gasp with surprise; whether at the time of the
initiation of this, at the Cambridge Congress, the American
authors adopted the principle I do not remember exactly; I
doubt it; but to-day there is no question that they do not
do so, and looking over my “Seitz” again I really do not see
any justification for the remark. One or two do so, but the
bulk of the authors act quite independently of the method,
taking the first species in some cases but not in others.
Further than this, the injustice of the thing is apparent on
the face of it. Why should we at this late date take upon
ourselves to ignore all the revisionary work of earlier students ?

Sir George would scrap the work of all revisers if they did
not adopt his pet theory; we might quite as well adopt as a
working principle the suggestion that all descriptions should
be ignored if a figure was not published with the description
or shortly after.

Instead of coming rapidly into general use, as Sir George
thinks, it has gone rapidly out of use. It never had general
acquiescence, and to-day in all branches of zoology it is dis-
carded by the great majority of workers, and I can only hope
that Sir George will see that he stands practically alone in
his idea, and that he will soon leave that solitary position.

Mr. T’. IREDALE, who was present as a visitor, spoke regarding
Sir G. Hampson’s contention that this principle (the first-
species rule) was accepted by a majority of workers in other
classes, and as regards ornithology and conchology denied
that it had any adherents at all. Some years ago the American
Ornithologists’ Union debated the subject and inclined to
accept the first-species rule, and advised to that effect. The
result, however, was that immediately the advice was re-
pealed, as it was proved that confusion would ensue, without
prospect of later stability. It might be further added that
even when the matter was under discussion it was agreed by
all workers that the Linnean genera must be excepted, as it
was a known fact that the first species in Linné’s system was

@m ci)
generally atypical and that the central one was commonly
the typical species. No exact law as we understand laws
was followed by early writers and many ranged their species
alphabetically, and moreover in such cases examples cited
were not displayed for generic characters, but on account
of their beauty, size, or similar object. As regards conchology,
the first-species rule has never been absolutely accepted,
though seventy years ago it was a custom when other methods
failed of accepting the first species arbitrarily as type. At the
present time certainly no systematic worker in either group
transgresses the Laws of the International Congresses as
regards type selection, nor is there any reason to suspect
any difference of opinion as to the results to be achieved by
the continuance of such acceptance.
The Resolution was then put to the meeting and carried
unanimously,

( ciii_ )

THE ANNUAL MERTING.

The Annual Meeting took place on Wednesday, January 16th,
1918, Dr. C. J. Ganan, M.A., D.Sc., President, being in the
Chair.

Mr. W. G. SHetpon, one of the Auditors, read the Treasurer's
statement of Accounts, which was adopted on the motion of
Mr. StanLtEy Epwarps, seconded by Mr. Frissy.

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, then read
the following

Report of the Council.

The Society has during the past year felt in many direc-
tions the pressure of the war to a much greater extent than
had previously been the case. Although the attendance at
the meetings in the early part of the year was as large as
could be reasonably expected, yet, owing possibly to air-raids,
there were less than twenty present at either of the October
meetings; there has, however, latterly been a marked im-
provement in attendance, and at the December meeting the
numbers only fell just short of fifty. The standard of interest
of the meetings has, however, been well kept up, although, as
usually occurs, there have been one or two meetings when a
larger number of exhibits would have been welcome.

With regard to numbers we are again somewhat reduced.
While twenty new Fellows have been elected we have lost
eight ordinary Fellows by death, nine by resignation and nine
by removal of names for non-payment of subscription, the
latter including the eight enemy aliens whose names were
still upon the list. We have also lost one Honorary Fellow
by death, viz. Dr. Emin Frey-Gressner of Geneva, whose
place has not yet been filled up. The Council has also again
to regret the loss of one of its members in the death of Mr.
A. E. Gress, shortly after his re-election. It would be im-
possible to pass over the death of Mr. Gibbs without a tribute
to his usefulness both on the Council and more especially on.

all ( av 4

the Business Committee of which he had been for five years
a most valued member.

The Society now consists of eleven Honorary and two special
Life Fellows, together with five hundred and eighty-six ordinary
Fellows making a total of five hundred and ninety-nine.

In consequence of the great shortage of labour in the print-
ing trade, as in all others, considerable delay has been expe-
rienced in the production of the Transactions. This fact
combined with the enormous increase in the price of paper
has made it necessary this year to produce Parts II, II] and IV
together, both with a view to economy and also to make it
possible for the future to publish Parts I-IV as nearly as
may be within the year for which they are dated. The
volume for 1917 will consist of 405 pages illustrated by one
chromo-lithograph, six 3-colour plates, fifteen half-tones, one
line block and one sketch-map, twenty-four plates in all.
Sir George Kenrick bears the cost of the 3-colour plates.
The papers are thirteen in number by the following authors :—
Messrs. R. S. BacGnaxy, F.E.S. (in conjunction with Dr.
J. W. H. Harrison, D.Se.); G. T. Beroune-Baker, F.L.S.,
F.E.8S.; G. E. Bopxin, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; P. A. Buxton, B.A.,
F.E.S,, M.R.C.S.; G. C. Coampion, A.L.8., F.2Z.8.; Dr. T. A.
CuoapMaNn, M.D., F.Z.8., F.E.S.; Dr. E. A. Cockayne, M.A.,
M.D., F.E.S., etc.; Dr. H. Ettrincuam, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S. ;
Dr. J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc. (in conjunction with Mr. R. 8.
BaGNnatt); O. EK. Janson, F.E.S.; Sir GEorce H. Kenrick,
Bart., F.E.S.; E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S.; Row.Lanp
E. Turner, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; and C. B. Wittiams, M.A., F.E.S.
Of these, eight refer to Lepidoptera, two each to Coleoptera
and Hymenoptera, and one to Diptera. The Proceedings will
consist of about one hundred pages illustrated by nine half-
tone plates and several text-figures; the cost of two of the
plates is borne by the Rev. F. D. Morice.

At a Special Meeting held on Jan. 7th, the Council drew
up and forwarded to the Prime Minister the following protest
against the proposal of the Government to commandeer the
Natural History Museum :—

“ This Society, founded for the advancement and practical
application of Entomological Science, knowing that this

Cree |

Science, especially at the present moment, plays a most im-
portant part in many questions, often of extreme urgency,
affecting the health of the Nation and its forces at home and
abroad, its food supplies, its timber, and the raw material of
its manufactures, views with the gravest concern any action
that would impede work essential to the National welfare.

“ Such work includes :—

(1) The investigation into the relation between insects
and the spread of such deadly diseases as typhus, plague,
malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, etc., to which our
troops are exposed in various parts of the world.

(2) The prevention of the attacks of innumerable insect
pests upon every kind of food crop, whether growing, in
transit, or in storage, by which the available supplies are very
materially reduced, and occasionally even totally destroyed.

‘“*(3) The protection of timber, cotton, and other raw
materials essential to the conduct of the war, from the many
pests that attack them.

‘“ Towards the solution of these problems the collections at
the Museum have in the past largely contributed, and many
of them are at present under investigation.

“The proposed action of His Majesty’s Government in
reference to the Natural History Museum, would have a dis-
astrous effect upon work which demands continual reference
to its enormous collections. It is obvious that to be of any
practical value these must always be readily available, and
moreover their removal would not only be a very lengthy under-
taking, but could not be carried out without irreparable damage.

“The Entomological Society of London feels bound there-
fore to enter the strongest possible protest against such pro-
posed action, the full consequences of which can hardly have
been realized, and in the interests of the Empire urges that
the suggested interference with these important collections
should be abandoned.

“ Signed on behalf of the Council,
“ G. B. Lonesrarr, Vice-President.”

The Council desires to express its great regret at the retire-
ment of the Treasurer in consequence. of ill-health, and also

- | evi)

its appreciation of his services for the past fourteen years,
which have been invaluable.

The TREASURER reports as follows :

“The accounts compare favourably with those of last year.
There was then an estimated lability of £294 against a balance
of £237 14s. 9d., whereas this year the estimated liabilities
are about equal to the balance. There is a falling off of
£44 12s. in the amount received for Subscriptions compared
with 1916; but the arrears received (£45 3s.) are in excess
by £18 18s. There are no other items which call for comment
with the exception of the ‘ Subscriptions in arrear.’ Hitherto
the return has been made for those * considered good.’ Under
present conditions it is impossible, with any degree of cer-
tainty, to separate the ‘good’ from the ‘bad’; I have
therefore returned the total amount of the indebtedness, viz.
£232 1s. A considerable portion of this sum is merely in
abeyance during the war, being subscriptions unpaid mean-
while by Fellows serving at the Front.

“T much regret my inability to continue my Treasurership,
and I thank the Society for the confidence reposed in me
during the time I have had the honour to act as their Treasurer,
and I take this opportunity of thanking my Colleagues and
the Fellows generally for their unqualified courtesy shown me
during my term of office.

“The Society, I consider, may be congratulated upon
obtaining the services of Mr. W. G. Sheldon as my successor,

‘A. Hueco Jongs.”

The LiBrarIAN reports as follows :—

“Three hundred and fourteen volumes have been issued
from the Library for home reading. Eighteen volumes and a
large quantity of Separata have been presented to the Library.
As was the case last year, very few foreign periodicals are
coming to hand. The Library has been well used for purposes
of reference.”

The Report was adopted on the motion of Mr. O. E. Janson,
seconded by the Rev. F. D. Morice.

No other nominations in addition to those of the Council
having been received, the President declared the following

( en )
Fellows to have been duly elected as Officers and Members of
Council for the ensuing year :—

President, Dr. J. C. Ganan, M.A., D.Se. Treasurer, W. G.
SHELDON. Secretaries, Comm. James J. WALKER, M.A., R.N.,
F.L.S.; Rev. George Wueecer, M.A., F.Z.S. Librarian,
GEORGE CHARLES CHAmPIon, F.Z.8., A.L.S. Other Members of
Council, A. W. Bacot; E. C. BeEpweLL; K. G. Buatr, B.Sc. ;
Dr. T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S.; W. C. Crawiey, B.A.;
H. Wittoucssy Exuis, F.Z.8.; Dr. H. E.trineuam, M.A..,
De, 1 AS8.° J.C. F. Fryer, M.A.; A. Huge Jones; Rev.
ED. Morice, M.A:; S: A. Neave, M.A.,- BiSe:, B.ZS.;
HERBERT EK. Pace.

The PrestDENT then delivered an Address, after which
Mr. Stves proposed a Vote of Thanks to him which was
seconded by Dr. Eirrincuam; the President in returning
thanks spoke of the neglect of the Biological Sciences on the
part of the Government.

Mr. Couuin then proposed a Vote of Thanks to the Officers
which was seconded by Mr. DonistHorre, both of whom
made special allusion to the regret felt by the Society at the
retirement of Mr. Jones from the Treasurership, after so long
a period of very efficient work in the Society’s interests.

The two SECRETARIES said a few words of thanks, the
TREASURER and the LipraRiAN being absent.

oe eu)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Balance Sheet for the Year 1917.

RECEIPTS. | é; PAYMENTS.
£ Se d. £ Ss. d.
Balance in hand, 1st Jan., Printing Transactions, ete. 249 13 6
1917 iy .. 237 14 9 | Plates, etc. Pe a ish lio il
Subscriptions for 1917... 390 12 0 Rent and Office Ex-
ANP OSES) (ic. sahisir teewn, | cr IO penses ... Serer iors 0, Uae hy fa 9)
Admission Ween, ys oie GS ta Books and Binding ... <a» LO Ore
Donations nd .- 1411 2) Purchase of Books for
Sales of Transactions ... 144 9 10 Library, including bind-
Tnterest on Investments— ing Mrs. Meldola’s grant
Consols ... £25 8 0 || asiper contrac. oc. «cs ol ouso
Birmingham 3 Subscriptions in Advance
per cents. 5 7 10 as per contra carried to
—— 30 15 10 1918 BM rita Coe ee ee ays bay
Income tax recovered on 5 eee
above until 5th bapa 074 12 1
1917 “9 KE ss silo. 2) Balanceinvhand! 5, (sslcea ouenO
(Note.—The Bank of Eng-
land will in future pay the
dividend in full on the above.)
Interest on Deposit soo nO Liisl mal
Grant from Mrs. Meldola |
as per contra Brey Pisce wo eo 30,
Subscriptions in Advance 15 15 0)
£957 9 11 £957 9 11
ASSETS. EstimMATED LIABILITIES.
£ Ss d
Subscriptions in arrear... 232. 1 0 | Cost of printing Parts 1 to 5 esti-
(Note.—This sum includes | mated at the cost of Parts 1 to 5
all subscriptions to date un- for 1916, say, £364. Estimated cost
paid. A large proportion of of Plates in hand, say, £18, making
these are in abeyance during a total liability of, say, £382,

the War by Fellows serving at
the Front.)
£1,354 2s. 2d. Consols.
Original cost £1,233 3s.
Present value at the
price of 543 on the 31st |
December, 1917 ..._ ... 737 19 10
£239 12s. 4d. Birmingham
3 per cents. Original
cost £250. Present value
at the price of 59 on
the 3lst December, 1917 141 7 5 | Audited, compared with vouchers and

against the balance of £382 17s. 10d.

Balance in hand... . 382 17 10 found correct, 9th January, 1918 —
41, 494 6 1 W. G. Suetpon.
H. Witiovucusy Exuis.
Additional Assets :— S. A. NEAVE.
Contents of Library A. Bacor.
Valued at, say, £3,800. K. G. Brair.

The value of Securities shows a total depreciation of £603 I5s. 9d.
A. Hucu Jones, 7reasurer.
9th January, 1918.

t=

C ex =)

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,

You have just heard the Report of the Council, and I
think you will agree that the state of affairs which it discloses in
reference to the general progress of the Society and its present
financial position is one with which we have no reason to be
dissatisfied. Our meetings have been attended even better
than one could have expected considering the eventful nature
of the times through which we have been passing. The
subjects discussed and the exhibits shown have continued to
be as interesting as ever. We have had no lack of valuable
papers, although you may probably find the volume of Trans-
actions for the past year not quite so bulky as some of those
for preceding years; but in their decision to limit its size the
Council have been influenced not so much by financial con-
siderations as by a desire to return to the old and well-approved
practice of issuing the first four Parts within the year whose
date they bear. That practice seems to be in every way
desirable ; it helps to make the financial situation more easily
understood ; and it has decided advantages for the systematist
by saving him the trouble of giving double dates in his refer-
ences. It was insisted on in the days when for a short period
I was one of the Secretaries, and I remember well the anxious
moments we used to have towards the end of the year for
fear that Part IV would not be ready for issue before the 31st
of December. Knowing some of the difficulties with which
the Secretaries have to contend, I should like to remind
Fellows of the Society that when they contribute to the
Transactions, exhibit specimens, or speak at the meetings
they can, if they will only take the trouble, make the work
easier for them.

( cx )

In addition to the mention of Fellows who have died during
the year, the Report of the Council relates to one other matter
which can only be a source of the greatest regret. Needless
to say, I refer to the resignation from office of our worthy
Treasurer. He has for so long a time, and with such great care
and success, looked after the financial affairs of the Society,
that it owes him a debt it can never expect to repay.
But if gratitude to him for his services can help to wipe
out the debt, he may rest assured that he has it in full
measure.

The Fellows of the Society who have died in 1917, fortunately
not a very large number, include Dr. Emile Frey-Gessner, an
Honorary Fellow; Charles Owen Waterhouse, a former
President; Arthur Ernest Gibbs, who was a member of the
Council, and six other Fellows.

Dr. Frey-Gessner had a deservedly high reputation as an
Entomologist both here and abroad, and although I had not
the good fortune to know him personally, I understand that
he was very popular with his fellow-workers on the Con-
tinent. He was elected an Honorary Member of the Inter-
national Congress of Entomology at the meeting held in
Oxford in 1912, and in the same year was elected an Honorary
Fellow of this Society. Born in Canton Aargau, he began
collecting Swiss insects of all kinds at an early age, chiefly
for Drs. Imhoff and Schmidt of Basel. Though his own
tastes were at first directed towards the Orthoptera, they were
gradually transferred to the Hymenoptera. His monograph
of the Swiss bees (Hymenoptera Helvetica, Apidae), which
was completed only a short time before his death, is considered
by competent judges to be a very thorough one. He had a
general knowledge of exotic insects, but devoted himself
chiefly to the insects of the Swiss fauna; and his collections,
which are entirely Swiss, are now mostly in the Bern Museum,
while some are at Geneva.

Charles Owen Waterhouse was the eldest son of George R.
Waterhouse, who was one of the original members of this
Society, and also at one time President; so that his name has
always been closely connected with the Entomological Society
of London and carries us back to the days of its foundation.

( «x )

‘It is associated also with the names of Charles Darwin and
Richard Owen, intimate friends of his father; so that his
brother-Entomologists might feel almost disposed to envy
him the advantages to which he was born, and which also
he must have derived in his early days from contact with such
distinguished naturalists. But if those advantages are to be
held accountable in any way for the great interest he took in
Entomology and the work he has done in its service, this
Society may claim to have received some benefits from them.
He had been for forty-eight years a Fellow, and for two years
(1907-8) President of our Society, served at different times on
the Council, rarely missed attending our meetings, and the
mere titles of the papers which he contributed to our Trans-
actions help to fill more than one page in the Catalogue of
our Library. As he was personally familiar to most of you,
and you have had many opportunities of knowing how wide
and intimate was his knowledge in almost every branch of
Entomology, it will be easy for you to understand how highly
T appreciated him, and how grateful I feel, having been asso-
ciated with him so long, for the assistance he was always so
ready to give, especially in the days when, almost a novice in
Entomology, I began to work on beetles in the British Museum.
At that time, although I had a good knowledge of biology, the
result of two years’ steady work under Prof. Huxley in his
laboratory at South Kensington, I knew comparatively little
about insects. One of the things, however, which I had
studied and thought I knew well was the structure and
homology of the mouth-parts of the cockroach. Quite re-
cently, I have been reading a paper by Prof. E. Bugnion
upon this very subject, and it has reminded me of a difficulty
I had at one time experienced in reconciling various statements
about the piece known as the suwb-mentum. I had been taught
to regard this piece as part of the lower lip and homologous
with the cardines or basal segments of the first maxillae; and
this is the view given of it in nearly all of the text-books; but
the part which in Coleoptera is known by the same name is
merely a continuation of the gula and is so firmly fused with
the head capsule that it can-only be regarded as a sternal
part of the head. I went with this difficulty to Waterhouse,

_ « cxu j

and I am inclined to think that his readiness to help on that
occasion was the origin of an investigation in comparative
morphology, the result of which he published at his own
expense, in a short paper, with coloured plates, entitled
“The Labium and Sub-mentum in certain Mandibulate
Insects.” In this paper he has endeavoured to show, by a
comparison of the parts in various forms, that the sub-mentum
is, in fact, a part of the head itself and need not be taken into
account when homologizing the parts of the labium with those
of the maxillae. Owing to the manner of its publication, this
paper has, I fear, been almost entirely overlooked, which makes
it all the more desirable to call special attention to it here.
Prof. Bugnion, without in any way referring to it, takes very
much the same view of the sub-mentum as Waterhouse, and
supports it by other statements of fact; but as the terminology
used by him is not the same, one has to be careful in reading
his paper to note exactly what he means by sub-mentum.
This name he applies to a part of the labium, using the name
basilaive instead for the part figured and described in most
of our text-books as the sub-mentum. Which particular
part has the right by priority to the name of sub-mentum,
I cannot, at the moment, definitely say, but I rather think
the name was first made use of in Coleoptera and in the same
sense in which it was applied by Waterhouse.

Arthur Ernest Gibbs was another Fellow of the Society who
took a great interest in its work; and as a member of the
Council and of the Business Committee, as well as in many
other ways, rendered it most valuable service. He was an
active member also of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, of which for a time he was Vice-
President. He was a keen student of the Lepidoptera, and in
his frequent travels on the Continent, and with the aid of
collectors in other parts of the world, got together a very
considerable collection. He was very much interested also in
the local museum near his home at St. Albans, which has
benefited largely, I believe, through his generosity. Those of
us who have had the pleasure of meeting him frequently and
of knowing his kindly disposition will miss him greatly, as
indeed will this Society as a whole.

¢ com)

Of the other Fellows who have died, I wish I were able
from personal knowledge to say at least a few fitting words.
But unfortunately my acquaintance with them was so slight
that I should be unable to say more than I could gather from
the Obituary Notices which are accessible to all in the
Entomological Journals.

At one of our Annual Meetings, the President of the year
reminded us that he was not required under any bye-law to
deliver a Presidential Address, but he delivered it all the same,
and an excellent one it was. If you expect me to continue
now and to follow his good example I fear you will be dis-
appointed. A good Presidential Address, such as you have
been accustomed to hear at these annual meetings, needs a
good deal of preparation and a lot more besides, even if one
happen to make choice of an interesting subject. The subject,
or rather the mixture of subjects, on which I propose to speak,
is, however, not so much a matter of my own choice, as of
being compelled to it by the necessities of the case. For I
have to admit that so far as preparation is concerned, you
may have reason to think that I have been rather neglectful
of my duty to you, and the only excuse I can offer, which I
trust you will accept, is that, although my intentions were
of the best, I have been quite unable to find the time that was
needful to fulfil them.

When Mr. Bethune-Baker, in his Presidential Address de-
livered three years ago, suggested a subject for investigation
which, he said, would be of the utmost importance to science,
I had a strong inclination at the time to try and act upon it.
It appealed to me as a Coleopterist. An investigation of the
male genital organs of beetles would, I thought, be of the
greatest interest, especially if one could go on to compare them
with those of other insects with a view to homologizing the
parts. But an investigation of that kind requires time,
certainly much more than has been at my disposal from that
day to this; and in consequence I have had to abandon the
idea. It is, however, a work that should employ many hands,
notwithstanding that Sharp and Muir in their invaluable
memoir which appeared in our Transactions for 1912 have

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1917 H

+ | exiv )

covered a good part of the ground. That memoir is a veritable
storehouse of facts on the subject, and enables us to see
almost at a glance the type of structure of the genital tube
and its accessories in almost every family of Coleoptera; but
it still leaves us without sufficient evidence to judge whether
all the conclusions they seem inclined to draw from them
are right. The organs they describe are, without doubt, of
considerable phylogenetic importance, but whether they have
all the importance which they claim for them is another
question. To me, at any rate, some of their conclusions seem
open to suspicion, especially those which lead them to hint
that the Coleoptera are not a monophyletic group of insects,
but, starting from some Neuropteroid or other pre-Coleopteran
forms, have reached the Coleopterous stage along different
lines of descent. We all admit the great importance which
the structure of the aedeagus has in enabling us to discrimmate
between closely allied species in certain genera and in many
whole groups, and we know how different it is at times in two
species which in all other respects seem to be very closely
related. This applies also to the external accessory parts—
the parts visible in Coleoptera without dissection—a subject
which did not come within the scope of the memoir by Sharp
and Muir. An investigation that would enable us to see the
whole range of variation and the degree of modification of
the genital organs within certain genera or groups of genera
in the different families would help us to form an idea of their
phylogenetic value, and seems to me to be a great desideratum.
But however neglectful the systematists in Coleoptera may have
been in the past, signs are not wanting to show that they are
now fully alive to the importance of examining these structures,
even if only to help them in their ordinary every-day work.
And to show that their importance had not been overlooked
in the past, I cannot do better than to quote an imteresting
passage from one of H. W. Bates’s papers on the Amazonian
Longicorns, a passage which, written for the eyes of the
specialist, may not have received the general attention which
it deserved. The passage is as follows—

“It is a remarkable circumstance, that in many families
of insects which have accessory sexual parts easy of examina-

( exv’ )

tion, it is found that these differ very considerably in structure
in closely allied species. It has been remarked that they
offer some of the best characters to distinguish species, and
they have been made use of to separate species which scarcely
offered any other distinguishable characters. Mr. Baly has
also discovered that the horny penis concealed in the male
abdomen of Phytophagous Coleoptera differs in form in closely
allied species; and he has shown me a long series of specimens
mounted for examination under the microscope, belonging
chiefly to the genera Chrysomela and Eumolpus, which offer
a most instructive study, since by their means some forms
before considered as varieties turn out to be distinct species.

“This class of facts seems to me of great significance, as
throwing light on the segregation of varieties and their passage
into true species. Fot if we admit that the only sound differ-
ence between allied varieties and allied species is that the
former intermarry and the latter do not, then the abrupt
and great diversities of structure in those organs most directly
involved in the matter must be considered as affording an
explanation why many varieties do not intercross with the
parent stock and therefore remain as independent forms or
species. The difference in the accessory male organs of our
two allied species or local forms of Colobothea is so great that
no one who examines them can believe both to be adapted
to the corresponding organs of the females of each form, At
the same time I have no doubt that, were it not for the great
difference between these organs in our two forms, no entomo-
logist would doubt their being mere local varieties of one and
the same stock. Scores of other local varieties occur in the
same countries, presenting all the successive steps of segre-
gation, from the most partial variation to the full-formed
local race.

“Thus we have only to admit that species disseminate them-
selves over wide areas, and adjust themselves to the diversities
‘of local conditions, or, in other words, segregate local varieties,
to open the way towards an explanation of the way in which
the world has become peopled by its myriads of species. The
inevitable law of Natural Selection which governs the general
process of the adjustment of the local races to new conditions

BH cxvi )

will explain the changes of conditions of life in time ; ‘and the
laws of variation, diversified in details as are the species
themselves, will explain the rest.”

Mr. Bethune Baker in his Address had occasion to refer
to the genera Ichthyurus and Psalidura, but he could hardly
have suspected how interesting an illustration of the modifi-
cation of parts those genera afford. Jchthyurus is a genus in
which I had, myself, previously been very much interested
for another reason. It belongs to the family Telephoridae,
and several years ago I had discovered in nearly all the beetles
of this family a series of small apertures, distinct from the
spiracular openings, along the sides of the first eight dorsal
plates of the abdomen, a pair to each segment. In some
genera they lie well within the lateral margins; in others
they are placed close up to, or quite upon, the postero-lateral
angles, excepting the first pair, which always retain their
position inside the margin of the first tergite; and in a few
genera they are situated at the apex of very distinct lateral
processes which point outwards and slightly backwards. In
appearance these apertures are not unlike some forms of
spiracles; each has a circular chitinous rim bordering a small
pit lmed with a pale membrane in which is a still smaller
opening fringed with fine hairs, and which evidently is the
external opening of a gland. Segmentally arranged glandular
apertures of this kind are known in the larvae of some Coleo-
ptera, Lepidoptera, and other insects, and the secretion is
considered to be distasteful and protective. Miss Olga Payne,
with whom I was in correspondence when she was working
on the structure and life-history of one of our species of Tele-
phorus, has found the glands also in the larva of that genus,
and in the three thoracic as well as in the first eight abdominal
segments, and has given a description of them in a paper since
published; but she has expréssed a doubt as to whether they
are really functional, since the openings were very small and
no liquid secretion seemed to come from them. So far, how-
ever, as the imago is concerned, there can be no doubt that
they are functional; for in handling some living specimens I
have myself seen drops of a clear liquid of pretty considerable

size issue from the pair of apertures on the eighth segment,

ae.

( exes)

and so convinced was I that the secretion serves as a protection
to these beetles that I mentioned my own observations in
order to confirm the view that they are a distasteful group,
when reading a paper on “ Mimicry in Coleoptera,’ since
published in the Proceedings of the South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society. Although many other
groups of insects are at least equally distasteful, this is the
only one, so far as I know, in which a series of segmentally-
arranged glands of the kind described have been met with
in the imago. But to return to Ichthyurus. In this genus,
the apertures of the glands are present as usual, but the last
pair, the largest of all, are placed at the end of those strong
outwardly and backwardly diverging processes of the eighth
tergite, which gives it that fish-tail resemblance from which
the name of the genus is derived. It is interesting to
think that while I had been looking upon these processes as
a battery provided to: meet the assault of enemies, Mr. Baker
seemed to see in them the arms with which the male is
accustomed to embrace the female. But, strange to say, I
am not certain that we were not both right. The processes
are well developed in all the species of the genus and in both
sexes; but they are more fully developed:in the male, in which
sex also they sometimes have a sharply curved point or tooth
at or near the apex, and in such cases the glandular aperture
is to be found not quite at the apex, but very near to it. They
are in most cases fixed pieces continuous with the rest of the
tergite of the eighth segment and only movable with the tergite
as a whole, and this is the condition in the species referred to .
and figured by Mr. Baker. In one species, however, namely
I. apicalis,* Mots., the male processes take on the form of a
pair of forceps, like those of an earwig, with the arms curving
inwards and coming in contact behind. Having examined
them with a view to finding out whether they were movable
from side to side, I found this to be the case, to some limited
extent, at least, and that they had all the appearance of being
articulated at the base; so it seems to me impossible to doubt
that the fixed lateral prolongations of the eighth dorsal plate
met with in the other species have here become so far modi-

* =: forcipiger, Gestro.

GD cxviii_)

fied as to form a pair of appendages adapted to act as
clasping organs. They could not have served that purpose
from the beginning, but containing, as they still do, the
apertures of secretory glands, their development at first may
have been to give a more effective use to those glands, and
later coming to serve also another purpose their further
development may have been in that direction. The genital
opening of the male, | may remark, lies just behind the
sternite of the segment to which the dorsal processes belong,
and is followed by another well-marked sternite which I con-
sider to be that of the ninth segment, though much larger
than the corresponding tergite.

There are, as you all probably know well, two principal
views as to the origin of the wings in insects, and many ad-
vocates of each view. The arguments on both sides are very
well set out in a paper on the subject by G. Crampton which
appeared in the Journal of the New York Entomological
Society in March 1916. The author himself advocates what
is, I think, the now generally accepted view, namely that the
wings have arisen as out-growths or expansions of the dorsal
plates of the meso- and meta-thorax, have gradually developed,
and in time became articulated at the base, finally functioning
as true wings—that their origm and development was, in
fact, very like what we see in the ontogeny of the termites,
bugs and other hemimetabolous insects of the present day.
To this theory of their origin it has been objected that the
wings must have served some use at every stage of their
development, and that it is very difficult to understand to
what use the notal expansions could have been put which
would have caused them to develop an articulation at the base.
Crampton effectively replies to this objection by saying:
“ Tf an expansion of the integument can acquire an articula-
tion with the body when it develops into a tracheal gill in
the water, why can not a similar expansion acquire an articu-
lation with the tergum when it becomes a wing in the air?
It is surely no harder to conceive of a rigid outgrowth becom-
ing an articulated appendage in the air, than to conceive of
a similar rigid outgrowth becoming an articulated appendage
in the water!”

(eax J)

A little further on he gives a few instances to enforce his
argument; and in reference to one of these, he says that
“On page 242 of his Cours d’Entomologie, Latreille, 1831,
has described a Coleopteron Aerocinus (sic) longimanus, whose
prothorax bears articulated lateral processes (teste Cholod-
kowsky 1886), and “ If these can become articulated to the
prothorax without first passing through a tracheal gill stage,
why can the wings not do the same? To demand that the
wings must pass through a tracheal gill stage in order to
become articulated to the tergum, is asking more than the
facts would warrant, and in the light of the foregoing instances,
this objection to the origin of wings from paranota is not
valid.” The reference given to Latreille is, however, wrong;
for in the work cited Latreille does not even mention the
beetle named, though he probably does so elsewhere, as did
most of the old authors when pointing out the remarkable
character of its prothoracic processes. For example, we find
it alluded to in Kirby and Spence’s Entomology (Vol. III,
p. 538) as follows—

“ But the prothorax has movable as well as fixed appendages ;
of this kind are those spines (wmboxes) whose base is a spherical
boss moving in an acetabulum of the thoracic shield of the
Capricorn subgenus Macropus, Thunb. If I might hazard
a conjecture, I should say that these organs were given to
this animal by an all-provident Creator, to enable it to push
itself forward, when in the heart of some tree it emerges from
the pupa, that it may escape from its confinement.”

Lacordaire, however, who, in his Introduction a V Entomo-
logie (Vol. I, p. 34, 1834), has. also described the movable
spines of Acrocinus longimanus, gave a different version of
their origin: “ D’aprés la loi qui s’oppose a lintroduction
d'une: piéce nouvelle, cette ¢pine ne peut étre qu'une des
pieces du prothorax qui a pris une forme insolide, et son
analogue doit se retrouver dans tous les autres Insectes;
aussi d’aprés sa situation, pensons-nous que ce nest autre
chose que le trochantin qui a cessé de faire corps avec la
hanche, est devenu libre et se portait au dehors, au leu
de rester caché a4 linterieur, a pris un développement
inaccoutumé. Du reste, l’usage de ce trochantin, ainsi

OS i cx j

métamorphosé est aussi problématique que celui des cocardes
des Malachius.”

These interesting explanations of the movable spines of
Acrocinus longimanus should serve to remind us how far from
infallible are even the most trustworthy of authorities, and
how careful we should be in our statements to make sure
beforehand of our facts. Many of you are, doubtless, familiar
with the Harlequin-beetle, and know what the truth in regard
to its prothoracic spines really is: that they are not in the
least movable but are absolutely fixed and as firmly consoli-
dated with the sides of the thorax as the corresponding spines
in many other Longicorn beetles. The idea that they were
movable arose from superficial observation and was due to
the fact that they are surrounded each at the base, but on
the upper side only, with a rather deep narrow groove; it
began with Linnaeus himself when he described the beetle,
and was never questioned until, just about a century later,
the mistake was discovered and set right by James Thomson.

Mr. Crampton evidently had no knowledge of that fact,
and he is hardly to blame for having accepted as true a state-
ment made on such excellent authority.

But though one of the instances on which he relied is gone,
there is no reason why he should not find in the forcipate tail
of Ichthyurus another that would answer the purpose of his
argument almost as well. For if I am right in the interpreta-
tion I have given to it, you have there a pair of movable
appendages developed from what were once fixed lateral
processes, comparable with the prothoracic processes of the
Harlequin-beetle.

In the long forcipate tail appendages of Psalidura, a genus
of Curculionidae, we have another example of perfectly mov-
able structures which have apparently developed from fixed
rigid processes. I say apparently, because, while they are
free from the eighth tergite, to which they are attached by
membrane on the dorsal side, in one species of a related genus,
they seem to be more or less firmly united to the sternal
plate on the ventral side. But whether developed as processes
from the tergum or from the sternum, it is fairly certain that
they haye not originated in any other way, and I have little

a

(. vexai'}

doubt that further investigation amongst the related forms
will prove this to be the case.

These remarkable Australian beetles exhibit a great range
of modification in the external parts placed near the male
genital opening, especially in the structure of the seventh
sternite and in the form and degree of development of the
forceps, the latter often being provided on the inner ventral
side with two blades which sometimes, curving downwards
and inwards, come together and overlap so as to form a kind
of ring or band, the object of which, so far as one can reason-
ably infer, is to grip the female right round the hinder end
of her body. The characters which these external parts
afford have been made full use of by Dr. Ferguson in his
revision of the genus; but from what I have seen in the few
forms I have had time to examine, I think the aedeagus and
other internal structures would well repay, in their interest-
ing modifications, any amount of time spent in investigating
them.

Although I have been unable to add more than a very little »
to our knowledge of the subject, I hope that little will help
to show the great interest which an extended investigation
of the whole genital apparatus of the Coleoptera must possess,
and how completely justified was the opinion expressed by
Mr. Bethune-Baker in the Address to which I have referred.
I think we may congratulate him also on the happy selection
he made when he ventured to illustrate his remarks from
examples amongst the Coleoptera.

As a Coleopterist, | have sometimes wished that I could,
without too much trouble, make a comparison of the parts
in Coleoptera with the corresponding structures in Lepidoptera,
and I have turned more than once to look at some of those
nice photographic figures with which he and some of his
fellow-Lepidopterists illustrate their papers; but I generally
fail to comprehend them. I can quite understand that the
case would be altogether different if I were experienced in
the examination of the parts and knew all about their con-
nections and relative positions. I can understand also that
a photograph is more likely to be true to nature than even the
best of drawings; but if it teaches less truth what is the

al (° ex=u 4)

advantage? Prof. Huxley, in his Anatomy of Invertebrate
Animals, says of the male genital armature in the cockroach,
that “‘ It consists of a number of chitinous processes having
the form of plates and hooks, the exact form and disposition
of which could be made intelligible only by numerous figures.”
There is much point in that statement, which applies as much,
I think, to many of the Lepidoptera as to Blatta, and I hope
my friends will bear it in mind.

Gentlemen, there is another subject on which I should like
to offer a few remarks this evening while it is still fresh im
your minds, and that is the importance of Entomology in
relation to the State. It is a subject in which this Society,
if it 1s to continue true to the aims of its Founders, is bound
to take a very deep interest; and, as I need scarcely remind
you, it is one on which there are other views than your own.
There is, for example, the view which evidently had influenced
the Government in their recent proposal to remove the
collections from the Natural History Museum and to stow
them elsewhere—the proposal against which the Society has
strongly protested, and which, if carried out, would almost
inevitably have had the eflect of interfering greatly with the
scientific work of the entomologists of this country, and of
bringing to a standstill the valuable and important work that
was being done in the interests of the nation by the staffs
of the Museum and of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.
Although it is satisfactory to the Society to know that that
preposterous proposal has been dropped, the mere fact that
it had been entertained by the Government will give you
some idea of what value and importance they attach to
Entomology. That science has probably formed little or no
part of their education, and they cannot be expected to see
as clearly as you and I how important is the work done by
Entomology, and what great benefit it would be to the State
if it were properly encouraged, assisted, and organised in its
service. There are many and various ways in which Ento-
mology has already proved itself to be of great use to the
State, and the possibilities for the future are also great.
This whole subject deserves your serious consideration, and
I very much regret that I have not come prepared to deal

ves

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(\ sczxam, ~)

with it further this evening, but I hope to be able to return
to it on some future océasion.

And now, Gentlemen, I must thank you not only for the
patience with which you have listened to me to-night, but
also for the great indulgence which you have been so ready
to extend to me at all times during my past year of office.
It is a year that I shall be able to remember always with a
deep sense of gratitude to the Fellows of the Society.

a ( ‘exxiv /)

GENERAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures vefer to the payes of the ‘ Transactions’; the Reman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’

The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Aberrant, wasp, exhibited, xlix; Geometrid moths from East Lothian,
exhibited, Ixxvi; Himera pennaria, exhibited, lxxvi.

Acraea quirina, emission of fluid from the antennae of, Ixix.

Africa, observations on Fossors in East, xli; on a collection of Lepidoptera
made in East, xlvi, 322; synaposematic series of Lycid beetles of
9 species taken on one plant in one day in late German East, exhibited,
lvii; in burying its spider prey, method adopted by the Pompilid Bato-
zonus fuliginosus, exhibited, lix; dragonfly-like Asilid fly of genus
Lasiocnemus from East, exhibited, lx; observations on the mimetic
females of Papilio dardanus in late German East, lxv; of the genus
Sarangesa resting in holes in the ground, further observations on
Hesperidae from, 1xvii.

Agriades thetis and other Lycaenids, condition of scales in leaden males of,
xvi, 165.

Agrias claudia, local forms of, exhibited, iv.

America, on new and little-known Laygriidae from South, xvi, 169; deserip-
tions of Micro-Lepidoptera from South, 1.

Ammophila sabulosa, variation in, exhibited, xiii.

Ant, spider mimic of, exhibited, Ixxvi.

Antennae of closely related species, noticeable difference in, exhibited, xciii.

Apanteles glomeratus, hyper-parasites on, exhibited, xlviii.

Aphidae, parasites and hyper-parasites of, exhibited, lv.

Batozonus fuliginosus in burying its spider prey, method adopted by the
African Pompilid, exhibited, lix.

Beetle, Death-watch, xvii, xviii, xxiii; very rare British, exhibited, 1; living
Dermestid larvae, exhibited, 1; synaposematic series of Lycid beetles of
9 species taken on one plant in one day in late German East Africa,
exhibited, lvii; very ancient, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Birds, capturing butterflies on the wing at Oxford, xxix ; are rarely witnessed,
observation explaining why attacks on butterflies by, Lxii.

Brazil, predaceous Reduviid bugs and Fossors, with their prey, from the
S. Paulo district of South-East, exhibited, xxxiv.

a ae a a

( Gxx¥e )

British, Rhopalocera, exhibited, iv; Eluter, new, exhibited, xvii; Siricids,
- photographs of ovipositors of three, exhibited, xxi; Cecidomyzdae, with
special reference to the Northern Gall-flies, preliminary catalogue of,
xxiv, 346; Coccids, two new, exhibited, xxiv; beetle, very rare, exhi-
bited, 1; specimen of Wotodonta bicoloria, exhibited, 1; Chrysophanus
dispar var. rutilus, exhibited, Ixxii.

British Guiana, notes on butterfly migrations in, xvi, 154; Hymenoptera
(exclusive of the Mormicidae), notes on some, 297.

British Museum, new species of Hymenoptera in the, 53.

Butterflies, note on mimicry in Oriental, ix; in British Guiana, notes on
migrations of, xvi, 154; supposed hybrid, exhibited, xvi; resemblance in,
mimetic and non-mimetic, exhibited, xxviii; on the wing captured by
birds at Oxford, xxix ; taken in East Africa, on a collection of, xlvi, 322;
nuptial flight of, exhibited, li; by birds are rarely witnessed, observation
explaining why attacks on, lxii; in midst of dry season, suggested ex-
planation of wet-season forms of, Ixiii; another independent observation
of the “false head” in, Ixv.

Bye-law, new, read, i; special meeting to consider, viii,

Caligo, genitalia of certain species of, exhibited, xix.

Caraphractus cinctus taken at Oxford in 1917, lxxxiv. :

Cecitdomyidae, with special reference to the Northern Gall-flies, preliminary
catalogue of British, xxiv, 346.

Cetoniidae, from British India, new, exhibited, xiv ; additions to knowledge
of, xvi, 102; from Madagascar, exhibited, xix.

Chaerocampa elpenor, larva of, exhibited, xci.

Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus, British, exhibited, lxxii.

Coccids, two new British, exhibited, xxiv.

Coleoptera, on unusual food-plants, exhibited, xlvi; of the Families Osto-
midae, Monotomidae, Colydiidae and Notiophysidae from the Seychelles
and Aldabra Islands, xciv.

Colydiidae and Notiophysidae from the Seychelles and Aldabra Islands,
Coleoptera of the Families Ostomidae, Monotomidae, xciv.

Council, death of member of, announced, viii ; nomination of, Ixxv.

Dawn, reappearance of sunset insects at, xvii.

Death-watch beetles, xvii, xxiii; exhibited, xviii.

Dermestid Beetle, living larvae of, exhibited, 1.

Dicranura vinula, cocoon of, exhibited, 1xxi.

Diptera, with special reference to the Gall-midges of the North of England,
preliminary catalogue of British Ceczdomyidae, xxiv, 346.

Dytiscus marginalis, pupation of, exhibited, |xxiii.

East Lothian, aberrations of Geometrid moths from, exhibited, Ixxvi.

Elater, new British, exhibited, xvii.

Fellows, election of, i, xvi, xviii, xix, xxiv, xlvi, xlviii, li, Ixxii, xxv; interned
in Germany, letter from, xlv.

Food-plants, Coleoptera on unusual, exhibited, xlvi.

Formicidae, notes on some British Guiana Hymenoptera, exclusive of the,
297.

Fossors, with their prey, from the 8. Paulo district of South-East Brazil,

predaceous Reduviid bugs and, exhibited, xxxiv; in Hast Africa, observa-
tions on, xli.

al (" cien’ )

Frey-Gessner, Dr. Emil, notice of death of, xlvi.

Gall-flies, preliminary catalogue of British Cee¢domyidae, with special
reference to the Northern, xxiv, 346.

Genitalia of certain species of Caligo, exhibited, xix.

Geometrid moths from East Lothian, aberrations of, exhibited, Ixxvi.

Geotrupes typhoeus, pupation of, exhibited, xe.

Germany, letter from Fellow interned in, xlv.

Gibbs, A. E., notice of death of, viii.

Hemiptera, South Indian, exhibited, viii.

Hesperidae of the genus Sarangesa resting in holes in the ground, further
observations on African, Ixvii; salt probably sought by, xxvii.

Heterocera from Madagascar, new and little-known, xxiv, 85,

Himera pennarta, dark aberration of, exhibited, Ixxvi.

Honorary Fellow, death of, xlvi; nomination of, lxxv.

Hymenoptera, in the British Museum, new species of, 53; (exclusive of the
Formicidae), notes on some British Guiana, 297.

India, Hemiptera from South, exhibited, viii; new Cetondidae from British,
exhibited, xiv; additions to knowledge of Cetoniidae of British, xvi, 102;
Papilio polytes romulus from extreme south of, exhibited, xxx.

Insect life in Mesopotamia, conditions of, lxxvi.

Lagriidae from South America, on new and little-known, xvi, 169.

Lastocnemus, Kast African dragonfly-like Asilid fly of genus, exhibited, Ix.

Lepidoptera, from Salonica, exhibited, ii; made in East Africa, on a collection
of, xlvi, 322; further notes on recapitulatory attitudes in, xlvii, 338; on
the protocerebrum of J/icropteryx, 112.

Lycaena arion, bred, exhibited, lv.

Lycaenidae, investigations into the life-histories of South Nigerian, xi.

Madagascar, Cetont/dae from, exhibited, xix; new and little-known Heterocera
from, xxiv, 85.

Megaponera foetens, spider attacking the fierce Ponerine ant, exhibited, Ix.

Mendelian Heredity in relation to selection, two papers on, Ixxxv.

Mesopotamia, conditions of insect life in, lxxvi.

Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of South American, 1.

MMicropteryx (Lepidoptera), on the protocerebrum of, 112.

Microscope, gift of, xv.

Migrations of butterflies in British Guiana, notes on, xvi, 154.

Mimicry, in Oriental butterflies, note on, ix; resemblance in butterflies,
mimetic and non-mimetic, exhibited, xxviii; another independent obser-
vation of the “false head” in butterflies, Ixv; observations on the
mimetic females of Papilio dardanus in late German East Africa, Ixv ;
of ant by spider, exhibited, Ixxvi ; in certain butterflies of New Guinea,
exhibited, xci.

Monotomidae, Colydiidae and Notiophysidae from the Seychelles and Aldabra
Islands, Coleoptera of the Families Ostomidae, xciv.

Morpho adonis and M, eugenia distinct species, exhibited, xxv; new sub-
species of J, rh.tenor, exhibited, xlviii.

Mymarid Caraphractus cinctus taken at Oxford in 1917, Ixxxiv.

New Guinea, mimicry in certain butterflies of, exhibited, xci.

Nigeria, investigations into the life-histories of Zycaenidae from South,
1xi.

( cxevil )

Notiophysidae from the Seychelles and Aldabra Islands, Coleoptera of the
Families Ostomidae, Monotomidae, Colydiidae and, xciv.

Notodonta bicoloria, British specimen of, exhibited, 1.

Nuptial flight of butterflies, exhibited, li.

Obituary. C.O.Waterhouse,i; A. E. Gibbs, viii; Dr. Emil Frey-Gessner, xlvi.

Officers, nomination of, Ixxii, Ixxv.

Ostomidae, Monotomidae, Colydiidae and Notiophysidae from the Seychelles
and Aldabra Islands, Coleoptera of the Families, xciv.

Ovipositors of three Siricids occurring in Britain, photographs of, exhibited,
XXxi.

Oxford in 1917, the Mymarid Caraphractus cinctus taken at, |xxxiv.

Papilio priamus, exhibited, xviii; forms of P. polytes romulus from Singa-
pore, exhibited, xxx; description of a new form of P. dardanus, 322 ;
observations on the mimetic females of P. dardanus in late German East
Africa, Ixv ; P. polytes romulus from extreme south of India aud from
mainland opposite Singapore Island, exhibited, xxx.

Parasites, on Apanteles ylomeratus, hyper-, exhibited, xlviii; and hyper-para-
sites of Aphidae, exhibited, lv; Chalcid parasite of Vanessa urticae
waiting beside the larva preparing for pupation, exhibited ; golden pupae
not caused by parasitism, lvi.

Pediculus capitis and P, humanus, further note dealing with question of
specific identity of, v,

Pierinae, on a collection of butterflies taken in East Africa, with notes on
the, 322.

President, death of former, announced, i.

Pteronus sertifer, note on oviposition of sawfly, 1.

Pupation, of Dytiscus marginal’s, exhibited, lxxiii; of Geotrupes typhoeus,
exhibited, xc.

Leduviid bugs and Fossors, with their prey, from the 8. Paulo district of
South-East Brazil, predaceous, exhibited, xxxiv.

Rhopalocera, British, exhibited, iv.

Salonica, Lepidoptera from, exhibited, ii.

Salt probably sought by the Hesper7dae, \xxvii.

Sarangesa resting in holes in the ground, further observations on African
Hesperidae of the genus, lxvii.

Sawfly, larvae, photographs of, xlvii; Pteronus sertifer, note on oviposition
of, 1; with ‘“ palisade,” larva of, exhibited, lxix.

Scales in Jeaden males of Agriades thetis and other Lycaenids, condition of,
xvi, 165.

Seychelles and Aldabra Islands, Coleoptera of the Families Ostomidue, Iono-
tomidae, Colydiidae and Notiophysidae from the, xciv.

Singapore Island and the mainland opposite, forms of Papilio polytes romulus
from, exhibited, xxx, ]xxx; descriptions of new species of Staphylinidae
from, xciv.

Siricids occurring in Britain, photographs of ovipositors of three, exhibited,
ee.

Special meeting to consider new bye-law, viii.

Spider, prey, method adopted by the African Pompilid Batozonus fuliginosus
in burying its, exhibited, lix; attacking the fierce Ponerine ant JJeya-
ponera foetens, exhibited, lx; mimic of ant, exhibited, lxxvi.

@# cxxviii j

Ce, -»: : SS: * 3
Staph¥li hidae from Singapore, descriptions of new species of, xciv.

Steyomyia fasciata, ova of, exhibited, xviii.

Sunset insects at dawn, reappearance of, xvii.

Tarucus, revision of genus, xviii, 269.

Temperature at which insect life destroyed, xiv.

Tinea, discussion as to generic name, ]xxi, xciv.

Vanessa urticae, Chalcid parasite of, waiting beside the larva preparing for
pupation, exhibited, lvi.

Vice-Presidents, nomination of,i.

Wasp, aberrant, exhibited, xlix.

Waterhouse, C. O., notice of death of, 1.

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SPECIAL

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INDEX.

>; the Roman numerals

to the pages of the * Proceedings,

abdominalis (Anthicus), 256
a (Statira), 256, 267

abietiperda (Perrisia), 364, 413
abietis (Adelges), 389, 420

,, (Aphidoletes), 389, 415
abnormis (Huphina), xcii
abrotani (Misopatha), 351, 412
abruptaria (Hemerophila), 342
absoluta (Phthorimaea), 44
acanthomera (Statira), 177,
acerata (Acraea), 328

», f. tenella (Acraea), 328

,, ft. vinidia (Acraea), 328

266

acercrispans (Perrisia), 364, 413
se var. rubella (Perrisia),
364, 413

aceris (Atrichosema), 397, 416

>, (Campylomyza), 403
acetosae (Contarinia), 391, 415
acheloia (Byblia), 331

as f. vulgaris (Byblia), 331

achilleae (Rhopalomyia), 351, 412 .
achlys (Euryphura), 330
Acidalia, 341
Acraea, 330
Acraeinae, 325
acrita manea (Acraea), 326, 327

H », f. lidica (Acraea), 326
acrophila (Perrisia), 364, 413
acuta (Chiloloba), 103
acutipennalis (Sylepta), 9
Adelges, 420
adippe (Argynnis), liv
adonis (Monedula), xxxviii

», (Morpho), xxv, xxvi,

XXViil

»» adonis (Morpho), xxvii

» intermedia (Morpho), xxvii

>» race major (Morpho), xxvii

»» (Papilio), xxvi

(Stictia), xxxvili

aegrota (Statira), 202, 266

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1917

XXVil,

aeneomarginata (Statira), 226, 266
aeneotincta (Statira), 212, 225

| aequorea (Recurvaria), 39

| aerata (Protaetia), 111

| aerobatica (Cacoecia), 7

| aeruginosum (Temnosomia), 298

aesculi (Zeuzera), iii
affinis (Perrisia), 364, 413
agamemnon (Papilio), Ixxxiii
aganice (Planema), lxix
» montana (Planema), 329
Agaristidae, xxix
agatha (Neptis), 331
agathina (Mylothris), 335
Agathinae, 320
agathon race phryxe (Aporia), Xi, xii
agestor (Papilio), ix, x, xi, xii, xiii
> govindra (Papilio), 1X5) x, Xl
aglea (Danais), x
Agra, 169, 171, 182, 200, 207.
agraeformis (Statira), 171, 182
agroides (Statira), 179, 180, 181, 182,
266

53 (Statyra), 180
ahrimanes (Anoplius), 69

a (Psammochares), 69
albimacula (Argyroploce), 27
albimaculata (Amauris), 324
albipennis (Lasioptera), 349, 411

: (Rhabdophaga), 360, 413
albitarse (Trypoxylon), 317
albofasciata (Statira), 257, 258
alboguttata (Anatona), 105, 110

5 (Protaetia), 103
albolineata (Statira), 170, 266
albomacula (Singara), 96
alboterminalis (Filodes), 98
alcibiades (Papilio), xxx
aleon (Lycaena), lv
Allodiplosis, 399, 416
alni (Perrisia), 364, 413
alopecuri (Oligotrophus), 352, 412

I

(

alpina (Perrisia), 364, 413
alteratus (T'arucus), 272, 280, 281
altisona (Phthorimaea), 46
aluminias (Capua), 6
Amallectis, 1
amalthea (Melipona), 306
Amathusiidae, xxix
Amauris, lxvi
Amblyspatha, 403, 417
americana (Periplaneta), 320
amethystina (Pepsis), 313
ametina (Tachytes), 316
Ametrodiplosis, 402, 416
amicalis (Glyphodes), 100
Ammophila, xiv, xxxvi, XXXvili
amoena (Statira), 194, 195, 266
amoenulus (Anoplius), 73

Ar (Psammochares), 73
amoenus (Lopholyeus), lviii

PS (Lycus), I viii

ampliatus (Lyeus), lviii
Ampulicinae, 80
Anabremia, 390, 415
anacardii (Salamis), 332
anacreon (Acraea), 327
anacreontica (Acraea), 327
bomba (Acraea), 327

or es f. induna (Acraea),
327
analis (Euglossa), 303
;, (Polistes), 306

CXxx )

aparines (Perrisia), 865, 413
Aphidae, ly

Aphididae, 346

Aphidius, ly

Aphidoletes, 389, 415
aphiltra (Aristotelia), 34
Aphis, 390, 420

Apidae, 298

Apiomerus, Xxxv

Apis, xev, xevi, 130, 306
Apoica, 310

appendigaster (Evania), 320
aquatica (Leptura), xevii

| aquilina (Phthorimaea), 44

Avaneus, xxxvi

Arceuthomyia, 352, 412

arcuatipes (Statira), 191,
194, 195, 266

arenacea (Polychrosis), 23

192,. 193,

|arenariae (Dyodiplosis), 398, 416

argenteolineata (Ephutomorpha), 57
argia (Leuceronia), 334

Argiolaus, xi

Argiopidae, 314

argosema (Gelechia), 50

argus (Plebeius), 11

| arion (Lycaena), lv, 167

aristolochiae,
]xxxiil

Aristotelia, 1, 29

armata (Statira), 180, 181, 267

(Papilio), Ixxx, Ixxxi,

ananda (Castalius), 289

% (Tarucus), 270, 273, 289, 291 |
Anatona, xiv, 102
Andreninae, 299
anglica (Perrisia), 364, 413
angustata (Statira), 202
annulata (Chalcis), 320

eo (Statira), 252, 253,

annulatus (Heniartes), xxxv
annulipes (Hartigiola), 356, 385, 414
Anomoxena, 28
Anopheles, Ixxxiv
antalus (Virachola), 333
antennator (Joppa), 321
anthicoides (Statira), 261, 262, 266
var. staudingeri (Statira),

261, 267
Anthicus, 242
anthobia (Contarinia), 391, 415
Anthophorinae, 300
anthracina (Anthobosca), 61
Anthrax, 316
Anthrenus, 191
Antichira, 397, 416
Antichiridium, 397, 416
antillarum (Statira), 280, 267
antilope antilope (Precis), 333

266

2?

|

arnoldi (Elis), 63
,, (Mesa), 63
Arnoldia, 360, 412

arrecta (Capua), 5

arrowi (Clerota), 106, 107

_ artemis (Austrosalius), 76

,, (Ferreolomorpha), 76
Arthroecnodax, 389, 415
Arthromacra, 263
artipars (Phlegetonia), 92

| arundinis (Lasioptera), 349, 411

Asaphes, ly
Asilidae, xli
_aspasia (Cyphononys), 78, 80
,, (Mygnimia), 78
_asperata (Statira), 230, 233, 240, 266
Asphondylariae, 385, 414
Asphondylia, 386, 414
assimilis ( (Ampulex), 81
'_ Astata, XXXVil, XXXVill
| astrarche (Polyommatus), ii
asymmetrica (Statira), 171,
266
| Asynapta, 402
atalanta Evrae); ii, lvi
atalodes (Eulia), 9
atavus Capel 69

190, 191,
|

|

(. oxasy )

atavus (Psammochares), 69
aterrima (Phymatocera), xxii
atomaria (Ematurga), ili
atricapilla (Eucosma), 21
Atrichosema, 397, 416 °
atricollis (Statira), 256, 267
atrifascis (Phthorimaea), 45
Atylodiplosis, 402, 416
aucupariae (Perrisia), 365, 413
Augochlora, 299
aulonota (Aristotelia), 30
aurantiaria (Hybernia), xciii, xciv
aureopicta (Eutelia), 91
aureosericeus (Hemipepsis), 80
aureotinctalis (Pyrausta), 100
auronotata (Clinteria), 111
auroraria (Hyria), xvii
aurulenta (Xylocopa), 300
australasiae (Hemipepsis), 78, 80
- (Mygnimia), 80
Austrosalius, 75, 76
autumnaria (Ennomos), ]xxvi
avenae (Mayetiola), 356, 412
avis (Callophrys), xvi, xvii
axillaris (Perrisia), 365, 413
aztecum (Eiphosoma), 321
bagdadensis (Aethiessa), 102
Baldratia, 350, 411
balkanica (Tarucus), 272, 275, 276,
277, 278, 279, 281, 287,
288
oe areshana (Tarucus),
278
ballotae (Perrisia), 365, 413
barbata (Xylocopa), 300
barbichei (Contarinia), 391, 415
basiflava (Chelura), xiii
basilicus (Psammochares), 73
basimacula (Cryptochilus), 78
bassianus (Psammochares), 72
batesi (Statira), 183, 266
batillifera (Macronota), 108
Batozonus, 65
baumanni (Charaxes), 330
beckiana (Perrisia), 365, 413
begga (Gorgythion), xxxvili
Belenois, xli, lii, liii, liv, 1xii, ]xiii,
lxiv
bellevoyei (Anabremia), 390, 415
93 (Clinodiplosis), 390
Bembecides, xli
Bembex, xli, xlii, Ix
Bembicinae, 316
Bembidula, 316
bengalensis (Tarucus), 281
beninensis (Ammophila), xlii
berthoudi (Psammochares), 70
Bertieria, 362

277,

| Bethylidae, 53
| betonicae (Clinodiplosis), 400, 416
betulae (Semudobia), 354, 412
betulicola (Contarinia), 391, 415
betulina (Contarinia), 391, 415
bicolor (Campylomyza), 403
», (Statira), 258, 259
bicoloria (Notodonta), 1
bidentatus (Dyscinetus), 312
bifureata (Statira), 253, 254, 266
bilineata (Camptogramma), 1ii
bilineolata var. mObiana (Nectarina),
309
bipunctata (Gonepteronia), 95 ©
Blattidae, xxxvi
bodhisattva (Clerota), 106
boeticus (Polyommatus), 333
Bombinae, 304
Bombus, 3804
Bombyx, xcix, ¢
botularia (Clinodiplosis), 400, 416
bowkeri (Lycaena), 294
»» (Tarucus), 273, 294, 296
Brachyneura, 388, 414
3rachyneurariae, 387, 414
brachyntera (Thecodiplosis), 396, 415
Bracon, xxxv
Braconidae, lv, 318
Braconinae, 318
braesia (Acraea), 325
», braesia (Acraea), 326
os » f. regalis (Acraea), 326
brasilianorum (Xylocopa), 300
brasiliensis (Gorytes), 316
$, (Statira), 250
brassicae (Dasyneura), 365
a5 (Perrisia), 865, 413
», (Pieris), ii, 339, 340
braueri (Geoerypta), 360, 412
Bremia, 389
brevicarinatum (Trypoxylon), 317
brevinervis (Catocha), 403
brevipalpis (Stefaniella), 350, 411
brevipilis (Statira), 263
brigitta (Terias), lv, 333
brisbanensis (Thynnus), 60
brunellae (Perrisia), 365, 413
bryanti (Statira), 240, 241,
266
bryoniae (Perrisia), 366, 413
bucephala (Phalera), 342
budda (Clerota), 107
buddha (Calinaga), x, xiii
», (Papilio), lxxxii, )xxxiii
buquetii (Leuceronia), 334
bursarius (Oligotrophus), 353, 412
buxi (Monarthropalpus), 389, 415
cabira (Acraea), 328

242,

r2

- | CXxXxiil_ )

caelata (Statira), 188, 199
caeruleipennis (Stativa), 217
caeruleotincta (Statira), 211, 212, 216,
217, 218, 266
calamagrostidis (Lasioptera), 350, 411
c-album (Polygonia), iv
caldarena f. neluska (Acraea), 326
caliensis (Statira), 216, 266
Caligo, xix, xx
callaxantha (Baniana), 94
callida (Crocidosema), 18
,, (Lestodiplosis), 398, 416
eallidia (Teracolus), ]xv
callimorpha (EKumenes), 312
ceallinara (Tarucus), 272,
279
oh nigra (Tarueus), 278
callosa (Tachytes), xxxvii
Calophaena, 244
calophaenoides (Statira), 243,
245, 266
calthella (Eriocephala), 114
sr (Micropteryx!, 114
calypso (Augochlora), 299
camerona (Pilodeudorix), 1xi
campanulae (Contarinia), 391, 415
(Miarus), xlvi ;
As (Perrisia), 365, 413
campanulata (Statira), 288, 266
Camponotus, xevi
Campylomyza, 403, 417
Campylomyzariae, 403, 417
canadensis var. amazonicus (Tolistes),
306
canaliculata (Enmenes), 311, 317
canaliculata (Statira), 218, 266
candiope (Charaxes), 330
caphusa (Aporia), x1
capitigena (Perrisia), 366, 413
capitis (Pediculus), v, vi, vii
capnosticha (Tortrix), 8
capreae (Iteomyia), 354, 412
(Lecanium), xxv
» Yar. major (Oligotrophus), 354 |
Capsidae, viii
caracana (Statira), 219, 266
Caraphractus, 1xxxiv
cardamines (Perrisia), 366, 413
cardui (Phaenolauthia), 387, 414
(Pyrameis), 11, Ixxx, 332
», (Trypeta), 387, 418
caricis (Perrisia), 376, 414
», (Trichodiplosis), 397, 416
carnea (Lestremia), 403, 417
carneotincta (Borolia), 88

27

4, 278,

9

9

be)

244, |

| casnonioides (Statira), 170, 173,

| 239, 266

casta (Teracolus), liii, lv

| Castalius, 270, 272, 273

_cataphracta (Argyroploce), 25

, catenata (Statira), 170, 171, 181,

| 187, 188, 192, 193, 266

_Catocha, 403, 417

| Catochrysops, Lxii

Caupolicana, 300

| cavernosa (Statira), 205, 266

cayennensis (Bombus), 304

(Euglossa), 303

ee (Statira), 258, 266

Cecidomyia, 349, 351, 352, 353,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367,
369, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375,
377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382,
384, 385, 388, 395, 396, 399,
403, 416

_Cecidomyiariae, 388, 415

| Cecidomyidae, xxiv, 346, 347, 411

| Cecidomyinae, 348, 411

celaeus (Catochrysops), ]xii

celimene (Teracolus), Ixiv, xv

centaureae (Loewiola), 398, 416

_centralis (Lestodiplosis), 398, 416

Centris, 301

Cerambyx, xevii

Ceraphron, lv

cerastii (Perrisia), 366, 413

Cerceris, XXX vil, Xxxviii, 316

cervus (Goliathopsis), 110, 111

Cetoniidae, xiv, xvi, xix, 102, 103

Cetoniinae, 109

Chalcididae, lv, 320

Chalcidinae, 320

237,

182,

|
”

354,
361,
368,
376,
383,
402,

| Chalcis, 320

chalcoptera (Statira), 205, 266
chamaedrys (Perrisia), 384, 414
championi (Statira), 170
chartarius (Chartergus), 309
Charterginus, 309
Chartergus, 309
chelograpta (Cacoecia), 7
Cheloninae, 318
chilo (Acraea), 325
», erystallina (Acraea), 325
chloroptera (Statira), 218, 266
chlorosoma (Pseudagenia), 313
chlorotica (Pepsis), 313
Choristoneura, 349, 411
Chortomyia, 357, 412
chrysanthemi (Clinorrhyncha), 348,
349, 411

carophila (Lasioptera), 850, 411
carpini (Zygobia), 356, 412
Casnonia, 169, 173

Chrysididae, 317
Chrysidinae, 317

Bartel ane a

( oxxxm )

chrysippus (Danaida), 328, 324, 327
x f. albinus (Danaida), 323,
324, 327
f. alcippoides (Danaida),
323, 324
Pe f. alcippus (Danaida), 327
ea f. dorippus (Danaida), 323,
327
Chrysis, 317
chrysonome (Teracolus), 334
chrysothorax (Polybia), 308
cincta (Vespa), XXxix
cinctus (Caraphractus), Ixxxiv
cinerea (Lestremia), 403
cinerearum (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413
cinereum (Trypoxylon), 317
circumducta (Statira), 247, 266
cirsli (Perrisia), 366, 413
cithaeron (Charaxes), 330
clathrata (Fornicia), 318
clathratus {Carabus), xv
Fe (Tarucus), 292, 293, 294
claudia (Agrias), iv
», /. amazonica (Agrias), iv
», f. sahlkei (Agrias), iv
elausilia (Perrisia), 372, 413
clavata (Elis), 62
clavifex (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
clavilineatus (Odynerus), 312
clavipes (Melipona), 304
cleodora (Eronia), 334
Clerota, xiv
Clinodiplosis, 389, 390, 400, 416
Clinorrhyncha, 348, 411
cloanthe (Catacroptera), 332
a obseurior (Catacroptera), 332,
coelestis (Kuchroea), xix
Coelioxynae, 303
Coelioxys, 303
Coelodera, 109
Coilodera, 109
Colaspoides, xxx vii
Colias, liv
colombica (Statira), 257, 267
Colparthrum, 174, 242, 265
commixtus (Cryptocheilus), 78
5) (Cryptochilus), 78
comparata (Pseudagenia), 313
complanula (Lithosia), ii
compositarum (Perrisia), 367, 413
compressicornis (Lygaeonematus),
xlvii, lxix, Ixx
compressiventris (Ampulex), 81
Compsosaris, 37
confector (Cyphononyx), 80
conferta (Epilampra), xxxvi

confirmata (Oxylechia), 39
conflicta (Polyhymno), 51

| confusus (Pterombrus), 64

conigera (Ampulex), 82
coniophaga (Mycodiplosis), 401, 416
connexa (Statira), 242, 266
Conocephaloides, xxxvi
conradti (Dicrogenium), 54
consimilis (Pompilus), 65
es (Psammochares), 65

consona (Gelechia), 50
consonaria (Tephrosia), 342
conspicillata (Statira), 175, 240, 252
constructrix (Polybia), 308
Contarinia, 391, 392, 395, 410, 415
contigua (Ephutomorpha), 54
convexiuscula (Statira), 228, 266
convolvuli (Protoparce), iii
cordata (Euglossa), 302, 515
Corethra, lxxxv
coridon (Agriades), iv
ab. semisyngrapha(Agriades),

Vv
corni (Craneiobia), 356, 412
cornifex (Dishormomyia), 388, 415
corona (Difflugia), Ixxxvii
corrugans (Macrolabis), 359, 412
eoryli (Contarinia), 392, 415

,, (Mikomyia), 354, 412

», (Perrisia), 367, 413
corylina (Perrisia), 367, 413

* (Stictodiplosis), 396, 415

Cosilidae, 53
cosmographa (Aristotelia), 36
cosmoptila (Crocidosema), 17

”

| Cossus, 140

costaricensis (Statira), 170, 175, 176,
177, 266
costipennis (Isodontia), 315
cA (Sphex), 315
Crabro, 84
Crabronidae, 80
Crabroninae, 83
craccae (Contarinia), 392, 415
Craneiobia, 356, 412
crassicornis (Statira), 172, 223
crassinerva (Cyrtodiplosis) 389, 415
crataegi(Aporia), ii
» (Perrisia), 367, 413
crawshayi (Ampulex), 80
Cremastogaster, lxi, 311

| cribriceps (Statira), 259, 260, 266

crinitus (Polistes), 307
croceicollis (Statira), 256
Crocidosema, 1, 16

cruciata (Statira), 254, 266
crucifera (Anthracophora), 102
crustaria (Phthorimaea), 42

| Cryptocheilus, xxxvi, 78, 80

Cryptochilus, 78, 313

+ | CXxXxiv_ )

Cryptosalius, 76

Ctenizidae, xxxvi

cucubali (Contarinia), 392, 415

cuprata (Peronea), 14

cupreotincta (Statira), 215

cupreoviridis (Statira), 207, 208, 209,
266

cupripennis (Statira), 213

cuspidata (Statira), 184, 185, 266

cyaneus (Paururus), xxi, xxii

cyanipennis (Statira), 257, 258, 266

Cyaniris, Ixxx

cyanoptera (Statira), 236, 266

eycladica (Argyroploce), 27

Cyclopides, 337

cydippe (Argynnis), liv

cylindricollis (Statira), 260, 261, 266

cymotoma (Argyroploce), 26

Cynipidae, lv, 346

_ cynthia (Aristotelia), 32

Cyphononyx, 78, 80

Cyrtodiplosis, 389, 415

cyrus (Papilio), xxx,
Ixxxi, Ixxxiii

Cystiphora, 358, 359, 412

cytheraea (Aristotelia), 32

dactylidis (Mayetiola), 356, 412

daedalus (Hamanumida), 331

dallatorreana (Melipona), 306

damocles f. damoclides (Amauris), 324

Danaidae, 323

Danainae, xiii

daphnes (Perrisia), 367, 413

daplidice (Vieris), ii

dardanus (Papilio), 336

f. cenea (Papilio), lxvii

f. hippocoon (Papilio), Ix vi,
Ixvii, 336

polytrophus (Papilio), 336,
337

ool lees,

9?

9

>

“3 tibullus (Papilio), 335, 336,
337
f. lamborni (Pa-
pilio), 335, 336,
337
f. trimeni (Papilio), 336
f. trophonius (Papilio),
Ixvii, 335, 336
darwiniana (Ephutomorpha), 55
Dasyneura, 350
Dasyproctus, 84
davidi (Agalope), xiii
davidis (Calinaga), xiii
decora (Clinteria), 111
decorata (Euglossa), 303
os (Notogonia), xXxxvii
defoliaria (Hybernia), xciii, xciv
degeeri (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413

> pi)

”

>

| dejeani (Chelura), xiii

» (Statira), 214, 266
Delias, xcii, xciii
Deltoidae, 96
densata (Phthorimaea), 42
dentata (Cnephasia), 11
denticulata (Statira), 170, 179
denticulatum (Podium), 315
dentigera (Statira), 178, 266
| dentipes var. flavoscapularis (Lyeus),

lix

9 9?

descriptana (Eucosma), 22
despectus (Goliathopsis), 110, 111-
destructor (Mayetiola), 356, 412
devincta (Amallectis), 1
dharta (Tarucus), 291
diardi (Macronota), 109
Diatraea, 318, 320
Dichelomyia, 362, 368, 384
Dichodiplosis, 400
Dichrona, 389, 415
Dicrogenium, 53
didyma var. occidentalis (Melitaea), ii
didymata ab. cuneigera (Larentia),
Ixxvi ’
Didyomyia, 353
Dielis, 313
Difflugia, Ixxxvi
digna (Eucosma), 22
diluta (Statira), 210, 211, 266
dimidiata (Euglossa), 301
- (Pepsis), 313
a (Polybia), 308
Diplosariae, 388
Diplosine, 392, 400
Diplosis, 389, 390, 394, 397, 398, 399,
400, 405
Dirhiza, 402, 416
discisa (Bembidula), 316
Disema, 264, 266
Dishormomyia, 388, 415
dispar (Chrysophanus), iii, |xxiii
var. rutilus (Chrysophanus), ii,
Ixxii, ]xxiii, 341
dissimilis (Papilio), Ixxxiii
distigma (Statira), 170, 235, 266
distincta (Torynorrhina), 109
A var pilipes (Torynorrhina),
109

2?

distinctissima (Chrysis), 317
diversipes (Ephutomorpha), 55
dives (Diceros), 111

divinatoria (Atropos), Xvii

divisa (Statira), 210, 211, 212, 266
diyllus (Pilodeudorix), ]xi

(° cuxxy* }

doddi (Anoplius), 66
», (Psammochares), 66
dohertyi (Drusillopsis), xxix
dolus var. . vittata (Polyommatus),
166, 167, 168
domestica (Musea), xevii
domesticum (Anobium), xvii, xvili
dominula (Callimorpha), 168
dorsata (Dielis), 313
doryca (Mynes), xcii, xcili
doryenii (Asphondylia), 386, 414
dromioides (Statira), 237, 238, 239,
266
Dromius, 169, 173, 239, 249
Drosophila, Ixxxviii, 1xxxix
dryobathra (Gelechia), 49
dryobia (Macrodiplosis), 399, 416
* (Macrolabis), 402, 421
dryope (Eurytela), 331
» angulata (Eurytela), 331
dryophila (Contarinia), 394, 415
drypetis (Lethe), lxxx
dubia (Cecidomyia), 361, 413
», (Hypolimnas), 332
, f. mima(Hypolimnas), 332
», f. wahlbergi (Hypolimnas), 332
dubiosa (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
duplex (Neocoenyra), 324
dureli (Glycosia), 109
duvivieri (Lycus), lviii, lix
Dyodiplosis, 398, 416
eburata (Gelechia), 50
echeria (Amauris), 324
echinus (Urentius), viii
edusa (Colias), ii, lii
», var. helice (Colias), ii
egaensis (Statira), 234, 266
egeria (Pararge), iv
egina (Acraea), 326
»» areca (Acraea), 326
,, harrisoni (Acraea), 326
Eiphosoma, 321
Elater, xvii
elatus (Pompilus), 73
,, (Psammochares), 73
electo (Colias), 334
elegans (Heterorrhina), 110
(Stativa), 170, 220, 235, 236,
237, 244, 266
elegantula (Statira), 170, 243, 266
Elidinae, 60
eliminata (Sarangesa), Ixvii, xviii
Elis, 63, 313
elpenor (Chaerocampa), xci
elutalis (Pyrausta), 100
encedon (Acraea), 327, 328
» f. alcippina (Acraea), 327
5 f. daira (Acraea), 323, 327

”

encedon f. infuscata (Acraea), 328
e f. lycia (Acraea), 328
enclitica (Phalonia), 3
| Endaphis, 390, 415
engstfeldi (Perrisia), 367, 413
Epeira, xxxvi
Ephedrus, lv
ephoria (Aristotelia), 56
Kphyra, 341
epicaste (Staphylus), xxxviii
Epicharis, 301
Epidosis, 402 :
epilobii (Perrisia), 368, 413
Epinephele, li
Epipaschianae, 97
Episyron, xxxvi, 64, 65, 67
Epitragus, xxxvil
epitricha (Phthorimaea), 47, 48
equatorialis (Acraea), 327
3 anaemia (Acraea), 327
equestris (Haplodiplosis), 399, 416
Eretis, lxviii
ericina (Perrisia), 368, 413
Eriocephala, 112, 114
Eriocrania, 114
Kriophyidae, 346
eriphia (Herpaenia), liii
eris (Teracolus), lxiv
erithonius (Papilio), Ixxxii
erlaces (Papilio), xxix
eronioides (Chelura), xiii
erubescens (Parapompilus), xxxvi
erycina (Aristotelia), 31
| erythraspis (Evania), 320
erythronota (Anthoboseca), 63
erythropoda (Elis), 62
a (Mesa), 62
= (Plesia), 62
erythrostethus (Pompilus), 74
si (Psammochares), 74
esebria (Acraea), 329
», f. jacksoni (Acraea), 329
,, f. monteironis (Acraea), 329
» f. nubilata (Acraea), 329
» f. protea (Acraea), 329
etheocles (Charaxes), 330
eubyle (Callidryas), 154, 155, 156, 157,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164
Eucera, 300
Eucosma, 16
Eucosmidae, 15
eugenia (Morpho), xxv, xxvi, xxvii
XXViil
33 uraneis (Morpho), xxviii
Euglossa, 301, 302
euglossoides (Melitoma), 301
Eumenes, 311, 312
Eumenidinae, 310

@( cxxxvi ).

euphorbiae (Perrisia), 366
eupompe (Teracolus), Ixy, 334
Euripus, xii
eurydera (Statira), 218, 223, 224, 266
euryxantha (Huphina), xcii
evagore (Teracolus), 334
a f. antigone (Teracolus), 334

evanescens (Statira), 253

Evania, 320
Evaniidae, 320
Evaniinae, 320
evidens (Eucosma), 19
exacta (Phthorimaea), 46
Exaerete, 303
excerpta (Ephutomorpha), 55
exigua (Statira), 256
eximia (Caupolicana), 300
Exomalopsis, 301
expulsus (Agenioideus). 74
extricatus (Tarucus), 272, 274, 279
on (Argyroploce), 25

fagi (Mikiola), 887, 414
fagineus (Oligotrophus), 353, 412
falcataria (Falearia), 338, 341
falkensteini (Uranothauma), 333
fallax (Dielis), 313
fasciata (Anisoptera), xxxvii
3 (Euglossa), 303
“ (Polybia), 308
55 (Stegomyia), xvill
fasciatus (Plebeius), 292, 293

+. (Tarucus), 292, 293

fastidiosuscula var. sampaioi (Polybia), |

308
fastuosa (Cassida), xlvi
fatuellus (Parnara), ]xxvii
favosa (Melipona), 304
fecundator (Andricus), 421
femoralis (Lycus), lviii, lix
»» (Merolyeus), lviii, lix
ferruginea (Statira), 246
festiva (Kucera), 300
», (Statira), 235, 267
figulus (Sceliphron), 315
figurata (Statira), 251, 252, 253, 266
filicina (Perrisia), 368, 413
filicornis (Statira), 261, 262, 266
filipendulae (Perrisia), 383
(Zygaena), lil
fimbriata (Xylocopa), 299
fischeri (Hormomyia), 388, 415
fissiculata (Tortrix), 9
fistulare (Sceliphron), 302, 314
flava (Cecidomyia), 399, 416
flavicornis (Allotria), lv
Hp (Statira), 213, 228
flavipennis (Melipona), 305
flavipes (Campylomyza), 403

| Fossores,

flavipuncta (Lophocera), 98
flavofasciata (Macronota), 108
(Schistocerca), xxxvili
flavopicta (Elis), 313
flavoscutellatus (Henicospilus), 321
flavosignata (Statira), 175, 177, 266
flavovittata (Statira), 256, 257, 267
flavus (Cyphononyx), 79
flesus (Tagiades), 337
flexilineana (Peronea), 14
florica (Misopatha), 351, 412
floriperda (Perrisia), ee 413
florum (Misopatha), 351, 412
flosculorum (Perrisia), nn 413

| fluctuaria (Cidaria), iii

fluctuata (Melanippe), Ixxvi
fluvialis (Tarucus), 292, 293
foetens (Megaponera), Ix
foliorum (Misopatha), 351, 412

forestan (Rhopalocampta), Ixsvii,
Ixxviii
Forficula, 124, 134

Formica, xevi
formosa (Danaida), 323

a (Statira), 196, 266
fornicata (Pseudatteria), 6
Fornicia, 318
fortispinus (Lasiophorus), 318
312
foveicollis (Statira), 236

| fragilicornis (Othryades), 202
| fraxinea (Dasyneura), 368

», (Perrisia), 368, 413
fraxinella (Arthroenodax), 389, 415
fraxini (Eriophyes), 389, 419

» (Perrisia), 368, 400, 415, 419
freya (Teriomima), 333
frireni (Hormomyia), 388,
frontalis (Pompilus), 70

= (Psammochares), 66, 70

es (Sphex), 70
fructuum (Perrisia), 368, 413

415

_fugax (Trypoxylon), 317
| Fulgoridae, ix

fuliginosus var. sepulchralis (Batozo-
nus), lix
fulva (Statira), 229, 230, 266
fulvicollis (Anthicus), 256
5 (Statira), 256, 257, 258, 266
as var. discoidalis (Statira),
256, 257, 267
fulvitars's (Stenocerus), XxXxv
fulvofasciata (Polybia), 307
fulvomaculata (Smicra), 320-
fusca (Lestremia), 404, 417
» (Sibine), 318
» (statira), 177
fuscicornis (Polybia), 308

LS

( sox==wi )

fuscipalpis (Megarhogas), 320
fuscipennis (Anthicus), 256
ds (Statira), 256, 267

fuscitarsis (Statira), 192, 1938, 266
galbanea (Phalonia), 2
galeobdolontis (Perrisia), 369, 413
galii (Perrisia), 369, 413

» (Trotteria), 349, 411
galiicola (Perrisia), 369, 413
galiorum (Schizomyia), 385, 414
gallarum (Dichrona), 389, 415
Galleriadae, xeviii

galliperda (Parallelodiplosis), 400, 416 |

gamma (Plusia), ii
Gasteracanthinae, 314
gautama (Calinaga), xii
gei (Contarinia), 392, 415
gelatella (Tinea), xcix
Gelechiadae, 28
geminata (Joppa), 321
gemmata (Statira), 179, 267
a (Statyra), 189

gemmifer (Statira), 171, 179, 182, 266
geniculata (Statira), 170, 171, 179, 187,

188, 189, 190, 196, 266
genistae (Asphondylia), 386, 414
genistamtorquens (Perrisia), 369, 413
genisticola (Perrisia), 369, 413
gentianae (Perrisia), 370, 413
Geocrypta, 360, 412
Geometridae, xxix, 85
Geotrupes, Xci
geranii (Dasyneura), 370, 406

5, (Perrisia), 370, 406, 413
germanica (Vespa), xlix
gerstiickeri (Colparthrum), 246
giardi (Zeuxidiplosis), 397, 416
giardiana (Thecodiplosis), 397

= (Zeuxidiplosis), 397, 416

gidica (Belenois), liv
gigas (Sirex), xxii

», (Zethus), 312
giraudi (Perrisia), 376, 414
giraudiana (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
glabrata (Statira), 170, 179, 208, 209
glabricollis (Pterombrus), 64
gladiata (Polyhymno), 51
glechomae (Perrisia), 371, 413
globifera (Campylomyza), 403, 417
globosa (Exomalopsis), 301
glomeratus (Apanteles), xlvill
gloriosa (Hypocalymnia), 90
Glossina, xli, xlii
glyciphylli (Perrisia), 371, 876, 413
goeldii (Polistes), 306
Gorytes, 316
Gorytinae, 316
goyasensis (Statira), 254

gracilis (Statira), 264, 265, 266
graminea (Augochlora), 299
grammica (Coscinia), iii
ne (Lycaenesthes), 283, 284
- (Tarucus), 272, 283
grandis (Hormomyia), 388, 415
», (Ommatothelxis), xxix
granifex (Pseudhormomyia), 898, 416
gratiosa (Statira), 213, 214, 221, 266
gravida (Monedula), xxxviii
», (Stictia), xxxviii
gregalis (Phthorimaea), 43
grisealis (Filodes), 98
griseata (Perigea), 83
griseicollis (Cecidomyia), 361, 413
grossulariata (Abraxas), ili
Gryllodes, xxxvii

| Gryllus, xxxvii
| guianae (Melipona), 305

guianense (Rhopalosoma), 313
guttatus (Parnara), Ixxvili
Hadrobremia, 390, 415
Haematopota, xli
Haemonia, 175, 266
haemonioides (Statira), 265, 266
haitiensis (Statira), 255, 266
halimede (Teracolus), 334
halterata (Campylomyza), 403
Hapalosaris, 37
Haplodiplosis, 399, 416
Harmandia, 391, 400, 416
harmodius (Papilio), xxix
harona (Oxypalpus), xli
harrisi (Euploea), xii
hartigi (Oligotrophus), 353, 412
Hartigiola, 385, 414
hector (Papilio), xxxili, Ixxx, ]xxvxi,

Ixxxiil
helianthemi (Contarinia), 392, 415
Heliconidae, xxxix
helioxantha (Amorbia), 12
hellwigi (Chortomyia), 357 412
Hemipepsis, 80
Henicospilus, 321
heraclei (Contarinia), 392, 415
Hesperidae, xxxviii, xli, Ixxx, 337
heterobia (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
Heterocera, xevili
heterochroa (Elis), 61

3 (Mesa), 61

heterogamia (Elis), 62
Heteromallus, xxxvi
Heteropezinae, 404
Hewitsonia, ]xi
hiarbas (Eurytela), 331

», lita (Eurytela), 331
hieracii (Cystiphora), 358, 412

», (Macrolabis), 359, 412

@ ( cxxxviii )

hindei (Leucochitonea), xli
hippocrepidis (Macrolabis), 359, 412
hirtella (Epicometis), 103
histrio (Statyra), 175, 267
holei (Mayetiola), 356, 412
holosteae (Perrisia), 371, 413
homophyla (Tortrix), 8
honorius (Epitola), Lxi
hopei (Euploea), xii
hordei (Mayetiola), 357, 412
Hormomyia, 353, 388, 398, 415
humanus (Pediculus), v, vi, vii
humeralis (Statira), 230
humilis (Agenioideus), 75
Huphina, xcii
hyalina (Dielis), 313
Hyantis, xxix
hyblaeoides (Blenina), 92
hygrophila (Perrisia), 372, 413
Hymenoptera, 297, 298, 311
hyperici (Perrisia), 3872, 413
hypochoeridis (Stictodiplosis), 396,415
icarus (Polyommatus), ii, iv, 167
ichneumoneus (Sphex), xxxvi, 815
Ichneumonidae, 321
Ichneumoninae, 321
Idiops, xxxvi, xl
ignorata (Perrisia), 372, 413
ilicis var. cerri (Nordmannia), ii
» (Lhecla), ii
ilioneus ilioneus (Caligo), 320
ilithyia (Byblia), xii, 331
illaqueata (Capua), 6
illuminata (Sparganothis), 13
illunaria (Selenia), 343, 345
illustraria (Selenia), 343, 344
imitator (Cerceris), xxxvii
imminens (Spilonota), 15
impavida (Potosia), 103
‘ (Protaetia), 103
impendens (Crocidosema), 17
impolita (Argyroploce), 28
impressipennis (Statira),
207, 210, 266
inchbaldiana (Perrisia), 372, 413
incisicollis (Statira), 249, 266
inclusa (Perrisia), 872, 413
inconstans (Statira), 212
incusa (Cnephasia), 12
infernalis (Montezumia), 311
infumata (Scoriopsis), xxix
infundibuliformis (Montezumia), 311
ingens (Statira), 170, 218
insignis (Acraea), 325
», Siginna (Acraea), 325
insularis (Statira), 217, 228, 229, 266
interrupta (Melipona), 304
interruptecostata (Statira), 180

171, 206,

intrepida (Cyphononyx), 80
involuta (Phthorimaea), 47
io (Vanessa), ii

| Iphianlax, 318

lridopsis, }xi
irina (Synoeca), 310
irma (Delias), xcii
irregularis (Statira), 257
isogrammata (Tephroclystis), 342
iteobia (Perrisia), 361

,, (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
Iteomyia, 354, 412
Ithomiinae, xxxix
Itoplectis, 321
jacobaeae (Stictodiplosis), 396, 415
Janetiella, 355, 407, 412°
jason (Papilio), xxx
Jassidae, xxxv, lxi
jermyni (Parhestina), xi, xii
joannisi (Mayetiola), 357, 412
jobaea (Nepheronia), xciii
johnstoni (Acraea), 329

oi f. confusa (Acraea), 329

Joppa, 321
jucunda (Pepsis), 313
junci (Uromyces), 401, 420
juniperina (Lestremia), 404, 417
juniperinus (Oligotrophus), 352, 412
jurinei (Polybia), 308
jurtina (Epinephele), iii, lii

| juvencus (Paururus), xxi, xxii

karschi (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
kellneri ( Perrisia), 373, 413
kiefferi (Perrisia), 373, 413

| Kietferia, 385, 414

kiefferiana (Perrisia), 373, 413
kivuensis (Acraea), 326

klugi (Clinteria), 111
(Rhabdophaga), 362, 413

99

_klugii (Euploea), xii

kneuckeri (Hormomyia), 388, 415
kristenseni (Ampulex), 81
kurandensis (Anoplius), 64
5 (Episyron), 64

labiatus (Mischocyttarus), 310
labilis (Pompilus), 72

5, (Psammochares), 72, 73
laboriosa (Protopolybia), 308
labrosa (Centris), 301
Lachnocnema, Ixi
lacticoma (Gelechia), 48

| laelius (Sarangesa), ]xvii, Ixviii

laevinodis (Myrmica), lv
laeviuseuli (Xenodiplosis), 399, 416
laeviusculus (Neuroterus), 399, 420

| Lagria, 170

Lagriidae, xvi

lamii (Perrisia), 373, 413

Lampides, 270
lanata (Megachile), 303
langeni (Dichodiplosis), 400
lanipes (Apiomerus), xxxv
», (Centris), 301
lara (Delias), xcii
laricis ( Perrisia), 373, 413
larissa (Melanargia), iii
Larra, 316
Larrinae, 316
Lasiocnemus, lx
Lasiophorus, 318
Lasioptera, 349, 350, 410, 411
Lasiopterariae, 348, 411
Lasiopteryx, 387
Lasiothyris, 4
lateralis (Statira), 211, 212, 216, 225,
226, 227, 266
laterella (Cecidomyia), 399, 416
latevittata (Statira), 223, 224, 266
lathonia (Issoria), ii
lathyri (Contarinia), 392, 415
», (Perrisia), 373, 413
lathyricola (Perrisia), 373, 413
laticollis (Statira), 179, 197, 198, 199,
217, 219, 266
latipes (Catocha), 403, 417
Lecanium, xxiv
lecheguana (Nectarina), 309
leda (Kronia), 334
,, (Physcaeneura), 324
leilus (Cydimon), 155
», (Urania), 155
lemeei (Janetiella), 355, 412
lemolea (Spalgis), 333
lenta (Phthorimaea), 41
lenticularis (Neurotus), 400, 421
leonidas leonidas (Papilio), 335
leontodontis (Cystiphora), 358, 412
leopardus (Tarucus), 292, 293
lepidohirtus (Anoplius), 64
By (Episyron), 64
Lepidoptera, xcviii, xcix, 124, 1
140, 320, 322
lepricuri (Montezumia), 310
Leptura, xevii
Lestodiplosis, 398, 416
Lestremia, 403, 417
Lestremiariae, 403, 417
Lestreminae, 346, 403, 417
leucanthemi (Clinorrhyncha), 349, 411
leucomelas (Sindris), 98
leucomesana (Eucosma), 23
leucophaea (Lestremia), 404, 417
leucopicta (Trachea), 90
levana (Araschnia), xxvi
gen. aest. prorsa (Araschnia),
XXvi

Als

9

CXEx1x) )

libera (Perrisia), 374, 413
liebeli (Monodiplosis), 402, 416
lignea (‘Tortrix), 9
ligustri (Schizomyia), 385, 409, 414
», (Sphinx), xcix, c
lilaciua (Stauropus), 85
limatula (Lasiothyris), 4
limniace ( Danais), xii
limnoria taveta (Precis), 333
limpidus (Anoplius), 67
(Episyron), 67
;, (Psammochares), 67, 68
linariae (Contarinia), 393, 415
lineata (Melipona), 305
lithargyroides (Borolia), 89
lithospermi (Perrisia), 374, 414
litigiosa (Gelechia), 49
livida (Amphipyra), iii
lobitarsis (Megachile), 303
Locustidae, xxxvi
loewianus (Oligotrophus), 353, 412
Loewiola, 398, 416
longiceps (Statira), 180, 181, 266
longicollis (Statira), 186, 187, 191,
200, 266
longicornis (Eucera), xev
longimana (Centris), 501
longipes (Porricondyla), 402, 416
longiventris (Clinodiplosis), 390, 415
Pe (Hadrobremia), 390, 415
; lonicerearum (Contarinia), 390
EA (Syndiplosis), 390, 415
Lophocera, 98
loquax (Phthorimaea), 45
lotharingiae (Perrisia), 374, 413
loti (Contarinia), 395, 415
», (Perrisia), 374, 413
loticola (Perrisia), 374, 413
louisae (Tarucus), 284
lucretia expansa (Pseudacraea), 332
luctifera (Glycosia), 109
luctuosa (Acointia), iii
lugens (Lasiocnemus), Lxi
lunaria (Ennomos), 344
lunulata (Statira), 251, 252, 267
lupulinae (Asphondylia), 386, 414
iG (Perrisia), 374, 413
lurida (Ephutomorpha), 55
lutea (Cimbex), xlvii
lutosulana (Tortrix), 7
Lycaenidae, lxi, Ixxx, 333
Lycaeninae, 273, 275
lychnidis (Perrisia), 375, 413
Lycidae, lvii
lycoa (Acraea), 329
», f. fallax (Acraea), 329
Lycosa xxxvi
| Lymantriidae, xxix

a?

machaon (Papilio), ii
Macrodiplosis, 399, 416
Macrolabis, 359, 412
Macronota, 109
maculatus (Camponotus), ]xii
a var, melanocnemis (Campo-
notus), Lxi
maculiceps (Henicospilus), 321
maculipes (Pompilus), 75
maindroni (Macronota), 109
major (Henicospilus), 321
(Iteomyia), 354, 412
», (Puceinia), 401, 418
malgassica (Acosmetia), 89
(Daseochaeta), 87

”

ha (Macalla), 97
es (Nigramma), 94
A (Stauropus), 85

ae (Sylepta), 99
mali (Aphis), 389, 420
», (Perrisia), 375, 413
malignus (Austrosalius), 76
< (Salius), 76
malpighii (Perrisia), 375, 413
malvae (Syrichthus), iii
marcus (Morpho), xxvi
marcus (Morpho), xxvii, xxviii
(Papilio), xxvi
», (Zeuxidia), xxvi
margarita (Appias), 162, 163
margaritacea (Belenois), 335
marginalis (Dytiseus), lxxiii
marginatus (Sphex), xliv
marginemtorquens (Perrisia), 362

7”

”

3”
413
marginescriptalis (Pyrausta), 100
maritona (Massaga), xxviii
marshalli (Lyens), Iviii
marsupialis (Putoniella), 398, 416
marteli (Macrolabis), 860, 412
mashuna (Catochrysops), Lxii
Massaga, xxix
massagaria (Hypochrosis), xxix
Massalongia, 401, 416
maura (Mania), iii
maxillosus (Conocephaloides), xxxvi
maximum (Dicrogenium), 53
mayeri (Asphondylia), 886, 414
Mayetiola, 356, 357, 412
mearesi (Macronota), 109
medialis (Statira), 224
medianus (Iphiaulax), 318
mediata (Mutilla), 312
inedicaginis (Contarinia), 3938, 415
ae (Perrisia), 372, 413
mediterranea (Myricomyia), 897, 416
mediterraneae (Tarucus), 281, 288, 289

(Rhabdophaga), 362, |

ex)

)

medon (Aricia), ii
medusa f. alcesta (Nychitona), 335
Megachile, 303
Megachilinae, 303
megaera (Pararge), lil
Megalopta, 299
Megaponera, 1x
Megarhogas, 320
Megistias, xxxvill
melancholicus (Pomipilus), 71
(Psammochares) 71, 72

melanea (Danais), x
melanecta (Eulia), 10
melanocampta (Phthorimaea), 44
melanocephala (Periclista), xlyii

ee (Statira), 229
melanocera (Contarinia), 393, 415
melanoides (Danais), x
melanoleuca (Trigonalys), 317
melanoptera (Statira), 260, 266
melanopus (Asphondylia), 386, 414
meleagris (Statira), 171, 181, 187, 266
Melipona, Ixxvill, 304, B05
Melitoma, 301
mellifera (Apis), 306
mellifiea (Apis), Xxxv
mellonella (Galleria), 306
memnon (Caligo), xix, Xx

SF anaximandrus (Caligo), xx,
XXi
- atlas (Caligo), XIX, XX, XXi
es epimetheus (Caligo), xx, xxi
ce memnon (Caligo), xxi
5 prometheus (Caligo), xix,
XN, KT

menaleas (Polyommatus), 167, 168
mesentina (Belenois), xxx, liv, lxiv,
Ixv, 335

/mesomella (Setina), iii

Metapolybia, 308

metaspilana (Eucosma), 23

mexicanus (Cerceris), 316

(Trachypus), 316

var. lugubris (Zethus), 312

Miastor, 346, 404

micans (Statira), 195, 209, 266

microcephala (Rhomborrhina), 109

a5 var. staudingeri (Rhom-

borrhina), 109

microps (Statira), 235

Micropteryx, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119,
120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 133, 134,
135, 188, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144,
145, 146, 148, 152

miki (Perrisia), 375, 413

mikii (Asphondylia), 386, 393, 414

Mikiola, 387, 414

Mikomyia, 354, 412

”

(ext)

millefolii (Clinorrhyneha), 349, 411
+ (Rhopalomyia), 351, 412
minima (Glyeyphana), 110
minor (Staphylus), xxxviii
Minotaurus, xci
minuscula (Hypoperigea), 87
minutum (Trichogramma), 320
mirza (Azanus), 333
Mischocyttarus, 310
misippus (Hypolimnas), 331
35 f. inavia (Hypolimnas), 323
Misopatha, 351, 412
mitrata (Heterorrhina), 111
modesta (Clinteria), 108
moliniae (Chortomyia), 857, 412
Monarthropalpus, 389, 415
Monedula, 316
Monodiplosis, 402, 416
Montezumia, 310
morbillosa (Statyra), 195, 196, 267
mordax (Phalonia), 4
mori (Bombyx), xcix, ¢
morosella (Acara), 96
morsitans (Glossina), xli
mucronata (Statira), 182, 184, 266
muiri (Psammochares), 67
mulciber (Euploea), xii, xiii
59 (Trepsichrois), xiii
multiformis (Statira), 217
multinotata (Statira), 248, 266
muricatae (Perrisia), 376, 414
musagetes (Lycaenesthes), ]xi
mutata (Melipona), 306
Mutilla, 312
Mutillidae, 54, 312
Mycodiplosis, 401, 416
Mygnimia, 80
Mynes, xcii, xciii
Myricomyia, 397, 416
mysis (Delias), xcii
nais (Euthalia), xii
napi (Pieris), ii, xxx, 340
nara (Lycaena), 273
», (Larucus), 269, 272, 273, 274,
275, 276, 279
nasidens (Odynerus), 312
nasturtii (Contarinia), 393, 415
natalica natalica (Acraea), 327
natans (Polynema), Ixxxiv
neanthes (Charaxes), 330
Nectarina, 309
neglecta (Potosia), 103
a (Protaetia), 103
neobule (Acraea), 325
Neocerata, 350, 411
neophron (Ephaedra), 331
», f. violacea (Ephaedra), 331
Neptis, xxix

nervicola (Perrisia), 376, 414
nervorum (Rhabdophaga), 362, 413
niavius dominicanus (Amauris), xvi,
324
nicolayi (Contarinia), 393, 415
nigella (Statira), 177
nigra (Statira), 183, 199
nigrescens (Pepsis), 313
nigriceps (Montezuimia), 511
< (Spilomicrodus), 320
nigricornis (Henicospilus), 321
nigripennis (Statira), 170
nigrita (Kuglossa), 302
nigroaenea (Statira), 265
nigroapicalis (Statira), 258
nigrocaerulea (Statira), 182, 183, 184,
266
nigropunctata (Epicauta), xxxv
nigrosparsa (Statira), 197
nireus (Papilio), 335
,, lyaeus (Papilio), 335

nitidiventris (Sphex), xxxvi, xxxvill
| nitidum (Trypoxylon), 317
| noctilio (Paururus), xxi, Xx

noctiluca (Cantharis), xevii
(Lampyris), xevii

noduli (Rhabdophaga), 362, 413
nomaea (Argyroploce), 27
Nomineia, 53
nomius (Papilio), 1xxxiii
Notodontidae, 85
Notogonia, xxxvil
nubeculosa (Statira), 210
nursei (Elis), 60

», (Mesa), 60

», (Plesia), 60
Nymphalidae, 325
Nymphalinae, xiii, Ixxxii, 330
obesa (Volucella), xxxviil
obfuscata (Lasiopteryx), 387
obidensis (Polybia), 308
obliquifasciata (Scalmicauda), 86
obscura (Statira), 263
obscuricarinatus (Iphiaulax), 319
occidentalis (Polybia), 307
ocellaris (Thaumatomutilla), 312
ocellatus (Smerinthus), 341
ochlea (Amauris), lxvi, 324
ochrearia (Aspilates), iii
ochreopicta (Scalmicauda), 86
ochreoplagata (Eutelia), 91
octavia (Precis), 332

», f. natalensis (Precis), 332

,, #£. sesamus (Precis), 332
octo (Amyna), 317, 321
octolineata (Statira), 231, 234, 266
Odynerus, 312
Oligotrophariae, 350, 411

@ ( cxiii +)

Oligotrophus, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, | parvula (Borolia), 89

357, 358, 412
olivaceus (Cyphonocephalus), 111
omphalopa (Tholerostola), 40
onobrychidis (Perrisia), 372, 376, 413,
414
ononidis (Asphondylia), 386, 414
= (Contarinia), 393, 415
operta (Eucosma), 20
Ophioninae, 321
oreas (Acraea), 329
,, f. albimaculata (Acraea), 329
oribatis (Aristotelia), 35
orichalcea (Agestrata), 111
orientalis (Protaetia), 111
ormerodi (Amblyspatha), 403, 417
ornata (Acidalia), iii
ornytion (Delias), xcii
ortygia (Eucosma), 22
Othryades, 171
Oxylechia, 39
oxymochla (Polychrosis), 24
Pachymenes, 312
pacificus (Polistes), 306
os (Stizus), 82
pallens (Apoica), 310
pallida (Apoica), 310
ss (Melipona), 304
pallidilineatus (Charterginus), 309
palliditarse (Trypoxylon), 317
pallipes (Pachymenes), 312
pamphilus (Coenonympha), iii
pandiyanus (Cryptosalius), 77
pandora (Chalcis), 320
panteli (Oligotrophus), 352, 412
», (Perrisia), 376, 414
pantherina (Monedula), 316
Panurginae, 299
papaveris (Perrisia), 376, 414
paphia (Aristotelia), 34
», (Dryas), liv
Papilio, Ixvi, xxx, Ixxxi
Papilionidae, 335
Papilioninae, 1xxxiii
papuensis (Episyron), 64
paraensis (Statira), 246, 248, 266
parallela (Mutilla), 312
(Tiphia), 312
rf; (Traumatomutilla), 312
Parallelodiplosis, 400, 416
paramicalis (Glyphodes), 100
Paramoecium, Ixxxvi
parhassus aethiops (Salamis), 332
parmeno (Gnophodes), 324
Be diversa (Gnophodes), 324
Parnara, lxxix
Parnassius, xii
parsimon (Catochrysops), Lxi

”

»> (Chrysis), 317
patricia (Catochrysops), ]xii
Paururus, xxi
pavo (Caligo), xix, xx
pectinata (Stictoptera), 91
peculiaris (Catochrysops), )xii
pediculata (Metapolybia), 308
pellionella (Tinea), xcix, ci
| pennaria (Himera), Ixxvi
pentadora (Gelechia), 51
Pepsinae, 313
Pepsis, Xxxv, xxxvi, xl, 313
perenna (Acraea), 329

» f. thesprio (Acraea), 329

pertidiosa (Phthorimaea), 41
perfidus (Endaphis), 390, 415
perforata (Statira), 262, 263, 266
perfossa (Aristotelia), 33
periclymeni (Perrisia), 376, 414
peringueyi (Elis), 63
Periplaneta, 127, 141, 147
peritana (Tortrix), 8
| perpulcher (Psammochares), 74
Perrisia, 350, 364, 366, 367, 369, 372,

373, 374, 375, 376, 378, 380, 381,

382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 407, 413
persicariae (Perrisia), 377, 414
persimilis (Parhestina), xi, xii
personata (Centris), 301
peruana (Statira), 183, 198, 199} 266
peruviensis (Teletusa), xxxv
petioli (Harmandia), 391, 416 ©

»» (Syndiplosis), 391, 415
petiverana (Danaida), 323
petulans (Hapalosaris), 37
Phaenobremia, 389
Phaenolauthia, 387, 414
Phalonia, 1
Phaloniadae, 1
Pharmiacis, 4
pharsalus (Acraea), 329

Be f. pharsaloides ( Acraea), 329

Phegobia, 356, 412
philadelphica (Pompilogaster), 313
Philanthinae, 316
phlaeas (Rumicia), ii
phoebe (Melitaea), ii
phthisica (Polybia), 307
Phthorimaea, 1, 40
Phyctidobia, 354, 412
picta (Statira), 247, 249
Pieridae, 154, 333
Pierinae, xili
Pieris, lii, liii
pierreana (Perrisia), 378, 414
pierrei (Rhabdophaga), 362, 413
|pigea (Pinacopteryx), 335

( ‘exit *)

pigea f. astarte (Pinacopteryx), 335
piliger (Hartigiola), 385, 414
piliventris (Kuglossa), 303
pilosa (Cecidomyia), 399, 416
. (Statira), 263, 264, 266
pilosellae (Cystiphora), 358, 412
ef (Macrolabis), 360, 412
SS (Stictodiplosis), 396, 415
pimpinellae (Kiefferia), 385, 414
Pinacopteryx, liv, Ixii
pineti (Brachonyx), Ixxvi
pini (Cecidomyia), 399, 416
5, -maritimae (Cecidomyia),
416
” (Pteronus), li
piniaria (Fidonia), 344, 345
pisistratus (Rhopaloc ampta), xxvii
plagiata (Anaitis), iii
planta (Lycaenopsis), 167
platana (Itoplectis), 321
platanoides (Aphis), 390, 417
(Drepanosiphu), lv, lvi
platyzona (Argyroploce), 2
plebeiana (Crocidosema), if 18, 19
plecta (Noctua), iii
Plectrone, 108
plicatrix (Perrisia), 377, 414
plistonicus (Eretis), 1x viii
> (Sarangesa), Ixvil, xviii
plumata (Aristotelia), 30
plumicornis (Stativa), 188, 267
pluto (Psammochares), 69
poae (Chortomyia), 357, 412
podagricus (Lycus), lviii
oa oo eel lviil
podalirius (Papilio), i
Podium, xxxv, xxxvi, Xxxvill, 315
Polistes, 306
Polybia, 307
polygalae (Perrisia), 377, 414
pelytes (Papilio), xxx, Xxxxi, xxxil,
XXXIii, Xxxiv, lxxx, ]xxxi,
Ixxxlii, 1xxxvi
», Yromulus (Papilio), xxx, xxxi,
Xxxili, Ixxx, Ixxxi, lxxxiii
», stichius (Papilio), xxxi, xxxii,
xxxiii, Ixxxi
5, theseus (Papilio), lxxxi
pomonae (Elater), xvii
Pompilidae, xxxvi, xxxviii, lx
Pompilogaster, 313
Poomyia, 357
populeti (Perrisia), 377, 414
populi (Smerinthus), 341
Porricondyla, 402, 416
Porricondylariae, 402, 416
potentillae (Perrisia), 377, 414
praecipua (Cnephasia), 11

399,

praefectus (Apollodotus), viii
praeposita (Phtheochroa), 5
praeustus (later), xvii-
cua ea (Perrisia), 377, 414
pratti (Acara), 96 |
;, (Paracaroides), 89
,, (Phlegetonia), 92
», (Phytometra), 94
,, (Scalmicanda), 86
Precis, lxiv
presuturalis (Statira), 178, 225, 231,
232, 233, 234, 266
priamus (Papilio), xviii
;, (Troides), xviii
», ¥. coelestis (Papilio), xvili
" 5 (Troides), xviii
», Vv. urvilleana (Papilio), xviii
ry, (Troides), xviii
pr ocellosa (Eucosma), 19
Prosopidinae, 300
proteoides (Elaeodes), 90
protomedia (Teracolus), 334
Protopolybia, 308
proxima (Asphondylia), 387, 414
prudens (Eucosma), 23 ~
Psammochares, xxxvi, 65, 67
Psammocharidae, xxxvi, 64, 313
Psammocharinae, 313
Pseudagenia, 313
Pseudhormomyia, 398, 416
Pseudochalecothea, xiv, 108
pseudococeus (Rhabdophaga), 362, 413
pseudolycia (Acraea), 325
astrigera (Acraea), 325
Psyllidae, 346
ptarmicae (Misopatha), 351, 412
pteridicola (Perrisia), 377, 414
Pteromalus, lvi
Pterostichus, 208
ptiladelpha (Crocidosema), 18
Puccinia, 419
pudorella pudorella (Acraea), 326
pulvini (Rhabdophaga), 362, 413
punctata (Monedula), 316
punctatissima (Chrysis), 317
(Pardopsis), 330
puncticeps (Statira), 210, 212, 213,
266
puncticollis (Statira), 217, 266
punctum (Zygaena), i
puparum (Pteromalus), lvi
purpurea (Chlorozada), 92
purpureipennis (Statira), 221,
227, 266
purpureipes (Cryptochilus), 313
pusaria (Cabera), iii

-

222,

.| puspa (Celastrina), 167

», (Lycaenopsis), 167

+ |

pustulans (Perrisia), 377, 414

ae (Harmandia), 400, 416
Putoniella, 398, 416
Pyralidae, 96
Pyralinae, 98
pyri (Perrisia), 3878, 414
pyrina (Zeuzera), iii
pyrivora (Contarinia), 394, 415
Pyrophorus, xiv
quadratus (Tarucus), 272, 283, 285
quadricolor (Planema), 330
quadrimaculata (Statira), 240, 241
quadriplagiata (Statira), 252, 254,
quadrisignata (Statira), 239, 266
quercicola (Arnoldia), 860, 412
quereina (Contarinia), 394, 415
quercus (Arnoldia), 360, 412
quirina (Acraea), Ixix, 325
radicata (Aristotelia), 35
radicifica (Chor tomyia), 358, 412
ranunculi (Perrisia), 378, 414
rapae (Pieris), li, xxx, 338, 339, 340
raphanistri (Dasyneura), 378

5 (Perrisia), 378, 414
rava (Cryptosalius), 76, 77
(Pseudagenia), 76

266

”

reaumurianus (Oligotrophus), 353, 412,

rectangulata (Xanthodesma), 96

rectefasciata (Polydesma), 93

rectilinealis (Bocchoris), 99

recurva (Melipona), 305

regina (Statira), 179

regularis (Terias), 333

rejecta (Polybia), 308

religiosa (EKucosma), 21

Rhabdophaga, 360, 413

rhamni (Gonepteryx), i1

rhetenor (Morpho), xlviii

subsp. cacica (Morpho), xlix
~ subsp. eusebes (Morpho), xlix

rhododendroni (Perrisia), 378, 414

rhodophaga (Neocerata), 350, 411

rhodophila (Dirhiza), 378, 402, 416

Rhogadinae, 320

Rhopalocera 322

Rhopalomyia, 351, 352, 412

Rhopalosoma, 313

Rhopalosomidae, 313

rigitica (Clerota), 105

ritsemae (Pseudochalcothea), 107, 108

robusta (Macrosemyra), 88

rodwayi (Montezumia), 310

roraria (Crocidosema), 16

rosae (Macrosiphum), lv, lvi

rosaria (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413

rosariella (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413

rosarum (Perrisia), 878, 414

rosiperda (Clinodiplosis), 400, 416

2?

|

|
|

|

cxliv )

rosmarus (Dicrogenium), 54
rostratus (Lycus), lviii, lix

ts (Merolycus), viii, lix
rostrupiana (Perrisia), 379, 414

| rotundicollis (Statira), 209, 266
|rubi (Callophrys), xvii

», (Lasioptera), 350, 411
rubicola (Contarinia), 394, 415
rubidata (Perigea), 88
rubra (Massalongia), 401, 416

,, (Tipula), 387, 414
rubricata (Larra), 316

s (Thygater), 301
rubrithorax (Statira), 202
rubsaameni (Perrisia), 379, 414
ruderalis (Conté arinia), 394, 415
rufa (Formica), xxiv

,, (Statira), 197, 217
ruficollis (Anthieus), 257

nn (Statira), 257
nuifrons (Statira), 196, 199, 2

266
rufipes (Psammochares), 64
rufiventris (Melipona), 306

Pe var. flavolineata

pona), 306
rufoluteus (Zaspilothynnus), 60
rugosissimus (Entomognathus), 83

17, 221,

(Meli-

/rugosum (Calosoma), Ixxxix

rumnicis (Atylodiplosis), 402, 416

ruso (Oxypalpus), xli

| rustica (Epicharis), 301

sabulosa (Ammophila), xiii
saclava (Neptis), 331
,, Mmarpessa (Neptis), 331
saka (Calinaga), xiii
salicariae (Perrisia), 379, 414
salicina (Dasyneura), 363
» (Rhabdophaga), 362, 368, 413
saliciperda (Rhabdophaga), 361, 363,
413
salicis (Gallarum), 363
», (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413
salicorniae (Baldratia), 350, 417
saligna (Rhabdophaga), 361, 413
Salius, XXXVi, xl
samson (Agestrata), 111
sanctaremae (Statira), 186, 266
sanguinicollis (Pedilus), 257
sanguisorbae (Perrisia), 379, 414
sapphiria (Pepsis), 313
sarothamni (Asphondylia), 387, 414
v9 (Trotteria), 349, 411
saturnina (Aristotelia), 33
Satyridae, 324
scabiosae (Contarinia), 394, 415
(Perrisia), 379, 414
scabricollis (Statira), 228, 229, 266

( ‘exly J

scapularis (Lycus), lix
~ (Merolyeus), lix
xf (Statira), 225
scarificata (Phalonia), 3
Scatopse, 389
Sceliphron, 314
schistacea subsp. rugulosa (Polyrha-
chis), Ixxvi
Schizomyia, 385, 414
schlechtendali (Clinodiplosis), 401,
416
=e (Perrisia), 379, 414
schmidti (Perrisia), 379, 414
Sciara, 404
scintillans (Statira), 2038, 266
Scoliadae, 312
Scoliidae, 60
Scolopendra, 115
scoparii (Contarinia), 394, 415
scoramus (Staphylus), xxxviii
scrophulariae (Stictodiplosis), 396,
415
scutellaris (Nectarina), 309
Ap (Statira), 253
segregata (Statira), 244, 266
seladonica (Pepsis), 313
selene (Brenthis), ii
sellatus (Tapinotus), 1
selousi (Anatona), 102, 104
semele (Satyrus), 111
semicuprea (Statira), 185, 208, 266
semiluctuosis (Psammochares), 71
semiluctuosus (Pompilus), 70
‘3 (Psammochares), 70, 71
seminigra (Statira), 245, 266
semiviolacea (Statira), 258, 266
Semudobia, 354, 412
senegalensis orientis (Kuryphene), 331
senex (Anoplius), 68
;, (Psammochares), 68
serena buxtoni (Acraea), ]xix
seria (Bactra), 24
sericea (Polybia), 308
,, (Statira), 213, 220, 221, 266
serotina (Perrisia), 380, 414
serra (Tiresias), |
sertifer (Pteronus), |
setigera (Ephutomorpha), 57
setosa (Cnephasia), 10
severina (Belenois), xiv, Ixv, 335
sibirica (Ampulex), 81
sichelianus (Zethus), 312
sigillatus (Azanus), 333

~ signata (Monedula), 316

silvicola (Perrisia), 380, 414
simana (Pinacopteryx), lii, lili, liv
sinilis (Perrisia), 380, 414
simillima (Coelioxys), 303

simonis (Statira), 211, 212, 266
simplex (Cerceris), Xxxvii
simplicipes (Statira), 194, 266
sinuatocollis (Heterorrhina), 110
Sirex, xxii, xxiii
sisymbrii (Perrisia), 380, 414
smaragdina (Exaerete), 303

x (Heterorrhina), 110
smaragdulus (Cyphonocephalus), 109,

111

Smicra, 320
sociabilis (Schizomyia), 402, 416
sodalis (Megalopta), 299

», (Perrisia), 380, 382, 414
solmsi (Phyctidobia), 354, 412
sonchi (Cystiphora), 358, 412
sophorae (Brassolis), 320
sorbi (Contarinia), 394, 415
sotikensis (Acraea), 328

re f. rowena (Acraea), 328

Sphecinae, 314
Sphecodinae, 298
Sphegidae, xxxvi, lx
sphenobathra (Peronea), 13
sphenodera (Statira), 200, 267
sphenoptera (Statira), 203, 267
Sphex, xxxvil, xxxvili, xlii, xliv, xev,

xevi, 315
Sphinx, xcix, c, 140
Sphragidophorus, 258
Spilomicrodus, 320
spinigera (Anomoxena), 29

iy (Statira), 176, 177, 267

splendens (Euploea), xii
splendicans (Statira), 209, 267
squalida (Epicometis), 103
stachydis (Perrisia), 381, 414
statices (Procris), iii
Statira, 169, 170, 193, 242, 246, 254,

257, 266
Statiropsis, 263
Stefaniella, 350, 411
steinheli (Statira), 196
steini (Contarinia), 391, 415
stellariae (Macrolabis), 860, 412
stellatarum (Macroglossa), iii
stenocephala (Statira), 200, 267
stenodera (Statira), 233, 234, 267
stenoptera (Statira), 239, 267
sternalis (Clinteria), 108
Stictodiplosis, 396, 415
Stizinae, 82
striata (Coseinia), iii P
striatifrons (Zaspilothynnus), 58
striatum (Antichiridium), 397, 416
striatus (Sphex), xxxvii
strobi (Perrisia), 381, 414
strobilobius (Adelges), 389, 420

@ ( cxivi )

strongylioides (Statira), 264, 267
Strongylium, 264
stygia (Brachyneura), 388, 414
subacida (Sparganothis), 13
subaenea (Statira), 215, 221
subamicalis (Glyphodes), 100
subcincta (Glycyphana), 111
subfenestrata (Statira), 247, 267
subglabrata (Statira), 215, 267
subindicata (Corgatha), 94, 95
sublimis (Phalonia), 2
submarginata (Taeniaphora), 97
Subria, xxxvi
subterranea (Taphodiplosis), 3
succincta (Lycoperdina), xlvi
sulfusa (Statira), 211, 226, 227, 267
sumptuosa (Statira), 202, 203, 204,

205, 206, 207, 267
sumptuosus (Sphex), xxxvii
superna (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413
surinama (Synoeca), 309
surinamensis (Euglossa), 302

- (Monedula), xxxviii
+ (Stictia), xxxvili

suturalis (Statira), 170, 175, 177, 231,

234, 267
sybaris (Lycaena), 284

5s | (Parucus); 2725 2742035284,

285, 294

sycophanta (Polybia), 308
sylvanus (Augiades), ili
Syndiplosis, 390, 415
syngenesiae (Misopatha) ,
Synoeca, 309
Syrphidae, xevii
Systasea, xxxvill
Tabanidae, 316
Tabanus, xli
Tachyris, x¢ii
Tachytes, xxxvili, 316
Taenaris, xxix
Taeniaphora, 97
tages (Nisoniades), ili
Tajuria, 167
tamilana (Papilio), Ixxxii, ]}xxxiii
tanaceticola (Rhopalomyia), 351, 412
Taphodiplosis, 398, 416
taraxaci (Cystiphora), 358, 412
Tarucus, xvili, 269, 270, 273
taxi (Taxomyia), 385, 414
Taxomyia, 385, 414
telearchus (Papilio), xii
Teletusa, xxxv
Tellervo, xxix
Temnosoma, 298
tenebrosa (Macrosemyra), 88
tenella (Winnertzia), 402
tenuilinealis (Bocchoris), 99

398, 416 |

352, 412

| tenuipes (Statira), 254, 267
| tenuis (Statira), 233, 267
| Teracolus, lii, lxii, lxiv, xv
Teratoneura, lxi
terea elgiva (Precis), 333
terebrans (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413
teredon (Papilio), Ixxx
| terminalis (Perrisia), 363
+ (Rhabdophaga), 363, 413
es (Statira), 214
| terpsichore (Acraea), 328
5 f. rougeti (Acraea), ]xix,
328
terrosa (Kumimimetica), 103
», (Protaetia), 103
tessellata (Polydesma), 93
tessellatum (Xestobium), xvii, xviii,
xxlil
testacea (Statira), 212
tetensi (Perrisia), 381, 414
tetrahit (Perrisia), 381, 414
tetraxoa (Anomoxena), 30
Tettigoniellinae, xxxv
teucer (Caligo), xix, xx
», cachi(Caligo), xix, xx, xxi
» ecuadora (Caligo), xxi
»» insulanus (Caligo), xix
»» joasa (Caligo), xix, xxi
»» menes (Caligo), xix, Xx, xxi
» oObidonus (Caligo), xxi
», pavonides (Caligo), xx
», peleus (Caligo), xix, xx, xxi
» phorkys (Caligo), xix
»» semicaerulea (Caligo), xix, xxi
»» suzanna (Caligo), xix, xxi
», telamonius (Caligo), xix, xx,
xa
teucer (Caligo), xix, xxi
iexancin (Eiphosoma), 321
thalassina (Leuceronia), 334
thalia (Augochlora), 299
thalictricola (Ametrodiplosis), 402, 416
% (Clinodiplosis), 402
Thaumatomutilla, 312
Thecodiplosis, 396, 415
theophrastus (Hesperia), 286
= (Tarucus), 269, 270, 271,
272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
277,282,286, 287, 288,
289, 290, 295
thespis (Papilio), 296
a (Tarucus), 296
thetis (Agriades), xvi, 165, 166, 167,
168
thiodes (Recurvaria), 38
Tholerostola, 40
thomae (Harpactopus), 315
» (Sphex), 315

( exlvii_)

thomasiana (Perrisia), 381, 414
Thurauia, 390
Thygater, 301
thymi (Asphondylia), 387, 414

» (Janetiella), 355, 412
thymicola (Janetiella), 355, 412
Thynnidae, 58
Thynnus, 59
thyridoides (Corgatha), 95
tibialis (Statira), 193, 194, 267
tiliae (Perrisia), 382, 414
tiliamvolvens (Perrisia), 382, 414
tiliarum (Contarinia), 395, 415
tinctipennis (Pepsis), 313
Tinea, 1xxi, xciv, xcv, xcvii, xcviii,

XClX, €
Tineidae, xxix, xeviii
Tineina, xeviii
Tingidae, 346
Tingididae, viii
Tiphia, 312
Tiphiinae, 312
Tipula, 363, 399
tithonus (Epinephele), iii
tolensis (Statira), 229
tomentosa (Eurybrachys), ix
tornatella (Phegobia), 356, 412
torquata (Glycyphana), 111
tortipes (Statira), 171, 191, 267
Tortricidae, 5
Tortrix, c, 7
tortrix (Perrisia), 380, 382, 414
trabeatus (Lycus), lvili, lix
trachelii (Perrisia), 382, 414
trachydera (Statira), 227, 267
tragopogonis (Contarinia), 395, 415
traili (Contarinia), 395, 415

», (Perrisia), 382, 414

transferrana (Eucosma), 22
translucida (Statira), 211, 214, 267
tremulae (Contarinia), 395, 415

5 (Harmandia), 400, 416
triangulata (Trachea), 87
trichinaspis (Phthorimaea), 41
Trichodiplosis, 397, 416
Trichogramma, 320
Trichogrammatinae, 320
Trichoptera, 124, 127, 140
tridens (Stizus), 82
trifolii (Clinodiplosis), 390, 415

;, (Hadrobremia), 390

» (Perrisia), 382, 414
Trigonalidae, 317
Trigonalys, 317
trilineata (Statira), 232, 233, 267
trisellata (Statira), 219, 245, 246, 267
Trishormomyia, 388, 415
tristis (Plectrone), 108

tritici (Contarinia), 395, 415
Trotteria, 349, 411
Trypoxylinae, 317
Trypoxylon, 311, 317
tuberculata (Statira), 179, 182, 184,
185, 267
tuberculi (Janetiella), 355, 412
F5 (Perrisia), 355
tuberifica (Trishormomyia), 388, 415
tubicola (Perrisia), 383, 414
tympanifex (Oligotrophus), 353, 412
typhoeus (Geotrupes), xe, xci
tytia (Caduga), ix
»» (Danais), ix, x, Xili
ulicis (Asphondylia), 387, 414.
», (Perrisia), 383, 414
ulmaria {Perrisia), 383
ulmariae (Perrisia), 383, 414
ulmi (Oligotrophus), 354, 412
ulmicola (Perrisia), 383, 414
umbellatarum (Kiefferia), 385, 414
3 (Stictodiplosis), 396,
415
umbelliferarum (Trotteria), 349, 411
umbrosa (Statira), 222, 267
unifasciella (Gelechia), 50
unilineata (Ephutomorpha), 56
urosema (Phthorimaea), 43, 45
urticae (Macrosiphum), lv, lvi
», (Perrisia), 383, 414
» (Vanessa), lvi
usambara (Hypolimnas), lxvi, lxvii
ustulata (Elis), 60
vaccinii (Perrisia), 384, 414
vaccinivorum (Perrisia), 384, 414
vagecuttata (Statira), 170, 175, 247
248, 249, 250, 251, 267
vagenotata (Statira), 248, 249, 267
valerianae (Contarinia), 395, 415
valerii (Arceuthomyia), 352, 412
valida (Clinteria), 111
validicornis (Statira), 172, 225
vallator (Nematus), lxx
varia (Melipona), 305
variabilis (Statira), 214, 221
varians (Statira), 249
variegata (Bembidula), xxxviii, 316
33 (Dielis), 313
» (Hypoperigea), 87
variicolor (Hypostatira), 201
vassei (Psammochares), 71, 72
veitchi (Crabro), 84
velutina (Polybia), 308
venosus (Tarucus), 272, 274, 275, 276
ventricola (Mayetiola), 357, 412
veraecrucis (Statira), 255
verna (Cecidomyia), 399, 416

-

veronicae (Perrisia), 384, 414
verrucosa (Statira), 181, 186, 267
versicolor (Centris), 301
6 (Oxycetonia), 103
4 (Polistes), 306
” (Statira), 220, 221, 267
Vespa, 130
Vespidae, 306
Vespinae, 306
vibicaria (Pellonia), iii
viburni (Contarinia), 395, 415
viburnorum (Contarinia), 395, 415
vicana (Aristotelia), 36
viciae (Anabremia), 390, 415
», (Perrisia), 384, 414
vidua (Pinacopteryx), 334
vigintipunctata (Statira), 185, 207,
267
villica (Arctia), iii
viminalis (Rhabdophaga), 363
vincentana (Eucosma), 22
vinula (Dicranura), 1xxi
violacea (Osmilia), xxxvii
violae (Perrisia), 384, 414
», (Telchinia), xii
virens (Pseudochalcothea), 108
virgae-aureae (Perrisia), 384, 414
viridana (Tortrix), ¢
viridans (Spilonota), 15
viridaria (Ozarba), 95
viridicincta (Statira), 216, 241, 242,
267
viridifasciata (Statira), 242, 243, 244,
267
viridilineata (Statira), 224
Viridinitens (Statira), 201, 267

( exlviii )

Viridinotata (Statira), 241, 243
viridipennis (Statira), 170, 171, 187,
188, 189, 190, 192, 213,
214, 267
ss (Statyra), 214
viriditincta (Statira), 198, 199, 267
vitidivittata (Statira), 224, 225, 267
virulenta (Ephutomorpha), 64, 55
vitiensis (Cyphononyx), 78
vitis-idaeae (Perrisia), 384, 414
vittata (Statira), 230, 256, 267
vittigera (Clerota), 106
“is (Ephutomorpha), 56
volvens (Macrodiplosis), 399, 416
», (Macrolabis), 402, 421
wakefieldi (Euxanthe), 330
waterstradti (Tarucus), 276
williamsi (Pterombrus), 63
Winnertzia, 402
xanthodera (Statira), 250, 267
xantholeuea (Teracolus), lv
xanthotricha (Recurvaria), 38
Xenodiplosis, 399, 416
Xestobium, xxiii
Xylocopa, 299
Xylocopinae, 299
Zaspilothynnus, 59
Zelus, XXxv
zetes (Acraea), 325
», 1. acara (Acraea), 325
Zethus, 312
Zeugoptera, 112 |
Zeuxidiplosis, 397, 416
zoolina (Charaxes), 330
Zygobia, 356, 412
zygotoma (Stegasta), 48

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List of Fellows an ie we is Mee a Ss ix
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